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[ "Epson Powerlite 826W 3LCD Projector Review\n\nSeptember 10, 2009 - Art Feierman\n\nEpson Powerlite 826W Color & Picture Quality\n\nIn evaluating the Powerlite 826W we start with one of the most likely uses – computer presentations, I connected the 826W to my laptop via the analog VGA connection and fed it at its native resolution (1280 x 800).", "\n\nAs we’ve mentioned in past Epson projector reviews, greens leaned slightly toward yellow and reds and blues were a bit oversaturated, but this common for LCD projectors, and these shifts are visibly very slight. ", "Note the colors in the pie chart below, look very good:\n\nBy contrast, much of the DLP competition has reds that are visibly way too dark and yellows that lean toward green, so they don’t tend to look as colorful or accurate as the 826W. The 826W displayed a nice clean image with well-saturated colors for photographic images, as well as graphics. ", "Text and graphs were quite sharp as well (see “Sharpness” under the General Performance for more detail on this).", "\n\nViewing photographic images with the 826W was also quite good. ", "Using Photo mode resulted in excellent picture brightness, with deep, rich colors. ", "This provides a very natural appearance to photo presentations.", "\n\nI then switched to the USB input (again fed from my laptop) and there was no discernable difference from the standard VGA connection.", "\n\nEpson Powerlite 826W Projector - Video Performance\n\nTo check out the 826W’s video performance, I used the DVD playback from my laptop, as well as a standalone DVD player feeding the 826W via S-video. ", "As we’ve come to expect from Epson’s 3LCD projectors, video from any source looks very clean, with well-saturated colors. ", "Using the same DVD in each, I didn’t notice any difference in picture quality between the two video sources.", "\n\nThe Theater mode of the 826W can make use an auto iris, which when active, results in an improved contrast ratio (up to 2000:1). ", "While a 2000:1 contrast ratio is low among home theater projectors, it is a decent ratio for a projector this bright and can contributes to a more film-like image than is normally seen with multimedia projectors. ", "The auto iris is also available in Dynamic mode as well.", "\n\nUse of the auto iris does help to improve the otherwise grayish blacks in mixed light scenes with most video sources. ", "When faced with a movie with a majority of dark scenes, the 826W falls short in comparison with similarly priced home theater projectors, but none of them offer the brightness of the 826W. For daytime TV or video viewing (like sports events), the extra brightness of the 826W provides for a highly watchable picture that is not washed out, as most home theater projectors would be.", "\n\nWhile the 826W is not designed to be used for movie or TV viewing, it’s nice to know that it certainly could be used for that in a pinch, while still providing solid picture quality.", "\n\nEpson Powerlite 826W Projector - Brightness\n\nThe 826W is rated at 2500 lumens. ", "Our experience with other Epson projectors is that they usually achieve or come close to their rated specification. ", "So, we expected the 826W to perform well and it did. ", "In Dynamic mode (the brightest), we measured 2136 lumens at mid-zoom range. ", "The output varied slightly throughout the zoom range, but was still very bright. ", "At full wide zoom, we got 2225 lumens and at full telephoto zoom it was 1940 lumens. ", "All further measurements were taken at the mid-zoom point. ", "Using Presentation mode, the output dropped to 1753 lumens. ", "Photo mode and sRGB modes were nearly identical for lumen output at 1540 and 1529 lumens respectively. ", "Theater mode, which provided the best contrast between dark and light scenes for movie and video viewing, was still quite bright at 1517 lumens. ", "Finally, Blackboard and Whiteboard (specifically designed color balances to work with school blackboards and dry erase-type whiteboards) came in at 1491 and 1357 lumens respectively. ", "Overall, the 826W has plenty of punch for its intended markets, the classroom and conference room.", "\n\nBelow are a series of images taken at the same exposure, showing the different brightness and feel of different modes. ", "From top to bottom: Dynamic, Presentation, Theater, Blackboard, and Whiteboard modes Notably missing is Photo Mode, of which you will find an excellent image on the Image Quality page. ", "These images are all taken projecting approximately a 6 foot wide image under full room lighting.", "\n\nDropping the lamp into Low brightness mode resulted in a lumen output of 1716 in Dynamic mode. ", "This is about a 20% drop, which is still quite bright, and only a few lumens less than Presentation mode on High lamp.", "\n\nSharpness\n\nThe 826W provided a very sharp, clean image with our usual variety of source material. ", "Bringing up our usual spreadsheet with a range of text sizes and colors, small (8 pt.) ", "text was easily readable on a 90” diagonal projected image. ", "This was also true of white text-on-black and yellow text-on-dark blue backgrounds as well.", "\n\nThe 826W also did not have a problem handling higher resolutions. ", "Switching to 1600 x 1200 to test its ability to scale and resize these resolutions, the 826W handled the text spreadsheet as if it was at its native resolution. ", "Some projectors, when fed higher-than-native resolutions, have difficulty accurately displaying the different colored text/background combinations in the spreadsheet. ", "Combining that with a different aspect ratio as well can play havoc with the projector’s compression circuitry. ", "This was not the case with the 826W, which did an excellent job with both. ", "Small text remained sharp and readable.", "\n\nThere was only the slightest color separation or overlap and that was only with the smaller text. ", "To keep perspective, one would rarely project anything smaller than 12 point type (maybe 10) and expect anyone in the room to be able to read it. ", "In formal presentation, such as the typical Powerpoint presentation, small type is considered 18 point, and most bullet points are 24 to 36 points, and titles 48 points and larger.", "\n\nFinally, the 826W also did an excellent job on lower resolutions, like the old standard XGA (1024 x 768) resolution. ", "Overall, an excellent performance for any projector, much less one in the 826W’s price range." ]

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[ "call(\n engine,\n xetex = {\n x\n },\n luatex= {\n x\n },{\n xx\n } ) # FIXME: line break after '}', see also #125\n" ]

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[ "a garden in transitionhas a comfort and rhythm to itthough autumn is just a hint in the airthe golds and browns are inevitable and honoredwe also experience change in the garden of our livesas leaves change and flutter in the gentle warm air\n\nA comfort and a rhythm. ", "Yes. ", "Although I have only learned to embrace the end of summer in the last couple of years, I have at last learned to do so, learned to pay attention to its secrets & messages, to love this rhythm. ", "Here the trees will be green for quite a bit longer, as you know, but leaves are falling nonetheless and filling my driveway and sidewalks, the squirrels are eating green pecans and tossing the leftovers at our heads - there will be no pecans left for us. :)", "\n\nLove the crisp, blue and warm afternoons and the nip of cold at night. ", "Love the reds and oranges of vine maples as they flame out just to show us how talented they are. ", "Love the gourds and mums that start gracing the entry to the grocery stores, reminding us how lucky we are to perceive color.", "\n\nI just found your blog by reading what Mrs. e had to say about you on another blog. ", "Your pictures are fabulous. ", "I want to be able to take pictures like this, but my shutter speed is so slow, they always come out blurry b/c I can't hold the camera still enough. ", "It is only a $200 Nikon p&s, so it probably just isn't a good enough camera, but I don't know. ", "Maybe I don't know how to set the shutter speed or use the right setting etc.", "\n\n*sigh*\n\nAnyway, I enjoyed these photos of yours and will follow you so I don't miss anything of yours in the future." ]

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[ "Violet Evergarden Gaiden: Chapter 3 (Sample)\n\nFeel free to message me about possible corrections. ", "If you can, please support the creators by purchasing the official releases here.", "\n\n← Previous || Index || Next →\n\nBenedict Blue\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWe had held hands in the pitch darkness. ", "The only proof that we were alive had been our body temperature. ", "Whenever she’d say that she was scared, I’d always reply with “it’s okay” and “big bro will do something about this”.", "\n\nThe one who had affirmed my existence was my little sister. ", "She had managed to make me cheer up with the fact that I could be relied on. ", "That, yes, I was an older brother. ", "That she was no good without me, so I had to live on.", "\n\nBut I didn’t remember. ", "I didn’t know.", "\n\nWas I broken by someone? ", "Did I break on my own? ", "I didn’t know that either.", "\n\nStill, she had definitely been there. ", "Surely, someday, if I met her, I would know. ", "Even if I had forgotten her, even if I couldn’t remember her, I would recognize her if I saw her. ", "I wished the same to be valid for her.", "\n\nThat sentiment alone remained within me like a bonfire." ]

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[ "Automobile body panels are typically made by shaping low carbon steel or aluminum alloy sheet stock into desired panel shapes. ", "Sheet panels may be made using conventional stamping technology or utilizing alternative methods such as Super-plastic forming (SPF) processes and Quick-plastic forming (QPF) processes. ", "The above-referenced plastic forming processes have the advantage of creating complex shaped parts from a single sheet of material. ", "Such plastic forming processes eliminate the need for joining several panels formed in a stamping process to create an overall panel assembly.", "\nSuper-plastic forming processes generally utilize a metal alloy, for example, aluminum and titanium alloys that have high ductility when deformed under controlled conditions. ", "Such metal alloys are capable of extensive deformation under relatively low shaping forces. ", "Super-plastic alloys are characterized by having tensile ductility in the range of from 200% to 1,000% elongation.", "\nSuper-plastic forming processes, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,974,847 discloses a process in which an aluminum alloy 5083 sheet is heated to a desired SPF temperature of about 500° centigrade and then subjected to a stretch forming operation. ", "The stretch forming operation includes placing the heated aluminum sheet in a tool that has upper and lower dies. ", "The dies engage along the edges of the sheet and then high-pressure gas is introduced against the backside of the metal sheet through a suitable gas passage, stretching the metal sheet into compliance with the forming surfaces of the die. ", "While the Super-plastic forming process allows for the creation of complex shaped parts, the process utilizes cycle times that may be too long for high volume manufacturing situations. ", "The Super-plastic forming process also utilizes complex and expensive tooling that occupies a significant amount of space in a manufacturing facility.", "\nSimilarly, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,253,588 discloses a Quick-plastic forming process in which large aluminum 5083 alloy sheets are formed into complex shaped parts at much higher production rates than those achieved by the SPF processes. ", "The aluminum alloy sheets are heated to a forming temperature in the range of from 400° C. to 510° C. and are stretch formed against a forming tool utilizing high pressure gas against the back surface of the sheet. ", "The fluid pressure is preferably increased continuously or stepwise from 0 psi to a final pressure of from 250 to 500 psi.", "\nComplex parts produced utilizing the Quick-plastic forming process often use tooling that includes a binder that has a significant curvature to create the shape of the panel to be produced. ", "With such curved binders, there is often a limited press opening that diminishes loading and accurately locating a flat blank sheet. ", "To assist the forming operation and enable repeatable location of the blanks, the blank must often be bent to match the curvature of the binder. ", "Current Quick-plastic forming processes utilize separate tooling inside a hot forming press for bending the blank to match the binder curvature. ", "Such tooling occupies a significant amount of a manufacturing facility which could be utilized for additional forming tooling if the aluminum sheet could be bent to conform to the shape of the tool's binder.", "\nThere is, therefore, a need in the art to further optimize a Quick-plastic forming or Super-plastic forming process by eliminating tooling inside a hot forming press for pre-bending the blank to match the binder curvature. ", "Such a process and an apparatus for carrying out the bending would realize significant cost savings when utilizing a Super-plastic forming or Quick-plastic forming operation." ]

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[ "A comparative study of computed radiography-based mammography using digital phosphor storage plate and full field digital mammography.", "\nTwo digital mammography systems, based on different physical concepts, have been introduced in the last few years namely the full-field digital mammography (FFDM) system and computed radiography-based mammography using digital storage phosphor plate (DSPM). ", "The objective of this study was to compare the image quality for DSPM and FFDM using a grading scale based on previously published articles. ", "This comparative diagnostic study was done for 5-month duration at the Breast Clinic. ", "The system used was the Lorad Selenia FFDM system and the Mammomat 3000 Nova DSPM system. ", "The craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique projections were done on both breast on 58 asymptomatic women using both DSPM and FFDM. ", "The mammograms were evaluated for eight criteria of image quality: Tissue coverage, compression, exposure, contrast, resolution, noise, artifact, and sharpness by two independent radiologists. ", "Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Weighted Kappa. ", "FFDM was rated significantly better (P < 0.05) for five aspects: Tissue coverage, compression, contrast, exposure, and resolution and equal to DSPM for sharpness, noise, and artifact. ", "FFDM was superior in five aspects and equal to DSPM for three aspects of image quality." ]

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[ "\"I bake them all myself.\" \"", "They're pretty damn tasty.\" \"", "Pretty potent, too.\" \"", "Of course, edibles are not for everybody.\" \"", "I would say about 80% of our patients still prefer their cannabis in traditional form.\" \"", "If anxiety is your main ailment, I'd say you go with Purple Diesel.\" \"", "It's got the perfect balance of alertness and relaxation.\" \"", "Leaves you functional, you know?\" \"", "There you go.\" \"", "It smokes a little sweet and sour, with just... a hint of pine on the exhale.\" \"", "Yeah, that's nice.\" \"", "I'll go with that.\" \"", "Great.\" \"", "Your best deal, full ounce.\" \"", "It's $320.\" \"", "Don't suppose you take a card?\" \"", "Cash only.\" \"", "Pretty, right?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Get in there.\" \"", "There you go.\" \"", "Enjoy.\" \"", "Thanks.\" \"", "Absolutely.\" \"", "No need to be shy.\" \"", "We're all legal now.\" \"", "I just need to see your medical card, and I will set you up with the right strain for whatever ails you.\" \"", "You should get that.\" \"", "No, it's... it's all right.\" \"", "It'll wait.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "You need to get it now.\" \"", "Uh...\" \"What the hell is this?\" \"", "Please, Lloyd, please just do what they say.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Please, Lloyd, please just do what they say.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Don't, Lloyd.\" \"", "Think of your family.\" \"", "Why are you doing this?\" \"", "What do you want?\" \"", "Check your texts.\" \"", "There should be instructions.\" \"", "What about my family?\" \"", "When am I gonna see them?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "Soon, I hope.\" \"", "Hey, what's going on?\" \"", "Everything all right there, Lloyd?\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "Hey, hold it right there!\" \"", "Stop!\" \"", "No!\" \"", "Wait, no!\" \"", "Please, Lloyd.\" \"", "Please just do what they say.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Please, Lloyd.\" \"", "Please just do what they say...\" \"The wonders of technology, right?\" \"", "The threats and the demands both sent to the guy's cell phone.\" \"", "So the kidnapping's legit?\" \"", "We checked on that?\" \"", "Yeah, cops confirmed.\" \"", "Guy's wife never showed up to work.\" \"", "Kids never made it to school.\" \"", "Whoever sent the video and the text used the wife's phone.\" \"", "We really got nothing to trace here.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "So right now... she's our only lead.\" \"", "What do we know about her, David?\" \"", "At the moment, next to nothing.\" \"", "She has no I.D., no car keys, no cell phone.\" \"", "There's not a single thing to identify the body.\" \"", "Did you run her prints?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "She doesn't have any.\" \"", "What do you mean?\" \"", "She has no fingerprints.\" \"", "Let me see.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Nick, this woman is our only connection to finding that mother and her kids, to getting them back.\" \"", "Well, that security guard only fired one shot.\" \"", "Let's hope he didn't kill four people.\" \"", "♪ CSI 15x02 ♪ Buzz Kill Original Air Date on September 28, 2014\" \"♪ Who... are you?\" \"", "♪\" \"♪ Who, who, who, who?\" \"", "♪\" \"♪ Who... are you?\" \"", "♪\" \"♪ Who, who, who, who?\" \"", "♪\" \"♪ I really wanna know ♪\" \"♪ Who... are you?\" \"", "♪\" \"♪ Oh-oh-oh ♪ ♪ Who... ♪\" \"♪ Come on, tell me who are you, you, you ♪\" \"♪ Are you!\" \"", "♪\" \"== sync, corrected by elderman == @elder_man\" \"Please, Lloyd, please just do what they say.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Please, Lloyd, please just do what they say.\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Why would she do this?\" \"", "Why would she take my family from me?\" \"", "My children?\" \"", "You told Detective Crawford that you'd never seen her before, that she'd never been in here.\" \"", "What about your house?\" \"", "She and... whoever she might be working with were probably watching you, studying your habits.\" \"", "Did you see any strange cars on the street this morning?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Everything was normal.\" \"", "Dina drops the kids off at school on her way to work.\" \"", "I... helped buckle them in the car.\" \"", "Kissed them good-bye.\" \"", "What if that's the last time I ever see them?\" \"", "What if they're gone?\" \"", "Mr. Bryant, I know this is very difficult, but it doesn't do any good to think like that right now.\" \"", "Right now... let's just focus on getting your family back, okay?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "What do you think?\" \"", "I don't know, man, she's still a mystery, all the way down to her perfectly smooth fingertips.\" \"", "I've never seen anything like it.\" \"", "You got something there with the shoes?\" \"", "There is a foreign sticky substance on the soles.\" \"", "I didn't see the source for it anywhere in the shop, so she could've picked it up on the way in.\" \"", "Could tell us how she got here, where she came from.\" \"", "You know what's bugging me?\" \"", "Hmm?\" \"", "The money.\" \"", "Almost $300,000?\" \"", "I mean, why did he have that much cash on him?\" \"", "Yeah, yeah.\" \" ", "Hey, Crawford?\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \"", "What's the deal with all this cash?\" \"", "These people never heard of banks?\" \"", "Yeah, banks, credit card companies-- they didn't want anything to do with the marijuana business.\" \"", "They're afraid the funds could be seized as drug money.\" \"", "But this is a legal dispensary.\" \"", "Legal, according to the state.\" \"", "The Feds-- they have different ideas.\" \"", "So, these places are \"cash only\"?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Well, it's no wonder this place was targeted.\" \"", "I mean, between the money and all this product, there's got to be a million dollars here.\" \"", "That explains the vault, the cameras, and that armed guard.\" \"", "A lot of good that did.\" \"", "Still couldn't protect what really matters.\" \"", "JaredBriscoe, the Gig Harbor Killer, murdered seven women.\" \"", "Youthinkthebrothers were working together?\" \" ", "I think they still are.\" \" ", "You want me to resign?\" \"", "No, I don't want you to resign.\" \"", "If Briscoe and his brother really are the ones behind these murders, catch them.\" \"", "Greg told me I'd find you here, lost in Gig Harbor.\" \"", "Are you thinking what I'm thinking?\" \"", "I have no idea what I'm thinking.\" \"", "I don't even know where to begin.\" \"", "It's like Seattle all over again, just waiting for another body to drop.\" \"", "I have an idea where we should start.\" \"", "Winthrop claimed that he didn't know he had a twin brother until he saw him on the news.\" \"", "We both know that's not true.\" \"", "Yeah, but knowing something and proving it are two different things.\" \"", "Yeah, so we need to prove that their paths did cross before the killing started.\" \"", "How we gonna do that?\" \"", "We go back to the beginning, and then we follow the road from there.\" \"", "Start with the adoption.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "So, I couldn't find any adoption history for Winthrop, but Briscoe was-- as his brother said\" \"\"consigned to the hell\" of foster care.\" \"", "And we do have records for those.\" \"", "Yes, we do.\" \"", "I'm not so sure that Ecklie's gonna give us the resources for this kind of fishing expedition.\" \"", "Maybe he doesn't have to.\" \"", "I have some vacation days coming up, and I would love to take a trip to Seattle and dig through some adoption records and court files.\" \"", "You know I like to fish.\" \"", "Patrol unit spotted it in response to the BOLO.\" \"", "Belongs to Dina Bryant, dispensary owner's wife.\" \"", "Well, this street's on the route from their house to the kids' preschool.\" \"", "Kidnappers must've followed them from home.\" \"", "Cops said they spoke to a woman who heard tires squealing.\" \"", "She looked out, saw a van racing away.\" \"", "A dark blue van?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "How did you know that?\" \"", "Looks like a fresh dent on the bumper here.\" \"", "Some blue paint left behind.\" \"", "Must have been how they were taken.\" \"", "Kidnapper bumped the back of the car.\" \"", "Okay, stay right here.\" \"", "I'll be right back, okay?\" \"", "Andthengrabbedthem when the mother pulls over to exchange insurance information.\" \"", "No, please!\" \"", "My babies!\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "I can't figure her out, Nick.\" \"", "What do you mean?\" \"", "There's just nothing about her that fits.\" \"", "This crime was well-planned.\" \"", "Despite the fact that it went sideways, it was smart.\" \"", "But watching her-- she has no idea what she's doing.\" \"", "She's nervous, she's tense, hesitant.\" \"", "She's way out of her element.\" \"", "Well, I'm still trying to figure out how she even got there.\" \"", "She didn't have any car keys, the cops checked the parking lot around the crime scene, didn't find a car that could've been hers, so she must have had a ride.\" \"", "What's that?\" \"", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "This is the latest footage from a check-cashing place up the street from the dispensary.\" \"", "It's kind of hard to see, but the dispensary should be right up there.\" \"", "Yeah, but look.\" \"", "That car, double parked.\" \"", "Looks like a Mustang, black.\" \"", "Then it suddenly takes off.\" \"", "Check that time code.\" \"", "That's just seconds after the security guard fired his gun.\" \"", "That's got to be it.\" \"", "That's the partner right there.\" \"", "There's no way in hell to read the plates.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "It's molasses.\" \"", "What is?\" \"", "The sticky substance on the bottom of her shoes-- it's molasses.\" \"", "Blackstrap molasses to be specific.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Who uses molasses these days?\" \"", "Interesting answer:\" \"marijuana growers.\" \"", "For what?\" \"", "Molasses, it turns out, is a common soil additive to cultivating cannabis.\" \"", "This lady was a grower?\" \"", "I don't buy that any more than I buy her as a kidnapper.\" \"", "The woman-- who could she have been working with?\" \"", "Did you have any problems with anyone opening up your shop?\" \"", "Do you owe money?\" \"", "Do you deal with anyone who could be trouble?\" \"", "Are you kidding me?\" \"", "I'm in the a gray area at best.\" \"", "My growers are technically outlaws.\" \"", "My main competition are street dealers and-and delivery services who think\" \"I'm stealing their business.\" \"", "It's the Wild West all over again.\" \"", "Yeah, I understand that.\" \"", "But was there anyone in particular?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "It could be anyone who has any idea how much cash involved.\" \"", "What now?\" \"", "What am I supposed to do?\" \"", "We wait for the kidnappers to try to make contact with you again.\" \"", "Now, we already have people-- police-- at your house.\" \"", "They're setting up your phones.\" \"", "We're gonna do the same thing here.\" \"", "That's it?\" \"", "David said you were done.\" \"", "You find anything?\" \"", "Not what you're looking for.\" \"", "There are no surgical or cosmetic implants, nothing with a serial number we could trace.\" \"", "Her identity is still a mystery.\" \"", "Afraid so.\" \"", "I can explain the absence of fingerprints, if it's any consolation.\" \"", "She was on a drug called capecitabine.\" \"", "One of its side effects is the shedding of fingerprints.\" \"", "And what is the drug used for?\" \"", "It's given to recovering cancer patients.\" \"", "She'd undergone surgery for colon cancer.\" \"", "Successful surgery, it appears.\" \"", "I thought it was interesting, given how she got here.\" \"", "Her tox report.\" \"", "She tested positive for THC.\" \"", "She was a marijuana user.\" \"", "Medicinal, probably, because of the cancer.\" \"", "There was no evidence of heavier substances or intravenous drug use.\" \"", "You know, maybe we're not beaten yet.\" \"", "Her axillary lymph nodes are discolored.\" \"", "I assumed it was due to melanoma, given her history.\" \"", "But it could be something else.\" \"", "Something else, like what?\" \"", "Well, let's find out.\" \"", "Well, the node is easily enough removed.\" \"", "That looks like ink.\" \"", "It is.\" \"", "Tattoo ink.\" \"", "During the tattoo process, it's deposited in the dermis.\" \"", "Microphages digest it, and then migrate into the closest lymph nodes.\" \"", "But she doesn't have any tattoos.\" \"", "She doesn't now, but she did at some point.\" \"", "Why don't you hit the lights.\" \"", "Even if it's been removed, we can still fin.\" \"", "Why don't you turn her head there.\" \"", "There you go.\" \"", "It was laser removed, but there's no hiding from the ALS.\" \"", "You know what?\" \"", "I've seen this tattoo before.\" \"", "Morgan said we had a lead on the dispensary case?\" \"", "Maybe.\" \"", "Turns out, our mystery woman had a tattoo on her neck.\" \"", "Ties her to a local gang set, the Bridge Rock Devils.\" \"", "And those are all devils?\" \"", "I pulled arrest records on every female member arrested in the last ten years.\" \"", "Wait a minute.\" \"", "What about that?\" \"", "Could be.\" \"", "That's her.\" \"", "Seven years ago.\" \"", "Allison Ball.\" \"", "Current address?\" \"", "1217 Crescent, Boulder City.\" \"", "Clear!\" \"", "Bedroom's clear!\" \"", "Sorry, Stokes.\" \"", "No sign of any hostages.\" \"", "Place is all yours.\" \"", "Okay, thank you, Captain.\" \"\"", "Teacher of the Year\"?\" \"", "Yeah, something's not right.\" \"", "Does this look like the home of a lady who would kidnap somebody to you?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Hey, Nick, her phone.\" \"", "She got a video, too.\" \"", "I'm sorry, Ally.\" \"", "Please, just do what they say, or they're gonna kill me.\" \"", "I'm sorry, Ally.\" \"", "Who is he?\" \"", "I don't know, but there's pictures of him up all over the place.\" \"", "Brother, maybe?\" \"", "Yeah, either that or a boyfriend.\" \"", "She didn't go to that dispensary to rob the place.\" \"", "She was trying to save him.\" \"", "She's not the one we're after here.\" \"", "And it looks like we have one more hostage to find.\" \"", "I'm sorry, Ally.\" \"", "Please, just do what they say, or they're gonna kill me.\" \"", "I'm sorry, Ally.\" \"", "Please...\" \"The young man tied up in that video is Allison Ball's little brother.\" \"", "Stuart-- 24 years old, no criminal record.\" \"", "Greg's at his apartment right now, checking him out.\" \"", "Can we trace the phone that sent this?\" \"", "No, no.\" \"", "Same as before.\" \"", "The bad guys used the victim's phone.\" \"", "Same with the text with the instructions on it.\" \"", "Gave the address of the dispensary.\" \"", "Told her to go there to be with the owner at 10:15 a.m. exactly.\" \"\"", "If either of you fail to follow instructions, your brother dies.\"\" \"", "Our dead teacher's just a pawn in all of this.\" \"", "Bad guys who are using her to insulate themselves from the crime.\" \"", "Well, yeah, that way they don't have to step one foot in that dispensary.\" \"", "You know?\" \"", "They're never on camera.\" \"", "It's ingenious.\" \"", "Why these two?\" \"", "Why were the teacher and her brother chosen for this robbery?\" \"", "Must have just crossed paths with the kidnapper at some point.\" \"", "Well, she's a teacher.\" \"", "Maybe we're looking at a parent of one of her students.\" \"", "She just went through a whole year of cancer treatments; it could be somebody associated with that.\" \"", "Or... could be the demon weed.\" \"", "You know, Lloyd said that he'd never seen Allison before, that she wasn't a customer.\" \"", "You think he could've been lying?\" \"", "You think he knew her?\" \"", "If we can prove a connection here, then maybe we're having another conversation with Lloyd.\" \"", "The common denominator in all of this?\" \"", "Marijuana.\" \"", "There was this guy, lived in my dorm in college.\" \"", "Everybody used to call him Space Bob.\" \"", "Your lab smells like his room.\" \"", "That's not a compliment to either of you.\" \"", "Yeah, it is pretty pungent in here.\" \"", "Uh, especially the Skunkadelic.\" \"", "Mmm, mm-hmm.\" \"", "This is all from Lloyd's dispensary?\" \"", "All these strains?\" \"", "I don't mean to sound square, but is there really that big a difference, one from the other?\" \"", "Absolutely.\" \"", "Each strain has its own unique level of, uh, countless cannabinoids and terpenoids, which gives pot its medicinal value.\" \"", "Believe it or not, there is a legit medical basis for marijuana use.\" \"", "Uh, granted, the names don't really help the credibility.\" \"", "Yeah, well, that's true.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "What else did you find out?\" \"", "Well, I'm using Near IR Spectrometry to analyze Lloyd's inventory.\" \"", "Because of the varying cannabinoid levels of each strain, it produces its own unique wave form or spectrum.\" \"", "Uh, fingerprint of sorts.\" \"", "Ah.\" \"", "Well, which wave form is from our dead teacher's pot?\" \"", "It's is one here.\" \"", "Unfortunately, it's not a match to any of Lloyd's stuff.\" \"", "Allison Ball wasn't buying her marijuana from Lloyd's dispensary?\" \"", "Well, that makes me wonder where she was getting it from.\" \"", "Well, there might be a way to find out.\" \"", "There's a database being assembled in Connecticut, with help from the Feds.\" \"", "They're cataloging marijuana by its actual DNA.\" \"", "CODIS for cannabis?\" \"", "You know, if Henry can isolate a DNA profile for Allison Ball's marijuana, then we might get lucky and run it against the Feds' database.\" \"", "Hey.\" \"", "What's all this?\" \"", "Allison Ball's life.\" \"", "Her finances, her health, her job.\" \"", "All the little lives that she touched.\" \"", "Well, I, uh, just checked out her brother's apartment.\" \"", "I'm thinking that he might be a little sketchy.\" \"", "Oh, what do you mean?\" \"", "What'd you find?\" \"", "Well, it's more what I didn't find.\" \"", "No evidence of employment.\" \"", "No check stubs, no bank or tax statement.\" \"", "Yet he lives in this nice place.\" \"", "Has a big TV, gaming system and all that.\" \"", "I don't know, maybe big sister was, uh, helping him out financially.\" \"", "I-I don't know how.\" \"", "I...\" \"I mean, from what I've seen, it looks like her cancer pretty much obliterated her finances.\" \"", "She basically had nothing left.\" \"", "Except...\" \"Wow.\" \"", "This is weird.\" \"", "Uh...\" \"What?\" \"", "How do you think that happened?\" \"", "Hey, Russell, you got a sec?\" \"", "I do.\" \"", "What do you got?\" \"", "Uh, bank statement for Allison Ball shows a $50,000-deposit made to her account just six weeks ago.\" \"", "$50,000?\" \"", "From whom?\" \"", "No record.\" \"", "It was all cash.\" \"", "So how does a teacher who makes, what, 65K tops come across $50,000 cash?\" \"", "Maybe she wasn't just an innocent victim.\" \"", "All right...\" \"Uh, gentlemen?\" \"", "I've got something you might find interesting.\" \"\"", "Us-2-U Wellness.\"\" \"", "It's an online marijuana delivery service.\" \"", "There are dozens that operate locally.\" \"", "You can scroll through their various strains-- indicas, sativas, hybrids.\" \"", "Point, click and the order's at your door in two hours.\" \"", "And-and what does this have to do with our case?\" \"", "The Feds recently raided Us-2-U.\" \"And the pot that they seized was entered into their burgeoning marijuana DNA database, where they found a match to the pot that you found in Allison's apartment.\" \"", "So that's where she got her marijuana.\" \"", "And the guy behind Us-2-U...\" \"Calvin Reynolds.\" \"", "Calvin Reynolds drives a black Mustang.\" \"", "Nick and Sara said that they saw a black Mustang in front of the dispensary.\" \"", "It took off after Allison was shot.\" \"", "You seem to be running afoul of the law lately, Calvin.\" \"", "What's up with that?\" \"", "You mean the Fed bust?\" \"", "That's crap.\" \"", "My attorneys already filed to have the case dropped.\" \"", "The Web site was back up and running in three days.\" \"", "Medical marijuana use is legal in Nevada.\" \"", "Pretty soon, recreational use will be, too.\" \"", "You got a problem with that, that's too bad.\" \"", "To be honest, I really don't care one way or another.\" \"", "This isn't about marijuana for me.\" \"", "You, uh...\" \"You know this woman?\" \"", "That's Allison Ball.\" \"", "Strange thing-- she had molasses on the soles of her shoes when she was shot dead this morning.\" \"", "Well, molasses is used in the cultivation of cannabis, right?\" \"", "Yeah, sure.\" \"", "Lot of the growers use it.\" \"", "Do you?\" \"", "Hey, the only reason I'm asking is because we had a look inside of that black Mustang of yours and we found molasses spilled all on the carpet.\" \"", "Now, in my mind, that puts Allison in your car and you, Calvin, in front of the dispensary when she was shot.\" \"", "Hey, buddy...\" \"I get the motive.\" \"", "You know, you used to be the only game in town.\" \"", "Now you have these dispensaries opening up.\" \"", "I mean, they're stealing your business.\" \"", "They're stealing your money.\" \"", "Tell me, why her?\" \"", "Why would you rope a poor, innocent girl into your scheme?\" \"", "Nobody ever roped Ally into anything.\" \"", "The fact is, she called me.\" \"", "Oh, so she was the criminal mastermind behind all of this.\" \"", "Is that it?\" \"", "Ally and me go way back.\" \"", "We both grew up in Bridge Rock.\" \"", "We were both Devils.\" \"", "She got out.\" \"", "Made a better life.\" \"", "But she always called me when she needed me.\" \"", "Like when the cancer came and the doctor suggested pot might help, she called me.\" \"", "When her medical bills started piling up and the treatment became too expensive, she called me.\" \"", "So you gave her money?\" \"", "$50,000.\" \"", "And I'd do it again in a second, gladly, just just because of who she was.\" \"", "So you helped her out from time to time.\" \"", "How does that get us to today?\" \"", "She called me this morning.\" \"", "She was panicked, said... said somebody had grabbed up her brother.\" \"", "And they had, uh, you know, given...\" \"given her instructions on how to get him back.\" \"", "But she was, uh...\" \"she was scared.\" \"", "She was... she was too freaked out to do it alone.\" \"", "So she called...\" \"and she asked you to drive.\" \"", "And I would've done the whole thing for her if I could.\" \"", "When I realized she... she wasn't coming back out, I I just left.\" \"", "She should've just let that bastard rot.\" \"", "You're talking about her brother\" \" Stuart?\" \"", "Ally said he'd been running numbers for some bookie.\" \"", "She thought that's who would be behind the kidnapping.\" \"", "Okay, Calvin, do you know who he was working for?\" \"", "I need a name.\" \"", "I need the name of the bookie.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "No, Ally didn't know the name.\" \"", "What's going on?\" \"", "Have you heard anything?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Not yet, Lloyd.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "This doesn't make any sense!\" \"", "They should have called by now!\" \"", "They should have made contact!\" \"", "Why haven't they called?\" \"!\" \"", "Lloyd!\" \"", "Listen to me.\" \"", "Whoever the kidnappers are, they are scrambling right now, trying to come up with a new plan.\" \"", "We just have to wait.\" \"", "For how long?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "But I know they're worth waiting for.\" \"", "In the meantime... maybe you can help me.\" \"", "Have you seen this guy?\" \"", "His name is Stuart Ball;\" \"He's the brother of the woman that was shot in here this morning.\" \"", "Do you know him?\" \"", "Has he been in here, maybe?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "I don't recognize him.\" \"", "Is he involved somehow?\" \"", "He's in business with some bad people.\" \"", "That's all we know right now.\" \"", "Hold on, Lloyd, hold on.\" \"", "Not yet.\" \"", "All right, I'm ready.\" \"", "Go ahead, answer it.\" \"", "Hello?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "We're closed right now.\" \"", "I don't know for how long.\" \"", "I have to keep this line free.\" \"", "This is Keys.\" \"", "You got him.\" \"", "Where?\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "You were just asking about Stuart Ball?\" \"", "Well, it sounds like our guys just found him.\" \"", "Blue van.\" \"", "Just like the woman saw speeding away from the kidnapping.\" \"", "It's just Stuart.\" \"", "No sign of the mother or the kids.\" \"", "Well, now we know whoever has them isn't afraid to kill.\" \"", "Just talked to the van's owner;\" \"pretty much sure I ruined his Hawaiian vacation.\" \"", "He's in Hawaii?\" \"", "So the van's stolen?\" \"", "Mm-hmm.\" \"", "Well, the shot was at close range.\" \"", "The shooter was in the van with the victim-- most likely in the passenger seat.\" \"", "Although... that's a good amount of high-velocity impact spatter up here.\" \"", "Maybe a little luminol will tell a better story.\" \"", "There's blood splatter all over the passenger seat.\" \"", "Not all of it.\" \"", "Look there, on the side of the seat.\" \"", "There's a blood void.\" \"", "From what?\" \"", "The shooter wasn't up front.\" \"", "He was in back.\" \"", "Hereached between the seats to fire.\" \"", "His arm kept the blood from hitting that part of the seat.\" \"", "It settled on his arm instead.\" \"", "But what about the round?\" \"", "The shot was through-and-through.\" \"", "Didn't break any windows.\" \"", "It caught the A-pillar.\" \"", "According to Doc Robbins,\" \"Stuart Ball died between six and ten hours ago.\" \"", "Six to ten-- that's shortly after the robbery went bad.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "That can't help our chances of finding the mother and her kids alive.\" \"", "Stuart Ball had served his purpose, right?\" \"", "Mother and the two kids could still be worth some money.\" \"", "That might be reason to keep them alive.\" \"", "Well, I hope you're right.\" \"", "Hey, guys, I think we just caught a break with ballistics.\" \"", "I got an IBIS hit off the bullet that killed Stuart Ball.\" \"", "It matches a round that was fired five years ago in a fatal carjacking attempt.\" \"", "Did they catch the carjacker?\" \"", "In a matter of speaking.\" \"", "I guess the carjacker was the fatality.\" \"", "The owner of the car shot him in self-defense.\" \"", "So the gun belonged to the car owner-- tell me you got a name.\" \"", "Remi Volero-- he's kind of a low-rent real estate mogul.\" \"", "Mostly strip clubs and mini-malls.\" \"", "But take a look at the rap sheet-- everything on it is related to bookmaking and racketeering.\" \"", "Guy's a bookie.\" \"", "Well, Stuart Ball was running numbers for a bookie.\" \"", "What are the odds?\" \"", "It's got to be the same guy.\" \"", "That your handiwork, Remi?\" \"", "That is not my handiwork.\" \"", "I don't know what the hell that is.\" \"", "You don't know him?\" \"", "Stuart Ball?\" \"", "'Cause I'm pretty sure he worked for you.\" \"", "I said I didn't know what that is.\" \"", "I didn't say I didn't know who.\" \"", "Yeah, Stuart worked for me running errands.\" \"", "He worked for you running numbers and making collections as part of your illegal gambling operation.\" \"", "You're not even gonna ask what happened to him?\" \"", "I can see what happened to him.\" \"", "Someone capped him.\" \"", "Yeah, somebody-- with your gun.\" \"", "Did you forget, Remi?\" \"", "Your gun's in the system.\" \"", "You used it five years ago to shoot a carjacker.\" \"", "The thing is, it's not my gun anymore.\" \"", "I gave it to Stuart a couple years back.\" \"", "Where are they, Remi!\" \"", "Where's Dina Bryant and her children?\" \"!\" \"", "I don't know what you're talking about.\" \"", "Yeah, you do.\" \"", "You are underwater on a dozen real estate investments.\" \"", "That dispensary was an easy mark.\" \"", "All that cash just sitting there.\" \"", "This isn't a conversation I'm interested in having.\" \"", "I want my lawyer.\" \"", "It's awfully convenient he gave his gun to Stuart, don't you think?\" \"", "Crawford's willing to hold him for 48 hours, but I don't know if that's gonna help Dina Bryant and her kids.\" \"", "You said that this Remi guy had a lot of real estate, right?\" \"", "At least 25 properties.\" \"", "He could be using any of them or none of them.\" \"", "We have the kidnap van.\" \"", "The odds are pretty good that wherever the victims are, that van was there.\" \"", "We keep working the van, figure out where it's been.\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "What do you mean he's gone?\" \"", "Well, yeah, but how does something like that happen?\" \"", "I'm on my way right now.\" \"", "Nick.\" \"", "What's going on?\" \"", "Well, Lloyd has ducked out on the cops that were babysitting him;\" \"now nobody can find him.\" \"", "The only reason he would have taken off is if the kidnappers contacted him.\" \"", "He must have gone to pay the ransom.\" \"", "Crawford's got a bead on his cell phone; we'll find him.\" \" ", "What's up?\" \" ", "No, no, no.\" \"", "What are you doing here?\" \"", "You can't be here!\" \"", "They said no cops!\" \"", "Who did?\" \"", "No, no!\" \"", "You have to go!\" \"", "If you're here, they won't bring my family.\" \"", "Who's \"they\"?\" \"", "Did somebody contact you?\" \"", "Lloyd, where's the money?\" \"", "I dropped it off to them, like they said.\" \"", "I gave them what they wanted.\" \"", "Where?\" \"", "And how?\" \"", "Over at the tennis courts, across the park.\" \"", "Gonna be long gone by now.\" \"", "Well, please tell me you saw something.\" \"", "I just want my family back.\" \"", "But you didn't get them back!\" \"", "You gave the kidnappers their money.\" \"", "And now they're not worth anything anymore.\" \"", "Well... let's just hope you didn't get your whole family killed.\" \"", "All right, I-I'll pass the word along.\" \"", "See you when you're back.\" \"", "That was Nick.\" \"", "He said the ransom money is long gone and Lloyd, the shop owner, had no contact with whoever took it.\" \"", "Okay, so where's that leave us?\" \"", "Remi Volero's lawyered up.\" \"", "Right?\" \"", "So even if he knows where Dina Bryant and those kids are, he's not gonna say anything.\" \"", "Any ideas?\" \"", "Well, I may have something.\" \"", "It's gonna be vague though.\" \"", "The, uh, kidnappers have been really smart at communicating.\" \"", "They use the victims' phones to send the initial videos and texts.\" \"", "And when they're not sending, they keep the phones turned off.\" \"", "Making it impossible to locate, right.\" \"", "They contacted Lloyd tonight with the ransom demands.\" \"", "How did they do that?\" \"", "Well, they sent an e-mail using Stuart Ball's phone.\" \"", "It was on for less than 20 seconds.\" \"", "I've been going through the cell carrier's cached data to try and pinpoint which cell tower they pinged.\" \"", "There you go.\" \"", "Like I said, it's vague.\" \"", "No, no, that's a good start.\" \"", "Let's look real hard at this\" \"Remi Volero, see what we can link him to inside of that circle.\" \"", "Now, I know Nick is the expert, but this just looks like a common crane fly to me.\" \"", "They're everywhere in Vegas.\" \"", "I don't know how they're gonna help us pinpoint where the van has been.\" \"", "You having better luck on your side?\" \"", "You mean, am I having any better luck with the bird excrement?\" \"", "It's not lost on me that, of all the trace that you pulled, you gave me the poop.\" \"", "Interesting poop though.\" \"", "Contains a poison called Meríasol.\" \"", "Similar to hemlock.\" \"", "So the birds ate the poison, but they didn't die?\" \"", "Meríasol is poisonous to humans, not to birds.\" \"", "It comes from the berries they eat.\" \"", "Where do the berries grow?\" \"", "Apparently, only in the rainforests.\" \"", "Not in the middle of the Nevada desert.\" \"", "Unless... there is a rainforest in the middle of the Nevada desert.\" \"", "The Mediterranean Casino has a rainforest garden.\" \"", "100% humidity.\" \"", "I went there once, my hair went insane.\" \"", "We just need to know if they have a Meríasol tree.\" \"", "Put the Mediterranean on the map.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "It's not in the circle.\" \"", "There were bird droppings on top of the van.\" \"", "They contained a specific type of berry.\" \"", "Far as I can tell, it only grows at the Mediterranean.\" \"", "You think the birds were feeding there?\" \"", "Yeah, probably starlings.\" \"", "According to the groundskeeper, those birds have been all over the berries.\" \"", "Now, uh, put a circle around the casino, quarter-mile radius.\" \"", "Apparently, starlings nest within a quarter mile of their food source.\" \"", "That narrows the area way down.\" \"", "Greg, zoom in a little more, just the wedge.\" \"", "Volero owns something there, too, doesn't he?\" \"", "Right here, off Bennett.\" \"", "He bought it six months ago.\" \"", "It's an old produce warehouse.\" \"", "Morgan's starlings.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Nick.\" \"", "It looks like a kidnapper's kit to me.\" \"", "Yup.\" \"", "These are their phones.\" \"", "This is definitely the place.\" \"", "Hey, Nick, shh, shh.\" \"", "Listen.\" \"", "Oh, my God!\" \"", "Mrs. Bryant, calm down.\" \"", "Are you okay?\" \"", "Where are you children?\" \"", "I don't know.\" \"", "They're in some room somewhere.\" \"", "What...\" \"Come with us.\" \"", "Stay close.\" \"", "Okay.\" \"", "Stay back.\" \"", "Oh, my God, my babies!\" \"", "My babies!\" \"", "My babies.\" \"", "Mommy!\" \"", "My babies.\" \"", "Everything's okay now.\" \"", "Okay?\" \"", "I'm here.\" \"", "I'm here now.\" \"", "Mommy.\" \"", "Let me see you.\" \"", "Oh, my God.\" \"", "Hi, guys.\" \"", "Dina.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "How are they doing?\" \"", "Uh, they seem okay, thank God.\" \"", "Uh, I'm gonna show you a photo lineup.\" \"", "I want you to tell me if any of these men were involved in the kidnapping.\" \"", "I-I...\" \"I can't.\" \"", "I mean, I never saw a face.\" \"", "They always had masks on.\" \"", "That's okay, take a look anyway.\" \"", "Maybe you've seen one of them in your neighborhood or around the kid's school or...\" \"Okay.\" \"", "I...\" \"No, I don't... recognize any of these, I'm sorry.\" \"", "They're here?\" \"", "They're okay?\" \"", "Yeah, yeah, they checked out just fine.\" \"", "But I can't let you in there just yet.\" \"", "Why?\" \"", "Well, they still have to be processed.\" \"", "What do you mean?\" \"", "I have to see them.\" \"", "I'm sorry, Lloyd, but Sara has to collect their clothes, give them a quick once-over.\" \"", "You know, even the smallest detail can help us catch the guys who did this to you.\" \"", "So just... sit tight.\" \"", "Yeah.\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "What's up?\" \"", "Haven't you already analyzed every single frame of those?\" \"", "Now I have more to work with.\" \"", "All we had before were the five-second loops.\" \"", "Now we have the phones that they were filmed on.\" \"", "It's only another second or two, but there are heads and tails on each.\" \"", "At the end of this one, the camera tilts up and catches just a piece of window.\" \"", "And there's a reflection in it.\" \"", "Maybe I can enhance it.\" \"", "Looks like you're getting something.\" \"", "I can see...\" \"Oh, my God, Greg.\" \"", "Last 24 hours must have been pretty trying for you.\" \"", "Not at all what you expected when yesterday began, huh?\" \"", "God, no.\" \"", "No, not in a million years could I have thought something like this could happen to us.\" \"", "No, no, you thought it'd be quick and easy, didn't you?\" \"", "Probably over in less than an hour.\" \"", "You and Stuart would have the money.\" \"", "Couldn't have guessed that Stuart's sister was gonna be shot.\" \"", "Right?\" \"", "I mean, you just thought she'd pick up the money, drop it off where you and Stuart told her to in the instructions.\" \"", "That's-that's, uh...\" \"This is crazy.\" \"", "I...\" \"Mr. Russell, you can't honestly think that\" \"I was involved somehow?\" \"", "I was a victim.\" \"", "My children were victims.\" \"", "Certainly looked that way in the video, I have to admit.\" \"", "I mean, that was...\" \"that was terrifying.\" \"", "What was your plan if we hadn't found you in the warehouse?\" \"", "What-What were you gonna do?\" \"", "Were you gonna miraculously escape and then flag down a car, dial 911?\" \"", "You know, I-I don't need to listen to this...\" \"Hey, you sit down.\" \"", "Look, I have been through hell.\" \"", "Okay?\" \"", "And I just...\" \"I want to go home, and I want to be with my family.\" \"", "Mrs. Bryant, we know that you and Stuart filmed the video.\" \"", "Just the two of you.\" \"", "No kidnappers.\" \"", "No Remi Volero.\" \"", "You filmed each other.\" \"", "I mean, that is you, isn't it?\" \"", "Uh...\" \"Look, you... you have to know that\" \"I didn't want to do any of this.\" \"", "It was Stuart.\" \"", "No.\" \"", "No, no, he-he forced me.\" \"", "Stuart was just some young kid that you tricked into helping you.\" \"", "No, he...\" \"Stuart had a gun.\" \"", "And he threatened to hurt us.\" \"", "Well, he didn't have the gun when you shot him in the head though, did he?\" \"", "See, what you don't realize is that we found Stuart's blood on the sleeve of your sweater.\" \"", "Mrs. Bryant, we have all the evidence we need.\" \"", "You're done.\" \"", "Mr. Russell, you look the other way on this and half of what I have... is yours.\" \"", "Mrs. Bryant, you have absolutely nothing I want.\" \"", "Man, she's a piece of work.\" \"", "Mm.\" \"", "She's not gonna say where the money is.\" \"", "Well, she thinks it's gonna be waiting for her when she gets out.\" \"", "Only, she's never getting out.\" \"", "I'mstartingto wonder if something's changed.\" \"", "Some ripple of inhumanity has built into this wave of cruelty and indifference.\" \"", "Feel like we're being swallowed by this darkness.\" \"", "Mm.\" \"", "That bad, huh?\" \"", "I'm a little moody today, I'll give you that.\" \"", "I could use some good news, Jules.\" \"", "I wish I had something for you.\" \"", "But the, uh...\" \"records clerk up here hasn't exactly been cooperative.\" \"", "But I will get you Briscoe's foster care files.\" \"", "Don't you worry.\" \"", "I'm just gonna have to be a little bit more clever.\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "Do me a favor though.\" \"", "Don't get into any trouble.\" \"", "You have history up there.\" \"", "I wouldn't dream of it.\" \"", "Hey, hey, hey, I'm serious.\" \"", "You be careful.\" \"", "All right, I'll call you as soon as I have something.\" \"", "Take care of yourself.\" \"", "Always.\" \"", "Bye.\" \"", "Bye.\" \"", "== sync, corrected by elderman == @elder_man\"" ]

