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tomekkorbak

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detoxify-pile-chunk3-5350000-5400000

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[ "Care Tips & Latest NEWS\n\nAlthough the industry is booming, finding the professionals is tough, because so many of them would just leave you hanging, despite making claims. ", "It is extremely necessary to find someone who is an expert in the field because the threat to your house can be pretty risky.", "\n\nSome of the prominent tips that can be pretty helpful for finding the perfect garage door services include the following\n\nLook for multiple of them\n\nNever settle for the one, you met the first time. ", "Every-time you are getting work done to your home, it is necessary to look for multiple bids.", "\n\nLooking for many options will eventually help you find a proper idea about the industry. ", "Moreover, it will give you the flexibility to decide which one would be the best and whether the deal is good or not.", "\n\nWhen choosing a company, you need to ensure that you get in touch with someone who can offer you emergency services, 24-hours a time. ", "Also, you need to check how many employees they have registered in their company. ", "While you may think to go with the cheapest option, know that, cheap isn’t always the best.", "\n\nCheck all their information\n\nIf you are hiring a garage door repair company in Ottawa, it is your duty to conduct proper research about it. ", "Therefore, it is extremely necessary to verify all the essential information such as their physical address, website and online reputation.", "\n\nEvery valid company would have a registered website. ", "However, even if their website isn’t working properly, you don’t need to be doubtful about anything. ", "Often people believe that the ones without a website are to be suspected, but it isn’t so.", "\n\nAlso, it is extremely necessary to check their ratings and online reputation. ", "If the respective company has a website, they will have a review section. ", "Thus, you need to ensure that you check this section properly.", "\n\nCheck the red flags\n\nHow do I know this is a red flag? ", "Well, there are certain companies that are all about claims and nothing about reality. ", "Many of these unworthy companies will eventually give out red-flags which will become extremely evident for you to determine the validity. ", "Some of the prominent red flags to avoid include excessive advertising, weird feeling and different company names. ", "Most of these companies would have different names registered under different banners. ", "So, make sure to be careful about it. ", "Contact Ottawa Garage Door Expert for all your garage door repair needs." ]

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[ "Congenital anomaly of the posterior arch of the atlas: a rare risk factor for posterior circulation stroke.", "\nWe report an extremely rare case involving a posterior arch anomaly of the atlas, causing a vertebral artery dissection (VAD) induced posterior circulation stroke. ", "A 16-year-old girl was admitted to hospital because of new onset dizziness. ", "VAD related multiple infarction in the posterior circulation was revealed. ", "The congenital posterior arch anomaly of the atlas, along with instability of the atlantoaxial joint, were discovered accidentally during follow-up. ", "This is the first case of ischemic stroke related to atlantal posterior arch aplasia and atlantoaxial instability. ", "Although rare, it reminds us that investigation of the craniovertebral junction should be considered when stroke occurs in young patients." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow much has the Milky Way moved since it's forming?", "\n\nWhat i really want to ask how much has the Milky Way moved, relative to where it was \"at the big bang\" or the soonest time that makes sense (since i doubt \"at the big bang\" makes much sense in this question). ", "I suppose the galaxies have non-zero impulse, otherwise we wouldn't see things like galaxy collisions. ", "So, relative to where our galaxy or whatever was there (dust cloud?) \"", "in the beginning\", how much did we move?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe cosmic microwave background gives us a convenient rest frame in that it represents the average distribution of matter in the universe. ", "So if the CMB looks isotropic, i.e. there is no Doppler shift in different directions then this is a plausible definition of stationary. ", "A velocity relative to the CMB would then indicate a peculiar velocity.", "\nThe Milky Way is moving at about 550km/sec relative to the CMB, and it probably hasn't interacted strongly with any large galaxies because it seems to be reasonably unperturbed (it's devoured many small galaxies!) ", "so relative to the CMB the distance we've moved is just 500km/sec times 13.7 billion years. ", "I make this about $2 \\times 10^{23}$m, which is about 25 million light years or about ten times the distance to the Andromeda galaxy.", "\nBut please be aware of what we're calculating here. ", "This is a somewhat arbitrary distance using an arbitrary reference frame. ", "You shouldn't attach too much physical significance to it. ", "Still it's quite interesting to note that we're expected to collide with the Andromeda galaxy in about 4 billion years, so our calculated figure seems a plausible distance to have travelled relative to the averaged positions of all the other galaxies.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The ALP state conference has voted to send a message to Julia Gillard to “get over it” and legalise gay marriage.", "\n\nOnly the conservative shop assistant's union voted against the urgency motion.", "\n\nTextile union secretary Michele O'Neil addresses the Labor state conference today. ", "Credit:Mal Fairclough\n\nHowever, national secretary Joe De Bruyn declined to debate the issue, saying it was a matter for the national platform and the powerful union would save its arguments for the National conference in December.", "\n\nMs Gillard has regularly reiterated her opposition to gay marriage, but a strong move is expected at the national conference to change the party's platform, which will put pressure on the federal government to amend the Marriage Act." ]

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[ "Supra-Spinal Modulation Of Walking In Healthy Individuals And Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: A fNIRS Mobile Imaging Study.", "\nMultiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the neurodegenerative diseases that damage the nervous system and inflicts cognitive and motor deficits. ", "In motor domain, MS mainly causes slower gait resulting in challenges in activities of daily living. ", "Premotor cortices are affected by MS, where several imaging studies have reported re-organization in the activity and connectivity of these regions. ", "Recent advancements in mobile imaging technologies and signal processing techniques have made it possible to study supraspinal modulation of walking in able-bodied individuals and persons with injuries or neurological disorders. ", "Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), for example, was used in studying dual-tasking in MS population. ", "In the current study, we used fNIRS to record activities of premotor and supplementary motor areas in MS and healthy populations during standing and walking. ", "Fourteen healthy controls and 14 persons with MS were tested during overground walking. ", "Results show higher right premotor cortex activities compared with left premotor and bilateral supplementary motor areas in the MS group. ", "In the healthy control group, activity was higher during walking in all the four studied brain regions. ", "These results confirm the role of the premotor cortices in movement planning and in modulating walking activities; they also confirm that individuals with mild MS have a similar premotor control strategy as healthy controls while performing the same physical task." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Supriya Sridhar is an editorial intern with Politico Magazine.", "\n\nLegend has it that the young civil engineer who laid down the route for San Francisco’s Market Street in the 1800s so enraged people with the street’s unusual width that a mob chased him out of town. ", "More than a century later, Market Street is one of the city’s key arteries, a wide boulevard on which the city’s historic streetcars jostle with buses, taxicabs, private passenger cars, Uber and Lyft rides, delivery vehicles and thousands of people biking every day. ", "During peak hours, there are 100 buses running in either direction.", "\n\nBut Market Street is also the center of something traffic officials somewhat ominously refer to as the “High-Injury Network,” a collection of about 13 percent of the city’s streets that accounts for three-quarters of the serious and fatal traffic injuries. ", "From January through April, 11 people have died in the area.", "\n\n\n“Market street is the spine of San Francisco,” Brian Wiedenmeier, the executive director San Francisco Bicycle Coalition said. “", "There’s a lot going on already. ", "The last thing we need is more vehicles.”", "\n\nOur award-winning What Works series travels the nation to highlight cities finding fresh solutions to big national challenges. ", "Starting this issue, we’re tackling one big idea every other month, starting with the plague of traffic. ", "Read more.", "\n\nNext year, the car traffic that has made Market Street so clogged for decades—and also hazardous—should be gone.", "\n\nBetter Market Street, a project organized by six San Francisco city agencies, will transform 2.2 miles of the famous corridor, between Steuart Street and Octavia Boulevard, into a pedestrian oasis. ", "The renovations will feature sidewalk level bikeways, wider public transportation boarding islands and improved sidewalks.", "\n\nThe 2nd ave double bike lane | Mark Peterson/Redux Pictures for Politico Magazine 13 Big Ideas to Improve Transportation in Your City\n\nBy Emily Goldberg\n\nMark Peterson/Redux Pictures for Politico Magazine Seattle and the Dream of the Car-free City\n\nBy Erick Trickey\n\nCities have been wrestling with what to do about traffic since the moment cars first careened onto the scene. ", "And pedestrians often paid the price as planners devised street systems that made it easier for more and more cars to get around and shunted the people to the margins. ", "Reversing this trend at a moment when younger, less car-dependent workers are flocking to cities has been a challenge. ", "Other cities around the country have experimented with pedestrian-first planning. ", "The Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach has existed since 1960, for example; and while it’s popular, it’s just eight blocks long. ", "Boston pedestrianized short stretches of two downtown streets years ago, and Charlotte, N.C., is implementing a comprehensive downtown plan that will turn regular streets in pedestrian-only zones on the weekend. ", "San Francisco’s Market Street makeover, though, is far more ambitious.", "\n\nAt the meeting of Hollywood Blvd. ", "and Highland Avenue in Los Angeles, a diagonal crosswalk was installed to improve the experience for pedestrians. ", "The intersection, once one of LA’s most dangerous for pedestrians, was the first \"Vision Zero\" project in the city. ", "| City of Los Angeles Department of Transportation\n\n***\n\n\nIt was proposed nine years ago — “Unfortunately, San Francisco has a history of these kinds of big projects taking an incredibly long time to come to fruition,” said Wiedenmeier, who has been working on this for the past decade — and things picked up speed in 2014, when the city embraced an initiative called \"Vision Zero,\" aimed at eliminating car-related fatalities by 2024. ", "In 2015, the city established turn restrictions on Market Street, dissuading cars from using the thoroughfare.", "\n\nBetter Market Street is scheduled to break ground in the summer of 2020. ", "The project still has some final administrative hurdles to overcome, making some supporters impatient. ", "Earlier this month, nearly 100 protesters showed up on Market Street to support the initiative. ", "Wearing bright-yellow T-shirts with bicycles , they demanded speeding up the project’s approval process.", "\n\n“There is a desire from, I think, everyone to start construction as soon as possible,” Cristina Olea, project manager for Better Market Street, said. “", "We want a safer street. ", "We want to reduce crashes. ", "We also want people to feel comfortable walking or biking along Market Street.”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to localise a CakePHP plugin?", "\n\nI'm developing a CakePHP plugin which should support multiple languages. ", "The procedure for i18n localisation is documented here, but plugins aren't explicitly covered. ", "Is this structure below supposed to work? ", "Because it isn't for me at the moment, but I might be overlooking something.", "\n/myapp/\n /plugins/\n /myplugin/\n /locale/\n default.pot\n /nld/\n /LC_MESSAGES/\n default.mo\n default.po\n\nAnd calling the translation in the plugin controller like so:\nConfigure::write('Config.language', 'nld');\n\nIn my plugin views the localisation function is formatted like this:\n__('MyPluginName', 'MyDefaultString')\n\nSome of the posts on CakePHP and the localisation of plugins mention that all locales should go in to /myapp/locale/, instead of the plugin directory, but wouldn't that defy the purpose of the modular plugin structure? ", "The entries I've read are from 2008 (this one for example), so I hope this isn't the case anymore.", "\nCould anybody provide me with some more details on localising a Cake plugin, perhaps even a small step by step tutorial?", "\n\nA:\n\nTake a look at Plugin development tips and tricks article: \n\nLocalization for plugins is handled\n well and you can use it simply by\n giving a plugin name for your po or mo\n files.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Phishing scams often come in waves. ", "Last year it was a phony Google Docs link and a convincing Netflix impersonator, both of which had plagued the internet sporadically for months, at least, before seeing big surges. ", "This month, it's a bogus Apple App Store email that convinces its victims to cough up all kinds of personal information.", "\n\nFirst reported by Bleeping Computer, the phishing campaign doesn't contain any especially novel elements, but it executes the basics well enough that it's easy to be fooled.", "\n\nLike so many phishing efforts, it starts with an email purporting to be something that it's not. ", "Specifically, it claims to be a purchase confirmation from Apple, with a PDF attached posing as a receipt. ", "If your first thought is that opening that attachment is a no-good, terrible idea, you are correct! ", "But maybe not for the reasons you suspect. ", "There's no malware in the file itself, but the somewhat convincing PDF contains several links with shortened URLs. ", "Click on any of them, and you're sent to a site that mimics Apple's actual account management page, prompting you to enter your username and password.", "\n\n\"They're able to bypass email filters more effectively, since there are no malicious links in the email itself.\" ", "Crane Hassold, Agari\n\nIf you do so, a prompt tells you that your account has been locked for security reasons and offers an Unlock Account button. ", "Click it and you'll be prompted to input your name, address, Social Security number, payment info, answers to common security questions, even your driver's license and passport number. ", "In other words, everything an identity thief could possibly need to upend your life.", "\n\nIn one final clever touch, after you submit your information, the faux Apple site says it will log you out for security—then sends you to a legitimate Apple account management page.", "\n\nThat sort of full-circle approach makes it a terribly convincing phishing effort. ", "It even comes with an implicit narrative: If you get an email about a suspicious app purchase, you might assume your Apple account has been hacked, which in turn might motivate you to \"unlock\" it by proving your identity.", "\n\nThis particular phishing effort appears to have been around for a while, but it has increased in popularity along with other attachment-based scams. \"", "The likely reason they're becoming more common is because they're able to bypass email filters more effectively, since there are no malicious links in the email itself and the PDF isn't an inherently malicious document,\" says Crane Hassold, a threat intelligence manager at security firm Agari.", "\n\nThe App Store scam is also indicative of other phishing trends, particularly in terms of how it has propagated. \"", "It's likely a bunch of phishers using a single phishing kit that was created and distributed by a single actor,\" Hassold says. \"", "That's essentially how the phishing ecosystem works. ", "You have a relatively small number of actors who create phishing kits—the collection of files needed to create a phishing page—who then distribute them through social media, underground forums, or their own vendor webpages.\"", "\n\nAs in any phishing scheme, there are a few simple ways to keep yourself safe. ", "You can confirm the real identity of an email's sender (in Gmail, click the downward-facing arrow next to your name). ", "And if you need to enter any of your information on a site, for whatever reason, go there by typing the address directly rather than clicking on a link from an email or attachment. ", "And in this specific case, look closely at your URL bar. ", "The scammers apparently haven't put much effort into making them appear legitimate.", "\n\nEventually, the App Store phishing scam will give way to another one, just like the Netflix and Google Docs campaigns did. ", "But the tricks it uses won't. ", "So take the lessons now and be ready use them every time you visit your inbox.", "\n\nAdditional reporting by Lily Hay Newman.", "\n\nMore Great WIRED Stories" ]

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[ "Wola, Silesian Voivodeship\n\nWola is a large village in the administrative district of Gmina Miedźna, within Pszczyna County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. ", "It lies approximately east of Pszczyna and south of the regional capital Katowice.", "\n\nThe village has an approximate population of 9,500 making Poland's fourth largest village.", "\n\nHistory \nDuring the political upheaval caused by Matthias Corvinus the land around Pszczyna was overtaken by Casimir II, Duke of Cieszyn, who sold it in 1517 to the Hungarian magnates of the Thurzó family, forming the Pless state country. ", "In the accompanying sales document issued on 21 February 1517 the village was mentioned as Wole. ", "The Kingdom of Bohemia in 1526 became part of the Habsburg Monarchy. ", "In the War of the Austrian Succession most of Silesia was conquered by the Kingdom of Prussia, including the village.", "\n\nSports\n LKS Sokół Wola - football club,\n LKS Ogień Wola - football club,\n GKS Piast Wola - wrestling club\n\nReferences\n\nWola" ]

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[ " subroutine argos_cafe_lampmf(rlam,slam,rpmf,lfnpmf)\nc\n implicit none\nc\n#include \"argos_cafe_common.fh\"\nc\n real*8 rlam(3),slam(3),rpmf(3,6,numpmf)\n integer lfnpmf\nc\n integer i,j,k\nc\n do 1 i=1,numpmf\n do 2 j=1,3\n do 3 k=1,3\n rpmf(j,k,i)=rlam(k)*rpmf(j,6,i)+slam(k)*rpmf(j,5,i)\n 3 continue\n 2 continue\n if(me.eq.0.and.mropt.ne.3) then\n write(-lfnpmf,1000) i,rpmf(1,1,i),rlam(1)\n 1000 format(i3,2f12.6)\n endif\n 1 continue\nc\n return\n end\nc $Id$\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Labeling of Salmonella typhimurium with iodine-131 to study phagocytic function in rats.", "\nThe present study describes a method for labeling Salmonella typhymurium with iodine-131 to evaluate both the morphological and the functional characteristics of the reticulo-endothelial system. ", "A suspension containing 2 x 10(9) bacteria per ml was labeled with carrier-free Na131I without reductor, with a labeling yield of 46.5 +/- 3% and 3.5 +/- 1.3% of free Iodine-131. ", "The biodistribution of the labeled bacteria in rats was studied with a large-field-of-view scintillation camera equiped with a pinhole collimator. ", "Whole body images were obtained 15 and 30 minutes after intravenous injection of the labeled microorganisms. ", "Images showed accumulation of bacteria in the liver and both normal and transplanted spleens of the animals. ", "Autoradiographs of liver and spleen demonstrated labeled bacteria within the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system. ", "The method described is easy to perform, has a good labeling yield and allows the functional evaluation of the reticulo-monophagocytic system, including transplanted spleens." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "unit ServerMethodsUnit1;\n\ninterface\n\nuses System.", "SysUtils, System.", "Classes, System.", "Json,\n Datasnap.", "DSServer, Datasnap.", "DSAuth;\n\ntype\n{$METHODINFO ON}\n TServerMethods1 = class(TDataModule)\n private\n { Private declarations }\n public\n { Public declarations }\n function Sum(const A, B: Double): Double;\n end;\n{$METHODINFO OFF}\n\nimplementation\n\n\n{$R *.dfm}\n\n\n{ TServerMethods1 }\n\nfunction TServerMethods1.Sum(const A, B: Double): Double;\nbegin\n Result := (A + B);\nend;\n\nend.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "*By texting 26756, you're giving SmartPak your consent to text you to help resolve your issue, including automated replies, at the number you provided. ", "To opt out, text STOP to 26756. ", "Text HELP to 26756 for info. ", "Msg&rates may apply. ", "Consent to receive texts not required to buy products. ", "Terms & conditions and the full Text Message Privacy Policy can be found at https://www.smartpakequine.com/content/2waytextTC in case you're interested.", "\n\nPutting your horse's supplements on AutoShip helps you take great care of your horse, so we take great care of you with SmartPerks! ", "When you order your horse's supplements on AutoShip, you're automatically* eligible for our FREE SmartPerks benefits, including:\n\nFree shipping every day\n\n10% off all Smartpak brand tack, apparel, and gear\n\nA free Team SmartPak calendar, exclusive email offers and discounts, and more!", "\n\nPiper Winter Knit Breeches by SmartPak - Knee Patch\n\n: SmartPerks Price: (Because you have supplements on AutoShip, you save an extra 10% on this and all other SmartPak tack & apparel items!)Your Price: (You save 5% as a member of . ", "And, because you have supplements on AutoShip, you save an extra 10% on this and all other SmartPak tack & apparel items!)SmartPerks Price: (Because you have supplements on AutoShip, you can save an extra 10% on this and all other SmartPak tack & apparel items! ", "Enter promo code PERKS at checkout.) ", "Your Price: (You save 5% as a member of . ", "Because you have supplements on AutoShip, you can save an extra 10% on this and all other SmartPak tack & apparel items! ", "Enter promo code PERKS at checkout.)", "\n\nAs riders and online shoppers, we know it can be tough to buy a new bridle\nor pair of boots without trying them on. ", "That's why we moved the fitting\nroom to your living room (or barn)! ", "From breeches to blankets, if you or\nyour horse can try it on, you can return it, free! ", "Just use the pre-paid\nreturn label included in your order within 60 days from the purchase date.", "\nAnd of course, please make sure the item is in like-new condition with\noriginal packaging (we said 'fitting room', not 'war room'!).", "\n\nBegin with the zone for the state you are in. ", "Dates shown on the map indicate suggested start and end dates for Fly Stoppers™ shipments. ", "You may want to shift a zone if your elevation or microclimate is unusual, or if you fall on the border between two zones. ", "You can start anytime during the fly season. ", "Choose \"Year Round\" for climates that have flies all year, and start now.", "\n\nProgram Type\n\nRegular Programs:\n\nPremium Programs:\n\nShipment/Application Frequency\n\nShips every 4 weeks. ", "For low to average fly levels, frequent manure management and few neighbors.", "\n\nShips every 3 weeks. ", "For high fly levels or weekly manure management or nearby livestock.", "\n\nTheir Name\n\nTheir Email Address\n\nYour Name\n\nYour Email Address\n\nSubject Line\n\nMessage Body\n\nof max 255 characters used\n\nRequired(Optional)\n\nAll customized items are personalized in our Plymouth, MA facility, and it looks like this item is currently out of stock in that location.", "\n\nAdd these items to your cart to get your estimated arrival date.", "Shipping to\n\nPlease call 1-800-461-8898 to order this product.", "\n\nWe're bringing you this product at the lowest price allowed by the manufacturer so you won't find it cheaper anywhere else. ", "This also means we can't apply any further discounts or promotions.", "\n\nWe're sorry, but certain colors/sizes are sold out and are no longer available.", "\n\nWhy We Love This\n\nCozy fleece warmth plus amazing stretch, all in one pair of breeches? ", "You better believe it. ", "Piper Winter Knit Breeches by SmartPak are designed to be the most comfortable pair of breeches you’ve ever worn. ", "This style features a soft, brushed fleecy interior to help keep you warm and cozy on cold winter days. ", "Made from a super soft cotton blend fabric, they offer excellent four-way stretch, recovery, and compression. ", "Plus, the set-in waistband has a concealed, elasticized interior band for forgiving comfort. ", "Not to mention, if you’re looking for a little extra coverage in the saddle, you’ll love the flattering mid-rise design. ", "They also feature silicone knee patches in a fun pattern for extra grip when you need it most. ", "They even have the features of traditional breeches with a sturdy YKK front zip, two front pockets, and belt loops for a polished look.", "\n\nLike all Piper breeches, we’ve included an ergonomic elastic sock bottom that provides a streamlined, comfortable fit because we know that bunched breeches and bulky closures and bulky closures under boots can be super annoying. ", "Finally, these breeches are as easy to care for as they are to wear – just throw them in the wash and hang to dry. ", "These Piper knit breeches have everything you’ve been looking for in a fun, super comfortable schooling breech. ", "Make sure you have a pair (or two!) ", "on hand to stay toasty warm and chase the winter blues away.", "\n\nImported.", "\n\nNot sure which style of Piper Breeches to choose? ", "Click here to find your perfect pair!", "\n\nFavorite Features\n\nBrushed fleecy interior for softness and warmth\n\nCotton blend knit fabric for great stretch, recovery, and compression\n\nSet-in waistband with concealed, elasticized interior band for maximum comfort\n\nSilicone knee patches give you extra grip in a fun pattern\n\nMid-rise gives you extra coverage in the saddle\n\nErgonomic calf panel eliminates bunching under boots\n\nHas a front zip, two front pockets, and belt loops for a polished look\n\nAt SmartPak, your happiness is at the core of everything we do. ", "We back every order with our 100% Happiness Guarantee so that you can shop\nwith confidence. ", "If you're ever less than thrilled with your purchase, just let us know and we'll refund you right away.", "\nNo hassles, no hoops, no kidding.", "\n\nWe put our products to the test in our barns and on our horses, so we're confident that you'll be thrilled with your purchase. ", "However, we know that life in the barn can sometimes be unpredictable. ", "That's why we've created a stress-free return policy. ", "If you purchase an item and it doesn't meet your expectations, we want to know about it, take care of you and give you your money back.", "\n\nFree Return Shipping on all Sized Items\n\nAs riders and online shoppers, we know it can be tough to buy a new bridle or pair of boots without trying them on. ", "That's why we moved the fitting room to your living room (or barn)! ", "From breeches to blankets, if you or your horse can try it on, you can return it, free! ", "Just use the pre-paid return label included in your order within 60 days from the purchase date. ", "And of course, please make sure the item is in like-new condition with original packaging (we said 'fitting room', not 'war room'!).", "\n\nThe Fine Print\n\nWe love our products and we're happy to take them back - even custom items. ", "We'll happily take back everything from engraved halters to personalized jackets - even embroidered blankets that have been worn (minus the manure, please). ", "But there are a few things we have to restrict returns on (silly federal regulations).", "\n\nUndergarmentsHealth regulations require that undergarments (including bras) need to be in new condition (tags and packages intact) in order to be returned. (", "Even if it wasn't required, do you really want to shop from a store that takes back used undergarments?!)", "\n\nSaddlesAs riders, we know what a big investment a saddle is. ", "That's why we're proud to offer the best Test Ride program in the business. ", "You can keep our Test Ride saddles risk-free for five days, to really make sure you like the fit and the feel. ", "We know that to truly try a saddle, you have to really ride in it. ", "So go ahead and girth it up. ", "Forget about wrapping your stirrup leathers. ", "Try it with or without a saddle pad. ", "Basically, treat it like you already bought it, so you can make sure you really want to. ", "Because when you buy a saddle from us, we want to make sure you love it. ", "Of course, we want our other customers to love their new saddles, too. ", "That's why we have a Test Ride option for each saddle we carry - so that all of the other saddles can stay in pristine condition, waiting for their new owners. ", "For this reason, if you purchase a saddle outside the Test Ride program, it's still eligible for return, but must be free from any marks or damage.", "\n\nSo that's it. ", "Seriously. ", "Those are all of our \"rules.\" ", "Well, except the most important one - treating our customers the way we want to be treated. ", "So if you have any questions or if there is anything we can do, please call us at 1-800-461-8898 or email CustomerCare@SmartPak.com. ", "We are always happy to help.", "\n\nThe reviews provided on this website represent the experience of the individual posting the review. ", "We do not adopt, edit, or endorse any of the submissions posted within the reviews section. ", "Rather, the reviews are part of an online community of animal owners that desire to share their particular experience with other individuals. ", "These reviews are not a substitute for discussing the health of your animal with a veterinarian.", "\n\nSmartPak customers are some of the most conscientious animal owners around. ", "We encourage you to share your experience with the products we sell to help fellow customers to make informed choices for their animals. ", "We do not edit these reviews in any way - they are direct customer-to-customer communication. ", "We do monitor reviews for positive and negative feedback, and use this feedback to improve our selection as well as sharing feedback with product manufacturers to help them improve their products. ", "Please note that we recommend consulting your vet with serious health issues.", "\n\nDescription:\nThe Pikeur Lucinda Grip Winter Full Seat Breeches\nwill keep you warm during cold winter rides! ", "The Corkshell™ material is the next generation of soft-shell fabric and boasts significantly higher thermal insulation than conventional winter fabrics and a breathable membrane ...\n\nDescription:\nThese limited-edition Piper breeches are the winning designs\nfrom the 2018 Pick Your Piper Sweepstakes, designed and voted on by riders like you. ", "Grab a pair while you can - these exclusive colors are only available for a limited time! ...", "\n\nDescription:\nPiper Classic style plus a flattering mid-rise cut?", "\nYes, please! ", "Piper Classic Breeches bring you everything you love about Piper breeches but with a more traditional twist. ", "This style features a modern front zip design with more traditional colors and ...\n\nDescription:\nPiper Show breeches bring you everything you love\nabout Piper breeches, designed for the show ring. ", "This style features a modern front zip design with more traditional styling, including no back pockets for a more classic look and tonal suede ...\n\nDescription:\nThe Piper Breeches by SmartPak - Denim Knee\nPatch combines everything you love about your favorite pair of jeans with everyone’s favorite features from Piper into a fun, comfortable breech that is perfect for schooling. ", "Figure flattering design elements like ...\n\nDescription:\nFeaturing a fabulous faux leather trim, these Piper\nbreeches are way too fun to have just one. ", "You’ll also love the soft, performance-driven fabric – not only is it super comfortable and quick-drying, it has great shape retention so keep ...\n\nDescription:\nYoga pants, meet breeches. ", "Piper Knit Breeches by\nSmartPak are designed to be the most comfortable pair of breeches you’ve ever worn. ", "Made from a super soft cotton blend fabric, they offer excellent four-way stretch, recovery, and compression. ", "Plus, the ...\n\nReviews\n\nRated 4 out of\n5 by\nEverSoClever from\nPlease make “short” an option!These breeches are perfect for the frigid Canadian winters I live in. ", "I ride in an indoor tent type arena where there’s no heating. ", "These are the prefect weight knit and brushed fabric interior to keep me warm enough yet not too hot. ", "I love the grippy knee patches, how they come up to my waist so I won’t get a cold back and the front zip with two front pockets. ", "They accommodate a thicker winter sock around the calf by having less thickness to the fabric in that area. ", "Piper has thought of everything except they are too long for me. ", "I am 5’2” and my length is in my legs. ", "But with how these bunch up at the knees while the ankle is pulled down as far as they are made to do, I know they will be too lumpy in the knee area and drive me crazy when I’m riding. ", "Sadly, although they are perfect in all other ways, I have to send them back and ask SmartPak to please consider making these in optional “short”.", "\n\nDate published: 2018-12-16\n\nRated 5 out of\n5 by\nBine from\nGreat fit & warm!I bought these about 1 month ago for riding during the cold UT winter months. ", "The fleece lining is very comfortable & keeps me cozy during (indoor) winter rides. ", "I love the fit of these - the rise is perfect, they don't bunch anywhere & hold their shape even after numerous washes. ", "I wish they'd come in a few different colors.", "\n\nDate published: 2018-12-12\n\nRated 3 out of\n5 by\nCyreni1030 from\nNo fleeceThe breeches are a nice heavy stretch knit but no fleece lining at all! ", "I ordered them specifically for cold weather riding..\n\nDate published: 2018-12-10\n\nRated 3 out of\n5 by\nequusgrl from\nNot warm enough for PA wintersMy first thought when I pulled them out of the package was \"I thought these were supposed to be fleece lined?\" ", "Upon closer inspection and a touch of imagination it is there, but barely. ", "Anyhow I gave them a try as I loved the fit and feel of them. ", "They are definitely not warm enough for PA winters, but I'm keeping them thinking they will be comfortable for temps 40-60 degrees F.\n\nDate published: 2018-12-09\n\nRated 5 out of\n5 by\nKarla M from\nGreat fit for me, decently warmI'm usually a 24 or a 26 in breeches. ", "I have a 26in waist, 37in hip, am 4'11, and weigh about 110lb. ", "Petite and curvy. ", "I ordered these in a 24R and 26R. The 24 is a bit tight across the waist, but not in a way that I find restrictive during riding. ", "Gives me a muffin top but I'm usually layered up in the cold and no one can tell :) The 26 fit a little looser everywhere - soft in the waist, a hair loose through the thigh, but too long in the leg. ", "However, I decided to keep both pairs as I plan to layer leggings under the 26 when it gets colder. ", "So far I've ridden in the 24R a few times in mid/high 20s-40s. ", "Works out great! ", "A bit cold when I first get to the barn but I warm up very quick as I start to tack up. ", "Too warm to wear if it's hotter than 50F, in my experience. ", "I loved them so much, I'm ordering a few more pairs!", "\n\nDate published: 2018-12-06\n\nRated 1 out of\n5 by\nViolet 9422 from\nNot true to size at allI bought these a size larger so I could wear long underwear on cold days. ", "I tried them on and they were NOT a mid rise but low rise waist. ", "Needless to say, they do NOT fit. ", "I am returning them and will stick with my Kerrits. ", "Very very disappointed.", "\n\nDate published: 2018-01-14\n\nRated 5 out of\n5 by\nJulie from\nWarmI like the thickness..I did size down as someone suggested...I think i'm in between sizes as they are a tiny bit snug on my waist but nothing bad, I think they would have been too baggy in the leg had i got my normal size\n\nDate published: 2017-12-10\n\nRated 2 out of\n5 by\nMyalbie from\nNot warm enough :(Let me preface this by saying I LOVE LOVE the knit Piper breeches and that's all I wear, however, the fleece lined ones were a disappointment. ", "They are barely lined and as someone who is always cold there is no way these will keep you warm. ", "I will stick with the Kerrits or Tropical Rider Toasties until Smartpak gets these warmer. ", "Again, love the regular ones, but these were a let down. ", "But as always, Smartpak's customer service was A+!", "\n\nDate published: 2017-11-22\n\nRated 4 out of\n5 by\nGracie from\nWarm BreechesI just rode in these for the first time today. ", "It was 13 degrees. ", "I was in an unheated indoor and these kept me warm but I did not get sweaty. ", "Overall I like them except that I ordered a 30L and they are just short enough to be annoying. ", "I love the pockets. ", "The knee patches are rubbery which I didn't think I would like but riding in them was great. ", "Wish they were a bit longer. ", "I am 5'9\" with a 33 inseam. ", "There are short a bit in the leg and a bit in the hip/crotch. ", "I will keep them and ride in them but will not order another pair. ", "Darn!", "\n\nDate published: 2017-11-11\n\nRated 5 out of\n5 by\nEquestrian09 from\nLove them!These fit exactly like my other Piper Knit breeches (unlike some fleece lined breech brands that fit super small compared to their unlined versions). ", "More colors are need for these awesome winter breeches! ", "They are long enough which i love, super comfortable, and warm without being bulky; perfect!", "\n\nIn this episode of “If office dogs were people,” Mary and Danielle take on sleepy dogs, hungry dogs, stubborn dogs – you know, typical office dogs! ", "Here at SmartPak, we’ve got a number of dogs that come to the office...\nRead more" ]

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[ "Norsk-engelsk dokumentar. ", "Den norske Emmy-vinnende regissøren Deeyah Khan har i to år fulgt en gruppe briter som ble religiøse krigere. ", "Hun søker svar på hvorfor skoleungdommer med innvandrerbakgrunn som henne selv ender opp som ekstremister. ", "Deeyah mener at det er mulig å utfordre disse voldelige bevegelsene med kunnskap. (", "Jihad: A Story Of The Others)" ]

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[ "Dichomeris acratopa\n\nDichomeris acratopa is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. ", "It was described by Meyrick in 1926. ", "It is found in Cameroon.", "\n\nThe wingspan is about 17 mm. ", "Adults are similar to Dichomeris fracticostella, but have the stigmata simple, dot-like and dark grey, with the plical beneath the first discal.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1926\nCategory:Dichomeris" ]

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[ "Superb shots !!", "That plane is probably the most impressive freeware currently available for any sim (XP, FSX or P3D).I'm slowly trying to switch from P3D to XP11, but I'm still struggling with the performance. ", "While the FPS are fine when using a single screen, they tend to crawl way below smoothness when switching to VR\n\nDaube wrote:Superb shots !!", "That plane is probably the most impressive freeware currently available for any sim (XP, FSX or P3D).I'm slowly trying to switch from P3D to XP11, but I'm still struggling with the performance. ", "While the FPS are fine when using a single screen, they tend to crawl way below smoothness when switching to VR\n\nThanks! ", "Indeed, the Zibo is a remarkable piece of freeware, I do like it better than the few payware planes I have.", "\n\nRegarding the performance, yes, I have read that VR is a resource hog on XP. ", "I have never tried, having only a 1050 Ti on my pc. ", "What video card are you using?", "\n\nI'm using a GTX 1070ti, coupled with an i7 8700k on stock frequency (not overclocked yet).My VR helmet is a Lenovo Explorer, with a resolution of 1400x1400 pixels per eye (so 2800x1400 in total).If works very well with P3Dv4, but with XP11 the performance is not the same at all...The sim is smooth only if I disable totally the antialiasing. ", "As soon as I crank it up, the FPS crawl down\n\nI'm still experimenting with the settings, trying to get a stable balance. ", "So far I still have to disable way too many things, like shadows and such, and that's quite annoying. ", "I just hope some future updates will improve the performance somehow...\n\nDaube wrote:I'm using a GTX 1070ti, coupled with an i7 8700k on stock frequency (not overclocked yet).My VR helmet is a Lenovo Explorer, with a resolution of 1400x1400 pixels per eye (so 2800x1400 in total).If works very well with P3Dv4, but with XP11 the performance is not the same at all...The sim is smooth only if I disable totally the antialiasing. ", "As soon as I crank it up, the FPS crawl down\n\nI'm still experimenting with the settings, trying to get a stable balance. ", "So far I still have to disable way too many things, like shadows and such, and that's quite annoying. ", "I just hope some future updates will improve the performance somehow...\n\nLet's just hope that the Vulkan upgrade fixes those things. ", "OGL has proven to be a burden for XP to perform adequately. ", "Your specs should be more than enough for VR\n\nRegarding the shadows, I have read that the scenery shadows are also a killer. ", "If that was what you mean, I would strongly suggest to disable them, and see if the FPS improves. ", "As for AA, I have found that the best compromise has been 2xSSAA+FXAA, regarding FPX/eye candy.", "\n\nFinally, maybe deleting the XP preferences might help you a bit? ", "I'm almost sure that you have already tried it, but since assumption is the mother of al f*&ckups, I'd rather not make any assumptions!" ]

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[ "RAIPUR/NEW DELHI: Chhattisgarh chief minister Raman Singh on Saturday confirmed that Maoists have taken over 200 villagers hostage in the state's Sukma district. ", "According to the CM, 5 to 6 people are negotiating with the insurgents for the release of the hostages.", "The Naxalite action comes ahead of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to insurgency-hit Bastar region.", "Earlier, Sukma additional police superintendent had said a large number of armed Maoists stormed into Marenga and adjoining villages under restive Tongpal police station limits late last night and took away 400-500 villagers, including women and children, along with them.", "The Maoists have been opposing construction of a bridge on a river near Marenga village that they believe would facilitate increased mobility of security forces during operations against them.", "Meanwhile, Prime Minister Modi, who was on a visit to the neighbouring Dantewada district, said there was no future for violence in democracy.", "\"Only plough on shoulders can bring development, not guns,\" he said addressing a rally at Dantewada.", "\"The macabre drama of death will end,\" he said, referring to Naxalite violence in the state." ]

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[ "Perceptions of communicative competence after traumatic brain injury: implications for ecologically-driven intervention targets.", "\nThe present study investigated the relationship between non-verbal behaviours and perceptions of the communication abilities of an individual with anomia secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI). ", "Thirty-four university students studying Communication Sciences and Disorders were randomly assigned to watch or listen to six short clips of an individual with TBI engaged in conversation. ", "Participants rated the individual on communication parameters from a modified version of the Pragmatic Protocol and four other dependent measures of communicative competence. ", "A significant positive correlation was identified between perceptions of gestures and ratings of overall communicative competence, and between perceptions of hand and arm movements and ratings of overall communicative competence. ", "Participant raters who viewed the individual's movements as inappropriate also rated her overall communication abilities less favourably. ", "This finding highlights individuality in perception of communication competence and the importance of assessing communication partners' perceptions in a client's environment to determine socially relevant treatment goals." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nCan I return new copy of only part of a state object instead of the entire state object\n\nI have the following initial state that consists of flat properties and one deep nested property searchStatus:\nvar searchStatus = Immutable.fromJS({\n requesting: {\n component: {tenants: false, platforms: false},\n tenant: false,\n hdf: false,\n cluster: false\n }\n});\n\nconst initialState = {\n selectedItem: null,\n searchQuery: '',\n searchStatus: searchStatus\n};\n\nI have a reducer that works with this state:\nfunction reducer(state = initialState, action) {\n switch (action.type) {\n case GET_TENANT_TEMPLATES_LISTING_REQUEST:\n var status = state.searchStatus.updateIn(['requesting', 'component', 'tenants'], function () {\n return true;\n });\n return assign({}, state, {\n searchStatus: status\n });\n\nIs it OK to return new copy only for searchStatus part of the state and then merge it into the state or should I always return the entire state copy?", "\nUPDATE:\ncase GET_TENANT_TEMPLATES_LISTING_REQUEST:\n var copy = assign({}, state);\n copy.searchStatus.requesting.component.tenants = true;\n return copy;\n\nA:\n\nYou must copy the state object over every time (note that internal references can be kept, so it's not as inefficient as you may think), which is what you're doing with your assign (which I can only assume is a shorthand for Object.assign())\nYour call to assign will copy over all of the properties from state, and then from { searchStatus: status }, to an empty object, effectively copying over your entire state, and then applying changes.", "\nYou must not mutate the state passed into the function, and you must also return a complete state object from the function.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Creative Wave – April 7\n\nHappy Friday everyone, normal service is resumed! ", "Special shout-out has to go to Phil this week for providing a good third of my content I think! ", "Cheers mate! ", "Big up to everyone else who submits other content every week by the way, much appreciated. ", "We’ve got tech, advertising, sport, music, film and robots on the menu for your delectation. ", "Enjoy.", "\n\nTUNE FOR THE WEEKEND-\n\nI was really torn this week. ", "I wanted to use Radiohead’s Climbing Up The Walls, but then I realised I really liked three different versions of it. ", "In the end I went with the East Star All Stars’ reggae mix https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Axs8-9u5qbY\n\nOBSCURE HERO OF THE WEEK-\n\nYou probably don’t know the name Gilbert Baker but I guarantee you know some of his work. ", "He was a San Francisco-based artists who in 1978 designed a certain eight-colour flag to celebrate the city’s gay freedom day. ", "He died this week, and in his honour, the city have raised a giant rainbow flag in Harvey Milk Plaza – so-called after the country’s first openly gay politician, who was a close friend of Baker’s. ", "You can read a bit more about his life here and discover what each of the eight colours in the rainbow flag actually stand for: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39462530\n\n* I really like this new Samsung spot which uses an ostrich as a champion for doing the impossible. ", "Good choice for the soundtrack too-\n\n* Something amazing for zebra fans. ", "Over the last few weeks John Oliver has been talking a lot about zebras, as they’re being used in Bolivia as community support officers. ", "He then invited everyone to use 23 minutes of green screen zebra footage his show produced to help liven up even the most bleak of news stories. ", "Part one is below (links to part two and three are in the related vids bit):" ]