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[ "I.. Introduction {#sec1}\n================\n\nAccording to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. ", "In 2015, approximately 17.7 million people died from CVDs, comprising 31% of global death [@ref1]. ", "Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of CVD that relates to the heart's major blood vessels. ", "Catheter coronary angiography (CCA) [@ref2] is considered the gold standard for assessing coronary blood vessels to evaluate and manage CADs. ", "However, CCA is invasive in that it requires insertion of a catheter and intraarterial injection of contrast agent to visualize arterial blockage via X-Ray imaging. ", "Computed tomography angiography (CTA) [@ref3] is an attractive alternative since it is a less invasive, less expensive and faster technology than CCA [@ref4], [@ref5]. ", "Yet, coronary CTA (CCTA) is limited by temporal resolution, and cardiac motion artifacts can compromise image quality. ", "To improve the diagnostic quality of CCTA, it is crucial to obtain CCTA images within the quiescent period[^1^](#fn1){ref-type=\"fn\"} of the cardiac cycle.[^1]\n\nCurrently, clinical quiescence prediction relies almost exclusively on the real-time electrocardiography (ECG) signal. ", "CCTA data acquisition is triggered by either a prospective gating signal derived from that ECG signal, or by retrospective selection of CCTA data from ECG-selected phases. ", "In either case, quiescence prediction based on ECG is not always reliable since ECG is a proxy of heart motion and has been demonstrated to be an imprecise marker of the instantaneous cardiac mechanical motion [@ref6], [@ref7]. ", "On the other hand, seismocardiography (SCG) directly records the cardiac vibration via an accelerometer placed on the chest wall and reflects the mechanical state of the heart more accurately and could potentially provide a better gating signal for CCTA.", "\n\nThe effectiveness of SCG in facilitating diagnosis for CADs have been demonstrated by multiple studies. ", "An early research compared the diagnostic accuracy of ECG with SCG and suggested that SCG can significantly improve the accuracy for detection of anatomic and physiologic CADs [@ref10]. ", "A recent study evaluated the potential of tri-axis acceleration-based signal as a gating signal for positron emission tomography (PET) [@ref11]. ", "In addition, a more recent study presented a dual-sensor quiescence detection method using both a tri-axial chest accelerometer and gyroscope for PET [@ref12], reporting an improvement in diagnostic accuracy on both reconstructed phantom images and two atherosclerosis patients. ", "With respect to at-home monitoring and remote cardiovascular disease follow-up system, SCG-based measurement modality was emphasized due to its robustness, feasibility and capability in detecting cardiac vibrations [@ref13].", "\n\nThis paper builds upon our earlier work [@ref14] where we developed an SCG-based quiescence detection and prediction method. ", "In the SCG-based method, we focused on the frequency component (10-45 Hz) of SCG associated with cardiac sounds.[^2^](#fn2){ref-type=\"fn\"} Personalized heart sound associated waveforms, denoted in [Fig. ", "1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} as HS1 and HS2, can be extracted from pre-recorded SCG signals and then correlated to streaming SCG signals for detecting the heart sound features. ", "The predicted quiescence, measured as a delay $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\Delta t$\n\\end{document}$, is in reference to a cardiac feature within the upcoming cardiac cycle. ", "In the SCG-based prediction, we used the heart sound associated waveform since it is a more proximal reference than the R-peak of ECG and thus can provide more accurate predictions.[^2] Fig. ", "1.Quiescence prediction methods. (", "A) The traditionally ECG-based prediction method; (B) Developed SCG-based prediction method. ", "HS1 and HS2 are heart sound associated waveforms in systole and diastole, respectively [@ref8], [@ref9]. ", "The vertical dotted line is the quiescence derived from echocardiography which is considered as the baseline for quiescence in this study. ", "Areas covered in grey contain succeeding unknown signals. ", "The predicted quiescence, measured as a time $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\Delta t$\n\\end{document}$, is in reference to a cardiac feature within the upcoming cardiac cycle. ", "As a demonstration we review predicting quiescence in diastole. ", "Predicting $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\Delta t_{scg}$\n\\end{document}$ from HS2 involves less uncertainty than that from $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\Delta t_{ecg}$\n\\end{document}$ using R-peak of ECG, therefore SCG-based prediction can potentially predict quiescence more accurately.", "\n\nIn this study we expand our foundational work through a multimodal approach for prospective CCTA that adaptively yields a corrected quiescence by fusing individual predictions derived from ECG and SCG on a *beat-by-beat* basis. ", "Fusion of predictions from two sensing modalities are implemented via an artificial neural network (ANN). ", "Using quiescence derived from echocardiography as a baseline, the performance of SCG- and fusion-based predictions are compared with the ECG-based prediction, which is the traditional approach for CCTA gating.", "\n\nWe base our rationale for selecting an ANN approach upon the wide application of ANNs in classifying physiological signals [@ref15], [@ref16]. ", "In addition, extensive studies have demonstrated the competence of ANNs in capturing associations among vaguely understood variables [@ref17]. ", "Furthermore, the use of an ANN does not impose constraints upon the input data structure [@ref18]. ", "In particular to our study, we use personalized features to construct input to an ANN. ", "More specifically, the selected features include heart rate, heart rate variability [@ref19], waveform correlation [@ref20], HS associated waveform power intensity [@ref21] and wavelet-based time-frequency coefficients [@ref22], [@ref23]. ", "To obtain the corrected quiescence, we employ a linear combination of predicted quiescence from ECG and SCG whereby weights are outputs from the ANN.", "\n\nThe paper is organized as follows. ", "The next section describes methods and procedures of the ANN implementation followed by ANN classification results and quiescence prediction performance in [Section III](#sec3){ref-type=\"sec\"}. ", "In addition, the diagnostic quality of CCTA images reconstructed at predicted quiescence derived from different gating modalities are evaluated and analyzed. ", "Lastly, [Section IV](#sec4){ref-type=\"sec\"} delivers a discussion and conclusions.", "\n\nII.. Methods and Procedures {#sec2}\n===========================\n\nA.. Subjects and Data Acquisition {#sec2a}\n---------------------------------\n\nCardiac signals were acquired from seven healthy subjects (mean age: 31; age range: 22-48; males: 4) and eleven cardiac patients[^3^](#fn3){ref-type=\"fn\"} (mean age: 56; age range: 31-78; males: 6). ", "Written, informed consent was obtained from each participant and the study was conducted under the approval of the Emory University Institutional Review Board. ", "Cardiac signals including ECG, SCG and echocardiography were acquired simultaneously using a trimodal data acquisition system consisting of a custom SCG-ECG device and a commercial ultrasound machine SonixTOUCH Research Scanner (Analogic, Peabody, MA, USA) [@ref25].[^3]\n\nThe ECG-SCG custom device acquired ECG and SCG signals at the rate of 1.2 kHz. ", "Both signals were pre-filtered and amplified by the analog end before feeding to a 16 bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC). ", "The accelerometer (ADXL327, Analog Devices, Inc., Norwood, MA) weighs approximately 5 g and and has an RMS noise of 250 $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\mu \\text{g}/\\sqrt {\\textrm {Hz}}$\n\\end{document}$. The accelerometer was tuned to have a passband of 50 Hz [@ref25].", "\n\nSimultaneously, B-mode echocardiography data, specifically apical four-chamber view, were obtained at a rate of 50 Hz/frame, and the associated ECG was recorded at 200 Hz. ", "The redundant ECG signals from the two machines were used to align SCG and echocardiography signals, as well as to segment heartbeats.", "\n\nDuring data acquisition, each participant was resting in a supine position for approximately 30 minutes, with a single-axis linear accelerometer placed against the sternum recording dorso-ventral vibrations transmitted to the chest wall.[^4^](#fn4){ref-type=\"fn\"} While many studies used the tri-axis accelerometer to measure the mechanical movement of the heart, the tri-axis SCG signals have not yet been quantified with a widely acknowledged standardization in terms of cardiac events, particularly with the heart sound in the lateral-medial and superior-inferior directions for this study. ", "A potential reason for this is the intersubject variability observed in the tri-axis SCG signals [@ref26], [@ref27].[^4]\n\nB.. Pre-Processing {#sec2b}\n------------------\n\nRaw signals were pre-processed to remove the noise and baseline drift [@ref28]. ", "By analyzing the frequency spectrum, the ECG signal and SCG signal were conditioned by a $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$256^{th}$\n\\end{document}$-order FIR low-pass filter with a Hamming window configuration and cutoff frequency 50 Hz [@ref29]. ", "For ECG signal, this was to ensure to retain the sharp R peaks of ECG. ", "For SCG signal, this was to keep the high frequency components related to heart sounds. ", "Following the low-pass filter was a notch filter centered at 0 Hz with a cutoff of 1 Hz to remove the DC component and remaining respiratory baseline drift in ECG and SCG signals [@ref25], [@ref30].", "\n\nThe magnitude of the cardiac interventricular septal (IVS) motion velocity from B-mode sequences was derived by applying the phase-to-phase deviation measure elaborated in [@ref31]. ", "For each subject, quiescence was identified from the velocity magnitude using a voting mechanism, which can be modeled as a linear function of heart rate [@ref14]. ", "Quiescence derived using the modeled linear function was considered as the baseline when comparing quiescence derived from ECG and SCG.", "\n\nC.. Artificial Neural Network Configuration {#sec2c}\n-------------------------------------------\n\nThe ANN configuration was selected since it outputs both a classification decision and Bayesian probability estimates, which were used as assigned weights, $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$w_{ecg}$\n\\end{document}$ and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$w_{scg}$\n\\end{document}$, for fusion-based prediction.[^5^](#fn5){ref-type=\"fn\"} Furthermore, the weights also indicate how likely a specific cardiac cycle is to be gated using one modality, either ECG or SCG. ", "Gating with solely ECG or SCG are special cases of weighted fusion where one of the weights takes the value of 0 and the other one takes 1. ", "Let $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$P_{ecg}$\n\\end{document}$ be the quiescent phase derived from the ECG-based prediction and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$P_{scg}$\n\\end{document}$ from the SCG-based prediction. ", "The fusion-based prediction is a linear combination of the individual predictions from ECG ($\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$P_{ecg}$\n\\end{document}$) and SCG ($\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$P_{scg}$\n\\end{document}$) and are expressed as $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$P_{wf}=w_{ecg}P_{ecg}+w_{scg}P_{scg}$\n\\end{document}$ where $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$w_{ecg} + w_{scg} = 1$\n\\end{document}$.[^5]\n\nA two-layer ANN is able to represent any arbitrary continuous function, and an ANN with greater than two layers is able to represent any function [@ref32]. ", "Thus, a three-layer ANN configuration is a good fit for this study in which the associated data structure is unknown. [", "Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} illustrates the feedforward ANN configuration used in this study. ", "The ANN consists of three layers: two hidden layers with hyperbolic tangent-sigmoid and log-sigmoid as threshold functions [@ref33], respectively, and an output layer with softmax threshold function [@ref24]. ", "The hyperbolic tangent-sigmoid function ranges from −1 to 1 and it is zero centered, making the gradient update faster and easier. ", "The log-sigmoid function restricts any input value within 0 and 1 which is especially helpful for models that predict the probability as an output. ", "The number of neurons in each layer was set heuristically. ", "The network was trained with scaled conjugate gradient back-propagation [@ref34]. ", "The number of nodes in each layer was determined by using the trial-and-error method. ", "Fig. ", "2.Three-layer ANN configuration [@ref24]. ", "The input is a set of features consisting of 11 single-valued entries linked with two hidden layers with threshold functions tansig and logsig, each consisting of 10 neurons. ", "$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$[W,b]$\n\\end{document}$ are configuration parameters representing the weights and bias. ", "Two softmax output neurons in the output layer generate 2 values corresponding to the predicted probabilities, referred to as weights, of ECG- and SCG-based gating in the weighted fusion, WF.", "\n\nD.. Feature Selection {#sec2d}\n---------------------\n\nThe rationale for choosing ANN features is three-fold. ", "First, the feature set should contain as much information of the original dataset as possible. ", "Second, the features are expected to be invariant to irrelevant transformations of the data. ", "Third, features are expected to be distinguishing. ", "More specifically, a new feature is only worth adding when it serves to increase information in the current feature set.", "\n\nIn this study, subject-specific features were selected from each cardiac cycle of the ECG and SCG signals. ", "Cardiac cycles were each re-sampled into 1000 sample length for computational simplicity before extracting features on a beat-by-beat basis. ", "The re-sampling was made on a beat-by-beat basis since the quiescence prediction for cardiac gating needs to be done on a beat-by-beat-basis. ", "Consequently, the sampling frequency after re-sampling varies with different instantaneous heart rates.", "\n\nFeature selection involve two stages. ", "The first stage is constructing an original feature set that contains a broad coverage of features. ", "The original features and their corresponding numbers are summarized in [Table 1](#table1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The second stage selects a subset of the original feature set to form a more concentrated and computational efficient feature set.", "TABLE 1Original featuresOriginal ECG FeaturesOriginal SCG FeaturesTotalHRHRV$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\mathit {C_{ecg}}$\n\\end{document}$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\mathit {SNR_{ecg}}$\n\\end{document}$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\mathit {DWT_{ecg}}$\n\\end{document}$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\mathit {PSD_{output}}$\n\\end{document}$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\mathit {PSD_{HS1}}$\n\\end{document}$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\mathit {PSD_{HS2}}$\n\\end{document}$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\mathit {DWT_{scg}}$\n\\end{document}$11114111314\n\nECG features in the original feature set are: 1)**HR:** Heart rate. ", "Reciprocal of the interval between two consecutive R-peaks.2)**HRV:** Heart rate variability [@ref19], [@ref35]. ", "The HRV is defined as the deviation to the mean of the most recent eight R-R intervals, measured by the absolute difference [@ref36]. ", "Hence, the first eight cardiac cycles are for initialization.3)**C~ecg~:** Waveform correlation [@ref20], [@ref37]. ", "An ensemble averaged template waveform is generated by averaging the re-sampled time-series beat cycles. ", "The correlation of a cardiac cycle to the template is an indication of morphological distortion level and thus the noise contamination level.4)**SNR~ecg~:** Signal-to-noise ratio. ", "The difference between the aforementioned ensemble averaged template waveform and an individual re-sampled cardiac cycle, labeled as the difference time-series, is a measurement of magnitude distortion due to noise. ", "Thus, for each cardiac cycle, the root-mean-square (RMS) power of the difference time-series quantitatively represents the relative noise power of that cardiac cycle. ", "The estimated signal-to-noise ratio is the ratio of template waveform power (summation of squared sample values) to the noise power within a beat.5.**DWT~ecg~:** Wavelet-based time-frequency coefficients [@ref22], [@ref38], [@ref39]. ", "For ECG, Daubechies four (Db4) was tested to be a suitable mother wavelet and a decomposition level of 8 was found to be suitable [@ref38], [@ref40]. ", "Four wavelet levels (2-5) were used, corresponding to the frequency band spanning approximately 2-20 Hz. ", "The mean coefficient of each scale was then used as an original feature.", "\n\nSCG features in the original feature set are: 1)**{PSD~output~, PSD~HS1~, PSD~HS2~}:** Heart sound waveform intensity [@ref21]. ", "The power spectrum based on Fourier transform of the conditioned SCG can be divided into three frequency ranges: 0-10 Hz which is related to the cardiac output, 10-30 Hz related to the first heart sound (HS1), and 30-50 Hz related to the second heart sound (HS2) [@ref41]--[@ref42][@ref43]. ", "Periodogram estimate of the power spectrum density (PSD) was used as an estimated spectrum density of a time series obtained by squaring the magnitude components of the discrete Fourier transform of the signal. ", "The aggregate power within each 10 Hz bin was calculated by summing the power within the aforementioned three spectrum ranges providing a periodogram estimate of the PSD.2)**DWT~scg~:** Wavelet-based time-frequency representation. ", "Previous work demonstrated the superiority of 'Coif5' mother wavelet in heart sound signals decomposition [@ref42]. ", "Similar to ECG, a decomposition level of 8 was applied to SCG. ", "Three wavelet levels (1-3) were used, corresponding to the frequency band spanning approximately 10-45 Hz. ", "The mean coefficient of each scale was then used as an original feature.", "\n\nThe choices of frequency range for the DWT are based on the frequency spectrums of the cardiac events of interest. ", "Based on the Fourier transform of the human ECG signal, it was found that the QRS complex frequency ranges within 4 Hz and 20 Hz, the heart rate component is within 0.67 Hz and 5 Hz (corresponds to 40-300 bpm), and P and T wave frequencies generally lie between 0.5 and 10 Hz [@ref29]. ", "The wavelet decomposition of the SCG was intended to extract information from the high-frequency accelerometric waveforms associated with the first (10-30 Hz) and second heart sound (30-45 Hz).", "\n\nIt is important to note that not all cardiac cycles are good candidates for feature selection. ", "Before feature selection, a cardiac cycle is evaluated by its ECG and SCG HS waveform. ", "Cardiac cycles with C~ecg~ \\< 0.3 and HS not identified by the waveform template detection approach [@ref14] are considered to be severely contaminated by noise, and thus are eliminated. ", "Cardiac cycles with C~ecg~ \\> 0.3 but with no HS identified are suitable for ECG-based prediction, and cycles with HS identified but C~ecg~ \\< 0.3 use SCG-based prediction. ", "The threshold criterion is set based on empirical statistics of C~ecg~ and the HS identification is based on template matching conditions in [@ref14]. ", "Only those cardiac cycles whose ECG and SCG waveforms are clean enough are valid for fusion-based prediction by the ANN. ", "On average, 72% of the cardiac cycles were good candidates for feature selection.", "\n\nThe original feature set has 14 single-value features which can be reduced by identifying the importance of each feature and construct a more concentrated feature set. ", "The neighborhood component analysis [@ref44] was applied to each subject's original feature set along with the corresponding real labels elaborated in [Section II-F](#sec2f){ref-type=\"sec\"}. ", "The average relative weight of each original feature was presented in [Fig. ", "3](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} where the 3 low-weight features were excluded. ", "Fig. ", "3.Relative feature weight (%) evaluated by the neighborhood component analysis. ", "The three features in plum bars demonstrated less importance in distinguishing ECG and SCG signals and consequently were discarded.", "\n\nE.. Dimensionality Reduction {#sec2e}\n----------------------------\n\nTo reduce the dimensionality of the feature dataset, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied in which eigenvalues less than 20% of the largest eigenvalue were abandoned. ", "Lastly, features were normalized by calculating their Z-scores [@ref45], [@ref46] to eliminate the bias of mean and variance before inputting into an ANN.", "\n\nF.. Training, Testing and Cross-Validation {#sec2f}\n------------------------------------------\n\nWe have two cohorts of subjects, one consists of all healthy subjects and the other one all cardiac patients. ", "Fusion-based prediction was applied on each subject in such as way that the *testing* dataset was formed by the designated subject's cardiac data. ", "The corresponding *training* dataset was formed using cardiac data from the rest of participants who belong to the same cohort. ", "The cohort-based leave-one-out method allows us to evaluate the fusion-based prediction on all participants. ", "To avoid over-training by the excessive number of cardiac data contributed by the rest of participants in the cohort, we blindly selected a subset of size four times of that of the testing dataset. ", "Consequently, the evaluation for each participant involves an average number of 6336 for training and 1584 for testing.", "\n\nLabels in the dataset were obtained by comparing the ECG- and SCG-based predictions with the quiescence derived from the baseline subject-specific echocardiography, respectively. ", "The modality that led to a smaller prediction error was considered to be an optimal modality for this cardiac cycle. ", "The prediction error, in milliseconds, was calculated as the absolute difference between the predicted quiescent timing and the time derived from baseline subject-specific echocardiography. ", "The ECG-based prediction was obtained from a pre-defined piece-wise linear gating function elaborated in [@ref47]. ", "This gating function is dependent on a predicted heart rate which is generated from a linear regression formed by using the previous six heart beats. ", "SCG-based prediction was obtained using the patient-specific HS waveform detection method [@ref14].", "\n\nDifferent from the training dataset, features **{HR, HRV}** from the testing dataset were unknown since the upcoming cardiac cycle of this particular subject is unknown. ", "To predict the upcoming instantaneous heart rate, a linear regression method with previous six heartbeats [@ref14] was used. ", "To predict the instantaneous heart rate variability, the predicted instantaneous heart rate was used to calculate its deviation from the mean of the most recent eight heart rates [@ref36].", "\n\nThe training dataset was further divided into four uniform parts randomly, one of which was used for cross-validation [@ref48]. ", "This 4-fold cross-validation was repeated 10 times with random partition of the training dataset to make the whole process as 10x4-fold cross-validation. ", "The output from ANN, including classification accuracy and modality probability, were the average results over 10 iterations.", "\n\nG.. Radiology Reader Evaluation {#sec2g}\n-------------------------------\n\nA board certified cardiothoracic radiologist, with over 7 years of experience, evaluated the images and scored the quality of the coronary artery image quality using a 4 point Likert response format: 1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = adequate, 4 = non-diagnostic. ", "The radiologist was blind to the modality that selected the phase for the reconstruction. ", "Significance was tested using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ", "The diagnostic quality of the left main (LM), left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCX) and right coronary arteries (RCA) from the origin to the first branch was graded.", "\n\nIII.. Results {#sec3}\n=============\n\nThe effectiveness of the multimodal framework is evaluated by the ANN prediction accuracy and precision, and the quiescence prediction error. ", "The cardiac phase, normalized over a cardiac cycle for HRV, is effective in mathematical modeling. ", "However, the evaluation of temporal error (in milliseconds) is what essentially results in the degradation of CCTA image quality, since the sensitivity to mistiming varies among individuals and their predicted HR. ", "Results[^6^](#fn6){ref-type=\"fn\"} presented in this section were from cardiac cycles that meet the feature selection criteria for ANN classification in [Section II-D](#sec2d){ref-type=\"sec\"}.[^6]\n\nA.. Artificial Neural Network Classification Accuracy {#sec3a}\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nIn [TABLE 2](#table2){ref-type=\"table\"}, two cohorts of subjects are listed in an order of increasing heart rate. ", "Subjects H1 to H7 are the cohort of healthy subjects and P1 to P11 are the cardiac patients. ", "For each subject, a threshold for decision-making related to classification accuracy for testing/prediction is set according to the subject-specific data in the training dataset: $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$T_{ecg} = N_{ecg}/N$\n\\end{document}$ and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$T_{scg} = N_{scg}/N$\n\\end{document}$, where $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$N = N_{ecg}+N_{scg}$\n\\end{document}$ is the total number of ECG-labeled and SCG-labeled cycles. ", "By comparing the classification output, $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$w_{ecg}$\n\\end{document}$ and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$w_{scg}$\n\\end{document}$, with $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$T_{ecg}$\n\\end{document}$ and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$T_{scg}$\n\\end{document}$, respectively, classified/predicted labels are decided. ", "A correct ANN prediction leads to a value close to 1 for the weight associated with the correct gating type and close to 0 for the other, thus a reasonable threshold to distinguish gating type is 0.5. ", "However, we set up thresholds $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$T_{ecg}$\n\\end{document}$ and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$T_{scg}$\n\\end{document}$ to take into account the bias observed in the labels of training dataset where SCG is dominant over cardiac cycles.", "TABLE 2Three-Layer ANN Binary ClassificationHealthy SubjectsSubjectHR (bpm)HRV (ms)Accuracy (%)Precision (%)H1584190.195.4H2604889.492.7H3682890.493.8H4735092.294.7H5775087.191.0H6841990.293.7H7925889.992.9Avg724289.993.5Cardiac PatientsP1522080.682.8P2546580.783.5P35420877.381.3P4636380.783.1P5643881.384.1P6656082.884.1P7735783.386.5P88117079.584.3P98414781.385.8P10872978.882.7P11102379.983.3Avg707880.683.8\n\nThe classification accuracy is the percentage of correct labels being identified. ", "Precision is the percentage of correctly predicted SCG-labeled cycles over the total number of cycles predicted as SCG-labeled cycles. ", "The values of accuracy and precision from the three-layer ANN are 89.9% and 93.5% on average for the healthy cohort, and 80.6% and 83.8% for the cardiac patients, respectively, indicating that the selected features are fair representatives of the cardiac information from acquired signals.", "\n\nFactors that may affect the classification accuracy: 1)Acquired data: Outliers in the data may cause overlapping patterns. ", "The training dataset is expected to have adequate number of instances for an effective learning for the ANN.2)Selected features: The presence of irrelevant features or an inadequate number of effective features.3)Modality selection algorithm: In general, this factor does not significantly impact the classification accuracy when the dataset is large and the selected features for modality selection are salient representatives of the cardiac information of the raw signal. ", "Therefore, other classification algorithms are very likely to give similar results as the ANN in this study [@ref48].", "\n\nB.. Quiescence Prediction Errors {#sec3b}\n--------------------------------\n\n[Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} reveals the individual average prediction error (in milliseconds) calculated over all cardiac cycles in the testing dataset that belongs to that individual. ", "The overall prediction error across all subjects associated with ECG-, SCG- and WF-based method are 76.15 ms, 48.30 ms and 43.95 ms, respectively. ", "Out of the 18 subjects, only one subject (P2) would actually benefit from using ECG-based gating solely. ", "It is also observed that subjects H3 and H4 are potential candidates for ECG-based prediction, but fusion-based prediction works as well for them. ", "Fig. ", "4.Quiescence prediction error (milliseconds) of different cardiac gating modalities. ", "The overall prediction error across all subjects associated with ECG-, SCG- and WF-based method are 76.15 ms, 48.30 ms and 43.95 ms, respectively. ", "For each subject, the optimal gating modality, either ECG, SCG or WF, is selected based on the least error (ms). ", "Except for subject P2, all subjects demonstrate less prediction error using the WF- or SCG-based prediction for cardiac gating.", "\n\n[Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"} reports the quiescence prediction error from different prediction methods. ", "WF- and SCG-based prediction elicited comparable low errors than that from ECG, but WF caused less variability among all methods. ", "Fig. ", "5.Box plot of quiescence prediction error (milliseconds) of all 18 subjects. ", "On each box, the central mark indicates the median (value in red), and the bottom and top edges of the box indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. ", "No outlier was observed. ", "ECG-based prediction resulted in the most error. ", "WF and SCG-based predictions are comparable. ", "The smallest variability is seen in the prediction error associated with WF.", "\n\nAlthough the absolute prediction improvement in milliseconds by using WF- or SCG-based prediction may not seem very prominent for all individuals, it is noticeable that for some patients whose ECG-based predictions give large prediction errors, such as subjects P3 and P11, their SCG- and WF-based predictions are able to reduce the error significantly. ", "For such patients, SCG- or WF-based prediction of quiescent periods could potentially lead to improved diagnostic quality of CCTA. [", "Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"} illustrates a subset of cardiac cycles from subject P11 with predicted temporal quiescence (time of quiescence occurrence within a cardiac cycle w.r.t. ", "the ECG R-peak) derived from multiple modalities. ", "SCG-based prediction is closer to the baseline echocardiography than ECG-based prediction. ", "Fusion-based prediction fuses predictions from ECG and SCG, and performs better than ECG-based prediction. ", "This is consistent with results in [Fig. ", "4](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} where WF-based quiescence prediction is the most effective for patient P11. ", "Fig. ", "6.A subset of predicted temporal quiescence derived from different gating modalities for patient P11. ", "Overall, WF gating is the optimal gating modality for P11 according to the average error presented in [Fig. ", "4.](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}\n\nDenoting the quiescence prediction error $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\bar {E}_{pred}$\n\\end{document}$ (from either WF-or SCG-based method), the error reduction $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$R$\n\\end{document}$ is calculated by $$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}\\begin{equation*} R = (\\bar {E}_{ecg}-\\bar {E}_{pred})/\\bar {E}_{ecg}\\times 100\\%,\\tag{1}\\end{equation*}\n\\end{document}$$ where $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\bar {E}_{pred}$\n\\end{document}$ could be $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\bar {E}_{WF}$\n\\end{document}$ or $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\bar {E}_{scg}$\n\\end{document}$.\n\nThis error reduction measures the percentage of average errors that can be reduced from ECG-only-based gating. ", "The average error reduction of the 18 subjects using SCG- and WF-based method is 49.78% and 46.96%, respectively. [", "Fig. ", "7](#fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"} reports error reduction from different prediction methods. ", "WF- and SCG-based methods reduced comparable percent of prediction error, but WF resulted in less variability in the reduced error. ", "Fig. ", "7.Box plot of percentage of error reduction (%) against quiescence prediction error from ECG-based prediction across the 18 subjects. ", "On each box, the central mark indicates the median (value in red), and the bottom and top edges of the box indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. ", "The outliers are plotted individually using the '+' symbol. ", "WF and SCG-based predictions are comparable and can reduce more percent of prediction errors than cohort-specific echocardiography. ", "But the variability in the reduced error associated with WF is smaller than SCG.", "\n\nC.. CCTA Reconstructed Image Quality {#sec3c}\n------------------------------------\n\nTo quantify the accuracy with which the gating modality can predict the cardiac quiescence, reconstructed CT volumes are generated at phases derived from ECG-, SCG- and WF-based prediction methods. ", "Histograms that summarize the grade distribution of diagnostic quality associated with different prediction methods are shown in [Fig. ", "8](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Fig. ", "8.Histograms of the diagnostic quality grades. ", "Four point Likert response scale: 1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = adequate, 4 = non-diagnostic.", "\n\nThe histograms in [Fig. ", "8](#fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"} showed a higher count of lower Likert format grade (1 = excellent, 2 = good, 3 = adequate, 4 = non-diagnostic) using the WF quiescence prediction, indicating that WF yielded the best diagnostic quality. ", "SCG-based prediction achieved better diagnostic quality than ECG-based method since SCG has slightly higher frequency in achieving the lower Likert format grade. ", "The WF prediction consistently achieves the best diagnostic quality for all patients, whereas ECG achieves the least for all. ", "The average grade over all the reconstructed volumes and segments for ECG, SCG and WF are 2.18, 2.00 ($\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$p=0.1957$\n\\end{document}$) and 1.80 ($\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$p=0.0118$\n\\end{document}$), respectively, assuming there is no correlation among tests performed in left main (LM), left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCX) and right coronary arteries (RCA). ", "The p-values were derived from the two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test ($\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{upgreek}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n}{}$\\alpha = 0.05$\n\\end{document}$). ", "Among the four segments, RCA, which is generally degraded most by motion artifacts of the coronary vessels, achieves the highest improvement in diagnostic quality using WF as compared to ECG.", "\n\nDue to configuration limitations from the clinical CT scanner, reconstructed CT volumes for an individual are retrospectively generated at a constant phase throughout *all* cardiac cycles, rather than on a beat-by-beat basis. ", "This constant phase is the average of the beat-by-beat quiescent phases derived from a specific gating modality. ", "If the reconstruction is made on a beat-by-beat basis, the diagnostic quality associated with SCG- and WF-based quiescence prediction could potentially provide a more substantial improvement over the ECG-based prediction.", "\n\nThe selection of gating during cardiac systole or diastole within a cardiac cycle is based on the HR. ", "For higher HR (\\> 70 bpm) the systolic quiescent period is better. ", "However, a more comprehensive consideration would include both HR and HRV as variables of a function that dynamically selects the period in which gating achieves the best diagnostic quality. ", "Example RCA and LCX segments from cardiac CCTA reconstructions of cardiac patient P11 are shown in [Fig. ", "9](#fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Reconstructions associated with the WF-based prediction resulted in the best diagnostic quality, while ECG-based prediction resulted in the worst. ", "Fig. ", "9.Comparison of the diagnostic quality of CCTA images reconstructed at quiescent phases derived from different gating modalities. ", "CCTA data presented are from patient P11. ", "Blue arrows point to one example of calcification. ", "Green arrows point to motion artifacts. ", "Compared to ECG-phases, the SCG-selected phases in (b) and (e), and WF-selected phases in (c) and (f) demonstrate sharper outline of the RCA and LCX. ", "Calcification in the RCA is also more sharply defined by SCG- and WF-selected phases. ", "Significant motion artifacts rendered the pointed (green arrows) regions of the RCA and LCX non-diagnostic for ECG-selected quiescent phases.", "\n\nIV.. Conclusion and Discussion {#sec4}\n==============================\n\nA.. Conclusion {#sec4a}\n--------------\n\nTo more accurately predict cardiac quiescence, we developed a multimodal framework by fusing individual quiescence predicted from ECG and SCG. ", "Results from a pilot group of seven healthy people and eleven cardiac patients demonstrated that our proposed framework is effective and robust. ", "Our major findings showed that the multimodal framework achieved 47% improvement in prediction error and resulted in better diagnostic quality of CCTA coronary vessels, as compared with the current ECG-based method. ", "In addition, the fusion-based prediction method was more robust. ", "The significance is the potential for a more reliable approach than ECG only-based gating to predict cardiac quiescence for prospective CCTA.", "\n\nB.. Discussion {#sec4b}\n--------------\n\nCCTA as an emerging alternative is not only less invasive and less costly, but is also associated with fewer complications while still providing adequate resolution for assessing the coronary artery. ", "When considering radiation dose, it is noteworthy to compare our fusion-based prospective CCTA triggering with retrospective CCTA gating. ", "The method proposed in this work can possibly reduce dose to approximately 4mSv, while a 64 slice retrospective CCTA exposes an individual to 12mSv. ", "Another consideration is the low yield of obstructive coronary disease found at CCA [@ref49], which raises the concern of undergoing unnecessary invasive tests for people at low to intermediate risk of coronary artery disease [@ref50].", "\n\nThis study ultimately aims to improve the diagnostic quality of cardiac images while maintaining or reducing the radiation dose during prospective CCTA exam. ", "Enhancing and broadening the application of prospective cardiac CCTA is of importance. ", "This improvement would tremendously mitigate risks for congenital cardiac patients who are repeatedly exposed to radiation throughout their lives and for patients presenting repeatedly to different emergency room for chest pain.", "\n\nC.. Limitations {#sec4c}\n---------------\n\nThe primary limitation of this study is that interventricular septal motion derived from echocardiography is used as the baseline for coronary vessel motion. ", "Ultimately, we need to correlate our fusion-based quiescence prediction with the motion of coronary arteries derived from CCTA. ", "However, because of radiation dose, it is not desirable to obtain CCTA data for a large number of cardiac cycles. ", "On the other hand, it has been shown that IVS septal motion is a very good marker of coronary arterial motion [@ref51]. ", "Therefore, echocardiography-derived motion serves as an excellent, and ethically acceptable, surrogate marker of coronary vessel motion. ", "A superior marker closer to coronary vessel motion such as angiogram has yet to be explored for future work.", "\n\nThe next limitation lies in the features used in ANN of this study. ", "The selected features were individually demonstrated to be effective representations of cardiac signals based on findings of previous research [@ref37]--[@ref38][@ref39], [@ref41], [@ref42]. ", "However, the applied feature set may be sub-optimal and a superior feature set can be established by investigating other features and attempting different combination of features.", "\n\nWith respect to the sample size, we are currently recruiting more participants, particularly coronary cardiac patients, to enlarge the subject population. ", "The inclusion of additional subjects would enhance the statistical significance of improvement in diagnostic quality associated with WF-based prediction. ", "In addition, this can lead to a more generalized training dataset. ", "The ANN depends highly on the properties of the training dataset. ", "Thus, the more generalized a training dataset, the more comprehensive the extracted features are, and thus the less biased the trained ANN becomes. ", "In a complementary fashion, we will also recruit additional readers to explore the effect of inter-reader variability.", "\n\nAnother limitation is that this study is part of the cascaded pipeline for improving CCTA gating accuracy wherein the prediction from the first stage is the input of the next stage. ", "The individual quiescence predictions from ECG and SCG are input of the trained ANN to be fused to generate a corrected prediction. ", "Thus, prediction errors in the ECG- and SCG-based quiescence predictions can be amplified as prediction stages ascend.", "\n\nLastly, both the training and testing datasets are usually from observation. ", "However, in this study the training dataset of ANN comes from observation but the testing dataset is partly by prediction. ", "Therefore, the distribution of training and testing datasets are not exactly the same based on the way the two datasets are constructed.", "\n\nD.. Future Work {#sec4d}\n---------------\n\nImplementation of the proposed framework in real-time with relevant hardware integration is the natural next step. ", "This requires a rigorous consideration of computational complexity and time delay occurring in different phases of signal transmission and processing. ", "In addition, the co-investigation and enhancement of both hardware and software makes it highly possible to achieve a better diagnostic image quality and reduced radiation exposure in cardiac imaging.", "\n\nLooking more broadly, our multimodal approach to improving cardiac gating bears promise in being applied to other cardiac imaging modalities. ", "For example, impedence cardiography could be used together with ECG to trigger MRI.", "\n\n[^1]: Quiescent period is a time interval during which the heart is in the state of minimal motion. ", "For the purpose of cardiac gating, a cardiac cycle is divided into percentage intervals or phases to normalize for heart rate variability. ", "In this study, cardiac quiescence, the phase of minimal motion, was identified and designated as the midpoint of the 83ms CCTA data acquisition window.", "\n\n[^2]: Essentially, the phonocardiogram (PCG) is the graphical representation of a heart sound recording.", "\n\n[^3]: Cardiac patients studied in this paper have structural or valvular heart diseases. ", "Our rationale for including these patients was to enlarge the testing population since we scan several of these patients prior to various interventions. ", "We have been actively recruiting coronary patients to build a stronger validation of this proposed work.", "\n\n[^4]: It is worth mentioning that the participants were asked to be as motionless as possible during the recordings. ", "However, the beginning and end of the recordings were typically heavily contaminated by motion artifacts and thus approximately 7% of the acquired signals in these data were not included for analysis.", "\n\n[^5]: In this paper, the terms 'weighted fusion (WF)' and 'fusion-based prediction' are used interchangeably for the purpose of simplicity in some circumstances.", "\n\n[^6]: Preliminary work presented at the NIH-IEEE Special Topics Conference on Healthcare Innovations and Point of Care Technologies, November 2017, Bethesda, MD, poster session.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "An upper-limb-movement classification system of cerebral palsy children based on arm motion detection.", "\nThe researches about upper limb palsy patients are the minority areas among the researches about cerebral palsy (CP) patients. ", "This paper presents an upper-limb-movement classification system of cerebral palsy children based on their arm motion information to judge their impairment degree. ", "The system contains three parts: image capture, image segmentation, and information classification processing. ", "Momentum analysis parameters and coordination neural network are used to conduct the data classification. ", "The experimental results are shown that the proposed system has the higher accurate rate of tracking compared with Normalized Cross Correlation and Otsu methods, and the patients are divided into the slight impairment grade or the serious impairment grade." ]

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[ "Feel free to copy and paste my summaries to other sites as long as you give me credit. ", "Please keep in mind when copying and pasting that I may continue to correct errors and tweak details after it is posted.", "\n\nPg 1: The investigators talk about ghoul 745, the daughter of 723 (Fueguchi). ", "Amonsays that since there hasn’t been any eyewitness reports they should try to go after other targets while trying to search for 745 at the same time. ", "Mado says that they can’t let the little bug to get too far away. ", "Mado thanks the other investigators for their help and says that they will be getting a reward from headquarters.", "\n\nPg 2: The scene changes to Amon wondering where he should eat. ", "The other investigators ask if he’s going to eat and tell him they should go together. ", "Amon thinks that it’s troublesome that they invited him because it’s hard for them to decline. ", "The men sit down at a stall and place their orders.", "\n\nPg 3: The investigators ask Amon if he dug up the grave by himself because he didn’t seem like the type to do something so unrefined. ", "Amon gets his food and breaks his chopsticks apart. ", "He says that one can’t achieve their goals unless they choose the way to do it. ", "The men ask him what he was taught at the academy. ", "He says that they were taught information about ghouls and he can’t speak much because there are rules against talking about it.", "\n\nPg 4: One man asks if there were girls there too. ", "Amon says that there were two in his class who had a lot of determination. ", "The man asks if he meets with them and Amon answers that they were both killed in the line of duty. ", "The man begins to stutter an apology and Amon says that it happens all the time. ", "He turns to leave and warns them to be careful.", "\n\nPg 5: The two investigators walk together talking about Amon’s words. ", "They say that the recent case is a lot like the binge eater, the gourmet. ", "One man says that it would be good if the men from the main office could take care of it and the other responds that the branch director said that he didn’t want to lose a big achievement so he hasn’t asked for input on the case. ", "The man tells the other that it seems that Amon doesn’t have any interest in achievements and is only acting out his sense of justice. ", "He says that he always wanted a nice desk job but seeing Amon gets him fired up.", "\n\nPg 6: The man says that he’ll give it his best at crime scenes from now one. ", "His arm and part of his face are suddenly hacked off by a hooded ghoul.", "\n\nPg 7: The man falls to the ground, dead. ", "The ghoul turns to look at the remaining investigator, wearing a rabbit mask. ", "It prepares to attack him.", "\n\nPg 8: The investigator is suddenly pushed out of the way by Amon. ", "The investigators roll out of the way. ", "The Rabbit kicks at Amon. ", "Amon removes his coat and blocks it. ", "He tells the other investigator to move out of the way.", "\n\nPg 9: The Rabbit runs towards Amon. ", "She kicks at him and he blocks it. ", "She jumps above him and kicks him in the face. ", "He realizes while fighting that she is a ghoul based on the strength of her attacks.", "\n\nPg 10: Amon tumbles backwards. ", "He crashes into a nearby wall. ", "The Rabbit releases her kagune. ", "Amon looks at it and recognizes it as the “ukaku” type.", "\n\nPg 11: Amon thinks that if he takes a hit from the claw then he’ll die for sure. ", "The Rabbit is struck from the side by a weapon. ", "Her mask is knocked aside and she is knocked sideways.", "\n\nPg 12: Mado approaches Amon and tells him that he must not forget his quinque (investigator weapon). ", "He brandishes his long, cord-like weapon. ", "Mado comments that handsome men are spoiled, falling to the same level as a ghoul.", "\n\nPg 13: Mado says that he values Amon’s enthusiasm but says that he shouldn’t lose his composure. ", "He says that he’ll show him how it’s done. ", "He swings his weapon. ", "The Rabbit looks up and jumps up, narrowly avoiding the attack.", "\n\nPg 14: Mado says that it has been a long time since he met someone who can dodge his attack. ", "He says that the ghoul husband that he killed was strong and gave him trouble. ", "He begins to laugh and says that in the end he couldn’t do anything and died a pitiable death. ", "The Rabbit grits her teeth.", "\n\nPg 15: The rabbit rushes towards Mado. ", "Mado tells her that “ukaku” ghouls have dull attacks when their reliance on speed is cut off. ", "He says that they lack stamina and if the battle goes on too long their ability drops dramatically. ", "He asks her why she doesn’t use her kagune and wonders if the battle was already over from the start. ", "The Rabbit rushes towards him and shouts at him to shut up.", "\n\nPg 16: Mado swings his weapon and strikes the Rabbit’s arm. ", "Mado says that erasing her existence isn’t enough for him.", "\n\nPg 17: Mado says that he wonders how much trash like her he’s buried until that point. ", "He says that she couldn’t exceed any of them. ", "He strikes at her with his weapon. ", "She jumps out of the way in time and flees. ", "Mado sighs and says that she realized the difference in their strength.", "\n\nPg 18: Mado says that the Rabbit is an ukaku ghoul and many people have died because of those abilities. ", "The scene changes to the Rabbit, revealed to be Touka. ", "Touka removes her mask and wig. ", "She grasps her shoulder and says that she’ll definitely kill him." ]