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[ "Monday, September 29, 2008\n\nYeah, they blew another season on the last day. ", "Sure, that's three years in a row where they were in the mix and wound up breaking the hearts of their fans. ", "Ok, fine, 3 years ago was game 7 of the playoffs and sure, they deserve more credit for that but, still, hearts were broken.", "\n\nLast year was horrific. ", "Blowing a 7 game lead in 17 days is actually rather impressive. ", "Go Team!", "\n\nThis year they sucked out of the gate, turned it around but, thanks to injuries and a group of relief pitcher that suck. ", "I'm opening a store that sells oversized garbage cans so this group of pitcher no longer have to deal with missing the can. ", "They probably piss all over the bathroom too. ", "Aim is a tough thing to master for sure but seriously, on the last day of the season, win or go home, how can your relief pitchers give up back to fucking back homeruns? ", "How?", "\n\nThe real reason I'm here today, talking about this isn't because I'm frustrated by the loss. ", "I somewhat expected it and I'm sure the team will do whatever it takes to get K-Rod and, possibly Sabathia (if he'll leave the Brewers and his arm is ruined from all the short rest pitching).", "\n\nNo, I'm here because the first thing my jackass brother in law said to me this morning wasn't hey, hello or how was your weekend, no his first thing spoken was \"so, you gunna be a yankee fan now?\"", "\n\nLet's see, 3 years ago we were one good swing of the bat from the world series. ", "3 years ago, the Yankees were, um, 3 and done I think. ", "Last year we blew it but played a meaningfull game on the last day of the season. ", "Sure we got blown out but that was Glavine's fault and Willie's for not yanking him instantly. ", "The Yankees? ", "3 and done I think. ", "This year, on the last day of the season, we played another meaningfull game. ", "We lost. ", "It hurts. ", "The yankees? ", "Um, they were out of contention in like June. ", "In a division where the yankees and the red sox both play, you are more likely to make the playoffs every year because the other teams stink and the two high banked teams are beating everyone else to a pulp. ", "so, it's easier to stay up in the standings. ", "How else did the yankees manage to even be in the running this year? ", "The Devil Rays played amazing baseball and, suddenly, the division wasn't all doormats and the big 2. ", "No, now they had 3 teams playing well and suddenly it ain't so easy to walk away with a wild card or division with mildly talented overpaid players, wildly talented but lacking heart players and insanely wildly talented player who only hits when his contract is on the line.", "\n\nSteinbrenner the younger whines about the playoff system being unfair. ", "I looked at the standings. ", "Everyone making the playoffs from the American League has a better record than the Yankees. ", "What's not fair about it? ", "For over a decade you stacked the deck, buying whomever you could to ensure that the stadium would be filled and the fans would be watching playoff baseball. ", "It worked well for a while. ", "Then it worked ok as you made the playoffs thanks to the aforementioned crappy division. ", "Now you realize that all that money doesn't always account for wins. ", "Steinbrenner, let me introduce you to the Bonilla/Saberhagen era Mets. ", "Best team on paper for a couple of years. ", "Horrible records. ", "Money doesn't always translate into wins.", "\n\nSo, Floogin, how come you said you are confident that the Mets will go buy new and improved relief and starting pitching?", "\n\nBecause anyone is better than what we have so you can be assured that whatever you spend, you'll see a return on your investment.", "\n\nBesides, I'm pretty sure that the fans will stop going to the games if there's a chance they have to watch Schoenweiss, Ayala, Feliciano, Sanchez and possibly Heilman ever make the walk from the bullpen to the mound.", "\n\nFriday, September 26, 2008\n\nNo, I'm not on facebook so please don't go looking for me to add me as a friend. ", "I don't understand why any adult would be a part of this nonsense. ", "I can fully understand why teenagers and college kids are into it. ", "It's a nice way to see what your friends from home are up to while you're away at school and it's nice to be able to see what your camp friends are up to during the school year but adults? ", "Seriously?", "\n\nA friend of mine came to see me a while back and asked if I had seen this picture of a girl we went to school with. ", "I said no and he said it was on her facebook account. ", "I laughed at him for joining it and he said he joined because he was told by another friend of ours that he \"had to see this picture and he had to join to see it.\" ", "So he joined. ", "Over the course of the next hour he received about 100 emails from friends of friends of friends of friends, all asking to be his facebook friend. ", "I can see how getting spam from people you don't know or are no longer in touch with could be a great thing. ", "I mean, the penile enlargement ads, the harder cock ads, the remove spam ads, the mortgage interest ads, the hot stock tip spam, the spam from every online store you ever bought from, the work emails, the emails from family and actual friends really don't do enough to fill your inbox every 6 minutes, so why not add this new group of unwanted emails?", "\n\nMy sister calls me that night and says she added my friends on her facebook account and she adds that she is now friends with 412 people, some of them are my friends from high school. ", "I tell her they were my friends but, since I stopped talking to them ten years ago, they really are not friends anymore. ", "I then tell her that 412 friends is great. ", "I ask if she'll be inviting them all to her birthday this year. ", "She says they aren't \"those kind of friends.\"", "\n\nSo, what are they?", "\n\nPeople she knows, people who know people she knows and people she used to know but doesn't anymore.", "\n\nand why do you want to be \"friends\" with people you intentionally removed from your lives or, even worse, friends of people you intentionally removed from your lives.", "\n\n\"you just don't get it.\"", "\n\nNo, I don't. ", "So far, I have only heard one reason for this and we'll get to it shortly.", "\n\nI ask my sister how much time she spends on facebook. ", "Her husband says she's on all the time.", "Having never actually been on facebook, I don't know what it involves but I guess, to spend that much time on it, it must have games, music, news, video feeds of your friends etc because what else could occupy that much time.", "\n\nOh, wait, keeping tabs on 412 people you hardly know. ", "Reading about what each person is up to. ", "And you care, because they are your friend. ", "So, when you are at a party and you see one of these people, do you go up and hug them, kiss them on the cheek and say \"it's been too long, it's been what? ", "oh, we never actually met.\"?", "\n\nSo, what exactly is the reason adults go on facebook?", "\n\nSimple.", "\n\nTo see how badly they fucked up their lives.", "\n\nI first gleaned this bit of wisdom from my loving wife, Sloogin McNoogin (not her real name). ", "Ok, she didn't actually admit to it but, one night my sister signed onto her facebook account while we were with them and she showed my wife all of her friends who were actually my wife's real life friends. ", "People my wife went to college with and still talks to and still sees from time to time. ", "Not internet friends, real flesh and blood friends. ", "My wife started checking out her friends' profiles and she saw all these people she used to know. ", "She started clicking on each profile. ", "Oddly enough, they were all guys she was \"friends\" with. ", "I take this to mean guys she dated.", "\n\nFirst thing I learned. ", "My wife dated a lot of guys.", "Second thing I learned. ", "She was very interested in how they turned out, where they live, what they do for a living etc. ", "I started to see the reason for facebook. ", "She was scoping out old flames, comparing them to eachother and, invariably, to me. ", "She was checking out these guys to see if she made the right decision.", "\n\nSo, I poured myself a hefty glass of vodka and left the room to ponder this.", "\n\nA couple of weeks later, we're at a party for one of her friends. (", "real one, she has yet to join facebook - I think). ", "We're talking to this couple and my wife and and the woman are catching up on old college friends and my wife says \"I just saw them on facebook.\" ", "The woman's face lights up but her eyes dart to her husband. ", "He's got this devilish grin on his face like this is a fight they've had before.", "\n\nShe asks my wife if she's on facebook and my wife says no. ", "The husband laughs and says \"my wife's having affairs on facebook.\" ", "She gets pissed and he says \"she has all these guys she used to date on there and like three girlfriends from her high school days. ", "Why else is she there but to talk to old boyfriends?\" ", "They wound up getting into a huge fight over the issue and I'm guessing this has been an ongoing issue. ", "He needles her about it and she gets defensive because, why else is she on there?", "\n\nJust this week, I'm at the deli, grabbing lunch and there are two women in front of me. ", "They're talking about? ", "Facebook. ", "It seems one of them just ran into an old \"friend\" who she used to date and he looks hot and he's recently divorced and well, you get the picture.", "\n\nThe other woman says she has to limit her facebook time to when she's at work (I'm sure her boss would love to hear that) because her husband thinks she's cheating on him. ", "Why? ", "Because all her facebook friends are guys she used to hang out with or date.", "\n\nI like to think I was a decent guy with the women I dated. ", "I like to think that, for the most part, the relationships ended because we were really not meant for eachother. ", "Yes, I have one ex who I think was devastated by our break-up. ", "She went and married a guy who, according to friends who are her facebook friend, looks exactly like me. ", "But, clearly she is over it. ", "she has a nice (and handsome) husband, two kids, a nice house. ", "I can't really recall anyone breaking my heart but I do know that there were a few girls who stopped seeing me for reasons that I was hurt by but I can't see why I'd want to get back in touch with them other than to see that they are with total losers who pale in comparison to the Great Floogin McNooogin!", "\n\nThursday, September 25, 2008\n\nWhen it comes to walking thru a crowd without bumping into people I am an artist. ", "I am an artfull dodger. ", "I don't like being touched by strange people. ", "Ok, that sounds a bit weird. ", "I don't like being brushed or bumped by randoms. ", "I can walk rapidly thru a crowd of people all coming it at me and never get brushed, without ever missing a step or slowing down. ", "I honed this skill attending concerts in tiny music places and futher mastered this craft in the city. ", "I have always lived and worked in places that result in my going against the traffic and I can speed walk straight through, bobbing and weaving like a prize fighter. ", "It must be something to behold but, from my perspective, it's like driving on the wrong side of the highway during rush hour and it has become somewhat like a game for me. ", "How fast can I go, how close can I get without actually body slamming some poor schmuck to the pavement? ", "All good stuff.", "\n\nAnyway, this morning I drop my daughter off at school and start the cross town trek to my office. ", "There's a rather busy intersection a couple of blocks from her school and there is a subway entrance on two corners there. ", "I've got my ear plugs in, I'm moving to music, gliding thru the crowds, bobbing, weaving, dancing thru the throngs of people and, thanks to a median in the intersection, I cross thru the intersection to the far corner. ", "As I approach the corner, which is where a very good steak house resides, something happens. ", "Here in the city, restaurants leave their trash out at night and a truck comes to take it all away. ", "With restaurants, there's often a sloppy, nasty mush of food in these bags. ", "With popular restaurants that attract a younger, more male crowd, you sometimes also find street treats such as vomit along the side of the buildings.", "\n\nSo, I'm smooth moving across the intersection, slip between the big bald dude and his mismatched hot lady friend, sideways I'm gliding. ", "My right foot steps down, I lift the left foot to get up on the curb and...what the fuck....I'm sliding. ", "Literally, sliding on the street. ", "Time seems to stand still. ", "I'm on the heel of my right foot and I'm moving forward. ", "My arms start to flail and this sudden shift in my body causes me to turn. ", "I'm spinning left, flailing about like a fucking loon. ", "As I complete the second rotation of what appears to be a triple lutz, I realize I am not stopping. ", "I actually look down and see that my right foot is moving thru the biggest longest puddle of grey, chunky ooze I have ever seen. ", "Is it vomit? ", "Is it restaurant goop? ", "Don't know. ", "What I do know is that I am cruising at a rather rapid pace towards the sidewalk. ", "I'm now sliding on the right heel, my arms outstretched like some kind of human airplane.", "\n\nI know I can pull off the dismount, land my left foot on the curb, tuck my head down low and move out of there before anyone sees me or, far worse, before people start to applaud.", "\n\nI lift my left foot a bit, like I'm coming to the end of the escalator, prepping for the step off.", "\n\nDammit. ", "High curb. ", "I misjudge the height of the curb, catch my left foot on the edge and now I'm stumble running forward. ", "Towards a fucking wall.", "\n\nI turn to the left quickly to avoid the wall and as I do that a fucking car pulls out of the driveway to the left of the restaurant and hits me.", "\n\nOk, that didn't happen but it would've been fucking hysterical, right?", "\n\nSo, I turn left and try and propel myself away from the wall. ", "It works. ", "Sadly, my left ankle didn't enjoy being the point of energy exchange. ", "Pop goes the ankle.", "\n\nI manage to slow myself down and walk away from this scene of almost epic humiliation. ", "Almost because I didn't do a face slide in that horror film mix of food and drink and god knows what else.", "\n\nI make it to the next corner. ", "My ankle is throbbing and my bob and weave has turned into a limp and drag. ", "I look down and see that my right shoe is covered in the chunky slip 'n' slide goo.", "\n\nAs I enter my building I contemplate trying to clean off this mess and I start to dry heave at the thought of it. ", "I go into the bathroom, wad up a whole roll of paper towels but I can't do it. ", "I come way too close to pouring a similar mess on the other shoe. ", "Instead, I take the shoes off and leave them in the hallway. ", "I figure nobody in their right mind would touch em.", "\n\nfortunately, they were still there when I finally got a break and went to buy new shoes.", "\n\nI walked into the store, headed to the elevator, the smell of my right shoe making me queasy. ", "I walk over to the shoe department, pick out a pair, try em on and casually leave my old ones under the seat.", "\n\nAs I'm leaving, the salesman is running after me, telling me I left my old shoes. ", "He clearly hasn't looked at what he's holding.", "\n\nI tell him to toss them .", "\n\nHe says they seem to be in good condition.", "\n\nI tell him to look at the other shoe\n\nHe drops them both in a flash\n\nI jump into the elevator and flee before he can react to whatever it is that's all over his hand.", "\n\nWednesday, September 24, 2008\n\nThe Mets are on. ", "They are 1 1/2 games behind the phillies and a game up on the brewers. ", "They basically control their own destiny. ", "They need to win. ", "So, they fall behind by a run and they come up with an hell of an inning against one of the better pitchers in the national league. ", "ok, actually, they Zombrano is ok at best and the ump was calling some iffy balls. ", "Anyway, he walks 2 straight to load the bases. ", "Walks in a run. ", "Then he has to contend with Reyes on third and Delgado up. ", "So they pull the ridiculous shift and Reyes basically walks to home plate. ", "Zombrano is clearly not enjoying it. ", "He gives up a grand slam. ", "Mets 5, Cubs 1.", "\n\nThe team is going nuts. ", "The stadium is going nuts.", "\n\nThe bullpen? ", "They must be watching three's company reruns. ", "The inning ends and Perez escapes another hairy inning. ", "Then, in the 5th, after the Phillies tied their game and the Brewers gave up a run, Perez gets himself in trouble. ", "Manuel makes the call to the bullpen. ", "Duaner Sanchez is summoned. ", "Might as well summon a drunk fan. ", "Someone forgot to tell Sanchez that the brewers were losing and this would be a hell of a good time to shut down the cubs. ", "Then, as Sanchez is warming up to give away runs, the braves score a shitload of runs. ", "It's 9-3 in Philly. ", "The braves are blowing em away. ", "Sanchez does what any good three's company fan would do, he gives up a two run single to tie up the game.", "\n\nSeriously now, why do they keep bringing this guy in? ", "He's throwing fucking newcombe balls out there. ", "I could get a hit off this guy.", "\n\nSo now it's tied, the brewers are losing, the phillies are losing and the mets are probably deflated. ", "they have 4 more innings to rely on their bullpen. ", "if they don't score 10 runs, they will blow the fucking game.", "\n\nA win tonight would put them in a tie with the phillies in the loss column. ", "a fucking tie. ", "they would win the tie breaker. ", "they'd take the division.", "\n\nTuesday, September 23, 2008\n\nI'm not a sexual deviant. ", "I swear it. ", "Ok, I am but I have it under control. ", "This is the discussion I had to have this morning with my wife. ", "Not sure if this will sound better if I start at the end and work my way backwards or if I give you the story as it unfolds. ", "Ok, unfolding the story for you.", "\n\nI got home around 11 last night from work, ate something and watched Heroes (not bad). ", "Then, around 12:30 I drifted off to sleep. ", "At 1 my son woke me for the first of 6 wake ups. ", "Over the course of an hour and a half he woke me to tell me he wanted juice, wanted to watch tv, wanted to play with his trains and wanted to have breakfast. ", "By 2 am I was a zombie.", "\n\nSo, at 4:30, when my daughter wakes me to tell me she has to pee, I zombie shuffle into my bathroom with her. ", "I'm literally blind. ", "It's pitch black. ", "I realize I am sleep walking when I sit down on the edge of the tub and find something lodged in a place where you just don't put stuff. ", "I have heard that the most common excuse people give when something is lodged in their ass is \"I fell in the shower.\" ", "I'm serious. ", "I've heard this from doctors who have had the misfortune of viewing these things. ", "I've seen the x-ray of the man with the crown royal bottle lodge in his ass - all the way, neck first. ", "When this man was asked how the hell he managed to get a crown royal bottle lodged in his ass, he didn't even hesitate, he just said \"fell in the shower.\"", "\n\nSo, I sat on a bottle of something. ", "My eyes instantly shot open. ", "I was no longer a virgin in that arena. ", "I must've let out some kind of a yelp because my daughter laughed and my wife asked if I was ok. ", "I said yes and she went back to sleep.", "\n\nIt should be pointed out here that she has been working insane hours the last two weeks, culminating with an allnighter this past sunday so she was in a far deeper state of sleep than I when all this unfolded.", "\n\nOk, so I'm no longer an ass virgin. ", "My daughter finishes peeing and I zombie shuffle/ass rape limp her back to her bedroom, tuck her in and zombie shuffle/ass rape limp back to my bed.", "\n\nMy wife wakes up first and heads into the bathroom. ", "I hear her gasp and then she says \"what the fuck is this?\"", "\n\nI crawl out of bed and she's standing next to the shower, pointing at, what appears to be semen, all over the floor and the tub.", "\n\nShe looks me in the eye and asks \"did you wake up and jerk off? ", "Is that why you were making all that noise?\"", "\n\nI suddenly find myself acting all defensive, like it was ok for me to head into the bathroom and spew Floogin's Special Sauce all over the place. ", "I start stammering about how I was taking our daughter to pee and I sat on something and I ..and she freaks.", "\n\nYou what? ", "You did this after you took our daughter to the bathroom? ", "What the fuck is wrong with you?", "\n\nI manage to calm down and I start to laugh.", "\n\nI tell her to calm down and then I show her what happened. ", "I show her the bottle of conditioner on the floor that, apparently, was in my ass.", "\n\nShe mumbles something about me being a loser and, as I walk out she tells me I look like I was a grinding pole. ", "I ask her what she's talking about and she tells me to feel the back of my shorts.", "\n\nSunday, September 21, 2008\n\nI was going to expound on the costs of the previously mentioned imaginary girlfriend dolls but, to be honest, I didn't bother looking into it. ", "Perhaps it's my inability to hide them or to find the time to use them or my lack of sex drive these days, who knows. ", "Ok, that last part was bullshit. ", "Of course I'm still coursing with the hormones. ", "I'm a guy. ", "It's what we do. ", "Last night I was going to do some research and see what I could, um, come up with but the Mets were on and I do loves me a dose of the ups and downs. ", "This season, my beloved Mets have provided just that. ", "Lots of ups and downs. ", "The fact that they are still in the race is amazing. ", "The fact that they didn't blow the rest of the division away is also amazing. ", "So, instead, with a week and a half of games left, the Mets play first place second place swap with the phillies. ", "Today we're in first, tomorrow we're in second but the day after that, we're taking first again. ", "It makes for good drama but it can be taxing to the team and, in the event they make the playoffs, just making them might sap the adrenaline needed to push into the next round.", "\n\nOn the flip side, the distance between the wild card holder and the next in line is growing as the Brewers can't seem to win, even with Sabathia pitching. ", "So, the wild card spot is becoming comfy for both the Phillies and the Mets. ", "Unfortunately, only the Phillies seem to be relaxed and playing with a purpose. ", "The Mets, on the other hand, show signs of dominance and refusal to die one game and then they go out there and flail at the ball and give away a game. ", "It's frustrating.", "\n\nMore so since I picked up tickets to the first home game of the first round of the playoffs. ", "I could have snagged tickets to the first two games but I figured it would be more fun to grab 4 tickets to game one and surround myself with family, sheltering myself from the fat, drunken pigs that seem to attend baseball games these days.", "\n\nI haven't been to a game all year and this is the last year that Shea Stadium will be there so it will be nice to get one last game in and it will be fucking insane if the Mets can finish out Shea with a World Series appearance or...gasp.... a World Series win.", "\n\nI'm a realist, I'll be happy with an appearance in the playoffs so I can say goodbye to that crappy stadium. ", "The new one looks amazing and, hopefully, the increase in ticket prices will result in a somewhat \"nicer\" crowd.", "\n\nThe last game I went to was opening day last season and the crowd was so horrible that I gave my tickets to the Yankees Mets game away instead of taking my daughter and my nephew. ", "I was afraid of what the kids would hear during the course of the game. ", "In that opening day game I heard a dozen different uses for the word cocksucker. ", "Seriously. ", "A dozen. ", "It was rather impressive but it was also frightening and the man to my right, who was nursing a beer thru the whole game while trying to watch the game and keep his son from hearing the foul words of everyone else around us, seemed appalled to be there. ", "And these were the good seats. ", "We were in the orange, right off the field.", "\n\nNow, I have come to expect that kind of language and drunken behavior when I sit farther from the field but down low, in the good seats? ", "They need to implement a rule about the class of people that are allowed in these seats. ", "I know, you're thinking I'm elitist. ", "Well, you're right. ", "I pay for my seats. ", "These drunken louts usuall pay for the crappiest seats and then sneak down or two dollar tip their way down. ", "I just dropped close to $400 for 4 seats and I am going to be surrounded by fat drunken losers who paid half of that and snuck in and got drunk and might possibly puke on me if we don't get into a fight first. ", "I won't be able to control the look of disgust on my face when these clowns start in on the players and that will, invariably, lead to a slurred \"whathefuckeryoulookinat?\"", "\n\nSaturday, September 20, 2008\n\nI mentioned I got a pleo. ", "Well, I didn't, my dad did. ", "He said he wanted one for the office so that my son could play with it when he was here. ", "For those of you that don't know, a pleo is a robot. ", "A baby pleosaur robot that, apparently, evolves thanks to the scientific wonder of artificial intelligence. ", "So, we got one. ", "I set it up and hatched it, watched it learn to walk, wander around, beg for food etc. ", "I hit the website (www.pleoworld.com) and read about the tricks this thing can do. ", "I tried them all. ", "Cool. ", "I even went and downloaded a couple of the preprogrammed personalities to see what they were like. ", "Again, real cool. ", "This little robot does a lot and it's fun to watch.", "\n\nSadly, I'm working alone at nights and on the weekends and I'm sitting here, bored out of my mind, needing some kind of interaction with someone or something to break the mundane pattern of my work. ", "So I turn the pleo on. ", "It wakes up, wanders around and ends up near my feet. ", "It squats back and opens its mouth. ", "Now, I know I'm a grown up and this thing is a toy but it seemed to want some food so I fed it the leaf that comes in the box. ", "The pleo ate. ", "And ate. ", "And ate. ", "Then it started to walk towards me. ", "I picked it up and started doing some of the things the site suggest. ", "I tickled its feet, rubbed its head and played with it.", "\n\nthen I picked it up and held it to me like a child. ", "The pleo started nuzzling me. ", "Its head pressed against mine, it started making cooing noises.", "\n\nThen I realized I was cuddling a rubber and metal toy.", "\n\nI was shocked and appaled.", "\n\nWhat's next? ", "Female companion dolls? ", "If they seem as life like and playfull as the pleo....no, stop, no latex love dolls for me. ", "Can't do that. ", "That's pathetic. ", "Right? ", "Wait, nobody reads this. ", "I can get myself several of these things and have myself a love doll orgy and nobody would ever know.", "\n\nThursday, September 18, 2008\n\nOk, work sucks. ", "It's that time of year where I am chained to the desk for long days and nights, no breaks for the weekend, no rest for the weary. ", "Unfortunately, this current work hell has been, somehow, even more harsh thanks to my wife also being mired in long ass days and nights. ", "Normally, the sitter would stay later with the kids each night but her mom is sick so she must leave and, since I have no boss to report to, I can come home early to deal with the kids. ", "Sure I have clients who are going to dump me if I don't get their shit done on time but I will still have a job so I have a touch of flexibility. ", "Anyway, after one day of dealing with my kids, having them in the office etc, I realized this was not going to work. ", "So, we hired another sitter to deal with the days and nights. ", "She's in need of work, she knows our kids and she is available for as long as we need her. ", "Done. ", "She worked one day and the regular sitter calls to say things are better, she can come during the day but she can't stay late and she can't help out on the weekend. ", "So, I went and hired the other woman to work nights until I come home and weekends until things are more normal regarding my wife's schedule. ", "Two sitters. ", "Basically, double the price of the one I was paying. ", "Cash, of course.", "\n\nSo, Floogin, what's the lesson you ask.", "\n\nWell, I hit the bank to get cash for the two women and I came back to the office, my pocket fat with money. ", "Normally, my money is neatly folded over my credit cards and held in place with a nice rubber band. ", "Since the bank was crowded, I opted to stuff the money in my pocket and deal with sorting and organizing later. ", "Well, later came as I was in the men's room on my floor. ", "I'm standing there, dick out, pissing, and the thought hit's me - \"Floogin, take out the money and straighten it out, and put it back in your pocket.\"", "\n\nSo, just as the stream peaks, I pull out this big ole wad of hundreds and twenties and then it happens. ", "My brain decides to fuck with me and my fingers release their grip and then, over the course of what seemed like an hour, I reached and grabbed and tried to catch those bills as they fluttered into the piss pot.", "\n\nNow, since I was already pissing, I had to contend with my nice fat stream of warm yellow pee. ", "I'm twisting my hips, aiming one way, reaching the other and I manage to grab none of the bills. ", "None of the credit cards either.", "\n\nso, there's my \"wallet\" sitting at the bottom of the urinal. ", "Do I continue to pee? ", "Do I stop and take the stuff out and toss it in the sink first? ", "What if I do that and someone walks in? ", "Will they try and steal my pissmoney?", "\n\nSo I continue peeing. ", "All over my stuff.", "\n\nThen I have the horrific task of picking the stuff up and rinsing it off so it doesn't stink like pee when I give the ladies their money. ", "I can't put it in my pocket or I'll have a big wet spot on my pants and, odds are, it will still stink like piss and I'll walk around feeling and smelling like I can't hold my water.", "\n\nSo I wrap it up in paper towels and blot it dry and it is now spread out around my office being guarding by my Pleo. ", "Yes, I got me a pleo. ", "Well, my dad got one for my son but he wanted it in the office for the one day a year when they are both here and I set it up to see if it was cool. ", "It is. ", "Real cool. ", "Except for the big giant steaming pleo shit it left under my desk. ", "I'm kidding, pleo's can't shit. ", "Or can they. ", "www.pleoworld.com for those that are interested.", "\n\nAnyway, what's the lesson? ", "Well, handling your money and your cock at the same time should be reserved for when you are paying someone to service said cock. ", "Otherwise, you're going to wind up with a pocket full of pissmoney." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "The invention relates to a process for the continuous preparation of aqueous ammonium thiocyanate solutions by reaction of ammonia with carbon disulfide in the presence of water using activated carbon as catalyst.", "\nThiocyanates (rhodanides) in the form of their alkali or ammonium salts are chemicals that not only are frequency used in chemical laboratories, but are also extremely important in other technical fields. ", "Thus, for example, an aqueous thiocyanate solution is frequently used as a precipitation bath during the wet spinning of polyacrylonitrile. ", "Thiocyanates can also be employed for the preparation of polyacrylonitrile solutions. ", "Thiocyanates used for this purpose have high requirements.", "\nSome processers for the preparation of thiocyanates consist, first, in preparing an aqueous solution of ammonium thiocyanate. ", "This solution can be processed further into solid ammonium thiocyanate likewise in a manner known per se or reacted with the hydroxide of an alkali metal to alkali-metal thiocyanate.", "\nThe preparation of ammonium thiocyanate and aqueous ammonium thiocyanate solutions by reaction of ammonia with carbon disulfide in the presence of water has long been known in the art. ", "Thus U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "2,249,962 describes the reaction of ammonia with carbon disulfide in a boiler in the presence of water and a catalyst. ", "Fatty acids, especially oleic acid or ammonium fatty acid salts, tall oil, or high alcohols are used as the catalyst. ", "The reaction is carried out in the presence of alcohols a solubilizers. ", "One of the disadvantages of this process is the presence of the solubilizer, which must be removed after the reaction is completed. ", "The catalysts employed cause problems during the processing of the reaction mixture. ", "Therefore, the separation of the undesirable constitutents and the purification of the end product are very costly. ", "Moreover, the catalyst must be renewed frequently. ", "In addition, sulfur forms during the reaction, which likewise leads to processing problems. ", "Since the reaction is carried out in several stages at various temperatures, the process technology is complicated.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "2,850,356 describes the reaction of ammonia and carbon disulfide in a reactor which consists of three zones and is provided with packing material, e.g., Raschig rings. ", "Although this patent, too, mentions that processes for the reaction of ammonia with carbon disulfide under pressure are known, it is recommended that the process be carried out at standard pressure, if necessary at a slightly elevated pressure up to about 1.7 bar. ", "The reaction is carried out in such a way that temperatures of 35.degree., ", "55.degree. ", "and 80.degree. ", "C. are established in the three stages (zones). ", "The process does not use a catalyst.", "\nAccepted West German Patent Application No. ", "1,297,088 describes a process in which activated carbon is used as a catalyst. ", "Here, too, the reaction is carried out in three stages. ", "Accepted West German Patent Application No. ", "1,592,341 discloses an improvement of the process disclosed in Accepted West German Patent Application No. ", "1,297,088, and describes the reaction of gaseous carbon disulfide at temperatures of from 70.degree. ", "to 90.degree. ", "C.\nThe processes described in the last two patents already lead to high reaction rates and high yields of ammonium thiocyanate with purities exceeding 99%.", "\nEver-increasing requirements for the quality of ammonium thiocyanate and the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the manufacturing process, however, lead to the demand for other processes that would result in higher efficiency and greater economies." ]

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[ "Otto Selz\n\nOtto Selz (14 February 1881 – 27 August 1943) was a German psychologist from Munich, Bavaria, who formulated the first non-associationist theory of thinking, in 1913. ", "Influenced by the German phenomenological tradition, Selz used the method of introspection, but unlike his predecessors, his theory developed without the use of images and associations. ", "Wilhelm Wundt used the method of introspection in the 1880s, but thought that higher-level mental processes could not be studied in the scientific laboratory.", "\n\nWork\nSelz's ideas anticipated some major concepts in modern cognitive psychology, including the following:\nThe unit of thought is the directed association.", "\nUnderstanding a problem involves forming a structure.", "\nSolving a problem involves testing for conditions.", "\n\nSelz was an associate professor of legal philosophy at the University of Bonn, 1921-1923. ", "From 1923 to 1933, Selz was a full professor of philosophy, psychology, and pedagogy of the Mannheim Business School. ", "He also served as the Rector of the Graduate School of Mannheim, 1929-1930. ", "Selz's career was shortened by Nazi policies in Europe, which banned him from his profession in Germany because he was Jewish. ", "In 1938, he was imprisoned in Dachau concentration camp, but was released after five weeks. ", "In 1939, Selz emigrated to the Netherlands, teaching and researching (sometimes unofficially) in Amsterdam until 1943. ", "On 24 July 1943 he was arrested and detained in Westerbork concentration camp. ", "A month later, on 24 August, he was transported to Auschwitz concentration camp. ", "Three days later, on 27 August 1943, Selz died in the vicinity of Auschwitz.", "\n\nAside from two pupils, Julius Bahle (a psychologist who applied Selz's psychology of productive thinking to the psychology of musical composition) and Adriaan de Groot, Selz never founded a school and after 1933 his name disappears almost completely from the German psychological literature.", "\n\nUntil recently, his works were largely untranslated from German into English.", "\n\nIn 2004, philosopher and psychologist Michel ter Hark, University of Groningen, published a book called Popper, Otto Selz and the Rise of Evolutionary Epistemology, in which he argues that Karl Popper got part of his ideas from Selz. ", "Selz himself never published these ideas, partly because of the rise of Nazism which forced him to quit his work in 1933, and the prohibition of referencing to Selz' work.", "\n\nWorks (in German) \n 1910: \"Die psychologische Erkenntnistheorie und das Transzendenzproblem\" (\"The psychological theory of knowledge and the problem of transcendence\"). ", "Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie 16, 1–110.", "\n 1913: Über die Gesetze des geordneten Denkverlaufes. ", "Eine experimentelle Untersuchung (On the laws of the orderly thought process. ", "An experimental investigation). ", "Speemann, Stuttgart.", "\n 1919: (with W. Benary, A. Kronfeld and E. Stern) Untersuchungen über die psychische Eignung zum Flugdienst (Studies on the psychological fitness for flight duty). ", "Schriften zur Psychologie der Berufseignung und des Wirtschaftslebens, Heft 8. ", "Barth, Leipzig.", "\n 1922: Zur Psychologie der produktiven Denkens und des Irrtums (On the psychology of productive thinking and of error). ", "Cohen, Bonn.", "\n 1924: Die Gesetze der produktiven und reproduktiven Geistestätigkeit (The laws of the productive and reproductive mental activity). ", "Cohen, Bonn.", "\n 1991: Wahrnehmungsaufbau und Denkprozeß (Perceptual system and thought process). ", "Selected writings, edited by A. Métraux and T. Hermann. ", "Huber, Bern. .", "\n\nSee also\n Theodor Lipps\n Würzburg School\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nTer Hark, Michel. (", "2004). ", "Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology. ", "Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.", "\nTer Hark, Michel. (", "2010). ", "The Psychology of Thinking Before the Cognitive Revolution: Otto Selz on Problems, Schemas, and Creativity. ", "History of Psychology, 13(1), 2–24.", "\nMayer, R.E. (1992). ", "Thinking, problem solving, cognition. ", "New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.", "\n\nExternal links\n \nBio of Otto Selz at the University of Mannheim (in German).", "\n\nCategory:1881 births\nCategory:1943 deaths\nCategory:Cognitive scientists\nCategory:German psychologists\nCategory:Jewish scientists\nCategory:Jewish writers\nCategory:German people who died in Auschwitz concentration camp\nCategory:People from Munich\nCategory:People from the Kingdom of Bavaria\nCategory:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni\nCategory:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni\nCategory:University of Bonn faculty\nCategory:University of Mannheim faculty\nCategory:German civilians killed in World War II\nCategory:20th-century German writers\nCategory:20th-century German male writers\nCategory:German Jews who died in the Holocaust" ]

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[ "Rute is a beginners guide to Linux and Unix-like systems. ", "It is designed as a\ndependency consistent tutorial document. ", "This means you can (and should) read\nit from beginning to end in consecutive order. ", "Rute also satisfies the\nrequirements for course notes for a Linux training course." ]

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[ "Incoming City Council member Matt Carlucci has suggested Jacksonville pump the brakes on plans to demolish the Landing until hearing what the public actually want to do with the site. ", "It’s certainly true that the city would benefit from determining whether demolition is really the best option before spending $22 million on it. ", "Demolition and replacement may be the best answer, but the experience of virtually all other cities with comparable buildings as well as most successful projects in the Downtown Core over the last two decades shows that remodeling the existing building may be a more effective, cheaper solution. ", "The way to know will be keep options open while determining the next steps.", "\n\nThis proposal by a group of Jacksonville architects shows what could be accomplished with the existing structure offers a new vision for the Landing that focuses on adaptive reuse and selective demolition to update the existing marketplace. ", "It presents a compromise between total demolition and total preservation. ", "It accomplishes all the things the city says it wants to do with the Landing - creating ample new green space, opening up Laura Street, and reducing the overabundance of retail square footage. ", "It also preserves the building’s iconic orange roof and popular courtyard, and right-sizes the building for retail more in line with the market reality. ", "This is just one possibility of what could happen if the city allows for the possibility of adaptive reuse before determining the next phase.", "\n\nNext page: Detailed renderings and more possibilities" ]

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[ "Systemic Hemophilus influenzae infection. ", "A study of risk factors.", "\nIn Omaha, from 1974 to 79, 30 (12.5%) of 240 patients with Haemophilus influenzae bacteremia or meningitis had a wide variety of conditions known to be associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. ", "Neonates and adults accounted for 47 per cent of the infections. ", "Non-type b and non-typable strains caused 41 per cent of the episodes. ", "Forty-one per cent of patients had bacteremia with no detectable focus of infection. ", "The incidence of meningitis was low. ", "Mortality was 28 per cent, considerably higher than in patients who were previously healthy. ", "A review of the medical literature indicated that low-birth weight infants and patients with leukemia and other malignancies undergoing chemotherapy, splenectomy, congenital asplenia, sickle cell anemia, immunoglobulin deficiency diseases, cerebrospinal fluid shunts, and skull defects are at greater risk for systemic H. influenzae disease than the general population." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAndroid - Should I save my object or just its ID via saveinstancestate\n\nI'm new to Android development and have written a small app that calls a web service and hydrates a relatively simple object (think: auction listing or something of that magnitude). ", "Right now, when the phone rotates and the view is reloaded the web service is re-called, the object is re-hydrated and the listing re-displayed. ", "This seems very wasteful. ", "What is the best practice when storing data via onSaveInstanceState? ", "Is it considered OK to store the object itself, or is it best practice to store the ID and go through the whole process of loading it fresh each time. ", "Are there any other rules of thumb or gotchas to be considered here?", "\nThank you\nJP\n\nA:\n\nEven re-creating information form a database is usually considered too much effort for the Android config change scenario.", "\nWhat you want to use is to create a class holding references to objects which you want to survive the config change, and have your Activity have a reference to that. ", "Also, you will return that in the onRetainNonConfigurationInstance() callback. ", "In onCreate(), you call getLastNonConfigurationInstance() to see whether this is a re-creation due to a configuration change. ", "This call will return your object with all the data you need.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Stuart Colman (architect)\n\nStuart Colman (1848 - 1 September 1941) was an architect based in Bristol and London, England\n\nFamily\nHe was born in 1848 in Llandaff, Glamorgan, Wales, the son of Charles Frederick Colman (1816-1887) and Mary Elizabeth Mill (1824-1913).", "\n\nHe was educated at the Southampton School of Art.", "\n\nHe married Sarah Elizabeth Watson on 29 February 1876 at the Effra Road Unitarian Chapel, Brixton and they had the following children:\nEvelyn Ruth Colman (1877-1927)\nStuart Mill Colman (1878-1963)\nDavid Robert Colman (b. 1879)\nHarry Mill Colman (1881-1966)\nAlan Colman (1883-1928)\nEdna Marion H Colman (b. 1886)\n\nHe was based in Bristol at 5 Unity Street.", "\n\nHe died on 1 September 1941 at 28 Sherwood Road, Forest Town, Johannesburg, South Africa.", "\n\nNew buildings\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:19th-century English architects\nCategory:Architects from Bristol\nCategory:People from Llandaff\nCategory:1848 births\nCategory:1941 deaths" ]

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[ "Messing With Intents Translation — Part I\n\nGenerative Adversarial Networks at intent mapping\n\nPhoto by Dmitri Popov on Unsplash\n\nI bet you’ve heard a story in two different media and wondered if they were talking about the same thing. ", "At Lang.ai that happens a lot.", "\n\nIt’s not that we are feeding content to cater for the whole media spectrum. ", "Quite the opposite, we analyze data with a multinational reach, written in many languages, with all their cultural inflexions, ways of saying things and personal conditions.", "\n\nIf you happen to make a worldwide launch of a video game, you may be interested in reactions from every corner of the globe. ", "Moreover, you will need a global analysis, and evaluate cross-lingual relations among comments.", "\n\nA common question is “are these people talking about the same?” ", "or similarly, “can I group comments by intent regardless of the language?”", "\n\nOnline automatic translators is the first idea we all come across. ", "It entails parsing all the documents in a source language, translating them into the target language and checking if they have a good match. ", "However, the more domain-specific the text is, the more difficult it is for translators to do a good job.", "\n\nWe prefer to use a workaround: find first what pieces of text are about, and then check how similar they are among each other.", "\n\nWe use intents as semantic blocks that summarize what a piece of text is about. ", "Many intents can be present in a text, so we can group several documents related to a common intent.", "\n\nOur customers use our technology to inspect unstructured data and discover the main intents underneath. ", "So far, intents are separated by language. ", "Then, two groups of documents about the same game situation in two languages will lay in two separate intents. ", "We may guess there is some relationship between them but we do not know its strength and, of course, there is no source-target intent pair to be used in a supervised learning.", "\n\nWe need an unsupervised approach to score the similarity among intents in source and target languages.", "\n\nThe Mikolov’s clue\n\nLet’s think for a moment that we try to map words instead of intents in two languages. ", "Mikolov et al. ", "computed word embeddings for source and target language separately and realized that there is a linear mapping W, specially for close languages, to match words in two languages.", "\n\nThe equation above entails that you can compute separate monolingual embeddings in spaces to learn such a mapping whenever you have enough known (x; y) pairs.", "\n\nThis mapping can be seen as a linear approximation, but getting good translation results with such linear mapping is fantastic news. ", "It implies that you just need to rotate the embeddings to match the topology they have in the other language. ", "The closer the languages are, the more accurate the approximation is: mappings between English and Spanish are better than mappings between English and Chinese.", "\n\nFigure 1. ", "Iterative adjustment process between monolingual word embeddings. ", "Source: Conneau et al.", "\n\nBut Mikolov used a dictionary, i.e. (x; y) pairs, and we look for an unsupervised approach. ", "Then, we just need to get rid of the dictionary. ", "In separated works, Conneau et al. ", "explain how to obtain a mapping W without initial (x; y) pairs and Artetxe et al. ", "iterate greedily over a small easy-to-obtain list of pairs.", "\n\nThe method by Conneau et al. (", "MUSE) is more general since it imposes less restrictions, and get results quite similar to the Mikolov’s supervised approach. ", "They use a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to generate a good mapping W, minimizing an overall distance between mapped and target words.", "\n\nWe tested this approach with words, using Wikipedia embeddings precomputed with FastText but restricted to words just from a specific domain. ", "We got the words from a corpus of our interest from a semi-aligned twitter newsfeed in Spanish and English from: BBC (@bbcmundo, @BBCWorld), CNN (@CNNEE, @cnni), and elpais.com (@elpais_espana, @elpaisinenglish).", "\n\nTable 1. ", "Highest scores for word (ES) to word (EN) translation with a twitter newsfeed dataset\n\nIntents are nonetheless made up by two or more words and represent categories. ", "They group documents together and can be featured by an underlying language model. ", "Therefore, intents are combinations of words with a meaning, very much the same as sentences.", "\n\nIt raises the need of creating intents/sentences embeddings: dense vectors grasping the meaning of the sentence. ", "Word (unigram) embeddings datasets typically overpass 1 Billion words. ", "Hence, the amount of data you would need to obtain good sentence (n-grams) embeddings would be prohibitive. ", "Researchers overcome this drawback combining word embeddings a posteriori in such a way that they represent the meaning of a sentence.", "\n\nWe did not find much literature about intent embeddings but there are some papers about sentence or paragraph embeddings. ", "Two main trends to represent sentence meaning arise: 1) combine word embeddings to create a new vector with equal (average) or different (tf-idf-like) weights; 2) stack word embeddings so the sentence is represented by the subspace spanned by its word embedding vectors (Mu et al., ", "2017), (Arora et al., ", "2016b). ", "Looking at the scores reported in those papers, results do not differ much between both approaches, so we use the first approach, weighting words according to their importance in the intent model. ", "This approach gives us a bit more freedom in order to create our own importance weights.", "\n\nWe computed intent embeddings as a linear combination of most important words embeddings in intent models.", "\n\nWhere weights are computed as the pointwise information gain between word and intent:\n\nAnd then normalized to sum one.", "\n\nIn order to test the approach, we tried several mapping setups and parameters:\n\n1. ", "Map words, then find the intent mapping\n\n2. ", "Map intents directly\n\n3. ", "Mix words and intent embeddings, map all of them\n\nScores were computed as proposed by Conneau et al. ", "cross-domain similarity local scaling (CSLS), a cosine distance modified with a measure of average distance between mapped and target embeddings.", "\n\nThe best option to find a good mapping was mixing words and intent embeddings and finding a map for all of them together. ", "We performed a grid search on several parameters and found that default parameters worked fine in general, but we needed the hidden dimension of the discriminator to exceed 1024 units.", "\n\nBest scoring intent matches are in Table 2. ", "In our experience, scores over 0.06 usually provide a reliable good mapping and about 15% of intents reached that score at the news dataset.", "\n\nTable 2. ", "Highest scoring matching intents among Spanish and English datasets. ", "Only positive scores are shown up to 5 intents. ", "Most of the matched intents are correct except ‘league+champions’ that didn’t have a counterpart in the dataset.", "\n\nWe also tested the refinement method based on Procrustes algorithm but it consistently made our intent mappings worse.", "\n\nCross-and intra-domain testing\n\nAlternatively, we tested embedding mappings on other datasets with categories annotated with some human crafted rules. ", "We had some Spanish and English twitter feeds from banking sector, as well as other domains just in Spanish, so we could perform two types of analysis:\n\nMono-language cross-domain intent translation: ES to ES\n\nCross-language mono-domain intent translation: Banking (ES to EN)\n\nFirst we selected domains with enough, interesting and nominally shared categories. ", "In some cases (banking, telco) they are different domains, and in others (banking, spanish_bank) they are domain-subdomain pairs.", "\n\nWe extracted intents from these datasets and tested the mappings between our supervised categories, unsupervised intents, words and mixes of them. ", "Our results are consistent with the news dataset for the linguistic categories: good precision for higher scores but not so good recall. ", "It works alike for cross domain categories telco + banking (table 3), telco + shopping_center (table 4) and intra-domain banking + spanish_bank (table 5).", "\n\nTable 3. ", "Highest scoring matching supervised categories among Spanish and English in banking (left) and telco (right) dataset. ", "Only positive scores are shown.", "\n\nTable 4. ", "Highest scoring matching supervised categories among Spanish and English in telco (left) and one_shopping_center (right) dataset. ", "Only positive scores are shown.", "\n\nTable 5. ", "Highest scoring matching supervised categories among Spanish and English in banking (left) and one_spanish_bank (right) dataset. ", "Only positive scores are shown.", "\n\nWhereas precision is still quite impressive for telco to banking and intra-domain banking to spanish_bank, results are not so outstanding for telco to shopping_center domains.", "\n\nApparently, the similarity among domains plays a key role in those results, but we have not extensively verified it.", "\n\nIn addition, results for cross-domain matching for unsupervisedly drawn intents were quite poor in all the cases we tested.", "\n\nCategories usually have much larger support (amount of documents related to them) than intents, so they are better defined by their underlying models.", "\n\nRegarding the cross-language mono-domain intent translation problem, the matching is not good in any of the mappings we tested: category to word, category to intent, intent to intent and intent to word. ", "Looking at the data, we think that topics users talk about in the two datasets are rather different. ", "They talk about specific situations and events that have very few points in common.", "\n\nInsights\n\nMikolov showed an interesting fact: in close languages, embeddings have a similar structure. ", "Using this structure can be enough to find good word translations.", "\n\nGANs are an interesting artifact to generate word distributions in the word to word translation problem without using parallel data.", "\n\nHowever, when analyzing real-world problems it is often the case that you have some domain-specific data. ", "Usually the amount of data is not enough to train your own good embeddings so you need to borrow some pre-trained embeddings that are typically computed from Wikipedia and other open sources.", "\n\nMikolov just showed the relationship between embeddings but nothing about sentence or any other aggregation of embeddings. ", "Our experiments intended to show how it works with intents and categories shaped up as a combination of word embeddings.", "\n\nWe found out that if you have a good model defining your categories or intents that have an extensive support, you can achieve results with good precision, although recall is usually poor. ", "Despite we do not have a gold standard dataset to help us support this claim, a visual inspection of results drove us into this direction.", "\n\nIn addition, common ways of creating sentence embeddings from word embeddings seem to have much improvement margin, and any enhancement would directly impact the results we obtained.", "\n\nIt’s hard to say -in an unsupervised way- if two groups of people in different languages are talking about the exact same thing if the domain is quite specific (except for a few group of topics).", "\n\nIn the second part of this series, we plan to better examine word embeddings, their translations and how they deal with polysemy." ]

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[ "The Attitude is Gratitude\n\nHave you heard about the idea of choosing a word of the year? ", "I like it so much better that making a New Year’s Resolution that I will inevitably not resolve. ", "A word of the year is something with so many facets depending on your circumstances that day, something you can post anywhere to remind yourself to be mindful of it. ", "A word of the year can grow and change with you.", "\n\nMy word of the year for 2019 is GRATITUDE.", "\n\nI spend a lot of time in the state of worry and the thing is, my friends, I have a lot more to be grateful for than to worry about. ", "We won’t even talk about how much time is wasted in worry! ", "Why is it that negative things can take up so much more time and space than the positive things, like our gratitudes? ", "To help me be mindful of all that there is to be grateful for this year, come with me while I share with you in art and writing the things that I am grateful for. ", "Check out my post in Instagram to see how I am kicking off 2019! ", "What are you grateful for in the new year?", "\n\nWill you choose a word of the year? ", "I would love to know and cheer you on your journey!" ]

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[ "36 – Pleasure\n\nPleasure is a feeling that we all seek and it goes beyond our five senses. ", "However, the way we perceive and achieve it could either be good or bad for us and the people we interact with. ", "In this TAG episode, James and Ezra help us understand the true meaning of pleasure and how it may affect your life, your business and everyone else around you." ]

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[ "French Open Tennis Tournament – 2015 WinnersWomen’s Singles :- Serena Williams of United States won French Open women’s single title on 6 June. ", "In the final match she defeated Lucie Safarova of Czechoslovaki. ", "This was her third French Open title (earlier she had won in 2002, 2013) and overall 20th Grand Slam title.", "Men’s Singles :- Stanislas Wawrinka of Switzerland won his first French Open title of Tennis on 7 June. ", "In the final clash played at Roland Garros in Paris, Wawrinka defeated Novak Djokovic of Serbia.", "It was his first his first French Open title second grand slam title after Australian Open 2014.", "\n\nWesley Hall Inducted into ICC cricket ‘Hall of Fame’ Former West Indies fast bowler Sir Wesley Winfield Hall was on 12 June inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. ", "He is 80th cricketer to be inducted in the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame and 18th from West Indies. ", "Hall is the fourth cricketer this year to be inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame after Betty Wilson, Anil Kumble and Martin Crowe, who were inducted earlier this year during the ICC Cricket World Cup 2015.", "\n\nSerbia Won 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup Serbia won the FIFA U-20 World Cup by defeating Brazil on 20 June at the final match held at the North Harbour Stadium in Auckland, New Zealand.", "\n\nChina Won 2015 Snooker’s World Cup China won the 2015 Nongfu Spring Snooker’s World Cup on 21 June by defeating Scotland 4-1 in the final match held at Wuxi near Shanghai in China.", "India stood at the third position in the competition, the best finish so far for India.", "\n\nThe freejobalert website freejobalert.com covers all aspects of current affairs like international , national, india & world, online test, bit bank, quiz and previous questions. ", "Subscribe to our email and SMS job alert services to get free job alert daily about latest jobs. ", "Current affairs site short url is ca.freejobalert.com" ]

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[ "Primary Menu\n\nSecondary Menu\n\nDiscover Penang Malaysia with Penang Travels!", "\n\nPenang Malaysia is situated between the Malaysia peninsula and the Island of Sumatra overlooking the Strait of Malacca. ", "Upon hearing the word Penang most would assume it is in reference to Pulau Pinang. ", "In the local Malay dialect Pulau means island and Pinang means “betel nut palm”. ", "Therefore, this island is known as the “island of the betel nut palm” in local dialect. “", "Betel nut” is actually an areca nut that is commonly found on south Pacific Islands and throughout SE Asia. ", "Additionally, the nut has a mild narcotic effect similar to nicotine. ", "As a result, it has been chewed like common tobacco by the natives for centuries.", "\n\n“Pinang” Betel Nut Palm\n\nEarly Explorers Discover Penang Malaysia\n\nThe ambitions of the Ming Dynasty led to the exploration of the Strait of Malacca and the discovery of Penang. ", "As a result, the first documented evidence of the island is found on the seafaring maps of Admiral Zheng He. ", "In modern times, Pulau Pinang has a very large Chinese population relative to other states in Malaysia. ", "However, large scale Chinese immigration to Malaysia would not begin until the 19th century during the tin mining boom. ", "Although the trade routes between China and Penang were established as early as the 15th century by Admiral Zheng He.", "\n\nNext came the arrival of the Sumatrans and the Arabs in the early 18th century. ", "Settlements were then established on the island and these two cultural groups have since intermarried and assimilated into the local Malay culture. ", "Subsequently, in 1786 the British would arrive in the form of the British East India Company. ", "As a result of the British, Malaysia would be introduced to cultural and economic alterations that have permanently changed the cultural and geographical landscape.", "\n\nThe British Acquisition of Penang\n\nThe British East India Company immediately recognized the strategic geographical importance of Penang’s location. ", "Being located on the Strait of Malacca was ideal for the establishment of a British stronghold to check the colonial endeavors of the French and Dutch in SE Asia.", "\n\nTherefore, their representative Captain Francis Light was dispatched to negotiate with the Sultan of Kedah regarding the acquisition of Penang. ", "For the captain, the timing could not be better. ", "Fortunately, the sultan had been having difficulties repelling the incursions of the Siamese and Burmese. ", "As a result, he agreed to let the British have possession of PUlau Pinang in return for military assistance. ", "Unfortunately for the sultan, the British would renege on their promise of protection. ", "However, the deed was done and Penang Malaysia would remain as a British possession until the 20th century Japanese occupation and subsequent independence of Malaysia.", "\n\nThe location of Penang Georgetown was ideal to establish a seaport on the lucrative sea lanes that ran between China and India. ", "Therefore, under British authority George Town would be transformed into a duty free port. ", "Additionally, agricultural production of spice was implemented on the island in the 18th century. ", "Plus, demand for rubber and tin would explode in the late 19th century.", "\n\nPenang Malaysia My Second Home\n\nThe open multicultural lifestyle in Malaysia is universal and all cultural elements are welcome here. ", "As a result, the Malaysian Ministry of Tourism has made the country readily accessible to expats from around the world. ", "The program is called “Malaysia My Second Home” (MM2H). ", "Therefore, global travelers who visit Pulau Pinang and other locations throughout Malaysia have the viable option of relocating here. ", "Furthermore, the culture, unique food, Penang Malaysia weather and brilliant natural environment are financially accessible to most people.", "\n\nThe program was designed to be extremely competitive with similar long term visa programs throughout Asia and worldwide. ", "As a result, there are clear novel benefits to procuring a MM2H Visa for you and your family. ", "Typically, these types of programs which offer a high standard of living with low cost were ideal for retirees. ", "Indeed, a significant percentage of the 30,000 successful MM2H applicants are retirees. ", "However, in the era of globalization jet setters may find that the Penang Beaches and infrastructure suits them very well!", "\n\nSuccessful applicants will receive a 10 year multiple entry visa. ", "As a result they can reside anywhere on peninsular Malaysia, the federal territories and Sabah. ", "Additionally, they can bring their spouses, children and parents who are over 60 years of age. ", "Economic opportunity here is infinite! ", "The local economy is strong and has tremendous potential to evolve and increase interconnection with other ASEAN countries and also China. ", "Moreover, the banking system and government finances are sound in contrast to developed markets. ", "Your MM2H visa will allow you to open bank accounts here in Malaysia that otherwise would not have been available. ", "Plus, the offshore banking opportunities in the Labuan Federal Territory will offer you additional options for asset protection and wealth expansion.", "\n\nPenang Malaysia Things To Do\n\nPulau Pinang offers an extraordinary selection of destinations for both short and long term stays. ", "Therefore, city dwellers who enjoy the hustle and bustle of city life will be right at home here. ", "Additionally, nature lovers there are beaches and pristine mountain trails for those who enjoy the challenges of hiking. ", "Additionally, the island has a flora and fauna that will amaze botanists and animal enthusiasts.", "\n\nFor the city dwellers, George Town is the second largest city in Malaysia and has all of the big city amenities. ", "Shopping malls, museums, street art and a wide diversity of dining options are available to all who come here. ", "Additionally, easy access to Seberang Perai from George Town via the local ferry will quickly put you at the doorstep of Peninsular Malaysia. ", "From the ferry terminal it is a short walk to both the ETS train and express bus service that runs throughout the peninsula.", "\n\nAdditionally, Kuala Lumpur is only 2 hours away when you take the new ETS train. ", "Moreover, George Town suburbs such as Gurney Drive, Tanjung Tokong, Tanjung Bungah and Batu Feringghi are easily accessible from downtown.", "\n\nPenang Malaysia Natural Attractions\n\nFor those who prefer the natural environment you will enjoy many attractions on the island. ", "These locations are all easily accessible from Komtar in George Town.", "\n\nPenang Botanical Gardens – consists of a world class collection of trees and plants which have been cultivated and preserved for over a century. ", "There is a wide diversity of flora and fauna for the novice and the botanist alike.", "\n\nPenang Hill – is a challenging 5 kilometers uphill from the Botanical gardens, but it is a rewarding experience featuring the best views on the island. ", "For those who wish to forgo the extra challenge of the uphill hike, there is the funicular train which will bring you straight to the top. ", "Penang Hill will be the high point of your trip o the island – literally!", "\n\nBalik Palau – In English this translates as the “backside of the island”. ", "This consists of a mountain drive through pristine jungle. ", "Along the way there are waterfalls, durian farms, nutmeg plantations and local fruit stands to satisfy your curiosity. ", "Additionally, there are some great viewpoints looking out over the Malacca Strait towards Sumatra.", "\n\nTaman Negara –This translates as “state park” in English. ", "Taman Negara is located in the NW section of the island just outside Teluk Bahang. ", "For the adventurers, the park features nature hikes that take you past Monkey Beach to the Muka Head lighthouse. ", "Additional hiking options include making the trek through the park to Pantai Kerakut.", "Boat rides are available to Monkey Beach from Teluk Bahang if you don’t want to sweat it out.", "\n\nTropical Spice Garden – located midway between Batu Feringghi and Teluk Bahang is the spice gardens of Pulau Pinang. ", "At the spice garden you will get a good look at tropical spices and also the amazing flora that is endemic to the tropics. ", "Additionally, there is a spice restaurant and gift shop located within the gardens for good food and souvenirs. ", "A beach awaits across the road from the gardens plus more restaurants featuring local fare.", "\n\nAir Hitam – this translates as “black water” in English. ", "The area features a huge fresh water dam located at the base of Bukit Bendera. ", "Additionally, Kek Lok Si Buddhist temple is located adjacent to Air Hitam. ", "Kek Lok Si is the largest Buddhist temple in Malaysia and features a giant monument dedicated to Guanyin.", "\n\nPenang Beaches\n\nPantai Miami – no joking, they have a Miami Beach on Pulau Pinang! ", "Located in Tanjung Bungah on the way to Batu Feringghi you will find a nice beach and seaside park. ", "Additional attractions include the Cafe Miami and also Taman Rama Rama is nearby.", "\n\nMonkey Beach – located a few kilometers from the park office at Taman Negara, Monkey beach is a refreshing destination after the hike in. ", "There are restaurants available on the beach and cool drinks for a modest price. ", "There are lots of monitor lizards and monkeys to enjoy in the area. ", "If you are lucky you will spot some on the way in. ", "Plus, there is sea transport to and from Teluk Bahang and also jet ski rentals.", "\n\nPantai Keracut – located across the promontory from Monkey Beach is Pantai Keracut. ", "This is a more secluded option that involves a pristine jungle hike. ", "There are mountain streams and small waterfalls to view along the way. ", "Wildlife viewing opportunities includes seasonal nesting turtles. ", "Plus, Tasik Meromiktik which contains a unique layered mixture of sea water and fresh water.", "\n\nBatu Feringghi – features the premier beach on the island. ", "This beach runs for 2-3 kilometers in front of the plush seaside resorts, restaurants, bars and cafes in Batu Feringghi.", "\n\nPenang Food\n\nThe cultural diversity is also reflected in the many food varieties which are readily available at reasonable prices. ", "As a result, there are a large number of Indian, Chinese and Malay restaurants located throughout Georgetown. ", "Additionally, food is also commonly found street side in what are referred to as hawker stalls. ", "There are special markets known as hawker centers that are located throughout town. ", "One of the largest is the world famous Gurney Drive Hawker Center. ", "Plus, Chulia Street hawker stalls are very popular with tourists and locals. ", "These food bazaars open up at night and the city comes alive to enjoy the great food and cooler temperatures. ", "At the hawker stalls every imaginable cultural delight can be found at low prices!", "\n\nPulau Pinang is also one of the world’s largest producers of nutmeg and other spices. ", "One particular natural food that is abundant on the island is an exotic fruit called durian. ", "Unfortunately, durian has a bad reputation as being very smelly and having a strange taste. ", "However, many people love it and travel from throughout Asia to enjoy Penang’s special fruit.", "\n\nDue to Penang’s large Buddhist and Hindu population vegetarian restaurants are very common. ", "Therefore, a large variety of both Chinese and also Indian varieties are available. ", "A great vegetarian restaurant is available at the Kek Lok Si Buddhist temple on the lower levels.", "\n\nPeranakan Chinese In Penang\n\nLast but not least, there is a unique cultural phenomenon here known as the Peranakan Chinese or the Straits born Chinese. ", "Also known as Nyonya, they are Chinese immigrants who came to Malay Peninsula during the British colonial period. ", "The Peranakan are unique compared to other Chinese immigrants because they embraced the local Malay culture. ", "This is in contrast with most other Chinese immigrants who bring China with them and retain their culture of origin. ", "As a result, the Nyonya food has developed as a mixture of Malay spice with traditional Chinese foods. ", "This special cooking is a very unique Penang food that can be found only in Malaysia!", "\n\nWhat Is Your Favorite Penang Attraction?", "\n\nSearch\n\nAbout Us\n\nPenang, Malaysia is the multicultural capital of the world and here you will relish the independence and adventure that SE Asia has to offer! ", "Make Penang, Malaysia your home away from home with the 10 year MM2H visa! ", "Penang Travels has all of the solutions for permanent expatriation. ", "Inquire about our 3 step program to true independence." ]

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[ "Guests are invited to adorn our three pine trees with photographs of those who have served, or are serving, our nation’s armed forces. ", "These Honor Trees will be placed in the museum through Christmas. ", "Bring 3\"X5\" copies, not originals because they cannot be returned. ", "Include on the back any memorial message. ", "Ribbons will be supplied." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can multiple regular expression matches in a single line of text be extracted and printed in a unix script\n\nI have a file with a single line as follows\nblah blah <myxml>123</myxml> blah blah blah <myxml>5645</myxml> blah blah blah blah\n\nAssuming that I have worked out a regular expression to find occurrences of <myxml>.*</myxml>, how do I write a unix script to extract and print all the xml fragments embedded in my single line?", "\ni.e. To result in the following output:\n<myxml>123</myxml>\n<myxml>5645</myxml>\n\nA:\n\nThis is a good job for grep:\n$ grep -Po '<\\w*>\\d*</\\w*>' file\n<myxml>123</myxml>\n<myxml>5645</myxml>\n\nIn the expression, \n\n<\\w*> matches any <word> and </\\w*> any </word>.", "\n\\d* matches any amount of numbers\ngrep -Po is used to perform P erl regular expressions and o nly print the matched results.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The impact of climate change on food insecurity is creating growing interest in agro-ecological methods of farming at the COP17 climate negotiations in Durban, says UN advisor Olivier De Schuttermore...\n\nA pioneering campaign is challenging industrial agriculture in Africa, returning food sovereignty to the people and empowering women to lead a new movement that rejects the 'pesticide and loan culture' of the first Green Revolution. ", "Chris Milton reports\n\nCompetition for land, water and energy are increasing, exacerbated by climate change and a growing population. ", "But why does the Food and Agriculture Organisation now believe indigenous people could provide a solution? ", "Peter Giovannini investigatesmore...\n\nWith cheap food pricing, over-reliance on imports, and the pressures of a growing population, the UK's food security is set to rise up the national agenda. ", "The Coalition Government must be prepared for the challenges aheadmore...\n\nIn an extract from his new book Homes for a Changing Climate, Will Anderson makes the case for building 21st century homes that can withstand the effects of climate change and help usher in a low-carbon revolutionmore...\n\nFood Security: 1/25 of 39\n\nThe disappearance of Lohachara beneath the waters of the Bay of Bengal created the world’s first environmental refugees. ", "Dan McDougall reports on other islanders in the Sundarbans delta who have no escape from the rising ocean. ", "Photography by Robin Hammondmore...\n\nGlobally over 60 billion animals are farmed for food every year. ", "The 2006 Report from the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), “Livestock’s Long Shadow”, predicted that global meat consumption will more than double by 2050 (from 2001).more...\n\nEconomist Herman E Daly argues that our future depends on a new economic model, one that needs to be defined by the dynamic balance – the steady state – of the natural world upon which it depends.more...\n\nThe corporate market has become the institutional equivalent of a compulsive eater. ", "It has a built-in hunger that cannot be filled, and it is hard to stop the damage within the framework of its own game.", "\nmore..." ]

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[ "A federal judge in Washington expressed skepticism Thursday about whether the federal courts should jump into the middle of an “ugly dispute between the political branches” over the Trump administration plan to move around federal funds to build a border wall.", "\n\nU.S. District Judge Trevor N. McFadden said that a House lawsuit to block the Trump administration’s spending was in “unusual territory,” since higher courts have never ruled on whether the legislative branch could sue the executive branch.", "\n\n[Trump wants 400 TSA agents sent to the border. ", "Democrats say that may hurt morale]\n\nAnd McFadden said the issue of whether the House can bring the lawsuit at all “strikes me as a significant issue in this case.” ", "He spent most of a three-hour hearing grappling with the broader separation-of-powers showdown over control of government spending.", "\n\nThe judge asked Douglas Letter, the House general counsel, whether the House “utilized all the tools at its disposal before rushing into court.” ", "And at another point, McFadden asked, “There are other tools in your arsenal here, right?”" ]

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[ "Please inform in advance if you are going to be late due to unforeseen circumstances to the registration period / opening ceremony ; irresponsibility may lead to sanctions in future or present tournaments, with the risk of disqualification." ]

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[ "Nick Spano confined to Yonkers home after release from federal prison\n\n9:37 PM,\nApr. 30, 2013\n\nNick Spano\n\nWritten by\n\nDisgraced former state Sen. Nick Spano is out of federal prison - again.", "\n\nSpano is back home after being released from a Brooklyn detention facility, two months after he was thrown behind bars for holding a celebratory family lunch and doing an interview with Journal News columnist Phil Reisman while transferring from a federal prison to a Bronx halfway house.", "\n\nThis time, Spano and his family are keeping silent to avoid angering federal prison officials again. ..." ]

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[ "Basal metabolism adds a significant offset to unloaded myocardial oxygen consumption per minute.", "\nMyocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) includes components for 1) mechanical energy generation, 2) activation, and 3) basal metabolism. ", "Whereas the first two components are expected to increase in proportion with heart rate, a significant basal level of metabolism would consume oxygen even if the heart rate were zero. ", "Contrary to this expectation, however, a previous study reported that, during unloaded beats, MVO2 per beat (which includes basal metabolism) was independent of heart rate. ", "Accordingly, unloaded MVO2 per minute would extrapolate to zero at zero heart rate; this result is unexpected considering basal metabolism. ", "To resolve this inconsistency, we varied heart rate over a wide range after inducing atrioventricular block in eight isolated cross-circulated canine hearts that contracted isovolumically. ", "We examined whether a term representing rate-independent basal metabolism was needed to describe MVO2 per minute. ", "Mechanical energy generated by the left ventricle was evaluated from the pressure-volume area, which was altered by changing isovolumic ventricular volume over at least five levels at each heart rate. ", "Contractility, evaluated by the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relation, did not vary significantly with heart rate in this study. ", "In contrast to the previous report, unloaded MVO2 per beat (i.e., MVO2 extrapolated to a pressure-volume area of zero) was not constant but fell monotonically with increases in heart rate in every heart. ", "We considered that this trend was caused by a significant rate-independent basal level of MVO2 per minute. ", "Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that this rate-independent basal term differed significantly from zero in seven of the eight hearts studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Wednesday, November 07, 2012\n\nThe Bizarro 2004\n\nEight years ago, on the morning of November 3, Democrats blundered through the aftermath of an election gone horribly awry in a state of fog and shock. ", "The confused dismay extended beyond the normal disappointment that comes with backing the losing candidate in a presidential race. ", "There was something else going on, a sense of horrible surprise, as if we’d all been terribly misinformed. ", "We were sad and bewildered.", "\n\nI wrote about that feeling for Salon that morning, seeking some understanding from the wreckage. ", "I blamed the Internet, not for Kerry’s loss, but for my false hopes. ", "I wasn’t alone. ", "For many of us, Bush’s victory over Kerry delivered an unforgettable lesson on the dangers of getting caught in the Internet-enabled echo chamber.", "\n\nOh sure, it had been a lot of fun — all those hours we spent with Atrios and DailyKos, Donkey Rising and Talking Points Memo. ", "It was all so new, exciting — and most of all, liberating. ", "We had been freed from the chains of mainstream media! ", "We could pick our own narratives, and not have them forced on us. ", "Even better, we now had amazingly granular access to information about the state of the campaign — any and every campaign! ", "We all became instant poll experts, and sallied forth each day into the political flamewars better armed with factoids and polished spin than ever before.", "\n\nWhat a blast that was. ", "Good times, good times.", "\n\nAnd then came Election Day. ", "And we realized that we’d been living inside a cocoon of self-defeating complacency. ", "By confining our information sources to places that told us only what we wanted to hear, we had divorced ourselves from reality. ", "And reality sucked.", "\n\nI suspect that on this morning a good many conservatives are facing up to the same bleak sense of hornswoggled dismay. ", "Some of them won’t admit it, but in their heart of hearts, they’ve got be wondering what the hell just happened. ", "Indeed — judging by the tone of the conservative info-sphere in the weeks leading up the election, and combined with the data we have already accumulated with respect to how insular and self-reinforcing the conservative echo chamber is, it could be that this morning delivered an ever deeper sucker punch to the gut to the right than the left endured in 2004.", "\n\nSo here’s the question: Will Obama’s victory be a wakeup call for the right?", "\n\nThis is not just wishful thinking. ", "For many people on the left, the 2004 election was a watershed moment. ", "Yeah, the Net was great, but we had to be more careful in how we embraced it. ", "We realized that the echo chamber had led us astray, and we learned that it would behoove us to be more wary. ", "The whole rise of Nate Silver in 2008 was in part a response to this phenomenon. ", "We didn’t want to get burned again. ", "We wanted numbers we could trust.", "\n\nComplacency went out the window. ", "Right up until the polls started closing on Election Day 2012, and even with Nate Silver giving Obama a better-than-90 percent chance to win, Democrats were feeling anything but confident." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.004042486660182476, 0.0006775535293854773, 0.0009237772319465876, 0.0010025277733802795, 0.0005412700120359659, 0.0017080982215702534, 0.0012746843276545405, 0.0009227721020579338, 0.0007249614573083818, 0.0010788568761199713, 0.0008514081710018218, 0.0016126128612086177, 0.0006311105098575354, 0.0008441776735708117, 0.037126921117305756, 0.0005592302186414599, 0.0009907367639243603, 0.001294920570217073, 0.001300507690757513, 0.9590678811073303, 0.0051231286488473415, 0.046963125467300415, 0.010522039607167244, 0.0032810065895318985, 0.000739669834729284, 0.0006329197203740478, 0.0005453093908727169, 0.000581274158321321, 0.0006173826986923814, 0.047392308712005615, 0.000540161388926208, 0.0023817182518541813, 0.0007978551439009607 ]

[ "Product Sku: 43873033; Color Code:\n\nThe soundtrack to the 1989 slacker journey through time + space, Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure is available here, exclusively at UO in 500 limited copies of blue vinyl pressings. ", "With failing grades and military school threatening their future, Bill & Ted take a wild adventure into history with an assist from future-man Rufus and time machine disguised as a telephone booth. ", "The soundtrack is straight out of the ‘80s and remains a total classic. ", "2018, A&M.\n\nTracklisting\n\n1. ", "Play With Me - Extreme\n\n2. ", "The Boys And Girls Are Doing It - Vital Signs\n\n3. ", "Not So Far Away - Glen Burtnick\n\n4. ", "Dancing With… - Tora Tora\n\n5. ", "Father Time - Shark Island\n\n6. ", "I Can’t Break Away - Big Pig\n\n7. ", "Dangerous - Shark Island\n\n8. ", "Walk Away - Bricklin\n\n9. ", "In Time - Robbie Robb\n\n10. ", "Two Heads Are Better Than One - Power Tool" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.000681369798257947, 0.002736639929935336, 0.0006665606051683426, 0.0006219747010618448, 0.0019773440435528755, 0.0011974256485700607, 0.0007835198193788528, 0.0011856118217110634, 0.0007290005451068282, 0.24522660672664642, 0.0008476582006551325, 0.005827781278640032, 0.0007760548614896834, 0.000915088749025017 ]

[ "Velodyne Acoustics, Inc., today announced that Bruce Hall, president of Velodyne, and Joe Finn, Eastern regional sales manager, have accepted invitations to participate in the conference program at the 8th annual EHX Expo.", "\n\nMorgan Hill, CA (March 1, 2007) - - Velodyne Acoustics, Inc., today announced that Bruce Hall, president of Velodyne, and Joe Finn, Eastern regional sales manager, have accepted invitations to participate in the conference program at the 8th annual Electronic House Expo (EHX) Spring 2007 at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, FL. ", "More than 11,000 industry professionals are expected at EHX Spring 2007, with more than 350 companies showcasing the hottest products in the custom electronics industry.", "\n\nHall's presentation, \"Delivering Great Bass in your Home Theater Installations,\" will be held on Wednesday, March 7th from 2:00 p.m. to 3:30 p.m. in Room 101A. Hall's presentation will give an overview of bass and explain why it's important to any home theater installation. ", "He'll also offer tips on how to select a subwoofer for a particular installation and how to set up and integrate a subwoofer.", "\n\nFinn will serve as a panelist on \"Adding Subwoofer to Multi -Room Audio Systems\" on Thursday, March 8th from 3:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. in Room 101A. Bob Archer, editor at CE Pro, will moderate the session. ", "This session will cover the sales pitch for subs in multi -room systems, explore the technical feasibility of implementing subs with a variety of multi -room audio distribution architectures and provide tips on sub placement and installation to maximize performance in multi -room applications.", "\n\nAbout EHX\nElectronic House Expo, a Tradeshow Week magazine Fastest 50 event for three years running, is the fastest growing trade event of the $13 billion custom electronics industry. ", "Held twice annually and sponsored by CEA's TechHome Division, EHX attracts a large and dynamic audience of custom electronics integrators, retailers and allied trades to interact with leading suppliers of audio/video entertainment, digital convergence, networking and communications, comfort and control, and security and electrical products.", "\n\nAbout Velodyne\nVelodyne Acoustics, Inc., founded in 1983, is universally recognized as the leading manufacturer of high -performance, low distortion powered subwoofers at all price levels. ", "Headquartered in Silicon Valley, California, the company's technically innovative audio products are available through a select group of authorized dealers, custom installers, and distributors worldwide. ", "For more information visit www.velodyne.com." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005712136044166982, 0.0005781212239526212, 0.000552930636331439, 0.0005824043764732778, 0.0006204714300110936, 0.0006074303528293967, 0.0005747793475165963, 0.0006281404057517648, 0.0005785845569334924, 0.0007143350085243583, 0.0005495302611961961, 0.0005940310657024384 ]

[ "Q:\n\nprepend $ to a string to make it a variable\n\nHow do I prepend the $ sign to a string to make it a variable?", "\nEg: \n$consumer = array()\n$industrial = array()//These 2 are in a separate include file.", "\n\n$var = $_GET['val'] // value here is 'consumer'\n\nfunction ('$'.$var,$bar) //I'm trying to make consumer -> $consumer\n\nA:\n\nNot the best way to reach that value, but PHP supports: $$var :)\n\nA:\n\n$$var\n\nwill be what you want. ", " The second $ means that the value of the variable should be used as the name of the variable.", "\nhttp://php.net/manual/en/language.variables.variable.php has more details.", "\n\nA:\n\n$consumer = array()\n$industrial = array()//These 2 are in a separate include file.", "\n\n$var = $_GET['val'] // value here is 'consumer'\n\nfunction ($$var,$bar) //I'm trying to make consumer -> $consumer\n\nDon't forget to check that the value of $_GET['val'] is a value you (the programmer) expect and nothing else.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0009439020068384707, 0.000635340460576117, 0.0007692731451243162, 0.0006443941965699196, 0.0005969216581434011, 0.0006182807264849544, 0.0012791302287951112, 0.001994825666770339 ]

[ "Q:\n\nError when I trying to send email with Mandrill SMTP in android\n\nIm using Android Studio 1.2 when run my app the API Mandrill response with this error\n{\"status\":\"error\",\"code\":-1,\"name\":\"ValidationError\",\"message\":\"You must specify a message value\"}\n\nWhen I inspected my object paramsArr It seems okay, but I think that may be I miss some property or my paramsArr doesn't have the correct structure.", "\nthis is the strucure of paramsArr:\n[{\"key\":\"mykey\",\"message\":[{\"html\":\"ghgh\",\"text\":\"test\",\"to\":[{\"email\":\"mymail@gmail.com\",\"name\":\"person\",\"type\":\"to\"}],\"from_email\":\"mymail@gmail.com\",\"from_name\":\"person\",\"subject\":\"erer\"}],\"async\":false}]\n\nGradle:\ncompileSdkVersion 21\nbuildToolsVersion '22.0.1' \nminSdkVersion 16\ntargetSdkVersion 21\n\nAndroidManifest.xml:\n<uses-permission android:name=\"android.permission.", "INTERNET\" />\n<uses-permission android:name=\"android.permission.", "ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE\" /> \n\nfunction that send email\npublic void SendEmail(View view) {\n\n try {\n\n JSONArray paramsArr = new JSONArray();\n\n JSONArray paramsArr1 = new JSONArray();\n JSONArray paramsArr2 = new JSONArray();\n\n JSONObject object = new JSONObject();\n object.put(\"key\", \"mykey\");\n\n JSONObject arrayElementTo = new JSONObject();\n arrayElementTo.put(\"email\",\"mymail@gmail.com\");\n arrayElementTo.put(\"name\", \"person\");\n arrayElementTo.put(\"type\", \"to\");\n\n paramsArr1.put(arrayElementTo);\n\n JSONObject arrayElementMessage = new JSONObject();\n arrayElementMessage.put(\"html\", \"ghgh\");\n arrayElementMessage.put(\"text\", \"test\");\n arrayElementMessage.put(\"to\",paramsArr1);\n arrayElementMessage.put(\"from_email\", \"mymail@gmail.com\");\n arrayElementMessage.put(\"from_name\", \"person\");\n arrayElementMessage.put(\"subject\", \"erer\");\n\n paramsArr2.put(arrayElementMessage);\n object.put(\"message\",paramsArr2);\n\n object.put(\"async\", false);\n\n paramsArr.put(object);\n\n HttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();\n HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(\"https://mandrillapp.com/api/1.0/messages/send.json\");\n\n StringEntity params = new StringEntity(paramsArr.toString());\n\n httppost.setHeader(\"Content-type\", \"application/json\");\n httppost.setEntity(params);\n\n HttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);\n\n HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();\n String responseString = EntityUtils.toString(entity, \"UTF-8\");\n\n }catch (Exception e){\n\n Toast toast = Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), \"error\",\n Toast.", "LENGTH_SHORT);\n\n toast.show();\n\n }\n\n }\n\nA:\n\nThe problem was in the structure of my parameter json [{\"key\":\"mykey\",\"message\":[{\"html\":\"ghgh\",\"text\":\"test\",\"to\":[{\"email\":\"mymail@gmail.com\",\"name\":\"person\",\"type\":\"to\"}],\"from_email\":\"mymail@gmail.com\",\"from_name\":\"person\",\"subject\":\"erer\"}],\"async\":false}]\nthe correct structure is \n{\"key\":\"mykey\",\"message\":{\"html\":\"ghgh\",\"text\":\"test\",\"to\":[{\"email\":\"mymail@gmail.com\",\"name\":\"person\",\"type\":\"to\"}],\"from_email\":\"mymail@gmail.com\",\"from_name\":\"person\",\"subject\":\"erer\"},\"async\":false}\n\nWith this function you can send and email from android using this service, I tested and it works fine.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0007720428984612226, 0.0008415398770011961, 0.0007430748664774001, 0.003476222977042198, 0.0008060693508014083, 0.001994825666770339 ]

[ "[Hormonal regulation and hormone therapy in childhood and adolescence. ", "Part 2: Therapeutic problems (tall stature, amenorrhea, delayed puberty, oligomenorrhea, precocious puberty, anorexia nervosa, anisomastia, hypermastia, acne etc)].", "\nThe most important therapeutic problems of female puberty and adolescence are discussed, including high stature, amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhea, pubertas tarda, anovulation, anorexia, anisomastia, hypermastia. ", "Indications for treatment are given and the possibilities for a prophylactic medicine in this age group are stressed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006225110846571624, 0.0013297460973262787, 0.002472022082656622, 0.0005366161349229515 ]

[ "Q:\n\nDjango Form validate PIL Image as ImageField\n\nSay I have a model and form that support file uploads:\nclass Foo(Document):\n name = StringField()\n file = FileField()\n\nclass FooForm(Form):\n name = CharField()\n file = ImageField()\n\n def save(self):\n Foo(name=self.cleaned_data['name'], file=self.cleaned_data['file']).save()\n\nWhen POSTing from the actual browser form.is_valid() returns True, so we can call save() \nWhen I go to use FooForm to take a PIL Image (specifically a <PIL.Image._ImageCrop image mode=RGB size=656x677 at 0x10F6812D8>), is_valid() is False because form.errors says: \nload a valid image. ", "The file you uploaded was either not an image or a corrupted image.", "\n\nHere's what I'm trying to do to save the form:\nimg = ... our PIL image ...\npost = {'name': name}\nfile = {'file': img}\nform = FooForm(post, file)\nif form.is_valid():\n form.save()\n\nSee what I'm doing wrong that's causing is_valid() to be False?", "\nEdit: I think this issue is more about coercing PIL Image to something BaseForm's files parameter accepts. ", " \n\nA:\n\nThis ended up being my solution to get the FooForm to properly validate. ", "I'm sure there's a better method.", "\nimg = ... our PIL image ...\nbuffer = StringIO()\nimg.save(buffer, 'png')\nbuffer.seek(0)\nimage_file = SimpleUploadedFile('foo.png', buffer.read(), content_type=\"image/png\")\nbuffer.close()\npost = {'name': name}\nfile = {'file': image_file}\nform = FooForm(post, file)\nif form.is_valid():\n form.save()\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0012755101779475808, 0.000874422665219754, 0.0010903202928602695, 0.000641796097625047, 0.0009147099917754531, 0.0006286859861575067, 0.0013137031346559525 ]

[ "Q:\n\nI can not create a simple vbscript string\n\nI faced this problem many times and I'm looking for the causing reason.", "\nsql=\"update setting set hashcode='\"&hashcode&\"'\"\n\nError:\n\nsql=\"update setting set hashcode='\"&hashcode&\"'\"\n----------------------------------------------^\nMicrosoft VBScript compilation error '800a0401'\nExpected end of statement\n\nPlease note that Changing the initial value of hashcode is not effective.", "\nBut this works fine\nsql=\"update setting set anotherword='\"&anotherword&\"'\"\n\nDo you have any idea why renaming the parameter solves the problem?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou need whitespace surrounding the & character to prevent ambiguity.", "\n&ha is seen as a numeric (hexadecimal) value, and it is illegal to directly follow a string, which is why an end of statement is expected. (&", "h denotes the start of a hexadecimal number in vbscript, and a is a valid hex digit.)", "\nSo your code should be:\nsql = \"update setting set hashcode = '\" & hashcode & \"'\"\n\nSide note: to prevent SQL injection (depending where the value inside your hashcode variable came from), you may want to use replace(hashcode, \"'\", \"''\")\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0008909569587558508, 0.0006902977474965155, 0.000645976688247174, 0.000616359175182879, 0.0009548709494993091, 0.0010923856170848012, 0.0005893233465030789 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to get GWTUpload SingleUploader to replace the previously selected image\n\nI am using GWTUpload SingleUploader to select and display a photograph. ", "If I select a photograph and then change my mind and select a different photograph the next photograph is displayed next to the first. ", "How do I get it to replace the previous photograph.", "\nRegards,\nGlyn\npackage org.AwardTracker.client;\n\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.", "Window;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.", "Composite;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.", "FlowPanel;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.", "VerticalPanel;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.", "Label;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.", "FlexTable;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.", "TextBox;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.", "Button;\nimport com.google.gwt.core.client.", "GWT;\nimport com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.", "ClickHandler;\nimport com.google.gwt.event.dom.client.", "ClickEvent;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.rpc.", "AsyncCallback;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.rpc.", "ServiceDefTarget;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.", "HorizontalPanel;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.", "Image;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.", "HasHorizontalAlignment;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.", "ListBox;\nimport com.google.gwt.i18n.client.", "DateTimeFormat;\n\nimport gwtupload.client.", "IFileInput;\nimport gwtupload.client.", "IFileInput.", "FileInputType;\nimport gwtupload.client.", "IUploadStatus.", "Status;\nimport gwtupload.client.", "IUploader;\nimport gwtupload.client.", "IUploader.", "UploadedInfo;\nimport gwtupload.client.", "MultiUploader;\nimport gwtupload.client.", "PreloadedImage;\nimport gwtupload.client.", "PreloadedImage.", "OnLoadPreloadedImageHandler;\nimport gwtupload.client.", "SingleUploader;\n\n//import java.awt.image.", "BufferedImage;\nimport java.io.", "File;\nimport java.lang.", "String;\nimport java.sql.", "Date;\nimport java.util.", "List;\n\nimport com.google.gwt.user.client.ui.", "FileUpload;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.datepicker.client.", "DateBox;\nimport com.google.gwt.user.datepicker.client.", "DateBox.", "DefaultFormat;\n\npublic class EditYouthMemberView extends Composite {\n\nprivate DBConnectionAsync rpc;\nprivate TextBox textBoxFirstName;\nprivate TextBox textBoxScoutNumber;\nprivate ListBox listBoxSection;\nprivate ListBox listBoxPack;\nprivate TextBox textBoxSurname;\nprivate DateBox dateBoxArchived;\nprivate DateBox dateBoxPackIn;\nprivate DateBox dateBoxPackOut;\nprivate DateBox dateBoxDOB;\n// A panel where the thumbnails of upload images will be shown\n//final FlowPanel panelImages = new FlowPanel();\nfinal HorizontalPanel panelImages = new HorizontalPanel();\n\n@SuppressWarnings(\"deprecation\")\npublic EditYouthMemberView(final NavHandler navHandler) { \n\n final java.util.", "Date todays_date = new java.util.", "Date();\n\n rpc = (DBConnectionAsync) GWT.create(DBConnection.class);\n ServiceDefTarget target = (ServiceDefTarget) rpc;\n String moduleRelativeURL = GWT.getModuleBaseURL() + \"MySQLConnection\";\n target.setServiceEntryPoint(moduleRelativeURL);\n\n VerticalPanel verticalPanel = new VerticalPanel();\n verticalPanel.setStyleName(\"gwt-Banner\");\n initWidget(verticalPanel);\n\n HorizontalPanel horizontalPanel = new HorizontalPanel();\n horizontalPanel.setStyleName(\"gwt-Banner\");\n verticalPanel.add(horizontalPanel);\n horizontalPanel.setWidth(\"246px\");\n\n Label lblHome = new Label(\"Home\");\n lblHome.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {\n public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {\n }\n });\n horizontalPanel.add(lblHome);\n lblHome.setWidth(\"46px\");\n\n Label lblEditAwards = new Label(\"Edit Awards\");\n lblEditAwards.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {\n public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {\n }\n });\n horizontalPanel.add(lblEditAwards);\n lblEditAwards.setWidth(\"85px\");\n\n Label lblListAll = new Label(\"List all Cub Scouts\");\n lblListAll.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {\n public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {\n }\n });\n horizontalPanel.add(lblListAll);\n lblListAll.setWidth(\"130px\");\n\n Label lblAccountUpdate = new Label(\"Account Update\");\n lblAccountUpdate.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {\n public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {\n }\n });\n horizontalPanel.add(lblAccountUpdate);\n lblAccountUpdate.setWidth(\"104px\");\n\n FlexTable flexTable_1 = new FlexTable();\n verticalPanel.add(flexTable_1);\n\n Label lblSurname = new Label(\"Surname\");\n lblSurname.setWordWrap(false);\n lblSurname.setHorizontalAlignment(HasHorizontalAlignment.", "ALIGN_LEFT);\n lblSurname.setStyleName(\"gwt-Label-Login\");\n flexTable_1.setWidget(0, 2, lblSurname);\n\n Label lblFirstName = new Label(\"First Name\");\n lblFirstName.setWordWrap(false);\n lblFirstName.setHorizontalAlignment(HasHorizontalAlignment.", "ALIGN_LEFT);\n lblFirstName.setStyleName(\"gwt-Label-Login\");\n flexTable_1.setWidget(0, 3, lblFirstName);\n\n textBoxSurname = new TextBox();\n flexTable_1.setWidget(1, 1, textBoxSurname);\n\n textBoxFirstName = new TextBox();\n flexTable_1.setWidget(1, 2, textBoxFirstName); \n\n Label lblLookForPhotograph = new Label(\"Look for photograph:\");\n lblLookForPhotograph.setWordWrap(false);\n lblLookForPhotograph.setHorizontalAlignment(HasHorizontalAlignment.", "ALIGN_LEFT);\n lblLookForPhotograph.setStyleName(\"gwt-Label-Login\");\n flexTable_1.setWidget(2, 1, lblLookForPhotograph);\n flexTable_1.getFlexCellFormatter().setRowSpan(2, 1, 3);\n\n // Attach the image viewer to the document\n flexTable_1.setWidget(0, 0, panelImages);\n panelImages.setSize(\"120\", \"120\");\n flexTable_1.getFlexCellFormatter().setRowSpan(0, 0, 4);\n panelImages.clear();\n\n // Create a new uploader panel and attach it to a document\n //final SingleUploader defaultUploader = new SingleUploader(IFileInput.", "FileInputType.", "LABEL, null);\n final SingleUploader defaultUploader = new SingleUploader();\n defaultUploader.setAutoSubmit(false);\n defaultUploader.setValidExtensions(\"jpg\");\n defaultUploader.setEnabled(true);\n\n // Add a finish handler which will load the image once the upload finishes\n defaultUploader.addOnFinishUploadHandler(onFinishUploaderHandler);\n defaultUploader.getFileInput().getWidget().setStyleName(\"customButton\"); \n defaultUploader.getFileInput().getWidget().setSize(\"159px\", \"27px\");\n defaultUploader.avoidRepeatFiles(true);\n //defaultUploader.setServletPath(defaultUploader.getServletPath() + \"?", "caseId=\" + caseObj.getId().toString());\n\n flexTable_1.setWidget(3, 1, defaultUploader);\n flexTable_1.getFlexCellFormatter().setRowSpan(3, 1, 3);\n\n FlexTable flexTable = new FlexTable();\n verticalPanel.add(flexTable);\n\n Label lblDOB = new Label(\"Date of Birth:\");\n lblDOB.setWordWrap(false);\n lblDOB.setStyleName(\"gwt-Label-Login\");\n flexTable.setWidget(0, 0, lblDOB);\n lblDOB.setDirectionEstimator(false);\n lblDOB.setHorizontalAlignment(HasHorizontalAlignment.", "ALIGN_RIGHT);\n lblDOB.setSize(\"110px\", \"16px\");\n\n dateBoxDOB = new DateBox();\n dateBoxDOB.setFormat(new DefaultFormat(DateTimeFormat.getFormat(\"dd-MM-yyyy\")));\n flexTable.setWidget(0, 1, dateBoxDOB);\n dateBoxDOB.getDatePicker();\n\n Label lblSection = new Label(\"Section:\");\n lblSection.setHorizontalAlignment(HasHorizontalAlignment.", "ALIGN_RIGHT);\n lblSection.setStyleName(\"gwt-Label-Login\");\n flexTable.setWidget(0, 2, lblSection);\n\n listBoxSection = new ListBox();\n listBoxSection.addItem(\"Cubs\");\n flexTable.setWidget(0, 3, listBoxSection);\n listBoxSection.setVisibleItemCount(1);\n\n Label lblScoutNumber = new Label(\"Scout Number:\");\n lblScoutNumber.setHorizontalAlignment(HasHorizontalAlignment.", "ALIGN_RIGHT);\n lblScoutNumber.setStyleName(\"gwt-Label-Login\");\n flexTable.setWidget(1, 0, lblScoutNumber);\n lblScoutNumber.setDirectionEstimator(false);\n lblScoutNumber.setSize(\"110px\", \"16px\");\n\n textBoxScoutNumber = new TextBox();\n flexTable.setWidget(1, 1, textBoxScoutNumber);\n\n Label lblPack = new Label(\"Pack:\");\n lblPack.setHorizontalAlignment(HasHorizontalAlignment.", "ALIGN_RIGHT);\n lblPack.setStyleName(\"gwt-Label-Login\");\n flexTable.setWidget(1, 2, lblPack);\n\n listBoxPack = new ListBox();\n listBoxPack.addItem(\"Explorer\");\n listBoxPack.addItem(\"Pioneer\");\n flexTable.setWidget(1, 3, listBoxPack);\n listBoxPack.setVisibleItemCount(1);\n\n Label lblDateArchived = new Label(\"Date Archived:\");\n lblDateArchived.setHorizontalAlignment(HasHorizontalAlignment.", "ALIGN_RIGHT);\n lblDateArchived.setStyleName(\"gwt-Label-Login\");\n flexTable.setWidget(2, 0, lblDateArchived);\n lblDateArchived.setSize(\"110px\", \"16px\");\n\n dateBoxArchived = new DateBox();\n dateBoxArchived.setFormat(new DefaultFormat(DateTimeFormat.getFormat(\"dd-MM-yyyy\")));\n flexTable.setWidget(2, 1, dateBoxArchived);\n dateBoxArchived.getDatePicker();\n\n Label lblIn_1 = new Label(\"In:\");\n lblIn_1.setHorizontalAlignment(HasHorizontalAlignment.", "ALIGN_RIGHT);\n lblIn_1.setStyleName(\"gwt-Label-Login\");\n flexTable.setWidget(2, 2, lblIn_1);\n\n dateBoxPackIn = new DateBox();\n dateBoxPackIn.setFormat(new DefaultFormat(DateTimeFormat.getFullDateFormat()));\n flexTable.setWidget(2, 3, dateBoxPackIn);\n dateBoxPackIn.getDatePicker();\n\n Label lblNewLabel_3 = new Label(\"Out:\");\n lblNewLabel_3.setStyleName(\"gwt-Label-Login\");\n flexTable.setWidget(2, 4, lblNewLabel_3);\n\n dateBoxPackOut = new DateBox();\n dateBoxPackOut.setFormat(new DefaultFormat(DateTimeFormat.getFormat(\"dd-MM-yyyy\")));\n dateBoxPackOut.getDatePicker();\n\n flexTable.setWidget(2, 5, dateBoxPackOut);\n\n Button btnAdd = new Button(\"Add\");\n btnAdd.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {\n public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {\n Integer tracker = 0;\n if (textBoxSurname.getText().length() == 0) {\n tracker = tracker + 1; \n }\n if (textBoxFirstName.getText().length() == 0) {\n tracker = tracker + 2; \n }\n //TO DO\n // How do I check that a picture has been selected?", "\n // if (panelImages.getFilename().length() == 0) {\n // tracker = tracker + 4; \n // }\n if (dateBoxDOB.toString().length() == 0) {\n tracker = tracker + 8; \n }\n if (dateBoxPackIn.toString().length() == 0) {\n tracker = tracker + 16; \n }\n\n if (tracker == 1) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a Surname.\");", "\n }\n if (tracker == 2) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a First Name.\");", "\n }\n if (tracker == 3) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter Surname and First Name\");\n }\n if (tracker == 4) {\n Window.alert(\"Please select a photograph.\");", "\n }\n if (tracker == 5) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a Surname and select a photograph.\");", "\n }\n if (tracker == 6) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a FirstName and select a photograph.\");", "\n }\n if (tracker == 7) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter Surname, First Name and select a photograph\");\n }\n if (tracker == 8) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a DOB\");\n }\n if (tracker == 9) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a Surname and DOB\");\n }\n if (tracker == 10) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a First Name and DOB\");\n }\n if (tracker == 11) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a Surname, First Name and DOB\");\n }\n if (tracker == 12) {\n Window.alert(\"Please select a photograph and enter a BOB\");\n }\n if (tracker == 13) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a Surname, select a photograph and enter a DOB\");\n }\n if (tracker == 14) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a FirstName, select a photograph and enter a DOB\");\n }\n if (tracker == 15) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter Surname, First Name, select a photograph and enter a DOB\");\n }\n if (tracker == 16) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter date joined Pack\");\n }\n\n if (tracker == 17) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a Surname and date joined Pack.\");", "\n }\n if (tracker == 18) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a First Name and date joined Pack.\");", "\n }\n if (tracker == 19) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter Surname, First Name and date joined Pack\");\n }\n if (tracker == 20) {\n Window.alert(\"Please select a photograph and enter date joined Pack.\");", "\n }\n if (tracker == 21) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a Surname, select a photograph and enter date joined Pack.\");", "\n }\n if (tracker == 22) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a First Name, select a photograph and enter date joined Pack.\");", "\n }\n if (tracker == 23) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter Surname, First Name, select a photograph and enter date joined Pack\");\n }\n if (tracker == 24) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a DOB and date joined Pack\");\n }\n if (tracker == 25) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a Surname, DOB and date joined Pack\");\n }\n if (tracker == 26) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a First Name, DOB and date joined Pack\");\n }\n if (tracker == 27) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a Surname, First Name, DOB and date joined Pack\");\n }\n if (tracker == 28) {\n Window.alert(\"Please select a photograph, enter a BOB and date joined Pack\");\n }\n if (tracker == 29) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a Surname, select a photograph, enter a DOB and date joined Pack\");\n }\n if (tracker == 30) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter a FirstName, select a photograph, enter a DOB and date joined Pack\");\n }\n if (tracker == 31) {\n Window.alert(\"Please enter Surname, First Name, select a photograph, enter a DOB and date joined Pack\");\n }\n\n //if (tracker == 0) {\n // AsyncCallback<YthMmbrSectDtls> callback = new CreationHandler<YthMmbrSectDtls>(null);\n // rpc.createYouthMember(null, textBoxSurname.getText(), textBoxFirstName.getText(), dateBoxDOB.getValue(), \n // fileUpload.getFilename(), dateBoxArchived.getValue(), null, listBoxSection.getItemText(listBoxSection.getSelectedIndex()),\n // listBoxPack.getItemText(listBoxPack.getSelectedIndex()), dateBoxPackIn.getValue(), \n // dateBoxPackOut.getValue(), callback);\n //}\n\n }\n\n });\n flexTable.setWidget(3, 0, btnAdd);\n\n Button btnUpdate = new Button(\"Update\");\n btnUpdate.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {\n public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {\n }\n });\n btnUpdate.setText(\"Update\");\n flexTable.setWidget(3, 1, btnUpdate);\n\n Button btnCancel = new Button(\"Cancel\");\n btnCancel.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {\n public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {\n }\n });\n btnCancel.setText(\"Cancel\");\n flexTable.setWidget(3, 2, btnCancel);\n\n Button btnClearPage = new Button(\"Clear Page\");\n btnClearPage.setText(\"Clear Page\");\n btnClearPage.addClickHandler(new ClickHandler() {\n public void onClick(ClickEvent event) {\n textBoxSurname.setText(\"\");\n textBoxFirstName.setText(\"\");\n dateBoxDOB.setValue(null);\n dateBoxPackIn.setValue(todays_date);\n dateBoxPackOut.setValue(null);\n textBoxScoutNumber.setText(\"\");\n dateBoxArchived.setValue(null);\n }\n });\n flexTable.setWidget(3, 3, btnClearPage);\n setStyleName(\"body\");\n}\n\n// Load the image in the document and in the case of success attach it to the viewer\nprivate IUploader.", "OnFinishUploaderHandler onFinishUploaderHandler = new IUploader.", "OnFinishUploaderHandler() {\n public void onFinish(IUploader uploader) {\n if (uploader.getStatus() == Status.", "SUCCESS) {\n new PreloadedImage(uploader.fileUrl(), showImage);\n\n //The server sends useful information to the client by default\n UploadedInfo info = uploader.getServerInfo();\n System.out.println(\"File name \" + info.name);\n System.out.println(\"File content-type \" + info.ctype);\n System.out.println(\"File size \" + info.size);\n\n // You can send any customised message and parse it\n System.out.println(\"Server message \" + info.message);\n\n }\n }\n};\n\n// Attach an image to the pictures viewer\nprivate OnLoadPreloadedImageHandler showImage = new OnLoadPreloadedImageHandler() {\n public void onLoad(PreloadedImage image) {\n image.setWidth(\"75px\");\n panelImages.add(image);\n }\n};\n\n/**\n * Decodes the base64 string into byte array to display image\n * Calls Base64Decode.java\n * @param imageDataString - a {@link java.lang.", "String}\n * @return byte array\n */\npublic static byte[] decodeImage(String imageDataString) {\n return Base64Decode.decode(imageDataString);\n }\n\npublic IUploader.", "OnFinishUploaderHandler getOnFinishUploaderHandler() {\n return onFinishUploaderHandler;\n}\n\npublic void setOnFinishUploaderHandler(IUploader.", "OnFinishUploaderHandler onFinishUploaderHandler) {\n this.onFinishUploaderHandler = onFinishUploaderHandler;\n}\n\n}\n\nA:\n\nIn your case, it seems that you only have one image in your panelImages, so calling panelImages.clear() should work.", "\nIf you had more images in your panel, and you wanted to remove the last image added with the uploader, you could just save it in a class variable. ", "Then you can use that variable to remove the next time:\nprivate Widget lastImage = null;\n\nprivate OnLoadPreloadedImageHandler showImage = new OnLoadPreloadedImageHandler() {\n public void onLoad(PreloadedImage image) {\n if (lastImage !", "= null) {\n lastImage.removeFromParent()\n }\n lastImage = image;\n image.setWidth(\"75px\");\n panelImages.add(image);\n }\n};\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "A new predictive search area approach for fast block motion estimation.", "\nAccording to the observation on the distribution of motion differentials among the motion vector of any block and those of its four neighboring blocks from six real video sequences, this paper presents a new predictive search area approach for fast block motion estimation. ", "Employing our proposed simple predictive search area approach into the full search (FS) algorithm, our improved FS algorithm leads to 93.83% average execution-time improvement ratio, but only has a small estimation accuracy degradation. ", "We also investigate the advantages of computation and estimation accuracy of our improved FS algorithm when compared to the edge-based search algorithm of Chan and Siu; experimental results reveal that our improved FS algorithm has 74.33% average execution-time improvement ratio and has a higher estimation accuracy. ", "Finally, we further compare the performance among our improved FS algorithm, the three-step search algorithm, and the block-based gradient descent search algorithm." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.000700639677233994, 0.0006455364055000246, 0.0006015205290168524, 0.0005563597660511732, 0.000571716926060617 ]