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[ "29 min read\n\nCasey Roulette, a former PhD student of mine who is now an assistant professor at San Diego State University, recently received an email from a member of the Biology Department who was irate that Casey’s evolutionary anthropology course, Evolution of Human Nature, was being considered to fulfill “Natural Sciences” GE reqs. ", "She informed him that she had complained to her Chair, who in turn complained to the Dean of the College of Sciences, and that “Both will be preparing a letter to be sent to the GE committee indicating that the College of Sciences does not support this course as a GE course.” ", "The email concluded:\n\nWhile it may be true that Evolutionary Anthropologists consider themselves scientists and use the terms evolution and evolutionary, the “Evolutionary Biology” represented in this course does not reflect or represent modern Evolutionary Biology as defined by Evolutionary Biologists.", "\n\nIn our meeting with the Instructor, who I know is an Assistant Professor, I thought it was not collegial to point out that his views on “evolutionary anthropology” are not considered accurate by those of us trained in Evolutionary Biology.", "\n\n…\n\nIt is deeply concerning that students could leave this campus with such an erroneous understanding of such a fundamental scientific process.", "\n\nShe attached an evaluation from the SDSU Department of Biology. ", "The first part argued that, on programmatic grounds, the course did a good job fulfilling the Social Science reqs. ", "I agree.", "\n\nThe second part, however, echoed the email, arguing on scientific grounds that the course did not qualify as a GE course in the Natural Sciences because it presented a view of biology that was incomplete, biased and incorrect.", "\n\nThat’s odd. ", "If true, Casey’s course shouldn’t qualify for GE in either the Social or Natural Sciences. ", "In fact, his course shouldn’t be taught at all.", "\n\nSDSU biologists’ first concern was that Casey presents evolution as synonymous with adaptation:\n\nThe “Evolutionary” approach presented in this class seems to present biological evolution as synonymous with adaptation via natural selection. ", "Natural selection is but one of the five evolutionary forces that determine patterns of variation within and among species. ", "For example, no information is provided on the very important role of Random Genetic Drift in shaping genetic variation.", "\n\nThe practice of interpreting biological patterns only through the lens of adaptation has been labeled the “Adaptionist program”. ", "For four decades, biologists have recognized the folly of this approach. ", "The phrase “The Fallacy of Intuitive Evolutionary Thinking” has also been used to describe the assumption that every biological feature has been optimized by selection. ", "Evolutionary biologists accept the power of Darwinian natural selection but we do so understanding that natural selection is a complex process.", "\n\nTheir second concern was that Casey does not discuss genetic drift, and its role in human evolution:\n\nThere is no discussion of the Neutral and Nearly Neutral models of Evolution, which have been the dominant models of molecular evolution for 50 years.", "\n\nIt is also well established that Homo sapiens has an effective population size (Ne) of approximately 10,000. ", "With such a small effective population size it is widely understood (among evolutionary biologists) that selection is inefficient in H. sapiens. ", "Because of this evolutionary biologists would expect to see high levels of both fixed and segregating neutral and nearly neutral (slightly deleterious) alleles within and between human populations. ", "Our most current understanding of genetic variation in does not fit in to the pan selectionist approach presented in this class.", "\n\nBy “the pan selectionist approach” I suppose they are referring to the focus of Casey’s course, Human Behavioral Ecology (HBE).", "\n\nThe debate over adaptationism, however, is an ongoing debate, one that began more than a century ago. ", "Each side has involved towering figures in evolutionary biology like Fisher, Wright, Williams, Hamilton, Maynard Smith, Gould, Lewontin, and Kimura.", "\n\nThe neutralist–selectionist debate — are patterns of genetic variation primarily explained by random genetic drift or natural selection? — ", "is, again, a debate.", "\n\nDoes Casey’s syllabus present both sides of these debates?", "\n\nThe assigned reading in Week 2 of the course is Stephen Jay Gould’s Sociobiology: the art of storytelling. ", "It was Gould, of course, who with co-author Richard Lewontin, introduced the phrase “Adaptationist Programme” in their hugely influential article The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme. ", "One of Gould’s key points is the important role of genetic drift.", "\n\nMore importantly, one of two required books for the course is Laland and Brown’s Sense and nonsense: Evolutionary perspectives on human behaviour. ", "I would count Laland as a consistent critic of the adaptationist program (in favor of his alternative, niche construction, developed in collaboration with eminent population geneticist Marcus Feldman) whose book is a good-faith effort to describe the controversies as they apply to human evolution. ", "Laland and Brown do discuss neutral theory, drift and molecular evolution, especially their intriguing parallels with cultural evolution. ", "Casey also assigned chapter 7 of Evolution of Human Behavior, by Agustin Fuentes, who I would also count as a critic of adaptationism.", "\n\nAlthough Casey’s course focuses on the evolution of the human behavioral phenotype and not molecular evolution, I see no evidence that the course, which also assigns Wrangham’s Demonic males, is giving students a biased overview of the debates over adaptationism and neutralism vs. selectionism.", "\n\nAnd it’s not quite true that neutral models “have been the dominant models of molecular evolution for 50 years.” ", "Instead, the intense debate has perhaps resulted in a consensus. ", "According to evolutionary geneticists Charlesworth and Charlesworth, “From the late 1980s, the neutral theory came increasingly to be used as a null hypothesis, against which alternative hypotheses could be tested, including the models of the effects of selection on neutral or nearly neutral variability at linked sites….”, ", "a point also made by Masatoshi Nei and Kimura himself.", "\n\nAt this point I should admit that I’m an unreconstructed ultra-Darwinian Fundamentalist who, each night, reads his daughters passages from the Selfish Gene. ", "Depression is an adaptation! ", "Drug use is an adaptation! ", "This was my logo for the first iteration of this blog:\n\nCasey, what’s with the balanced overview? ", "Did I teach you nothing?", "\n\nIn my view, critics of adaptationism have things backwards. ", "For adaptationists, the question is not, do constraints and noise play an important role in organism structure? ", "The question is, why don’t constraints and noise dominate organism structure? ", "Constraints and noise permeate physical processes, yet organisms — intricate machines that surpass all human technology — somehow manage to make precise copies of themselves in hostile environments. ", "It is exactly this problem, as I discuss in a bit more detail here, that adaptationists are trying to solve.", "\n\nThe population genetics folks have it right: random genetic variation, and more generally, noise, by-products, constraints, and thermodynamically favored physics and chemistry, should always be the null hypotheses that an adaptationist hypothesis needs to beat.", "\n\nCourse approval at SDSU is a pretty trivial topic, but the evidence for noise vs. selection in the human genome is not. ", "I therefore thought I would use this post as an opportunity to learn a bit more about it. ", "It’s not meant to be a comprehensive review, just a taste of some major issues. ", "I’m not a genetics guy — far from it — so if I make any mistakes, let me know in the comments.", "\n\nPopulation genetics 101 The SDSU biologists’ argument that, due to a small effective population size (\\(N_e\\)), selection is “inefficient” in H. sapiens rests on a classic result from population genetics. ", "Each generation is a sample of alleles from the previous generation. ", "A particular allele might decrease the probability that individuals with the allele reproduce (negative selection), increase the probability (positive selection), or have no effect (neutral). ", "This effect is quantified by the selection coefficient, \\(s\\), which is the difference in fitness, \\(W\\), between two alleles, the wild type, A, and a mutant type, B: \\[ s = W_B - W_A \\] Even when \\(s=0\\), the frequencies of A and B will change at least a little bit from generation to generation due to random differences in the survival and reproduction of individuals with A vs. B. On average, however, the frequency of a neutral mutant allele in a new generation is, under some strong simplifying assumptions, simply the frequency of the allele in the original generation. ", "If the population is small, however, then the “sample size” is small. ", "Just as we learn in statistics, the smaller the sample size, the larger the variance in the “sample estimate.” ", "Thus, in small populations, the frequency of a neutral allele will bounce around from generation to generation more than it would in large populations, eventually going to either 0 (lost) or 1 (fixed). ", "In particular, the frequency of a new mutation is small, so there’s a good chance that it won’t be “sampled,” and will thus be lost. ", "But what if the allele isn’t neutral? ", "Naively, if an allele has a negative effect on fitness, \\(s<0\\), then its frequency should go to 0, and if it has a positive effect on fitness, \\(s>0\\), then its frequency should go to 1. ", "Again, though, allele frequencies fluctuate randomly. ", "If these fluctuations are often larger than the systematic effects of selection, then a deleterious allele can become fixed, and a beneficial allele can be lost. ", "This is much more likely to happen when a population has a small effective population size (for review of the \\(N_e\\) concept, see Charlesworth 2009). ", "Generally, only when the magnitude of \\(s\\) is greater than twice the reciprocal of effective population size will the fate of an allele will be dominated by its fitness effects: \\[ |s| > \\frac{1}{2N_e} \\] Otherwise, its fate will be dominated by drift. ", "This is what SDSU biologists were referring to: as \\(N_e\\) decreases, the fate of alleles will increasingly be dominated by drift. ", "The importance of selection also depends on \\(s\\), however, the fitness of a new allele relative to an existing allele, a fact that the SDSU biologists failed to mention. ", "Figure 1, from Lanfear et al. ", "2014, illustrates the relationship between \\(N_e\\), \\(s\\), and the rate of evolution — the substitution rate vs. the mutation rate — conveniently using parameters that approximate those for ancestral Homo. ", "The top panels illustrate positive selection, and the bottom panels negative selection. ", "The left-hand panels show that the substitution rate increases not only as \\(N_e\\) increases, but also as \\(s\\) increases. ", "The right-hand panels depict the relationship between the ratio of substitution rate to the mutation rate (on the y-axis) and \\(N_es\\). ", "For \\(N_es < 1\\) (to the left of the dotted line), the substitution rate is approximately the mutation rate (drift). ", "For \\(N_es > 1\\) (to the right of the dotted line), the substitution rate either begins to skyrocket beyond the mutation rate (positive selection) or drop to 0 (negative selection). ", "So, for humans, we need two pieces of evidence, (1) \\(N_e\\), and (2) the plausible range of values that \\(s\\) might take, referred to as the distribution of fitness effects (DFE) for new alleles.", "\n\nEmpirical estimates of effective population size ( \\(N_e\\) ) Like all other lineages, the human lineage extends back to the origin of life, \\(>3\\) billion years ago. ", "It is therefore informative to consider the \\(N_e\\) of our lineage over different periods of our evolution. ", "Here is a relatively recent estimate of divergence times and \\(N_e\\)’s for the great apes, including humans, from Prado-Martinez et al. (", "2013): And here is a recent estimate of \\(N_e\\) for modern H. sapiens from about 200,000 years ago to the present, from Schiffels and Durbin (2014). ", "Thus, based on estimated \\(N_e\\), and assuming a fixed DFE, the rate of evolution should have been relatively high when the great apes diverged from other apes about 20 million years ago, slowed when hominins diverged from chimpanzees at the end of the Miocene, slowed again, perhaps with the appearance of Homo around the beginning of the Pleistocene, and then very recently accelerated in the late Pleistocene and Holocene.", "\n\nThe distribution of fitness effects (DFE) The DFE of new mutations is not necessarily fixed, however, but could have changed at different points in human evolution. ", "Generally, deleterious mutations are expected to greatly outnumber beneficial ones because there are more ways to break things than improve them, especially if a population is well-adapted to its environmental niche. ", "That means the DFE will generally be shifted toward negative values. ", "If a population is moving into a new environmental niche, however (point A in Figure 4), the fitness of existing alleles might drop, pushing the distribution of fitness effects of new alleles to higher, often positive, values (distributions on the left). ", "As the population adapts and reaches a fitness maximum (point B), new mutations will again almost always be detrimental (distributions on the right). ", "There are good reasons to believe that our lineage has undergone multiple niche changes, e.g., when hominins diverged from the chimpanzee lineage toward the end of the Miocene, when Homo diverged from other hominins around the beginning of the Pleistocene, when modern humans left Africa c. 50-100,000 years ago, and when transitioning to agriculture at the end of the Pleistocene and beginning of the Holocene c. 10,000 years ago. ", "During these changes, the DFE could have been shifted to higher values, resulting in a higher rate of evolution despite small \\(N_e\\). ", "Several other mechanisms have been proposed that might either change or stabilize the DFE in different species with different \\(N_e\\) and different levels of organism complexity (Figure 5). ", "Huber et al. ", "2017, for example, found that polymorphism data from humans, Drosophila, mice, and yeast best supported Fisher’s Geometrical Model, which represents phenotypes as points in a multidimensional phenotype space, whose dimensionality is termed “complexity.” ", "Fitness is a decreasing function of the distance from the optimal phenotype. ", "Because mutations in complex organisms are more likely to disrupt functionality, the average selection coefficient should be more negative in complex vs. simple organisms, a prediction supported by their data (Figure 6, panel A): Racimo and Schraiber (2014) criticize empirical studies of DFE that rely on fitting the data to a single probability distribution, however, such as normal or gamma. ", "They found, instead, that in humans the DFE (for deleterious mutations only) had a bimodal distribution, with a large peak centered on \\(s \\sim 0\\) (neutrality), and smaller peak between \\(-10^{-5}\\) and \\(-10^{-4}\\): Racimo and Schraiber (2014) speculate that the absence of mutations with \\(s < -10^{-4}\\) might indicate a cutoff between weakly deleterious mutations that segregate in human populations and highly deleterious mutations that are quickly eliminated by negative selection. ", "In summary, the rate of evolution depends on both the DFE and \\(N_e\\), and involves both negative (purifying) and positive selection; the DFE likely depends on changes to the environment, organism complexity, and perhaps other other factors like robustness and back mutations. ", "The human DFE is an active area of research.", "\n\nStanding variation and soft sweeps An important further consideration is that the stochastic effects of drift on the fate of beneficial alleles apply mainly to new mutations, because they are initially at very low frequency. ", "Species harbor a large number of neutral, or nearly neutral, alleles, however, termed standing variation, which, because they are already at high frequency, are much less likely to be lost via drift. ", "Moreover, these alleles already exist, so there is no waiting time for new beneficial mutations to appear. ", "When a population moves into a new niche, these formerly neutral alleles can become either deleterious or beneficial and will respond quickly to selection, resulting in a soft sweep (Hermisson and Pennings 2005). ", "Figure 8, from Barrett and Schluter 2008, illustrates that, for smaller values of \\(\\alpha_b = 2N_es_b\\) (where the \\(b\\) subscript indicates “beneficial”), beneficial standing variants (solid line) have a very high fixation probability relative to new mutations (dashed line): In a study that used a novel machine learning technique to identify hard sweeps (new mutations that go to fixation under positive selection) and soft sweeps across the human genome, Schrider and Kern (2017) found that the vast majority, over 90%, were soft sweeps. ", "In addition, patterns of variation in perhaps half the genome has been affected by a nearby sweep: This is a new technique based on simulated training data. ", "Schrider and Kern acknowledge that their results may be surprising given the apparently small effective population size and low nucleotide diversity levels in humans. ", "However, if the mutational target for the trait to be selected on is fairly large, then the probability of a population harboring a mutation affecting that trait may be appreciable. ", "Variance in \\(N_e\\) can also be important in determining the relative importance of hard vs. soft sweeps (Messer and Petrov 2013). ", "\\(N_e\\) estimated from sequence data can be dominated by short phases during which \\(N_e\\) was small, even though \\(N_e\\) was large for long periods during which adaptation by positive selection was much more likely. ", "In summary, human adaptation by natural selection was often via soft sweeps, in which \\(N_e\\) plays a much smaller role.", "\n\nThe effects of population structure on the substitution rate Another consideration is that the population genetics models of the effects of \\(N_e\\) and \\(s\\) on substitution rates make simplifying assumptions, such as random mating (i.e., a lack of population structure), that might easily be violated in real populations. ", "Recent theoretical work has found that population structure can either suppress or amplify the effects of selection (e.g., Frean et al. ", "2013).", "\n\nPhenotypic evidence for human evolution The final piece of background information to keep in mind is the physiological, morphological, and behavioral evidence for human evolution that has informed the studies of evolutionary biologists from Charles Darwin in the 19th century to entire departments of evolutionary biologists in the 21st. ", "Perhaps the two most dramatic phenotypic examples of human-specific adaptations are (1) bipedalism, and (2) the substantial increase in brain size in humans relative to hominin ancestors and extant apes, most of which occurred since the first appearance of Homo over 2 million years ago (Figure 10): Two recent studies of variation in cranial dimensions in apes and humans (Weaver and Stringer 2015; Schroeder and von Cramon-Taubadel 2017) found that, whereas great ape cranial evolution was largely characterized by strong stabilizing selection, the divergence of Homo from its last common ancestor with chimpanzees was explained by strong directional selection. ", "The ability to learn language is a widely accepted cognitive difference between humans and chimpanzees that is probably rooted in human encephalization, as might be the cognitive abilities underlying cumulative culture, which is arguably a uniquely human trait (for a review of the evidence for cumulative culture in humans and other animals, see Dean et al. ", "2013). ", "The key point here is that there is overwhelming phenotypic evidence that human psychology did evolve under positive natural selection. ", "Detailed comparisons of other important aspects of human and great ape phenotypes are available in the Matrix of Comparative Anthropogeny (MOCA) of the Center for Academic Training and Research in Anthropogeny (CARTA)." ]