[ "---\nabstract: 'The measurement of a quantum system is often performed by encoding its state in a single observable of a light field. ", "The measurement efficiency of this observable can be reduced by loss or excess noise on the way to the detector. ", "Even a *quantum-limited* detector that simultaneously measures a second non-commuting observable would double the output noise, therefore limiting the efficiency to $50\\%$. At microwave frequencies, an ideal measurement efficiency can be achieved by noiselessly amplifying the information-carrying quadrature of the light field, but this has remained an experimental challenge. ", "Indeed, while state-of-the-art Josephson-junction based parametric amplifiers can perform an ideal single-quadrature measurement, they require lossy ferrite circulators in the signal path, drastically decreasing the overall efficiency. ", "In this paper, we present a nonreciprocal parametric amplifier that combines single-quadrature measurement and directionality without the use of strong external magnetic fields. ", "We extract a measurement efficiency of $62_{-9}^{+17} \\%$ that exceeds the quantum limit and that is not limited by fundamental factors. ", "The amplifier can be readily integrated with superconducting devices, creating a path for ideal measurements of quantum bits and mechanical oscillators.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'F. Lecocq$^{1,2}$, L. Ranzani$^3$, G. A. Peterson$^{1,2}$, K. Cicak$^4$, A. Metelmann$^5$, S. Kotler$^{1,2}$, R. W. Simmonds$^4$, J. D. Teufel$^4$ and J. Aumentado$^4$'\ntitle: Microwave measurement beyond the quantum limit with a nonreciprocal amplifier\n---\n\nTo measure the state of a quantum system, one typically entangles it with an auxiliary quantum system, a ‘meter’, that in turn can be easily measured with a classical apparatus [@Haroche2006; @IntroQnoise2010]. ", "Non-idealities in the meter measurement, such as dissipation and excess noise, are quantified by a single parameter: the measurement efficiency, $0\\leq\\eta\\leq1$. While state estimation can be achieved with high fidelity even with limited measurement efficiency [@Harty2014HighFidelityIon], a highly efficient measurement is critical for controlling the quantum system, enabling, for example, analog quantum feedback [@Vijay2012; @deLange2014; @Rossi2018] and measurement-based entanglement [@Roch2014; @Liu2016].", "\n\nIn superconducting microwave devices, the quantum information — [*e.g. *]{}the state of a quantum bit or the position of a mechanical oscillator — is typically encoded in a single quadrature of a microwave field [@Blais2007; @OptoReview2014]. ", "The measurement of this meter takes the form of amplification, necessary to overcome the noise of room temperature electronics. ", "State-of-the-art measurement schemes rely on Josephson-junction based parametric amplifiers as the first stage of amplification [@teufel2009nanomechanical; @Kindel2016; @Hatridge2013; @Liu2016; @Vijay2012; @walter2017rapid]. ", "While these amplifiers can *in principle* have ideal noise performances, in practice they require additional components in the signal path that significantly reduce the overall system measurement efficiency. ", "Most importantly, these amplifiers are reciprocal and therefore require multiple microwave circulators to route amplified microwave signals away from the quantum system and toward the measurement apparatus. ", "Microwave circulators break reciprocity using the Faraday effect induced by large magnetic fields[@Fay1965] that are incompatible with superconducting devices, thus requiring additional wiring with long coaxial cables and multiple connectors to physically separate them from both the quantum system and the amplifier. ", "Highly optimized measurement chains have demonstrated efficiencies around $0.5$ to $0.7$ [@Kindel2016; @walter2017rapid], leaving little room for further improvement.", "\n\nRecently, amplifiers breaking reciprocity without the use of strong magnetic fields have been developed, in an effort to directly integrate them with superconducting quantum devices to maximize measurement efficiency. ", "Among these efforts are traveling wave amplifiers [@macklin2015near] and multi-mode amplifiers [@abdo2013; @sliwa2015reconfigurable; @lecocq2017nonreciprocal]. ", "While all of these approaches meet the requirements for gain, bandwidth, dynamic range, and integrability, they also amplify, *i.e.* measure, both non-commuting quadratures of the microwave field (known as phase-preserving amplification). ", "As a result, the output noise doubles [@Caves1980], effectively putting a quantum limit of on the measurement efficiency at $0.5$ [@Korotkov2016]. ", "Realizing a single quadrature measurement (known as phase-sensitive amplification) with a nonreciprocal amplifier has been a long-standing challenge and has, so far, only been proposed theoretically [@metelmann2015nonreciprocal].", "\n\nHere we report on the novel theory and first experimental implementation of a phase-sensitive nonreciprocal amplifier. ", "Based on a Field-Programmable Josephson Amplifier (FPJA)[@lecocq2017nonreciprocal], it utilizes four parametric pumps to achieve $\\approx24~\\text{dB}$ of quadrature gain with a $7~\\text{MHz}$ bandwidth, near-unity transmission in the reverse direction, with both input and output impedance matched to the $50~\\Omega$ environment. ", "Using a self-calibrated noise source we extract a measurement efficiency of $\\eta= 0.62_{-0.09}^{+0.17}$, exceeding the quantum limit of $0.5$ for phase-preserving amplification. ", "Straightforward improvements could enable efficiency of more that $0.95$.\n\n\n\nConceptually, the device in this work can be understood by analogy with the typical combination of a Josephson Parametric Amplifier (JPA) and a traditional 3-port circulator, see Fig.", " \\[fig1\\]. ", "Both systems implement the same generic scattering parameters: a signal incident at the input gets phase-sensitively amplified toward the output, whereas a signal incident at the output is simply routed with unity transmission to the input, see Fig.", " \\[fig1\\](a).", "\n\nA JPA consists of a single resonant circuit whose frequency $\\omega_{a}$ is tunable by the flux applied to a SQUID, Fig.", " \\[fig1\\](b) and (c). ", "A strong pump modulates the flux at a frequency $\\omega_{aa}^p\\approx2\\omega_{a}$, mediating the mixing process between a signal and an idler of frequency $\\omega_{a}^\\text{S}$ and $\\omega_{a}^\\text{I}$, with conservation of energy dictating $\\omega_{aa}^p=\\omega_{a}^\\text{S}+\\omega_{a}^\\text{I}$. Physically, pump photons enable the creation and annihilation of correlated pairs of signal and idler photons, leading to direct and idler gain [@yurke1989observation; @castellanos2007widely]. ", "Importantly, as the signal and idler tones exist within the same resonance of the system, it is natural to consider their linear combinations, [*i.e. *]{}quadratures of the resonator’s field. ", "The correlations between signal and idler inherent to the mixing process lead to quadrature-sensitive gain [@yurke1989observation; @castellanos2007widely]. ", "However, this amplifier is reciprocal and therefore requires a microwave circulator to control the signal flow. ", "In a typical microwave circulator, three ports are coupled by a circular ferrite resonator biased by a large magnetic field. ", "Input signals acquire a phase that, due to the Faraday effect, depends on whether they propagate clockwise or counterclockwise, leading to constructive interference at the output port and destructive interference at the isolated port [@Fay1965; @Pozar2012].", "\n\nBy contrast, here we engineer this behavior by programming a single FPJA with four parametric pumps to realize both circulation and phase sensitive amplification, without any strong magnetic field, see Fig.", " \\[fig1\\](d) and (e). ", "The FPJA is a circuit with three resonances (‘modes’) whose frequencies $\\omega_{a}$, $\\omega_{b}$, and $\\omega_{c}$ are tunable by the flux applied to a single SQUID. ", "As in a JPA, a strong pump of frequency $\\omega_{bb}^p\\approx2\\omega_{b}$ couples a signal at $\\omega_{b}^\\text{S}$ to its idler at $\\omega_{b}^\\text{I}$, inducing quadrature-sensitive gain. ", "Circulation is ensured by three pumps, of frequencies $\\omega_{ab}^p \\approx \\omega_{b}-\\omega_{a}$, $\\omega_{bc}^p \\approx \\omega_{c}-\\omega_{b}$ and $\\omega_{ac}^p \\approx \\omega_{c}-\\omega_{a}$. These pumps provide the energy needed for the coherent exchange of signal photons between all three modes (frequencies $\\omega_{j}^\\text{S}$, with ${j} \\in \\{{a,b,c}\\}$), as well as for the coherent exchange of idler photons between all three modes (frequencies $\\omega_{j}^\\text{I}$, with ${j} \\in \\{{a,b,c}\\}$). ", "Importantly these pumps satisfy the condition $\\omega_{ab}^p + \\omega_{bc}^p = \\omega_{ac}^p$, forming a loop in frequency space. ", "As in a ferrite circulator, signals traveling clockwise or counter clockwise acquire a different phases, now set by the pump phases $\\phi_\\mathrm{loop}=\\phi_{ab}+\\phi_{bc}-\\phi_{ac}$ [@lecocq2017nonreciprocal]. ", "As an example, for $\\phi_\\mathrm{loop}=\\pi/2$, an input signal around mode $c$ is converted toward mode $b$, amplified, and converted to the output mode $a$. In the reverse direction an input signal around mode $a$ is scattered to mode $c$ without gain. ", "Finally, input and output signals are routed to different physical ports using on-chip frequency filters. ", "A complete theoretical description and details about device fabrication and amplifier tuning can be found in Supplementary Information.", "\n\nTo calculate the scattering parameters of the device we solve the coupled equations of motion (EoM) for the field amplitudes in the Fourier domain, following the graph-based method discussed in [@ranzani2015graph; @lecocq2017nonreciprocal]. ", "We define the vector of intra-cavity field amplitudes $\\mathbf{A}=(a^\\text{S},b^\\text{S},c^\\text{S},a^\\text{I*},b^\\text{I*},c^\\text{I*})^\\top$, input field amplitudes $\\mathbf{A}_{\\text{in}}=(a_\\text{in}^\\text{S},b_\\text{in}^\\text{S},c_\\text{in}^\\text{S},a_\\text{in}^\\text{I*},b_\\text{in}^\\text{I*},c_\\text{in}^\\text{I*})^\\top$, ouput field amplitudes $\\mathbf{A}_{\\text{out}}=(a_\\text{out}^\\text{S},b_\\text{out}^\\text{S},c_\\text{out}^\\text{S},a_\\text{out}^\\text{I*},b_\\text{out}^\\text{I*},c_\\text{out}^\\text{I*})^\\top$, diagonal matrices for the total loss rates $\\mathbf{K}=\\text{diag}(\\sqrt{\\kappa_a},\\sqrt{\\kappa_b},\\sqrt{\\kappa_c},\\sqrt{\\kappa_a},\\sqrt{\\kappa_b},\\sqrt{\\kappa_c})$, external couplings $\\mathbf{K}^{\\text{ext}}=\\text{diag}(\\sqrt{\\kappa_a^{\\text{ext}}},\\sqrt{\\kappa_b^{\\text{ext}}},\\sqrt{\\kappa_c^{\\text{ext}}},\\sqrt{\\kappa_a^{\\text{ext}}},\\sqrt{\\kappa_b^{\\text{ext}}},\\sqrt{\\kappa_c^{\\text{ext}}})$ and coupling efficiency $\\mathbf{H}=\\text{diag}(\\sqrt{\\eta_a},\\sqrt{\\eta_b},\\sqrt{\\eta_c},\\sqrt{\\eta_a},\\sqrt{\\eta_b},\\sqrt{\\eta_c})$, where $\\eta_{j}=\\kappa_{j}^{\\text{ext}}/\\kappa_{j}$. The EoM can be expressed as $\\mathbf{K}\\mathbf{M}\\mathbf{K}\\mathbf{A} = i\\mathbf{K}^{\\text{ext}}\\mathbf{A}_{\\text{in}}$, where $\\mathbf{M}$ is the mode-coupling matrix:\n\n$$\\mathbf{M}=\n\\left(\\begin{array}{ccc|ccc}\n\\ \\Delta_{a}^S & \\ \\ \\beta_{ab} &\\ \\ \\beta_{ac} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\\n\\ \\beta_{ab}^{*} & \\ \\Delta_{b}^S &\\ \\ \\beta_{bc} & 0 & \\beta_{bb} & 0 \\\\\n\\ \\beta_{ac}^* & \\ \\beta_{bc}^{*} &\\ \\ \\Delta_{c}^S & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\\ \\hline\n\\ 0 & \\ \\ 0 &\\ \\ 0 & -{\\Delta_a^I}^* & -\\beta_{ab}^* & -\\beta_{ac}^* \\\\\n\\ 0 & \\ -\\beta_{bb}^* &\\ \\ 0 & -\\beta_{ab} & -{\\Delta_b^I}^* & -\\beta_{bc}^* \\\\\n\\ 0 & \\ \\ 0 & \\ \\ 0 & -\\beta_{ac} & -\\beta_{bc} & -{\\Delta_c^I}^*\n\\end{array}\\right).", "\n\\label{eq:BTmatrix}$$\n\nThe diagonal elements are the normalized complex detuning terms $\\Delta_j^{S,I}=(\\omega_{j}^\\text{S,I}-\\omega_{j})/\\kappa_j+i/2$ and the off-diagonal elements are the normalized coupling terms $\\beta_{jk}=g_{jk}/(2\\sqrt{\\kappa_j\\kappa_k})$ between modes ${j}$ and ${k}$, with ${j},{k} \\in \\{{a,b,c}\\}$. Each $g_{jk}={\\left\\lvertg_{jk}\\right\\rvert}e^{\\phi_{jk}}$ is the parametrically induced coupling rate, proportional to the amplitudes of the pump with frequency $\\omega_{jk}^p$ and phase $\\phi_{jk}$. We emphasize the block structure of $\\mathbf{M}$, which reflects the coupling networks and frequency space diagram in Fig.", " \\[fig1\\](d): the diagonal blocks correspond to circulation between the signals and between the idlers, and the anti-diagonal blocks correspond to amplification between signal and idler in mode $b$. Solving these EoM yields the scattering matrix $\\mathbf{S}$, defined as $\\mathbf{A}_{\\text{out}}=\\mathbf{S}\\mathbf{A}_{\\text{in}}$: $$\\mathbf{S}= i\\mathbf{H}\\mathbf{M}^{-1}\\mathbf{H}-\\mathds{1}.", "\n\\label{eq:Sdef}$$\n\nThe device behavior is programmed in four steps. ", "First, each frequency conversion pump is individually calibrated to match the conversion rates to the dissipation rates ${\\left\\lvertg_{jk}\\right\\rvert}=\\sqrt{\\kappa_j\\kappa_k}$, [*i.e. *]{}$\\beta_{jk}=1/2$. Second, all three frequency conversion pumps are turned on, forming an interferometer that completely cancels propagation in the clockwise or counter-clockwise direction depending on sum of the pump phases $\\phi_\\mathrm{loop}=\\phi_{ab}+\\phi_{bc}-\\phi_{ac}=\\pm\\pi/2$ [@lecocq2017nonreciprocal]. ", "Third, the frequency conversion rates to mode $b$, $\\beta_{ab}$ and $\\beta_{bc}$, are increased in order to overwhelm the loss rate of mode $b$, while maintaining $|\\beta_{ab}|=|\\beta_{bc}|$. This yields high reflection off of mode $b$ and the scattering parameters resemble the case of a JPA on a circulator in absence of gain. ", "As we will discuss later, this step is critical to obtain low added noise, preventing the signal of interest from dissipating in mode $b$ and being replaced by uncorrelated vacuum noise. ", "Finally, the amplification pump is turned on. ", "In the ideal resonant case, neglecting internal loss and for $\\phi_\\mathrm{loop}=\\pi/2$, the simplified scattering matrix $\\mathbf{S_{ac}}$ between field amplitudes $a^\\text{S}$ and $c^\\text{S}$ is: $$\\mathbf{S_{ac}}=\n\\begin{pmatrix}\n 0 & \\sqrt{G_\\text{S}} \\\\\n 1 & 0 \n\\end{pmatrix},\n\\label{eq:Sac}$$ where $\\sqrt{G_\\text{S}}=(2s+r^{2}-1)/(1-r^{2})$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\ns & =\\frac{4|\\beta_{ab}|^{2}}{1+4|\\beta_{ab}|^{2}},\\\\\nr & =\\frac{2|\\beta_{bb}|}{1+4|\\beta_{ab}|^{2}},\\end{aligned}$$ with $0\\leq r,s\\leq1$. Physically, $s$ represents the ratio between the conversion rates to mode $b$ and the total dissipation rate of mode $b$, while $r$ represents the ratio between the amplification rate of mode $b$ and the total dissipation rate of mode $b$.\n\n![", "Measured scattering parameters of the FPJA programmed as a phase-sensitive directional amplifier (the dots) as function of the drive detuning $\\delta_{a,c}=(\\omega_{a,c}^\\text{S}-\\omega_{a,c})$. The solid lines are the predictions from Eq.\\[eq:Sdef\\]. ", "The device exhibits high gain from mode $c$ to mode $a$, over a $7~\\text{MHz}$ bandwidth, and unity transmission in the reverse direction. ", "The device is impedance matched, with return loss exceeding $10~\\text{dB}$ over a $3~\\text{MHz}$ bandwidth for mode $a$ and $10~\\text{MHz}$ bandwidth for mode $c$. \\[fig2\\]](./BowTie_Sparam.pdf)\n\nExperimentally we start by fixing a flux bias point and measure the modes frequencies $\\left(\\omega_{a},\\omega_{b},\\omega_{c}\\right)/2\\pi= \\left(6.876,7.932,10.782\\right)~\\text{GHz}$, linewidths $\\left(\\kappa_{a},\\kappa_{b},\\kappa_{c}\\right)/2\\pi= \\left(83,15,45\\right)~\\text{MHz}$ and coupling parameters $\\eta_a=0.99$ and $\\eta_c=0.99$. We then proceed to the four programming steps described above, by comparing the measured scattering parameters to the solutions of Eq.\\[eq:Sdef\\]. ", "The results are shown in Fig.", " \\[fig2\\], for $|\\beta_{ac}|=0.5$, $|\\beta_{ab}|=|\\beta_{bc}|=1$ ($s=0.8$), and $r=0.91$, in good agreement with the solutions of Eq.\\[eq:Sdef\\]. ", "The device exhibits a direct gain of $18~\\text{dB}$ in the forward direction (with a $7~\\text{MHz}$ bandwidth), unity transmission in the reverse direction and is impedance matched to the $50~\\Omega$ environment, with return loss exceeding $10~\\text{dB}$ over a $3~\\text{MHz}$ bandwidth for mode $a$ and $10~\\text{MHz}$ bandwidth for mode $c$.\n\nImportantly, note that $\\mathbf{S_{ac}}$ is only a subset of the complete scattering matrix $\\mathbf{S}$, the latter being necessary to understand the quadrature sensitivity of the gain, as well as the added noise of the amplifier. ", "By defining the quadratures of mode $a$ as $X_a= (a^{\\text{S}}+a^{\\text{I*}})/\\sqrt{2}$, $Y_a= i(a^{\\text{I*}}-a^{\\text{S}})/\\sqrt{2}$, and similarly for mode $b$ and $c$, we compute the simplified scattering matrix $\\mathbf{Q_{ac}}$ in the quadrature basis $\\left( X_a,Y_a,X_c,Y_c \\right)$, still in the resonant and lossless case: $$\\mathbf{Q_{ac}}=\n\\begin{pmatrix}\n\\ 0\\ \\ \\ & 0\\ \\ & 0 & \\sqrt{G_X} \\\\\n\\ 0\\ \\ \\ & 0\\ \\ & \\sqrt{G_Y} & 0 \\\\\n\\ 0\\ \\ \\ & 1\\ \\ & 0 & 0 \\\\\n\\ 1\\ \\ \\ & 0\\ \\ & 0 & 0 \n \\end{pmatrix},\n\\label{eq:Smatrix}$$ where the forward quadrature gains are given by:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\begin{split}\n\\sqrt{G_{X}}&=\\left(\\frac{2s}{1-r}-1\\right),\\\\\n\\sqrt{G_{Y}}&=\\left(\\frac{2s}{1+r}-1\\right).", "\n\\end{split}\n\\label{eq:Gains}\\end{aligned}$$\n\n![(", "a) Quadrature gain and noise rise measured for the same pump parameters as in Fig.\\[fig2\\], as a function of the LO phase. ", "We observe a quadrature gain of $24~\\text{dB}$ and anti-gain of $-11~\\text{dB}$, in good agreement with theoretical predictions from Eq.", " \\[eq:Gains\\] (line). ", "The measurement noise floor rises much slower than the gain, with up to $14~\\text{dB}$ of signal-to-noise improvement. (", "b) Estimated system efficiency (dots), error bars (shaded area, dominated by the uncertainty of the calibration of $n_{\\text{add}}^{\\text{chain}}$), and theoretical predictions from Eq.", " \\[eq:Nadd\\] (lines), as a function of the quadrature gain. ", "\\[fig3\\]](./BowTieDemod.pdf)\n\nThe phase-sensitivity is evident, with $G_X\\neq G_Y$. Ideal squeezing, defined as $G_XG_Y=1$ [@caves1982quantum], is achieved in the limit $s=1$, [*i.e. *]{}${\\left\\lvert\\beta_{ab}\\right\\rvert}={\\left\\lvert\\beta_{bc}\\right\\rvert} \\to \\infty$, corresponding to frequency conversion rates to mode $b$ overwhelming its loss rate. ", "Experimentally, starting from the same pump configuration as in Fig.", " \\[fig2\\], we measure the quadrature gain by driving a single quadrature at the frequency $\\omega_{bb}^p/2 + \\omega_{bc}^p\\approx\\omega_{c}$ and demodulating the output using a mixer and a local oscillator (LO) at the frequency $\\omega_{bb}^p/2 - \\omega_{ab}^p\\approx\\omega_{a}$. The results are shown in Fig.", " \\[fig3\\](a) and we observe a quadrature gain $G_X\\approx24~\\text{dB}$ and anti-gain $G_Y\\approx-11~\\text{dB}$, in good agreement with the theory.", "\n\nTo understand the noise properties of the amplifier, one needs to consider the full scattering matrix $\\mathbf{S}$ and the noise at each port. ", "Indeed, the added noise of a parametric amplifier always originates from the noise in additional degrees of freedom. ", "In this work, these degrees of freedom are the signal and idler in mode $b$ (or equivalently the quadratures $X_b$ and $Y_b$). ", "Intuitively, for finite values of ${\\left\\lvert\\beta_{ab}\\right\\rvert}$ the frequency conversion rates to mode $b$ do not fully overwhelm its loss rate, and noise entering mode $b$ gets amplified alongside signals entering mode $c$, contributing to added noise and limiting squeezing. ", "Formally, one can express the added noise of the amplifier in photon units, $n_{\\text{add}}^{\\text{FPJA}}$, in the resonant and lossless case, as\n\n$$n_{\\text{add}}^{\\text{FPJA}}=\\frac{1}{8|\\beta_{ab}|^{2}}\\left(1+G_{X}^{-\\frac{1}{2}}\\right)^{2}.", "\n\\label{eq:Nadd}$$\n\nNoiseless amplification is achieved, together with pure squeezing, in the limit of high conversion rate to mode $b$, ${\\left\\lvert\\beta_{ab}\\right\\rvert} \\to \\infty$. Experimentally, the system-added noise referred to the input of the amplifier is $n_{\\text{add}}=n_{\\text{add}}^{\\text{FPJA}}+n_{\\text{add}}^{\\text{chain}}/G_X$, were $n_{\\text{add}}^{\\text{chain}}=19.8_{-3.3}^{+3.2}$ is the noise added by the measurement chain following the amplifier, calibrated in a separate experiment using the shot noise emitted by a metallic tunnel junction [@lecocq2017nonreciprocal]. ", "By comparing the measured noise rise and quadrature gain we extract the improvement in signal-to-noise ratio and convert it into an equivalent system-added noise $n_{\\text{add}}$ and measurement efficiency $\\eta^{-1}=1+2n_{\\text{add}}$. In Fig.", " \\[fig3\\](b) we show the measured efficiency $\\eta$ as a function of the quadrature gain (dots). ", "At low gain, the efficiency is limited by the following stages of amplification. ", "At high gain the efficiency plateaus, revealing the intrinsic efficiency of the amplifier, $\\eta= 0.62_{-0.09}^{+0.17}$, exceeding the quantum limit for phase-preserving amplification. ", "Data are in reasonable agreement with the prediction from Eq. ", "\\[eq:Nadd\\] (solid line), within the error bars dominated by the uncertainty of the calibration of $n_{\\text{add}}^{\\text{chain}}$.\n\nLooking forward, lower added noise and larger squeezing can be obtained by reducing the dissipation of mode $b$, [*i.e. *]{}$\\kappa_{b} \\to 0$, or by increasing the coupling rates $g_{ab}$ and $g_{bc}$. The first option is technically limited by the dielectric loss in mode $b$, here estimated to be $1-2~\\text{MHz}$. The second option is fundamentally limited by the stability of the amplifier \\[Supp. ", "Inf.\\]. ", "To prevent free-oscillation of the amplifier, the amplification rate is limited to $g_{bb} < \\kappa_a+\\kappa_b+\\kappa_c$, or equivalently $4{\\left\\lvert\\beta_{ab}\\right\\rvert}^2 = 4{\\left\\lvert\\beta_{bc}\\right\\rvert}^2 < (\\kappa_a+\\kappa_c)/\\kappa_b$ . ", "This puts a bound on the amount of squeezing, added noise, and efficiency of the amplifier: $$\\sqrt{G_Y} > \\frac{\\kappa_b}{\\kappa_a+\\kappa_b+\\kappa_c},\n\\label{eq:Gymin}$$\n\n$$n_{\\text{add}}^{\\text{FPJA}} > \\frac{\\kappa_b}{2\\left(\\kappa_a+\\kappa_c\\right)},\n\\label{eq:naddmin}$$\n\n$$\\eta < \\frac{\\kappa_a+\\kappa_c}{\\kappa_a+\\kappa_b+\\kappa_c}.$$\n\nOne can see that the performance of the amplifier only depends on the ratio between the dissipation rate of mode $b$ and the the dissipation rates of mode $a$ and $c$. 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{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "t j(z) be the second derivative of z**3/2 + z**2/2 + z. Suppose 160*g = 166*g - 6. ", "Determine g*j(s) - 3*x(s).", "\n3*s - 2\nLet w(h) = h + 1. ", "Let m(n) = 1. ", "Let d = -7 - -8. ", "Let s(z) = d*w(z) - 4*m(z). ", "Let o = 190 - 195. ", "Let g(r) = r - 2. ", "Calculate o*s(c) + 6*g(c).", "\nc + 3\nLet r(y) = 325*y**3 - 55*y + 55. ", "Let o(k) be the third derivative of -k**6/10 + k**4/12 - k**3/3 - 770*k**2. ", "Determine 55*o(s) + 2*r(s).", "\n-10*s**3\nLet c(j) be the third derivative of -j**4/24 + 23*j**2. ", "Let p(f) = 4*f. ", "Let q be (-3)/(6/(-4)) + 1. ", "Let t be 20/q - (-8)/(-12). ", "Calculate t*p(x) + 21*c(x).", "\n3*x\nLet n(x) = 424*x - 3. ", "Let m(a) = -237865*a + 1684. ", "What is -3*m(l) - 1684*n(l)?", "\n-421*l\nLet a(s) = -s - 1. ", "Let r = 0 - -1. ", "Let z(u) = 6*u + 8. ", "Let o(t) = -17*t - 23. ", "Suppose 2*i + 28 = 6. ", "Let j(h) = i*z(h) - 4*o(h). ", "What is r*j(n) + 3*a(n)?", "\n-n + 1\nLet k(o) = 16*o - 2. ", "Let n be (4/16)/((-36)/(-432)). ", "Let u(l) = 33*l - 4. ", "Determine n*u(d) - 7*k(d).", "\n-13*d + 2\nLet b(h) = 4*h + 16. ", "Let z(y) = y + 3. ", "Let o be 25 - 18 - (1 + -5). ", "Determine o*z(i) - 2*b(i).", "\n3*i + 1\nLet l(n) = -n**2 - n - 1. ", "Let g be (-20)/16*(-22 + 26). ", "Let y(t) = 4*t**3 + 32*t**2 + 32*t + 32. ", "Give g*y(a) - 160*l(a).", "\n-20*a**3\nLet u(z) = 483*z**2 + 2. ", "Let l(m) = -967*m**2 - 5. ", "Determine -2*l(i) - 5*u(i).", "\n-481*i**2\nLet h(d) = -3*d. ", "Let l(s) = -31. ", "Let t(x) = -23. ", "Let b(o) = 3*l(o) - 4*t(o). ", "Calculate -5*b(k) + h(k).", "\n-3*k + 5\nLet t(z) = 4*z**3 - 5*z**2 - z + 5. ", "Let p be t(-3). ", "Let j = p - -142. ", "Let f(b) = -5*b**3 + 2*b + 6. ", "Let u(y) = 4*y**3 - 2*y - 5. ", "Determine j*u(q) - 2*f(q).", "\n-2*q**3 + 2*q + 3\nLet t(o) = o - 13. ", "Let h(a) = 25. ", "Calculate -4*h(m) - 7*t(m).", "\n-7*m - 9\nLet z(v) = 2*v**3 + 1. ", "Let h(i) = -5*i**3 + 11*i - 4. ", "What is -2*h(f) - 6*z(f)?", "\n-2*f**3 - 22*f + 2\nLet x(o) = 4*o - 1. ", "Let l be 0 - -5 - (4 - 3/1). ", "Let r(n) = 1. ", "What is l*r(k) + x(k)?", "\n4*k + 3\nLet m(o) = -4*o - 6. ", "Let q(y) be the third derivative of y**4/24 - y**3/6 + 7*y**2 + 3. ", "Give -m(j) + 6*q(j).", "\n10*j\nLet w be (36/30)/((-10)/(-25)). ", "Let l(o) = -3*o + 5. ", "Let h(b) = 3*b - 4. ", "Give w*l(a) + 2*h(a).", "\n-3*a + 7\nLet x(m) = m**2 - m + 1. ", "Let j(l) = -3*l**2 + 7*l + 8. ", "Calculate j(n) + 5*x(n).", "\n2*n**2 + 2*n + 13\nLet o(b) = 26*b**2 - 3*b + 3. ", "Let p(a) = -28*a**2 + 3*a - 2. ", "Give 3*o(g) + 4*p(g).", "\n-34*g**2 + 3*g + 1\nLet a(d) = -9*d**3 + 4*d**2 + 73*d. ", "Let m(p) = p**3 - p**2. ", "Give -a(w) - 6*m(w).", "\n3*w**3 + 2*w**2 - 73*w\nLet g(s) = s**2 - 51 + 105 - 53. ", "Let d(y) = y**3 + 8*y**2 + 3. ", "Give d(z) - 3*g(z).", "\nz**3 + 5*z**2\nLet u(z) = -10*z**3 + 6*z**2 - 5. ", "Let r(w) = -w**3 + w**2 - 1. ", "Suppose -140*x - 20 = -160*x. ", "What is x*u(t) - 6*r(t)?", "\n-4*t**3 + 1\nLet s(y) = y. Let g(w) = -112*w - 3. ", "Give g(p) + 6*s(p).", "\n-106*p - 3\nSuppose 30*n - 59 = -29*n. ", "Suppose -d + 6*d = -30. ", "Let o(q) = q. Let b(t) = 9*t - 1. ", "Give d*o(a) + n*b(a).", "\n3*a - 1\nLet i(l) be the second derivative of -13/2*l**2 + 0 + l**3 + 5*l. ", "Let n(v) = v - 2. ", "Suppose -5*x + x + f + 24 = 0, -x + 6 = -5*f. ", "Calculate x*i(k) - 39*n(k).", "\n-3*k\nLet n(g) = g**3 + 7*g**2 - g + 28. ", "Let c(a) = -2*a**2 - 2. ", "Determine 4*c(q) + n(q).", "\nq**3 - q**2 - q + 20\nLet z be (-8*24/(-160))/((-4)/10). ", "Let s(p) = -19*p - 5. ", "Let q(k) = -9*k - 2. ", "Determine z*s(j) + 7*q(j).", "\n-6*j + 1\nLet x(k) = -k**3 - 6*k**2 - k + 6. ", "Let n(l) = -3*l**3 - 17*l**2 - 3*l + 18. ", "Give 6*n(t) - 17*x(t).", "\n-t**3 - t + 6\nLet m(y) = y**2 + 2*y - 1. ", "Let w(g) = 9*g - 12 - 76*g**2 + 81*g**2 + 8. ", "Calculate -18*m(t) + 4*w(t).", "\n2*t**2 + 2\nLet u(l) = -3*l**3 + 7*l**2 - 2*l + 5. ", "Let n(d) be the second derivative of d**5/5 - 2*d**4/3 + d**3/3 - 3*d**2 + 5*d - 35. ", "Determine -5*n(i) - 6*u(i).", "\n-2*i**3 - 2*i**2 + 2*i\nLet l(v) = -7*v - 1. ", "Let u(x) be the second derivative of 2*x**3/3 + 920*x. ", "Give 3*l(g) + 5*u(g).", "\n-g - 3\nLet c(f) = -2*f**2 - 6*f + 10. ", "Let v = 26 + -20. ", "Let m(w) = w - 1. ", "Calculate v*m(i) + c(i).", "\n-2*i**2 + 4\nLet w(m) = -65*m + 190. ", "Let d(z) = -11*z + 32. ", "What is -35*d(l) + 6*w(l)?", "\n-5*l + 20\nLet w(x) = -4*x - 2. ", "Suppose -3*h = -4*b + 2*h - 4, 0 = 4*b - 2*h + 16. ", "Let l(q) be the second derivative of 0 + 3*q - q**2 - 1/2*q**3. ", "Give b*l(a) + 5*w(a).", "\n-2*a + 2\nLet m(w) = w**2 - 5*w + 26. ", "Let v(t) = -3*t**2 + 22*t - 105. ", "Determine 9*m(f) + 2*v(f).", "\n3*f**2 - f + 24\nLet b(r) = 3*r**2 - 5*r - 5. ", "Let t(m) = m**3 - 2*m**2 - m - 3. ", "Let p be t(4). ", "Let h = p - 20. ", "Let u(f) = -3*f**2 + 6*f + 6. ", "Give h*u(d) + 6*b(d).", "\n3*d**2\nLet z(l) = 11*l**3 + 8*l**2 - 8*l + 49. ", "Let b(d) = 105*d - 743. ", "Let r be b(7). ", "Let q(p) = 4*p**3 + 3*p**2 - 3*p + 16. ", "Determine r*q(w) + 3*z(w).", "\nw**3 + 19\nLet g(k) = k**3 - k. Let t(b) = -2*b**3 + 4*b. ", "Let x = -17 - -18. ", "Calculate x*g(a) + t(a).", "\n-a**3 + 3*a\nLet g(y) = y**3 + 3*y**2. ", "Suppose -44*c + 56*c = 324. ", "Let x(v) = -6*v**3 - 21*v**2. ", "Determine c*g(p) + 4*x(p).", "\n3*p**3 - 3*p**2\nLet o(r) = 10*r**3 - 3*r**2 - 8*r - 6. ", "Let l(s) = -19*s**3 + 6*s**2 + 17*s + 11. ", "Determine -6*l(p) - 11*o(p).", "\n4*p**3 - 3*p**2 - 14*p\nLet r be 2/(-10) + (-21)/(-5). ", "Let c(a) = 2*a. ", "Let i(k) = -35 - 2*k - 32 - 32 + 100. ", "What is r*c(g) + 3*i(g)?", "\n2*g + 3\nLet f(w) = 2*w + 3. ", "Let y = -11 + 8. ", "Let g(j) = 13*j**2 - 7*j - 7. ", "Let m(q) = 2*q**2 - q - 1. ", "Let p(l) = -g(l) + 6*m(l). ", "Calculate y*p(i) + f(i).", "\n3*i**2 - i\nLet i(u) = -7*u**2 - 2. ", "Let g(b) be the first derivative of -2*b**3 - b - 41. ", "Calculate 3*g(w) - 2*i(w).", "\n-4*w**2 + 1\nLet b(y) = y**2 - y + 1. ", "Let r = 0 + 1. ", "Let s(x) be the third derivative of -x**3/6 + 5821*x**2. ", "Determine r*b(m) + 3*s(m).", "\nm**2 - m - 2\nLet u(x) = -2*x**2 + x**2 + 8187*x + 2 - 8185*x. ", "Let h(l) = -4*l**2 + 7*l + 7. ", "What is -2*h(b) + 7*u(b)?", "\nb**2\nLet g(w) = -5*w**2 + 9*w + 5. ", "Let d(c) = 7*c**2 - 14*c - 8. ", "What is 5*d(l) + 8*g(l)?", "\n-5*l**2 + 2*l\nLet l(k) = k**2. ", "Let s be (-48)/36 + 12/(-18). ", "Let v(h) = -h**2 - 2. ", "Determine s*l(x) - v(x).", "\n-x**2 + 2\nLet u(f) = -2*f**2 + 1. ", "Let p(y) = -306*y**3 - 612*y**2 + 306. ", "Calculate -p(q) + 306*u(q).", "\n306*q**3\nLet s(w) = -1950*w**3 + 6*w - 6. ", "Let q(k) = -7800*k**3 + 25*k - 25. ", "What is 6*q(p) - 25*s(p)?", "\n1950*p**3\nLet u(c) = -4*c + 37. ", "Let z(p) = -3*p + 17. ", "Determine 6*u(a) - 11*z(a).", "\n9*a + 35\nLet y(f) = f**3 - 4*f**2 + 5. ", "Let i(p) = -2*p**3 + 10*p**2 - 12. ", "Suppose g - 3*v - v = -13, -2*v + 4 = 0. ", "Give g*i(q) - 12*y(q).", "\n-2*q**3 - 2*q**2\nLet q = -248 - -117. ", "Let a = q - -127. ", "Let z(r) = r**2 - 3*r + 4. ", "Let o(f) = 2*f - 3. ", "Calculate a*o(j) - 3*z(j).", "\n-3*j**2 + j\nLet b(q) = 26*q + 10. ", "Let f(m) = 25*m + 8. ", "What is -5*b(h) + 6*f(h)?", "\n20*h - 2\nLet p(f) = -11*f**3 + 55*f. ", "Let h(c) = -c. ", "Suppose -2*j - 2*t - 4 = 0, -j + 7*t = 3*t - 3. ", "What is j*p(q) - 55*h(q)?", "\n11*q**3\nLet u(c) = 101*c - 6. ", "Let j(i) = -34*i + 2. ", "Calculate 8*j(x) + 3*u(x).", "\n31*x - 2\nLet w(x) = 19*x**2 - 2*x - 1. ", "Let r(k) = 55*k**2 - 7*k - 3. ", "Let j(u) = 3*r(u) - 8*w(u). ", "Let p(z) = -7*z**2 + 3*z + 1. ", "Calculate -3*j(y) - 5*p(y).", "\n-4*y**2 - 2\nLet y(s) be the second derivative of -s**3/3 - s**2/2 + s - 35. ", "Let h(w) = 4*w + 2. ", "Suppose 5*t + 2*u - 59 = u, -2*t + u = -18. ", "What is t*y(k) + 6*h(k)?", "\n2*k + 1\nLet o(n) = 1048*n + 84. ", "Let l(y) = 161*y + 13. ", "Give -32*l(t) + 5*o(t).", "\n88*t + 4\nLet k(b) = 3*b**2 + 2*b + 198. ", "Let u(g) = 16*g**2 + 11*g + 991. ", "Give 11*k(i) - 2*u(i).", "\ni**2 + 196\nLet j = 127 - 380/3. ", "Let h(k) be the third derivative of 2*k**2 - j*k**3 + 0*k - 1/12*k**4 + 0. ", "Let z(i) = 3*i + 3. ", "What is 4*h(c) + 3*z(c)?", "\nc + 1\nSuppose 35 = 10*w - 3*w. ", "Suppose 23 + 2 = w*u. ", "Let y(r) = 2*r**2 - 4. ", "Let j(z) = -2 - 4*z**2 + 5*z + 0*z + 11 - 6*z. ", "What is u*y(a) + 2*j(a)?", "\n2*a**2 - 2*a - 2\nLet t(h) = 2*h + 2. ", "Let i(u) = -5*u - 16. ", "Let z(o) = 2*i(o) + 18*t(o). ", "Let g(n) = 13*n + 2. ", "What is 5*g(a) - 3*z(a)?", "\n-13*a - 2\nLet b(c) = 188*c. ", "Let p(s) = -187*s. ", "Calculate 2*b(l) + 3*p(l).", "\n-185*l\nLet b(m) = -m**3 + 6*m**2 - 9*m. ", "Let o(w) = -w**3 + 7*w**2 - 10*w. ", "Suppose 30 = 11*h - 5*h. ", "Determine h*o(n) - 6*b(n).", "\nn**3 - n**2 + 4*n\nSuppose 2*q = 2*j - 16, 8*j - 5*j + q = 12. ", "Let t(n) = -13*n + 0 - 7 + j + 4. ", "Let s(b) = -7*b + 1. ", "Let w be (-2)/(-5) + 56/10. ", "Determine w*t(m) - 11*s(m).", "\n-m + 1\nLet x(u) = 3*u - 14. ", "Let k(s) = 83657*s + 4 - 1 - 83659*s + 10. ", "Determine -5*k(f) - 4*x(f).", "\n-2*f - 9\nLet y(s) = -1. ", "Let v(z) = 45*z - 64*z + 22*z + 1 - 1. ", "Give -v(n) - y(n).", "\n-3*n + 1\nLet k(h) = -2*h + 4. ", "Let r(q) = -30*q - 16. ", "What is 2*k(f) + r(f)?", "\n-34*f - 8\nLet m(o) = 92*o - 5. ", "Let u(t) = 45*t - 3. ", "Determine 4*m(n) - 7*u(n).", "\n53*n + 1\nLet u(o) = 2*o - 3. ", "Let c(w) = -7*w + 11. ", "Let m(f) = f**3 - 7*f**2 + 16*f - 90. ", "Let l be m(7). ", "Calculate l*u(i) + 6*c(i).", "\n2*i" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "At Richmond, we want to make life easier for teachers,\nwhich is why Personal Best, our latest course for Young Adults, is perfectly designed to meet the requirements of the updated framework.", "\n\nPersonal Best is all about recognising the needs of individual learners and giving them plenty of meaningful practice in English.", "\nIn it, lessons have been rigorously cross-referenced, taking into account the 2018 changes in the CEFR as well as the priorities\nof Young Adult learners in order to bring teachers an innovative, comprehensive course that helps students achieve their very best." ]

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[ "Q:\n\n.getJSON won't execute for input\n\nI have 2 sections\n\nThe first section, I want to get location input from the user. ", "This is where .getJSON doesn't execute.", "\nThe second section, I check if geolocation is compatible with the browser, and if permission is given, .getJSON executes. ", "This one works just fine.", "\n\nI don't think if(navigator.geolocation) checks for if permission was granted, only that geolocation is compatible with the browser.", "\nThis line in section 1 $.getJSON(address, function(data) doesn't execute like it does in section 2. ", "If i place `console.log(address) right before it, it shows, but inside the .getJSON scope it doesn't.", "\nConfused as to what is happening since the functions are identical.", "\n$(document).ready(function() {\n //GET STUFF FUNCTION\n function getStuff(address) {\n api = address; //**EDIT** changed to address\n console.log(\"clicking or entering works yes\");\n $.getJSON(api, function(data) {\n console.log(\"yay it works\");\n });\n };\n // SECTION 1\n $(\"#searchForm\").submit(function(e) {\n var searchInput = $(\"#searchInput\").val();\n var address = \"api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=\" + searchInput + \"&appid=?\";", "\n\n e.preventDefault();\n getStuff(address);\n\n });\n\n $(\"#searchInput\").keypress(function(e) {\n if (e.which == 13) {\n $(\"#searchBtn\").click();\n };\n });\n\n //SECTION 2\n if (navigator.geolocation) {\n navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(function(position) {\n lat = position.coords.latitude;\n lon = position.coords.longitude;\n\n var address = 'http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?lat=' + lat + '&lon=' + lon + '&appid=?';", "\n\n //tried to use this function for search\n getStuff(address);\n });\n\nI tried minifying this the best I could, I'm unsure of how to do AJAX requests on a fiddle.", "\nedit:update https://jsfiddle.net/mq10ps5c/10/\nThank you all, and any critiques are much appreciated\n\nA:\n\nInside Section 1 and 2 you set the address and then call GetStuff inside this GetStuff function you're not referring to address, instead you reference api\nChange your GetStuff function to the below:\nfunction getStuff(address) {\n api = address == null ? \"", "/echo/JSON/\" : address;\n console.log(\"clicking or entering works yes\");\n $.getJSON(api, function(data) {\n console.log(\"yay it works\");\n });\n};\n\nfirst check to see if address is null if so set api to \"/echo/JSON/\" otherwise set api to address value.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "To satisfy ever-increasing demands for wireless data traffic, wireless communication systems have been developed toward higher data rates. ", "Previously, efforts were expended on increasing spectral efficiency in order to increase data rates. ", "However, as demands for traffic have been accelerated due to increased demands for smartphones and tablet Personal Computers (PCs) and the resulting rapid growth of application programs requiring a large amount of traffic, it is difficult to satisfy the soaring demands for wireless data traffic simply by increasing spectral efficiency.", "\nOne approach to averting the problem is to use a very broad frequency band. ", "Because it is difficult to secure a broad frequency band in the frequency band below 10 GHz used for legacy cellular mobile communication systems, the broadband frequency should be obtained from a higher frequency band. ", "However, as wireless communication is conducted in a higher transmission frequency, propagation path loss is increased. ", "The resulting shortened propagation distance reduces service coverage. ", "One of significant techniques to mitigate path loss and increase the propagation distance of waves is beamforming.", "\nThere are two types of beamforming, transmission beamforming at a transmitter and reception beamforming at a receiver. ", "Transmission beamforming increases directivity by focusing signals transmitted from a plurality of antennas toward a specific direction (i.e. space). ", "A set of plural antennas is called an array antenna and each antenna included in the array antenna is called an antenna element or an array element. ", "Various antenna arrays are available, including a linear array and a planar array. ", "Owing to its advantages of increased directivity and almost non-transmission of a signal in directions other than a specific direction, the transmission beamforming reduces interference with other users significantly.", "\nReception beamforming is available on the part of a receiver using a reception array antenna. ", "The reception beamforming focuses wave reception toward a specific direction, thereby increasing the reception sensitivity of a signal from the specific direction and excluding signals from other directions. ", "Therefore, interference signals are blocked.", "\nTo secure a broad frequency band, an extremely high frequency system, namely a millimeter wave system has been introduced. ", "The wavelength of a signal wave gets shorter in a higher transmission frequency. ", "If antennas are configured at half-wavelength intervals, more antennas may be arranged in the same area in an array antenna. ", "That is, beamforming is favorable to a millimeter wave communication system because high-frequency beamforming can produce a higher antenna gain than low-frequency beamforming.", "\nBeamforming basically requires a beam selection technique in which a Base Station (BS) and a Mobile Station (MS) accurately measure transmission and reception beams and report best beams. ", "However, when the MS transmits a UL contention-based access channel to the BS, the beam selection process may already be completed or should be performed again under circumstances. ", "Accordingly, there exists a need for a procedure of transmitting and receiving a UL access channel and a channel structure, which can support such cases.", "\nThe above information is presented as background information only to assist with an understanding of the present disclosure. ", "No determination has been made, and no assertion is made, as to whether any of the above might be applicable as prior art with regard to the present invention." ]

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[ "News Releases\n\nFOREVER 21 TO OPEN FIRST STORE IN LONDRINA\n\nFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE – Los Angeles, CA (April 6, 2016) Forever 21 will be opening its first store in Londrina at Shopping Catuaí Londrina! ", "The grand opening event is scheduled for Saturday, December 5 at 10am and the first 200 customers in line will receive a special branded gift!", "\n\n“Our growth in Brazil has been rewarding and we are pleased to be able to continue our expansion plan in Brazil offering the latest fashion trends at a great value”, said Linda Chang, Forever 21 Vice President of Merchandising. “", "As a world leader in economic growth, we see great potential for our brand in Brazil.”", "\n\nThe superintendent of Shopping Catuaí Londrina, Fabiano Batista, says that the entrance of a strong brand as Forever 21 consolidates the mall as a pioneer, expanding its already great store options. “", "It is a truly Christmas gift to our customers”, declares Batista.", "\n\nWith more than 16,000 square feet of retail space, the Forever 21 store at Shopping Catuaí Londrina will offer a large selection of merchandise. ", "Complementing Forever 21® apparel and accessories, the store will also feature the retailer’s other brands including Forever 21 Men, Forever 21 Contemporary, as well as Forever 21® denim and lingerie.", "\n\nABOUT FOREVER 21\nForever 21, Inc., headquartered in Los Angeles, California, is a fashion retailer of women’s, men’s and kids clothing and accessories and is known for offering the hottest, most current fashion trends at a great value to consumers. ", "This model operates by keeping the store exciting with new merchandise brought in daily. ", "Founded in 1984, Forever 21 operates more than 730 stores in 48 countries with retailers in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, Latin America, Mexico, Philippines and United Kingdom. ", "For more information please visit: www.newsroom.forever21.com" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nRollback GIT on TFS\n\nI am a noob to TFS and GIT and migrated an existing Lightswitch project to TFS. ", "I started a new project in TFS with a GIT repo and loaded my project, but something corrupted nearly immediately on the master file after renaming a parent directory. ", "I am trying to revert back to my initially loaded commit (which I can download the zip and confirmed it works as expected), but end up just adding some other commit changes that aren't getting me back to the original.", "\nAs a preface, when I clone to Visual Studio, I believe it pulls the most current sln unless I pull from a zip. ", "But with the zip, I can't push commits (or at least I think). ", "I realize now >:P I was an idiot and should have started branching immediately, but long story short, the first load to TFS didn't pull in the sln because I pulled from my local git to the remote server, so I had to create a new solution based off the loaded git history. ", "All this after upgrading VS 2013 >> 2015 to match the 2015 TFS server. ", "\n\nI tried 'git revert bf4d79..26aa08' with the long id's from 'git log' but it just added the top two on Monday. ", "I feel I am going in the wrong direction and am afraid I am going to kill my multi month project. ", "Worst case I delete the project from TFS and start all over.", "\nBTW, I am the only developer on this and own all admin permissions to it. ", "If you haven't guessed, I am self taught from the business side, but have been developing for some years now.", "\nAny help is obviously much appreciated, and I have learned some valuable lessons in all this.", "\nThanks!", "\nHere is a better picture of what I am having difficulty with.", "\n\n**************Answered******************\nThanks Terje Sandstrøm! ", "Worked like a charm.", "\ngit reset --hard 4358ca58\n\ngit push -f origin master\n\nAlso, figured out why the initial transfer from git to TFS didn't carry the sln file. ", "The sln was saved outside the git tracked folder.", "\nLearning from mistakes may be hard, but it definitely keeps you from repeating it.", "\n\nA:\n\nSince you are the only developer on that git repo, you can rewrite the history of the remote repository, that is the one that you have on the TFS server.", "\nFirst ensure you have Git installed on your machine, see under Team Explorer, Settings, section Git, if there is a Install 3rd part git extensions there, please do that.", "\nThen:\nGo to command line, use the Action under.. say Changes hub, and choose Open Command Prompt.", "\nDo a git reset as follows:\n\ngit reset --hard 4358ca58\n\nThis will move your master pointer and workspace back to the commit you marked above. ", " (E.g. see Revert to a commit by a SHA hash in Git?)", "\nThen force push this to the remote - note, do this ONLY when you're sure no one else is using your remote. ", " \n\ngit push -f origin master\n\n(E.g. See Force \"git push\" to overwrite remote files)\nYou now have your master back, the remote is in sync. ", " And as you say yourself, now you can branch off and do your experiments.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUse contour integration methods to compute $\\int_\\mathbb{R}\\frac{\\cos x}{1 + x^2}e^{−ixt}dx$ for all $t > 0.$\n\nUse contour integration methods to compute\n$$\n\\int_\\mathbb{R}\n{\\cos\\left(x\\right) \\over 1 + x^{2}}\\,{\\rm e}^{−{\\rm i}xt}\\,{\\rm d}x\\,,\n\\qquad \\forall\\ t > 0\n$$\nCould someone suggest the proper contour to use ?. ", "I can do the rest I'm sure, but I have no clue what contour to use. ", " Thanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nLet's look at\n$$I(a) = \\int_\\mathbb{R} \\frac{e^{iax}}{1+x^2}\\,dx$$\nfor $a\\in \\mathbb{R}$. If $a\\geqslant 0$, then the exponential $e^{iaz}$ is bounded in the upper half-plane, so one can evaluate $I(a)$ by using a semicircular contour consisting of the interval $[-R,R]$ on the real axis and the semicircle $Re^{it},\\, t\\in [0,\\pi]$ in the upper half-plane. ", "The standard estimate shows that the integral over the semicircle tends to $0$ for $R\\to \\infty$, so the residue theorem yields\n$$I(a) = 2\\pi i\\sum_{\\operatorname{Im}\\zeta > 0} \\operatorname{Res}\\left(\\frac{e^{iaz}}{1+z^2}; \\zeta\\right) = 2\\pi i \\operatorname{Res}\\left(\\frac{e^{iaz}}{1+z^2}; i\\right).$$\nFor $a < 0$, the exponential $e^{iaz}$ is not bounded in the upper half-plane, it grows exponentially for $\\operatorname{Im} z \\to +\\infty$, so we cannot use the same contour in that case. ", "But $e^{iaz}$ is bounded in the lower half-plane for $a < 0$, so we can use a semicircle in the lower half-plane, $Re^{-it},\\, t\\in [0,\\pi]$ to close the contour. ", "Again, the standard estimate shows that the integral over the semicircle tends to $0$ as $R\\to\\infty$, and - note the orientation of the contour - the residue theorem yields\n$$I(a) = -2\\pi i\\sum_{\\operatorname{Im}\\zeta < 0} \\operatorname{Res}\\left(\\frac{e^{iaz}}{1+z^2}; \\zeta\\right) = -2\\pi i \\operatorname{Res}\\left(\\frac{e^{iaz}}{1+z^2}; -i\\right)$$\nthen.", "\nOf course in this particular case, parity shows that $I(a) = I(-a) = I(\\lvert a\\rvert)$, so we can get by with only the contour in the (closed) upper half-plane here, but generally, no such short-cuts are available.", "\nThen, to evaluate the integral\n$$\\int_\\mathbb{R} \\frac{\\cos x}{1+x^2} e^{-itx}\\,dx$$\none can use Eulers formula for the cosine to get it into the form $\\frac{1}{2}(I(a_1) - I(a_2))$.\n\n" ]

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[ "Democratic U.S. Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez continued to tease a Kentucky Republican lawmaker for backpedaling on her invitation to the Bluegrass.", "\n\nOcasio-Cortez — often referred to as \"AOC\" — used her Twitter platform Wednesday to again call attention to Rep. Andy Barr, who invited her to the state last month to tour an underground coal mine.", "\n\nOcasio-Cortez now says she similarly asked Barr to come to the Bronx, which is part of her New York district, to participate in a town hall on climate change. ", "The congressman declined, she said, due to the University of Kentucky men's basketball team playing in the NCAA tournament.", "\n\n\"So I offered to fly him home in time for the game,\" she tweeted. \"", "He still said no.\"", "\n\nBarr's office did not immediately respond to a request for comment on Wednesday about Ocasio-Cortez's tweet.", "\n\nBarr started the exchange during a House committing hearing on climate change. ", "He challenged Ocasio-Cortez, who is spearheading a massive overhaul in U.S. energy policy called the Green New Deal, to see for herself how her views would impact Kentuckians.", "\n\n\"I want to invite the gentle lady to come to Eastern Kentucky where thousands of coal miners no longer have paychecks,\" Barr said. \"", "I invite her to go underground with me and meet the men and women who do heroic work to empower the American economy.\"", "\n\n\"I'd be happy to,\" Ocasio-Cortez said. \"", "In fact, when I first started my campaign, the first place I went was Kentucky.\"", "\n\nCheck out:McConnell website revels in his blocking of Obama's Supreme Court pick\n\nBut since then Barr, who represents central Kentucky, has qualified the invite by suggesting Ocasio-Cortez first apologize to Rep. Dan Crenshaw, R-Texas, for a separate spat with Rep. Ilhan Omar, D-Minn., over 9/11 and domestic terrorism.", "\n\nA Barr spokeswoman previously told the Courier Journal that Barr wasn't rescinding the invitation but rather suggesting she apologize first.", "\n\nOcasio-Cortez has responded by trolling Barr and other conservatives on social media this week about waffling.", "\n\n\"GOP thought they could catch us with a bluff,\" Ocasio-Cortez said on Twitter in reaction to the Courier Journal's story. \"", "Now we’ve got ‘em on their back foot stutter-stepping.\"", "\n\nThe congresswoman also said she knew more about the region than her critics would like to admit, and pointed to how her chief spokesman is from Appalachia. ", "She said that listening to those Americans is \"a valued perspective ... for coalition-building.\"", "\n\n\"I suspect underestimating women is the GOP’s kryptonite,\" Ocasio-Cortez tweeted.", "\n\nGOP groups haven't backed off, however, at weaponizing Ocasio-Cortez, who is a Democratic socialist, against members of her party in parts of the country that President Donald Trump won.", "\n\nThe Republican Governor's Association, for example, continued to press Democratic candidates for Kentucky governor on if they would welcome Ocasio-Cortez to the state.", "\n\nState Rep. Rocky Adkins, Attorney General Andy Beshear and former State Auditor Adam Edelen are the top Democratic contenders looking to boot Republican incumbent Matt Bevin from office. ", "Perennial candidate Geoff Young is also running in the Democratic primary.", "\n\nJohn Yarmuth:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez is welcome in Kentucky with no apologies necessary\n\n\"When it comes to confronting their party’s embrace of job-killing socialist politicians that would take Kentucky backwards, silence is no longer an option for Democrat gubernatorial candidates,” John Burke, an RGA spokesman, said in a statement. \"... ", "Do they stand with Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and her far-left agenda? ", "Or with working Kentucky families?\"", "\n\nEdelen campaign spokesman Matt Erwin said Thursday morning that they would \"welcome anyone to come to Kentucky to learn about the challenges and opportunities we face.\"", "\n\n\"That said, our campaign certainly isn't about looking to Washington, D.C., for solutions for Kentucky,\" he added.", "\n\nOf the top three contenders, Edelen, of Lexington, would be the most likely to connect with AOC politically given his personal investment in the renewable energy field. ", "He is part of an effort that has gained national attention for converting a former coal mine into a solar energy project in Eastern Kentucky.", "\n\nBeshear campaign manager Eric Hyers also kept the response broad, telling the Courier Journal that the attorney general \"will meet with any member of Congress, regardless of party, who wants to discuss issues important to Kentucky.\"", "\n\nThe Adkins campaign has yet to respond to a request for comment.", "\n\nReporter Phillip M. Bailey can be reached at 502-582-4475 or pbailey@courierjournal.com. ", "Support strong local journalism by subscribing today: courier-journal.com/philb." ]

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[ "Inspired by #MeToo, Serbian woman speaks out and fights back Marija Lukic has repelled countless sexual advances by her employer and has 15,000 messages to prove it\n\nBRUS, Serbia -- It started at the job interview when Marija Lukic's boss locked the office door and tried to kiss her. ", "He later promised it won't happen again. ", "But it did, over and over, until she decided it has to stop.", "\n\nIn the two years she worked as a secretary of the top municipal official in this small town in central Serbia, Lukic says she has had as many as 15,000 phone messages to prove the harassment.", "\n\nFor daring to speak out about her experiences, the 30-year-old mother of two has become a hero for many women in Serbia, a conservative male-dominated Balkan nation with a strong macho culture.", "\n\nWhen last year she mustered the courage to go to court against the most powerful man in the town, Lukic faced threats and pressure — but she also received scores of support messages flooding in on social media with the hashtag #JusticeForMarija.", "\n\nFighting back was no easy thing to do in a country where small-town power-mongers routinely control local institutions and where sexual harassment was only acknowledged as a criminal act in 2017.", "\n\n\"All the time, I complained to his closest friends ... his sister, nobody reacted,\" she told The Associated Press in an interview. \"", "I expected someone at least to tell him to leave me alone because I told everyone, but it had no effect.\"", "\n\nShe says the global #MeToo movement has emboldened her to speak out: she wrote open letters to President Aleksandar Vucic and other officials, and told her story in numerous media interviews.", "\n\nIn an important victory, Lukic's former employer, Milutin Jelicic, announced his resignation this month in the face of mounting public pressure and outrage. ", "A trial is ongoing, and Lukic said she won't back down until he is held legally responsible as well.", "\n\nThe problem was \"that there is a system that protects such people, that women are endangered,\" Lukic said. \"", "Many women have approached me, even those who were raped and were afraid to report it.\"", "\n\nInitially, six other women joined Lukic in charging Jelicic with sexual harassment and abuse of power. ", "But only her case stood up in court.", "\n\nJelicic has not responded to repeated AP requests for comment placed through his office.", "\n\nExperts warn that while some steps have been made to boost women's rights, much more needs to be done in a society where domestic violence is rife — rights groups say at least 30 women were killed by partners or within their families in 2018 — and sexual harassment is often seen as harmless.", "\n\nThe government has pledged to address the problems as the country advances toward European Union membership. ", "Lukic's case, however, shows it will be an uphill battle.", "\n\nSanja Pavlovic, from the Autonomous Women's Center group, said the court rejection of the other women's charges in the Jelicic case showed that \"institutions do not have enough trust in women.\"", "\n\n\"Women need to feel support, both social and institutional\" to come forward, she said. \"", "What about women who haven't received 15,000 messages?\"", "\n\nIn June 2017, Serbia's criminal laws were amended to define sexual harassment as any \"verbal, non-verbal or physical behavior\" that threatens the sexual dignity of another person, punishing perpetrators either financially or up to six months in prison.", "\n\nIn the first seven months after the legal change, 29 cases reached the courts — but just two sex predators got suspended sentences, Pavlovic aid.", "\n\n\"It takes time to change a culture and I believe we will get there at some point,\" she said.", "\n\nLukic said her own family initially advised her against suing Jelicic, fearing she stood no chance against the local populist chief who boasted that the president protected him.", "\n\nShe almost gave up when unknown men approached her and warned her to forget the lawsuit and delete Jelicic's messages from her Facebook profile to avoid \"trouble.\" ", "Local authorities threatened to close the hairdressing salon owned by Lukic's husband, and she received dozens of hate messages on social networks.", "\n\nTerrified, \"I couldn't eat or drink, I just smoked cigarettes,\" she recalled.", "\n\nLukic told the AP that after the job interview, she didn't see Jelicic for a few months. ", "She took the job after he apologized and promised to behave. ", "But, she said, \"the first time were alone, he did the same, only worse.\"", "\n\n\"He squeezed my arms, kissed me on the mouth and started touching me all over my body,\" she said. \"", "I tried to push him, but couldn't, he squeezed hard ... until I started to cry. ", "He then pulled back, apologized and stormed out of the office without saying anything.\"", "\n\nIn court, Jelicic argued that his accusers had tried to seduce him and had sent the harassing messages from his phone, Lukic said. ", "In announcing his resignation, he complained a campaign against him is part of a political ploy to discredit Vucic.", "\n\nThe evening Lukic was due to appear on a popular television station, a mysterious power outage prevented much of the town from watching.", "\n\nLukic says she will go to the European courts if she doesn't find justice in Serbia. ", "This is a struggle for dignity, she told thousands of people at last week's anti-government protest in Belgrade.", "\n\n\"I don't know if I am brave, but now I know I am not alone,\" she told the crowd." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I copy files from Linux to Windows 10 using WinSCP?", "\n\nDesired Behaviour: \nI'm setting up a Windows machine next to my Linux machine as a client needs me to use some Windows specific software.", "\nI need to copy a bunch of folders from Linux to Windows 10.", "\nI'm trying to use WinSCP to achieve this, and these are the things I think I need:\nIP Address: \nifconfig on Linux machine returns inet addr: 192.xxx.x.x\nWhilst googling 'whats my ip' on Linux machine returns 118.xxx.xx.xx\nQ01: Which one do I use?", "\nProtocol and Port Number:\nQ02: SCP and 22?", "\nUsername and Password:\nQ03: Do I just use the username and password I usually use to login to my Linux machine?", "\n...A lot of the tutorials I've come across talk about connecting to a Linux computer as a virtual machine, or server, and therefore I'm wondering if I need something to be 'running' on the Linux machine for this to work? ", " \nSo, last questions:\nQ04: Does something need to be running on Linux?", "\nQ05: How do I define which folders will be 'browsable' on the Linux Machine?", "\nWhat I've Tried: \nMy last attempt in WinSCP used these credentials:\n\nProtocol: SCP\nPort: 22\nHostname: [the inet addr ip from ifconfig]\nUsername: [my normal Linux login username]\nPassword: [my normal Linux login password]\n\nAnd gave me this error:\n\nNetwork error: Connection to \"192.xxx.x.x\" refused.", "\n\n(Help page for that error)\nEdit: \nThe answer below is more comprehensive, but as a follow up: \nI did this on Linux machine:\nsudo service ssh start\n\nAnd got this:\n\nssh: unrecognised service\n\nSo, I had to do this:\nsudo apt-get purge openssh-server\nsudo apt-get install openssh-server\n\nAnd then start with:\nsudo service ssh restart\n\nAnd then I used credentials in WinSCP as stated in original post and it worked. ", " \n\nA:\n\nQuestion 1:\nThe second one: 118.xxx.xx.xx - this is your public IP address (although if both computers are on the same network - you may use any of them)\nQuestion 2:\nYes (unless you change it). ", "22 is the default port for SSH (apparently - SCP too, since it uses SSH for connections). ", "However, many change it to something else to avoid attacks.", "\nQuestion 3:\nYes.", "\nQuestion 4:\nsshd - the SSH daemon.", "\n\nInstall openssh-server.", "\nCopy the existing /etc/ssh/sshd_config to a backup.", "\nEdit the (non-backup) /etc/ssh/sshd_config\nFor security, you may want to change Port 22 in the above file to a higher number (2020, for example)\nSave.", "\nAllow the port in the firewall - sudo ufw allow {port number}.", "\nStart sshd - sudo service ssh start\n\nNow you can access your computer's files using {port number you chose}\nQuestion 5:\nYou'll need to use a chroot jail - see this.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nLoops, beginner\n\nHello I am a beginner in Java and had a question regarding Loops,\nthe question in the book asks for The sum of all odd digits of n. (For example, if n is 32677, the sum would be 3+7+7=17.", "\nI can't quite figure out how to code that, I am looking for someone to help me out. ", "What I have is this code, well the first step, but I don't know how to complete it or whether I have it right or wrong. ", "\nAny help would be appreciated,\npublic class sumOfOddsInNumber\n{\n public static void main(String[] args)\n {\n\n int n = 0;\n String value = String.valueOf(number);\n int length = value.length();\n\n while (n < length)\n {\n ... //Idk if this the right first step, how do I start it? ", "where do i go?", "\n\nA:\n\nThis code could did the trick without using any String:\nint sum= 0;\nint digit=0;\nint number= your_value;\nwhile ( number > 0 )\n{\n digit=number % 10; // we look at the \"last\" digit \n if ( digit %2 == 1 ) // odd digiti\n {\n sum+=digit;\n }\n number/=10;\n}\n\nA:\n\nI'm not going to give you the full solution, but here are the things you'll need to know to do it correctly and if you understand them, the problem becomes quite simple:\nIf you have an integer k, you can convert it to a String with: \nString s = String.valueOf(k);\n\nThis will allow you to more simply loop over the individual characters of the String, which represent the digits of the number. ", "Then you can iterate over the characters one by one with\nchar c = s.charAt(0);\n\nWhere 0 can be a loop index variable that can loop from the first character (index 0) to the last (index s.length - 1 for String s)\nThen it becomes a matter of converting these back to an integer, which is straightforward, and then checking if they are even or odd. ", "The standard way to do this is with a modulus.", "\nint k = 7;\nif (k % 2 == 0) //k is even\nelse //k is odd\n\nThis works because any number mod 2 will return 0 only if it is an even number. ", "Otherwise it will return 1.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "create table affyRatio (\n bin smallint unsigned not null,\n chrom varchar(255) not null,\t# Human chromosome or FPC contig\n chromStart int unsigned not null,\t# Start position in chromosome\n chromEnd int unsigned not null,\t# End position in chromosome\n name varchar(255) not null,\t# Name of item\n score int,\n strand char(2),\n thickStart int unsigned,\n thickEnd int unsigned,\n reserved int,\n blockCount int,\n blockSizes blob,\n blockStarts blob,\n expCount int,\n expIds blob,\n expScores blob,\n index(chrom(8),bin),\n index(name(10))\n);\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.01633084937930107 ]

[ "/*\n * fsimage-gcr.h\n *\n * Written by\n * Andreas Boose <viceteam@t-online.de>\n *\n * This file is part of VICE, the Versatile Commodore Emulator.", "\n * See README for copyright notice.", "\n *\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or\n * (at your option) any later version.", "\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n * GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software\n * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA\n * 02111-1307 USA.", "\n *\n */\n\n#ifndef VICE_FSIMAGE_GCR_H\n#define VICE_FSIMAGE_GCR_H\n\n#include \"types.h\"\n\nstruct disk_image_s;\nstruct disk_track_s;\nstruct disk_addr_s;\n\nextern void fsimage_gcr_init(void);\n\nextern int fsimage_read_gcr_image(const disk_image_t *image);\n\nextern int fsimage_gcr_read_sector(const struct disk_image_s *image, uint8_t *buf,\n const struct disk_addr_s *dadr);\nextern int fsimage_gcr_write_sector(struct disk_image_s *image, const uint8_t *buf,\n const struct disk_addr_s *dadr);\nextern int fsimage_gcr_read_half_track(const struct disk_image_s *image,\n unsigned int half_track,\n struct disk_track_s *raw);\nextern int fsimage_gcr_write_half_track(struct disk_image_s *image,\n unsigned int half_track, const struct disk_track_s *raw);\n\n#endif\n" ]