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[ "//========= Copyright Valve Corporation, All rights reserved. ", "============//\r\n//\r\n// Purpose: Used to fire events based on the orientation of a given entity.", "\r\n//\r\n//\t\t\tLooks at its target's anglular velocity every frame and fires outputs\r\n//\t\t\tas the angular velocity passes a given threshold value.", "\r\n//\r\n//=============================================================================//\r\n\r\n#include \"cbase.h\"\r\n#include \"entityinput.h\"\r\n#include \"entityoutput.h\"\r\n#include \"eventqueue.h\"\r\n#include \"mathlib/mathlib.h\"\r\n\r\n// memdbgon must be the last include file in a .cpp file!!!", "\r\n#include \"tier0/memdbgon.h\"\r\n\r\nenum\r\n{\r\n\tAVELOCITY_SENSOR_NO_LAST_RESULT = -2\r\n};\r\n\r\nConVar g_debug_angularsensor( \"g_debug_angularsensor\", \"0\", FCVAR_CHEAT );\r\n\r\nclass CPointAngularVelocitySensor : public CPointEntity\r\n{\r\n\tDECLARE_CLASS( CPointAngularVelocitySensor, CPointEntity );\r\n\r\npublic:\r\n\r\n\tCPointAngularVelocitySensor();\r\n\tvoid Activate(void);\r\n\tvoid Spawn(void);\r\n\tvoid Think(void);\r\n\r\nprivate:\r\n\r\n\tfloat SampleAngularVelocity(CBaseEntity *pEntity);\r\n\tint CompareToThreshold(CBaseEntity *pEntity, float flThreshold, bool bFireVelocityOutput);\r\n\tvoid FireCompareOutput(int nCompareResult, CBaseEntity *pActivator);\r\n\tvoid DrawDebugLines( void );\r\n\r\n\t// Input handlers\r\n\tvoid InputTest( inputdata_t &inputdata );\r\n\tvoid InputTestWithInterval( inputdata_t &inputdata );\r\n\r\n\tEHANDLE m_hTargetEntity;\t\t\t\t// Entity whose angles are being monitored.", "\r\n\tfloat m_flThreshold;\t\t\t\t\t// The threshold angular velocity that we are looking for.", "\r\n\tint m_nLastCompareResult;\t\t\t\t// The comparison result from our last measurement, expressed as -1, 0, or 1\r\n\tint m_nLastFireResult;\t\t\t\t\t// The last result for which we fire the output.", "\r\n\t\r\n\tfloat m_flFireTime;\r\n\tfloat m_flFireInterval;\r\n\tfloat m_flLastAngVelocity;\r\n\t\r\n\tQAngle m_lastOrientation;\r\n\r\n\tVector m_vecAxis;\r\n\tbool m_bUseHelper;\r\n\r\n\t// Outputs\r\n\tCOutputFloat m_AngularVelocity;\r\n\r\n\t// Compare the target's angular velocity to the threshold velocity and fire the appropriate output.", "\r\n\t// These outputs are filtered by m_flFireInterval to ignore excessive oscillations.", "\r\n\tCOutputEvent m_OnLessThan;\r\n\tCOutputEvent m_OnLessThanOrEqualTo;\t\t\r\n\tCOutputEvent m_OnGreaterThan;\t\t\t\r\n\tCOutputEvent m_OnGreaterThanOrEqualTo;\r\n\tCOutputEvent m_OnEqualTo;\r\n\r\n\tDECLARE_DATADESC();\r\n};\r\n\r\nLINK_ENTITY_TO_CLASS(point_angularvelocitysensor, CPointAngularVelocitySensor);\r\n\r\n\r\nBEGIN_DATADESC( CPointAngularVelocitySensor )\r\n\r\n\t// Fields\r\n\tDEFINE_FIELD( m_hTargetEntity, FIELD_EHANDLE ),\r\n\tDEFINE_KEYFIELD(m_flThreshold, FIELD_FLOAT, \"threshold\"),\r\n\tDEFINE_FIELD(m_nLastCompareResult, FIELD_INTEGER),\r\n\tDEFINE_FIELD( m_nLastFireResult, FIELD_INTEGER ),\r\n\tDEFINE_FIELD( m_flFireTime, FIELD_TIME ),\r\n\tDEFINE_KEYFIELD( m_flFireInterval, FIELD_FLOAT, \"fireinterval\" ),\r\n\tDEFINE_FIELD( m_flLastAngVelocity, FIELD_FLOAT ),\r\n\tDEFINE_FIELD( m_lastOrientation, FIELD_VECTOR ),\r\n\t\r\n\t// Inputs\r\n\tDEFINE_INPUTFUNC(FIELD_VOID, \"Test\", InputTest),\r\n\tDEFINE_INPUTFUNC(FIELD_VOID, \"TestWithInterval\", InputTestWithInterval),\r\n\r\n\t// Outputs\r\n\tDEFINE_OUTPUT(m_OnLessThan, \"OnLessThan\"),\r\n\tDEFINE_OUTPUT(m_OnLessThanOrEqualTo, \"OnLessThanOrEqualTo\"),\r\n\tDEFINE_OUTPUT(m_OnGreaterThan, \"OnGreaterThan\"),\r\n\tDEFINE_OUTPUT(m_OnGreaterThanOrEqualTo, \"OnGreaterThanOrEqualTo\"),\r\n\tDEFINE_OUTPUT(m_OnEqualTo, \"OnEqualTo\"),\r\n\tDEFINE_OUTPUT(m_AngularVelocity, \"AngularVelocity\"),\r\n\r\n\tDEFINE_KEYFIELD( m_vecAxis, FIELD_VECTOR, \"axis\" ),\r\n\tDEFINE_KEYFIELD( m_bUseHelper, FIELD_BOOLEAN, \"usehelper\" ),\r\n\r\nEND_DATADESC()\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Purpose: constructor provides default values\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nCPointAngularVelocitySensor::CPointAngularVelocitySensor()\r\n{\r\n\tm_flFireInterval = 0.2f;\r\n}\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Purpose: Called when spawning after parsing keyvalues.", "\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nvoid CPointAngularVelocitySensor::Spawn(void)\r\n{\r\n\tm_flThreshold = fabs(m_flThreshold);\r\n\tm_nLastFireResult = AVELOCITY_SENSOR_NO_LAST_RESULT;\r\n\tm_nLastCompareResult = AVELOCITY_SENSOR_NO_LAST_RESULT;\r\n\t// m_flFireInterval = 0.2;\r\n\tm_lastOrientation = vec3_angle;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Purpose: Called after all entities in the map have spawned.", "\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nvoid CPointAngularVelocitySensor::Activate(void)\r\n{\r\n\tBaseClass::Activate();\r\n\r\n\tm_hTargetEntity = gEntList.", "FindEntityByName( NULL, m_target );\r\n\r\n\tif (m_hTargetEntity)\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tSetNextThink( gpGlobals->curtime );\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Purpose: Draws magic lines...\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nvoid CPointAngularVelocitySensor::DrawDebugLines( void )\r\n{\r\n\tif ( m_hTargetEntity )\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tVector vForward, vRight, vUp;\r\n\t\tAngleVectors( m_hTargetEntity->GetAbsAngles(), &vForward, &vRight, &vUp );\r\n\r\n\t\tNDebugOverlay::Line( GetAbsOrigin(), GetAbsOrigin() + vForward * 64, 255, 0, 0, false, 0 );\r\n\t\tNDebugOverlay::Line( GetAbsOrigin(), GetAbsOrigin() + vRight * 64, 0, 255, 0, false, 0 );\r\n\t\tNDebugOverlay::Line( GetAbsOrigin(), GetAbsOrigin() + vUp * 64, 0, 0, 255, false, 0 );\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tif ( m_bUseHelper == true )\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tQAngle Angles;\r\n\t\tVector vAxisForward, vAxisRight, vAxisUp;\r\n\r\n\t\tVector vLine = m_vecAxis - GetAbsOrigin();\r\n\r\n\t\tVectorNormalize( vLine );\r\n\r\n\t\tVectorAngles( vLine, Angles );\r\n\t\tAngleVectors( Angles, &vAxisForward, &vAxisRight, &vAxisUp );\r\n\r\n\t\tNDebugOverlay::Line( GetAbsOrigin(), GetAbsOrigin() + vAxisForward * 64, 255, 0, 0, false, 0 );\r\n\t\tNDebugOverlay::Line( GetAbsOrigin(), GetAbsOrigin() + vAxisRight * 64, 0, 255, 0, false, 0 );\r\n\t\tNDebugOverlay::Line( GetAbsOrigin(), GetAbsOrigin() + vAxisUp * 64, 0, 0, 255, false, 0 );\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Purpose: Returns the magnitude of the entity's angular velocity.", "\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nfloat CPointAngularVelocitySensor::SampleAngularVelocity(CBaseEntity *pEntity)\r\n{\r\n\tif (pEntity->GetMoveType() == MOVETYPE_VPHYSICS)\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tIPhysicsObject *pPhys = pEntity->VPhysicsGetObject();\r\n\t\tif (pPhys !", "= NULL)\r\n\t\t{\r\n\t\t\tVector vecVelocity;\r\n\t\t\tAngularImpulse vecAngVelocity;\r\n\t\t\tpPhys->GetVelocity(&vecVelocity, &vecAngVelocity);\r\n\r\n\t\t\tQAngle angles;\r\n\t\t\tpPhys->GetPosition( NULL, &angles );\r\n\r\n\t\t\tfloat dt = gpGlobals->curtime - GetLastThink();\r\n\t\t\tif ( dt == 0 )\r\n\t\t\t\tdt = 0.1;\r\n\r\n\t\t\t// HACKHACK: We don't expect a real 'delta' orientation here, just enough of an error estimate to tell if this thing\r\n\t\t\t// is trying to move, but failing.", "\r\n\t\t\tQAngle delta = angles - m_lastOrientation;\r\n\r\n\t\t\tif ( ( delta.", "Length() / dt ) < ( vecAngVelocity.", "Length() * 0.01 ) )\r\n\t\t\t{\r\n\t\t\t\treturn 0.0f;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\tm_lastOrientation = angles;\r\n\r\n\t\t\tif ( m_bUseHelper == false )\r\n\t\t\t{\r\n\t\t\t\treturn vecAngVelocity.", "Length();\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\telse\r\n\t\t\t{\r\n\t\t\t\tVector vLine = m_vecAxis - GetAbsOrigin();\r\n\t\t\t\tVectorNormalize( vLine );\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\tVector vecWorldAngVelocity;\r\n\t\t\t\tpPhys->LocalToWorldVector( &vecWorldAngVelocity, vecAngVelocity );\r\n\t\t\t\tfloat flDot = DotProduct( vecWorldAngVelocity, vLine );\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\treturn flDot;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\telse\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tQAngle vecAngVel = pEntity->GetLocalAngularVelocity();\r\n\t\tfloat flMax = MAX(fabs(vecAngVel[PITCH]), fabs(vecAngVel[YAW]));\r\n\r\n\t\treturn MAX(flMax, fabs(vecAngVel[ROLL]));\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\treturn 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Purpose: Compares the given entity's angular velocity to the threshold velocity.", "\r\n// Input : pEntity - Entity whose angular velocity is being measured.", "\r\n//\t\t\tflThreshold - \r\n// Output : Returns -1 if less than, 0 if equal to, or 1 if greater than the threshold.", "\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nint CPointAngularVelocitySensor::CompareToThreshold(CBaseEntity *pEntity, float flThreshold, bool bFireVelocityOutput)\r\n{\r\n\tif (pEntity == NULL)\r\n\t{\r\n\t\treturn 0;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tfloat flAngVelocity = SampleAngularVelocity(pEntity);\r\n\r\n\tif ( g_debug_angularsensor.", "GetBool() )\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tDrawDebugLines();\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tif (bFireVelocityOutput && (flAngVelocity !", "= m_flLastAngVelocity))\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tm_AngularVelocity.", "Set(flAngVelocity, pEntity, this);\r\n\t\tm_flLastAngVelocity = flAngVelocity;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tif (flAngVelocity > flThreshold)\r\n\t{\r\n\t\treturn 1;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\tif (flAngVelocity == flThreshold)\r\n\t{\r\n\t\treturn 0;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\treturn -1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Called every frame to sense the angular velocity of the target entity.", "\r\n// Output is filtered by m_flFireInterval to ignore excessive oscillations.", "\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nvoid CPointAngularVelocitySensor::Think(void)\r\n{\r\n\tif (m_hTargetEntity !", "= NULL)\r\n\t{\r\n\t\t//\r\n\t\t// Check to see if the measure entity's angular velocity has been within\r\n\t\t// tolerance of the threshold for the given period of time.", "\r\n\t\t//\r\n\t\tint nCompare = CompareToThreshold(m_hTargetEntity, m_flThreshold, true);\r\n\t\tif (nCompare !", "= m_nLastCompareResult)\r\n\t\t{\r\n\t\t\t// If we've oscillated back to where we last fired the output, don't\r\n\t\t\t// fire the same output again.", "\r\n\t\t\tif (nCompare == m_nLastFireResult)\r\n\t\t\t{\r\n\t\t\t\tm_flFireTime = 0;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\telse if (m_nLastCompareResult !", "= AVELOCITY_SENSOR_NO_LAST_RESULT)\r\n\t\t\t{\r\n\t\t\t\t//\r\n\t\t\t\t// The value has changed -- reset the timer. ", "We'll fire the output if\r\n\t\t\t\t// it stays at this value until the interval expires.", "\r\n\t\t\t\t//\r\n\t\t\t\tm_flFireTime = gpGlobals->curtime + m_flFireInterval;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\tm_nLastCompareResult = nCompare;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\telse if ((m_flFireTime !", "= 0) && (gpGlobals->curtime >= m_flFireTime))\r\n\t\t{\r\n\t\t\t//\r\n\t\t\t// The compare result has held steady long enough -- time to\r\n\t\t\t// fire the output.", "\r\n\t\t\t//\r\n\t\t\tFireCompareOutput(nCompare, this);\r\n\t\t\tm_nLastFireResult = nCompare;\r\n\t\t\tm_flFireTime = 0;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n\t\tSetNextThink( gpGlobals->curtime );\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Fires the output after the fire interval if the velocity is stable. ", "\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nvoid CPointAngularVelocitySensor::InputTestWithInterval( inputdata_t &inputdata )\r\n{\r\n\tif (m_hTargetEntity !", "= NULL)\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tm_flFireTime = gpGlobals->curtime + m_flFireInterval;\r\n\t\tm_nLastFireResult = AVELOCITY_SENSOR_NO_LAST_RESULT;\r\n\t\tm_nLastCompareResult = CompareToThreshold(m_hTargetEntity, m_flThreshold, true);\r\n\r\n\t\tSetNextThink( gpGlobals->curtime );\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Purpose: Input handler for forcing an instantaneous test of the condition.", "\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nvoid CPointAngularVelocitySensor::InputTest( inputdata_t &inputdata )\r\n{\r\n\tint nCompareResult = CompareToThreshold(m_hTargetEntity, m_flThreshold, false);\r\n\tFireCompareOutput(nCompareResult, inputdata.pActivator);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\t\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Purpose: Fires the appropriate output based on the given comparison result.", "\r\n// Input : nCompareResult - \r\n//\t\t\tpActivator - \r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nvoid CPointAngularVelocitySensor::FireCompareOutput( int nCompareResult, CBaseEntity *pActivator )\r\n{\r\n\tif (nCompareResult == -1)\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tm_OnLessThan.", "FireOutput(pActivator, this);\r\n\t\tm_OnLessThanOrEqualTo.", "FireOutput(pActivator, this);\r\n\t}\r\n\telse if (nCompareResult == 1)\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tm_OnGreaterThan.", "FireOutput(pActivator, this);\r\n\t\tm_OnGreaterThanOrEqualTo.", "FireOutput(pActivator, this);\r\n\t}\r\n\telse\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tm_OnEqualTo.", "FireOutput(pActivator, this);\r\n\t\tm_OnLessThanOrEqualTo.", "FireOutput(pActivator, this);\r\n\t\tm_OnGreaterThanOrEqualTo.", "FireOutput(pActivator, this);\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n\r\n// ============================================================================\r\n//\r\n// Simple velocity sensor\r\n//\r\n// ============================================================================\r\n\r\nclass CPointVelocitySensor : public CPointEntity\r\n{\r\n\tDECLARE_CLASS( CPointVelocitySensor, CPointEntity );\r\n\r\npublic:\r\n\r\n\tvoid Spawn();\r\n\tvoid Activate( void );\r\n\tvoid Think( void );\r\n\r\nprivate:\r\n\r\n\tvoid SampleVelocity( void );\r\n\r\n\tEHANDLE m_hTargetEntity;\t\t\t\t// Entity whose angles are being monitored.", "\r\n\tVector\tm_vecAxis;\t\t\t\t\t\t// Axis along which to measure the speed.", "\r\n\tbool\tm_bEnabled;\t\t\t\t\t\t// Whether we're measuring or not\r\n\r\n\t// Outputs\r\n\tfloat m_fPrevVelocity; // stores velocity from last frame, so we only write the output if it has changed\r\n\tCOutputFloat m_Velocity;\r\n\r\n\tvoid\tInputEnable( inputdata_t &inputdata );\r\n\tvoid\tInputDisable( inputdata_t &inputdata );\r\n\r\n\tDECLARE_DATADESC();\r\n};\r\n\r\nLINK_ENTITY_TO_CLASS( point_velocitysensor, CPointVelocitySensor );\r\n\r\nBEGIN_DATADESC( CPointVelocitySensor )\r\n\r\n\t// Fields\r\n\tDEFINE_FIELD( m_hTargetEntity,\tFIELD_EHANDLE ),\r\n\tDEFINE_KEYFIELD( m_vecAxis,\t\tFIELD_VECTOR, \"axis\" ),\r\n\tDEFINE_KEYFIELD( m_bEnabled,\tFIELD_BOOLEAN, \"enabled\" ),\r\n\tDEFINE_FIELD( m_fPrevVelocity,\tFIELD_FLOAT ),\r\n\r\n\t// Outputs\r\n\tDEFINE_OUTPUT( m_Velocity, \"Velocity\" ),\r\n\r\n\tDEFINE_INPUTFUNC( FIELD_VOID, \"Enable\",\t\tInputEnable ),\r\n\tDEFINE_INPUTFUNC( FIELD_VOID, \"Disable\",\tInputDisable ),\r\n\r\nEND_DATADESC()\r\n\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nvoid CPointVelocitySensor::Spawn()\r\n{\r\n\tVector vLine = m_vecAxis - GetAbsOrigin();\r\n\tVectorNormalize( vLine );\r\n\tm_vecAxis = vLine;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Purpose: \r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nvoid CPointVelocitySensor::Activate( void )\r\n{\r\n\tBaseClass::Activate();\r\n\r\n\tm_hTargetEntity = gEntList.", "FindEntityByName( NULL, m_target );\r\n\t\r\n\tif ( m_bEnabled && m_hTargetEntity )\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tSetNextThink( gpGlobals->curtime );\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Purpose: \r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nvoid CPointVelocitySensor::InputEnable( inputdata_t &inputdata )\r\n{\r\n\t// Don't interrupt us if we're already enabled\r\n\tif ( m_bEnabled )\r\n\t\treturn;\r\n\r\n\tm_bEnabled = true;\r\n\t\r\n\tif ( m_hTargetEntity )\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tSetNextThink( gpGlobals->curtime );\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Purpose: \r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nvoid CPointVelocitySensor::InputDisable( inputdata_t &inputdata )\r\n{\r\n\tm_bEnabled = false;\r\n}\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Purpose: Called every frame\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nvoid CPointVelocitySensor::Think( void )\r\n{\r\n\tif ( m_hTargetEntity !", "= NULL && m_bEnabled )\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tSampleVelocity();\r\n\t\tSetNextThink( gpGlobals->curtime );\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n// Purpose: Returns the magnitude of the entity's angular velocity.", "\r\n//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\nvoid CPointVelocitySensor::SampleVelocity( void )\r\n{\r\n\tif ( m_hTargetEntity == NULL )\r\n\t\treturn;\r\n\r\n\tVector vecVelocity;\r\n\r\n\tif ( m_hTargetEntity->GetMoveType() == MOVETYPE_VPHYSICS )\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tIPhysicsObject *pPhys = m_hTargetEntity->VPhysicsGetObject();\r\n\t\tif ( pPhys !", "= NULL )\r\n\t\t{\r\n\t\t\tpPhys->GetVelocity( &vecVelocity, NULL );\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\telse\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tvecVelocity = m_hTargetEntity->GetAbsVelocity();\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t/*\r\n\tfloat flSpeed = VectorNormalize( vecVelocity );\r\n\tfloat flDot = ( m_vecAxis !", "= vec3_origin ) ? ", "DotProduct( vecVelocity, m_vecAxis ) : 1.0f;\r\n\t*/\r\n\t// We want the component of the velocity vector in the direction of the axis, which since the\r\n\t// axis is normalized is simply their dot product (eg V . ", "A = |V|*|A|*cos(theta) )\r\n\tm_fPrevVelocity = ( m_vecAxis !", "= vec3_origin ) ? ", "DotProduct( vecVelocity, m_vecAxis ) : 1.0f;\r\n\r\n\t// if it's changed since the last frame, poke the output \r\n\tif ( m_fPrevVelocity !", "= m_Velocity.", "Get() )\r\n\t{\r\n\t\tm_Velocity.", "Set( m_fPrevVelocity, NULL, NULL );\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow Create derived from CWnd POP UP Window?", "\n\nI created class CSurfaceWnd from CWnd by Class Wizard. ", "I tried to create window but getting error.", "\nThat's my code of creating:\n if(!m_pSurfaceWnd)\n {\n CString m_NameClass = AfxRegisterWndClass(\n CS_VREDRAW | CS_HREDRAW,\n ::LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW),\n (HBRUSH) ::GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH),\n ::LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION));\n m_pSurfaceWnd = new CSurfaceWnd;\n\n CRect rcTemp;\n GetWindowRect(rcTemp);\n\n VERIFY(m_pSurfaceWnd->CreateEx(WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE, m_NameClass, NULL, WS_POPUP | WS_VISIBLE, rcTemp, mpWnd, 1));\n\n //DWORD dw =GetLastError();\n\n m_pSurfaceWnd->ShowWindow(SW_SHOW);\n}\nelse\n m_pSurfaceWnd->ShowWindow(SW_SHOW);\n\nHow can You see I'm creating pop up window that's why I'm using CreateEx. ", "I have registered class and in debug mode I see a number of new class in m_NameClass. ", "But CreateEx returned false. ", "\nPlease help me. ", "Probably you will see some error that I can't see.", "Please Don't send me to MSDN I have read it a lot of times.", "\nThank you\n\nA:\n\nFirst of all, you have to check whether mpWnd is valid object.", "\nBOOL isValid = ::IsWindow(mpWnd->GetSafeHwnd());\n\nIf mpWnd is invalid value, CreateEx function will return 0 because of WS_POPUP style.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Contents\n\nWhen performed, the user buffs the weapon with Frost; the cast animation takes roughly 2 seconds, while the effect persists for 30 seconds once the buff is applied. ", "As soon as the buff is complete, an area-of-effect inflicts substantial Frost build-up on all nearby enemies. ", "This skill requires 15 FP to perform (12 FP if the Farron Ring is equipped).", "\n\nThe Frost build-up can be a useful complement for dealing with players who rely on shields. ", "On top of dead-angling them with the weapon itself, proccing Frostbite on them can deal bonus damage and inflict a penalty to their stamina regeneration, making it harder for them to block attacks and causing them to take more damage if they stop using their shield." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nI am trying to stop a loop when user only clicks enter?", "\n\nI am trying to stop this loop when user enters a number <=0 or when user only cklicks enter.", "\nhow do i create the break when user only cklick enter? ", " \n number = int(input('Type a number, [to stop type 0 or less]'))\n num_sum = number\n times = 0\n\n while True:\n number = int(input('Type a number, [to stop type 0 or less]'))\n num_sum += number\n times += 1\n if number <= 0:\n break\n\n average = num_sum / times\n print(f'{times} number received \\nThe average of number recceived is:'+'{:.4f}'.format(average))\n\nA:\n\nCall input() and int() as two separate steps.", "\nwhile True:\n # call input() by itself, without calling int()\n answer = input('Type a number, [to stop type 0 or less]')\n\n # if the user pressed enter without typing an answer, break\n if not answer:\n break\n\n # otherwise convert answer to an integer\n number = int(answer)\n\n # remaining code is unchanged\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Friday, May 29, 2015\n\nOn removal of Cuba from black list\n\nHere are two opposing views. ", "The first is from James Williams, president of Engage Cuba:\n\nThe State Department’s announcement that it has removed Cuba from the U.S. List of State Sponsors of Terrorism is a historic and welcome development. ", "We anticipate the next step of opening embassies in our respective capitals.", "\n\nWe conclude yet another week with encouraging news and reflect on the astonishing pace of change in U.S.-Cuba relations. ", "Status quo advocates in both countries should take note. ", "The Cold War is over. ", "Today’s announcement is further evidence that after 54 years of a failed policy, we aren’t going back. ", "We are looking forward for the betterment of both the American and Cuban people.", "\n\nU.S. Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, R-Fla., has a different take:\n\nPresident Obama’s decision to remove Cuba from the State Sponsor of Terrorism list demonstrates that this Administration has once again put politics over policy. ", "Cuba should not have been removed from the State Sponsor of Terrorism list since one of the many reasons for its inclusion are its links to repressive regimes around the world such as Iran, Syria, and Russia. ", "Additionally, Castro continues to provide a safe haven to terror groups like the Colombian FARC and Spanish ETA and harbors fugitives from American justice.", "\n\nThe Castro regime’s responsibility in the Brothers to the Rescue shoot down, the unresolved claims stemming from its illegal confiscation of property from American citizens and businesses, and its continual use of repressive tactics to silence any opposition to the tyrannical regime are further evidence that Cuba should not have been removed from the SSOT. ", "However, it is clear that this review from the Obama Administration was not based on facts, but rather based on a desperate attempt to offer more concessions to the Castro brothers in exchange for opening an embassy in Havana." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\ncall function after for loop complete\n\nI am try to call function $scope.getThisFunction($scope.", "Num) after completion of for loop, i tried below code but not working. ", "Any suggestion? ", " \nfor(var i = 0; i < $scope.selection.length; i++) { \n $http({\n method: \"POST\",\n url: '/url/' + $scope.", "Num + '/' + $scope.selection[i]\n }).then(function mySucces(response) {\n if(i == $scope.selection.length - 1) { \n $scope.getThisFunction($scope.", "Num); //not working\n }\n }, function myError(response) {\n alert(\"SORRY, SOME TECHNICAL ERROR OCCUR\");\n });\n}\n\nA:\n\nmake separate function and use http request inside that function. ", "Because when for loop looping around it refer the same reference. ", "Even though it create new closure it has the same reference. ", "so it's only taken the last index of for loop\nfor (var i = 0; i < $scope.selection.length; i++) {\n sendReq(i)\n};\n\nfunction sendReq(i) {\n $http({\n method: \"POST\",\n url: '/url/' + $scope.", "Num + '/' + $scope.selection[i]\n }).then(function mySucces(response) {\n if (i == $scope.selection.length - 1) {\n $scope.getThisFunction($scope.", "Num); //not working\n }\n }, function myError(response) {\n alert(\"SORRY, SOME TECHNICAL ERROR OCCUR\");\n });\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "{\n \"name\": \"City of Virginia Beach\",\n \"displayName\": \"City of Virginia Beach\",\n \"properties\": [\n \"vbgov.com\"\n ]\n}" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'In this paper we discuss the so called “quantum omelette” created by Bohr and Heisenberg through the mix of (ontic) objective accounts and (epistemic) subjective ones within the analysis of Quantum Mechanics (QM). ", "We will begin by addressing the difficult relation between ontology and epistemology within the history of both physics and philosophy. ", "We will then argue that the present “quantum omelette” is being presently cooked in two opposite directions: the first scrambling ontological problems with epistemological solutions and the second scrambling epistemic approaches with ontological questions. ", "A good example of the former is a new type of argumentation strategy attempting to justify the use of decoherence, namely, the “For All Practical Purposes” (shortly known as FAPP) type of justification. ", "We will argue that ‘FAPP-type solutions’ remain, at best, epistemological answers which not only escape the ontological questions at stake —regarding the quantum to classical limit— but also turn the original problem completely meaningless. ", "The latter omelette can be witnessed in relation to some criticisms raised against the epistemic Bayesian approach to QM (shortly known as QBism). ", "We will argue that QBists have produced a consistent scheme that might allow us to begin to unscramble —at least part of— the “quantum omelette”. ", "In this respect, we will show why the epistemic QBist approach is safe from several (ontological) criticisms it has recently received (see [@Marchildon15; @Mohrhoff14; @Nauenberg15]). ", "We end our paper with a discussion about the importance of ontological approaches within foundations of QM.'", "\nauthor:\n- '[Christian de Ronde]{}[^1]'\ntitle: |\n QBism, FAPP and the Quantum Omelette.\\\n (Or, Unscrambling Ontological Problems\\\n from Epistemological Solutions in QM)\n---\n\n**Keywords**: QBism, FAPP, Ontology, Epistemology, Quantum Mechanics.", "\n\n\\[section\\] \\[section\\] \\[section\\] \\[thm\\]\n\nIntroduction {#introduction .unnumbered}\n============\n\nThis paper focusses on what has been called by Jaynes the “quantum omelette” [@Jaynes], an improper scrambling of (ontic) objective and (epistemic) subjective perspectives in the analysis of Quantum Mechanics (QM) that has been taking place since the early debates of the founding fathers. ", "In order to discuss the problematic relation between ontology and epistemology in QM we begin, in section 1, by a rough review of some important elements, present within the history of physics and philosophy, which regard the fundament, meaning and reference of physical theories. ", "This introduction attempts to distinguish two main lines of thought which have been in tension since the origin of Western thought. ", "These two perspectives, as we shall discuss through the paper, are still present in the contemporary debates about the meaning and reference of quantum theory itself. ", "In section 2 we discuss the many problems of the theory of quanta in order to provide an objective representation of physical reality. ", "Section 3 relates the origin of the so called “quantum omelette” to the early discussions of Einstein, Bohr and Heisenberg. ", "In section 4, we will argue that a good example of the contemporary scrambling of the omelette is a recent type of solution introduced in the foundational literature attempting to justify the principle of decoherence called: “For All Practical Purposes” (shortly known as FAPP). ", "We will argue that ‘FAPP-type solutions’ remain, at best, epistemological answers which not only escape the ontological questions at stake (regarding the quantum to classical limit) but also turn the original problem completely meaningless. ", "Section 5 introduces the Bayesian approach to QM (shortly known as QBism) as a consistent epistemic scheme that might allow us to begin to unscramble —at least part of— the “quantum omelette”. ", "In this respect, in section 6, we will show why QBism is completely safe from several (ontological) criticisms it has recently received (see [@Marchildon15; @Mohrhoff14; @Nauenberg15]). ", "In section 7 we discuss how the QBist approach dissolves ontological problems. ", "Section 8 argues in favor of the importance of ontological problems within foundations of QM. ", "Finally, recalling our philosophical introduction, we end section 9 with some final philosophical remarks.", "\n\nPhilosophy, Physics and Sophistry\n=================================\n\nIt is widely accepted that the origin of Western thought goes back to Ancient Greece. ", "Around the 7th Century B.C., between the beautiful islands of the Aegean sea, some of their inhabitants started to claim and argue in favor of a powerful idea. ", "That the world was not commanded by the desires and wishes of the Gods, but by certain specific rules and laws that the whole Cosmos was obliged to follow. ", "Furthermore, they claimed that it was possible to learn the true fundament of such Cosmos, called [*physis*]{}.[^2] They argued it was possible to create [*theories*]{} that could explain what happened in Nature, how things [*changed*]{} in the world, why the stars moved in the sky or how birds could fly. ", "This group of thinkers, who claimed to be in love [*episteme*]{} (true knowledge), who and argued that the fundament existence and reality was [*physis*]{}, called themselves “philosophers” or “physicists”.", "\n\nPhilosophers, who claimed to love knowledge in itself, started the first battle of Western thought when they accused the sophists to be merely interested in selling their rhetoric knowledge in the streets of the Greek [*polys*]{}, corrupting the young with their teachings about how to turn mere [*doxa*]{} into a triumph with no fundament. ", "Indeed, according to the philosophers, the sophists were not searching for an understanding of the world, they were only interested in winning discussions through rhetoric argumentation. ", "Sophists trained their students in order to triumph in the Agora beyond being right or wrong. ", "Protagoras dictum that “man is the measure of all things” made explicit the fact that sophists were not interested in the problems raised by the new tribe of thought. ", "While sophists accepted the [*simulacra*]{}, the many faces and masks of existence, philosophers begun one of the most outstanding quests in human history, a search for true knowledge about the world and reality.", "\n\nIt was Plato, with his dialogues who begun a history of victory for philosophy against sophistry. ", "Since then, philosophy —in deep relation to metaphysics— has witnessed a wild search for the true fundament of reality and existence. ", "However, independently of the many metaphysical schemes developed ever since Plato, we could remind the words of Alfred North Whitehaed [@Whitehead] who argued: “\\[t\\]he safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato.” ", "Indeed, Plato’s basic metaphysical scheme was repeated once and again, changing only that which served as the fundament within each new metaphysical system. ", "Instead of a world of ideas, Aristotle presented his hylomorphic scheme in which the potential and actual realms related through [*dynamis*]{}. ", "While Spinoza developed his notion of [*substance*]{}, Leibniz presented an architectonic founded on [*monads*]{}, Schopenahuer created the notion of [*will*]{} that would confront the [*representation of the world*]{}, and Hegel developed in the same period his dialectics and the notion of [*absolute concept*]{}. ", "Of course the list continues, but what is common to them all, is the idea that existence and reality can be philosophically represented through a metaphysical system. ", "While metaphysical schemes create their own fundament, all of them serve the same purpose: [*to represent reality*]{}.", "\n\nProtagoras dictum found a new version as late as the 17th Century, when René Descartes attempted to fundament knowledge in terms of thought and reason. [*", "Cogito ergo sum*]{} \\[I think, thus I exist\\]. ", "The subject was a creation of modernity, the new fundament of a time more finite, maybe less ambitious than that of the Greeks. ", "After David Hume’s critic to the inductive nature of science and the impossibility to ground the notion of causation in experience, the knowledge provided by physical theories had been relegated to a mere [*habit*]{}. ", "It was Immanuel Kant —a physicist himself— who through the creation of a [*transcendental subject*]{} managed to justify Newtonian physics in terms of (objective) knowledge. ", "The price to pay for the new Kantian physics was the abandonment of its direct relation to [*Das Ding an sich*]{} \\[Reality [*as it is*]{}\\]. ", "Hence, the reality of the world was replaced by the less ambitious [*objective reality*]{} of subjects. ", "Physics had to abandon the Greek [*episteme*]{} and be content with a new type of certainty: [*objective knowledge*]{}. ", "A finite knowledge with which we humans shaped experience.", "\n\nWith Kant, for the first time, it was understood that our (categorical) representation of reality —given by the (mainly Aristotelian) categories and the forms of intuition (Newtonian space and time); both analyzed in the [*Critique of Pure Reason*]{}— limits and configures in a definite manner the objects around us. ", "Causality, identity, non-contradiction, etc., ", "were not Platonic concepts or ideas that humans had [*discovered*]{} in a heaven populated by them, but rather the [*a priori*]{} conditions of human understanding itself. ", "This distance between our categorical representations and phenomena opened the door for thinking about such categories in terms of [*creations*]{} —maybe too human. ", "The problem of representation was born: how can we relate our (internal) representation with the real (external) world?[^3] The world and reality had begun very slowly to dissolve.", "\n\nIn the second half of the 19th Century, by imposing a reconsideration of observability beyond the [*a priori*]{} categories of Kantian metaphysics, Machian positivism begun to deconstruct the fundaments of classical Newtonian physics. ", "It was this subversive analysis that forged the key to unlock a new physics, a new experience. ", "Classical Newtonian concepts had become dogmatic [*a priori*]{} notions within Kantian metaphysics. ", "The positivist deconstruction of Newtonian mechanics —on which the Kantian architectonic was grounded— produced one of the most important crisis in human thought. ", "However, it was this same crisis that provided the conditions of possibility for the development of new physical theories. ", "These theories went far beyond the limits imposed by classical notions. ", "At the beginning of the 20th Century the crisis imposed by the positivistic critic to classical physics became the soil on which two of the most amazing theories ever imagined started slowly to grow. ", "We are talking here of course about Relativity Theory and QM.", "\n\nFor many centuries, since the battles of the Greeks, the philosophers and physicists ruled the world of metaphysical thought. ", "But the sophists were not dead, they were just silently awaiting for better times to come. ", "They had to wait long, but the time would come. ", "It was as late as the 20th Century that the sophist flag was raised once again. ", "Logical positivists, following Mach, had fought strongly against dogmatic (Kantian) metaphysical thought. ", "Against [*a priori*]{} metaphysical concepts, they argued in their famous [*Manifesto*]{} [@VC]: “Everything is accessible to man; and man is the measure of all things. ", "Here is an affinity with the Sophists, not with the Platonists; with the Epicureans, not with the Pythagoreans; with all those who stand for earthly being and the here and now.” ", "Their main attack to metaphysics was designed through the idea that one should focus in “statements as they are made by empirical science; their meaning can be determined by logical analysis or, more precisely, through reduction to the simplest statements about the empirically given.” ", "The positivist architectonic stood on the distinction between [*empirical terms*]{}, the empirically “given” in physical theories, and [*theoretical terms*]{}, their translation into simple statements. ", "Such separation and correspondence between theoretical statements and empirical observation would have deep consequences, after the second world war, not only regarding the problems addressed in philosophy of science but also with respect to the limits of development of many different lines of research within QM itself.[^4]\n\nIn conclusion, since the 5th Century B.C., both physics and philosophy had ruled the world of thought. ", "All physical theories had been understood as describing or representing physical reality, as relating to Nature, as referring to the Cosmos and existence, to [*physis*]{}. ", "This was until the 20th Century, when QM changed everything...\n\nQuantum Mechanics: Physics and Reality\n======================================\n\nPhysics originated itself from what might be regarded as a naive idea of clever animals: the world and reality [*exist*]{}. ", "Reality [*is*]{}. ", "The world and reality stand before us as an amazing playground. ", "As Albert Einstein [@Einstein79] expressed it most beautifully: “Out yonder there was this huge world, which exists independently of us human beings and which stands before us like a great, eternal riddle, at least partially accessible to our inspection.” ", "Indeed, after Darwin it could be claimed —escaping religious thought— that humans are only animals, very clever and powerful animals. ", "Humans are so powerful animals, that are even capable of destroying the whole world. ", "But still we are only that, not more, not less: existents within Nature. ", "Existents that —after Hume and Kant— must recognize, shape experience not only through their senses but also through their metaphysical and categorical presuppositions. ", "Causation, as Hume clearly exposed, is not something empirically grounded, it is never found in the observable world. ", "Rather, as Kant would later on remark, it is a metaphysical presupposition which allows the subject to make sense of observations. ", "In particular, identity and non-contradiction are not principles that we find in Nature. ", "Quite the opposite, they are the very conditions that define and constrain our experience of Nature.", "\n\nThe multiple representations provided by different theories in the 20th Century might suggest that as much as [*discoveries*]{} they might have seemed to be, the conditions of human understanding are also [*creations*]{}.[^5] As remarked by Wolfgang Pauli [@Pauli94 p. 95] when discussing the breakdown of the fundaments in the 20th Century: “The modern physicist regards with skepticism philosophical systems which, while imagining that they have definitively recognized the [*a priori*]{} conditions of human understanding itself, have in fact succeeded only in setting up the [*a priori*]{} conditions of the systems of mathematics and the exact sciences of a particular epoch.” ", "In this respect, Whitehead would make the strong point that, since our theories and representations are human creations, we are always —almost exclusively— confronted with ourselves:\n\n> [“We have found a strange footprint on the shores of the unknown. ", "We have devised profound theories, one after another, to account for its origins. ", "At last, we have succeeded in reconstructing the creature that made the footprint. ", "And lo! ", "It is our own.” [", "@Whitehead pp. ", "200-201]]{}\n\nBut, are physical theories only that? ", "Solipsistic creations? ", "Are physical theories only mirrors that unveil our own reflection? ", "These questions places us at a crossroad.", "\n\nWithin physical discourse one of the basic cornerstones is simple down to earth counterfactual reasoning. ", "I am talking here of the intuitive idea which any physicist assumes as a basic presupposition of the discipline. ", "According to this idea, given an empirically adequate physical theory I can produce (counterfactual) statements regarding phenomena which no physicist will ever doubt. ", "We physicists know that a small ball will fall accelerated at 9.8 $\\frac{m}{s^2}$ here on Earth. ", "And we also know that the same ball will fall accelerated at 1.6 $\\frac{m}{s^2}$ in the moon. ", "We know how it would fall in Jupiter or any other distant planet, even though we might never reach them in order to actually perform the experiment. ", "We know how it would fall in an imaginary planet of a specific mass and radius. ", "This is the reason why, counterfactual reasoning and discourse are the cornerstones of conceptual physical representation itself. ", "Indeed, the intuition of physicists is also related to the possibility of prediction. ", "As expressed by Robert Griffiths:\n\n> [“If a theory makes a certain amount of sense and gives predictions which agree reasonably well with experimental or observational results, scientists are inclined to believe that its logical and mathematical structure reflects the structure of the real world in some way, even if philosophers will remain permanently skeptical.” [", "@Griffiths02 p. 361]]{}\n\nThe classical representation of physics was produced after many centuries, when Newton related the theory of calculus with a meta-physical view of the world in terms of physical notions such as: ‘space’, ‘time’, ‘particle’, ‘force’, ‘mass’, etc. ", "This view was extended by Maxwell electromagnetic equations and the creation of new physical notions such as that of ‘field’ and ‘charge’. ", "These physical theories allowed us to [*represent*]{} what the world is like.", "\n\nQM was born from the dissolution of our classical representation of the world. ", "Planck’s quantum postulate —which introduced the [*discrete*]{} nature of quanta— lies at the origin of such defoundation. ", "Few decades after Planck’s postulate, Heisenberg advanced the first closed formalization of the theory by escaping Bohr’s “magical” model of the atom —as Sommerfeld used to call it. ", "Returning to the positivist methodological (Machian) rule according to which, only ‘observable magnitudes’ should be considered within a theory, he was able to develop matrix mechanics. ", "The quantum theory was not designed to talk about “trajectories of particles”, it was constructed from the very departure of such (classical) (meta-)physical representation. ", "Einstein’s dictum: “it is only the theory which can tell you what can be observed”, guided Heisenberg in order to further advance in the derivation of the [*indeterminacy principle*]{} from the exclusive use of the quantum postulate and matrix mechanics. ", "The new quantum formalism had many surprises to give to those physicists which expected to understand QM in terms of “classical reality”. ", "Very soon, it also became clear, as remarked by Dirac [@Dirac74 p. 12], that “\\[t\\]he nature of the relationships which the superposition principle requires to exist between the states of any system is of a kind that cannot be explained in terms of familiar physical concepts.” ", "Schrödinger himself made explicit, through an [*ad absurdum*]{} proof, the inadequacy of classical concepts to account for these strange mathematical elements of the theory [@Schr35].", "\n\nThe departure of QM from our classical world view had two main reactions. ", "The first was an attempt to “complete the theory” with (hidden) variables that would allow us to restore a classical understanding about [*what there is*]{}. ", "The second reaction, endorsed —for not so different reasons— by Bohr and the logical positivists, was the abandonment of the physical representation of QM itself. ", "Both reactions became the main lines of research within the foundational investigations about QM in the second half of the 20th Century, and are still today firmly in place.", "\n\nBohr, Heisenberg and the Quantum Omelette\n=========================================\n\nAn ontological question is a question about the nature of being, existence and reality. ", "An ontological question presupposes reality and the possibility to represent it in some way. ", "From an ontological perspective, epistemological questions related to the acquisition of knowledge by subjects are of secondary importance. ", "There is a deep and obvious difference between, discussing about ‘what reality is’, and discussing about ‘how subjects are able to acquire knowledge from experience’. ", "From an ontological perspective, humans are completely superfluous, we could be simply out of the picture. ", "The reason is that we assume a perspective from which we are not so different from any other existent within Nature. ", "We are just [*as*]{} important as anything else.", "\n\nAn epistemological answer —as understood today— relates to the way in which we humans (also called ‘subjects’, ‘agents’, ‘users’, ‘persons’, etc.) ", "acquire knowledge. ", "Hence, epistemology assumes a different perspective from ontology, focusing in how subjects relate to knowledge and experience. ", "Human beings and their observations are in this case the point of departure. ", "However, it can be also argued that epistemic philosophical perspectives are just another footnote to Plato, another scheme in which the fundament is —instead of the Greek [*physis*]{}— the subject itself.", "\n\nThe introduction of the subject in physics begun in modernity with Kant’s critic to dogmatic metaphysics and the acceptance of our finitude. ", "In order to justify the objective character of Newtonian mechanics, humans had to enter the scene of physical representation in an intrinsic manner. ", "Kant’s architectonic found an answer to Hume’s critic to physics by placing the subject as the cornerstone itself of physical understanding. ", "Since then, Western thought started to abandon the search for truth and (infinite) reality, a quest regarded —not without reason— as a suspicious enterprise. ", "From a more sober epistemological perspective, (external) reality couldn’t be regarded anymore as the ground or goal of understanding itself. ", "The notion of ‘reality’ which had been always understood as independent of subjects had begun —within Kantian metaphysics— to get mixed with them.", "\n\nEpistemic approaches do not seek necessarily for a [*referent*]{} beyond observation itself, and in this sense their accounts need not justify their empirical findings. ", "Indeed, epistemic approaches remain safe when they restrict their discourse to the way we humans (subjects, persons, users, etc.) ", "interact through the mutual communication of such empirical findings; when they leave on the side the relation of these interactions to the world and reality themselves; when they remain on the surface of [*intersubjectivity*]{}.[^6] By denying the need of providing a reference to their empirical grounding epistemological perspectives escape the problem of reality. ", "Physical theories are then transformed into mere algorithmic devices, “economies of (human) experience” —as Mach used to characterize physical theories. ", "In this way all ontological questions about the fundament of such relations are dissolved, or —in the worst of cases— considered simply as “metaphysical bla bla”.", "\n\nThe choice between a philosophy that attempts to address the question of (infinite) reality and existence, and one that prefers to ground itself on the supposedly less ambitious task of understanding how (finite) humans relate to experience, is just that, a philosophical choice of how to approach certain specific problems and questions.", "\n\nThe philosophical stance that we assume defines the specific problems, the possible questions and (even) answers that fall within our system of thought. ", "But a limit is also a possibility, an horizon. ", "Problems are not “out there”, they are part of a definite viewpoint with definite metaphysical assumptions, presuppositions, without which they cannot be even stated. ", "This is why, we are close to van Frassen [@VF08 p. xviii] when he shouts: “I argue for a view of philosophy as a stance, as existential.” ", "Indeed, as he explains:\n\n> [“Philosophy itself is a value- and attitude-driven enterprise; philosophy is in false consciousness when it sees itself otherwise. ", "To me philosophy is of overriding importance, to our culture, to our civilization, to us individually. ", "For it is the enterprise in which we, in every century, interpret ourselves anew. ", "But unless it so understands itself, it degenerates into an arid play of mere forms.” [", "@VF08 p. 17]]{}\n\nEven though for many philosophers this introduction might sound as a set of obvious remarks, they are of outmost importance in order to understand the most weird state of affairs occurring today when addressing philosophical and foundational issues about QM. ", "Indeed, within the philosophy of QM we are at a stage where ontology and epistemology have been mixed up in an omelette that we need to unscramble. ", "As Jaynes makes the point:\n\n> [“\\[O\\]ur present \\[quantum mechanical\\] formalism is not purely epistemological; it is a peculiar mixture describing in part realities of Nature, in part incomplete human information about Nature —all scrambled up by Heisenberg and Bohr into an omelette that nobody has seen how to unscramble. ", "Yet we think that the unscrambling is a prerequisite for any further advance in basic physical theory. ", "For, if we cannot separate the subjective and objective aspects of the formalism, we cannot know what we are talking about; it is just that simple.” [", "@Jaynes p. 381]]{}\n\nSimply put: if we assume an ontological perspective there can be no [*choice*]{} which determines what reality [*is*]{}. ", "We humans and our choices have to be out of the picture, not because we are good or bad, but because otherwise physical representation becomes impossible. ", "A subject can not define, within a particular physical representation of a theory, what is physically real through ‘a choice’. ", "Physical reality can be only represented in an objective manner if the subject plays no essential role within that representation. ", "A subject-choice-dependent reality is not an interesting reality for a physicist. ", "If choice enters the scene in the determination of physical reality then there is no possibility of having a physical representation of reality which goes beyond the [*hic et nunc*]{}. ", "And exactly that, going beyond the here and now, is the main power of physics.", "\n\nEinstein showed the inconsistencies with respect to physical reality in which QM had been drawn through Bohr’s complementarity approach. ", "In the EPR paper [@EPR], he defined his now famous [*elements of physical reality*]{}. ", "Regardless of the specificity of Einstein’s definition, in his reply Bohr simply evaded the question at stake [@Bohr35]. ", "Bohr did not answer the main problem: what should be considered physically real according to QM? ", "Instead, he shifted the debate focusing on the problem of complementary measurements making a long exposition of classical experimental arrangements \\[[*Op. ", "cit.*]{}, ", "pp. ", "697-9\\]. ", "The “essential ambiguity” —as Bohr called it— in Einstein’s definition of what had to be considered as physically real was not further developed nor addressed. ", "It was not even replaced by a different, more adequate notion, it was simply left aside. ", "Instead, Bohr explained how things [*had to be done*]{}; how, following a set of rules, one could recover from QM a “rational account of classical physical phenomena” [@BokulichBokulich]. ", "This “rational account” was clearly not an ontological account, it was an epistemic one. ", "Bohr understood very well he could not talk about physical reality within his complementarity scheme, for that would doom his system incoherent. ", "An object cannot be represented by two mutually incompatible representations such as that of ‘wave’ and ‘particle’. ", "That is the reason why Bohr always talked about “knowledge” —evading physical reality— and added in every phrase an “as if” providing a “foggy reference” to such classical representations [@deRonde15].", "\n\nBohr’s epistemological approach carefully escapes ontological debates. ", "His scheme was consistent and difficult to tackle. ", "Even today it seems to us one of the strongest approaches to QM. ", "According to his long time assistant, Aage Petersen, when asked whether the quantum theory could be considered as somehow mirroring an underlying quantum reality, Bohr [@WZ p. 8] declared: “There is no quantum world. ", "There is only an abstract quantum physical description. ", "It is wrong to think that the task of physics is to find out how nature is. ", "Physics concerns what we can say about nature.” ", "Petersen himself makes clear the distance of Bohr with respect to ontological concerns.", "\n\n> [“Traditional philosophy has accustomed us to regard language as something secondary and reality as something primary. ", "Bohr considered this attitude toward the relation between language and reality inappropriate. ", "When one said to him that it cannot be language which is fundamental, but that it must be reality which, so to speak, lies beneath language, and of which language is a picture, he would reply, “We are suspended in language in such a way that we cannot say what is up and what is down. ", "The word ‘reality’ is also a word, a word which we must learn to use correctly” Bohr was not puzzled by ontological problems or by questions as to how concepts are related to reality. ", "Such questions seemed sterile to him. ", "He saw the problem of knowledge in a different light.” [", "@Petersen63 p. 11]]{}\n\nIndeed, Bohr’s own characterization of physics goes in line with such departure from ontology and his emphasis on human experience and communication:\n\n> [“Physics is to be regarded not so much as the study of something a priori given, but rather as In this respect our task must be to account for such experience in a manner independent of individual subjective judgement and therefor ” [@Bohr60] (emphasis added)]{}\n\nAs it becomes clear, the price Bohr was willing to pay was the abandonment of the direct relation between physics and reality.", "\n\n> [“I am quite prepared to talk of the spiritual life of an electronic computer; to say that it is considering or that it is in a bad mood. ", "What really matters is the unambiguous description of its behavior, which is what we observe. ", "The question as to whether the machine feels, or whether it merely looks as though it did, is absolutely as meaningless as to whether light is ‘in reality’ waves or particles. ” [", "@WZ p. 5] (emphasis added)]{}\n\nThis was the line of development of a great part of physics in the second half of the 20th Century, including QM. ", "Indeed, as remarked by Arthur Fine:\n\n> [“\\[The\\] instrumentalist moves, away from a realist construal of the emerging quantum theory, were given particular force by Bohr’s so-called ‘philosophy of complementarity’; and this nonrealist position was consolidated at the time of the famous Solvay conference, in October of 1927, and is firmly in place today. ", "Such quantum nonrealism is part of what every graduate physicist learns and practices. ", "It is the conceptual backdrop to all the brilliant success in atomic, nuclear, and particle physics over the past fifty years. ", "Physicists have learned to think about their theory in a highly nonrealist way, and doing just that has brought about the most marvelous predictive success in the history of science.” [", "@PS p. 1195]]{}\n\nThe triumph of the Danish physicist can be witnessed in the fact that the so called “Copenhagen interpretation” —which has many of Bohr’s main ideas at play— is taught in all Universities around the globe. ", "But even though Bohr presented an epistemic approach which attempted to escape an ontological reference of the quantum formalism, there were nevertheless, within Bohr’s interpretation, strong metaphysical presuppositions at play. ", "In fact, there are three important Bohrian (metaphysical) ideas which have turned into dogma in the present literature regarding foundational issues about QM. ", "The first (metaphysical) presupposition is the idea that there must exist a “quantum to classical limit” —assuming what Bokulich calls an “open theory approach” [@Bokulich04]—, the principle that one must find a “bridge” or “limit” between classical mechanics and QM.[^7] The second (metaphysical) presupposition is the idea that classical physical language is a [*necessary condition*]{} for discussing about all physical phenomena and experience.", "\n\n> [“It is decisive to recognize that, however far the phenomena transcend the scope of classical physical explanation, the account of all evidence must be expressed in classical terms. ", "The argument is simply that by the word ‘experiment’ we refer to a situation where we can tell others what we have done and what we have learned and that, therefore, the account of the experimental arrangement and of the results of the observations must be expressed in unambiguous language with suitable application of the terminology of classical physics.” [", "@Bohr49 p. 209]]{}\n\nAccording to Bohr [@WZ p. 7]: “\\[...\\] the unambiguous interpretation of any measurement must be essentially framed in terms of classical physical theories, and we may say that in this sense the language of Newton and Maxwell will remain the language of physicists for all time.” ", "Closing the possibility of creating new physical concepts, Bohr \\[[*Op. ", "cit.*]{}\\] argued that “it would be a misconception to believe that the difficulties of the atomic theory may be evaded by eventually replacing the concepts of classical physics by new conceptual forms.” ", "The third presupposition relates the previous ones through an empiricist condition: the analysis of QM must begin from the analysis of (classical) measurement observations and not from the mathematical formalism of the theory.", "\n\nThese three Bohrian dictums, properly mixed with a realist flavor have created a set of “no-problems” about QM which have been intensively discussed for many decades: non-separability, non-individuality, non-locality, non-distributivity, non-identity, etc. ", "These problems impose implicitly “right from the start” a set of classical (metaphysical) presuppositions within QM, namely, separability, individuality, locality, distributivity, identity, etc. ", "All of them are ontological (metaphysical) problems which attempt to discuss and analyze the reference of the quantum formalism with respect to (classical) physical reality. ", "But there are, in between them, two most interesting problems in which the intrusion of a choosing subject appears explicitly in the determination of what is considered to be (classically) real —or actual.", "\n\nThe first of these problems is the so called “basis problem” which attempts to explain how is Nature capable of making a choice between different incompatible bases. ", "Which is the objective physical process that leads to a particular basis instead of a another one? ", "If one could explain this path through an objective physical process, then the choice of the experimenter could be regarded as well as part of an objective process —and not one that determines reality. ", "Unfortunately, still today the problem remains with no solution within the limits of the orthodox formalism. ", "There is no physical representation of the process without the addition of strange [*ad hoc*]{} rules (see [@deRonde16]).", "\n\nThe second is known infamous “measurement problem”. ", "Given a specific basis (context or framework), QM describes mathematically a state in terms of a superposition (of states). ", "Since the evolution described by QM allows us to predict that the quantum system will get entangled with the apparatus and thus its pointer positions will also become a superposition,[^8] the question is why do we observe a single outcome instead of a superposition of them?", "\n\nIt is interesting to notice that for Bohr, the measurement problem was never considered. ", "The reason is that through his presuppositions, Bohr begun the analysis of QM presupposing “right from the start” classical single outcomes. ", "Bohr evaded in this way the discussion about the meaning and representation of quantum superpositions (see for a detailed analysis [@deRonde16c]). ", "As explained by Dieks:\n\n> [“We thus have returned to the theme of the indispensability of classical concepts \\[in the Bohrian scheme\\]: measuring devices, like all macroscopic objects around us, can and must be described classically. ", "It is an immediate consequence of this that measurements necessarily have only one single outcome. ", "Pointers can only have one position at a time, a light flashes or does not flash, and so on —this is all inherent in the uniqueness of the classical description. ", "Because of this, Bohr?s interpretation does not face the “measurement problem” in the form in which it is often posed in the foundational literature, namely as the problem of how to explain —in the face of the presence of superpositions in the mathematical formalism— that there is only one outcome realized each time we run an experiment. ", "For Bohr this is not something to be explained, but rather something that is given and has to be assumed to start with. ", "It is a primitive datum, in the same sense that the applicability of classical language to our everyday world is a brute fact to which the interpretation of quantum mechanics necessarily has to conform. ", "An interpretation that would predict that pointers can have more than one position, that a cat can be both dead and alive, etc., ", "would be a non-starter from Bohr’s point of view. ", "So the measurement problem in its usual form does not exist; it is dissolved.” [", "@Dieks16 p. 24]]{}\n\nThese two problems make explicit how QM has turned into a “quantum omelette” —as Jaynes clearly expressed— with no clear limit between the subjective and the objective, between an ontological account and an epistemological one. ", "Both these two problems attempt to find a way out of the paradoxical mixture of an intruding subject within a supposedly objective quantum mechanical description. ", "Let us explain this.", "\n\nIn the case of the basis problem, if the “choice” is not physically justified in terms of an objective process, the definition of reality given by the subset of properties that are actual is obviously subjective. ", "The context is not determined [*prior*]{} to the choice of the experimenter and thus, it cannot be considered as [*preexisitent*]{}. ", "In the measurement problem, the mix of subjective and objective pops up in the choice of the recording of an experiment —as Wigner clearly exposed with his friend [@WZ]. ", "The problem comes with the shift of the physical representation provided when the measurement was not yet performed —and the system is described in terms of a quantum superposition (of, in the most general case, contradictory properties)—, to the single observation of a measurement outcome —which is not described by the theory. ", "Since there is no physical representation of the process of measurement, the choice of the recording implies a subjective aspect within the physical representation itself. ", "Before observing the result of a measurement, it seems I can still claim that the state is in a superposition. ", "Because there is no clear moment in which the famous “collapse” takes place, it becomes part of the choice of the subject to determine such a strange instant of time. ", "Since there is no physical representation of the collapse, the subject (or his friend) seems to define it explicitly.", "\n\nHowever, it was not Bohr who should be considered as the main responsible for the creation of the “quantum omelette”. ", "Bohr never discussed questions related to the ontological nature of the quantum realm —even though sometimes he was forced to do so.[^9] It was Heisenberg alone who, when introducing the so called “Copenhagen interpretation” in his famous book [*Physics and Philosophy*]{} [@Heis58], mixed incoherently the epistemological complementarity scheme of Bohr with his own ontological (Platonist) approach —which assumed a direct relation between mathematical equations and reality itself (see e.g., [@Heis71 p. 99]). ", "Heisenberg was not willing to give up on Bohr’s epistemic notion of complementarity, but he was neither going to abandon the ontological problem of reality. ", "Thus, he would support Bohr’s exclusive necessity of classical physical language, and at the same time, he would argue in favor of his closed theory approach which stressed the need of creating, for each new theory, new physical concepts (see [@Bokulich04]). ", "It is this deep inconsistency, in one of the major figures of the 20th Century quantum revolution, which remains at the origin of the most paradoxical present situation within the debates about quantum theory. ", "This mixture was extended in the following decades, specially in relation to the measurement and basis problems earlier addressed.", "\n\nFAPP: Scrambling Ontological Problems with\\\nEpistemological Solutions\n===========================================\n\nOne of the main constituents of the present quantum omelette is the idea that ‘measurement’ is a process which has a special status within QM. ", "Bohr himself made special emphasis on the idea that the analysis of the quantum measurement process was the key to recover a “rational account of physical phenomena” [@BokulichBokulich]. ", "The ‘subject’, ‘agent’ or ‘user’, must define through his choice which particular context (between the many incompatible ones) can become real (actual) —while the others will still remain in a possible or potential realm, not truly part of physical reality, waiting for their turn to become real in the future. ", "Bohr understood the consequences of this interpretational maneuver. ", "And this is why he stressed repeatedly that the epistemological lesson that we must learn from quantum theory is that “we are not only spectators but simultaneously actors in the great drama of existence”.", "\n\nThe principle of decoherence introduced by Wojciech Zurek in 1981 attempted to provide an objective physical explanation of the path from the quantum formalism to “classical reality”. ", "Indeed, the emergence of the classical from the quantum, also known as “the quantum to classical limit”, had remained one of the most important open problems within the so called Copenhagen interpretation of QM. ", "Indeed, would there be an objective explanation of such physical process that turns “quantum particles” into “stable macroscopic objects”, then the subjective choices that define reality —through the choice of the basis and the observation of the outcome— could be finally erased from within the theory of quanta. ", "Such objective explanation would then provide the key to a unified representation of physical reality.", "\n\nThe problem of the quantum to classical limit is an ontological problem. ", "It attempts to provide a physical explanation of [*what is*]{} the relation between the quantum realm and the classical realm —both of which are presupposed to be physically real. ", "The limit must be described in terms of a physical representation, for it seeks to explain what is going on beyond measurement outcomes and abstract mathematical formalisms. ", "Against the attempts of many, this problem cannot be understood in epistemological terms alone, for if there is no reference of the theory to “something” happening “within physical reality”, beyond the here and now, the question regarding the path from the quantum to the classical has no definite reference, it becomes meaningless. ", "The problem is not how a subject might acquire knowledge of the path, but rather how to [*represent*]{} the path in physical terms —i.e., as physicists have always done, both mathematically and conceptually. ", "If we assumed, from an epistemological perspective, that physical theories provide an economical account of experience with no metaphysical referent whatsoever, then there seems to be no interesting limit or relation to analyse between such theories. ", "Both theories (within their specific limit of applicability) already accomplish their means in terms of empirical findings, and that is all there is. ", "It simply makes no sense to talk about a limit between empirical outcomes which have no reference in the world. ", "In conclusion, the search of the physical explanation of the path from he quantum to the classical must be regarded as a strictly representational enterprise.", "\n\nThe problem of the quantum to classical limit played a major role within the Bohrian approach. ", "It is also a problem that has helped to slowly re-cook the omelette of ontology and epistemology up to the present. ", "Indeed, the question, when analyzed in terms of the so called “Copenhagen interpretation”, becomes not only unclear, but simply incoherent. ", "If QM does not relate to physical reality, if there is no conceptual representation of the quantum formalism —as Bohr used to claim—, how could we possibly argue that there exists a limit that can be explained within physical reality?[^10] Clearly, the limit is not only a mathematical problem which seeks to relate two incompatible formalisms. ", "It is also a physical problem which should be capable of providing a physical explanation of such a seemingly incompatible relation. ", "The explanation of a physical relation between theories necessarily implies the understanding of the relata.", "\n\nFor some time it was claimed by “the new orthodoxy” —as Jeffrey Bub has called the followers of decoherence [@Bub97 p. 212]— that the principle of decoherence had solved the problem of the quantum to classical limit. ", "As argued by Zurek:\n\n> [“\\[Classical\\] reality emerges from the substrate of quantum physics: Open quantum systems are forced into states described by localized wave packets. ", "They obey classical equations of motion, although with damping terms and fluctuations that have a quantum origin. ", "What else is there to explain?” [", "@Zurek02 p. 20]]{}\n\nHowever, when decoherent theorists reflect about the physical meaning of such isolated quantum states, things become quite bizarre:\n\n> [“If the unknown state cannot be found out —as is indeed the case for isolated quantum systems— then one can make a persuasive case that such states are subjective, and that quantum state vectors are merely records of the observer’s knowledge about the state of a fragment of the Universe (Fuchs and Peres 2000). ", "However, einselection is capable of converting such malleable and ‘unreal’ quantum states into solid elements of reality.” ", "\\[[*Op. ", "cit.*]{}, ", "p. 22\\]]{}\n\nSo it seems, as some kind of powerful God, decoherence is able to create the “real” from the “unreal”.", "\n\n> [“Quantum state vectors can be real, but only when the superposition principle —a cornerstone of quantum behavior— is ‘turned off’ by einselection. ", "Yet einselection is caused by the transfer of information about selected observables. ", "Hence, [*the ontological features of the state vectors —objective existence of the einselected states— is acquired through the epistemological ‘information transfer.’*]{}” ", "\\[[*Op. ", "cit.*]{}, ", "p. 22\\] (emphasis added)]{}\n\nAccording to Zurek, decoherence is a solution to the quantum to classical limit. ", "Ontic existence is created from epistemic choices. ", "The subjective transfer of information of rational agents creates physical reality. ", "If this was true, decoherence might have also solved as a corollary the very old (philosophical and religious) problem of [*creation ex nihilo*]{}.", "\n\nUnfortunately, irrespectively of those very strong claims, it was soon recognized that the promise to account for the quantum to classical limit was not physically justified. ", "In fact, the principle of decoherence has been found to have many problems, [*ad hoc*]{} moves as well as unjustified conceptual and mathematical shortcuts. ", "Perhaps the most important unjustified mathematical maneuver —which we have not found analyzed in the literature— is the “jump” from the (quantum) discrete to the (classical) continuum; i.e. the fact that an infinite numerable sum of Hamiltonians of elementary harmonic oscillators with natural frequencies[^11] is not [*the same*]{} as an integral of the Hamiltonians of a continuum of oscillators with real frequencies. ", "It is this [*ad hoc*]{} jump from a sum to an integral which hides in itself the [*ad hoc*]{} imposition of classicality within QM. ", "That which needed to be physically explained —i.e., the path from the discrete quantum description to the continuous space-time classical description— is simply formally imposed by Zurek [@Zurek81; @Zurek82]. ", "The “continuum bath” of harmonic oscillators is added and justified by the “self evident” existence of the classical realm. ", "As it is well known, there is no decoherence when considering an infinite sum of harmonic oscillators, the path to the continuum is a necessary condition for the principle to work. ", "However, one should be able to explain the path from the quantum discrete to the classical continuum in a clear manner just in the same way one can explain, for example, the path from classical mechanics to classical statistical mechanics. ", "The justification of such jump is addressed by decoherent theorists arguing that all “real systems” are in fact, “open systems”. ", "The idea is that ‘closed systems’ are “less real” that ‘open systems’. ", "This naive understanding representation escapes the fact that ‘open systems’ are also physical representations of reality and not reality [*as it is*]{}.", "\n\nIn addition to these unjustifiable formal jumps and [*ad hoc*]{} maneuvers in the physical description, there are many other technical aspects which show the failure of the original project of decoherence to solve the quantum to classical limit. ", "The fact that the diagonalization is not complete, since “very small” is obviously not “equal to zero”.[^12] The fact that the diagonalization can recompose itself into un-diagonalized mixtures if enough time is considered [@Recoherence; @CormikPaz08]. ", "The fact that the principle turns (non-diagonal) improper mixtures into (“approximately” diagonal) improper mixtures which still cannot be interpreted in terms of ignorance.[^13] Ruth Kastner has even pointed out quite clearly why —even if these many points would be left aside— the main reasoning of the decoherence program is circular [@Kastner14].", "\n\nThere is growing consensus, mainly within the specialized literature, that the principle of decoherence fails to provide a convincing physical explanation of the quantum to classical limit. ", "As remarked by Guido Bacciagaluppi in his Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on decoherence:\n\n> [“\\[some physicists and philosophers\\] still believe decoherence would provide a solution to the measurement problem of quantum mechanics. ", "As pointed out by many authors, however (e.g. Adler 2003; Zeh 1995, pp. ", "14-15), this claim is not tenable. \\[...\\] ", "Unfortunately, naive claims of the kind that decoherence gives a complete answer to the measurement problem are still somewhat part of the ‘folklore’ of decoherence, and deservedly attract the wrath of physicists (e.g. Pearle 1997) and philosophers (e.g. Bub 1997, Chap. ", "8) alike.” [", "@Bacc12]]{}\n\nToday, there seems to be more questions than answers when considering the solution provided by decoherence to the quantum to classical limit (see [@Bacc13; @Zhe96]). ", "So it seems, the principle of decoherence might be regarded, at best, as a proto-principle, but never —at least at this stage of its development— as a coherent physical representation of the path from the quantum to the classical. ", "This is not to undermine the importance of decoherence. ", "One might recall that proto-theories have been of great importance in the development of physical theories. ", "In QM, we find a very good example of the importance of proto-theories when recalling the Bohrian model of the atom. ", "This model was strongly criticized, regardless of its empirical success, by both Pauli and Heisenberg due to the incoherent physical description it provided. ", "It was the rejection of this proto-model which made necessary the requirement to develop a more general formal scheme —later on made possible through the development of Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics and Schrödinger’s wave mechanics. ", "In this sense, Heisenberg and Pauli’s recognition of the failure of Bohr’s model to produce a coherent formal and conceptual account might be regarded as the very condition of possibility for the development of QM itself.", "\n\nBut after more or less having recognized that decoherence did not solve that which it had promised to solve originally, something very strange happened. ", "Instead of reconsidering the problem and the set of presuppositions involved in order to re-develop the principle of decoherence, a new justification was advanced by this new orthodoxy. ", "Even though it was accepted that decoherence did not “really” solve the quantum to classical limit, it was argued that the principle of decoherence solved the problem “For All Practical Purposes” (shortly known as FAPP). ", "This was a way to claim —more or less in disguise— that “we cannot really explain the path in physical terms, but don’t worry, it works anyhow!” ", "This instrumentalist justification escapes any physical explanation and grounds itself, once again, on the predictive power of the theory —a predictive power no physicist had ever doubted. ", "One could argue, following an epistemic view, that decoherence is an “economy of experience”, that it helps us to work in the lab, that it is in fact an “epistemic solution”. ", "But then the original ontological problem has been abandoned and replaced by an epistemic problem that makes no sense, for —as we argued above— there can be no interesting epistemic account of the quantum to classical (ontic) limit.", "\n\nThis new “FAPP solution” —which is in itself a revival of instrumentalism placed in the heart of realist discussions— has been imported in order to discuss the ontological question of the quantum to classical limit, not only without a proper recognition of the failure of the original project but also escaping the original problem. ", "This re-cooked omelette produced by epistemic attempts to justify decoherence —which like many interpretations today create physical reality from epistemic choices— has penetrated physics so deeply that today many physicist seem to uncritically accept there exists a physical process called “decoherence” that “really” takes place in the lab. ", "However, when asked to explain what is exactly this physical process about, the new orthodoxy rapidly shifts the debate and using this new instrumentalist justification argues that: “decoherence works FAPP!”", "\n\nThe main problem of the ‘FAPP solution’ is that it solves nothing, it just sweeps the (quantum) dirt under the (classical) carpet. ", "By repeating that “it works!”, ", "many physicist and philosophers believe today that the problem has been actually solved. ", "And there is nothing less interesting in physics than engaging in a problem that already has a solution. ", "There is nothing there to be done, nothing to be thought or in need of development. ", "But problems are the true gas of science, they are that which scientist work on, concentrate with passion, allow us to produce new physical theories. ", "Problems in science should not to be regarded as ghosts or monsters that we need to destroy. ", "There is nothing more interesting, more encouraging than a good difficult scientific problem. ", "In QM, it was Heisenberg’s and Pauli’s insatisfaction with Bohr’s model of the atom which led them to develop matrix mechanics and the exclusion principle.", "\n\nInstead of confronting the problem, the new orthodoxy has advanced the most weird type of justifications: “more or less solved”, “approximately solved”, “almost solved” or “solved FAPP”. ", "We believe it is of outmost importance to recall that [*doxa*]{} is not [*episteme*]{}, that [*truth*]{} and [*falsity*]{} cannot be equated nor regarded as “approximate”. ", "These are notions which possess a deep meaning, one that goes all the way back to the Greeks and the origin itself of both physics and philosophy —as we already discussed in section 1. ", "There is no such thing in physics as a “more or less solved problem”. ", "If one discusses an ontological problem —which assumes implicitly a realist perspective regarding the physical representation of theories—, then there is no sense in talking, in epistemological terms, about “a solution FAPP”.", "\n\nQBism: Unscrambling the Omelette\n================================\n\nThe path laid down by Bohr was taken to its most extreme limit by Christopher Fuchs and Asher Peres when they wrote in the year 2000 —exactly one Century after the beginning of the quantum voyage— in a paper entitled [*Quantum Theory Needs no ‘Interpretation’*]{}:\n\n> [“\\[...\\] quantum theory does not describe physical reality. ", "What it does is provide an algorithm for computing probabilities for the macroscopic events (‘detector clicks’) that are the consequences of experimental interventions. ", "This strict definition of the scope of quantum theory is the only interpretation ever needed, whether by experimenters or theorists.” [", "@FuchsPeres00 p. 70]]{}\n\nThis approach was further developed by Fuchs and Rüdiger Schack following the Bayesian interpretation of probability in order to account for QM [@QBism13; @QBism15; @QBism15b]. ", "Because of this Bayesian perspective in order to understand QM they called their approach “Quantum Bayesianism”, or in short: QBism. ", "As they remark: “QBism agrees with Bohr that the primitive concept of experience is fundamental to an understanding of science.” ", "But, contrary to Bohr, “QBism explicitly takes the ‘subjective’ or ‘judgmental’ or ‘personalist’ view of probability”. ", "In recent years David Mermin has become also part of the QBist team, publishing several papers which not only support, but also make clear the connection of QBism to the Bohrian interpretation of QM (see [@Mermin04; @Mermin14; @Mermin14b; @Mermin14c]).", "\n\nRegardless of our philosophical distance with respect to QBism, we believe that this “no-interpretation” is one of the most honest, consistent and clear approaches to QM. ", "This is also the reason why QBism might allow us to begin to unscramble at least part of the quantum omelette. ", "In this respect, maybe the most important point made by QBism is their explicit recognition of the epistemic stance they attempt to defend. ", "The consistency of their approach is secured by their explicit denial of the existence of any (ontological) relation between QM and physical reality. ", "QBism is a radical subjectivist approach.", "\n\n> [“QBism explicitly takes the ‘subjective’ or ‘judgmental’ or ‘personalist’ view of probability, which, though common among contemporary statisticians and economists, is still rare among physicists: probabilities are assigned to an event by an agent and are particular to that agent. ", "The agent’s probability assignments express her own personal degrees of belief about the event. ", "The personal character of probability includes cases in which the agent is certain about the event: even probabilities 0 and 1 are measures of an agent’s (very strongly held) belief.” [", "@QBism13 p. 750]]{}\n\nAs remarked by Fuchs, Mermin and Shack \\[[*Op. ", "cit.*]{}, ", "p. 750\\]: “A measurement in QBism is more than a procedure in a laboratory. ", "It is any action an agent takes to elicit a set of possible experiences. ", "The measurement outcome is the particular experience of that agent elicited in this way. ", "Given a measurement outcome, the quantum formalism guides the agent in updating her probabilities for subsequent measurements.” ", "Indeed, as QBist make explicitly clear: “A measurement does not, as the term unfortunately suggests, reveal a pre-existing state of affairs.” ", "Measurements are personal, individual and QM is a “tool” for the “user” —as Mermin prefers to call the “agent” [@Mermin14]. ", "Just like a mobile phone or a laptop, QM is a tool that we subjects use in order to organize our experience.", "\n\n> [“QBist takes quantum mechanics to be a personal mode of thought —a very powerful tool that any agent can use to organize her own experience. ", "That each of us can use such a tool to organize our own experience with spectacular success is an extremely important objective fact about the world we live in. ", "But quantum mechanics itself does not deal directly with the objective world; it deals with the experiences of that objective world that belong to whatever particular agent is making use of the quantum theory.” ", "\\[[*Op. ", "cit.*]{}, ", "p. 751\\]]{}\n\n(Ontological) Problems for QBism?", "\n=================================\n\nVery recently, QBism has been attacked by several authors on grounds which we will attempt to show are not tenable. ", "Their blows not only do not touch QBism at all, but are —at least some of them— still grounded on the just mentioned “quantum omelette”. ", "Even though QBism has made clear their epistemic stance, the attacks come either from the reintroduction of ontological problems —problems which QBism has already made very clear is simply not interested in—, or from the unwillingness to understand the radicalness of the QBist proposal. ", "In the following we will analyze in some detail the recent criticisms to QBism presented by Mohrhoff, Marchildon and Nauenberg in a series of recent papers.", "\n\nMohrhoff’ Critics\n-----------------\n\nIn [@Mohrhoff14] Ulrich Mohrhoff has criticized QBism for misunderstanding Bohr and the Kantian notion of objective reality. ", "In his paper, Mohrhoff argues in favor of the soundness of —his understanding of— the (neo-Kantian) Bohrian project. ", "We agree with Mohrhoff about the direct relation between Bohr and the philosopher of Königsberg;[^14] however, we also believe that QBism has seen much better than Bohr himself the difficult problems involved when applying an epistemological stance to understand QM.", "\n\nMohrhoff analysis is based on the distinction of two different notions of reality, ‘trascendental reality’ and ‘objective reality’:\\\n[**Transcendental Reality:**]{} [*A reality external to the subject, undisclosed in experience, which Kant looked upon as the intrinsically unknowable cause of subjective experience.*]{}\\\nWithin the Kantian scheme, transcendental reality amounts to reality [*as it is*]{}, “the thing in itself”. ", "Within the Kantian architectonic trascendental reality is that which will always remain necessarily [*veiled*]{} —to use a term made popular by Bernard D’Espagnat— to the physicist.[^15]\\\n[**Objective Reality:**]{} [*A product of a mental synthesis based on the spatiotemporal structure of experience, achieved with the help of spatiotemporal concepts, and resulting in an objective reality from which the objectifying subject can abstract itself.*]{}\\\nThis is, according to Kant, the reality which physicists must consider and concentrate in. ", "A reality related to objective (represented) phenomena. ", "While trascendental reality is an [*absolute*]{} notion, objective reality is a [*relative*]{} notion, categorically constrained and shaped by the subject. ", "Two important points should be remarked. ", "Firstly, the fact that the categories are subject-dependent does not imply that the subject has a saying in what objective reality amounts to. ", "The subject can totally abstract (or detach) himself from objective reality. ", "Secondly, the fact that the notion of objective reality which Kant puts forward within his architectonic is of course much weaker that that of [*physis*]{}, a notion which —for the Greeks— acted as the fundament of the existence and reality of Nature itself.", "\n\nFollowing Kant, it is argued by Mohrhoff that physics should forget about ‘trascendental reality’ and only refer to ‘objective reality’. ", "However, as we shall argue, it is simply not true that QM can be considered in terms of ‘objective reality’ within the Bohrian scheme. ", "The subject cannot abstract himself from the definition of reality provided by QM in terms of waves, particles or even definite valued properties (see for a detailed analysis [@deRonde15; @deRonde16]). ", "And this is the reason why Bohr —most of the time— abandons any attempt to provide an account of the formalism of QM in terms of an objective representation of physical (quantum) reality. ", "As we have already discussed, the notion of complementarity violates explicitly counterfactual reasoning which is a [*necessary condition*]{} for objective physical representation itself. ", "To see this point even more clearly, imagine we have a typical double-slit set up with two subjects in front of it. ", "The question is: can the subjects abstract themselves from the physical description? ", "Turning the description in this way ‘objective’. ", "Contrary to any experiment in classical physics or even in relativity theory, the answer —given the Bohrian metaphysical premise according to which the description must be given in terms of classical physics by ‘waves’ or ‘particles’— is negative. ", "Let us assume that ‘subject 1’ chooses to measure with the two slits open and ‘subject 2’ chooses to measure with only one slit open. ", "If they would perform the experiment ‘subject 1’ would conclude that the quantum object is a ‘wave’ while —on the contrary— ‘subject 2’ would conclude it is a ‘particle’. ", "But an object cannot be both a ‘wave’ and a ‘particle’ simultaneously. ", "At least not, if reality is considered as “objective”, i.e. independent of particular subjective choices (see for a detailed discussion [@deRonde16b]).", "\n\nThe real (objective) existence of waves and particles cannot be dependent on a (subjective) choice of an experimenter. ", "In this respect, the Bohrian “complementarity solution” obviously precludes an objective physical representation of the quantum formalism. ", "It is interesting in this respect to call the attention to an anecdote between Bohr and Pauli, vividly recalled by Kalervo Laurikainen.", "\n\n> [“It is not generally known that there was a profound difference in the philosophical attitudes of Niels Bohr and Wolfgang Pauli (Laurikainen 1985b, section 3). ", "In his address at the Second Centenary of Columbia University in 1954, ‘The Unity of Knowledge’, Bohr claimed that the observer even in quantum mechanics can be considered ‘detached’ provided we understand the observation in the right way (Bohr 1955, p. 83). ", "An observation includes a detailed description of all the experimental arrangements which can have an influence upon the phenomenon under investigation, and it is finished only when a registered result is obtained which everybody can verify afterwards. ", "In this sense, Bohr said, an observation is quite [*[objective]{}*]{} (which for Bohr means ‘intersubjective’), and the observer does not have any influence on the result in any other way than by choosing the method of observation. ", "The result is explicitly associated with a given method of observation. ", "If physics is understood as a system which makes it possible to govern such objective observational results —which, however, is only possible in probabilistic sense— then physics, according to Bohr, can even in atomic physics be considered quite objective and the observer is ‘detached’ in exactly the same way as in classical physics.” [", "@Laurikainen98 p. 42]]{}\n\nBohr had sent the manuscript of the paper to Pauli in order to receive his critics and comments. ", "In his reply, dated February 15, 1955, Pauli pointed out explicitly —in line with Einstein— that the role of the observer in classical mechanics is essentially different from that in quantum theory. ", "There is no “detached observer” in QM. ", "Or, in order words, the subject cannot abstract himself from the actual reality described by QM.", "\n\n> “\\[...\\] it seems to me quite appropriate to call the conceptual description of nature in classical physics, which Einstein so emphatically wishes to retain, ‘the ideal of the detached observer’. ", "To put it drastically the observer has according to this ideal to disappear entirely in a discrete manner as hidden spectator, never as actor, nature being left alone in a predetermined course of events, independent of the way in which phenomena are observed. ‘", "Like the moon has a definite position’ Einstein said to me last winter, ‘whether or not we look at the moon, the same must also hold for the atomic objects, as there is no sharp distinction possible between these and macroscopic objects. ", "Observation cannot [*create*]{} an element of reality like position, there must be something contained in the complete description of physical reality which corresponds to the [*possibility*]{} of observing a position, already before the observation has been actually made.’ ", "I hope, that I quoted Einstein correctly; it is always difficult to quote somebody out of memory with whom one does not agree. ", "It is precisely this kind of postulate which I call the ideal of the detached observer.", "\n>\n> In quantum mechanics, on the contrary, an observation [*hic et nunc*]{} changes in general the ‘state’ of the observed system, in a way not contained in the mathematical formulated [*laws*]{}, which only apply to the automatical time dependence of the state of a [*closed*]{} system. ", "I think here of the passage to a new phenomenon of observation which is taken into account by the so-called ‘reduction of the wave packets’. ", "As it is allowed to consider the instruments of observation as a kind of prolongation of the sense organs of the observer, I consider the impredictable change of the state by a single observation —in spite of the objective character of the results of every observation and notwithstanding the statistical laws of frequencies of repeated observation under equal conditions— to be *an abandonment of the idea of the isolation (detachment) of the observer from the course of physical events outside himself.*", "\n>\n> To put it in nontechnical common language one can compare the role of the observer in quantum theory with that of a person, who by his freely chosen experimental arrangements and recordings brings forth a considerable ‘trouble’ in nature, without being able to influence its unpredictable outcome and results which afterwards can be objectively checked by everyone.” [", "@Laurikainen88 p. 60] (emphasis added)\n\nBohr’s impossibility to make sense of the quantum formalism in terms of a coherent objective description of physical reality led him very soon to consider QM only as an abstract algorithm which accounted for classical phenomena (see for discussion [@BokulichBokulich]). ", "However, in many papers Bohr could not escape the need to make reference to physical reality and objectivity. ", "That is the reason why he ended up redefining objectivity in terms of [*intersubjectivity*]{} —i.e. the mutual communication of observations by rational agents.[^16]\n\nAccording to the author of this paper, QBism takes Bohr’s stance to its only consistent conclusion when they claim explicitly that “QM does not talk about objective physical reality”. ", "By making explicit their limits, QBism is also helping us to begin to disentangle the quantum omelette. ", "Recalling Jaynes once again: “For, if we cannot separate the subjective and objective aspects of the formalism, we cannot know what we are talking about; it is just that simple.”", "\n\nMarchildon’ Critics\n-------------------\n\nLouis Marchildon [@Marchildon04] describes the general epistemic view “as a way to solve the foundational problems. ", "It does so by denying that the (in this context utterly misnamed) state vector represents the state of a microscopic system.” ", "He adds: “Rather, the state vector represents knowledge about the probabilities of results of measurements performed in a given context with a macroscopic apparatus, that is, information about ‘the potential consequences of our experimental interventions into nature’.” ", "In order to discuss epistemic approaches Marchildon considers what would be “a world for the epistemic view.” ", "This question, proposed by Marchildon, contradicts the very basic stance of such epistemic perspective. ", "As QBists make clear, according to their views: [*there is no world (nor physical reality) related to QM*]{}. ", "Their basic point of departure —like it or not— is the very denial of such an ontological [*relation*]{}.", "\n\nRegardless of the their standpoint, Marchildon reintroduces the ontological debate within epistemic approaches in the following way:\n\n> [“All scientists today believe that macroscopic objects are in some sense made of atoms and molecules or, more fundamentally, of electrons, protons, neutrons, photons, etc. ", "The epistemic view claims that state vectors do not represent states of microscopic objects, but knowledge of probabilities of experimental results. ", "I suggest that with respect to atoms, electrons, and similar entities this can mean broadly either of three things: 1. ", "Micro-objects do not exist \\[27\\]. ", "2. ", "Micro-objects may exist but they have no states. ", "3. ", "Micro-objects may exist and may have states, but attempts at narrowing down their existence or specifying their states are useless, confusing, or methodologically inappropriate.” [", "@Marchildon04 p. 1464]]{}\n\nSo after accepting that the “epistemic view claims that state vectors do not represent states of microscopic objects”, Marchildon suggests to analyze the epistemic view as related to “Micro-objects” anyhow. ", "Even though we agree with Marchildon about the importance of discussing about micro-objects in QM —because we are realists—, we regard this as an inappropriate methodological analysis, for it does not accept the premisses of the perspective under study. ", "If “micro-objects” —according to the epistemic view— is not what QM is talking about, then it seems beyond the proposed scheme to discuss about the existence or nor of such micro-objects as related to the same theory.", "\n\nIn [@Marchildon15], Marchildon addresses more specifically QBism and asks the interesting question: “How can an argument resting on personal preferences eventually move a QBist?” ", "And then, as in [@Marchildon04], he reintroduces once again the question about micro-objects or quantum particles. ", "He continues: “most QBists do not deny the existence of quantum particles (i.e. electrons, photons, etc.). ", "They deny that quantum particles have states, or that these states should be the object of science.” ", "Marchildon poses three different answers to the question forcing QBism to discuss about (ontic) micro-objects. ", "This debate is clearly meaningless from a radical epistemic perspective like the one explicitly assumed by QBism.", "\n\nIt is quite simple, if QBists are to remain consistent, they must remain silent about the existence of ‘quantum particles’ simply because making reference to them would imply the idea that QM makes reference to the micro-world —something we have seen QBists strongly deny. ", "One could of course argue that ‘quantum particles’ are a necessary notion within QM, but that would be a completely different problem which QBists wouldn’t need to address.", "\n\nNauenberg’s Critics\n-------------------\n\nThe criticisms by Michael Nauenberg discussed in [@Nauenberg15] have been responded by Fuchs, Mermin and Schack in [@QBism15]. ", "However, we would like to stress the fact that the conclusion of Nauenberg makes clear he is not discussing QBism at all. ", "Nauenberg argues that: “Contrary to Fuchs et al., ", "quantum theory deals with the objective world as directly as does classical mechanics.” ", "A statement of such certainty makes clear that realism should be not understood as a “belief”, but as a perspective. ", "This is not an argument, it is rather stating a philosophical position and claiming that a different one is simply false.", "\n\nIn the last sentence of their reply to Nauenberg, QBists implore for a true debate within QM. ", "I agree with their remark: “We welcome criticism, but urge critics to pay some attention to what we are saying.” ", "Someone saying “I am a realist, and you are wrong for being a QBist” is not producing any debate, that is simply begging the question.", "\n\nIn Defense of QBism\n-------------------\n\nMorhof, Marchildon and Nauenberg do not respect the premises of QBism, once and again they ask QBists to answer ontological questions they have explicitly left aside right from the start. ", "QBists —like Bohr— are not interested in discussing about physical reality. ", "In fact, as we have seen above, QBism stands on the very denial of the relation between objective reality and QM.", "\n\nPhilosophical perspectives or positions limit explicitly the questions that can be made, the problems that can be addressed. ", "Of course, one might disagree with a particular stance or viewpoint and argue against it. ", "But we should be aware that what produces no results whatsoever is to argue without respecting the presuppositions of our opponent. ", "One cannot ask an instrumentalist to be a realist, or an empiricist to become an idealist, or a QBist to believe that quantum theory talks about the world and reality. ", "A philosophical stance is a guiding line, not something that can be tested in the lab. ", "What really matters in philosophical and foundational debates is the consistent and critical reasoning of ideas and presuppositions, something we have almost lost in the discussions about QM. ", "Exactly this is something which Qbism is helping us to recover.", "\n\nQBism: “Solving” or “Dissolving” (Ontological) Problems?", "\n========================================================\n\nQBism makes clear its own stance, it makes explicit the presuppositions it stands for. ", "This honesty can help us to unscramble at least part of the quantum omelette. ", "By denying any ontological or objective reference of QM to the world and physical reality QBism rejects ontological debates right from the start. ", "This move allows QBism to escape all ontic-problems of QM: the measurement problem, the basis problem, non-locality, non-separability, non-identity, etc. ", "They need not get into these difficult problems because according to them QM simply does not make reference to objective reality. ", "QM works FAPP! ", "And that is enough for QBists.", "\n\nWithin the limits imposed by their radical epistemic perspective, all this is perfectly consistent. ", "However, the strength of QBism, namely, its denial of the relation of QM to physical reality, is also its weakness. ", "Because of this denial, QBism is not falsifiable, it simply cannot be proven to be wrong. ", "Because it says nothing at all about objective reality, the only way to evaluate QBism is in relation to the personal observation of subjects which bet in a quantum casino using a quantum algorithm. ", "But because subjective observations are personal, by definition, there is no possibility of comparing observations in objective —subject independent— terms.", "\n\nQBism is an economy of personal experience, but a personal experience has no reference but itself. ", "It is restricted to each agent. ", "QBism is consistent when it restricts to the beliefs of users gambling in a quantum casino. ", "But gamblings and beliefs cannot be falsified. ", "QBism is completely safe from criticisms simply because it says nothing beyond personal observation, it detaches QM from the world and reality. ", "In this way QBists refuse to explain [*why*]{} ‘quantum clicks’ appear in such a weird non-classical manner. ", "By doing this they dissolve all important and interesting questions that physical thought has produced since the origin itself of the theory of quanta. ", "Taking to its most extreme limit several of the main Bohrian ideas, QBism has turned physics into a solipsistic realm of personal experience in which no falsification can be produced; and even more worrying, where there are no physical problems or debates left. ", "QBism does not solve the problems of QM, it simply dissolves them.", "\n\nThe Importance of Ontological Problems in\\\nQuantum Physics\n==========================================\n\nFor QBists, we have already reached the end of the road. ", "The problems have been (dis)solved. ", "We should stop going to foundational conferences to discuss about QM and its relation to the world and physical reality. ", "For the QBist, the “solution” to all problems is quite simple: “just stop asking those weird metaphysical and ontological questions!” ", "Indeed, QBists are right: the moment you stop, the problems immediately disappear, they vanish. ", "However, we should not forget that it was these same problems, which were discussed all around the world since the very origin of QM —going back to the Solvay meetings—, the same ones that made possible the development of a new amazing experimental and technological era. ", "According to our perspective, it is in fact these ontological problems which have been the true gas of quantum mechanical developments.", "\n\nThe EPR discussions about the meaning of physical reality. ", "Bell’s inequalities, which discuss EPR type experiments and the possibility to represent them through a local-realistic model or hidden variable theory. ", "The 1935 [*gedankenexperiemnt*]{} of Schrödinger which exposes the impossibility to imagine quantum superpositions and entanglement in classical terms —something Paul Dirac had already stressed in 1930 within his famous book [*Principles of Quantum Mechanics*]{}. ", "The Kochen-Specker theorem, which analyzes the limits to the interpretation of projection operators in terms of actual (definite valued) preexistent properties. ", "All these problems and questions presuppose as a standpoint a realist perspective according to which [*QM does relate to physical reality*]{}. ", "It is these problems and questions the ones that allowed us to produce outstanding developments such as quantum teleportation, quantum cryptography and quantum computation.", "\n\nToday we know that Einstein and Bell were wrong to assume that a local-realistic hidden variable model would be able to reproduce the predictions of QM. ", "We have learned about superpositions and entanglement, and we even suspect that Schrödinger’s cat might be even fat![^17] Today we also know that quantum contextuality is intrinsic to the formalism of the theory and we have learned how to deal with mutually incompatible quantum contexts. ", "All we have learnt of quantum information processing cannot be disconnected from EPR and Bell’s analysis, from Schrödinger’s reflections regarding the superpositions or Kochen-Specker type theorems. ", "The teachings that have been produced in the field of foundations and philosophy of QM should not be underestimated.", "\n\nWe believe that physical problems need realism to grow, to flourish. ", "Problems will never grow in the land of QBism. ", "Instrumentalism creates a desert where no physical questions are allowed to see the light. ", "All interesting problems which we have been discussing in the philosophy of science and foundations community for more than a Century —problems which Fuchs thinks are a burden for the taxpayer[^18]— have been in fact the conditions of possibility for the development of a new quantum technological era.", "\n\nQM places us in a crossroad from which we must decide which path to follow (and that makes all the difference). ", "The foundational discussions that have taken place during the last decades are in strict relation to a realist account of the theory. ", "So either you accept that QM talks about the world and reality, and then you have an enormous problem to face, maybe the most important problem in physics of all times: you must clearly explain what is QM telling us about the world and physical reality. ", "Or you can also accept, following QBism, that QM does not make reference to anything but ‘beliefs of users’ and ‘measurement outcomes’, that the theory of quanta is in fact, only an algorithm that computes ‘clicks’ in detectors. ", "The choice of assuming the first path leaves you with an amazing problem to confront: we possess an empirically adequate theory which has produced the most outstanding technical revolution in the 20th Century, which I believe will change drastically our world in the 21st Century, but we still do not know what the theory is talking about in terms of physical reality. ", "The choice of the latter, on the contrary, leaves you with no single problem to address: everything has been already solved FAPP.", "\n\nWhat is important to remark at this point is that you cannot transit through both ontic and epistemic paths at the same time —as Mermin would like to do [@Mermin14b; @Mermin14c]. ", "You simply cannot claim simultaneously, on the one hand, that “QM does not describe physical reality” and on the other hand, that “there is a world which relates to QM”. ", "These are two contradictory statements. ", "Either there exists a [*relation*]{}, and then we are confronted with the problem of trying to find out what [*is*]{} the nature of such relationship. ", "We need to explain the relation. ", "Or, we could also argue, following QBism, that such a relation does not exist. ", "There is no reference whatsoever of the theory to the world and reality. ", "And that is simply the end of the road.", "\n\nThe choice of the path is personal and deals explicitly with the assumption of a philosophical stance. ", "I myself like problems, I find them encouraging, I see them as guiding lines that allow us to keep going. ", "However, whatever choice is made we should be careful not to add more confusion to the quantum omelette already created and still cooked in many papers today. ", "Such omelette, as we have argued above, has been developed from the exclusive discussion and analysis of —mainly— [*pseudoproblems*]{}.", "\n\nFinal Remarks: Physics Back to [*Physis*]{}\n===========================================\n\nSince the Greeks, we physicists and philosophers, have been marveled with the possibility of understanding reality and the world. ", "That is the origin of both physics and philosophy. ", "We might be called dreamers, naive people, but these strange ideas have got us quite far... Sophists, on the contrary, might still believe that subjects, agents or users are the true measure of all ‘clicks’. ", "Both perspectives have fought through centuries, they have become through these battles the kernel of Western thought, maybe two sides of the same coin. ", "But we should not confuse them, for their presuppositions and questions differ in methodology and nature. ", "Their specific problems are in themselves conditions of possibility which imply limits to reasoning. ", "One simply cannot jump from an ontological question into an epistemological answer, as it has been done in the context of the analysis of decoherence; or from an epistemological question into an ontological answer, as we have shown do the main attacks against QBism. ", "I believe that both epistemology and ontology are of deep importance for the development of knowledge. ", "But we have to stop mixing the ontological and epistemological levels of analysis.", "\n\nWe believe that a balance between honesty to state one’s own philosophical presuppositions, and bravery to stand and argue in favor of them, are a basic necessary condition for the production of meaningful academic research. ", "In this respect, standing at the very opposite corner of QBism, we have argued in favor of grounding physics on its own original fundament: [*physis*]{}. ", "QM confronts us with one of the most important problems in the history of science, we might choose to confront it, or we might also want to escape it. ", "We are convinced that the realist has no choice but to stand the fight.", "\n\n> [“The important thing is not to stop questioning. ", "Curiosity has its own reason for existence. ", "One cannot help but be in awe when he contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvelous structure of reality. ", "It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery each day. ", "Never lose a holy curiosity. ... ", "Don’t stop to marvel.” [", "@Einstein55 p. 64]]{}\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nThis work was partially supported by the following grants: FWO project G.0405.08 and FWO-research community W0.030.06. ", "CONICET RES. 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Ferrero and A. van der Merwe (Eds.), ", "Springer, Berlin.", "\n\nZurek, W., 1981, “Pointer Basis of Quantum Apparatus: Into What Mixture Does the Wave Packet Collapse?”, [*", "Physical Review D*]{}, [**24**]{}, 1516.", "\n\nZurek, W., 1982, “Environment-Induced Superselection Rules”, [*Physical Review D*]{}, [**26**]{}, 1862.", "\n\nZurek, W., 2002, “Decoherence and the Transition from Quantum to Classical—Revisited”, [*Los Alamos Science*]{}, [**27**]{}, 2-25.", "\n\n[^1]: Fellow Researcher of the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas.", "\n\n[^2]: The term [*physis*]{} is a Greek theological, philosophical, and scientific term usually translated into English as “Nature”.", "\n\n[^3]: This problem was, of course, present within two main philosophical positions before Kant. ", "Rationalism, with Descartes as its major figure, ended up securing the relation between cogito and reality through the good consciousness of God. ", "The empiricist has exactly the inverse problem in order to describe sensible empiria without reference to metaphysical notions such as identity, causality, etc. ", "In the context of the positivist tradition this problem was revived in the sixties and seventies in terms of the “theory ladenness of physical observation”.", "\n\n[^4]: As remarked by Curd and Cover: “Logical positivism is dead and logical empiricism is no longer an avowed school of philosophical thought. ", "But despite our historical and philosophical distance from logical positivism and empiricism, their influence can be felt. ", "An important part of their legacy is observational-theoretical distinction itself, which continues to play a central role in debates about scientific realism.” [", "@PS p. 1228]\n\n[^5]: Of course a hard core Pythagorean-Platonist could argue against this position and claim that mathematics is in fact related to reality. ", "There is a whole literature which presupposes and debates about such a relationship. ", "Contrary to this metaphysical position, we consider mathematics as a non-representational discipline which is in no way constrained by metaphysical principles or the real world —whatever that might be. ", "It is only physics, which making use of mathematical formalisms, attempts to discuss about physical reality.", "\n\n[^6]: As we shall see, the notion of intersubjectivity is key to Bohr’s approach to QM.", "\n\n[^7]: This idea can be related to Bohr’s correspondence principle and his attempt to provide a rational account of QM in terms of classical physics. ", "See for discussion: [@BokulichCP; @BokulichBokulich].", "\n\n[^8]: Given a quantum system represented by a superposition of more than one term, $\\sum c_i | \\alpha_i \\rangle$, when in contact with an apparatus ready to measure, $|R_0 \\rangle$, QM predicts that system and apparatus will become “entangled” in such a way that the final ‘system + apparatus’ will be described by $\\sum c_i | \\alpha_i \\rangle |R_i \\rangle$. Thus, as a consequence of the quantum evolution, the pointers have also become —like the original quantum system— a superposition of pointers $\\sum c_i |R_i \\rangle$. This is why the [*MP*]{} can be stated as a problem only in the case the original quantum state is described by a superposition of more than one term.", "\n\n[^9]: For example, the following quotation of Bohr is also a subtle part of the omelette: “In our description of nature the purpose is not to disclose the real essence of the phenomena but only to track down, so far as it is possible, relations between the manifold aspects of our experience.” ", "A “description of nature” is simply not the same as the “relations between the manifold aspects of our experience.” ", "While the former implies ontological account, the latter assumes an epistemological one.", "\n\n[^10]: In this respect the Bohrian solution seems to have dissolved the physical reality of one of the relata, namely, QM. ", "This becomes clear from the fact also in the case of Bohr the formalism is regard as an abstract mathematical scheme with no direct reference to a physical representation of reality.", "\n\n[^11]: It should be remarked that the physical meaning of an harmonic oscillator in the context of quantum theory is not at all clear. ", "The notion of harmonic oscillator has a clear meaning in classical physics; however, the exportation of this notion to the quantum realm in not at all “self evident”. ", "If QM does not describe ‘particles’ nor ‘waves’, what is then oscillating?", "\n\n[^12]: Notice that within an epistemological account, “very small” might be considered as superfluous when compared to “very big”; however, this is clearly not the case from an ontological account. ", "From an ontological perspective there is no essential difference between “very big” and “very small”, they both have exactly the same importance.", "\n\n[^13]: The late recognition of this fact by Zurek has lead him to venture into many worlds interpretation in which case there are also serious inconsistencies threatening the project [@DawinThebault15].", "\n\n[^14]: See for a detailed analysis of the relation of Bohr’s philosophy to neo-Kantism [@Kauark].", "\n\n[^15]: Jacobi’s famous remark makes clear the problem: “Without the presupposition \\[of the ‘thing in itself,’\\] I was unable to enter into \\[Kant’s\\] system, but with it I was unable to stay within it.” ", "\\[1787: 223\\] As Schopenahuer would also later on make clear, the category of [*causality*]{} cannot be applied within Kant’s system to noumenic or trascendental reality, which lies of course beyond categorical representation and (objective) experience.", "\n\n[^16]: D’Espagnat [@D'Espagnat06] has called such statements: [*weakly objective*]{} statements. ", "I believe that calling “objective” a notion which does not follow the main requirement of “objectivity” brings a lot of confusion rather than clarification into the debate.", "\n\n[^17]: See in this respect [@Blatter00]. ", "In fact, it becomes increasingly clear that quantum superpositions are telling us something about quantum physical reality even at the macroscopic scale [@Nature15; @NimmrichterHornberger13].", "\n\n[^18]: As argued by Fuchs in [@Fuchs02]: “The issue remains, when will we ever stop burdening the taxpayer with conferences devoted to the quantum foundations?” ", "According to Fuchs what you find in conferences is the following: “Go to any meeting, and it is like being in a holy city in great tumult. ", "You will find all the religions with all their priests pitted in holy war \\[Bohmians, CH, MW, Everettians, etc.\\] They all declare to see the light, the ultimate light. ", "Each tells us that if we will accept their solution as our savior, then we too will see the light. ", "But there has to be something wrong with this! ", "If any of these priests had truly shown the light, there simply would not be the year-after-year conference. ", "The verdict seems clear enough: If we —i.e., the set of people who might be reading this paper— really care about quantum foundations, then it behooves us as a community to ask why these meetings are happening and find a way to put a stop to them.”", "\n" ]