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[ "The Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits Consortium (MAGIC) previously undertook meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of glycemic traits in non-diabetic individuals, leading to the discovery of multiple associated loci: 16 for fasting glucose concentrations, two for fasting insulin concentrations and five for post-challenge glucose concentrations (2hGlu)^[@R1]-[@R3]^. These and subsequent studies highlighted important biological pathways implicated in glucose and insulin regulation^[@R4],[@R5]^. They also demonstrated that some, but not all, loci associated with glycemic traits in non-diabetic individuals also affect the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D)^[@R1],[@R6]^. Despite the success of these efforts, the identification of new loci was limited by *de novo* genotyping capacity and cost, such that only a limited number of promising loci from discovery analyses were taken forward to follow-up analyses (often those reaching a threshold of \\~*P* \\< 10^−5^ in discovery). ", "Therefore, it is likely that many additional associations with common, low penetrance variants remain to be found among SNPs not previously selected for replication^[@R7],[@R8]^.\n\nThe Illumina CardioMetabochip (Metabochip) is a custom Illumina iSELECT array of 196,725 SNPs developed to support cost-effective large-scale follow-up studies of putative association signals for a range cardiovascular and metabolic traits (\\~66,000 SNPs) and to fine-map established loci (\\~120,000 SNPs) ([Supplementary Fig. ", "1](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"})^[@R9]^. The \\~66,000 follow-up SNPs were selected to enable genotyping of the most significant association signals for each of 23 metabolic traits contributed by a range of consortia. ", "MAGIC contributed \\~5,000 top ranking SNPs for fasting glucose, and \\~1,000 each for fasting insulin and 2hGlu that had shown nominal association in discovery analyses (*P~discovery~* \\< 0.02)^[@R1],[@R2]^.\n\nIn the present study, we combined newly available samples with genotype data for these 66,000 follow-up SNPs with previous discovery meta-analyses to discover new association signals with glycemic traits. ", "This approach identified 41 glycemic associations not previously described^[@R1],[@R2]^: 20 for fasting glucose, 17 for fasting insulin and four for 2hGlu. ", "This raises the number of associated loci to 36 for fasting glucose, 19 for fasting insulin and 9 for 2hGlu, explaining 4.8%, 1.2% and 1.7% of the variance in these traits, respectively. ", "Of these 53 non-overlapping loci, 33 were also associated with T2D (*P* \\< 0.05), which while supporting the previous assertion of an imperfect correlation between these traits, also implicates new loci in the etiology of T2D and increases the overlap between glycemic and T2D loci.", "\n\nRESULTS {#S1}\n=======\n\nApproaches to identify loci associated with glycemic traits {#S2}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo follow up loci showing evidence of association (*P~stage\\ one~* \\< 0.02) in discovery GWAS, we investigated the 66,000 Metabochip follow-up SNPs for association with fasting glucose, fasting insulin and 2hGlu. ", "We combined in meta-analysis data from up to 133,010 (fasting glucose), 108,557 (fasting insulin) and 42,854 (2hGlu) non-diabetic individuals of European ancestry, including individuals from the previous meta-analyses^[@R1],[@R2]^, individuals from new GWAS and individuals newly genotyped on the Metabochip array ([Supplementary Fig. ", "2](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "All study characteristics are shown in [Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "Genome-wide association data for Filipino women were available ([Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), for which we report the effect directions and allele frequencies in [Supplementary Tables 2a,b](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "Genome-wide significant (*P* \\< 5 × 10^−8^) association signals located more than 500 kb from, and not in LD (Hapmap CEU: *r*^2^ \\< 0.05) with, any variant already known to be associated with the trait were considered novel. ", "Associated loci are referred to by the name of the nearest gene, unless a more biologically plausible gene was nearby, or a nearby gene was previously associated with another trait. ", "In such cases, we list the nearest genes in [Supplementary Tables 2a-d](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "As body mass index (BMI) is a major risk factor for T2D and is correlated with glycemic traits, we also performed analyses adjusted for BMI.", "\n\nThough not the main focus of this effort, given the increased variant density available on the Metabochip for established glycemic loci, we investigated whether these data would enable fine-mapping of underlying functional variants^[@R1]-[@R3]^. In these analyses, we included data from up to 53,622 individuals for fasting glucose, 42,384 for fasting insulin and 27,602 for 2hGlu from studies with Metabochip genotypes only. ", "However, given the lack of samples from different ancestries and the absence of full conditional analyses, for the most part these analyses did not improve the resolution of association signals.", "\n\nBeyond individual SNP investigations for each glycemic trait, we also tested the hypothesis that gene-based analyses using VEGAS^[@R10]^ would identify genes that harbor multiple association signals, which individually did not reach genome-wide significance. ", "Among the \\~66,000 SNPs, we used VEGAS to pool the results for all SNPs within each gene (± 50 kb) to identify genes with more evidence of association than expected by chance (given gene size and linkage disequilibrium structure) by simulation, and significant after Bonferroni-correction for multiple testing (*P* \\< 5 × 10^−6^).", "\n\nFasting glucose {#S3}\n---------------\n\nIn analyses of up to 133,010 individuals, we identified 20 loci with genome-wide significant associations to fasting glucose (*P* \\< 5 × 10^−8^) ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Supplementary Figs. ", "3](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [4](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) and confirmed previously established loci^[@R1]^ ([Supplementary Table 2e](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Of these 20 loci, nine (in or near *IBKAP*, *LOC728489*, *WARS*, *KL, TOP1*, *P2RX2*, *AMT*, *RREB1* and *GLS2*) had not previously been associated with other metabolic traits ([Box 1](#BX1){ref-type=\"boxed-text\"}). ", "Among these, *KL* (Klotho) is of particular interest. ", "In addition to being associated with fasting glucose (but not fasting insulin), the glucose-raising allele is also associated with an increased risk of T2D (OR = 1.08 (1.04-1.11), *P* = 1.1 × 10^−5^) ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). *", "KL* was first identified as a gene related to suppression of aging: its reduced expression was associated with reduced lifespan, as well as hypoglycemia^[@R11]^. Despite further animal studies supporting a role for *KL* in glucose metabolism^[@R12]^ and insulin sensitivity^[@R13]^, human studies have generally been small and inconclusive^[@R14],[@R15]^.\n\nWe also identified new associations with fasting glucose in regions previously associated with other metabolic traits or disease outcomes, including T2D^[@R6],[@R16]^ (*ARAP1*, *CDKN2B, GRB10*, *CDKAL1*, *IGF2BP2* and *ZBED3*, which was identified in BMI-adjusted models) and 2hGlu^[@R2]^ (*GIPR*), as well as confirming the recently identified signals for fasting glucose^[@R17]-[@R19]^ at *FOXA2*, *PPP1R3B, PCSK1* and *PDX1*. ", "FOXA2 is a forkhead transcription factor that regulates *PDX1* expression, while *PDX1* encodes a transcription factor critical for pancreatic development^[@R20]^. *PDX1* mutations have been linked to MODY4 (ref. [", "@R21]), pancreatic agenesis^[@R22]^ and permanent neonatal diabetes^[@R23]^, although we observed no significant association with T2D in DIAGRAM Metabochip analyses^[@R24]^ ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nGiven the overlap between genetic loci for fasting glucose and other metabolic traits, we performed a systematic look-up of all glycemic loci and their associations with other metabolic traits using data available through other consortia^[@R25]-[@R27]^. In DIAGRAM Metabochip analyses^[@R24]^, 22 (\\>60%) of the now 36 genome-wide significant fasting glucose loci showed association (*P* \\< 0.05; FDR *q* \\< 0.05) with T2D ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In all cases, the glucose-raising allele was associated with increased risk of T2D, yet the fasting glucose effect size and T2D odds ratio were weakly correlated ([Fig. ", "2a](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nGene-based analyses confirmed many of the loci identified in individual SNP analyses ([Supplementary Table 3a](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) and identified another nine genomic regions (containing 14 genes) with significant association signals (*P* \\< 5 × 10^−6^), including some with biological candidacy, such as the *HKDC1* gene, encoding a putative hexokinase^[@R28]^.\n\nFasting insulin {#S4}\n---------------\n\nIn 108,557 individuals, we identified 17 additional loci with genome-wide significant associations to fasting insulin and confirmed known associations^[@R1]^. These newly identified loci include variants in or near *HIP1*, *TET2*, YSK4, *PEPD* and *FAM13A1* ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}, [Box 1](#BX1){ref-type=\"boxed-text\"} and [Supplementary Figs. ", "3](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [4](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), as well as SNPs near loci previously associated with other metabolic traits, including T2D^[@R6]^ (*TCF7L2*, *PPARG*), BMI^[@R29]^ (*FTO*), waist-hip ratio^[@R26]^ (WHR) (*LYPLAL1*, *RSPO3*, *GRB14*), triglycerides^[@R27]^ (*ANKRD55-MAP3K1)* and adiponectin^[@R30]^ (*ARL15*). ", "We also confirmed the recent associations with fasting insulin at *GRB14*, *PPP1R3B*, *LYPLAL1, IRS1, UHRF1BP1* and *PDGFC*^[@R19]^. The *ANKRD55-MAP3K1* association is of interest as MAP3K1 regulates expression of IRS1 (ref. [", "@R31]) as well as activation of NF-κB^[@R32],[@R33]^ and the JNK pathway^[@R34]^, both centrally implicated in insulin resistance^[@R35],[@R36]^. Furthermore, data from DIAGRAM Metabochip analyses show that the insulin-raising allele at this SNP is strongly associated with increased risk of T2D^[@R24]^.\n\nIn contrast to fasting glucose ([Supplementary Fig. ", "5a](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), in fasting insulin analyses adjusted for BMI, we observed a systematic decrease in the standard errors of the SNP effect estimates ([Supplementary Fig. ", "5b](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), perhaps because BMI explains more of the variance in fasting insulin (R^2^ = 32.6%) than in fasting glucose (R^2^ = 8.6%) or 2hGlu (R^2^ = 11.0%) (data from the Fenland study). ", "Therefore, BMI adjustment removes more variance in fasting insulin, thereby rendering genetic associations more readily detectable. ", "This is supported by the identification of five additional loci in BMI-adjusted models by this approach ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Supplementary Figs. ", "3](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [4](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "As expected, BMI-adjustment abolished fasting insulin associations at *FTO* (*P* = 0.71; [Supplementary Table 2b](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), suggesting that the association with fasting insulin is mediated entirely through association with BMI.", "\n\nIn total, 13 of the 19 loci associated with fasting insulin also showed associations with T2D (*P* \\< 0.05; FDR *q* \\< 0.05) ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), with the insulin-raising allele associated with higher risk of T2D, except for *TCF7L2* ([Fig. ", "2b,c](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), where the allele associated with lower fasting insulin is associated with higher fasting glucose ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Notably, the loci associated with fasting insulin showed a pattern of association with lipid traits consistent with insulin resistance, and not observed for either fasting glucose or 2hGlu loci ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Thirteen (\\~68%) of the 19 loci were associated with HDL-cholesterol (*q* \\< 0.05): all insulin-raising alleles associated with lower HDL levels, nine of which were also associated with higher triglycerides (*q \\<* 0.05) ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Further, the insulin-raising alleles of four SNPs were associated with higher WHR (adjusted for BMI) (*q* \\< 0.05) ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), another trait linked to insulin resistance, while five SNPs were also associated with BMI, although with inconsistent direction (*q* \\< 0.05) ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nIn gene-based analyses, we focused on BMI-adjusted results to account for the variance in fasting insulin explained by BMI. ", "Beyond those loci containing genome-wide significant SNPs, we identified 7 distinct regions (containing 22 genes) after Bonferroni-correction (*P* \\< 5 × 10^−6^). ", "Among these genes, we identified many for which prior biological evidence suggests their role in pathways involved in insulin secretion or action ([Supplementary Table 3b](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "While the lead SNP in *PPARD* was not genome-wide significant (*P* = 3.9 × 10^−6^), the *PPARD* gene, a regulator of adipose, hepatic and skeletal muscle metabolism^[@R37]^, reached the gene-based significance threshold (*P* \\< 1 × 10^−6^). ", "PPARD agonists have also been shown to induce insulin sensitising effects in a mouse model^[@R38]^. In addition, we identified *PTEN* to be associated ([Supplementary Table 3b](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), a gene previously suggested to affect glucose metabolism through regulation of insulin signalling^[@R39]^, and in which a muscle-specific deletion protected mice from insulin resistance and diabetes resulting from high fat feeding^[@R40]^.\n\n2-h glucose {#S5}\n-----------\n\nIn 42,854 individuals, we identified four additional loci to be associated with 2hGlu ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Supplementary Figs. ", "3](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [4](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), including a signal near *ERAP2* and three signals near loci previously associated with fasting glucose^[@R1]^ (*GCK*), HDL-cholesterol^[@R27]^ (*PPP1R3B*) and T2D^[@R6]^ (*IGF2BP2*), as well as confirming the five previous associations^[@R2]^. To determine whether these associations reflected differences in the response to a glucose challenge, or were partly driven by effects on fasting glucose, we also performed analyses adjusted for fasting glucose. ", "No additional loci were identified as genome-wide significant after adjustment for fasting glucose, although the *GCK* association with 2hGlu was severely attenuated (β = 0.04 (SE = 0.016) mmol/L/allele, *P* = 0.005 *vs*. ", "β = 0.1 (0.016) mmol/L/allele, *P* = 5.3 × 10^−11^ in the model unadjusted for fasting glucose), suggesting that the association with 2hGlu is driven, at least in part, by a primary association with fasting glucose ([Supplementary Table 2d](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "The association of SNPs near *GCK* with both fasting glucose and 2hGlu suggests a generalized raising of the glucose set point, consistent with inactivating mutations of *GCK* that cause MODY^[@R41]^. As for fasting glucose, when 2hGlu models were adjusted for BMI, no systematic differences were observed, although again the *IGF2BP2* SNP rs7651090 reached genome-wide significance ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nEight of the 9 SNPs associated with 2hGlu at genome-wide levels of significance were also associated with T2D (*q \\<* 0.05) ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), although the 2hGlu-raising alleles at *PPP1R3B, GCKR* and *VPS13C-C2CD4A/B* were associated with lower risk of T2D ([Fig. ", "2d](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), consistent with their association with lower fasting glucose levels ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} and [Supplementary Table 2e](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nIn addition to SNPs that were genome-wide significant in individual SNP analyses, we identified three regions (containing six genes) showing association with 2hGlu in gene-based analyses. ", "These included the *HKDC1* gene, as well as an association signal at *CRHR1* (*P* = 2 × 10^−6^) ([Supplementary Table 3c](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), mostly driven by the lead SNP in this gene (rs17762954), which approached genome-wide significance (*P* = 7.4 × 10^−7^). *", "CRHR1*, together with *GIPR*, belongs to the family of class B GPCRs and is highly expressed in pancreatic β-cells, where stimulation of the receptor potentiates insulin secretion in response to glucose^[@R42]^.\n\nFine-mapping of established loci {#S6}\n--------------------------------\n\nAnalyses at higher SNP density around previously established loci did not generally yield stronger associations or more plausible functional variants ([Supplementary Table 4](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "For fasting glucose, markedly more significant SNPs or larger effect size than the previous lead SNP were observed for four of the 16 loci: *PROX1*, *GCK, ADRA2A* and *VPS13C-C2CD4A/B* ([Supplementary Table 4](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Regional plots for these loci are shown in [Supplementary Figure 6](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "While the new lead SNP near *ADRA2A* was not markedly more significant than the previous lead SNP, the effect size is almost double that of the previous lead SNP ([Supplementary Table 4](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "However, this and other new lead SNPs were without more plausible functionality. ", "The new lead SNP at *VPS13C-C2CD4A/B,* previously associated with proinsulin^[@R43]^, is far more significant and of larger effect size than the previous lead SNP (β = 0.0273 (SE = 0.0035) mmol/L/allele, *P* = 4.8 × 10^−15^ *vs.* β = 0.0057 (0.0036) mmol/L/allele, *P* = 0.111; *r*^2^ = 0.27). ", "For fasting insulin, another SNP downstream of *IGF1* was found to be more significant and with a larger effect size, although with no known functionality ([Supplementary Table 4](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "6](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "For 2hGlu, again, another SNP at *VPS13C-C2CD4A/B* was more significant than the previous lead SNP ([Supplementary Table 4](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "6](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) and was previously associated with diabetes in Chinese individuals^[@R44]^.\n\nPathway analysis {#S7}\n----------------\n\nNext, we explored whether glycemic loci were enriched for connectivity between genes representing particular pathways or processes. ", "To do this, we used GRAIL software^[@R45]^ and investigated both an excess of connectivity between the established loci (genome-wide significant) and then between established loci and those loci that did not reach genome-wide significance but that showed a lower level of association (*P* \\< 0.0005) (Online Methods). ", "We aimed to establish whether there were any biologically relevant genes among this longer list of suggestively-associated loci. ", "This more liberal threshold yielded 218, 155 and 100 regions for fasting glucose, fasting insulin and 2hGlu, respectively. ", "To further assess whether the established loci represented common biological pathways, we used MAGENTA to undertake gene-set enrichment analyses (Online Methods).", "\n\nWe found that genes near the 36 loci associated with fasting glucose had a high degree of connectivity (refer to Online Methods for definition of how genes were selected), with eight genes demonstrating highly significant similarity to genes in other loci at a *P*~grail~ \\< 0.01 level, connected by keywords such as \"glucose\", \"insulin\", \"pancreatic\" and \"diabetes\" ([Supplementary Table 5a](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "7](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), and more than expected by chance (*P~permutation~* = 0.003). ", "We observed less connectivity among the genome-wide significant fasting insulin and 2hGlu loci, with no genes reaching *P*~grail~ \\< 0.01 for fasting insulin ([Supplementary Table 5b](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) and only one out of nine genes for 2hGlu (*P~permutation~* = 0.07) ([Supplementary Table 5c](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nAmong the list of 218 suggestively-associated fasting glucose loci (*P* \\< 0.0005), we observed 13 genes to be connected to those in the genome-wide significant loci at *P*~grail~ \\< 0.01, more than expected by chance (*P~permutation~* = 0.003) ([Supplementary Table 6a](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "These included genes such as *GLP1R* (*P* = 3.3 × 10^−7^) (a glucagon receptor that mediates the GLP-1 incretin effect and stimulates insulin release), *IRS2* (*P* = 6.9 × 10^−5^; central to development and maintenance of β-cell mass and function^[@R46],[@R47]^) and *INS* (*P* = 2.5 × 10^−6^; the insulin gene encoding proinsulin). ", "The presence of these and other genes support our conjecture that many of the SNPs approaching genome-wide significance are likely to represent true associations. ", "Of the 155 suggestively-associated loci for fasting insulin (adjusted for BMI), we observed seven to be connected to the genome-wide significant loci at *P*~grail~ \\< 0.01; more than expected by chance (*P~permutation~* = 0.002), and these included *INSR* (*P~grail~* = 1.5 × 10^−4^; encoding insulin receptor precursor), *CD36* (*P~grail~* = 0.001; previously implicated in insulin resistance^[@R48]^), *GCG* (*P~grail~* = 0.008; glucagon gene) and *HNF1A* (*P~grail~* = 0.005; mutations in which are associated with MODY3)^[@R49]^ ([Supplementary Table 6b](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Of the 100 suggestively-associated loci for 2hGlu (*P* \\< 0.0005), we found three to reach P*~grail~* \\< 0.01 (*P~permutation~* = 0.014) and the gene highlighted as most biologically connected to the genome-wide significant loci was again *HNF1A* (*P~grail~* = 3.4 × 10^−4^) ([Supplementary Table 6c](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nUsing MAGENTA, we identified four pathways enriched for fasting glucose associations: GOTERM pathways lens development in camera-type eye (*P* = 0.004), PANTHER processes gut mesoderm development (*P* = 0.009), other steroid metabolism (*P* = 0.02) and KEGG MODY pathway (*P* = 0.03), although these were no longer significant after removing lead genes (*P* \\> 0.05), all of which were known fasting glucose loci: *PROX1* for eye and gut, and *G6PC2* and *GCK* for steroid and MODY pathways, respectively.", "\n\nDirectional consistency of associations between discovery and follow-up studies {#S8}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nGiven the wealth of biologically plausible genes in loci near genome-wide significance ([Supplementary Tables 6a-c](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) and the deviation of the observed distribution from the expected in QQ plots even after removing all established loci ([Supplementary Fig. ", "8a-d](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), we hypothesized that additional loci not reaching genome-wide significance were likely to represent true associations with small effects. ", "To establish the presence of further true associations that did not reach genome-wide significance, we compared SNP associations in discovery studies (those included in the original meta-analyses for 42,078 (fasting glucose), 34,230 (fasting insulin) and 15,252 (2hGlu) individuals^[@R1],[@R2]^) with those in the \"follow-up\" studies (consisting of 85,710 (fasting glucose), 69,240 (fasting insulin) and 27,602 (2hGlu) individuals). ", "We identified all SNPs which had a nominally significant association (*P* \\< 0.05) in the follow-up studies alone and, for these SNPs, performed a binomial test of whether more SNPs than expected by chance (50%) had a consistent direction of effect with that observed in the discovery analyses. ", "We were also able to compare among SNPs nominated for follow-up by different consortia ([Supplementary Fig. ", "9a-d](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nFor each trait, evaluation of the 66,000 Metabochip follow-up SNPs demonstrated a significant excess of SNPs showing directionally consistent associations (*P* \\< 0.05) compared to that expected by chance (fasting glucose: *P~binomial~* = 5.01 × 10^−12^; fasting insulin: *P~binomial~* = 7.58 × 10^−13^; fasting insulin (adjusted for BMI): *P~binomial~* = 9.76 × 10^−9^; 2hGlu: *P~binomial~* = 2.37 × 10^−6^; [Supplementary Table 7](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "9a-d](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "FDR analyses suggested that a number of these nominal associations in the follow-up studies are true positives for fasting glucose and fasting insulin in particular (fasting glucose: 23%; fasting insulin: 24%; [Supplementary Table 7](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Interestingly, when we evaluated consistency of association with fasting insulin (between discovery and follow-up) among SNPs submitted to the Metabochip by other consortia, SNPs submitted by GIANT (anthropometric traits) (*P~binomial~* = 1.52 × 10^−8^) and GLGC (lipid traits) (*P~binomial~* = 1.15 × 10^−6^) and for BMI and triglycerides in particular also demonstrated a marked excess of directional consistency ([Supplementary Table 7](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "9b](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "When we performed the same test for fasting insulin adjusted for BMI, the observed enrichment among SNPs submitted by GIANT and GLGC was attenuated ([Supplementary Table 7](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "9c](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), although SNPs nominated to follow up on triglyceride associations remained the most significant (*P* = 3.18 × 10^−7^, [Supplementary Table 7](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and [Supplementary Fig. ", "9c](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Of the 3,353 SNPs submitted for follow-up of triglyceride associations, 158 SNPs showed nominal significance (*P* \\< 0.05) in follow-up studies and consistent direction of association with fasting insulin (adjusted for BMI) in both discovery and follow-up ([Supplementary Table 7](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "In 139 (88%) of these SNPs, the insulin-raising alleles were associated with higher levels of triglycerides, consistent with the positive correlations between fasting insulin and triglyceride associations observed among the genome-wide significant fasting insulin loci ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nDISCUSSION {#S9}\n==========\n\nIn the current meta-analysis of \\~66,000 Metabochip follow-up SNPs in up to 133,010 individuals, we identified a large number of loci to be associated with glycemic traits, explaining 4.8%, 1.2% and 1.7% of the variance in fasting glucose, fasting insulin and 2hGlu, respectively. ", "Of the 53 glycemic loci, 33 are also associated with increased T2D risk (*q* \\< 0.05), extending the overlap between glycemic and T2D loci. ", "Given the current DIAGRAM effective sample size of 106,953 individuals, we can exclude an effect on T2D of 1.04 with 80% power for alleles more frequent than 5%, effectively confirming that the overlap is incomplete and that many loci associated with glycemic traits have no discernible effect on T2D ([Figs. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nPreviously, we had detected only two loci associated with fasting insulin and had hypothesized that this might be due to a different genetic architecture of this trait compared to fasting glucose, with potentially smaller effect sizes, lower frequency alleles or greater environmental influence on fasting insulin^[@R1]^. In the current meta-analysis including up to 108,557 individuals (compared to 62,264 individuals previously), we expanded the number of loci associated with this trait to 19. ", "Of note was the effect of BMI-adjustment on our ability to detect additional loci (five non-overlapping with unadjusted results)^[@R19]^. We also noted that some of the loci influencing fasting insulin uncovered after BMI-adjustment are likely to have been negatively confounded in previous efforts: at some loci, the insulin-raising allele was nominally associated with lower BMI (potentially via insulin resistance attenuating the anabolic effects of insulin). ", "Given the positive correlation between BMI and fasting insulin, it is likely that this association previously masked their effect on fasting insulin. ", "Fasting insulin loci showed directionally consistent association with lipid levels (HDL and triglycerides); that is, the insulin-raising allele was associated with lower HDL and higher triglyceride levels, a hallmark combination in insulin resistant individuals. ", "We also observed some overlap between fasting insulin loci and those associated with abdominal obesity ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Jointly, these data suggest links of these fasting insulin loci to insulin resistance-related phenotypes. ", "Indeed, some of the fasting insulin loci identified, such as *IRS1* and *PPARG*, are classically known to exert effects on insulin action or sensitivity^[@R50],[@R51]^.\n\nThere are now 36 established fasting glucose loci, many of which contain compelling biological candidate genes with plausible causality, including those encoding transcription factors with known roles in pancreas development (e.g. *PDX1*, *FOXA2*, *PROX1*, *GLIS3*) and genes involved in β-cell function and insulin secretion pathways (*SLC2A2*, *GCK*, *PCSK1*). ", "For 2hGlu, only nine loci have been established to date, which likely reflects the smaller sample size available and consequently reduced power.", "\n\nComparing the consistency of the direction of associations for glycemic traits between \"discovery\" and \"follow-up\" studies suggests that we are observing more directionally consistent associations than expected by chance among Metabochip follow-up SNPs ([Supplementary Fig. ", "9a-d](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "This, combined with the excess of biologically plausible genes among the borderline loci ([Supplementary Table 6a-c](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), suggests that beyond the genome-wide significant loci there is a more extensive list of loci still likely to contain true associations. ", "Indeed, some of these loci are implicated by gene-based analyses, which identify genes with compelling biological credentials. ", "For fasting insulin, these analyses revealed additional loci with previously suggested links to insulin resistance (*PPARD* and *PTEN*). ", "These results lend further support to the proposal that a long tail of common variants of small effect size are likely to account for a substantial proportion of the variance of complex traits^[@R7],[@R8]^.\n\nOf note is the number of glycemic loci associated with other metabolic traits (*q* \\< 0.05; 34 of 53) and also at genome-wide levels of significance (*P* \\< 5 × 10^−8^) (14 of 53) ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), potentially implicating pleiotropic effects. ", "Further support for this notion comes from the analysis of loci nominated for the Metabochip by other consortia and their associations with glycemic traits ([Supplementary Fig. ", "9a-d](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Indeed, some of the loci associated with glycemic traits at genome-wide significance levels were not originally nominated to the Metabochip for follow-up by MAGIC ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Metabochip data available across all contributing consortia will facilitate systematic exploration of these correlated phenotypes with more sophisticated statistical methods for joint analysis^[@R52]-[@R54]^, yielding greater insight into the underlying pathways and genetic networks they represent. ", "As data from human genetic networks accrue, we will be better placed to test whether there is support for the notion of \"hub\" genes; that is, genes highly connected with others in the network and proposed by experiments in *C. elegans* to act as buffers for genetic variation and that could act as modifier genes for many different disorders^[@R55]^.\n\nIn summary, we present a large number of genome-wide significant loci influencing glycemic traits, many with a compelling biological basis for their association, as well as a number of loci not previously implicated in glycemic regulation, and for which fine-mapping and functional follow-up will expand and improve our understanding. ", "Use of the Metabochip for deep follow-up has identified additional loci to be involved in glycemic regulation that, due to insufficient sample size and power, did not reach genome-wide significance. ", "Consideration of such loci in future studies will better exploit data from GWAS and complimentary approaches and further improve our biological understanding of glycemic control and the etiology of diabetes.", "\n\nONLINE METHODS {#S10}\n==============\n\nStudy design {#S11}\n------------\n\nThe Illumina CardioMetabochip (Metabochip) is a custom Illumina iSELECT array of 196,725 SNPs. ", "It has been designed to support efficient large-scale follow-up of putative associations for glycemic (including fasting glucose, fasting insulin and post-challenge glucose concentrations (2hGlu) and other metabolic and cardiovascular traits ([Supplementary Fig. ", "1](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"})^[@R9]^, and to enable the fine-mapping of established loci. ", "Overall, there were 65,435 SNPs genotyped on the Metabochip for follow-up of previous associations including a total of 23 cardio-metabolic traits. ", "Traits contributing SNPs to the Metabochip were prioritized into \"primary\" (including fasting glucose) and \"secondary\" (including fasting insulin and 2hGlu) contributing \\~5K and \\~1K SNPs, respectively, from the most significantly associated variants for each phenotype in the discovery meta-analyses from each contributing consortium. ", "This included 5,055 SNPs for follow-up of fasting glucose, 1,046 for fasting insulin and 1,038 for follow up of 2hGlu associations. ", "In the present analysis, we focused our analysis on this set of \"follow-up\" SNPs available on the Metabochip to establish variants among these SNP associated with glycemic traits. ", "While we also included newly available studies genotyped on genome-wide platforms, we limited our primary analyses to only these \\~66,000 SNPs.", "\n\nStudies {#S12}\n-------\n\nIn the present effort, collaborating studies within the Meta-Analysis of Glucose and Insulin related traits Consortium (MAGIC) provided results for the 66,000 \"follow-up\" SNPs genotyped on Metabochip on a maximum total of 133,010 (fasting glucose), 108,557 (fasting insulin) and 42,854 (2hGlu) individuals. ", "As well as those newly genotyped on the Metabochip platform, in our overall meta-analysis we were able to include further studies which had genotyped or imputed the same SNPs on other platforms. ", "The largest proportion of our entire sample was directly genotyped on the Metabochip and comprised 53,622 (fasting glucose), 42,384 (fasting insulin) and 27,602 (2hGlu) individuals from 26/21/12 studies, respectively. ", "We were also able to recruit 11,690 (fasting glucose) and 8,813 (fasting insulin) individuals from up to four additional GWA studies (Prevend, Ascot (FG-only), Prosper and TRAILS) ([Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) not included in the original meta-analysis^[@R1]^. From another MAGIC study of sex-specific associations with glycemic traits (I. Prokopenko on behalf of the MAGIC authors, personal communication), we were able to recruit another 15/13 independent studies comprising up to 25,618 and 23,130 individuals for fasting glucose and fasting insulin, respectively. ", "The above studies were combined in a single fixed-effects meta-analysis with those studies included in the original GWAS^[@R1],[@R2]^: 20 (fasting glucose), 19 (fasting insulin) and 9 (2hGlu) studies and 42,080 (fasting glucose), 34,230 (fasting insulin) and 15,252 (2hGlu) individuals, as described previously^[@R1],[@R2]^. The study and individual counts from the original GWAS excluded the family-based SardiNIA study where, initially, a large number of the individuals had imputed genotype data only. ", "The entire sample was directly genotyped on Metabochip, so those data were included in place of the original GWAS. ", "Some studies had genotyping data available from both Metabochip and genome-wide arrays but from entirely independent samples within the studies ([Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Full study characteristics of all Metabochip studies are shown in [Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}, while data from discovery genome-wide studies and those from the sex-specific analyses are reported elsewhere^[@R1],[@R2]^ (I. Prokopenko on behalf of the MAGIC authors, personal communication). ", "All participants of the main analysis were of European descent and mostly adults, although data from a total of 7,872 and 7,164 adolescents were also included in the fasting glucose and fasting insulin meta-analyses, respectively (NFBC86, Leipzig-childhood_IFB, TRAILS and ALSPAC studies). ", "All studies were approved by local research ethic committees and all participants gave informed consent. ", "Results from the CLHNS study of Filipino women (*n* = 1,682 and 1,635 for fasting glucose and fasting insulin, respectively) genotyped on Metabochip were also available and were included in supplementary analyses to compare effect directions with European-descent studies alone.", "\n\nPhenotypes {#S13}\n----------\n\nAnalyses were undertaken for fasting glucose and fasting insulin measured in mmol/l and pmol/l, respectively. ", "2hGlu was measured in mmol/l. Similar to the previous MAGIC discovery analysis^[@R1],[@R2]^, individuals were excluded from the analysis if they had a physician diagnosis of diabetes, were on diabetes treatment (oral or insulin), or had a fasting plasma glucose equal to or greater than 7 mmol/l. Individual studies applied further sample exclusions, including pregnancy, non-fasting individuals and type 1 diabetes, as detailed in [Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "Individuals from case-control studies ([Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) were excluded if they had hospitalization or blood transfusion in the 2-3 months before phenotyping took place. ", "2hGlu measures were done 120 min after a glucose challenge during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). ", "Measures of fasting glucose and 2Glu made in whole blood were corrected to plasma level using the correction factor of 1.13 (ref. [", "@R87]). ", "Fasting insulin was measured in serum. ", "Detailed descriptions of study-specific glycemic measurements are given in the [Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.", "\n\nTrait transformations and adjustment {#S14}\n------------------------------------\n\nAnalyses were performed for untransformed levels of fasting glucose, natural logarithm transformed fasting insulin and untransformed 2hGlu using a linear regression model. ", "All analyses were adjusted for age (if applicable), study site (if applicable) and geographical covariates (if applicable) to evaluate the association using an additive genetic model at each genetic SNP variant.", "\n\nBMI-adjusted analysis {#S15}\n---------------------\n\nIn the Fenland study ([Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), we investigated the correlation between BMI and natural logarithm transformed fasting insulin, fasting glucose and 2hGlu to establish the variation in each trait explained by BMI. ", "Meta-analyses for each trait were also adjusted for body mass index (BMI). ", "Metabochip and new GWA studies performed study-level analyses adjusted for BMI. ", "Most studies in the original GWAS (except deCode, GEMs, KORAF4, TwinsUK studies) as well as from the studies analyzed in a sex-specific manner were included in BMI-adjusted meta-analysis. ", "The original discovery 2hGlu meta-analysis adjusted for BMI^[@R2]^ was also included in these analyses. ", "We also performed an analysis for 2hGlu adjusted for fasting glucose to investigate if additional variants would be identified with an effect on 2hGlu independent of fasting glucose and also to establish whether identified 2hGlu associations were driven by fasting glucose.", "\n\nGenotyping and quality control {#S16}\n------------------------------\n\nThe Metabochip or other commercial genome-wide arrays were used by individual studies for genotyping. ", "Details are presented in [Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} or are reported elsewhere^[@R1],[@R2]^. The quality control criteria for both Metabochip and genome-wide arrays for filtering of poorly genotyped individuals or low quality SNPs prior to imputation included: (i) call rate \\< 0.95; (ii) sex-discrepancies; (iii) ethnic outliers; (iv) heterozygosity ([Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}); (v) SNP minor allele frequency \\< 0.01; (vi) SNP Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium *P* \\< 10^−4^; (vii) SNP effect estimate standard error (SE) ≥10; (viii) SNPs minor allele count (MAC) \\< 10 (calculated as total number of observed alleles at each SNP multiplied by MAF).", "\n\nStudies with genome-wide arrays undertook imputation using the HapMap CEU reference panel using MACH and IMPUTE software ([Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Parameters used in imputation and filters applied to imputed genotypes are described in [Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} or reported previously^[@R1],[@R2]^. From a total of \\~2.5M genome-wide directly genotyped or imputed autosomal SNPs, study-specific results for the \\~66,000 Metabochip follow-up SNPs were considered for the present meta-analyses. ", "SNPs with a meta-analysis result for more than a total 10,000 individuals were included in the analysis.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#S17}\n--------------------\n\nAnalyses of previous discovery studies are reported elsewhere^[@R1],[@R2]^, while those studies genotyped on the Metabochip are described in [Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "SNP effect estimates and their standard errors (for additive genetic model) were combined by inverse-variance weighted fixed effects meta-analysis using METAL^[@R88]^ and GWAMA^[@R89]^. Two parallel meta-analyses for each trait by different analysts were compared for consistency. ", "Individual cohort results were corrected for residual inflation of the test statistics using lambda of genomic control (GC) estimates. ", "The GC values were estimated for each study using either test statistics from all SNPs for the GWA studies, while for those studies genotyped on the Metabochip, GC lambda estimates were derived from test statistics for 5,041 SNPs selected for follow-up of QT-interval associations, as we perceived these to have the lowest likelihood of common architecture of associations with glycemic traits. ", "Individual study-level lambda GC estimates are shown in [Supplementary Table 1](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "Overall QQ plots for the QT follow-up SNPs are shown in [Supplementary Figure 10](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.", "\n\nTrait-associated signal selection strategy {#S18}\n------------------------------------------\n\nMeta-analysis results for each trait were considered as genome-wide significant if they achieved *P* ≤ 5 × 10^−8^ threshold and were not in LD (*r*^2^ \\< 0.05) or within 500 kb of an established signal. ", "The most significantly associated SNP (lowest *P*-value) in each region (500 kb) was selected as the lead SNP. ", "Associated loci are referred to by the name of the nearest gene, unless a more biologically plausible gene was nearby, or a nearby gene was previously associated with another trait. ", "In such cases, we maintain consistency with the previous naming, but list the nearest genes in [Supplementary Tables 2a-d](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "To establish the variance in each trait explained by these SNPs, in the Framingham Heart Study, we included all SNPs in a model adjusted for age, sex, BMI and cohort.", "\n\nFine-mapping of known glycemic trait loci {#S19}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nTo undertake preliminary fine-mapping analyses, we investigated the patterns of association at 17 known fasting glucose and fasting insulin loci^[@R1]^ and 5 known 2hGlu loci^[@R2]^ using meta-analysis results from 13,644, 1,309 and 1,249 SNPs genotyped on the Metabochip in 53,622, 42,384 and 27,602 individuals for fasting glucose, fasting insulin and 2hGlu, respectively. ", "Only studies genotyped directly on the Metabochip were used for fine-mapping purposes in order to have equal sample size and availability of all SNPs. ", "Regional plots for each locus were created using the previous lead SNP^[@R1]^ or a suitable proxy (*r*^2^ \\> 0.8) as the index SNP if that marker was not present on Metabochip. ", "The plots were generated on the LocusZoom web-based plotting software^[@R90]^ using LD information from the 1000 Genomes Project (hg19/Nov2010EUR data). ", "Prior to generating the plots, all SNP names and positions from the Metabochip-only meta-analysis files were aligned to build37 using the Lift Genome annotation tool on the UCSC website (<http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgLiftOver>) in order to be compatible with the 1000 Genomes SNP naming format (chr:position) and allow more thorough assessment of the pairwise LD patterns around the established SNPs.", "\n\nAssociations of glycemic trait variants with related traits {#S20}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nFor those SNPs which we identified to be genome-wide significant, we also investigated their association with other metabolic and disease traits. ", "We exchanged reciprocal data for such SNPs with the latest DIAGRAM Metabochip analyses^[@R24]^, and checked associations of these SNPs in publicly available data from previous studies of lipid traits from the GLGC^[@R27]^ (triglycerides, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol; <http://www.sph.umich.edu/csg/abecasis/public/lipids2010/>) as well as BMI and waist-hip ratio (WHR) from the GIANT consortium^[@R25],\\ [@R26]^ (<http://www.broadinstitute.org/collaboration/giant/index.php/Main_Page>). ", "From these data, we were able to establish the presence of any association and the direction of effect for these other traits aligned to our trait-raising alleles. ", "We highlighted associations with other traits at *P* \\< 0.05, and also performed FDR analyses. ", "We performed FDR analyses for each trait separately (removing duplicate loci that were associated with more than one glycemic trait) and identified those where *q* \\< 0.05.", "\n\neQTL analyses {#S21}\n-------------\n\nLiver gene expression data from the Advanced Study of Aortic Pathology (ASAP) study has been described previously^[@R91]^. In brief, liver biopsies were collected from patients at the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden undergoing aortic valve surgery alone or combined with surgery for aortic aneurysm, starting from February 13, 2007. ", "All subjects gave their informed consent and the study was approved by the ethics committee of Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. ", "After hybridization of extracted RNA to Affymetrix ST 1.0 Exon arrays, data was RMA normalized and log-transformed. ", "DNA was extracted from whole blood and genotyping was carried out using the Illumina 610w-Quad bead array platform. ", "Imputation was carried out on SNPs with a call rate exceeding 95%, using the MACH algorithm. ", "Imputation quality scores of RSQ \\< 0.3 were excluded from analysis. ", "An additive genetic model was used to test for association between SNPs and gene expression.", "\n\nVEGAS {#S22}\n-----\n\nTo identify genes with multiple associated SNPs, we performed gene-based analysis using VEGAS, described in detail previously^[@R10]^. Briefly, on all available samples and among the \\~66,000 follow-up SNPs, VEGAS pooled the information for all SNPs within each gene (± 50 kb) to identify genes with higher evidence of association than expected by chance, while adjusting for gene size and the linkage disequilibrium structure of the SNPs, by simulation (maximum number of simulations used was 10^6^). ", "We identified genomic regions (separated by \\>1 Mb) showing evidence of association and described the genes contained within those regions. ", "While we often identified multiple genes within an associated region, it is probable that some of these are significant via LD. ", "Bonferroni correction was used to adjust for multiple testing, based on the number of independent tests (number of genes tested) (\\~9,300) and *P*-values \\< 5.0 × 10^−6^ were considered significant. ", "While the number of genes represented was constrained by those SNPs submitted to the Metabochip, our analyses asked the question: of the genes represented on the Metabochip, all with a slightly raised prior likelihood of association, which genes show the most evidence for association with glycemic traits?", "\n\nGRAIL {#S23}\n-----\n\nWe used the GRAIL^[@R45]^ to evaluate whether genome-wide loci associated with glycemic traits were enriched for connectivity between genes representing particular pathways or molecular processes. ", "As described in detail previously^[@R45]^, to define the genes near each SNP, GRAIL finds the furthest neighboring SNPs in the 3′ and 5′ direction in LD (Hapmap CEU: *r*^2^ \\> 0.5) and proceeds outwards in each direction to the nearest recombination hotspot^[@R92]^. All genes that overlap that interval are considered implicated by the SNP. ", "If there are no genes in that region, the interval is extended by 250 kb in either direction. ", "The method performs a text-based analysis looking at abstracts in PubMed prior to December 2006 (to avoid confounding from GWAS results arising after that date). ", "We performed two analyses for each trait: first, we took all genome-wide signals for each trait as seed and query loci to investigate biological connectivity among those loci (fasting glucose = 35, fasting insulin = 16, 2hGlu = 9). ", "For fasting insulin, we did not include *FTO* as the association with fasting insulin was entirely mediated by BMI. ", "Secondly, we also investigated connectivity between these established signals (as seed regions) and those which did not reach genome-wide significance but were suggestively associated with each trait (*P* \\< 0.0005) (as query regions) as described previously^[@R93]^. For fasting insulin, we used BMI-adjusted results to define the query regions. ", "Query regions were defined by taking all SNPs more significant than *P* \\< 0.0005, removing those associated at genome-wide levels of significance and pruning SNPs of *r*^2^ \\> 0.05 in each region using PLINK^[@R94]^. As GRAIL tests connectivity of regions, we also removed any duplicates where a region was represented by more than one SNP. ", "For those SNPs not found by the software, we submitted the region as a 500 kb window centered at the location of the SNP. ", "This approach identified 218, 155 and 100 query regions (representing 715, 639 and 298 genes) for fasting glucose, fasting insulin (adjusted for BMI),= and 2hGlu, respectively. ", "The number of loci reaching *P*~grail~ \\< 0.01 was identified from these analyses, and to establish the level of enrichment, we randomly sampled 1,000 random sets of matched numbers of SNPs and calculated the proportion with as many or more reaching *P*~grail~ \\< 0.01 to derive a permutation based *P*-value (*P~permutation~*).", "\n\nPathway analyses {#S24}\n----------------\n\nPathway analysis was carried out for fasting glucose, fasting insulin and 2hGlu (uniform/FG-BMI adjusted) using data from previous discovery GWAS studies only^[@R1]^ to avoid bias towards pathways represented on the Metabochip (build36, *n* \\> 10,000 and MAF ≥ 1% cutoff used). ", "The software used for this analysis was MAGENTA 2.4 (July 2011, <http://www.broadinstitute.org/mpg/magenta/>). ", "SNPs from the meta-analysis file were assigned to a gene if they mapped within 110 kb upstream and 40 kb downstream of transcript boundaries. ", "The smallest *P*-value for the set of SNPs assigned to the gene was adjusted for confounders, such as gene length, marker density and LD in a linear regression, creating a gene association score. ", "If a top SNP was assigned to multiple genes, only the gene with the lowest score was kept to avoid positional clustering. ", "The HLA region was removed due to high LD and gene density. ", "Pathway terms from multiple databases (GO, PANTHER, Ingenuity, KEGG) was attached to each gene. ", "The genes were ranked on their association score, and a GSEA test was performed testing all pathway terms using a 5% and 75% cutoff. ", "Initially, 10,000 gene set permutations were performed for GSEA *P*-value estimation. ", "This number was then increased with GSEA *P* \\< 1 × 10^−4^, and up to 1,000,000 permutations were performed. ", "Results were sorted on FDR (5% cutoff), and FDR \\< 0.05 was considered to be significant.", "\n\nAnalyses of directional consistency of associations between discovery and follow-up studies {#S25}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe investigated whether the Metabochip follow-up SNPs were likely to contain further true associations in addition to those SNPs which reached genome-wide significance. ", "To do so, we meta-analyzed those studies involved in the original discovery analyses^[@R1],[@R2]^ comprising 42,078 individuals for fasting glucose, 34,230 for fasting insulin and 15,252 for 2hGlu, and also then separately meta-analyzed all studies newly available to follow up, comprising 85,710 individuals for fasting glucose, 69,240 for fasting insulin and 27,602 for 2hGlu. ", "For each trait (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, FI-BMIadj and 2hGlu), we then identified all SNPs which had a nominally significant association (*P* \\< 0.05) in the follow-up studies alone and, for these SNPs, performed a two-sided binomial test of whether more SNPs than expected by chance (50%) had a consistent direction of effect with that observed in the discovery analyses. ", "Before performing these analyses, SNPs were filtered by LD (*r*^2^ \\< 0.01) to identify independent variants, and all SNPs (and those in LD, *r*^2^ ≥ 0.01) associated with glycemic traits (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, 2hGlu, HbA1c and proinsulin) at genome-wide levels of significance (including those SNPs identified in the present study) were excluded. ", "These analyses were initially performed for all 66,000 SNPs, but we were then also able to compare across SNPs submitted to the Metabochip by different consortia and for SNPs submitted to follow up on particular traits amongst these consortia. ", "The results of each of these tests were plotted overall, within SNPs from each consortia, and within SNPs submitted for follow-up of each trait in [Supplementary Figure 9](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}*.* ", "The numbers of SNPs meeting these criteria are shown are [Supplementary Table 7](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "We supplemented these results with FDR analyses and noted the *q*-value at *P* = 0.05 in the follow-up studies to identify the likelihood of true positives among these nominally significant SNPs ([Supplementary Table 7](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nSupplementary Material {#SM}\n======================\n\n**AGES:** The AGES-Reykjavik study was supported by a contract from the National Institutes of Health (N01-AG-1-2100), National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association) and the Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament).", "\n\n**ALSPAC:** We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which include interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. ", "The UK Medical Research Council (Grant ref: 74882) the Wellcome Trust (Grant ref: 076467, 092731) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC.", "\n\n**AMC-PAS:** AMC-PAS is grateful to M.D. Trip and S. Sivapalaratnam for their input in collecting the data.", "\n\n**Amish:** The Amish studies are supported by grants and contracts from the NIH, including R01 AG18728, R01 HL088119, U01 GM074518, U01 HL072515-06, U01 HL84756, R01 DK54261, the University of Maryland General Clinical Research Center, grant M01 RR 16500, the Mid-Atlantic Nutrition Obesity Research Center grant P30 DK72488, the Baltimore Diabetes Research and Training Center grant P60DK79637 and by the T32 training grant AG000219 (Dr. Montasser). ", "In addition, this project was supported by National Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. ", "2007-35205-17883 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. ", "We gratefully thank our Amish community and research volunteers for their long-standing partnership in research, and acknowledge the dedication of our Amish liaisons, field workers and the Amish Research Clinic staff, without which these studies would not have been possible.", "\n\n**ARIC:** The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study is carried out as a collaborative study supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute contracts N01-HC-55015, N01-HC-55016, N01-HC-55018, N01-HC-55019, N01-HC-55020, N01-HC-55021, and N01-HC-55022, R01HL087641, R01HL59367 and R01HL086694; National Human Genome Research Institute contract U01HG004402; and National Institutes of Health contract HHSN268200625226C. We thank the staff and participants of the ARIC study for their important contributions. ", "Infrastructure was partly supported by grant number UL1RR025005, a component of the National Institutes of Health and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. ", "We are grateful for resources provided by the University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute.", "\n\n**ASAP:** The ASAP study was funded by a donation from Fredrik Lundberg.", "\n\n**ASCOT:** This work was supported by Pfizer (New York, NY, USA) for the ASCOT study and the collection of the ASCOT DNA repository; by Servier Research Group (Paris, France); and by Leo Laboratories (Copenhagen, Denmark). ", "We thank all ASCOT trial participants, physicians, nurses and practices in the participating countries for their important contribution to the study. ", "In particular, we thank Clare Muckian and David Toomey for their help in DNA extraction, storage and handling. ", "The genotyping was funded by a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (no. ", "083948).", "\n\n**BLSA:** The BLSA was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute on Aging. ", "A portion of that support was through an R&D contract with MedStar Research Institute.", "\n\n**Busselton Health Study (BSN):** The Busselton Health Study (BHS) acknowledges the generous support for the 1994/5 follow-up study from Healthway, Western Australia and the numerous Busselton community volunteers who assisted with data collection and the study participants from the Shire of Busselton. ", "The BHS is supported by The Great Wine Estates of the Margaret River region of Western Australia.", "\n\n**CHS:** This CHS research was supported by NHLBI contracts N01-HC-85239, N01-HC-85079 through N01-HC-85086; N01-HC-35129, N01 HC-15103, N01 HC-55222, N01-HC-75150, N01-HC-45133 and NHLBI grants HL080295, HL075366, HL087652, HL105756 with additional contribution from NINDS. ", "Additional support was provided through AG-023629, AG-15928, AG-20098 and AG-027058 from the NIA (see also <http://www.chs-nhlbi.org/pi.htm>). ", "DNA handling and genotyping was supported in part by National Center for Research Resources grant M01-RR00425 to the Cedars-Sinai General Clinical Research Center Genotyping core and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant DK063491 to the Southern California Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center. ", "Bruce Psaty serves on a DSMB for a clinical trial of a device funded by the manufacturer (Zoll-Lifecor).", "\n\n**CLHNS:** We thank the Office of Population Studies Foundation research and data collection teams and the study participants who generously provided their time for this study. ", "This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants DK078150, TW05596, HL085144, RR20649, ES10126 and DK56350.", "\n\n**CoLaus:** The CoLaus study was supported by research grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no: 33CSCO-122661) from GlaxoSmithKline and the Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne, Switzerland. ", "The authors also express their gratitude to the participants in the Lausanne CoLaus study and to the investigators who have contributed to the recruitment, in particular Yolande Barreau, Anne-Lise Bastian, Binasa Ramic, Martine Moranville, Martine Baumer, Marcy Sagette, Jeanne Ecoffey and Sylvie Mermoud, for data collection. ", "Peter Vollenweider and Gérard Waeber received an unrestricted grant from GlaxoSmithKline to build the CoLaus study\n\n**CROATIA-Korcula:** The work is supported by European Union framework program 6 EUROSPAN project (contract no. ", "LSHG-CT-2006-018947); grant \\~216-1080315-0302 (to IR) from the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport. ", "Studies carried out in the Croatian island of Korcula were supported by Medical Research Council UK. ", "The authors collectively thank a large number of individuals for their help in organizing, planning and carrying out the field work related to the project: Stipan Jankovic and staff at the University of Split Medical School; Branka Salzer from the biochemistry lab \"Salzer\", Croatia; local general practitioners and nurses; and the employees of several other Croatian institutions who participated in the field work, including but not limited to the University of Rijeka, Croatia; Croatian Institute of Public Health; Institutes of Public Health in Split and Dubrovnik, Croatia. ", "SNP Genotyping of the Korcula samples was carried out by Helmholtz Zentrum München, GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany.", "\n\n**CROATIA-Split:** The work is supported by grant \\~216-1080315-0302 (to I.R.) from the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport. ", "Studies carried out in the Croatian City of Split were supported by Medical Research Council UK. ", "The authors collectively thank a large number of individuals for their help in organizing, planning and carrying out the field work related to the project: Stipan Jankovic and staff at the University of Split Medical School; Branka Salzer from the biochemistry lab \"Salzer\", Croatia; local general practitioners and nurses; and the employees of several other Croatian institutions who participated in the field work. ", "including but not limited to the University of Rijeka, Croatia; Croatian Institute of Public Health; Institutes of Public Health in Split and Dubrovnik, Croatia. ", "SNP Genotyping of the Split samples was carried out by AROS Applied Biotechnology AS, Aarhus N, Denmark.", "\n\n**CROATIA-Vis:** The work is supported by European Union framework program 6 EUROSPAN project (contract no. ", "LSHG-CT-2006-018947); grant \\~216-1080315-0302 (to IR) from the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport. ", "Studies carried out in the Croatian island of Vis were supported by Medical Research Council UK. ", "The authors collectively thank a large number of individuals for their help in organizing, planning and carrying out the field work related to the project: Pavao Rudan and staff of the Institute for Anthropological Research in Zagreb, Croatia; Stipan Jankovic and staff at the University of Split Medical School; Ariana Vorko-Jovic and staff and medical students of the Andrija Stampar School of Public Health of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; Branka Salzer from the biochemistry lab \"Salzer\", Croatia; local general practitioners and nurses; and the employees of several other Croatian institutions who participated in the field work. ", "including but not limited to the University of Rijeka, Croatia; Croatian Institute of Public Health; Institutes of Public Health in Split and Dubrovnik, Croatia. ", "SNP Genotyping of the Vis samples was carried out by the Genetics Core Laboratory at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, WGH, Edinburgh, Scotland.", "\n\n**DESIR:** We thank all the participants of the D.E.S.I.R study, Elodie Eury and Stéphane Lobbens for technical support for the genotyping, Olivier Lantieri and Michel Marre from the D.E.S.I.R study. ", "The genotyping was supported by the \"Conseil Régional Nord-Pas-de-Calais Fonds européen de développement économique et regional\" CPER axe Cartdiodiabéte 2010-2011 grant to N.B.-N.\n\n**deCODE:** We thank the individuals who participated in the study and whose contribution made this work possible. ", "The research performed at deCODE genetics was part funded through the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), ENGAGE project, grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413.", "\n\n**DIAGEN:** The presented study was supported by the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate C - Public Health and Risk Assessment, Health & Consumer Protection, Grant Agreement number - 2004310 and by the Dresden University of Technology Funding Grant, Med Drive. ", "We are grateful to all of the patients who cooperated in this study and to their referring physicians and diabetologists in Saxony.", "\n\n**DPS:** The DPS has been financially supported by grants from the Academy of Finland (117844 and 40758, 211497, and 118590), the EVO funding of the Kuopio University Hospital from Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (5254), Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (40058/07), Nordic Centre of Excellence on Systems biology in controlled dietary interventions and cohort studies, SYSDIET (070014), the Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation, Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation (56358), Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Juho Vainio Foundation and TEKES grants 70103/06 and 40058/07.", "\n\n**DR's EXTRA:** The DR's EXTRA Study was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland (627;2004-2011), Academy of Finland (102318; 123885), Kuopio University Hospital, Finnish Diabetes Association, Finnish Heart Association, Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation, European Commission FP6 Integrated Project (EXGENESIS), LSHM-CT-2004-005272, City of Kuopio and Social Insurance Institution of Finland (4/26/2010).", "\n\n**EAS** (Metabochip)**:** EAS was supported by the British Heart Foundation. ", "Genotyping was supported by a grant from the Chief Scientist Office, Scotland and performed at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility in Edinburgh.", "\n\n**EGCUT:** EGCUT received financing by FP7 grants (201413, 245536), grant from Estonian Government SF0180142s08, from theEU through the European Regional Development Fund, in the frame of Centre of Excellence in Genomics and University of Tartu grant SP1GVARENG.", "\n\n**Ely:** The Ely Study was funded by the MRC and Diabetes UK. ", "We are grateful to all the volunteers, and to the staff of St. Mary's Street Surgery, Ely and the study team. ", "Genotyping in the Ely and Fenland studies was supported in part by an MRC-GSK pilot programme grant (ID 85374).", "\n\n**ERF:** This study is financially supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), the European Union framework program 6 EUROSPAN project (contract no. ", "LSHG-CT-2006-018947), the International Stichting Alzheimer Onderzoek (ISAO), the Hersenstichning Nederland (HSN), and the Centre for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB 1&2) in the framework of the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI). ", "We thank the participants from the Genetic Research in Isolated Populations, Erasmus Rucphen Family and their GPs, who made this work possible.", "\n\n**FamHS:** The Family Heart Study (FamHS) was supported by NIH grants RO1-HL-087700 and RO1-HL-088215 (Michael A. Province, PI) from HNLBI, and RO1-DK-8925601 and RO1-DK-075681 (Ingrid B. Borecki, PI) from NIDDK.", "\n\n**Fenland:** The Fenland Study is funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council. ", "We are grateful to all the volunteers for their time and help, and to the General Practitioners and practice staff for help with recruitment. ", "We thank the Fenland Study Investigators, Fenland Study Co-ordination team and the Epidemiology Field, Data and Laboratory teams. ", "Biochemical assays were performed by the National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Core Biochemistry Assay Laboratory, and the Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Clinical Biochemistry.", "\n\n**FIN-D2D 2007:** The FIN-D2D study has been financially supported by the hospital districts of Pirkanmaa, South Ostrobothnia, and Central Finland, the Finnish National Public Health Institute (current National Institute for Health and Welfare), the Finnish Diabetes Association, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health in Finland, the Academy of Finland (grant number 129293),Commission of the European Communities, Directorate C-Public Health (grant agreement no. ", "2004310) and Finland's Slottery Machine Association.", "\n\n**FINRISK/DILGOM:** DILGOM study received support from Etelä-Pohjanmaa Hospital District, Pohjois-Pohjanmaa Hospital District, Keski-Suomi Hospital District, Pirkanmaa Hospital District and Pohjois-Savo Hospital District. ", "The DILGOM survey was funded by the Academy of Finland (grant number 118065). ", "V.S. was supported by the Academy of Finland (grant numbers 139635 and 129494),\n\n**Framingham Heart Study:** This research was conducted in part using data and resources from the Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health and Boston University School of Medicine. ", "The analyses reflect intellectual input and resource development from the Framingham Heart Study investigators participating in the SNP Health Association Resource (SHARe) project. ", "This work was partially supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (Contract No. ", "N01 HC 25195) and its contract with Affymetrix, Inc for genotyping services (Contract No. ", "N02 HL 6 4278). ", "A portion of this research utilized the Linux Cluster for Genetic Analysis (LinGA II) funded by the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center. ", "The study is also supported by National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) R01 DK078616 to Drs. ", "Meigs, Dupuis and Florez, and NIDDK K24 DK080140 to Dr. Meigs.", "\n\n**FUSION:** Support for FUSION was provided by NIH grants R01-DK062370 (to M.B.), R01-DK072193 (to K.L.M.) and intramural project number 1Z01-HG000024 (to F.S.C.). ", "Genome-wide genotyping was conducted by the Johns Hopkins University Genetic Resources Core Facility SNP Center at the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), with support from CIDR NIH contract no. ", "N01-HG-65403.", "\n\n**GEMS:** The GEMS study was sponsored in part by GlaxoSmithKline. ", "We thank the investigators Scott Grundy, Phil Barter, Ruth McPherson, Robert Mahley, Tom Bersot and Antero Kesaniemi for the collection of the samples.", "\n\n**GENOA:** Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) study is supported by the National Institutes of Health, grant numbers HL087660 and HL100245 from National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute. ", "We thank Eric Boerwinkle (Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Division of Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA) and Julie Cunningham (Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA) for their help with genotyping.", "\n\n**GenomEUtwin:** We acknowledge support from the European Commission under 'Quality of Life and Management of the Living Resources' of the Fifth Framework Program (GenomEUtwin QLG2-CT-2002-01254). ", "The study is also supported by \"ENGAGE -- European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology, FP7-HEALTH-F4-2007, grant agreement number 201413\".", "\n\n**GLACIER:** The GLACIER Study is nested within the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study and phenotyping was conducted as part of the Västerbotten Intervention Project. ", "We thank the participants and the investigators from these studies for their valuable contributions, with specific thanks to Lars Weinehall, Åsa Agren, Kerstin Enquist and Thore Johansson. ", "The GLACIER Study and part of P.W.F.'s salary were funded by grants from the Swedish Research Council, Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, Novo Nordisk, Umeå Medical Research Foundation and the Swedish Diabetes Association (to P.W.F.). ", "Genotyping for this specific project was funded by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. ", "Inês Barroso acknowledges funding from the Wellcome Trust grant 098051, United Kingdom NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and the MRC Centre for Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases. ", "We thank Emma Gray, Douglas Simpkin, Sarah Hunt and staff of the WTSI Sample Logistics, Genotyping and Variation Informatics Facilities.", "\n\n**GoDARTS:** The study was funded by the Wellcome Trust, Tenovus Tayside and the Medical Research Council UK.", "\n\n**Health ABC:** This study was supported by NIA contracts N01AG62101, N01AG62103 and N01AG62106, and in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute on Aging. ", "The GWAS was funded by NIA grant 1R01AG032098-01A1 to Wake Forest University Health Sciences and genotyping services were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). ", "CIDR is fully funded through a federal contract from the National Institutes of Health to The Johns Hopkins University, contract number HHSN268200782096C.\n\n**Health2000:** The Health 2000 Study is funded by the National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), the Finnish Centre for Pensions (ETK), The Social Insurance Institution of Finland (KELA), The Local Government Pensions Institution (KEVA) and other organizations listed on the website of the survey (<http://www.terveys2000.fi>). ", "GWAS genotyping was supported by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.", "\n\n**InChianti:** The InCHIANTI study baseline (1998-2000) was supported as a \"targeted project\" (ICS110.1/RF97.71) by the Italian Ministry of Health and in part by the U.S. National Institute on Aging (Contracts: 263 MD 9164 and 263 MD 821336).", "\n\n**KORA F4:** The MONICA/KORA Augsburg studies were financed by the Helmholtz Zentrum München-Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany and supported by grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) the Federal Ministry of Health (Berlin, Germany), the Ministry of Innovation, Science, Research and Technology of the state North Rhine-Westphalia (Düsseldorf, Germany), the German National Genome Research Network (NGFN) and the Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health) as part of LMUinnovativ. ", "We thank all members of field staffs who were involved in the planning and conduct of the MONICA/KORA Augsburg studies.", "\n\n**LEIPZIG_ADULT_IFB:** This work was supported by grants from Integrated Research and Treatment Centre (IFB) Adiposity Diseases (K7-36 to M.S. and A.K.) and from the Clinical Research Group \"Atherobesity\" KFO 152 (projects BL 833/1-1 to M.B., and Stu192/6-1 to MS). ", "We thank all those who participated in the studies.", "\n\n**LEIPZIG_CHILHOOD_IFB:** This work was supported by grants from Integrated Research and Treatment Centre (IFB) Adiposity Diseases (K7-36 to A.K. and M.S.) and from the Clinical Research Group \"Atherobesity\" KFO 152 (projects KO3512/1-2 to A.K.). ", "We are grateful to all the patients and families for contributing to the study. ", "We highly appreciate the support of the Obesity Team and Auxo Team of the Leipzig University Children's Hospital for management of the patients and to the Pediatric Research Center Lab Team for support with DNA banking.", "\n\n**LURIC:** LURIC received funding through the 6th Framework Program (integrated project Bloodomics, grant LSHM-CT-2004-503485) and 7th of Framework Program (integrated project AtheroRemo, Grant Agreement number 201668) of the European Union. ", "The authors extend appreciation to the participants of the LURIC study without their collaboration this article would not have been written. ", "We thank the LURIC study team either temporarily or permanently involved in patient recruitment, sample and data handling, and the laboratory staff at the Ludwigshafen General Hospital and the Universities of Freiburg and Ulm, Germany.", "\n\n**METSIM:** The METSIM study was funded by the Academy of Finland (grants no. ", "77299 and 124243).", "\n\n**MICROS:** For the MICROS study, we thank the primary care practitioners Raffaela Stocker, Stefan Waldner, Toni Pizzecco, Josef Plangger, Ugo Marcadent and the personnel of the Hospital of Silandro (Department of Laboratory Medicine) for their participation and collaboration in the research project. ", "In South Tyrol, the study was supported by the Ministry of Health and Department of Educational Assistance, University and Research of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano, and the South Tyrolean Sparkasse Foundation.", "\n\n**NFBC66:** NFBC1986(1966) received financial support from the Academy of Finland (project grants 104781, 120315, 129269, 1114194, Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics and SALVE), University Hospital Oulu, Biocenter, University of Oulu, Finland (75617), the European Commission (EURO-BLCS, Framework 5 award QLG1-CT-2000-01643), NHLBI grant 5R01HL087679-02 through the STAMPEED program (1RL1MH083268-01), NIH/NIMH (5R01MH63706:02), ENGAGE project and grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413, the Medical Research Council, UK (G0500539, G0600705, PrevMetSyn/SALVE) and the Wellcome Trust (project grant GR069224), UK. ", "The DNA extractions, sample quality controls, biobank up-keeping and aliquotting was performed in the National Public Health Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Finland and supported financially by the Academy of Finland and Biocentrum Helsinki. ", "We thank Paula Rantakallio (launch of NFBC1966 and 1986) and Outi Tornwall and Minttu Jussila (DNA biobanking). ", "The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of the late Academian of Science Leena Peltonen.", "\n\n**NFBC86:** The research of Vasiliki Lagou is funded in part through the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), ENGAGE project, grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413. ", "The research of Inga Prokopenko is funded in part through the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), ENGAGE project, grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413.", "\n\n**NTRNESDA:** Funding was obtained from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO: MagW/ZonMW, 904-61-090, 985-10-002, 904-61-193, 480-04-004, 400-05-717, Addiction-31160008, Middelgroot-911-09-032); Spinozapremie (SPI 56-464-14192); CMSB: Center for Medical Systems Biology (NWO Genomics); NBIC/BioAssist/RK/2008.024); BBMRI--NL: Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (184.021.007); the VU University: Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+ ) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA); the European Science Foundation (ESF): Genomewide analyses of European twin and population cohorts (EU/QLRT-2001-01254); European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013): ENGAGE (HEALTH-F4-2007-201413); the European Science Council (ERC) Genetics of Mental Illness (230374); Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository cooperative agreement (NIMH U24 MH068457-06); Collaborative study of the genetics of DZ twinning (NIH R01D0042157-01A); the Genetic Association Information Network, a public--private partnership between the NIH and Pfizer Inc., Affymetrix Inc. and Abbott Laboratories.", "\n\n**ORCADES:** ORCADES was supported by the Scottish Executive Health Department and the Royal Society and the European Union framework program 6 EUROSPAN project (contract no. ", "LSHG-CT-2006-018947). ", "DNA extractions were performed at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility in Edinburgh. ", "We would like to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of Lorraine Anderson, the research nurses in Orkney, and the administrative team in Edinburgh.", "\n\n**PIVUS:** Genotyping was performed by the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala ([www.genotyping.se](http://www.genotyping.se)). ", "We thank Tomas Axelsson, Ann-Christine Wiman and Caisa Pöntinen for their excellent assistance with genotyping. ", "The SNP Technology Platform is supported by Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital and the Swedish Research Council for Infrastructures. ", "E.I. is supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Science.", "\n\n**PREVEND:** PREVEND genetics is supported by the Dutch Kidney Foundation (Grant E033), the National Institutes of Health (grant LM010098), The Netherlands organisation for health research and development (NWO VENI grant 916.761.70) and the Dutch Inter University Cardiology Institute Netherlands (ICIN).", "\n\n**PROCARDIS:** The PROCARDIS study was supported by the European Community Sixth Framework Program (LSHM-CT-2007-037273), AstraZeneca, the British Heart Foundation, the Oxford BHF Centre of Research Excellence, the Wellcome Trust (075491/Z/04), the Swedish Research Council, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, the Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg Foundation, the Strategic Cardiovascular Program of Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, the Foundation for Strategic Research and the Stockholm County Council (560283).", "\n\n**PROSPER:** The PROSPER/PHASE study has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° HEALTH-F2-2009-223004. ", "PROSPER/PHASE is supported by grants from the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) and the Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research both Institutes of the Netherlands Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), the Center for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB), a center of excellence approved by the Netherlands Genomics Initiative/Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and the Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing (NCHA). ", "The research leading to the PROSPER study was sponsored by Bristol Myers Squibb (New York, USA).", "\n\n**Rotterdam Study:** The generation and management of GWAS genotype data for the Rotterdam Study are supported by the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research NWO Investments (nr. ", "175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012). ", "This study is funded by the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2), the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) project nr. ", "050-060-810. ", "We thank Pascal Arp, Mila Jhamai, Marijn Verkerk, Lizbeth Herrera and Marjolein Peters for their help in creating the GWAS database, and Karol Estrada and Maksim V. Struchalin for their support in creation and analysis of imputed data. ", "The Rotterdam Study is funded by Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE), the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam. ", "The authors are grateful to the study participants, the staff from the Rotterdam Study and the participating general practitioners and pharmacists.", "\n\n**SardiNIA:** The authors thank all the volunteers and the major of the four towns involved. ", "This work was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging (NIA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and by contract NO1-AG-1-2109, from the NIA, to the SardiNIA (\"ProgeNIA\") team.", "\n\n**SCARFSHEEP:** European Commission (LSHM-CT-2007-037273), the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, the Swedish Research Council (2669, 8691), the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Foundation for Strategic Research, the Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg Foundation, the Strategic Cardiovascular Programme of Karolinska Institutet and the Stockholm County Council and the Stockholm County Council (560183).", "\n\n**SORBS:** This work was supported by grants from Integrated Research and Treatment Centre (IFB) Adiposity Diseases (K7-36 to M.S. and A.K.), from the Clinical Research Group \"Atherobesity\" KFO 152 (projects BL 833/1-1 to MB, and Stu192/6-1 to M.S.). ", "We thank all those who participated in the studies. ", "Reedik Mägi acknowledges financial support from the European Commission under a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship. ", "Peter Kovacs acknowledges financial support from the Boehringer Ingelheim Foundation.", "\n\n**SUVIMAX :** This work was supported by the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, the Université Paris 13, the Centre National de Génotypage and the Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique\n\n**Swedish Twin Registry:** This work was supported by grants from the US National Institutes of Health (AG028555, AG08724, AG04563, AG10175, AG08861), the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, the Royal Swedish Academy of Science and ENGAGE (within the European Union Seventh Framework Programme, HEALTH-F4-2007-201413). ", "Genotyping was performed by the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala (<http://www.genotyping.se>). ", "We thank Tomas Axelsson, Ann-Christine Wiman and Caisa Pöntinen for their excellent assistance with genotyping. ", "The SNP Technology Platform is supported by Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital and the Swedish Research Council for Infrastructures.", "\n\n**THISEAS:** Recruitment for THISEAS was partially funded by a research grant (PENED 2003) from the Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology. ", "We thank all the dieticians and clinicians for their contribution to the project.", "\n\n**TRAILS:** TRAILS (TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey) is a collaborative project involving various departments of the University Medical Center and University of Groningen, the Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, the University of Utrecht, the Radboud Medical Center Nijmegen, and the Parnassia Bavo group, all in The Netherlands. ", "TRAILS has been financially supported by grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research NWO (Medical Research Council program grant GB-MW 940-38-011; ZonMW Brainpower grant 100-001-004; ZonMw Risk Behavior and Dependence grants 60-60600-98-018 and 60-60600-97-118; ZonMw Culture and Health grant 261-98-710; Social Sciences Council medium-sized investment grants GB-MaGW 480-01-006 and GB-MaGW 480-07-001; Social Sciences Council project grants GB-MaGW 457-03-018, GB-MaGW 452-04-314, and GB-MaGW 452-06-004; NWO large-sized investment grant 175.010.2003.005; NWO Longitudinal Survey and Panel Funding 481-08-013); the Sophia Foundation for Medical Research (projects 301 and 393), the Dutch Ministry of Justice (WODC), the European Science Foundation (EuroSTRESS project FP-006) and the participating universities. ", "We are grateful to all adolescents, their parents and teachers who participated in this research and to everyone who worked on this project and made it possible. ", "Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (<http://www.geneticcluster.org>), which is financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO 480-05-003) along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation.", "\n\n**TwinsUK:** The study was funded by the Wellcome Trust; European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/grant agreement HEALTH-F2-2008-201865-GEFOS and (FP7/2007-2013), ENGAGE project grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413 and the FP-5 GenomEUtwin Project (QLG2-CT-2002-01254). ", "The study also receives support from the Department of Health via the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award to Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London. ", "T.D.S. is an NIHR senior Investigator. ", "The project also received support from a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) project grant (G20234). ", "The authors acknowledge the funding and support of the National Eye Institute via an NIH/CIDR genotyping project (PI: Terri Young).", "\n\n**ULSAM:** Genotyping was performed by the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala ([www.genotyping.se](http://www.genotyping.se)). ", "We thank Tomas Axelsson, Ann-Christine Wiman and Caisa Pöntinen for their excellent assistance with genotyping. ", "The SNP Technology Platform is supported by Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital and the Swedish Research Council for Infrastructures. ", "E.I. is supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Science.", "\n\n**Whitehall II:** The WHII study has been supported by grants from the Medical Research Council; Economic and Social Research Council; BHF; Health and Safety Executive; Department of Health; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (HL36310), US, NIH: National Institute on Aging (AG13196), US, NIH; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); and the John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socioeconomic Status and Health. ", "Genotyping in WHII was supported by BHF grant PG/07/133/24260 and by a MRC-GSK pilot programme grant (ID 85374).", "\n\nSoumya Raychaudhuri is supported by the National Institutes of Health (K08AR055688, S.R.).", "\n\n**COMPETING FINANCIAL INTERESTS** Ines Barroso and spouse own stock in GlaxoSmithkline and Incyte Ltd.\n\n**EdSumm (same for AOP and issue):** Jose Florez, Claudia Langenberg, Erik Ingelsson, Inga Prokopenko, Inês Barroso and colleagues perform large-scale association analyses using the Metabochip to gain further insights into the genetic architecture of glucose regulation. ", "They identify 38 new loci influencing one or more glycemic traits and show that many of these loci also modify risk of type 2 diabetes.", "\n\nFasting glucose {#S27}\n===============\n\n***IKBKAP*** (inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in β-cells, kinase complex-associated protein) encodes a scaffold protein that binds IKKs and NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), assembling them into different active complexes. ", "Splicing mutations in this gene lead to familial dysautonomia^[@R56]^. Also mapping to this region are ***C9orf4**, **C9orf5*** and ***C9orf6*****,** ***MIR32*** (microRNA 32, unknown function), as well as ***ACTL7A*** (actin-like 7A) and ***ACTL7B*** (actin-like 7B).", "\n\n***WARS*** (tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase) catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNA(Trp) with tryptophan. ", "The intronic SNP rs3783347 is associated with *WARS* expression in liver: the glucose-raising allele associated with lower mRNA expression (age- and sex-adjusted *P* = 4.19 × 10^−5^) and is in perfect LD (*r*^2^ = 1, D' = 1) with a 3′UTR SNP in *SLC25A47* (rs3736952) and in modest LD (*r*^2^ = 0.3, D' = 1) with non-synonymous Arg135Leu (qualified as tolerated by SIFT and probably damaging by Polyphen). ", "Nearby ***YY1*** (YY1 transcription factor) codes for a zinc-finger transcription factor involved in regulating a broad set of promoters. ", "It has been suggested that YY1-regulated transcription is linked to glucose metabolism via O-GlcNAcylation^[@R57]^.\n\n***KL*** (klotho) encodes a type-I membrane protein related to β-glucosidases. ", "rs576674 lies \\~36 kb upstream of *KL*. ", "Variation in *KL* has been associated with insulin regulation, insulin resistance phenotypes and cardiovascular disease in some studies^[@R14],[@R15],[@R58],[@R59]^ but *KL* variants were not associated with diabetes risk^[@R60]^. The various SNPs in these studies are all in weak LD with rs576674 (*r^2^* \\< 0.125). ", "Variation in *KL* is also associated with bone metabolism and may play a role in associations of energy metabolism with bone metabolism^[@R61],[@R62]^.\n\n***TOP1*** (topoisomerase (DNA) I). ", "rs6072275 is intronic in *TOP1* and lies in a large region of high LD in Europeans, which includes the plausible biological candidate ***LPIN3*** (lipin 3). ", "In mice, a related homolog *Lpin1* is associated with fatty liver dystrophy^[@R63]^, a phenotype similar to human lipodystrophy (loss of body fat, fatty liver, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance). *", "Lpin1* mRNA is expressed at high levels in adipose tissue and induced during differentiation of preadipocytes, suggesting that lipin is required for normal adipose tissue development, while *LPIN2* has been suggested to be associated with T2D and glucose metabolism^[@R64]^. rs6072275 lies in the middle of a large CNV that extends from within the 3′ end of *TOP1* to the 5′ end of ***PLCG1*** (phospholipase C, gamma 1).", "\n\n***P2RX2*** (purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 2). ", "rs10747083 lies in a small CNV about 150 kb upstream of five protein-coding genes, including ***P2RX2***, encoding one of a family of purinoceptors for ATP; ***GALNT9*** (UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 9 (GalNAc-T9), encoding a member of the UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) family of enzymes and expressed specifically in the brain; ***FBRSL1*** (fibrosin-like 1); ***PXMP2*** (peroxisomal membrane protein 2, 22 kDa); ***PGAM5*** (phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5), and within 184 kb downstream, ***POLE*** (polymerase (DNA directed), epsilon) and ***LOC100130238*** (hypothetical LOC100130238) a miscRNA.", "\n\n***LOC728489***. ", "rs3829109 is in low LD with a well-established locus for inflammatory bowel disease. ", "Two recent publications reported *CARD9* SNP rs10781499 (*r*^2^ = 0.29) to be associated with ulcerative colitis^[@R65]^, and *CARD9*-*SNAPC4* SNP rs4077515 (*r*^2^ = 0.27) to be associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis^[@R66],[@R67]^.Several genes are located in the region, but few with high plausibility for a role in glycemia.", "\n\n***AMT*** encodes the mitochondrial aminomethyltransferase which is a critical component of the glycine cleavage system. ", "Depending upon the *AMT* transcript, rs11715915 is located in 3′UTR or within coding regions, where it causes a synonymous substitution. ", "This SNP is also located downstream of ***TCTA*** (T-cell leukemia translocation altered), which has no known metabolic function, and upstream of ***RHOA*** (ras homolog family member A). ", "RHOA is a signaling molecule involved actin cytoskeleton stability and reorganization^[@R68]^ that binds and activates Rho kinase (ROCK), a regulator of insulin transcription^[@R69]^ and action^[@R70]^ that is differentially regulated in T2D^[@R71]^ and hypothesized to play a role in glucose homeostasis^[@R70]^.\n\n***GLS2*** encodes liver-expressed glutaminase 2, which is required for hydrolysis of glutamine. ", "rs2657879 causes a benign (Polyphen) amino acid change (Leu581Pro) in the GLS2 protein. ", "The GLS2 protein is highly expressed (human protein atlas) by both liver and pancreas, and it has been shown in liver tumors that alterations in the balance of GLS2:GLS1 (the kidney-specific homolog) activity are important for regulating glutamate metabolism^[@R72]^. The other gene in this region ***SPRYD4*** (SPRY domain containing 4) has no known function in metabolism.", "\n\n***RREB1*** (ras responsive element binding protein 1) encodes a zinc finger transcription factor, with rs17762454 lying in an intron in the gene. ", "The protein product of *RREB1* binds to RAS-responsive elements (RREs) of gene promoters, including the calcitonin gene promoter. ", "The role of *RREB1* in energy metabolism is not known. ", "An uncorrelated SNP at this locus (rs675209) was associated with serum urate levels (*P* = 1.0 × 10^−9^) in a GWAS of serum urate, gout and cardiovascular disease risk factors^[@R73]^. Another gene at this locus, ***SSR1*** (signal sequence receptor, alpha), encodes a glycosylated endoplasmic reticulum membrane receptor associated with protein translocation across the ER membrane. ", "Reactome pathway analysis places this gene in a module with key roles in the synthesis and function of insulin, insulin-like growth factors and ghrelin, making this gene a plausible biological candidate at this locus (REACTOME: REACT_15380). ", "A third gene at this locus, ***CAGE1***, encodes cancer antigen 1. *", "CAGE1* has no known role in metabolism.", "\n\nFasting Insulin {#S28}\n===============\n\n***TET2*** encodes the tet oncogene family member 2, isoform b, which catalyzes the conversion of methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. ", "The enzyme is involved in myelopoiesis, and defects in this gene have been associated with several myeloproliferative disorders (NCBI RefSeq). ", "Perhaps more relevant to glycemic regulation is ***PPA2***, which encodes the inorganic pyrophosphatase 2 isoform 1 precursor. ", "Its protein product is localized to mitochondria; it has high homology to members of the inorganic pyrophosphatase family, including the signature sequence essential for its catalytic activity (NCBI RefSeq). ", "Pyrophosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate.", "\n\n***HIP1*** encodes the huntingtin interacting protein 1, a membrane-associated protein that colocalizes with huntingtin. ", "It is ubiquitously expressed with the highest level in brain. ", "Loss of normal huntingtin-HIP1 interaction in Huntington's disease may contribute to a defect in membrane-cytoskeletal integrity in the brain. ", "Of interest to insulin action, HIP1 is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and trafficking. ", "Mice transgenic for the mutated form of huntingtin develop diabetes^[@R74],[@R75]^; however, though Hip1/Hip1r double-knockout mice have severe vertebral defects, suffer from dwarfism and die in early adulthood, they do not show any fasting glucose abnormalities^[@R76]^. The lead SNP (rs1167800) is only 104 bp away from a missense SNP (rs1167801), encoding a Gln to His amino acid change; however, LD between them is low (*r*^2^ = 0.196).", "\n\n***FAM13A*** (family with sequence similarity 13, member A) encodes a protein with unknown function. ", "Previous GWAS for the study of lung function measures^[@R77]^ and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease^[@R78]^ described variants in *FAM13A* that affect these traits. ***", "SPP1**,* encoding osteopontin, a secreted matrix glycoprotein and pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in cell-mediated immunity, is within 1 Mb. ", "Mice exposed to high fat diet show increased circulating osteopontin and over-expression of Spp1 in the macrophages recruited into adipose tissue improved insulin sensitivity^[@R79]^, while SPP1 was highly expressed in obese twins relative to their non-obese siblings^[@R80]^. Recent work linked osteopontin to β-cell function through the GIP pathway^[@R81]^. In carriers of the *GIPR* variant associated with impaired glucose and GIP-stimulated insulin secretion, osteopontin levels were lower compared to non carriers. ", "In addition, both GIP and osteopontin prevented cytokine-induced apoptosis and osteopontin-stimulated cell proliferation of functional β-cell mass.", "\n\n***PEPD*** (peptidase D) encodes a member of the peptidase family. ", "The protein forms a homodimer that hydrolyzes dipeptides or tripeptides with C-terminal proline or hydroxyproline residues. ", "The enzyme serves an important role in the recycling of proline, and may be rate limiting for collagen production. ***", "CEBPA*** (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) alpha) is \\~100 kb downstream of the lead SNP and encodes a transcription factor expressed in adipose tissue that regulates a number of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism genes. ", "A SNP in low LD with our lead SNP was previously associated with triglyceride levels^[@R82]^. Cells from *Cebpa* (-/-) mice show a complete absence of insulin-stimulated glucose transport, secondary to reduced gene expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and IRS1 (ref. [", "@R83]). ", "CEBPA also modulates expression of leptin by binding to the promoter of the gene^[@R84]^, and our lead SNP showed modest association with BMI in previous GIANT meta-analyses (*P* = 0.005).", "\n\n***YSK4*** (Sps1/Ste20-related kinase homolog) contains rs1530559 in an intron. ", "This gene has no known function in human energy metabolism. ", "Three other genes at this locus also have no known role in energy metabolism, including ***RAB3GAP1*** (RAB3 GTPase activating protein subunit 1 (catalytic), encoding the catalytic subunit of a Rab GTPase activating protein and mutated in Warburg micro syndrome; ***CCNT2*** (cyclin T2), belonging to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance through the cell cycle; and ***ACMSD*** (aminocarboxymuconate semialdehyde decarboxylase), involved in the *de novo* synthesis pathway of NAD from tryptophan. *", "ACMSD* has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders.", "\n\n2h Glucose {#S29}\n==========\n\n***ERAP2*** (endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2) encodes an aminopeptidase that hydrolyzes N-terminal amino acids of proteins or peptide substrates. ", "The lead SNP is strongly associated with *ERAP2* expression in liver (*P* = 1.1 × 10^−55^) and in lymphoblastoid cell lines in individuals from the CEU (*P* = 8 × 10^−21^) and YRI samples (*P* = 2 × 10^−15^). ", "Also near to this lead SNP is ***LNPEP*** (leucyl/cystinyl aminopeptidase), which is widely expressed and well characterised in muscle and fat cells. ", "In response to insulin, LNPEP translocates to the cell surface and co-localizes with GLUT4 (ref. [", "@R85]). ", "Although the role it plays in insulin action is unknown, this translocation is impaired in individuals with T2D^[@R85]^. ***PCSK1*** is also within 500 kb of the lead SNP, although on the other side of a recombination hotspot ([Supplementary Fig. ", "4d](#SD1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n###### \n\nPer-allele beta-coefficients for glucose and insulin concentrations vs. odds ratios for T2D. (**a**) Fasting glucose vs. T2D. (**b**) Fasting insulin vs. T2D. (**c**) Fasting insulin adjusted for BMI vs. T2D. (**d**) 2-h glucose vs. T2D.\n\n![](", "ukmss-49338-f0002)\n\n![](", "ukmss-49338-f0003)\n\n![](", "ukmss-49338-f0004)\n\n![](", "ukmss-49338-f0005)\n\n###### \n\nSNPs associated with fasting glucose, fasting insulin and 2 hour-glucose at genome-wide significance level in Europeans\n\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Primary\\ FI\\ 2hGlu \n trait (BMI-\\ \n adjusted) \n ----------------------- ---------------- ----------- -------------- ------------- ------ --------- ---------------- --------------- --------- ---------- -------------- --------------- ---------- -------------- --------------- --------\n **rs10811661** 9 22124094 *CDKN2B* T/C 0.82 0.0238\\ 5.6 × 10^−18^ 128,488 0.00\\ −0.0065\\ 0.019 98,880 0.0567\\ 8.8 × 10^−5^ 42,801\n (0.003) (1.00) (0.003) (0.014) \n\n rs4869272 5 95565204 *PCSK1*\\* T/C 0.69 0.0177\\ 1.0 × 10^−15^ 131,872 0.00\\ 0.0016\\ 0.469 103,493 −0.0322\\ 0.006 42,848\n (0.002) (1.00) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n rs11619319 13 27385599 *PDX1* G/A 0.23 0.0195\\ 1.3 × 10^−15^ 132,996 0.00\\ 0.0001\\ 0.977 103,492 0.0185\\ 0.156 42,848\n (0.002) (1.00) (0.002) (0.013) \n\n **FG** rs983309 8 9215142 *PPP1R3B*\\* T/G 0.12 0.0256\\ 6.3 × 10^−15^ 127,470 0.14\\ 0.0223\\ 1.2 × 10^−12^ 99,024 −0.0548\\ 0.001 42,846\n (0.003) (0.32) (0.003) (0.016) \n\n rs6943153 7 50759073 *GRB10* T/C 0.34 0.0154\\ 1.6 × 10^−12^ 131,795 0.00\\ 0.0091\\ 2.3 × 10^−5^ 103,447 0.0110\\ 0.333 42,794 \n (0.002) (1.00) (0.002) (0.011) \n\n rs11603334 11 72110633 *ARAP1* G/A 0.83 0.0192\\ 1.1 × 10^−11^ 128,139 0.00\\ −0.0046\\ 0.086 99,026 0.0294\\ 0.037 42,839\n (0.003) (1.00) (0.003) (0.014) \n\n rs6113722 20 22505099 *FOXA2* G/A 0.96 0.0353\\ 2.5 × 10^−11^ 123,665 0.04\\ −0.0095\\ 0.064 103,471 0.0493\\ 0.101 41,416\n (0.005) (0.78) (0.005) (0.030) \n\n rs16913693 9 110720180 *IKBKAP* T/G 0.97 0.0434\\ 3.5 × 10^−11^ 125,115 0.00\\ −0.0018\\ 0.785 96,357 0.0639\\ 0.062 40,522\n (0.007) (1.00) (0.007) (0.034) \n\n **rs3829109** 9 138376587 *LOC728489* G/A 0.71 0.0172\\ 1.1 × 10^−10^ 115,310 0.25\\ −0.0002\\ 0.948 94,964 0.0343\\ 0.013 36,803\n (0.003) (0.07) (0.003) (0.014) \n\n rs3783347 14 99909014 *WARS* G/T 0.79 0.0168\\ 1.3 × 10^−10^ 132,544 0.02\\ 0.0017\\ 0.515 103,339 0.0274\\ 0.044 42,850\n (0.003) (0.89) (0.003) (0.014) \n\n rs2302593 19 50888474 *GIPR* C/G 0.50 0.0144\\ 9.3 × 10^−10^ 116,141 0.27\\ 0.0025\\ 0.265 96,976 −0.0322\\ 0.006 40,781\n (0.002) (0.05 (0.002) (0.012) \n\n rs9368222 6 20794975 *CDKAL1* A/C 0.28 0.0143\\ 1.0 × 10^−9^ 128,453 0.09\\ −0.0047\\ 0.037 98,894 0.0279\\ 0.023 42,825\n (0.002) (0.50) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n **rs10747083** 12 131551691 *P2RX2* A/G 0.66 0.0133\\ 7.6 × 10^−9^ 127,111 0.00\\ −0.0006\\ 0.785 99,895 0.0269\\ 0.026 42,790\n (0.002) (1.00) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n **rs6072275** 20 39177319 *TOP1* A/G 0.16 0.0159\\ 1.7 × 10^−8^ 128,616 0.00\\ 0.0038\\ 0.169 99,018 −0.0110\\ 0.435 42,853\n (0.003) (1.00) (0.003) (0.014) \n\n rs7651090 3 186996086 *IGF2BP2* G/A 0.31 0.0128\\ 1.75 × 10^−8^ 128,548 0.02\\ 0.0003\\ 0.900 98,924 0.0583\\ 1.05 × 10^−6^ 42,814\n (0.002) (0.86) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n **rs576674** 13 32452302 *KL* G/A 0.15 0.0167\\ 2.3 × 10^−8^ 131,856 0.00\\ −0.0001\\ 0.983 103,472 0.0308\\ 0.060 42,849\n (0.003) (1.00) (0.003) (0.016) \n\n **rs11715915** 3 49430334 *AMT* C/T 0.68 0.0120\\ 4.9 × 10^−8^ 131,523 0.30\\ 0.0059\\ 0.006 103,398 0.0273\\ 0.018 42,851\n (0.002) (0.02) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n \n\n **FG (BMI-adjusted)** rs17762454 6 7158199 *RREB1* T/C 0.26 0.0140\\ 9.6 × 10^−9^ 123,247 0.00\\ −0.0002\\ 0.919 103,470 0.0007\\ 0.953 42,848\n (0.002) (1.00) (0.002) (0.013) \n\n rs7708285 5 76461623 *ZBED3* G/A 0.27 0.0150\\ 1.2 × 10^−8^ 117,931 0.00\\ 0.0027\\ 0.265 98,341 0.0349\\ 0.008 42,803 \n (0.003) (1.00) (0.002) (0.013) \n\n rs2657879 12 55151605 *GLS2* G/A 0.18 0.0157\\ 3.9 × 10^−8^ 121,596 0.39\\ −0.0024\\ 0.366 102,175 0.0200\\ 0.164 42,670 \n (0.003) (0.03) (0.003) (0.014) \n\n \n\n **Primary**\\ **FG** **2hGlu** \n **trait** \n\n rs1421085 16 52358455 *FTO* C/T 0.42 0.0200\\ 1.9 × 10^−15^ 104,062 0.00\\ 0.0074\\ 0.001 128,597 0.0122\\ 0.278 42,849\n (0.003) (1.00) (0.002) (0.011) \n\n **FI** rs983309 8 9215142 *PPP1R3B*\\* T/G 0.12 0.0287\\ 3.8 × 10^−14^ 103,030 0.04\\ 0.0256\\ 6.3 × 10^−15^ 127,470 −0.0548\\ 0.001 42,846\n (0.004) (0.77) (0.003) (0.016) \n\n rs9884482 4 106301085 *TET2* C/T 0.39 0.0165\\ 1.4 × 10^−11^ 108,420 0.00\\ 0.0001\\ 0.946 132,869 0.0004\\ 0.973 42,745 \n (0.002) (1.00) (0.002) (0.011) \n\n rs7903146 10 114748339 *TCF7L2* C/T 0.72 0.0181\\ 6.1 × 10^−11^ 103,037 0.31\\ −0.0220\\ 2.7 × 10^−20^ 127,477 −0.0885\\ 5.6 × 10^−12^ 42,851\n (0.003) (0.02) (0.002) (0.013) \n\n rs10195252 2 165221337 *GRB14*\\* T/C 0.59 0.0159\\ 4.9 × 10^−10^ 99,126 0.00\\ 0.0053\\ 0.014 127,005 0.0361\\ 0.001 42,846\n (0.003) (1.00) (0.002) (0.011) \n\n rs1167800 7 75014132 *HIP1* A/G 0.54 0.0156\\ 2.6 × 10^−9^ 91,416 0.00\\ 0.0016\\ 0.470 118,536 −0.0133\\ 0.272 38,884\n (0.003) (1.00) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n rs2820436 1 217707303 *LYPLAL1* C/A 0.67 0.0153\\ 4.4 × 10^−9^ 104,044 0.01\\ 0.0077\\ 0.001 128,580 −0.0041\\ 0.723 42,843\n (0.003) (0.97) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n **rs2745353** 6 127494628 *RSPO3* T/C 0.51 0.0143\\ 5.5 × 10^−9^ 104,075 0.06\\ −0.0009\\ 0.677 128,615 −0.0005\\ 0.962 42,853\n (0.002) (0.67) (0.002) (0.011) \n\n **rs731839** 19 38590905 *PEPD* G/A 0.34 0.0145\\ 1.7 × 10^−8^ 104,636 0.13\\ 0.0046\\ 0.038 132,528 0.0142\\ 0.220 42,846\n (0.003) (0.38) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n rs4865796 5 53308421 *ARL15* A/G 0.67 0.0146\\ 2.1 × 10^−8^ 100,001 0.03\\ 0.0043\\ 0.052 127,784 0.0337\\ 0.004 42,852\n (0.003) (0.81) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n rs2972143 2 226824609 *IRS1* G/A 0.62 0.0142\\ 3.2 × 10^−8^ 99,566 0.00\\ 0.0035\\ 0.107 127,473 0.0195\\ 0.082 42,853\n (0.003) (1.00) (0.002) (0.011) \n\n rs1530559 2 135472099 *YSK4* A/G 0.52 0.0145\\ 3.4 × 10^−8^ 107,281 0.19\\ 0.0037\\ 0.100 129,880 0.0200\\ 0.077 42,849\n (0.003) (0.18) (0.002) (0.011) \n\n \n\n rs2943645 2 226807424 *IRS1* T/C 0.63 0.0193\\ 2.3 × 10^−19^ 99,023 0.00\\ 0.0034\\ 0.112 127475 0.0210\\ 0.061 42,846\n (0.002) (1.00) (0.002) (0.011) \n\n rs10195252 2 165221337 *GRB14*\\* T/C 0.60 0.0174\\ 1.3 × 10^−16^ 98,997 0.00\\ 0.0053\\ 0.014 127005 0.0361\\ 0.001 42,846\n (0.002) (1.00) (0.002) (0.011) \n\n rs2126259 8 9222556 *PPP1R3B* T/C 0.11 0.0238\\ 3.3 × 10^−13^ 99,021 0.14\\ 0.0213\\ 5.4 × 10^−10^ 127480 −0.0877\\ 1.8 × 10^−7^ 42,849\n (0.003) (0.51) (0.003) (0.017) \n\n **FI (BMI-adjusted)** rs4865796 5 53308421 *ARL15* A/G 0.67 0.0154\\ 2.2 × 10^−12^ 98,314 0.48\\ 0.0043\\ 0.052 127784 0.0337\\ 0.004 42,852\n (0.002) (0.01) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n rs17036328 3 12365484 *PPARG* T/C 0.86 0.0212\\ 3.6 × 10^−12^ 98,984 0.21\\ 0.0051\\ 0.103 128567 0.0335\\ 0.031 42,843 \n (0.003) (0.31) (0.003) (0.016) \n\n **rs731839** 19 38590905 *PEPD* G/A 0.34 0.0148\\ 5.1 × 10^−12^ 103,252 0.13\\ 0.0046\\ 0.038 132528 0.0142\\ 0.220 42,847 \n (0.002) (0.55) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n rs974801 4 106290513 *TET2* G/A 0.38 0.0139\\ 3.3 × 10^−11^ 103,489 0.09\\ 0.0012\\ 0.582 131866 0.0052\\ 0.643 42,849 \n (0.002) (0.67) (0.002) (0.011) \n\n rs459193 5 55842508 *ANKRD55/M*\\ G/A 0.73 0.0147\\ 1.12 × 10^−10^ 103,378 0.27\\ 0.0111\\ 1.6 × 10^−6^ 132989 0.0276\\ 0.023 42,849 \n *AP3K1* (0.002) (0.17) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n rs6822892 4 157954125 *PDGFC* A/G 0.68 0.0138\\ 2.6 × 10^−10^ 103,432 0.00\\ 0.0010\\ 0.636 132951 0.0256\\ 0.031 42,836\n (0.002) (1.00) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n rs4846565 1 217788727 *LYPLAL1* G/A 0.67 0.0132\\ 1.8 × 10^−9^ 99,014 0.00\\ 0.0066\\ 0.003 127468 0.0132\\ 0.254 42,853\n (0.002) (1.00) (0.002) (0.012) \n\n rs3822072 4 89960292 *FAM13A1* A/G 0.48 0.0116\\ 1.8 × 10^−8^ 99,977 0.00\\ 0.0025\\ 0.236 129432 0.0161\\ 0.143 42,850\n (0.002) (1.00) (0.002) (0.011) \n\n rs6912327 6 34872900 *UHRF1BP1* T/C 0.80 0.0165\\ 2.3 × 10^−8^ 80,010 0.04\\ 0.0074\\ 0.011 103826 0.0139 0.391 34,761\n (0.003) (0.91) (0.003) \n\n **Primary**\\ **FG** **FI**\\ \n **trait** **(BMI-**\\ \n **adjuste**\\ \n **d)** \n\n \n\n **2hGlu** rs6975024 7 44198411 *GCK* C/T 0.15 0.1026\\ 5.2 × 10^−11^ 42,842 0.00\\ 0.0605\\ 2.9 × 10^−99^ 103,517 0.0063\\ 0.030 98,458\n (0.016) (1.00) (0.003) (0.003) \n\n rs11782386 8 9239197 *PPP1R3B*\\* C/T 0.87 0.0985\\ 2.2 × 10^−9^ 42,852 0.00\\ −0.0167\\ 5.5 × 10^−7^ 100,595 −0.0164\\ 6.9 × 10^−7^ 95,565 \n (0.017) (1.00) (0.003) (0.003) \n\n rs1019503 5 96280573 *ERAP2* A/G 0.48 0.0628\\ 8.9 × 10^−9^ 42,851 19.6\\ −0.0061\\ 0.003 108,113 0.0004\\ 0.851 103,448 \n (0.011) (0.42) (0.002) (0.002) \n\n \n\n **2hGlu**\\ rs7651090 3 186996086 *IGF2BP2* G/A 0.30 0.064\\ 4.5 × 10^−8^ 42,792 63.4\\ 0.0128\\ 1.8 × 10^−8^ 104,019 0.0003\\ 0.900 98,924\n **(BMI-**\\ (0.012) (0.01) (0.002) (0.002) \n **adjusted)** \n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nGenome-wide loci for fasting glucose (FG), fasting insulin (FI), FI (adjusted for BMI) and 2hGlu are shown along with results for the other traits aligned to the trait-raising allele for the primary trait. \"", "Non-MAGIC\" SNPs (identified in other consortia and selected for the Metabochip to follow-up on other non-MAGIC traits) are indicated in bold. ", "Freq denotes the allele frequency of the primary trait-raising allele. ", "Per allele effect (SE) for FI represents changes of natural-log transformed levels of FI. *", "N* represents sample size. ", "Heterogeneity was assessed using the I^2^ index^[@R86]^. The gene shown is the nearest gene to the lead SNP, other than those loci marked with an asterisk. ", "For these loci, the nearest gene is also listed in [Supplementary Tables 2a-d](#SD2){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.", "\n\n[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.", "\n\n[^2]: **AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Writing group:** R.A.S, V.La, R.P.W, E.Wh, M.M, R.J.S, N.Bo, M.I.M, P.W.F, J.B.M, T.M.T, J.C.F, C.L, E.In, I.P and I.Ba wrote the manuscript. ", "All authors reviewed the manuscript.", "\n\n **Project design, management and coordination:** (AGES) V.Gu., ", "T.B.H.; (ALSPAC) G.D.S.; (AMC-PAS) G.K.H.; (Amish) A.R.S.; (ASAP) L.Fo.; (", "ASCOT) M.Ca., ", "P.B.M.; (BLSA) L.Fe.; (", "BSN) J.P.B.; (CHS) B.M.P.; (CLHNS) L.S.A., K.L.M.; (CoLaus) P.Vo.; (", "CROATIA-Vis) N.D.H., I.Ru.; (", "deCODE) K.St.; (", "DESIR) B.Ba., ", "P.Fr.; (", "DIAGEN) S.R.B., P.E.H.S.; (DPS) M.Uu.; (", "DR's EXTRA) T.A.L., R.Ra.; (", "EAS) J.F.P.; (EGCUT) A.Me.; (", "Ely/Fenland) N.J.W., N.G.F, C.La., ", "R.J.F.L., ; (ERF) B.A.O.; (FIN-D2D 2007) S.M.K., T.E.S.; (FINRISK/DILGOM) S.Ri., ", "V.Sa.; (", "FamHS) M.A.P., I.B.B.; (Framingham Heart Study) J.B.M.; (FUSION) R.N.B., M.Boe., ", "F.S.C., K.L.M., J. Tu., ", "R.M.W.; (GEMs) D.M.W.; (GENOA) P.A.P.; (GenomEUtwin) D.I.B., J.Ka., ", "K.O.K., P.K.E.M., N.L.P.; (GLACIER) I.Ba., ", "P.W.F., T.V.V.; (GRAIL) S.Ra.; (", "Health ABC) T.B.H.; (InChianti) L.Fe.; (", "KORA F3) A.Pe.; (", "KORA F4) T.Il.; (", "LEIPZIG_ADULT_IFB) A.To.; (", "LEIPZIG_CHILDHOOD_IFB) A.Kö., ", "W.Ki., ; (", "LURIC) W.Ma., ", "B.O.B; (METSIM) J.Ku., ", "M.La.; (", "MICROS) P.P.P.; (NFBC66) M.Ja., ", "M.I.M.; (NFBC86) M.Ja., ", "M.I.M., A.Po.; (", "NTRNESDA) D.I.B., E.J.C.D., B.W.P.; (ORCADES-Discovery) H.Ca.; (", "ORCADES-Metabochip) J.F.W., A.F.W.; (PIVUS) E.In., ", "L.Li.; (", "PREVEND) P.Va.; (", "PROCARDIS) M.Fa., ", "H.Wa.; (", "PROSPER) N.Sa.; (", "Rotterdam) A.Ho., ", "C.M.V.; (SardiNIA) F.Cu.; (", "SCARFSHEEP) U.De., ", "A.Ha.; (", "SORBS) I.Pr., ", "M.St., ", "A.To.; (", "SUVIMAX) P.Me.; (", "Swedish Twin Reg.) ", "E.In.; (", "THISEAS) G.V.D.; (THISEAS-PROMIS-AMCPAS) P.De.; (", "TRAILS) A.J.O.; (TwinsUK) T.D.S.; (GoDARTS) A.Mo.; (", "ULSAM) E.In.; (", "Whitehall II) A.Hi., ", "M.Ki.", "\n\n **Sample collection and phenotyping:** (AGES) V.Gu., ", "T.B.H.; (AMC-PAS) H.V.B.; (Amish) A.R.S.; (ARIC) J.S.P.; (BSN) J.P.B., J.Hu., ", "A.L.J.; (CHS) B.M.P.; (CLHNS) L.S.A.; (CoLaus) P.Vo.; (", "CROATIA-Korcula) O.Po.; (", "DESIR) B.Ba.; (", "DPS) J.Li.; (", "EAS) G.R.F., J.F.P.; (EGCUT) A.Me.; (", "Ely/Fenland) N.J.W, N.G.F.; (ERF) B.A.O.; (FINRISK/DILGOM) H.Ok., ", "V.Sa.; (", "Framingham Heart Study) J.C.F., J.B.M.; (GEMs) D.M.W.; (GenomEUtwin) D.I.B., J.Ka., ", "K.O.K., P.K.E.M., N.L.P.; (GLACIER) G.Ha.; (", "Health ABC) I.Mi.; (", "Health 2000) J.An., ", "M.Pe.; (", "InChianti) S.Ba.; (", "KORA F3) W.Ra.; (", "KORA F4) C.He.; (", "LEIPZIG_ADULT_IFB) P.Ko., ", "A.To.; (", "LEIPZIG_CHILDHOOD_IFB) W.Ki., ", "A.Kö.; (", "METSIM) J.Ku., ", "M.La.; (", "MICROS) P.P.P.; (NTRNESDA) J.H.S., G.Wi.; (", "ORCADES-Discovery) S.H.W.; (ORCADES-Metabochip) J.F.W.; (PIVUS) E.In., ", "L.Li.; (", "PREVEND) S.J.L.B.; (PROSPER) J.W.J.; (Rotterdam) A.Ho., ", "C.M.V.; (SORBS) A.To.; (", "SUVIMAX) S.He.; (", "Swedish Twin Reg.) ", "E.In., ", "N.L.P.; (THISEAS) M.Di.; (", "TwinsUK) T.D.S.; (GoDARTS) A.Do., ", "C.Pa.; (", "ULSAM) E.In.", "\n\n **Genotyping:** (ARIC) K.E.N.; (BSN) J.P.B., J.Hu.; (", "CoLaus) J.S.B.; (CROATIA-Korcula) S.Ca.; (", "CROATIA-Split) C.Ha., ", "T.Ze.; (", "CROATIA-Vis) N.D.H.; (DESIR) N.Bo., ", "P.Fr.; (", "DR's EXTRA) M.At.; (", "EAS) J.L.B.; (EGCUT) T.Es.; (", "Ely/Fenland) C.La., ", "R.J.F.L., N.J.W.; (ERF) A.M.I., B.A.O.; (FINRISK/DILGOM) S.Ri.; (", "Framingham Heart Study) J.Du., ", "J.C.F., J.B.M.; (FUSION) L.L.B.; (GEMs) D.MW.; (", "GenomEUtwin) D.I.B., J.Ho., ", "J.Ka., ", "K.O.K., P.K.E.M., N.L.P.; (GLACIER) S.Ed.; (", "Health ABC) Y.Li.; (", "KORA F3) M.Mü.; (", "KORA F4) T.Il.; (", "LEIPZIG_CHILDHOOD_IFB) A.Kö.; (", "MICROS) A.A.H.; (NTRNESDA) J.Ho., ", "B.W.P., G.Wi.; (", "ORCADES-Discovery) H.Ca.; (", "ORCADES-Metabochip) J.F.W., A.F.W.; (PIVUS) E.In.; (", "PREVEND) P.Va.; (", "PROSPER) S.Tr., ", "J.W.J.; (Rotterdam) F.Ri., ", "A.G.U.; (SardiNIA) M.An., ", "R.Na.; (", "SCARFSHEEP) B.Gi.; (", "Swedish Twin Reg.) ", "E.In., ", "N.L.P.; (THISEAS-PROMIS-AMCPAS) K.St.; (", "TRAILS) M.Br.; (", "TwinsUK) M.Ma., ", "K.Sm.; (", "GoDARTS) A.Do., ", "C.Pa.; (", "ULSAM) E.In.; (", "Whitehall II) M.Ku., ", "C.La., ", "N.J.W.\n\n **Statistical analysis:** (AGES) A.V.S.; (ALSPAC) D.M.E., B.St., ", "N.J.T.; (Amish) M.E.M., J.R.O.; (ARIC) L.J.R.; (ASAP) A.Fr.; (", "ASCOT) T.Jo.; (", "BLSA) T.Ta.; (", "BSN) J.P.B., J.Hu.; (", "CLHNS) Y.Wu.; (", "CoLaus) J.S.B.; (CROATIA-Korcula) P.Na.; (", "CROATIOA-Split) C.Ha., ", "V.Vi.; (", "deCODE) A.Ko., ", "G.Th.; (", "DESIR) N.Bu., ", "C.Le., ", "L.Ye.; (", "EGCUT) T.Es., ", "E.Mi.; (", "Ely/Fenland) J.Lu., ", "R.A.S.; (ERF) A.M.I.; (FINRISK/DILGOM) S.Ri.; (", "FamHS) P.An.; (", "Framingham Heart Study) H.Ch., ", "J.Du., ", "C.Li., ", "D.Ry.; (", "FUSION) P.S.C., A.U.J., H.Ka., ", "H.M.S., T.M.T., R.P.W.; (GEMs) K.So.; (", "GENOA) L.F.B., W.Zh; (GenomEUtwin) J.Ho.; (", "GLACIER) D.Sh., ", "E.Wh.; (", "Health ABC) J.S.A.; (Health 2000) M.Pe., ", "P.Sa.; (", "InChianti) T.Ta. (", "KORA F3) M.Mü.; (", "KORA F4) C.Gi.; (", "LEIPZIG_ADULT_IFB) A.Ma.; (", "LEIPZIG_CHILDHOOD_IFB) A.Ma.; (", "LURIC) M.E.K.; (MICROS) A.A.H.; (NFBC66) C.M.L., A.P.M., I.Pr.; (", "NFBC86) V.La., ", "I.Pr., ", "N.W.R., N.Ro.; (", "NTRNESDA) J.Ho.; (", "ORCADES-Metabochip) R.M.F.; (PIVUS) E.In., ", "E.Re.; (", "PREVEND) P.Va., ", "N.Ve.; (", "PROCARDIS) M.Fa., ", "A.Go, J.F.P.; (PROSPER) I.Fo., ", "P.C.D.J., J.W.J.; (Rotterdam) S.M.W.; (SardiNIA) S.Sa., ", "C.Si.; (", "SCARFSHEEP) R.J.S.; (SORBS) M.Re.; (", "SUVIMAX) T.Jo.; (", "Swedish Twin Reg.) ", "T.Fa., ", "E.In.; (", "THISEAS-PROMIS-AMCPAS) S.Ka., ", "K.St.; (", "TRAILS) H.Ja.; (", "GoDARTS) A.Do., ", "M.Ho., ", "C.Pa.; (", "ULSAM) S.Gu., ", "E.In., ", "E.Re.; (", "Whitehall II) J.Lu., ", "S.Sh.", "\n" ]