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[ "/*\n This program tries to match a given regular expression with text given as input to stdin.", "\n If the text is a match for the pattern, the program returns 0.", "\n If the text doesn't match the pattern, the program returns -2.", "\n \n This program is used in random testing to test a lot of random text and regex together.", "\n See ./scripts/regex_test.py and the Makefile for this project for the gritty details.", "\n*/\n\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include \"re.h\"\n\n\nint main(int argc, char** argv)\n{\n int length;\n if (argc == 3)\n {\n int m = re_match(argv[1], argv[2], &length);\n if (m !", "= -1) \n return 0;\n }\n else\n {\n printf(\"\\nUsage: %s <PATTERN> <TEXT> \\n\", argv[0]);\n } \n return -2; \n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "decreasing order.", "\n1744, 4, 3, 2/5, 1/5, -4\nSort -2, -1, 2423 in decreasing order.", "\n2423, -1, -2\nPut 0, -17, -5, 2, 5, 6 in descending order.", "\n6, 5, 2, 0, -5, -17\nPut 5, 1, -121 in descending order.", "\n5, 1, -121\nSort -0.02, 1547, 0.3 in decreasing order.", "\n1547, 0.3, -0.02\nSort 3, -5, -55618, 1, 2 in ascending order.", "\n-55618, -5, 1, 2, 3\nPut 3, -1, 2, 36, -19, 6 in descending order.", "\n36, 6, 3, 2, -1, -19\nSort 3, -22, -13, -348, 1, 0 in ascending order.", "\n-348, -22, -13, 0, 1, 3\nSort 3868, 2, -12 in ascending order.", "\n-12, 2, 3868\nSort 0.00241, -20, 0.4.", "\n-20, 0.00241, 0.4\nSort -1/4, -0.942, -1/44, 2/5.", "\n-0.942, -1/4, -1/44, 2/5\nSort -2, 559, 18, 4, -4, 2 in increasing order.", "\n-4, -2, 2, 4, 18, 559\nSort -0.1, -1/33, 4, 0.7, -3 in increasing order.", "\n-3, -0.1, -1/33, 0.7, 4\nSort 4, 11, -528/5, 2.", "\n-528/5, 2, 4, 11\nSort 1, -4, -40, 4, 1.7 in descending order.", "\n4, 1.7, 1, -4, -40\nSort 4, -112838, -2 in ascending order.", "\n-112838, -2, 4\nPut 118, 5, -3, 2 in decreasing order.", "\n118, 5, 2, -3\nPut -11, -108, -7, -5 in descending order.", "\n-5, -7, -11, -108\nSort -3, 11, 5150.", "\n-3, 11, 5150\nSort -1.07, 11.02, -5, -1, -0.5 in decreasing order.", "\n11.02, -0.5, -1, -1.07, -5\nPut 7, -2, 2/599, 0.08, 1/12 in ascending order.", "\n-2, 2/599, 0.08, 1/12, 7\nPut 2/13, -1/4, 5, 23.5 in increasing order.", "\n-1/4, 2/13, 5, 23.5\nPut -58, 5, -0.8, 13 in decreasing order.", "\n13, 5, -0.8, -58\nPut 0.1, 4, -0.08, -1.3499 in ascending order.", "\n-1.3499, -0.08, 0.1, 4\nSort 5, 88, -3, 357 in increasing order.", "\n-3, 5, 88, 357\nPut -7, 4, -2685 in decreasing order.", "\n4, -7, -2685\nPut 2/5, 0.3, 3/108587, 1/6 in decreasing order.", "\n2/5, 0.3, 1/6, 3/108587\nSort 2, 5, -5, -602.", "\n-602, -5, 2, 5\nPut 399, -0.5, 9, -2, -7 in decreasing order.", "\n399, 9, -0.5, -2, -7\nPut -5, 1, -4007 in increasing order.", "\n-4007, -5, 1\nPut -19, 10, -135 in decreasing order.", "\n10, -19, -135\nSort 5, 0, -1980 in descending order.", "\n5, 0, -1980\nSort 10082, -19, -1 in increasing order.", "\n-19, -1, 10082\nSort -4168, 5, 0.5.", "\n-4168, 0.5, 5\nSort 2/27, 1, 1541/6 in increasing order.", "\n2/27, 1, 1541/6\nPut -0.04, 0.08, -4, 0.066, 18 in descending order.", "\n18, 0.08, 0.066, -0.04, -4\nSort 22, -3, 196 in ascending order.", "\n-3, 22, 196\nPut -36/7, 9, 0.98, 0.2 in ascending order.", "\n-36/7, 0.2, 0.98, 9\nSort 0.3, 0, 0.07, 44 in descending order.", "\n44, 0.3, 0.07, 0\nSort -315, 233, -3 in descending order.", "\n233, -3, -315\nSort -0.2, -2/7, 53, 218 in increasing order.", "\n-2/7, -0.2, 53, 218\nSort -6, -0.7, 5/4, -4, -1/8 in decreasing order.", "\n5/4, -1/8, -0.7, -4, -6\nSort 4, -3, 5, -5, -7726 in ascending order.", "\n-7726, -5, -3, 4, 5\nSort -2, 662, -3, 22.", "\n-3, -2, 22, 662\nPut 0.1, -13648, -0.06, -0.1 in increasing order.", "\n-13648, -0.1, -0.06, 0.1\nSort 21, 7, 3, 3/13, -2 in ascending order.", "\n-2, 3/13, 3, 7, 21\nSort -0.26, 897.1, 0.4 in ascending order.", "\n-0.26, 0.4, 897.1\nPut -0.27, -2/183, -6 in increasing order.", "\n-6, -0.27, -2/183\nSort 151, -114, 5, 0, 2 in decreasing order.", "\n151, 5, 2, 0, -114\nPut -0.2, 34, -0.16 in increasing order.", "\n-0.2, -0.16, 34\nSort -1017, -6, -5, 0, -2 in descending order.", "\n0, -2, -5, -6, -1017\nSort 2, -5, 1, 4, -7 in increasing order.", "\n-7, -5, 1, 2, 4\nPut -291, 3, 4, -4, -2 in ascending order.", "\n-291, -4, -2, 3, 4\nPut -86, 21, -1/4, -3 in descending order.", "\n21, -1/4, -3, -86\nPut 3, -2, 75, 29, 15, 5 in increasing order.", "\n-2, 3, 5, 15, 29, 75\nPut -0.5, -75, -2, 3/4, 3, -2/11 in ascending order.", "\n-75, -2, -0.5, -2/11, 3/4, 3\nPut -19, 2/9, 0.07, -81 in decreasing order.", "\n2/9, 0.07, -19, -81\nSort 2/323, 2, 0, 0.098, 0.5.", "\n0, 2/323, 0.098, 0.5, 2\nPut 3/10, 5, -4/401, -40 in ascending order.", "\n-40, -4/401, 3/10, 5\nSort 0.2, 47/20, 1/11, -1, -2/9, 3 in increasing order.", "\n-1, -2/9, 1/11, 0.2, 47/20, 3\nPut 14, 2, -9, -791 in descending order.", "\n14, 2, -9, -791\nPut 175, -347, 0 in decreasing order.", "\n175, 0, -347\nPut -2, 0.1, 1.5, -45, 119 in increasing order.", "\n-45, -2, 0.1, 1.5, 119\nSort 31, 4, 6, 329.", "\n4, 6, 31, 329\nSort -0.001, 91, 7, -0.2.", "\n-0.2, -0.001, 7, 91\nSort 1, 2, -5, 3, 5 in descending order.", "\n5, 3, 2, 1, -5\nSort 2/47, -0.5, 4, -3, 3 in ascending order.", "\n-3, -0.5, 2/47, 3, 4\nPut 4, -1, -13, 6, 264, 3 in ascending order.", "\n-13, -1, 3, 4, 6, 264\nSort -10, 837, -1 in decreasing order.", "\n837, -1, -10\nSort -0.108, -9/4, 18, 0.3, 2, -1 in descending order.", "\n18, 2, 0.3, -0.108, -1, -9/4\nSort 0.1, 48, -5, -6/11, 0.4 in decreasing order.", "\n48, 0.4, 0.1, -6/11, -5\nPut -5, -4, 2, -10/7 in decreasing order.", "\n2, -10/7, -4, -5\nSort 1, 1570, -51 in ascending order.", "\n-51, 1, 1570\nPut -5, -137, 187, 5, 4 in decreasing order.", "\n187, 5, 4, -5, -137\nPut -296, 5, -5, -61 in increasing order.", "\n-296, -61, -5, 5\nPut 4, 7, -291, 3 in increasing order.", "\n-291, 3, 4, 7\nSort 0, -8, -21, -14, 3.", "\n-21, -14, -8, 0, 3\nPut 2, -4, -860 in descending order.", "\n2, -4, -860\nSort -0.2, 4, 73080 in descending order.", "\n73080, 4, -0.2\nSort 456, -336, 1.", "\n-336, 1, 456\nSort 0.2, -0.03, 36675 in descending order.", "\n36675, 0.2, -0.03\nSort -4, -1.2, -73, -0.06.", "\n-73, -4, -1.2, -0.06\nSort -9190, 1, -6.", "\n-9190, -6, 1\nPut 216, 23, -127 in ascending order.", "\n-127, 23, 216\nSort -0.04, 0.3, 5, -99, 4, 2/7 in descending order.", "\n5, 4, 0.3, 2/7, -0.04, -99\nPut 2/397, 3, 4, 12.3, 3/7 in decreasing order.", "\n12.3, 4, 3, 3/7, 2/397\nSort 5, 0.05, -7, -1, 2 in descending order.", "\n5, 2, 0.05, -1, -7\nSort 2275, -1/37, 0.1 in descending order.", "\n2275, 0.1, -1/37\nSort 9, 0, -1410 in decreasing order.", "\n9, 0, -1410\nSort -5, -398, 6 in decreasing order.", "\n6, -5, -398\nSort -122, -2, 26 in ascending order.", "\n-122, -2, 26\nPut -15595, 4, -3 in decreasing order.", "\n4, -3, -15595\nSort -536, 4, 1, 25, 3 in descending order.", "\n25, 4, 3, 1, -536\nSort -5, 1/3, 61, 0.15, 5, -7.", "\n-7, -5, 0.15, 1/3, 5, 61\nPut -170, -5, -19, 4 in decreasing order.", "\n4, -5, -19, -170\nSort -1, -3, 0.0147, 3, 0, 4 in ascending order.", "\n-3, -1, 0, 0.0147, 3, 4\nSort 1/39, -1/22, -38.", "\n-38, -1/22, 1/39\nSort -2/7, -0.3, -1/4, -9, -10 in decreasing order.", "\n-1/4, -2/7, -0.3, -9, -10\nPut 66.3, 0.1, -0.5, -0.35 in increasing order.", "\n-0.5, -0.35, 0.1, 66.3\nSort 5.711, 29, 5/6, 3, -4 in ascending order.", "\n-4, 5/6, 3, 5.711, 29\nSort 12, 595, 5, 6.", "\n5, 6, 12, 595\nSort -21, 34, -4, 9 in increasing order.", "\n-21, -4, 9, 34\nSort -323, -7, -409 in increasing order.", "\n-409, -323, -7\nPut 8, 139, -4, -2 in ascending order.", "\n-4, -2, 8, 139\nSort 357, -15, 8 in decreasing order.", "\n357, 8, -15\nSort 0.039, 3/8, -0.1, 0.48, 4, 0.5 in descending order.", "\n4, 0.5, 0.48, 3/8, 0.039, -0.1\nPut 5, 2, -11, 3, 8 in ascending order.", "\n-11, 2, 3, 5, 8\nSort -5, 1083, -3, 0.01, 0.02.", "\n-5, -3, 0.01, 0.02, 1083\nPut -99792, -5, -4, -3 in ascending order.", "\n-99792, -5, -4, -3\nSort 4, -6, -508, -2/3, -4/7, 0.04.", "\n-508, -6, -2/3, -4/7, 0.04, 4\nPut 88/5, 0.12, 1/3 in increasing order.", "\n0.12, 1/3, 88/5\nSort -4, 1, -1, -11, 381, 16 in descending order.", "\n381, 16, 1, -1, -4, -11\nPut 1/3, -1302, 0.01, 3/7, -4, -3 in decreasing order.", "\n3/7, 1/3, 0.01, -3, -4, -1302\nSort -3, 0.5, -8, 1, 2852/15 in increasing order.", "\n-8, -3, 0.5, 1, 2852/15\nSort -6, -3, 1542.", "\n-6, -3, 1542\nSort -3.8, 0.22, -5, -1.3 in ascending order.", "\n-5, -3.8, -1.3, 0.22\nSort 3, 0, 477914 in ascending order.", "\n0, 3, 477914\nSort 1, -1, -3, -7/3, 13/6 in increasing order.", "\n-3, -7/3, -1, 1, 13/6\nPut 21, -351, -1 in decreasing order.", "\n21, -1, -351\nPut -2, 10, 637, -4 in increasing order.", "\n-4, -2, 10, 637\nPut -2, -495, -0.35 in ascending order.", "\n-495, -2, -0.35\nSort -3, -1, 20, -9/67, 3/8 in decreasing order.", "\n20, 3/8, -9/67, -1, -3\nSort 5, 33/2, -8, -1/7, 2/13 in descending order.", "\n33/2, 5, 2/13, -1/7, -8\nSort 148, -1, -5, -17 in decreasing order.", "\n148, -1, -5, -17\nPut -94909, 3, -2 in increasing order.", "\n-94909, -2, 3\nSort -4002, -4, 1 in decreasing order.", "\n1, -4, -4002\nSort 29, 2/11, -2225 in decreasing order.", "\n29, 2/11, -2225\nPut -4, 1, -3, -167, 4 in descending order.", "\n4, 1, -3, -4, -167\nPut -1, -3, -224, -33, -4, 9 in decreasing order.", "\n9, -1, -3, -4, -33, -224\nSort -7, -3, -1119, 2/17 in increasing order.", "\n-1119, -7, -3, 2/17\nSort 0.4, 0.5, -2/37, -4, 0.15 in ascending order.", "\n-4, -2/37, 0.15, 0.4, 0.5\nPut 5, 167, -2/183 in decreasing order.", "\n167, 5, -2/183\nPut -5, -11, -2, 1, 272 in increasing order.", "\n-11, -5, -2, 1, 272\nPut 1, -0.06, -3, -238, 5/4 in descending order.", "\n5/4, 1, -0.06, -3, -238\nSort 4, 0.3, -3, 4/146893.", "\n-3, 4/146893, 0.3, 4\nPut 4, -4, 2, -997, -5, 3 in decreasing order.", "\n4, 3, 2, -4, -5, -997\nPut 0.5, -11545, 4 in descending order.", "\n4, 0.5, -11545\nSort -737, 1, -3" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n// Name: aga.h\n// Purpose: Gray Controls implementation\n// Author: Stefan Csomor\n// Modified by:\n// Created: 1998-01-01\n// RCS-ID: $Id: aga.h 27408 2004-05-23 20:53:33Z JS $\n// Copyright: (c) Stefan Csomor\n// Licence: wxWindows licence\n/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////\n\n\n// NOT NEEDED ANYMORE" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0010215684305876493 ]