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[ "Good news Xbox users, there’s finally a way for you to pad your Live stats from your iPhone or iPad. ", "Microsoft has just released its popular Wordament word game, which has been on Windows Phone for a while now, for iOS, and it has full Xbox Live integration with friends lists and achievements.", "\n\nFor those not familiar with it, Wordament is a highly addictive word game. ", "Players get two minutes to find the most words in a 4×4 grid of letters, competing in real-time, on the same board, against everyone else currently playing. ", "Each board is unique and bonuses are given for longer words…\n\nMicrosoft describes the iOS version of the game as “pure Wordament,” meaning it connects to the same servers and plays with the same players that are on Windows Phone and Windows 8. ", "Everyone plays together in one continuous world-wide tournament in 12 puzzle languages across all devices.", "\n\nWordament also features Xbox Live integration. ", "Once you’re signed into your Live account, you can earn up to 50 Gamerscore from 10 achievements, and you’ll have access to all of your Xbox Friends and Wordament Frenemies. ", "And if you’ve played the game before, all of your data carries over.", "\n\nI hadn’t played Wordament until I tried out the new iOS version today. ", "But it’s every bit as addicting as they say. ", "I played 5 rounds or so before I was able to pry myself away to finish this post. ", "The app could use some work though — strangely it doesn’t support the iPhone 5’s 4-inch display, and the ads are annoying.", "\n\nAt any rate, if you want to try the game out for yourself, you can find it in the App Store for free." ]

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[ "Level 2 in the Skip-A-Year Mortgage Sweepstakes Unlocked!", "\n\nBecause of you all entering the Quicken Loans Skip-A-Year Sweepstakes and coming back to earn more entries by inviting your friends, watching videos, and taking surveys and polls, we’ve surpassed 250,000 entries and unlocked Level 2!", "\n\nSo, what’s the big deal?", "\n\nSimple, one more person is getting their mortgage paid for 2013.", "\n\nLet’s recap.", "\n\nWe’ve hit 250,000 entries, so here’s what’s going to be given away after the sweepstakes ends on November 18, 2012:\n\n2 mortgages paid in 2013\n\n25 Ryan Newman autographed Fatheads\n\n25 Tony Stewart autographed Fatheads\n\n100 Ryan Newman autographed Hero cards\n\n50 Tony Stewart autographed Hero cards\n\nGreat job, folks!", "\n\nMake sure you head back daily to earn entries and keep unlocking prizes and increase your odds of winning! ", "Come November 18, 2012, we want to be giving away our full slate of prizes AND all 5 of those mortgages paid in 2013.", "\n\nIn fact, here’s a code for all our loyal readers to go and earn another entry RIGHT NOW, it’s PITSTOP.", "\n\nLouise – We’re releasing the codes over the course of the entire contest, until November 18, 2012. ", "You can find the codes by liking the Quicken Loans Racing Facebook page, signing up for our weekly email update, and keeping your eyes peeled in our blog and other places.", "\nGood luck!", "\n\nMiki – You can find our bonus codes all throughout our Facebook page from our recent and current posts. ", "The latest code is KANSAS, from the race this past weekend. ", "Just visit our Sweepstakes page at QLRacing.com, enter in your email address and contact information, and then you should see a box labeled “CODE ENTRY” where you can enter in our bonus codes for extra entries. ", "Also be on the lookout throughout the week for more codes.", "\nThanks!", "\n\nWe have bee customers of Quicken Loans for years and have in fact refinanced with Quicken Loans for the 2nd time just recently. ", "We did our research. ", "There is no other company that makes financing/ refinancing easier and stress free, than Quicken Loans. ", "Every time we had a question we would make a call or send a text and the response was immediate. ", "We completed our last refinance entirely online and through the mail. ", "Our work was minimal and the explanation was simple, easy to understand, to the point. ", "We are near retirement and working towards paying off our mortgage and the options and information was phenomenal! ", "My family is precious to me and I have recommended Quicken Loans to many. ", "If we would be so lucky as to win payments on our mortgage, we would request the benefits go to an active or past military family. ", "My husband was in Vietnam, thank God he came home. ", "There are many military families struggling, I wonder if Quicken Loans could open up a special program as this to military personnel ? ", "Not that anyone else is not undergoing the same financial difficulties, but our military, men and women are giving the ultimate anyone could offer their country. ", "Maybe two programs? ", "Just a suggestion. ", "Please do not forget those who have given us the Freedom we enjoy every day here in the United States of America. ", "Thank you.", "\n\nSarah – Thanks for playing! ", "If you’ve already watched a video this week, you’ll only receive the points for that video. ", "We are adding new videos once a week, and when the new one shows up, you’ll be able to earn more points!", "\nGood luck!" ]

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[ "Ok So in the latest New Hampshire (Marist) Poll that has US Senator Bernie Sanders at 41% and leading by 9 (no wait a second) at 49% and leading by 11 points they did some possible general election head to head match ups toward the end of the poll:\n\nSeptember 2015 February 2015 Hillary Clinton, the Democrat 43 48\n\nJeb Bush, the Republican 48 42\n\nUndecided 8 10 September 2015 Hillary Clinton, the Democrat 46\n\nDonald Trump, the Republican 45\n\nUndecided 8 Joe Biden, the Democrat 45\n\nJeb Bush, the Republican 46\n\nUndecided 10 Joe Biden, the Democrat 50\n\nDonald Trump, the Republican 41\n\nUndecided 9\n\nSo Who is missing?", "\n\nWell that would be the Democratic front runner in New Hampshire , US Senator Bernie Sanders.", "\n\nNow I have some questions:\n\nDo you think they didn't poll US Senator Bernie Sanders, the Democratic front runner in New Hampshire, against the Republicans?", "\n\nIf so, why would they not?", "\n\nDo you think they did poll US Senator Bernie Sanders, the Democratic front runner in New Hampshire, against the Republicans and they did not release the results?", "\n\nIf so, why would they not?", "\n\nFood for thought people....... just food for thought.", "\n\nLive Free Or Die" ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction\n===============\n\nBreast cancer is a worldwide health problem that affects a larger number of women. ", "Global Cancer Statistics reported that more than 1.6 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer in 2012 ^\\[[@R1]\\]^. The incidence and mortality of breast cancer are increasing in China, where it is now the leading cause of cancer death in women younger than 45 years ^\\[[@R2]\\]^. Although the causes of breast cancer are unclear, some studies have reported the pathogenesis of the disease to be influenced by genetic factors. ", "Known genetic factors include rare variants; moderate to high penetrance of Breast Cancer gene 1(BRCA1), Breast Cancer gene 2 (BRCA2), partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2), ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), and checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) and more than 90 common polymorphisms with low penetrance ^\\[[@R3]--[@R10]\\]^.\n\nThe claudin 10 (*CLDN10*) gene has the cytogenetic location 13q32.1 and encodes a member of the claudin family. ", "Claudins are integral membrane proteins comprising tight junction strands. ", "Tight junction strands serve as physical barriers to prevent solutes and water from passing through epithelial and endothelial cell sheets and play a key role in maintaining cell polarity and signal transductions. ", "Previous studies have shown that the expression level of *CLDN10* is associated with thyroid carcinoma, primary hepatocellular carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma ^\\[[@R11]--[@R13]\\]^. In addition, Na He et al reported a case-control study in China which demonstrated that a *CLDN10* polymorphism (rs1325774) is associated with stage I breast cancer risk, although they failed to verify this relationship in the stage II case-control study ^\\[[@R14]\\]^. The genetic effect of the rs1325774 polymorphism with regards to breast cancer susceptibility is still unclear.", "\n\nOur study aimed to investigate the association between *CLDN10* polymorphisms (rs1325774, rs7333503 and rs3751334) and breast cancer risk in South Chinese women, and to analyse the relationship between its mutation and the clinical and pathological features of patients.", "\n\n2. ", "Materials and methods\n========================\n\n2.1. ", "Study design\n-----------------\n\nThe present study design was based on the case--control study and general characteristics of participants as described in a previously published paper. ", "^\\[[@R15]\\]^. The case--control study was conducted in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from 2013 to 2015. ", "Participants were Chinese women aged 21 to 74 years. ", "Breast cancer was confirmed by a pathologist, based on immunohistochemical staining. ", "To reduce the potential confounding factors and biases, the following exclusion criteria were used:\n\n1. ", " patients with secondary tumours or other malignant neoplasms and\n\n2. ", " the presence of severe infectious diseases.", "\n\nDuring the same period, healthy individuals without breast cancer who had attended a check-up at the hospital were enrolled as controls and matched with cases. ", "Both breast cancer patients and healthy controls were randomly selected. ", "A total of 104 breast cancer patients and 118 healthy controls were recruited in this study.", "\n\nBefore recruitment, written consent was obtained from each study subject and the study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Guangxi Medical University.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Data collection\n--------------------\n\nData collection was carried out at the Medical Centre in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. ", "Demographic information (age, ethnicity) and health statuses (menarche age and menopause status) were collected through face-to-face interviews. ", "Anthropometric parameters (height and weight) were measured by trained personnel based on standardised protocols. ", "Body mass indices (BMI) were calculated as weight divided by height squared (kg/m^2^). ", "Clinical data (metastasis distance, molecular classification and pathology type) of patients were obtained from medical records. ", "The intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer included Luminal A subtypes, Luminal B1, Luminal B2, HER-2 overexpressing, and triple-negative. ", "The pathology type was classified into ductal, lobular and other based on the pathological result.", "\n\n2.3. ", "DNA extraction and genotyping\n----------------------------------\n\nGenomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples using a genomic DNA isolation kit (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer\\'s instructions. ", "The SNPscan system (Genesky Biotechnologies Inc., Shanghai, China) was used for genotyping. ", "This system has been reported in detail elsewhere (<http://biotech.geneskies.com/en/index.php/Index/fuwuer/id/29>). ", "Briefly, the technology is a multi-gene mutation screening method, which improves the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification technology. ", "Four different fluorescent dyes and lengths of ligations were applied in order to detect multiple SNPs simultaneously in 1 reaction. ", "Quality control assessment was performed during genotyping to ensure accuracy. ", "The samples were blinded to laboratory personnel and blank controls were used for all PCR amplifications. ", "Finally, 10% of samples from the subjects were randomly selected for evaluation of quality of genotyping, which showed 100% concordance. ", "The sequences of specific ligase probes are presented in Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n###### \n\nPrimers used for this study.", "\n\n![](", "medi-97-e13187-g001)\n\n3. ", "Statistical analysis\n=======================\n\nAll data were recorded as Microsoft Excel files and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences program (SPSS) version 22.0 software (IBM, São Paulo, Brazil). ", "The Hardy--Weinberg equilibrium (HWE; *P* \\>.05) was performed using SHEsis (<http://analysis.bio-x.cn/myAnalysis.php>) ^\\[[@R16],[@R17]\\]^. Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) ([http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn](http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/)) was used to analyse the expression of *CLDN10* in breast cancer tissues and normal sample ^\\[[@R18]\\]^. Briefly, GEPIA is a web-based tool that provides fast and customisable functionalities for research based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) data. ", "Differential expression analysis, profiling plotting, correlation analysis, patient survival analysis, similar gene detection and dimensionality reduction analysis can be carried out using GEPIA.", "\n\nThe mean and standard deviation (SD) were used to describe the age variable, and the Student *t* test was used to analyse the difference in ages between the case and control groups. ", "The association between the *CLDN10* polymorphisms (rs1325774, rs7333503, and rs3751334) and breast cancer risk, as well as the patients' demographic information and health statuses, were analysed using simple unconditional logistic regression and multiple logistic regression analysis. ", "The Chi-square test (*X*2) or Fisher exact test was applied to calculate the relationship between the rs1325774 polymorphism and tumour characteristics. ", "A *P* value \\<.05 was considered statistically significant.", "\n\n4. ", "Result\n=========\n\n4.1. ", "The association between *CLDN10* rs1325774, rs7333503 and rs3751334 polymorphisms and the susceptibility to breast cancer\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOf the selected study participants, 6 control subjects were removed due to genotyping failure. ", "The genotype frequencies of the controls were in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. ", "The association between the 3 *CLDN10* polymorphisms studied and breast cancer risk is shown in Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "A frequency of disease of 24.1% was observed for the rs1325774 T/G genotype, and the distribution of the T/G genotype in patients and healthy controls was 32 and 20 respectively. ", "The G/G genotype was not detected in healthy controls. ", "According to simple unconditional logistic regression, the rs1325774 T/G genotype was significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (T/G vs. T/T: OR = 2.073, 95% CI = 1.095--3.927, *P* = .025).", "\n\n###### \n\nAssociation between CLDN10 polymorphisms (rs1325774, rs7333503, rs3751334) and breast cancer risk.", "\n\n![](", "medi-97-e13187-g002)\n\nAfter adjusting for age, associations between the T/G genotype of rs1325774 and breast cancer remained statically significant (OR = 2.067, 95% CI = 1.070--3.867, *P* = .026). ", "Furthermore, the G allele of rs1325774 was significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (OR = 1.993, 95% CI = 1.107--3.589, *P* = .022).", "\n\nIn this study, no significant association between rs7333503 or rs3751334 and breast cancer was observed.", "\n\n4.2. ", "Lack of association between rs1325774 polymorphism of *CLDN10* and clinical characteristics in breast cancer patients\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo understand the association between the rs1325774 polymorphism of *CLDN10* and clinical risk factors, we analysed the clinical data including demographic information, health status and clinical data. ", "No parameters were significantly associated with the polymorphism and subset analysis did not indicate any significant result (Tables [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"} and [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Therefore, no association was seen between the rs1325774 polymorphism of *CLDN10* and clinical characteristics of breast cancer.", "\n\n###### \n\nAssociation analysis between CLDN10 rs1325774 and subgroups of 104 patients with breast cancer.", "\n\n![](", "medi-97-e13187-g003)\n\n###### \n\nThe relationship between rs1325774 polymorphism and tumor characteristic.", "\n\n![](", "medi-97-e13187-g004)\n\n4.3. ", "Expression of *CLDN10* is reduced in breast cancer tissues\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAnalysis of matched normal tissue from TCGA database using GEPIA indicated that the expression level of *CLDN10* in breast cancer tissues (n = 1085) was reduced compared with normal tissues (n = 112) (Fig. [", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "The expression body map analysed by normalising to transcripts per million (TPM) revealed the median expression of *CLDN10* to be reduced in breast cancer tissues compared with normal samples, with numerical values of 0.21 and 0.88 respectively (Fig. [", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}B).", "\n\n{#F1}\n\n5. ", "Discussion\n=============\n\nBreast cancer is one of the most widespread malignancies in females ^\\[[@R1],[@R19]\\]^, and genetic effects can have important influences on the occurrence of the disease. ", "In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between 3 SNPs of CNDL10 and breast cancer, as well as relationship of the SNPs to the clinical characteristics of the patients. ", "Our study involved 104 breast cancer patients and 112 healthy controls and found that the rs1325774 polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. ", "No significant association was observed between the rs7333503 or rs3751334 polymorphisms and breast cancer. ", "Expression of *CLDN10* was reduced in breast cancer tissues compared with normal breast tissues according to the analysis of matched normal tissue from TCGA using GEPIA ^\\[[@R18]\\]^.\n\nThere are some limitations in our study: First, our study has selection bias because our subjects recruited from the same hospital. ", "Second, with the limited sample size and statistical power (\\<80%), the *P* value was only considered significant at the .05 level, which may affect the results of stratified analysis. ", "Further studies are needed to confirm the influence of the rs1325774 polymorphism on breast cancer based on larger populations. ", "Third, our study did not elucidate the mechanism of pathology. ", "Further functional studies are required to reveal the molecular mechanism of rs1325774-promotion of breast cancer.", "\n\nPrevious studies have reported that the level of *CLDN10* expression is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma ^\\[[@R11]--[@R13]\\]^. Human *CLDN10* expression is associated with cancer progression---when *CLDN10* is overexpressed in patients with lung adenocarcinoma, a good prognosis for overall survival is reported ^\\[[@R13]\\]^. However, it is not clear whether SNPs located in different regions of *CLDN10* are associated with the risk and clinical characteristics of breast cancer.", "\n\nNa He et al previously reported that rs1325774, located in the microRNA binding site in the seed region of the 3'-UTR of *CLDN10*, is significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in a large case-control study which included genome-wide microRNA binding site SNPs in stage I ^\\[[@R14]\\]^. The results of the present study are consistent with those of Na He et al.", "\n\nThe study of SNPs at miRNA target sites has attracted attention. ", "It has been reported that genetic changes in the 3'-UTR of transcribed genes can alter the affinity between miRNA and mRNA. ", "Therefore, these single nucleotide mutations can change the levels of protein expression through manipulation of the interactions between miRNA and their target sequences ^\\[[@R20]--[@R23]\\]^. It can be hypothesised that miRNA-related SNPs may be a factor in the occurrence of breast cancer.", "\n\nHuiyan Sun et al reported that miR-486 functions as a novel tumour suppressor miRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by targeting *CLDN10*. ", "By regulating the expression of this gene, miR-486 inhibits proliferation and migration of hepatoma cells and functions. ", "It has been reported that *CLDN10* dominantly contributes to the suppressive effect of miR-486 on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of hepatocellular carcinoma cell ^\\[[@R11]\\]^. Currently, 8 miRNAs that can target *CLDN10* are detailed in miRTarBase. ", "In regards to the specific function of *CLDN10* in breast cancer development and progression, we hypothesise that rs1325774 affects the binding affinity of miRNAs and thus affects the occurrence of breast cancer by regulating the expression of *CLDN10*.", "\n\nIn conclusion, our results demonstrate the relationship between the rs1325774 polymorphism of *CLDN10* and the risk of breast cancer. ", "This finding is consistent with the large case-control study of Han Chinese women with stage I breast cancer. ", "Together, the 2 studies suggest that rs1325774 may be a biomarker for breast cancer predisposition. ", "Further functional studies are needed to identify the exact role of rs1325774 in the occurrence of breast cancer.", "\n\nAuthor contributions\n====================\n\n**Conceptualization:** Jinling Liao.", "\n\n**Data curation:** zengnan mo, Jinling Liao, Jie Li.", "\n\n**Formal analysis:** Hong Cheng, Yang Chen.", "\n\n**Investigation:** Jinling Liao, Jie Li, Yang Chen.", "\n\n**Methodology:** zengnan mo, Jie Li, Hong Cheng, Yang Chen.", "\n\n**Project administration:** zengnan mo.", "\n\n**Writing -- original draft:** Jinling Liao.", "\n\nAbbreviations: *CLDN10* = claudin 10, GEPIA = Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analyses application, PALB2 = partner and localizer of BRCA2, SNPs = single nucleotide polymorphisms, TCGA = The Cancer Genome Atlas.", "\n\nJL and JL contributed equally to this work.", "\n\nThe authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.", "\n\nFunding: This study was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number: 81370857), the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number: 81770759).", "\n" ]

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[ "As Sussex County officials work to update the wetland buffers ordinance, a working group tasked with making recommendations is finding out the devil is in the details.", "\n\nDuring Phase 1 of the process, the stakeholders' group appointed by county council is updating definitions in the code. ", "During Phase 2, the group will consider amendments, such as wider wetlands buffers and restricting uses within buffers.", "\n\nDefining streams and wetlands as they pertain to land use are key tasks the group is taking on. ", "Consultant Jim Eisenhardt said proper definitions are the foundation of the ordinance, noting perennial streams, with water flowing all year, and intermittent streams, with water flow during wet periods, are regulated differently.", "\n\nPerennial streams on a property may be subject to county-mandated buffers and state regulations, in coordination with Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control officials, explained Tyler Brown, with DNREC's Division of Wetlands and Subaqueous Lands, during the group's March 6 meeting.", "\n\nOn the other hand, no permits or buffers are currently required for intermittent streams, which can be filled in during development of a parcel, he said.", "\n\nSussex County code requires minimum 50-foot buffers from tidal wetlands and perennial streams but no buffers from nontidal wetlands.", "\n\nIn the first workshop, the group reached consensus on definitions of tidal wetlands and tidal waters. ", "The group is working on definitions for nontidal wetlands and waters, and intermittent and ephemeral streams.", "\n\nStreams are identified on U.S. Geological Survey maps, which serve as the data set for Delaware regulations. ", "Steve Smailer, in DNREC's Division of Water, said because the maps have been digitized, local agencies now have more control.", "\n\nBrown said current maps are not always correct, but they can be updated with DNREC staff making determination or jurisdiction of streams at the request of property owners. “", "We are obligated to determine jurisdiction at no cost and meet criteria based on the reality of the site,” Smailer said.", "\n\nHe said the points-based evaluation is based on scientific data and includes a review of historic photos, typographic maps, and new and old aerial photos, as well as a field visit if necessary. “", "In the past, determining jurisdiction was subjective. ", "This takes all opinion out of it,” Brown said.", "\n\nDNREC staff use a North Carolina model for evaluations. “", "We've had no complaints. ", "It's worked out well. ", "It's consistent. ", "It's added clarity to a situation that was very murky,” he said.", "\n\nSimilar to any other agency review in the land-use process, Eisenhardt said, developers must submit jurisdictional determination of streams on their property to include with their applications to the county. ", "In addition, he said, in some cases, the Army Corps of Engineers is required to evaluate a site.", "\n\nThe next meeting is at 2 p.m., Wednesday, March 20, in the county west complex, Route 113, Georgetown. ", "The public can attend the workshop, but public comment is not accepted.", "\n\nPERENNIAL STREAMS\n\nCurrent definition: Any body of water which contains flow during a year, which is not subject to tidal influence.", "\n\nProposed definition: A well-defined channel that flows year round during a year of normal rainfall with the aquatic bed located below the water table most of the year and not subject to tidal influence. ", "Groundwater is the primary source of water for a perennial stream, but it can also carry runoff. ", "It exhibits typical biological and hydrological characteristics commonly associated with the conveyance of water.", "\n\nAn aquatic bed is an area of plants that grow on or below the surface of water.", "\n\nTIDAL WETLANDS\n\nThe state definition as referenced in the proposed county ordinance:\n\nWetlands shall mean those lands above the mean low water elevation including any bank, marsh, swamp, meadow, flat or other low land subject to tidal action in the state along the Delaware Bay, Delaware River, Indian River Bay, Rehoboth Bay, Little and Big Assawoman Bays, the coastal inland waterways, or along any inlet, estuary or tributary waterway or any portion thereof, including those areas which are now or in this century have been connected to tidal waters, whose surface is at or below an elevation of 2 feet above local mean high water, which support the growth of wetlands plants. ", "In addition, wetlands are lands not currently used for agricultural purposes containing 400 acres or more of contiguous nontidal swamp, bog, muck or marsh exclusive of narrow stream valleys where freshwater stands most, if not all, of the time due to high water table, which contribute significantly to ground water recharge, and which would require intensive artificial drainage using equipment such as pumping stations, drain fields or ditches for the production of agricultural crops.", "\n\nGo to www.delcode.delaware.gov/title7/c066/index.shtml.", "\n\nTIDAL WATERS\n\nThe mean-high-water line of any tidal body, tidal stream or tidal marsh. ", "The average height of all the high-tide water as recorded over a 19-year period as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "\n\nThe mean-high-water line represents the maximum rise of a body of water over land based on a period of time." ]

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[ "SCP-1569\n\nItem #: SCP-1569\n\nObject Class: Safe\n\nSpecial Containment Procedures: As SCP-1569-1 has, thus far, proven impossible to relocate, a small outbuilding has been erected around SCP-1569-1, designated Site-██. ", "At least one level 3 research staff member and a security team consisting of no less than three armed personnel is to be present at all times regardless of current test status. ", "Foundation personnel are never to come within 5 meters of the object, except for testing purposes, which are to be approved by personnel with level 4 clearance or higher. ", "Fencing has been erected at a range of 200 meters to discourage entry of civilian subjects although due to the object's remote location this has proved to be precautionary since the object's discovery.", "\n\nSCP 1569-2 is to be monitored on a 24-hour loop, through SCP-1569-1, since wireless transmission through the boundary of SCP-1569-1 has proved impossible. ", "Any researchers entering SCP-1569-2 or exposing D-Class personnel to it must obtain prior clearance from a level 4 researcher prior to testing.", "\n\nResearchers interacting with SCP-1569-1 should be extremely careful of the east/west boundary of the object (hereafter referred to as the event horizon) as it appears to have no depth and acts as a perfect cutting edge for any object coming into contact with it. ", "Strangely, this cutting edge is only observed from the outside of the edge as subjects passing through have contacted the sides of the passage without incident. ", "Additionally, any researcher entering the object should be equipped with a standard NBC suit to protect from the increased radiation during passage through the object. ", "NBC protocol is unnecessary outside the object's event horizon, even for those near the object during a transfer of mass.", "\n\nDescription: SCP-1569-1 is an extra-dimensional area of effect roughly 1m x 1m roughly 270km north of [REDACTED], Canada. ", "The event horizon of SCP-1569-1 faces due north and is suspended roughly 0.5m above the ground. ", "When viewed from the south, the object is nearly invisible, save for distortions around its edges which produce a visual effect similar to heat refraction. ", "These distortions are somewhat less pronounced but still visible if the object is viewed from the east, west, above or below. ", "However when viewed from the north the \"interior\" of the object can be viewed, designated SCP-1569-2.", "\n\nSCP-1569-2 is a room present inside the extra-dimensional event horizon of SCP-1569-1. ", "It is arranged in a hexagonal pattern with a diameter of roughly seven meters. ", "The ceiling extends upward roughly 15 meters and is capped with a large dome light fixture. ", "The initial event horizon presents itself on the surface of one of the six walls, although it is unknown if it is the same wall each time the room is entered. ", "Once fully inside, SCP-1569-1 appears to close and five additional event horizons (hereafter referred to as SCP-1569-3-7 ) open along the remaining walls. ", "This closing effect only seems to be observed on the part of the subject in the room as the portals can be observed from Site-██. ", "Should the subject enter SCP-1569-3-7, any subjects remaining in the room will once again be able to observe and interact with SCP-1569-1 including returning to Site-██. ", "However, until a portal is chosen, subjects appear incapable of seeing or interacting with SCP-1569. ", "At this time, it is unclear whether SCP-1569-2 is a terrestrial or extra-terrestrial location, or if it exists inside some kind of compressed dimension within SCP-1569-1.", "\n\nSCP-1569-1 was discovered in 19██ after geothermal scans of the region revealed anomalous heat and radiation readings in the area. ", "Authorities sent to investigate were intercepted by foundation personnel on site, who took jurisdiction of the region. ", "Class-A amnesiacs were administered and an official cover story was established, citing volcanic activity in the region. ", "In the ██ years that the object has been in foundation custody, it has never exhibited any unusual activity outside the elevated radiation readings.", "\n\nIt has been deemed that while the object's radioactive output is higher than surrounding radiation levels, it is unnecessary for researchers interacting with the object to wear protective clothing unless entering or exiting the anomaly, as, during transit, subjects are subjected to a .1 second burst of ionized radiation ranging from ███-████Gy. ", "All instances of D-Class personnel exposed to these effects have succumbed to radiation poisoning within 18 hours of exposure.", "\n\nAddendum: 1569-A01: Following event 1569-E01 an armed security team is to be stationed at Site-██ to ensure anomalous activity and unknown entities can be quickly suppressed should an emergence present a threat to Site-██. ", "Should an entity emerge which does not pose threat to the installation, first contact protocols are to be followed by the research staff for as long as the entity is cooperative. ", "Refer to Document E01-1569-1 for details regarding this emergence event." ]

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[ "Northfields\n\nNorthfields may refer to:\n\n Northfields, Leicester\n Northfields, London\n\nSee also \n\n Northfield (disambiguation)" ]

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[ "Q:\n\n\"exception at 0x53C227FF (msvcr110d.dll)\" with SOIL library\n\nI'm creating a game in C++ using OpenGL, and decided to go with the SOIL library for image loading, as I have used it in the past to great effect. ", "The problem is, in my newest game, trying to load an image with SOIL throws the following runtime error:\n\nThis error points to this part:\n// SOIL.c\nint query_NPOT_capability( void )\n{\n/* check for the capability */\nif( has_NPOT_capability == SOIL_CAPABILITY_UNKNOWN )\n{\n /* we haven't yet checked for the capability, do so */\n if(\n (NULL == strstr( (char const*)glGetString( GL_EXTENSIONS ),\n \"GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two\" ) )\n ) //############ it points here ############//\n {\n /* not there, flag the failure */\n has_NPOT_capability = SOIL_CAPABILITY_NONE;\n } else\n {\n /* it's there! */", "\n has_NPOT_capability = SOIL_CAPABILITY_PRESENT;\n }\n}\n/* let the user know if we can do non-power-of-two textures or not */\nreturn has_NPOT_capability;\n}\n\nSince it points to the line where SOIL tries to access the OpenGL extensions, I think that for some reason SOIL is trying to load the texture before an OpenGL context is created. ", "The problem is, I've gone through the entire solution, and there is only one place where SOIL has to load a texture, and it happens long after the OpenGL context is created.", "\nThis is the part where it loads the texture...\n //Init glfw\nif (!", "glfwInit())\n{\n fprintf(stderr, \"GLFW Initialization has failed!\\n\");\n exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n}\nprintf(\"GLFW Initialized.\\n\");\n\n//Process the command line arguments\nprocessCmdArgs(argc, argv);\n\n//Create the window\nglfwWindowHint(GLFW_SAMPLES, g_aaSamples);\nglfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);\nglfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 2);\ng_mainWindow = glfwCreateWindow(g_screenWidth, g_screenHeight, \"Voxel Shipyard\", g_fullScreen ? ", "glfwGetPrimaryMonitor() : nullptr, nullptr);\nif (!", "g_mainWindow)\n{\n fprintf(stderr, \"Could not create GLFW window!\\n\");\n closeOGL();\n exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n}\nglfwMakeContextCurrent(g_mainWindow);\nprintf(\"Window and OpenGL rendering context created.\\n\");\n\n//Create the internal rendering components\nprepareScreen();\n\n//Init glew\nglewExperimental = GL_TRUE;\nint err = glewInit();\nif (err !", "= GLEW_OK)\n{\n fprintf(stderr, \"GLEW initialization failed!\\n\");\n fprintf(stderr, \"%s\\n\", glewGetErrorString(err));\n closeOGL();\n exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n}\nprintf(\"GLEW initialized.\\n\"); <-- Sucessfully creates an OpenGL context\n\n//Initialize the app\ng_app = new App();\ng_app->PreInit();\ng_app->Init();\ng_app->PostInit(); <-- Loads the texture (after the context is created)\n\n...and debug printing to the console CONFIRMS that the OpenGL context was created before the texture loading was attempted.", "\nSo my question is if anyone is familiar with this specific error, or knows if there is a specific instance as to why SOIL would think OpenGL isn't initialized yet.", "\n\nA:\n\nif(\n (NULL == strstr( (char const*)glGetString( GL_EXTENSIONS ),\n \"GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two\" ) )\n ) //############ it points here ############//\n\nYou are creating an OpenGL 3.2 context. ", "glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS) returns NULL because it has been deprecated in 3.0 and removed in 3.1. ", "It was replaced by glGetStringi(GL_EXTENSIONS, i).", "\nSee also here.", "\nA quick fix would be to request a no higher than 3.0 context. ", "But if you need > 3.0 functionality you will have to patch the SOIL library to use the correct method to test for extensions as described in the link above. ", "This would have to be done everywhere glGetString(GL_EXTENSIONS) is called.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Sorkh Deh, Semnan\n\nSorkh Deh () is a village in Rudbar Rural District, in the Central District of Damghan County, Semnan Province, Iran. ", "At the 2006 census, its population was 111, in 36 families.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Damghan County" ]

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[ "ArtWalk: A Monthly Art Festival Downtown\n\nNext up...\n\nOctober ArtWalk: Dia de los Muertos ! ", "October 8, 2020\n\nEvery Second Thursday, 5 - 8 p.m. Downtown Abilene Presented by The Center for Contemporary Arts\n\nArtWalk features art museums and galleries open and free to the public from 5 until 8 p.m., as well as visual and performing arts along Cypress Street in downtown Abilene.", "\n\nSupport ArtWalk! ", "Become a sponsor! ", "Find out how your business or organization can lend its financial support to an upcoming ArtWalk. ", "Get your name in front of the community, email Manny@center-arts.com or call (325) 677-8389\n\nBe an ArtWalk Vendor\n\nAbout ArtWalk The Center-coordinated monthly mini arts festival features different themes that highlight the best of the visual and performing arts in Abilene. ", "Every second Thursday, Abilene’s Downtown Cultural District comes alive with anywhere between 800 to 1400 individuals. ", "ArtWalk is a family-friendly event that enables a broad cross-section of the community to enjoy free offerings of art and entertainment that involve over 120 businesses and organizations annually. ", "Visitors come from Abilene, the Big Country, and even further to see the work of the artists and performers and to shop and eat downtown.", "\n\n​\n\nThe Center's Board of Trustees, Artist Members, and staff continually work to refine the ArtWalk program to allow a broader demographic to become involved in the event. ", "Gallery talks, by exhibiting artists, give visitors an understanding of the creative process behind the work. ", "Students, artists, and art-admirers alike can join the discussion of art and artistic expression. ", "The Center consistently strives to expand and refresh ArtWalk programming to gain more exposure for artists of all ages and expressions in the Big Country region and to promote cultural tourism. ", "The Center's ArtWalk continues to serve as a model for other cities seeking revitalization by creating similar programs that focus on the arts. ", "The Center's collaboration with Grace Museum, The National Center for Children's Illustrated Literature, and The Paramount Theater has made it a critical stimulus for the promotion and support of the arts in Abilene.", "\n\nDownload this Fact Sheet\n\n​ Visual Arts at ArtWalk The following Art museums and galleries are always open and free to the public on ArtWalk nights. ", "NOTE: Due to COVID-19, these events may be altered or canceled. ", "Check the organization's webpage for current hours of operation. ", "The Center for Contemporary Arts, 220 Cypress Street Exhibiting original, contemporary art and photography by local and Texas artists in five galleries. ", "The Grace Museum, 102 Cypress Street An art museum featuring rotating exhibits, as well as a history museum and children's museum all in one historic building. ", "Open and free to the public during ArtWalk, with make-and-take art activities for children. ", "The National Center for Children's Illustrated Literature, 102 Cedar Street A gallery dedicated to exhibiting the art of children's picture books and sharing art experiences with school children in the Big Country. ", "Open during ArtWalk and always free to the public. ", "Make-and-take art activities or gallery talks by exhibiting artists often take place during ArtWalk. ", "Calypso Gallery, 1133 North 2nd Street, Ste. ", "102 An independent art gallery, specializing in art lessons of a wide variety. ", "The Cockerell Galleries Upstairs, 1133 North 2nd Street Working artist studios and a small gallery upstairs above 2nd Street, open to the public during ArtWalk. ", "Abilene Public Library , 202 Cedar Street See the library's mural, painted by a local artist, in the children's section and stick around for the children's make-and-take art activities. ", "Performing Arts at ArtWalk ArtWalks usually include musical, dance, or theatrical performances. ", "Depending on the time of year and the weather, you may find a performance inside The Center, on the street, or in a downtown park. ", "Performances generally feature local artists, including students and young performers. ", "Past performances have included everything from Hip Hop and flash mobs to belly dancing, country music to jazz, and poetry readings to historical reenactments. ", "Something different every month! ", "Downtown During ArtWalk Community Organizations Many of our local nonprofit organizations set up booths during ArtWalk to provide information about ways our community can help others in need. ", "Street Vendors You'll always find a variety of artists and craftsmen selling their work at booths on the street during ArtWalk. ", "Look for them along Cypress Street and North Second Street near Cypress. ", "Historic Paramount Theatre Down the street from The Center, the Paramount Theatre often hosts special films, live performances, or special artist presentations during ArtWalk. ", "Downtown Restaurants Cypress Street Station, The Beehive, McKay's Bakery, Abi-Haus, Fat Boss's Pub, and Monk's Coffee Shop are generally open during ArtWalk, and you can often find food trucks on the streets as well." ]

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[ "Software Engineering, and the things I do to cope.", "\n\nMenu\n\nTag Archives: beer\n\nI’ll be blunt – I am an old man. ", "I take joy in disrupting traffic at zebra crossings; I complain about popular culture; I complain about politics; I complain about buses; I complain about traffic; I complain about people who complain about things; I complain about people who complain about people complaining; my hearing isn’t very good and I’ve got the memory of a BBC Micro. ", "The mere fact I’m actually 21 has no bearing on the fact that my 65+ free bus pass is already in the post. ", "That’s not to say that I’m out of touch with the people of my generation but rather that I’m atypical of most 21-year-olds from the North East. ", "Many of my interests do tend to be quite niche, like ale and genuinely enjoying working with databases.", "\n\nI noticed on my Facebook feed today that Cullercoats Brewery (Great little brewery in Wallsend, not Cullercoats) had linked to this article on Big Mike’s Real Ale blog. ", "It’s a good read with some well formed opinions, I recommend you give it a read before continuing with this post as to give it context.", "\n\nReal Ale is a true British success story. ", "Given the market dominance of cheap fizzy lagers all those years ago and poor cask ale, the cask market’s recent overtaking keg as the preferred dispensing method combined with the fact that there are now over 1000 active licensed breweries in the UK, show that the beer market is stronger than ever – and certainly not the secondary choice. ", "Although cask ale has proven itself a champion in the market in general, it still struggles to make itself popular for the under 25s. (", "Or even the under 30s)\n\nOne of the reasons that’s often touted as the explanation for why young people stay away from ale is because it’s “an old man’s drink”. ", "As Big Mike states in his post, we see our parents and grand parents drinking it and want to be different. ", "I don’t think that quite encapsulates the point. ", "It’s not that young people see their elders drinking real ale, it’s the image of real ale – old men with flat caps in a pub with a less than appealing smell. ", "And in some places, this is the case but most pubs have shed this stereotype of ale drinkers. ", "I don’t even own a flat cap but then again I’m not from Yorkshire.", "\n\nI think what’s more key to the reason for young peoples aversion to ale is peer pressure. ", "When I started drinking with my friends, I drank lager – not because I thought ale was for smelly old men but because that’s what my friends drank. ", "Lager was easy enough to get drunk on (which, lets be honest, is why young people drink) and it was easy to get. ", "It’s also a lot simpler, nowadays when I walk into a pub it can take me a while to decide which beer I want to drink (Much to the distress of the bartender) whereas lager is lager is lager. ", "A pint of lager – done. ", "Also helps that, unlike ale, you can easily buy lager in bulk. ", "Then again you can buy multi-packs of beers such as Speckled Hen or Old Peculiar but I’m not personally going anywhere near that hangover juice. ", "To some, the fringe of the younger generation, individuality is paramount but ultimately we, as humans, are social creatures so it’s very much a case of trying to fit in with ones peers – even for the fringe.", "\n\nI still believe image plays a big part of the problem. ", "Lager is seen as cool, it’s the “in thing” at the moment, the adverts are catchy and the logos are flash. ", "Have a wander over to the Pumpclip Parade blog, it’s ok I’ll wait for you to finish. ", "You’ll notice that these pump clips are absolutely abominable. ", "These are real pump clips seen in pubs used to advertise beer. ", "I have to say, the outright worst offender is Northumberland Brewery – it doesn’t help that their beer is usually rubbish too. ", "Marketing *spits on floor* isn’t just about making people aware of a brand, it needs to entice and make the product seem desirable and most marketing of ale fails to do this. ", "Now take heed here, this does not mean that the correct solution to getting young people into beer is to “be down wiv da yoof” because if I see anybody doing that I will destroy them. ", "What we, the beer drinking community, need to do is make young people excited about beer. ", "Show young people that ale is amazing.", "\n\nThe two years I’ve spent at university so far have easily been the best years of my life. ", "I’ve met loads of new people, lots of new friends, and I’ve become part of a group I hold dear. ", "I was a member of, and then secretary of, the Real Ale & Cider Society at Northumbria Students’ Union. ", "I cite this because each year we’ve grown in size as a society; only a few of the new members we get join us because they like ale whereas most just want to avoid the typical nightclubs and vodka trebles rubbish that pollutes most student culture. ", "But just by being with our society, we show them that ale isn’t about smelly old farts, that it’s really a fascinating area of British culture which is so diverse! ", "A couple of members of our society actually home brew which is pretty awesome. ", "Our society has gotten people excited about beer!", "\n\nThat doesn’t mean we’re always welcome. ", "I know I’ve been to a few places with friends where the clientèle give you funny looks, or even death stares, for the heinous crime of daring to step into their territory. ", "There’s the prejudgement that all young people are loud, noisy and disruptive and obviously all young people shouldn’t be tarred by the same brush. ", "Though, to be honest, I’ve rarely seen this outside of rural “local pubs for local people”. ", "One exception being a small pub in Hartlepool – it’s nice and so is the beer but the owner seems averse to the under 25s as though they carried bubonic plague. ", "Most places I’ve been to in Newcastle have usually been welcoming to us, as a result we go back there regularly and drink more beer. ", "Everyone’s happy!", "\n\nThe scene itself is becoming more modern and, much as they may be tutted at, a lot of newer breweries trying experimental things like super-duper hoppy beers are attracting more attention from the younger crowd. ", "Some of the excellent offerings I’ve seen from new breweries such as Tiny Rebel, Tyne Bank and Summer Wine Brewery (to name a few of a large group) are the exciting frontier of beer that’s going to entice and prevent stagnation of a crucial aspect of British culture. ", "That’s right, what will save British culture is not banishing brown people but making good beer! ", "Yeah, I went there!", "\n\nI think the end points that Mike makes are sound. ", "If you want a diverse customer base for beer, that is you want a wide variety of ales, then you need to be ensuring that you have a wide variety of people to enjoy these beers. ", "And it’s not about simply educating the young as though there’s another class we’re missing, just after PE we’ve got beer tasting, but doing more to make cask ale seem a viable option at the bar. ", "Offer tasters to customers, be active in trying to make the beer exciting and young people will be interested! ", "Get psyched!" ]

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[ "Vintage Sounds From Yesteryear Are Being Curated By An Online Museum\n\nYour familiarity with sounds like the plunk of typewriter keys, the buzz of a 56k modem, or the whir of a rotary-dial phone, probably depends on your age. ", "Those sounds, made by outdated objects that have faded from our collective memory are being cataloged by a project called ‘Conserve the Sound.’", "\n\nIt’s “an online museum for vanishing and endangered sounds,” according to a description on the project’s website. ", "Most of them are vintage pieces of technology, but the sound of a foldable city map and a window crank handle for a car have also been included.", "\n\nThe project was started by Daniel Chun and Jan Derksen, who own a media agency in Germany. ", "Included in this museum of soon-to-be-forgotten sounds are items from the early 1900s up through the 2000s. ", "To sample these sounds, visit Conserve the Sound’s website: https://www.conservethesound.de/en/category/sound-en" ]

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[ "\"You show spirit and bravery, and you come of noble stock. ", "You will make a very valuable Death Eater. ", "We need your kind, Neville Longbottom.\"", "\n\n\"Iíll join you when hell freezes over,\" said Neville. \"", "Dumbledoreís Army!\" ", "he shouted, and there was an answering cheer from the crowd, whom Voldemortís Silencing Charms seemed unable to hold.", "\n\n- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\n\nOur Code\n\nOur code was probably not that sophisticated or well written as others... especially since we didn't include any threading or header files, but oh well! :)", "\n\nNavigation\n\nWe first defined the struct Point, which included an x coordinate and a y coordinate. ", "Then we defined two global variables, Point position and Point goal. ", "The position point would constantly be updated using the feedback from the VPS overhead, while the goal point would change according to where we wanted Neville to go next.", "\n\nNeville's primary function for moving around was called GoToPoint, which had a turn() function and then a straight() function.", "\n\nvoid goToPoint()\n{\nturn();\nstraight();\n}\n\nThe turn function took the position and goal points, used arctan to find the angle between the two, and compared it to Neville's current heading according to the gyroscope reading; then Neville would turn either clockwise or counterclockwise until it was within the given error margin of the desired angle heading. ", "Then the straight function would come into play, and Neville would go forward until it was less than a certain distance away from the goal point. ", "Its speed depended on how far away it was from the point; the farther away it was, the greater its speed, and it would gradually slow down until it reached the point.", "\n\nWe used a series of functions such as set_goal_gearbox(int territory), set_goal_lever(int territory), and set_goal_center(int territory) to set Neville's goal point to either the coordinates of the gearbox, the lever, or the center of a territory.", "\n\nMining Territories\n\nWe had a function to claim a territory by spinning the gearbox: Neville would first drive to the gearbox in a territory, then a third motor would turn on and spin some gears and wheels on Neville's back, which would in turn spin the gearbox. ", "Then we had a similar function to pull the lever of that territory using the servo attached to its front and pull it five times to get five ping pong balls.", "\n\nBoth functions had a time out coded in so that if Neville hadn't aligned itself properly with either the gearbox or the lever, it would back up to the center of the territory before trying again. ", "After it tried to realign itself five times, it would give up and move on to the next territory.", "\n\nAfter Neville had successfully mined two territories, it would dump its ping pong balls in the center of the board. ", "It was also told to attempt to dump if there were only twenty seconds left during the match, although this was not implemented that well and only worked occasionally.", "\n\nAvoiding Opponents\n\nSince Neville was easily pushed over by its opponents, we wanted it to avoid the opponent robot as much as possible. ", "Using the VPS to read the opponent's coordinates, Neville would check the distance between itself and its opponent, and if the opponent was within a certain distance from Neville, Neville would attempt to go in the other direction.", "\n\nNeville would also check to see which territory its opponent was in, and if they happened to be in the same territory, Neville would give up that territory and move on to another one." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "# coding: utf8\n\n# part of pybacktest package: https://github.com/ematvey/pybacktest\n\n\"\"\" Set of data-loading helpers \"\"\"\n\nimport pandas as pd\nfrom pandas_datareader import data as dr\n\n\ndef load_from_yahoo(ticker='SPY', start='1900', adjust_close=False):\n \"\"\" Loads data from Yahoo. ", "After loading it renames columns to shorter\n format, which is what Backtest expects.", "\n\n Set `adjust close` to True to correct all fields with with divident info\n provided by Yahoo via Adj Close field.", "\n\n Defaults are in place for convenience. \"\"\"", "\n\n if isinstance(ticker, list):\n return pd.", "Panel(\n {t: load_from_yahoo(\n ticker=t, start=start, adjust_close=adjust_close)\n for t in ticker})\n\n data = dr.", "DataReader(ticker, data_source='yahoo', start=start)\n r = data['Adj Close'] / data['Close']\n ohlc_cols = ['Open', 'High', 'Low', 'Close']\n data[ohlc_cols] = data[ohlc_cols].mul(r, axis=0)\n data = data.drop('Adj Close', axis=1)\n data = data.rename(columns={'Open': 'O', 'High': 'H', 'Low': 'L',\n 'Close': 'C', 'Adj Close': 'AC',\n 'Volume': 'V'})\n return data\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Resection of abdominal inferior vena cava without graft interposition: Considerations in preserving renal function.", "\nThe management of tumors involving or infiltrating the inferior vena cava (IVC) constitutes a great surgical challenge, since radical resection affords patients the only possibility for long-term survival. ", "These tumors can be resected without graft interposition, provided that there is adequate collateral circulation and that the renal function can be secured. ", "Meanwhile, ligation of the left renal vein may be possible due to the existence of collateral circulation through the adrenal and gonadal veins. ", "We briefly present our experience on renal outflow preservation through implantation of the right renal vein into the IVC stump or through diversion of the left renal vein into the inferior mesenteric vein." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006226303521543741, 0.0006909854710102081, 0.0005582532612606883, 0.0008997943950816989, 0.0007962961099110544 ]