[ "TAKING BACKUP OFFERS. ", "Historic Montford and Highland Park. ", "Four buildings for a total of 18;175 square feet on 1.46 acres. ", "1 Zillicoa Street is 2;478 square feet. ", "15 Zillicoa Street is 649 square feet. ", "17 Zillicoa Street is 1;218 square feet. ", "These three buildings on .68 acres are available as a separate purchase (see CPE 485016). ", "19 Zillicoa Street; known as Homewood; is 13;143 square feet on .78 acres and is also available as a separate purchase (see CPE 485015).DIRECTIONS: North on Montford Avenue to right onto Zillicoa Street. ", "Properties are on the left." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "PS Anna so sorry about the bad reaction to the flu shot, but my doc made me get one too and said it is definitely safer to get it... the flu is picking up speed here in the States. ", "My sister and her husband were down with it all last week. ", "I feel at least a little better knowing I've had the shot and hope I can avoid it the rest of the pregnancy!", "\n\nHi, Pablo you make me laugh, although I was afraid to strain too hard in the beginning too! ", "A stone is 14 pounds by the way. ", "I still am 2 pounds less now than when I did first get pregnant but I definately have an obvious bump now, seems to be growing fast!", "\n\nI have to say Rottpaw I am still waiting for the wonderful honeymoon period to kick in. ", "I am still so tired all the time, and so over emotional and get annoyed so easily. ", "I am also really fed up with having to go to work as it is 10 times harder than usual, and no-one makes allowances for you because you are pregnant and knackered, it winds me up. ", "Sorry rant over. ", "Of course I am delighted to be so far along and getting near V day, but I do not feel blooming and if I do not bloom soon I probably won't\n\nThe heartburn is starting to kick in now, but I have been lucky, no bad constipation since about 10 weeks!", "\n\nI remember you said you still aren't getting the burst of energy that is more typical of 2nd tri. ", "Have they checked your iron levels? ", "The fatigue really did drop off for me and most of those I've spoken with by around 20 weeks, although it does return in third tri. ", "But if you are still feeling so exhausted please make sure they are watching your iron level. ", "I know some folks on these boards that have learned they were anemic after experiencing a lot of fatigue. ", "I hope it gets better for you very soon!", "\n\nThe 2nd tri was my most productive period. ", "Unfortunately but expectedly, I'm starting to find I just can't do as much now that I am 30 weeks. ", "Today I've been home and working on some chores I want to get done before the workweek starts, and I'm having to take frequent breaks in between doing things. ", "Just haven't got the energy to go all day around the house like I usually can.", "\n\nI definitely understand the misery of continuing to work when you're so tired. ", "There were days I literally cried at the prospect of getting up and dragging myself into work and trying to be productive and emotionally stable in front of coworkers. ", "I really, really hope you get a break in the symptoms soon!", "\n\nThanks Rottpaw, I am seeing the midwife next week so I will tell her how I am feeling and see what she says. ", "I am able to pretend I am fine at work mostly, and my OH is used to my crazy tears and mood swings now poor guy lol\n\nthanks ladies for making me feel normal ( the poop thing ). ", "Constipation hasn't been that bad but i've been drinking cherry juice and I think it's helping. ", "Aupuncturist said it helps the blood so I have a glass a day and things have been moving.", "\n\nRottpaw, love that you are getting the nursery together and clothes ready!! ", "You are so close!! ", "Will you work up until ur due date?", "\n\nthe work thing has been weighing heavily on my mind. ", "I run a t shirt shop so i'm on my feet a lot, like 8 hours a day . ", "lm also trying to save up enough $$ to take a year off after baby. ", "So I need to work for as long as I can but wondering how that's going to happen.", "\n\nlucy, I hope the second tri energy boost kicks in soon!!!", "\n\nAFM, feeling MUCH betterr today! ", "Like a whole new person. ", "I am a bit nervous as I get blood results back today for final test of HCG. ", "I feel pretty positive that all is well, but there's always this little voice in the back of your head that says what if . . . . ", "Anyway my mom has her lumpectomy tomorrow for the breast cancer so that helps eep things in perspective.", "\n\nfinally, DH and I have always been pretty active in the bedroom but sice I told him I am pregnant nothing, zilch, nada. ", "Anyone else have this problem? ", "I'm game but hasn't made a move. ", "Could he think you can't have sex while pregnant? ", "Any advice would be much appreciated!!!", "\n\nHi Anna, did have this problem too, at first I was too ill and tired to even think of sex, but when I felt better I had no mojo, and he was worried about doing it with a baby in there. ", "Gradually my mojo is returning and I am able to instigate things, he didn't say no! ", "I think it's normal for sex to go off the boil, we are not doing it much at all, and when you start to get bigger, you have to change the way you do things too! ", "I would just jump on him and see what happens!", "\n\nAlso thanks, I was back at work today and felt fine, clear headed and quite energetic...maybe the glowing bit has begun!", "\n\nawwwwwwwwww twinkle!!!! ", "you are too cute. ", "Hope you get to join us soon!", "\n\nAnna- I have actually refused sex with my husband since I got my BFP.", "\nI have just been too scared and having sex can cause spotting and I am just not emotionally stable enough right now to deal with that Soon though! ", "soon! ", "I am craaaaaaaaaaaaazy horny if I can be so candor. ", "I watched the season premier of the Bachelor last night and OMIGOD when he took his shirt off I nearly died. ", "I actually dreamnt last night I was on a date with him. ", "I think I need to get some nookie. ", "I am waiting to see my doctor next Thursday to get her blessing. ", "I know sex can't cause a mc but last time I was pregnant my spotting started one morning we had sex so I am little 'puck' shy so to speak.", "\n\nSvet, LOL!! ", "I'm horny too! ", "Think i will try Lucy's idea and jump DH. ", "I've been lucky with no spotting, but this morning I nearly freaked when I felt a wave of moisture \"down there\". ", "Just discharge, but my heart sank until I could get to a bathroom. ", "I get the fear you're going through, I think we all do as this journey has been so hard so far. ", "We just don't want to do anything that might jeopardize things.", "\n\nI had a dream last night too but it was about a little girl who was playing in a bucket of snakes. ", "I know sounds twisted but I wonder if the bucket of snakes were all the sperm last cycle, and the little girl is the one I'm carrying??? ", "Where's Skye when you need her???", "\n\nLucy, I'm glad your feeling better. ", "I hope it continues.", "\n\nI feel 100% tonight but totally bloated after dinner. ", "It's funny how much time i have to write at night now that evenings don't include cocktails!", "\n\nAny opinions, advice, statements or other information expressed or made available on BabyandBump.Momtastic.com by users or third parties, including but not limited to bloggers, are solely those of the respective user or other third party. ", "They do not reflect the opinions of BabyandBump.Momtastic.com and they have not been reviewed by a physician, psychologist or parenting expert or any member of the BabyandBump.Momtastic.com staff for accuracy, balance or objectivity. ", "Content and other information presented on BabyandBump.Momtastic.com are not a substitute for professional medical or mental health advice, counseling, diagnosis, or treatment. ", "Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical or mental health advice from your physician or other qualified health provider because of something you have read on BabyandBump.Momtastic.com. ", "BabyandBump.Momtastic.com does not endorse any opinion, advice, statement, product, service or treatment made available on the website. ", "If you think you have a medical emergency, call your doctor or emergency services immediately." ]