[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a process for producing aluminosilicate glass containing rare earth oxides, particularly yttrium oxide.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Prior Art\nAluminosilicate glass composed of silica and alumina has high heat resistance and good mechanical properties, and it is also superior in the corrosion resistance and weather-resistance. ", "However, a very high temperature is required for the preparation of the glass of this type.", "\nIt was impossible to produce the glass of this type by a melting method by means of a usual electric furnace, since the usual electric furnace employing a silicon carbide heating element is restricted to a temperature of up to about 1550.degree. ", "C.\nIn general, when an alkali metal oxide or an alkaline earth metal oxide is incorporated, the melting point decreases and it becomes possible to produce glass by means of a usual electric furnace equipped with a silicon carbide heating element. ", "However, when an alkali metal oxide or an alkaline earth metal oxide is incorporated, there is a serious problem that various properties such as heat resistance, mechanical properties, chemical resistance, corrosion resistance and weather-resistance tend to be deteriorated.", "\nThe present inventors have previously reported that when Y.sub.2 O.sub.3 is incorporated, glass can be prepared by means of a usual electric furnace at a temperature of about 1550.degree. ", "C. and the glass thereby obtained has excellent mechanical properties. ", "However, isolated Y.sub.2 O.sub.3 is very expensive, and accordingly adds to the costs." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Disease-specific knowledge and clinical skills required by community-based physiotherapists to co-manage patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "\nWhile strong evidence supports the role of physiotherapy in the co-management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), it remains unclear what constitutes the essential disease-specific knowledge and clinical skills required by community-based physiotherapists to effectively and safely deliver recommended care. ", "This study aimed to identify essential disease-specific knowledge and skills, link these with evidence from clinical guidelines, and broadly determine the professional development (PD) needs and confidence related to the management of RA among physiotherapists. ", "An international Delphi panel of rheumatologists, physiotherapists, and consumers (n = 27) identified essential disease-specific knowledge and clinical skills over 3 rounds. ", "Physiotherapy-relevant recommendations from high-quality, contemporary clinical guidelines were linked to Delphi responses. ", "Finally, an e-survey of PD needs among registered physiotherapists (n = 285) was undertaken. ", "Overarching themes identified by the Delphi panel across the RA disease stages included the need for excellent communication, the importance of a multidisciplinary team and early referral, adoption of chronic disease management principles, and disease monitoring. ", "Of the essential Delphi themes, 86.7% aligned with clinical guideline recommendations. ", "Up to 77.5% of physiotherapists reported not being confident in managing patients with RA. ", "Across the range of essential knowledge and skills themes, 45.1-93.5% and 71.1-95.2% of respondents, respectively, indicated they would benefit from or definitely need PD. ", "To effectively manage RA, community-based physiotherapists require excellent communication skills and disease-specific knowledge, including understanding the role of the multidisciplinary team and the principles of early referral, chronic disease management, and monitoring. ", "Physiotherapists identified a need for PD to develop these skills." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The arrival of WikiLeaks is one of the most exciting developments in the enduring struggle of ordinary people for the right to call secret power to account. ", "This is what journalism should do.", "\n\nFor all the lip-service paid to Edmund Burke's idea of a fourth estate, the media remain an extension of the established order. ", "The current wars demonstrate this. ", "Instead of exposing the lies that have led to the carnage, journalists, with honourable exceptions, have amplified and echoed them. ", "Scott McClellan, George W Bush's former press secretary, says his administration relied on the media's \"complicit enablers\".", "\n\nWikiLeaks, says its founder Julian Assange, has \"created a space that permits a form of journalism which lives up to the name that journalism has always tried to establish for itself\". ", "This year, WikiLeaks has released tens of thousands of official documents that describe the casual, almost industrial killing of civilians, assassination squads, and attempts at cover-up.", "\n\nAnyone watching the leaked cockpit video of an Apache helicopter gunning down cameramen and children in Baghdad will not forget the pilot's reaction: \"Nice.\" ", "Having witnessed the brutalising effects of war, I felt like cheering when this was exposed and I read that it was viewed 4.8 million times in one week. ", "This is the new \"space\" for a truth-telling we need urgently, as great power promotes its \"perpetual war\" and strives for what it calls \"information dominance\".", "\n\nI have got to know Julian Assange, and what strikes me most about him is the unabashed morality he invests in WikiLeaks. ", "It is unusual to hear the words: \"The goal is justice, the method is transparency.\" ", "He reminds me of one of our compatriots, Wilfred Burchett, the courageous reporter who incurred the wrath of the powerful by exposing the \"atomic plague\" of the Hiroshima bomb. ", "Like Burchett, Assange has made some serious enemies for blowing such a loud whistle; the Pentagon has already threatened to \"terminally marginalise\" WikiLeaks. ", "And this is his great risk and his honour.", "\n\nI asked him what he had learned most from his glimpses of rampant power. \"", "In one way or another I've been reading generals' emails since I was 17,\" he said (he is 39), \"and what I see now is a vast, sprawling estate that is becoming more and more secretive and uncontrolled. \"", "This is not a sophisticated conspiracy; it is a movement of self-interest to produce an end result that is [the wars in] Iraq and Afghanistan, which are used to wash money out of the US tax base and back to [arms] companies like Northrop Grumman and Raytheon.\" ", "Another release of leaked documents is due soon.", "\n\nI salute such principled audacity.", "\n\nPrevious: 22. ", "Angelina Jolie\n\nNext: 24. ", "Lloyd Blankfein\n\nBack to list" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0006472449749708176, 0.0008680777391418815, 0.0013221116969361901, 0.0007809068192727864, 0.0009998312452808022, 0.0006826690514571965, 0.0007172952173277736, 0.0009278361685574055, 0.0006298888474702835, 0.0005782763473689556, 0.0006766175501979887, 0.0017372111324220896, 0.0005520504782907665, 0.004329743795096874, 0.012005851604044437, 0.0007406520890071988, 0.0006129479734227061, 0.000656549003906548, 0.0008788329432718456, 0.0005764944362454116, 0.001080855610780418, 0.0007540265214629471, 0.0007896262686699629, 0.009270132519304752 ]

[ "bitcoin\n\nAn increase in the value of bitcoin, the world’s largest online currency, may fuel concerns that virtual money could undermine the role of central banks. ", "The CHART OF THE DAY shows that bitcoin has more than doubled in the past 12 months, strengthening to $16.37 from $5.88, according to data from Mt. Gox, the world’s largest bitcoin exchange. ", "The money, issued by a decentralized network of computers, has recovered after falling to $2.14 in November 2011 from a high of $29.58 five months earlier. ", "Greater demand for virtual currencies could have a negative impact on the reputation of central banks, according to a report published by the European Central Bank in October last year. ", "Since the report was released, bitcoin has risen more than 55 percent against the dollar and use of the currency has surged. ", "Bitpay Inc., a bitcoin payment processing company that recently raised $5..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0008509818580932915, 0.0007423436618410051, 0.0006234435713849962, 0.0005653848056681454, 0.0010377824073657393, 0.0011277346638962626 ]

[ "Ive had him since he was 6 weeks old. ", "The pup is full of energy and doesn't have parvo, but ever since I got him he would not ever eat. ", "For the past 3 weeks I have been keeping him alive with Dyne. ", "Has anyone else experianced this problem before and if so what have you done to correct it?" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.013702611438930035, 0.003435085993260145, 0.0011471229372546077, 0.000722488563042134 ]

[ "'use strict';\nangular.module(\"ngLocale\", [], [\"$provide\", function($provide) {\nvar PLURAL_CATEGORY = {ZERO: \"zero\", ONE: \"one\", TWO: \"two\", FEW: \"few\", MANY: \"many\", OTHER: \"other\"};\n$provide.value(\"$locale\", {\n \"DATETIME_FORMATS\": {\n \"AMPMS\": [\n \"\\u00d6\\u00d6\",\n \"\\u00d6S\"\n ],\n \"DAY\": [\n \"Pazar\",\n \"Pazartesi\",\n \"Sal\\u0131\",\n \"\\u00c7ar\\u015famba\",\n \"Per\\u015fembe\",\n \"Cuma\",\n \"Cumartesi\"\n ],\n \"ERANAMES\": [\n \"Milattan \\u00d6nce\",\n \"Milattan Sonra\"\n ],\n \"ERAS\": [\n \"M\\u00d6\",\n \"MS\"\n ],\n \"FIRSTDAYOFWEEK\": 0,\n \"MONTH\": [\n \"Ocak\",\n \"\\u015eubat\",\n \"Mart\",\n \"Nisan\",\n \"May\\u0131s\",\n \"Haziran\",\n \"Temmuz\",\n \"A\\u011fustos\",\n \"Eyl\\u00fcl\",\n \"Ekim\",\n \"Kas\\u0131m\",\n \"Aral\\u0131k\"\n ],\n \"SHORTDAY\": [\n \"Paz\",\n \"Pzt\",\n \"Sal\",\n \"\\u00c7ar\",\n \"Per\",\n \"Cum\",\n \"Cmt\"\n ],\n \"SHORTMONTH\": [\n \"Oca\",\n \"\\u015eub\",\n \"Mar\",\n \"Nis\",\n \"May\",\n \"Haz\",\n \"Tem\",\n \"A\\u011fu\",\n \"Eyl\",\n \"Eki\",\n \"Kas\",\n \"Ara\"\n ],\n \"STANDALONEMONTH\": [\n \"Ocak\",\n \"\\u015eubat\",\n \"Mart\",\n \"Nisan\",\n \"May\\u0131s\",\n \"Haziran\",\n \"Temmuz\",\n \"A\\u011fustos\",\n \"Eyl\\u00fcl\",\n \"Ekim\",\n \"Kas\\u0131m\",\n \"Aral\\u0131k\"\n ],\n \"WEEKENDRANGE\": [\n 5,\n 6\n ],\n \"fullDate\": \"d MMMM y EEEE\",\n \"longDate\": \"d MMMM y\",\n \"medium\": \"d MMM y HH:mm:ss\",\n \"mediumDate\": \"d MMM y\",\n \"mediumTime\": \"HH:mm:ss\",\n \"short\": \"d.MM.y HH:mm\",\n \"shortDate\": \"d.MM.y\",\n \"shortTime\": \"HH:mm\"\n },\n \"NUMBER_FORMATS\": {\n \"CURRENCY_SYM\": \"TL\",\n \"DECIMAL_SEP\": \",\",\n \"GROUP_SEP\": \".\",", "\n \"PATTERNS\": [\n {\n \"gSize\": 3,\n \"lgSize\": 3,\n \"maxFrac\": 3,\n \"minFrac\": 0,\n \"minInt\": 1,\n \"negPre\": \"-\",\n \"negSuf\": \"\",\n \"posPre\": \"\",\n \"posSuf\": \"\"\n },\n {\n \"gSize\": 3,\n \"lgSize\": 3,\n \"maxFrac\": 2,\n \"minFrac\": 2,\n \"minInt\": 1,\n \"negPre\": \"-\\u00a4\",\n \"negSuf\": \"\",\n \"posPre\": \"\\u00a4\",\n \"posSuf\": \"\"\n }\n ]\n },\n \"id\": \"tr-tr\",\n \"localeID\": \"tr_TR\",\n \"pluralCat\": function(n, opt_precision) { if (n == 1) { return PLURAL_CATEGORY.ONE; } return PLURAL_CATEGORY.OTHER;}\n});\n}]);\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.004786752630025148, 0.0010519545758143067 ]

[ "[Consciousness disorders from neurological view].", "\n\"Disturbances of consciousness of unknown origin\" require an interdisciplinary approach due to the broad variety of possibly underlying causes. ", "Primary neurological pathologies account for about half of the cases, which emphasizes the key role of the neurologist in the primary assessment and planning of the diagnostic and therapeutic strategy. ", "The most important goal is to quickly identify patients with extremely time-critical conditions like ischemic stroke, bacterial meningitis or space occupying intracranial hemorrhage. ", "The most important tool to generate a working hypothesis is the clinical neurological examination. ", "However, even in apparently neurological presentations like e.g. first ever epileptic seizure, underlying even non-neurological pathologies have to be considered." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006136242300271988, 0.0005578803247772157, 0.0006933539407327771, 0.0009878036798909307, 0.0005528985057026148, 0.0006431816145777702 ]

[ "Assisted Evolution in Astrobiology-Convergence of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology within the Context of Planetary Colonization.", "\nIn ecology and conservation biology, the concept of assisted evolution aims at the optimization of the resilience of organisms and populations to changing environmental conditions. ", "What has hardly been considered so far is that this concept is also relevant for future astrobiological research, since in artificial extraterrestrial habitats (e.g., plants and insects in martian greenhouses) novel environmental conditions will also affect the survival and performance of organisms. ", "The question therefore arises whether and how space-relevant organisms can be artificially adapted to the desired circumstances in advance. ", "Based on several adaptation and acclimatization strategies in wild ecosystems of Earth, I discuss which methods can be considered for assisted evolution in the context of astrobiological research. ", "This includes enhanced selective breeding, induction of epigenetic inheritance, and genetic engineering, as well as possible problems of these applications. ", "This short overview article aims to stimulate an emerging discussion as to whether humans, which are already prominent drivers of Earth's evolution, should consider such interventions for future planetary colonization as well." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0005560558056458831, 0.0005530395428650081, 0.000552518991753459, 0.0005756908212788403, 0.0005185174522921443, 0.0005746057140640914, 0.000516325409989804 ]

[ "<?", "php\n\nnamespace Illuminate\\Database\\Query\\Processors;\n\nuse Illuminate\\Database\\Query\\Builder;\n\nclass Processor\n{\n /**\n * Process the results of a \"select\" query.", "\n *\n * @param \\Illuminate\\Database\\Query\\Builder $query\n * @param array $results\n * @return array\n */\n public function processSelect(Builder $query, $results)\n {\n return $results;\n }\n\n /**\n * Process an \"insert get ID\" query.", "\n *\n * @param \\Illuminate\\Database\\Query\\Builder $query\n * @param string $sql\n * @param array $values\n * @param string $sequence\n * @return int\n */\n public function processInsertGetId(\n Builder $query,\n $sql,\n $values,\n $sequence = null\n ) {\n $query->getConnection()->insert($sql, $values);\n\n $id = $query\n ->getConnection()\n ->getPdo()\n ->lastInsertId($sequence);\n\n return is_numeric($id) ? (", "int) $id : $id;\n }\n\n /**\n * Process the results of a column listing query.", "\n *\n * @param array $results\n * @return array\n */\n public function processColumnListing($results)\n {\n return $results;\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0009998893365263939, 0.0009378555114381015, 0.001082248636521399, 0.001295194262638688, 0.0008701319457031786, 0.0010812644613906741 ]

[ "Riddled by Steven Holl\n\nHorm is unlike any furniture company I know of. ", "This company has hired a gaggle of famous architects as their designers. ", "One piece I love is Steven Holl’s table. ", "I’m a “star”-chitecture fanatic who has visited a number of Holl’s American buildings and observed his work with jaw-dropping awe. ", "Now, I have an opportunity to own a piece from the hands of this master. ", "I don’t know how to describe this piece except to say it’s very Hollian. ", "More specifically, this work adds a third dimension to the early experimental watercolors of Holl. ", "This piece also smacks of a Mad Max movie." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0010109758004546165, 0.0010195401264354587, 0.0008178704883903265, 0.0015706784324720502, 0.005629069171845913, 0.0015642354264855385, 0.0005726279341615736, 0.0035283504985272884 ]

[ " IN THE\n TENTH COURT OF APPEALS\n\n No. ", "10-17-00164-CR\n\nRICKY LAYFIELD A/K/A RICKEY LAYFIELD,\n Appellant\nv.\n\nTHE STATE OF TEXAS,\n Appellee\n\n\n From the 52nd District Court\n Coryell County, Texas\n Trial Court No. ", "Fisc 14-22143\n\n\n MEMORANDUM OPINION\n\n\n In two issues, appellant, Ricky Layfield a/k/a Rickey Layfield, challenges his\n\nconviction for aggravated sexual assault of a child. ", " See TEX. ", "PENAL CODE ANN. §", "\n\n22.021(a)(2)(B) (West Supp. ", "2018). ", "Specifically, Layfield contends that the trial court erred\n\nby: (1) allowing the State to amend the indictment over his objection and then refusing\n\nto grant him a ten-day reset of the trial; and (2) denying his oral motion to suppress.", "\n\nBecause we overrule both issues, we affirm.", "\n\f I. THE INDICTMENT\n\n In his first issue, Layfield argues that the trial court erred by allowing the State to\n\namend the indictment on the day of trial to reflect a name change—from “Michael J.\n\nGardner, Jr.” to “Ricky Layfield.” ", "According to Layfield, this change constituted an\n\namendment to the indictment and entitled him to a ten-day reset of the trial.", "\n\n On February 25, 2014, an indictment was issued against Michael J. Gardner, Jr.,\n\ncharging him with the aggravated sexual assault of K.H. The caption, however, stated\n\nthat the indictment referred to Ricky Layfield.", "\n\n Following his arrest on this charge, Layfield filed a Waiver of Arraignment, which\n\nwas dated February 28, 2014, and was styled “The State of Texas vs. Ricky Layfield.”", "\n\nAdditionally, the waiver also noted the following: “Defendant would further state to the\n\nCourt that the Defendant’s name is correctly set forth and spelled as follows: Ricky\n\nLayfield.”", "\n\n Thereafter, the State filed a motion to amend the indictment, seeking to change the\n\nname on the indictment from “Michael J. Gardner, Jr.” to “Ricky Layfield.” ", "This motion\n\nwas not ruled on by the trial court until trial.", "\n\n Two trial settings occurred in the interim, and Layfield did not object to the\n\nindictment at either setting. ", "On February 14, 2017, prior to the State’s opening statement,\n\nthe State requested that the trial court address the pending motion to amend the\n\nindictment. ", "In particular, the State argued that the indictment should be corrected to\n\n\nLayfield v. State Page 2\n\freflect Layfield’s true name pursuant to article 26.08 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.", "\n\nSee TEX. ", "CODE CRIM. ", "PROC. ", "ANN. ", "art. ", "26.08 (West 2009).", "\n\n Layfield objected to the State’s attempt to amend the indictment, arguing that the\n\nchange constituted an amendment to the indictment pursuant to article 28.10 of the Code\n\nof Criminal Procedure and, thus, entitled him to a ten-day reset of the trial. ", "See id. art.", "\n\n28.10 (West 2006). ", "The State countered that there was no reason to delay the trial court\n\nbecause the case had been pending for two-and-a-half to three years and Layfield could\n\nnot have been surprised by the State’s request.", "\n\n Ultimately, the trial court granted the State’s request to amend the indictment and\n\ndenied Layfield’s request for a ten-day reset of the trial. ", "Specifically, in its order, the trial\n\ncourt noted the following:\n\n On the 3 day of Feb., 2017, the State’s Motion to Amend Indictment was\n considered by the Court and the defendant waived any objection to the\n amended indictment.", "\n\n IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED THAT the State’s Motion to Amend\n Indictment is GRANTED and that the original indictment shall be read as\n set forth in the State’s Motion to Amend the Indictment.", "\n\nThereafter, the State interlineated Layfield’s name in place of Gardner’s. ", "Afterwards, the\n\nindictment was read to Layfield, who pleaded “Not guilty” to the charge.", "\n\n The purpose of naming the accused in the indictment is for identification, which\n\nis “a matter of form which can easily be altered at the election of the accused.” ", "Jones v.\n\nState, 504 S.W.2d 442, 444 (Tex. ", "Crim. ", "App. ", "1974); see TEX. ", "CODE CRIM. ", "PROC. ", "ANN. ", "art.", "\n\n\nLayfield v. State Page 3\n\f26.08. ", "The act of changing the name of the defendant in the indictment is a ministerial\n\nact. ", "See Jones, 504 S.W.2d at 442; see also Kelley v. State, 823 S.W.2d 300, 302 (Tex. ", "Crim.", "\n\nApp. ", "1992). ", "Moreover, changing the defendant’s name is not an amendment to the\n\nindictment for purposes of article 28.10 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. ", "See Kelley, 823\n\nS.W.2d at 302; see also Wynn v. State, 864 S.W.2d 539, 541 (Tex. ", "Crim. ", "App. ", "1993).", "\n\n Nevertheless, Layfield contends that the Kelley case and prior related cases are\n\ndistinguishable from the instant case because those cases involved corrections to\n\nindictments that concerned names that a defendant was known by or where the\n\nindictment only contained the defendant’s last name. ", "Layfield argues that the change to\n\nthe indictment in this case is an amendment because the amended indictment charges an\n\nentirely different person. ", "We are not persuaded by this argument.", "\n\n Subsequent to the Kelley decision, other Texas courts have concluded that a name\n\nchange in an indictment, such as the change involved here, is a ministerial act that falls\n\nunder article 26.08 and is not an amendment under article 28.10. ", "See Wynn, 864 S.W.2d\n\nat 540 (concluding that a name change in an indictment from “Emmett James a/k/a James\n\nJackson” to “Emmett James Wynn a/k/a James Jackson” was not an amendment under\n\narticle 28.10, but rather was a ministerial act under article 26.08); Friesel v. State, 931\n\nS.W.2d 587, 591-92 (Tex. ", "App.—San Antonio 1996, pet. ", "ref’d) (involving a two-paragraph\n\nindictment that correctly listed the defendant’s name in the first paragraph, but\n\nincorrectly listed a co-defendant’s name in the second paragraph and concluding that\n\n\nLayfield v. State Page 4\n\fcorrecting the second paragraph to show the defendant’s name was “a purely ministerial\n\ncorrection” under article 26.08 and not an amendment under article 28.10).", "\n\n The Wynn, Kelley, and Friesel cases demonstrate that it does not matter whether the\n\nname change is to correct spelling, an alias, a nickname or last name, or to correct an\n\nentirely different name; rather, so long as the indictment charges a “person” with an\n\noffense, a name change in an indictment is a ministerial act that does not constitute an\n\narticle 28.10 amendment. ", "See Wynn, 864 S.W.2d at 540; Kelley, 823 S.W.2d at 302; Friesel,\n\n931 S.W.2d at 591-92; see also TEX. ", "CODE CRIM. ", "PROC. ", "ANN. ", "art. ", "26.08. ", "Therefore, we reject\n\nLayfield’s contention that the name change in this case amounted to an article 28.10\n\namendment to the indictment. ", "And because the name change involved here does not\n\nimplicate article 28.10, we cannot say that the trial court erred by denying Layfield’s\n\nrequest for a ten-day reset of the trial. ", "See TEX. ", "CODE CRIM. ", "PROC. ", "ANN. ", "art. ", "28.10.", "\n\nAccordingly, we overrule his first issue.", "\n\n II. ", " ORAL MOTION TO SUPPRESS\n\n In his second issue, Layfield asserts that the trial court erred by denying his oral\n\nmotion to suppress evidence because the search warrant only permitted the police to\n\nseize bodily fluids, not take a buccal swab, which “is a non-invasive tissue sample taken\n\nfrom [the] inside of a person’s cheeks.”", "\n\n To preserve a complaint for appellate review, a defendant must raise the\n\ncomplaint to the trial judge by a timely request, objection, or motion that specifically\n\n\nLayfield v. State Page 5\n\fidentifies the grounds for the ruling he seeks. ", "TEX. ", "R. APP. ", "P. 33.1(a)(1)(A). ", "A defendant’s\n\nappellate contention must comport with the specific objection made at trial. ", "Wilson v.\n\nState, 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex. ", "Crim. ", "App. ", "2002). ", "An objection grounded on one legal\n\nbasis may not be used to support a different legal theory on appeal. ", "Rezac v. State, 782\n\nS.W.2d 869, 870 (Tex. ", "Crim. ", "App. ", "1990). ", "The reviewing court will not consider errors,\n\neven of constitutional magnitude, not called to the trial court’s attention. ", "Broxton v. State,\n\n909 S.W.2d 912, 918 (Tex. ", "Crim. ", "App. ", "1995).", "\n\n At trial and in his appellant’s brief, Layfield argued for the suppression of DNA\n\nevidence obtained from a buccal swab conducted by Sergeant Armando Paniagua of\n\nCoryell County Sheriff’s Office. ", " Specifically, at trial, Layfield contended that the\n\ncomplained-of evidence should be suppressed because Sergeant Paniagua did not\n\ninclude “bodily fluids” in Section 3 of the application. ", "However, on appeal, Layfield\n\nasserts that although the search warrant authorized the collection of a buccal swab for\n\n“bodily fluids,” a buccal swab does not collect a “bodily fluid,” but rather collects a tissue\n\nsample, which was not specified in the search warrant. ", "In other words, the argument\n\nLayfield makes on appeal does not comport with the argument he made at the\n\nsuppression hearing. ", "And because Layfield’s argument on appeal does not comport with\n\nthe argument made during the suppression hearing, Layfield failed to preserve error in\n\nthis issue. ", "See TEX. ", "R. APP. ", "P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); see also Wilson, 71 S.W.3d at 349; Broxton, 909\n\nS.W.2d at 918; Rezac, 782 S.W.2d at 870. ", "Accordingly, we overrule Layfield’s second issue.", "\n\n\nLayfield v. State Page 6\n\f III. ", " CONCLUSION\n\n Having overruled both of Layfield’s issues on appeal, we affirm the judgment of\n\nthe trial court.", "\n\n\n\n TOM GRAY\n Chief Justice\n\nBefore Chief Justice Gray,\n Justice Davis, and\n Senior Justice Scoggins1\nAffirmed\nOpinion delivered and filed February 20, 2019\nDo not publish\n[CRPM]\n\n\n\n\n 1\n The Honorable Al Scoggins, Senior Justice of the Tenth Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment\nof the Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court. ", "See TEX. ", "GOV’T CODE ANN. §§ ", "74.003, 75.002, 75.003 (West\n2013).", "\n\nLayfield v. State Page 7\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "/* Copyright (c) Colorado School of Mines, 1997.*/\n/* All rights reserved. ", " */\n\n\n#ifndef WPC_1_CONFIG_H\n#define WPC_1_CONFIG_H\n/* tiling sizes */\n#define WPC_TILESZT 256 \n#define WPC_POWT 8 \n\n\n/* stage of decomposition */\n#define WPC_STAGET 4\n\n/* # of blocks after transform */\n#define WPC_NBLK 16\n#define WPC_LBLK 16\n\n/* filter shift and length */\n#define WPC_WTSHIFT -4\n#define WPC_WTLEN 12 \n\n#endif /* WPC_1_CONFIG_H */\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0006143372738733888, 0.004985043313354254 ]

[ "Introduction {#section1-2058738419827746}\n============\n\nThere are many drugs, which may induce gingival overgrowth, although a large range of clinical manifestations can also result in gingival overgrowth. ", "The drug-induced gingival overgrowth is a side effect of drugs used mainly for non-dental treatment for which the gingival tissue is not the intended target organ.^[@bibr1-2058738419827746],[@bibr2-2058738419827746]^\n\nThe term gingival overgrowth indicates histopathological diagnosis of gum enlargement and has multiple causes. ", "Drugs are among the most common culprit. ", "Their effects have been associated with a patient's genetic predisposition.^[@bibr3-2058738419827746],[@bibr4-2058738419827746]^\n\nMore than 20 drugs are associated with gingival overgrowth.^[@bibr3-2058738419827746],[@bibr5-2058738419827746]^ The three main classes of drugs are anticonvulsants, immunosuppressive agents, and antihypertensive agents.^[@bibr3-2058738419827746][@bibr4-2058738419827746][@bibr5-2058738419827746][@bibr6-2058738419827746]--[@bibr7-2058738419827746]^ The first report about gingival overgrowth by administration of amlodipine was reported by Seymour et al.^[@bibr7-2058738419827746][@bibr8-2058738419827746]^ Subsequently, Lafzi et al.^[@bibr9-2058738419827746]^ reported the onset of gingival overgrowth as side effect in patients who received 10 mg per day of amlodipine within 2 months. ", "Gingival overgrowth manifests as side effect within 1 to 3 months after amlodipine administration.^[@bibr7-2058738419827746],[@bibr10-2058738419827746]^ Amlodipine shows pharmacological profile as follows: long-acting dihydropyridine, coronary and peripheral arterial vasodilatation, headaches, facial flushing, dizziness, and edema. ", "The main oral side effect is amlodipine-induced gingival overgrowth (AIGO).^[@bibr11-2058738419827746],[@bibr12-2058738419827746]^\n\nTo determine whether amlodipine can alter the inflammatory responses, we investigated its effects on gingival fibroblast cell culture, analyzing the gene expression profile of treated cells.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#section2-2058738419827746}\n=====================\n\nPrimary human fibroblast cell culture {#section3-2058738419827746}\n-------------------------------------\n\nFragments of gingival tissue of healthy volunteers (11 years old boy, 68 years old woman, and 20 years old men) were collected during operation. ", "The pieces were transferred in 75 cm^2^ culture flasks containing Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA) supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum (FBS) and antibiotics (Penicillin 100 U/mL and Streptomycin 100 µg/mL: Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.).", "\n\nCells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO~2~. The medium was changed the next day and twice a week. ", "After 15 days, the pieces of gingival tissue were removed from the culture flask. ", "Cells were harvested after additional 24 h of incubation.", "\n\nCell viability test {#section4-2058738419827746}\n-------------------\n\nA stock solution of amlodipine 1 mg/mL was prepared. ", "Further dilutions were made with the culture medium to the desired concentrations just before use.", "\n\nCell lines were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 10^4^ cells per well containing 100 µL of cell culture medium and incubated for 24 h to allow cell adherence.", "\n\nSerial dilutions of amlodipine (5000, 2000, 1000, 500, and 100 ng/mL) were added (three wells for each concentration). ", "The cell culture medium alone was used as a negative control.", "\n\nAfter 24 h of incubation, cell viability was measured using PrestoBlue™ Reagent Protocol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. ", "Briefly, the PrestoBlue™ solution (10 µL) was added into each well containing 90 µL of treatment solution. ", "Plates were then placed back into the incubator for 1 h, after which absorbance was measured at wavelengths of 570 nm excitation and 620 nm emission by an automated microplate reader (Sunrise™, Tecan Trading AG, Mӓnnedorf, Switzerland). ", "The percentage of viable cells was determined by comparing the average absorbance in drug treated wells with average absorbance in control wells exposed to vehicle alone. ", "The results were presented as the mean ± standard deviation of three measures.", "\n\nCell treatment {#section5-2058738419827746}\n--------------\n\nCell lines were seeded at a density of 10^5^ cells/mL into 9 cm^2^ (3 mL) wells and subjected to serum starvation for 16 h at 37°C.", "\n\nCells were treated with 1000 ng/mL amlodipine solution for 24 h. This solution was obtained in DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS, antibiotics, and aminoacids. ", "Cell medium alone was used as a negative control.", "\n\nThe cells were maintained in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO~2~ at 37°C. ", "After the end of the exposure, time cells were trypsinized and processed for RNA extraction.", "\n\nRNA isolation, reverse transcription, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction {#section6-2058738419827746}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTotal RNA was isolated from cell lines using GenElute Mammalian Total RNA Purification Miniprep Kit (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc,), according to manufacturer's instructions. ", "Pure RNA was quantified at NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA).", "\n\nComplementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis was performed starting from 500 ng of total RNA, using PrimeScript RT Master Mix (Takara Bio, Inc., Kusatsu, Japan). ", "The reaction was incubated at 37°C for 15 min and inactivated by heating at 70°C for 10 s. cDNA was amplified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the ViiA™ 7 System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).", "\n\nAll PCR reactions were performed in a 20 µL volume. ", "Each reaction contained 10 µL of 2× qPCRBIO SYGreen Mix Lo-ROX (PCR Biosystems, Ltd, London, UK), 400 nM concentration of each primer, and cDNA.", "\n\nCustom primers belonging to the \"Inflammatory Cytokines and Receptors\" pathway were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. All experiments were performed including non-template controls to exclude reagents contamination. ", "PCR was performed including two analytical replicates.", "\n\nThe amplification profile was initiated by 10 min incubation at 95°C, followed by two-step amplification of 15 s at 95°C and 60 s at 60°C for 40 cycles. ", "As final step, a melt curve dissociation analysis, was performed.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#section7-2058738419827746}\n--------------------\n\nThe gene expression levels were normalized to the expression of the reference gene (*RPL13*) and were expressed as fold changes relative to the expression of the untreated cells. ", "Quantification was done with the delta/delta Ct (threshold cycle) calculation method.^[@bibr13-2058738419827746]^\n\nResults {#section8-2058738419827746}\n=======\n\nPrestoBlue™ cell viability test was conducted to determine the optimal concentration of amlodipine to be used for cell treatment that did not significantly affect cell viability. ", "Basing on this test, the concentration used for the treatment was 1000 ng/mL.\n\nThe gene expression profile of 29 genes belonging to the \"Inflammatory Cytokines and Receptors\" pathway was analyzed using real-time PCR ([Figure 1](#fig1-2058738419827746){ref-type=\"fig\"}). [", "Table 1](#table1-2058738419827746){ref-type=\"table\"} reported the list of the investigated genes and their fold change.", "\n\n{#fig1-2058738419827746}\n\n###### \n\nSelected genes tested in real-time PCR and belonging to \"Inflammatory Cytokines and Receptors\" pathway.", "\n\n![](", "10.1177_2058738419827746-table1)\n\n Gene Fold change Gene function\n ----------- ------------- ----------------------\n *CCL1* **0.41** Chemokine\n *CCL2* 0.67 Chemokine\n *CCL2D* **0.26** Chemokine\n *CCL5* **0.50** Chemokine\n *CCL8* **0.33** Chemokine\n *CXCL5* **0.24** Chemokine\n *CXCL10* **0.31** Chemokine\n *CCR1* **0.16** Chemokine receptor\n *CCR4* 1.77 Chemokine receptor\n *CCR5* 0.72 Chemokine receptor\n *CCR6* 1.00 Chemokine receptor\n *CCR10* **4.59** Chemokine receptor\n *CXCR5* 0.74 Chemokine receptor\n *IL1A* **9.61** Interleukin\n *IL1B* **2.80** Interleukin\n *IL5* **2.55** Interleukin\n *IL6* 0.67 Interleukin\n *IL7* **2.91** Interleukin\n *IL8* **0.37** Interleukin\n *ILR1* 0.76 Interleukin receptor\n *IL1RN* 0.56 Interleukin receptor\n *IL6R* 1.23 Interleukin receptor\n *IL10RB* 0.77 Interleukin receptor\n *BMP2* 0.82 Cytokine\n *SPP1* **2.97** Cytokine\n *TNFRSF* 0.81 Cytokine\n *TNFSF10* **2.65** Cytokine\n *VEGFA* 0.65 Cytokine\n *RPL13* 1.00 Reference gene\n\nPCR: polymerase chain reaction.", "\n\nIn bold the fold change of significant gene expression level.", "\n\nBold font indicates significant variation of gene expression level: fold change ⩾2 and *P* value ⩽0.05 for upregulated genes, and fold change ⩽0.5 and *P* value ⩽0.05 for significantly down-regulated genes. [", "Table 2](#table2-2058738419827746){ref-type=\"table\"} reported the only significantly deregulated genes.", "\n\n###### \n\nSignificant gene expression levels after 24 h treatment with amlodipine, as compared with untreated cells.", "\n\n![](", "10.1177_2058738419827746-table2)\n\n Gene Fold change SD (±) Gene function\n ----------- ------------- -------- --------------------\n *CCL1* 0.41 0.11 Chemokine\n *CCL2D* 0.26 0.01 Chemokine\n *CCL5* 0.50 0.02 Chemokine\n *CCL8* 0.33 0.03 Chemokine\n *CXCL5* 0.24 0.00 Chemokine\n *CXCL10* 0.31 0.03 Chemokine\n *CCR1* 0.16 0.04 Chemokine receptor\n *CCR10* 4.59 0.91 Chemokine receptor\n *IL1A* 9.61 0.29 Interleukin\n *IL1B* 2.80 0.12 Interleukin\n *IL5* 2.55 0.04 Interleukin\n *IL7* 2.91 0.38 Interleukin\n *IL8* 0.37 0.01 Interleukin\n *SPP1* 2.97 0.65 Cytokine\n *TNFSF10* 2.65 0.57 Cytokine\n\nSD: standard deviation.", "\n\nIn particular, the following genes were significantly down-regulated: *CCL1, CCL2D, CCL5, CCL8, CXCL5, CXCL10, CCR1*, and *IL8* ([Table 2](#table2-2058738419827746){ref-type=\"table\"}, [Figure 2](#fig2-2058738419827746){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#fig2-2058738419827746}\n\nAmlodipine treatment seems to increase the expression of *CCR10* and of many genes coding for interleukins such as *IL1A, IL1B, IL5*, and *IL7*. ", "Other significantly up-regulated genes are SPP1 and TNFSF10. ", "In particular, the most significant results were obtained for the *CCR10* and *IL1A* genes, fold change of which is, respectively, 4.59 and 9.61.", "\n\nDiscussion {#section9-2058738419827746}\n==========\n\nThe prevalence of AIGO might be as high as 38%. ", "AIGO is 3.3 times more common in men than in women.^[@bibr14-2058738419827746]^ Since the mechanisms of action may be different for different drugs, the oral manifestation of AIGO is similar. ", "AIGO starts as an enlargement of the interdental papilla of keratinized portions of the gingiva, followed by the increase of connective tissue components and gingival inflammation. ", "This suggests that AIGO is a consequence of the interaction between gingival fibroblasts, cellular and biochemical mediators of inflammation, and drug metabolites.^[@bibr15-2058738419827746],[@bibr16-2058738419827746]^\n\nGingival overgrowth is a more frequent side effect of anticonvulsant such as nifedipine and also of drugs such as amlodipine, verapamil, nicardipine, nitrendipine, oxodipine, felodipine, and diltiazem.^[@bibr15-2058738419827746]^ Furthermore poor oral hygiene is indicated as an important risk factor for the expression of AIGO.^[@bibr17-2058738419827746],[@bibr18-2058738419827746]^\n\nThe underlying mechanism of AIGO still remains to be fully understood; however, two main inflammatory and non-inflammatory pathways have already been suggested.^[@bibr19-2058738419827746],[@bibr20-2058738419827746]^ One hypothesis of pathogenesis of AIGO is referred to alteration of collagenase activity as a consequence of decreased uptake of folic acid, blockage of aldosterone synthesis in adrenal cortex, and consequent feedback increase in the adrenocorticotropic hormone level and upregulation of keratinocyte growth factor. ", "Besides, inflammation may be as a consequence of toxic effect of amlodipine in periodontal pocket associated with periodontal pathogens leading to the upregulation of several cytokine factors such as transforming growth factor--beta 1 (TGF-β1).^[@bibr9-2058738419827746],[@bibr19-2058738419827746],[@bibr21-2058738419827746]^ Current studies on the pathogenetic mechanism of AIGO are focusing on the direct and indirect effects of these drugs on gingival fibroblast metabolism. ", "Only a subgroup of patients treated with amlodipine will develop AIGO, so it has been hypothesized that these individuals show an abnormal susceptibility to the drug. ", "In fact, elevated levels of protein synthesis, most of which is collagen, characterize fibroblast of AIGO in these patients.", "\n\nTo determine whether amlodipine alters the inflammatory responses, we investigated its effects on gingival fibroblast gene expression as compared with untreated cells.", "\n\nThe genes analyzed belong to the pathway of \"Inflammatory Cytokines and Receptors.\" ", "Fibroblasts derived from gingiva of healthy volunteers were treated for 24 h with a solution of amlodipine 1000 ng/mL.\n\nThe most significantly deregulated genes indicating an inflammatory action of amlodipine are *IL1A, IL1B, IL5, IL7*, and *CCR10* that turned out to be upregulated in treated cells respect to control.", "\n\nIn particular, the most significant results were obtained for the *CCR10* and *IL1A* genes, fold change of which is, respectively, 4.59 and 9.61.", "\n\n*CCR10* is normally expressed by melanocytes, plasma cells, and skin-homing T cells. ", "Its ligand *CCL27*, synthesized by keratinocytes, is induced by tumor necrosis factor--alpha and *IL1B*. *", "CCR10--CCL27* interaction is involved in T-cell migration during skin inflammation and is overexpressed in patients with psoriasis and atopic and allergic dermatitis.^[@bibr22-2058738419827746],[@bibr23-2058738419827746]^\n\nAnother gene significantly upregulated in fibroblast treated with amlodipine was *IL1A*.", "\n\nIL-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine that regulates several genes that amplify or support inflammation, such as prostaglandins, metalloproteinases, adhesion molecules on leukocytes, and chemokines which are needed to recruit circulating leukocytes.", "\n\nThe inflammatory activity of *IL1A* has been widely demonstrated in vivo experiments conducted on mice, in which the deletion of the gene leads to a reduction of the inflammatory response exposing them to many types of infections.^[@bibr24-2058738419827746],[@bibr25-2058738419827746]^\n\nThe results obtained in this study seem to indicate a possible role of amlodipine in the inflammatory response of treated human gingival fibroblasts.", "\n\nTreatment of AIGO is generally targeted on drug substitution and preventive protocols.^[@bibr12-2058738419827746],[@bibr26-2058738419827746],[@bibr27-2058738419827746]^ When these measures fail to cause resolution of AIGO, surgical intervention is recommended.", "\n\nFinally, the emphasis is that AIGO could be a side effect even with a very short-term and low-dose administration.^[@bibr18-2058738419827746]^\n\nGingival overgrowth is associated with periodontal disease also, and periodontal disease is of underestimated importance for global health.^[@bibr28-2058738419827746],[@bibr29-2058738419827746]^ A thorough and early diagnosis of periodontal disease allows a more accurate risk calculation for developing systemic pathologies.^[@bibr30-2058738419827746][@bibr31-2058738419827746]--[@bibr32-2058738419827746]^ If a causative relationship is established between periodontal disease and these pathologies, therapeutic management of periodontal disease will become part of their prevention.^[@bibr33-2058738419827746][@bibr34-2058738419827746]--[@bibr35-2058738419827746]^\n\nDentists should be able to identify the changes in the oral cavity related to the general health of their patients. ", "Patients must be informed of the tendency of certain drugs to cause gingival overgrowth and the associated oral changes, and the importance of effective oral hygiene.", "\n\n**Declaration of conflicting interests:** The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.", "\n\n**Funding:** The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.", "\n\n**ORCID iD:** Dorina Lauritano ![](", "10.1177_2058738419827746-img1.jpg) <https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3550-1812>\n" ]

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[ "UFC on FOX 13 Weigh-Ins: JDS and Stipe Miocic Make Weight, Nate Diaz Way Over on First Attempt\n\nNate Diaz is returning to the Octagon tomorrow night for the first time in over a year, and the lightweight has encountered some difficulties while making weight for UFC on FOX 13.", "\n\nThe veteran fighter weighed 160.6 on his first attempt, while his opponent Rafael dos Anjos, came in at 156. ", "Diaz has extra time to lose the additional pounds, but clearly, this is a setback in the lightweight’s return.", "\n\nNot surprisingly, headliners Junior dos Santos and Stipe Miocic both made weight, as the heavyweights came in at 242 and 243 respectively.", "\n\nHere are the weigh-in results for UFC on FOX 13, which will take place in Phoenix, Arizona." ]

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[ "Image: Facebook\n\nA Norwegian student has opened a Facebook campaign page that hopes to help in gifting Finland with a mountain of its very own. ", "The campaign is supported by thousands, including Norway's Land Survey chief. ", "The news was first reported by Norwegian English-language paper The Local.", "\n\nParaphrased, the Facebook page's description runs: \"This page is meant to help find out how many Norwegians would be interested in presenting Finland with the summit of the Halti mountain, located 20 metres across the border, for the country's independence centenary in 2017.\"", "\n\nIn Norway the 1,365 metre high Halti is not even in the country's top 200 highest peaks. ", "Finland's official highest point (at about 1,324 metres) is currently located on the ridge of one of Halti's smaller summits, known by its Sámi name Haldičohkka. ", "Extending Finland's border just a couple hundred metres would guarantee Finland a new highest point of elevation.", "\n\nIdea from 43 years ago\n\nThe man behind the idea is a retired employee from Norway's Land Survey, Bjørn Geirr Harsson.", "\n\n\"Isn't it quite an idea? ", "We would not be donating a piece of Norway, the change would be invisible. ", "And I'm sure that Finns would appreciate it,\" Harsson says.", "\n\nHe says the idea came to him in 1972 when he was flying over the border to collect data.", "\n\n\"I remember wondering at the time, why on earth hasn't Finland been given this summit.\"", "\n\nHarsson himself is not the author of the Facebook page, however, as that honour goes to student Sondre Lund.", "\n\n\"It's such a small thing, but such a big thing also. ", "All the Nordic countries have great relations, this is just a part of that,\" Lund told CNN.", "\n\nThe leader of Norway's survey authority Statens Kartverk, Anne Cathrine Frøstrup says she thinks it's a great idea.", "\n\n\"It would be a wonderful gift for a country that has no high mountains, and where the highest point isn't even a peak.\"", "\n\nSupport and opposition\n\nThe initiative to raise Finland's high point already has more than 8,000 likers on Facebook, but not everyone is as enthusiastic, including Norwegian officials. ", "Ambassador Åge Grutle told media concern Lännen Media on Saturday that Norway will not be taking an official stance on the suggestion.", "\n\nEx-Senior Engineer Pekka Tätilä shoost the idea down in Helsingin Sanomat.", "\n\n\"It feels like a big joke, and the change would only be a difference in statistics,\" Tätilä says of the idea that has engaged thousands. \"", "It's just trivia.\"", "\n\nEdit: Altered to show that the summit in question is only 20 metres across the Finno-Norwegian border, but that the border extension suggestion represents an area of approximately 200 metres." ]

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[ "#import \"GPUImageKuwaharaFilter.h\"\n\n// Sourced from Kyprianidis, J. E., Kang, H., and Doellner, J. \"Anisotropic Kuwahara Filtering on the GPU,\" GPU Pro p.247 (2010).", "\n// \n// Original header:\n// \n// Anisotropic Kuwahara Filtering on the GPU\n// by Jan Eric Kyprianidis <www.kyprianidis.com>\n\n#if TARGET_IPHONE_SIMULATOR || TARGET_OS_IPHONE\nNSString *const kGPUImageKuwaharaFragmentShaderString = SHADER_STRING\n(\n varying highp vec2 textureCoordinate;\n uniform sampler2D inputImageTexture;\n uniform int radius;\n \n precision highp float;\n \n const vec2 src_size = vec2 (1.0 / 768.0, 1.0 / 1024.0);\n \n void main (void) \n {\n vec2 uv = textureCoordinate;\n float n = float((radius + 1) * (radius + 1));\n int i; int j;\n vec3 m0 = vec3(0.0); vec3 m1 = vec3(0.0); vec3 m2 = vec3(0.0); vec3 m3 = vec3(0.0);\n vec3 s0 = vec3(0.0); vec3 s1 = vec3(0.0); vec3 s2 = vec3(0.0); vec3 s3 = vec3(0.0);\n vec3 c;\n\n for (j = -radius; j <= 0; ++j) {\n for (i = -radius; i <= 0; ++i) {\n c = texture2D(inputImageTexture, uv + vec2(i,j) * src_size).rgb;\n m0 += c;\n s0 += c * c;\n }\n }\n\n for (j = -radius; j <= 0; ++j) {\n for (i = 0; i <= radius; ++i) {\n c = texture2D(inputImageTexture, uv + vec2(i,j) * src_size).rgb;\n m1 += c;\n s1 += c * c;\n }\n }\n\n for (j = 0; j <= radius; ++j) {\n for (i = 0; i <= radius; ++i) {\n c = texture2D(inputImageTexture, uv + vec2(i,j) * src_size).rgb;\n m2 += c;\n s2 += c * c;\n }\n }\n\n for (j = 0; j <= radius; ++j) {\n for (i = -radius; i <= 0; ++i) {\n c = texture2D(inputImageTexture, uv + vec2(i,j) * src_size).rgb;\n m3 += c;\n s3 += c * c;\n }\n }\n\n\n float min_sigma2 = 1e+2;\n m0 /= n;\n s0 = abs(s0 / n - m0 * m0);\n\n float sigma2 = s0.r + s0.g + s0.b;\n if (sigma2 < min_sigma2) {\n min_sigma2 = sigma2;\n gl_FragColor = vec4(m0, 1.0);\n }\n\n m1 /= n;\n s1 = abs(s1 / n - m1 * m1);\n\n sigma2 = s1.r + s1.g + s1.b;\n if (sigma2 < min_sigma2) {\n min_sigma2 = sigma2;\n gl_FragColor = vec4(m1, 1.0);\n }\n\n m2 /= n;\n s2 = abs(s2 / n - m2 * m2);\n\n sigma2 = s2.r + s2.g + s2.b;\n if (sigma2 < min_sigma2) {\n min_sigma2 = sigma2;\n gl_FragColor = vec4(m2, 1.0);\n }\n\n m3 /= n;\n s3 = abs(s3 / n - m3 * m3);\n\n sigma2 = s3.r + s3.g + s3.b;\n if (sigma2 < min_sigma2) {\n min_sigma2 = sigma2;\n gl_FragColor = vec4(m3, 1.0);\n }\n }\n);\n#else\nNSString *const kGPUImageKuwaharaFragmentShaderString = SHADER_STRING\n(\n varying vec2 textureCoordinate;\n uniform sampler2D inputImageTexture;\n uniform int radius;\n \n const vec2 src_size = vec2 (1.0 / 768.0, 1.0 / 1024.0);\n \n void main (void)\n {\n vec2 uv = textureCoordinate;\n float n = float((radius + 1) * (radius + 1));\n int i; int j;\n vec3 m0 = vec3(0.0); vec3 m1 = vec3(0.0); vec3 m2 = vec3(0.0); vec3 m3 = vec3(0.0);\n vec3 s0 = vec3(0.0); vec3 s1 = vec3(0.0); vec3 s2 = vec3(0.0); vec3 s3 = vec3(0.0);\n vec3 c;\n \n for (j = -radius; j <= 0; ++j) {\n for (i = -radius; i <= 0; ++i) {\n c = texture2D(inputImageTexture, uv + vec2(i,j) * src_size).rgb;\n m0 += c;\n s0 += c * c;\n }\n }\n \n for (j = -radius; j <= 0; ++j) {\n for (i = 0; i <= radius; ++i) {\n c = texture2D(inputImageTexture, uv + vec2(i,j) * src_size).rgb;\n m1 += c;\n s1 += c * c;\n }\n }\n \n for (j = 0; j <= radius; ++j) {\n for (i = 0; i <= radius; ++i) {\n c = texture2D(inputImageTexture, uv + vec2(i,j) * src_size).rgb;\n m2 += c;\n s2 += c * c;\n }\n }\n \n for (j = 0; j <= radius; ++j) {\n for (i = -radius; i <= 0; ++i) {\n c = texture2D(inputImageTexture, uv + vec2(i,j) * src_size).rgb;\n m3 += c;\n s3 += c * c;\n }\n }\n \n \n float min_sigma2 = 1e+2;\n m0 /= n;\n s0 = abs(s0 / n - m0 * m0);\n \n float sigma2 = s0.r + s0.g + s0.b;\n if (sigma2 < min_sigma2) {\n min_sigma2 = sigma2;\n gl_FragColor = vec4(m0, 1.0);\n }\n \n m1 /= n;\n s1 = abs(s1 / n - m1 * m1);\n \n sigma2 = s1.r + s1.g + s1.b;\n if (sigma2 < min_sigma2) {\n min_sigma2 = sigma2;\n gl_FragColor = vec4(m1, 1.0);\n }\n \n m2 /= n;\n s2 = abs(s2 / n - m2 * m2);\n \n sigma2 = s2.r + s2.g + s2.b;\n if (sigma2 < min_sigma2) {\n min_sigma2 = sigma2;\n gl_FragColor = vec4(m2, 1.0);\n }\n \n m3 /= n;\n s3 = abs(s3 / n - m3 * m3);\n \n sigma2 = s3.r + s3.g + s3.b;\n if (sigma2 < min_sigma2) {\n min_sigma2 = sigma2;\n gl_FragColor = vec4(m3, 1.0);\n }\n }\n);\n#endif\n\n@implementation GPUImageKuwaharaFilter\n\n@synthesize radius = _radius;\n\n#pragma mark -\n#pragma mark Initialization and teardown\n\n- (id)init;\n{\n if (!(", "self = [super initWithFragmentShaderFromString:kGPUImageKuwaharaFragmentShaderString]))\n {\n\t\treturn nil;\n }\n \n radiusUniform = [filterProgram uniformIndex:@\"radius\"];\n\n self.radius = 3;\n \n return self;\n}\n\n#pragma mark -\n#pragma mark Accessors\n\n- (void)setRadius:(NSUInteger)newValue;\n{\n _radius = newValue;\n \n [self setInteger:(GLint)_radius forUniform:radiusUniform program:filterProgram];\n}\n\n@end\n" ]

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[ "\n864 N.E.2d 1156 (2007)\nHOWARD\nv.\nU.S. STEEL CORP.", "\nNo. ", "45A05-0603-CV-144.", "\nIn the Court of Appeals of Indiana.", "\nApril 10, 2007.", "\nSHARPNACK, J. Affirmed.", "\nMATHIAS, J. Concurs.", "\nKIRSCH, J. Concurs and Dissents w/sep. ", "opinion.", "\n" ]

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