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[ "Nebraska: in terms of our species, it is the cradle of humanity. ", "There’s nowhere on Earth where there has been more social progress. ", "The state is on the forefront of free thought and innovation and is in no way a place where people throw new ideas or objective reasoning under the bus in exchange for their own comfort.", "\n\nAs such, the Nebraska Legislature voted to change the state motto, “Equality Before The Law” to “Good Luck With That,” something that represents the forward-thinking mindset that is held so commonly among the state’s residents.", "\n\nGovernor Pete Ricketts expressed his views while signing the bill into law, saying how grateful he was to finally find a change Nebraskans didn’t fear.", "\n\n“As a representative of this state, I want Nebraskans to know that I’m not going to sacrifice the values that haven’t evolved for over 50 years–the ones we hold dear,” Ricketts said. “", "I feel this is necessary to send a clear message that we are a state that believes in traditional values. ", "We’re not going anywhere, and we’ll never get anywhere!”", "\n\nWhen the governor was questioned on a variety of topics, including his unlawful purchasing of lethal injection drugs from India despite Nebraska being a state that cracks down heavily on the illegal substances, Ricketts dodged providing a clear answer.", "\n\n“I’m the governor, so it’s okay,” Ricketts said. “", "But if you want to buy more than an ounce of marijuana, God help you.”", "\n\nRicketts similarly avoided answering why, despite a $900 million budget shortfall, the state was not doing anything to decrease the number of inmates who each cost roughly $40,000 per year to house.", "\n\n“Look, I’m a man of small government and fiscal responsibility,” Ricketts said. “", "I think I speak for all Nebraskans when I say it’s more economical to lock human beings into cages than spend your hard-earned tax dollars on nonsense like healthcare, human services or education.”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIn Javascript is it possible to create an object with dynamic (undetermined) properties/members?", "\n\nI try to achieve this in Javascript:\nvar a = new MyObj();\nconsole.log(a.", "Foo()); // Print Foo\nconsole.log(a[\"Bar\"]()); // Print Bar\n\nBasically, I don't know beforehand the property/member name that is needed, but depends on the calling I return it, a bit similar to C# ExpandoObject (dynamic).", "\nIs it possible to make such an object in Javascript?", "\nNote: I know it is possible to add the properties, however, in my case I do not know beforehand which are needed to add.", "\na.Foo = () => { return \"Foo\"; }\n\nThis is not possible because I don't know Foo will be needed.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou could use a Proxy and implement only a getters by returning a function which is a closure over the key.", "\n\nvar a = new Proxy({ baz: 42 }, {\r\n get: function (target, prop, receiver) {\r\n return prop in target\r\n ? () ", "=> target[prop]\r\n : () => prop;\r\n }\r\n });\r\n\r\nconsole.log(a.", "Foo()); // Foo\r\nconsole.log(a[\"Bar\"]()); // Bar\r\nconsole.log(a.baz()); // 42\n\n" ]

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[ "edible garden companions\n\nTo help disseminate its curriculum to other classes and schools, the Chez Pannise Foundation collected its decade-long experience and teachings into a duo of handbooks: The Garden Companion and The Kitchen Companion. ", "These spiral-bound helpers also collected 10 years worth of teachers’ notes, students’ drawings, photos taken (gasp!) ", "before digital cameras were around, and drawings commissioned specifically for this project, and presented a special challenge in shaping all those visual bits into a cohesive look. ", "Combined with bright colors, the result is a friendly and inviting landscape for educators to continue the work of Berkeley’s Edible Schoolyard." ]

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[ "Friday, December 17, 2010\n\nNaseeb\n\nWe were sent home from school early due to the sandstorm. ", "I exited the microbus and saw the most beautiful gray kitty walking along the curb. ", "It seemed to elegantly navigate through the freezing wind. ", "I didn't even worry for him as we passed each other. ", "I worried for my boy. ", "I hurried him home and got him inside.", "\n\nThe next morning, the sun shone so brillantly---as if the miserable day before had never happened! ", "Except, while walking along the street, I saw the proof.", "\n\nThere was the dead body of the little kitty.", "\n\nI gasped.", "\n\nIt must have died just after we saw it.", "\n\nI didn't know it would die.", "\n\nEven if I had known, there is no way I can save every helpless kitty in Cairo.", "\n\nI didn't cry. ", "I couldn't! ", "I had my son's hand in mine and a taxi to catch.", "\n\nI ride taxis to and from school. ", "Sometimes, we catch a ride home with a co-worker. ", "Sometimes (if I'm feeling brave) we jump on a crowded city bus. ", "As stressful as it is to find a ride home, it's actually less stressful than riding the school bus.", "\n\nOn that day after the storm, I felt blessed to have a white taxi at the end of the school's drive. ", "YES! ", "White taxis are newer, cleaner, and usally have Quran playing on their stereo system. ", "A white taxi also means a reliable meter which shows the exact money owed. ", "It makes life easier on me.", "\n\nHowever, for the first time ever, this taxi driver didn't have 2.50 pounds on his meter when I jumped in. ", "He had 3.50. ", "I sat there explaining to him in Arabic that he was wrong. ", "I was nice but firm. ", "No, I tried to tell him over the loud music, I wasn't going to pay an extra pound. ", "He had to change it or it was, \"zolm,\" unfair.", "\n\nSo, there we were trying to come to an agreement, when a speeding car going the wrong way zoomed past us, went up on two wheels and then crashed into the meridan strip.", "\n\nIf...\n\nI mean, what if the meter had said the right amount? ", "We wouldn't have been sitting alongside the road. ", "We would have been on the road and in the way of the speeding car. ", "And...\n\nalhumdulillah.", "\n\nThat's what I said to the man next. ", "I said, \"Alhumdulillah\". ", "I told him in Arabic that he was fine and I was fine---thanks be to God so let's get out of here.", "\n\n.", "\n\nGain Peace\n\nGain Peace is a not-for-profit organization with the goal to educate the public about Islam and to clarify many misconceptions they may hold.", "\n\nTo this effect, Gain Peace has innitiated a toll-free telephone line: 1-800-662-ISLAM where anyone can call between 9:00 am and 9:00 pm to ask questions related to Islam, request for a visit to the mosque and order a free Quran and Islamic literature.", "\n\nGain Peace has speakers who are available to discuss various topics related to the faith of Islam. ", "Islamic information booths, messages about Islam on buses, billboards, trains, radio and TV stations by Gain Peace are additional venues for sharing the teachings of Islam with our fellow citizens.", "\n\nThose who are new to Islam, reverts to Islam, are provided educational, social, spiritual and moral support. ", "Classes for new Muslims are held by Gain Peace in various cities. ", "For more about Gain Peace and its activies please contact info@GainPeace.com" ]

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[ "The Throw-In: The Cafetero revolution continues\n\nSit back and pour yourself a cup of medium roast, because there’s a revolution going in MLS – and you may not have even noticed.", "\n\nIt’s a bit of a throwback to the beginning of the league, in fact. ", "Only this time, it’s a huge opportunity for MLS’ future.", "\n\nOver the past four seasons, MLS clubs have been slowly stocking their rosters with Colombians. ", "As of Thursday, 13 Cafeteros were on rosters across the league; a handful of others are trialing with various teams, looking to impress coaches.", "\n\nIt’s a safe bet that most of those 13 – if not all – will make opening-day rosters, and reasonably safe to assume that number will grow before First Kick. ", "Very quietly, that represents the biggest number of Colombians ever in the league at one time (and that's without including Colombian-Americans Juan Agudelo and Francisco Navas Cobo). ", "And that is a very big deal.", "\n\n[inline_node:327630]When someone mentions Colombians in MLS, you’ll likely no doubt picture images of Juan Pablo Angel and Fredy Montero burying the ball in the back of the net.", "\n\nWhy is that remarkable? ", "Because even as recently as five years ago, the idea of Colombians in MLS prompted a trip down memory lane. ", "You’d likely think of swashbuckling Carlos Valderrama, smash-and-grab artist Leonel Álvarez and perhaps midfield quarterback Óscar Pareja – in most cases, guys who hung up their cleats a decade ago.", "\n\nAnd that’s all fine and good. ", "MLS spent a pretty penny to bring in some eye-catching Colombian talent in the early years, which netted players with World Cup and Copa América experience. ", "The Colombian national team was highly touted leading into the 1994 World Cup, and many of those players were recognizable to the American audience.", "\n\nMore Colombians came right behind them after seeing their countrymen have some success, guys like Diego Cerna, Carlos Llamosa, John Wilmar Pérez and Johnny Torres. ", "In fact, by 2000 and ’01, the league enjoyed a dozen Colombians running around MLS pitches.", "\n\nBut those guys are long gone. ", "In fact, Colombians all but disappeared from the league as recently as five years ago as Colombian soccer hit one of the lowest points in its history.", "\n\nThat all changed in 2007, the earliest days of the New Colombian Revolution. ", "For one, Ángel arrived as a Designated Player from Aston Villa. ", "But ironically, he wasn’t the catalyst. ", "In fact, JPA more matched the profile of the earlier guys: a proven star who hacked it in Europe and came into MLS with a pedigree.", "\n\nIt was the unknown quantities who followed around the same time that marked the beginning of the trend: Juan Toja and Wilman Conde in ’07 and Olave a year later – and then the floodgates opened. ", "Skilled, effective Colombians have come in and almost immediately seized regular spots all over the league.", "\n\n“Our players can do a little of everything,” says Colombian-born former US international Llamosa, who still associates more with his homeland from a sporting point of view. “", "Our defenders are strong and fast, and their physical skills match this league. ", "Our playmakers and forwards are very technical and smart with ball – they know how to best use one or two touches.”", "\n\n“The state of Colombian soccer is not the best right now,” explains MLS original Diego Gutiérrez, one of six Colombians who were part of the league’s inaugural season. “", "A lot of clubs have gone belly up and their finances are in disarray. ", "The only way to balance books is to sell their assets.”", "\n\nIndeed, even though the Colombian economy is holding strong, the nation’s soccer has been hit hard. ", "And that's due in large part to the crackdown on Colombia’s drug cartels, many of whom once held enormous influence over the power clubs like América de Cali, Atlético Nacional and Millonarios.", "\n\nAnd that’s where MLS has been given a golden opportunity to strike. ", "Gutiérrez, in his new role as head of scouting and player development for the Philadelphia Union, helped hand-deliver the signatures of countrymen Faryd Mondragón and Carlos Valdés to the club. ", "Those are just two of the new Colombian faces entering the league this year, and Gutiérrez says the cat is out of the bag with all 18 MLS clubs.", "\n\n“Now, it’s more the case that the Colombian player within Latin America offers a unique package and value,” he says. “", "They can adapt and accommodate to any culture – a lot are bilingual, a lot have played in other leagues in South America and Mexico. ", "Yet their value in the market is inexpensive, and they fit [MLS] well.”", "\n\nThis is why, for instance, MLS clubs were able to swoop in for former Deportivo Cali players like Montero, Olave, Hurtado and Jair Benitez. ", "It’s why Conde was available from floundering Millonarios. ", "It’s also why the Union were able to scoop up flowering young talents like Valdés and Roger Torres from teams who were desperate to get out of the red.", "\n\nMLS is the better for it. ", "Those players represent the best of what Colombian soccer has to offer: tactically sound players who still boast some of that South American flair. ", "But more importantly, they’re smart, adaptable guys who take little time to get accustomed to the pace and physicality of MLS. ", "They help raise the level of play in the league, and provide some pretty dandy fireworks to boot.", "\n\n“In Colombia, they see this as an important league,” says Llamosa, now an assistant coach at Chivas USA. “", "Players see the level of success of guys like Olave, Ferreira and Benítez, and they think, ‘I can make it there, too.’”", "\n\nThe revolution continues.", "\n\nJonah Freedman is the managing editor of MLSsoccer.com. “", "The Throw-In” appears every Thursday." ]

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[ "This section is intended to provide a background or context to the invention that is recited in the claims. ", "The description herein may include concepts that could be pursued, but are not necessarily ones that have been previously conceived or pursued. ", "Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, what is described in this section is not prior art to the description and claims in this application and is not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.", "\nThe availability of off-the-shelf, inexpensive switches/routers/gateways allows individuals to set up their own computer network in minutes. ", "As a result, the number of networks has grown exponentially, particularly due to the surging popularity of Wi-Fi. ", "As the number of wireless networks increases, there is increased likelihood of overlapping of such networks, geographically and temporally. ", "Often, users encounter multiple Wi-Fi networks covering the same area at the same time, and the user has to choose which one to use." ]

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[ "Do you like the idea of living in the moment?", "\n\nHow can we do that — live in the moment, in the present, in the here and the now? ", "Buddha had a lot to say on the subject, and in this age of distraction, depression, and worry there seems to be both great interest in and need for his advice. ", "Personally, I have found Buddha’s teachings on impermanence really practical in solving a lot of otherwise seemingly intractable problems or unpleasant feelings; so I want to share some thoughts here.", "\n\nHow much energy do you put into the present?", "\n\nFirst, a question to ask ourselves:\n\nHow much energy do I spend dwelling in the past or thinking about the future?", "\n\n50%? ", "80%? ", "90%?!", "\n\nInstead of being present and discovering the beauty and fullness of the moment, we seem to spend an inordinate amount of time dwelling in the past (living in its shadow) or worrying about the future. ", "Perhaps most of our energy? ", "When we are on our commute, are we in our hearts focusing on the people around us in the here and now, developing love for example — or are we in our heads contemplating what a mess we made at work yesterday and/or worrying about all the things we have to get done this week? ", "Even when we are out supposedly enjoying ourselves in a beautiful place, are we nostalgically missing the last time we came to this place with someone now gone and/or longing for a chance to show someone this place later?", "\n\nWe are constantly distracting ourselves from what is going on right under our noses! ", "We don’t need the advertising industry to take us away from our enjoyment of life as it happens (“you’ll only be truly happy once you get this new car/perfume/iPad” ie, in the future) — we do it to ourselves all the time.", "\n\nI remember when I first came to America and was watching a Roseanne episode in a motel room. ", "I had what seemed like about 4 minutes to get into it before the show broke for loud ads – that interruption was unwelcome enough (in England the ads were not quite as frequent or long-lasting), but then I noticed that the ads were for, guess what, the NEXT episode of Roseanne!! ", "So, rather than just absorbing into the Roseanne in the here and now, I was distracted by the anticipation of the real enjoyment coming in tomorrow night’s no doubt more fulfilling episode.", "\n\nTo me, that postponement of joy to the endlessly receding horizons of future Roseanne episodes, even while I already had a show running right in front of me, illustrated the disconnection caused by our own distracted mind as we sleepwalk through the day wondering what is coming next.", "\n\nNext question…\n\nWhat would happen if all that 50%? ", "80%? ", "90% of energy was freed to focus on enjoying the present moment?! ", "How alive could we become?", "\n\nLiving in the past or future is not really being alive because — bottom line — there is no past or future to live in. ", "When we learn to let go of the past and stop procrastinating into the future we connect to the depth and meaning of the present moment, the only moment there is.", "\n\nRecreating the past in the present\n\nBefore we can live a life more centered in the present, we first have to learn to let go of the past. ", "This doesn’t mean forgetting what has happened – it means letting go of the emotional baggage that we have accumulated in our many experiences. ", "In a way our mind has been conditioned to think and act in a certain way, and we bring all of this into our life today. ", "It is as if we allow our past to recreate itself in the present moment.", "\n\nLet’s say for example that many years ago we had a relationship that came to a sad end (has anyone not been in this position?!) ", "Maybe we still feel that pain today whenever that person appears to our mind, and — judging by how many sad songs, websites, and so on there are about broken hearts — maybe great pain. ", "And the question comes, “Why, when that relationship ended so long ago and is past — it doesn’t exist anymore — do I still feel pain or anger or hurt or loss when I think of it?”", "\n\nThe reason is that we are recreating the past in the present. ", "The problem isn’t what happened in the past but what is happening right now. ", "Dragging the past into the present, reliving it as it were, is a bad habit we have, which will flavor our mind with sadness and condition other friendships. ", "Holding on like this makes it very hard for us to do anything really new or fresh in our life, and it casts a shadow over our joy.", "\n\nSome years ago I remember asking an older friend about how long she thought it would take me to get over a break-up. ", "She shrugged, “You never do completely.” ", "As she had gotten divorced over 20 years previously, I was somewhat horrified to hear this; and it had the salutary effect of making me more determined than ever. ", "This is because, as I said to her:\n\nYou never do completely?!!! ", "Hmmmm. ", "I intend to get over this completely. ", "Otherwise grief will pile upon grief as life goes on, won’t it? ", "Everyone will end up sadder at the end of their lives.", "\n\nAnd this is when I got very interested in Buddha’s teachings on subtle impermanence as a powerful method to counteract these stale habits, replacing them with a day by day happiness to be alive.", "\n\nContinued here …\n\nLike this? ", "Please share it: Facebook\n\nTwitter\n\nReddit\n\nPrint\n\nEmail\n\nPocket\n\nLinkedIn\n\nTumblr\n\nPinterest\n\nWhatsApp\n\nSkype\n\nLike this: Like Loading... Related" ]

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[ "Per NFL Network Insider Ian Rapoport, New York would seek a first-round pick and then some if they were looking to deal their star player. ", "Given that hefty price tag, and the massive contract extension a team would then have to dole out to Beckham, a trade seems unlikely." ]

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[ "Blog\n\nA few weeks ago I went to visit a pop up store in one of the spaces above Le Marche St.George, a lovely place to visit for a cup of coffee. ", "I just had to buy something ...... ANYTHING!!!...... ", "in order to get a piece of the beauty I snapped up a linen cloth and some pictures of the incredibly beautiful space. ", "Patricia Larsen is a veteran behind the styling and she also makes those lovely clothes. ", "Her daughters Klee and Janaki provide some of the most beautiful art and pottery pieces. ", "Stunning." ]

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[ "#ifdef LTC_HMAC\ntypedef struct Hmac_state {\n hash_state md;\n int hash;\n hash_state hashstate;\n unsigned char *key;\n} hmac_state;\n\nint hmac_init(hmac_state *hmac, int hash, const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen);\nint hmac_process(hmac_state *hmac, const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen);\nint hmac_done(hmac_state *hmac, unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\nint hmac_test(void);\nint hmac_memory(int hash, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen, \n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\nint hmac_memory_multi(int hash, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen,\n const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen, ...);\nint hmac_file(int hash, const char *fname, const unsigned char *key,\n unsigned long keylen, \n unsigned char *dst, unsigned long *dstlen);\n#endif\n\n#ifdef LTC_OMAC\n\ntypedef struct {\n int cipher_idx, \n buflen,\n blklen;\n unsigned char block[MAXBLOCKSIZE],\n prev[MAXBLOCKSIZE],\n Lu[2][MAXBLOCKSIZE];\n symmetric_key key;\n} omac_state;\n\nint omac_init(omac_state *omac, int cipher, const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen);\nint omac_process(omac_state *omac, const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen);\nint omac_done(omac_state *omac, unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\nint omac_memory(int cipher, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen,\n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\nint omac_memory_multi(int cipher, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen,\n const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen, ...);\nint omac_file(int cipher, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const char *filename, \n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\nint omac_test(void);\n#endif /* LTC_OMAC */\n\n#ifdef LTC_PMAC\n\ntypedef struct {\n unsigned char Ls[32][MAXBLOCKSIZE], /* L shifted by i bits to the left */\n Li[MAXBLOCKSIZE], /* value of Li [current value, we calc from previous recall] */\n Lr[MAXBLOCKSIZE], /* L * x^-1 */\n block[MAXBLOCKSIZE], /* currently accumulated block */\n checksum[MAXBLOCKSIZE]; /* current checksum */\n\n symmetric_key key; /* scheduled key for cipher */\n unsigned long block_index; /* index # for current block */\n int cipher_idx, /* cipher idx */\n block_len, /* length of block */\n buflen; /* number of bytes in the buffer */\n} pmac_state;\n\nint pmac_init(pmac_state *pmac, int cipher, const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen);\nint pmac_process(pmac_state *pmac, const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen);\nint pmac_done(pmac_state *pmac, unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\n\nint pmac_memory(int cipher, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const unsigned char *msg, unsigned long msglen,\n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\n\nint pmac_memory_multi(int cipher, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen,\n const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen, ...);\n\nint pmac_file(int cipher, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const char *filename, \n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\n\nint pmac_test(void);\n\n/* internal functions */\nint pmac_ntz(unsigned long x);\nvoid pmac_shift_xor(pmac_state *pmac);\n\n#endif /* PMAC */\n\n#ifdef LTC_EAX_MODE\n\n#if !(", "defined(LTC_OMAC) && defined(LTC_CTR_MODE))\n #error LTC_EAX_MODE requires LTC_OMAC and CTR\n#endif\n\ntypedef struct {\n unsigned char N[MAXBLOCKSIZE];\n symmetric_CTR ctr;\n omac_state headeromac, ctomac;\n} eax_state;\n\nint eax_init(eax_state *eax, int cipher, const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const unsigned char *nonce, unsigned long noncelen,\n const unsigned char *header, unsigned long headerlen);\n\nint eax_encrypt(eax_state *eax, const unsigned char *pt, unsigned char *ct, unsigned long length);\nint eax_decrypt(eax_state *eax, const unsigned char *ct, unsigned char *pt, unsigned long length);\nint eax_addheader(eax_state *eax, const unsigned char *header, unsigned long length);\nint eax_done(eax_state *eax, unsigned char *tag, unsigned long *taglen);\n\nint eax_encrypt_authenticate_memory(int cipher,\n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const unsigned char *nonce, unsigned long noncelen,\n const unsigned char *header, unsigned long headerlen,\n const unsigned char *pt, unsigned long ptlen,\n unsigned char *ct,\n unsigned char *tag, unsigned long *taglen);\n\nint eax_decrypt_verify_memory(int cipher,\n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const unsigned char *nonce, unsigned long noncelen,\n const unsigned char *header, unsigned long headerlen,\n const unsigned char *ct, unsigned long ctlen,\n unsigned char *pt,\n unsigned char *tag, unsigned long taglen,\n int *stat);\n\n int eax_test(void);\n#endif /* EAX MODE */\n\n#ifdef LTC_OCB_MODE\ntypedef struct {\n unsigned char L[MAXBLOCKSIZE], /* L value */\n Ls[32][MAXBLOCKSIZE], /* L shifted by i bits to the left */\n Li[MAXBLOCKSIZE], /* value of Li [current value, we calc from previous recall] */\n Lr[MAXBLOCKSIZE], /* L * x^-1 */\n R[MAXBLOCKSIZE], /* R value */\n checksum[MAXBLOCKSIZE]; /* current checksum */\n\n symmetric_key key; /* scheduled key for cipher */\n unsigned long block_index; /* index # for current block */\n int cipher, /* cipher idx */\n block_len; /* length of block */\n} ocb_state;\n\nint ocb_init(ocb_state *ocb, int cipher, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen, const unsigned char *nonce);\n\nint ocb_encrypt(ocb_state *ocb, const unsigned char *pt, unsigned char *ct);\nint ocb_decrypt(ocb_state *ocb, const unsigned char *ct, unsigned char *pt);\n\nint ocb_done_encrypt(ocb_state *ocb, \n const unsigned char *pt, unsigned long ptlen,\n unsigned char *ct, \n unsigned char *tag, unsigned long *taglen);\n\nint ocb_done_decrypt(ocb_state *ocb, \n const unsigned char *ct, unsigned long ctlen,\n unsigned char *pt, \n const unsigned char *tag, unsigned long taglen, int *stat);\n\nint ocb_encrypt_authenticate_memory(int cipher,\n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const unsigned char *nonce, \n const unsigned char *pt, unsigned long ptlen,\n unsigned char *ct,\n unsigned char *tag, unsigned long *taglen);\n\nint ocb_decrypt_verify_memory(int cipher,\n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const unsigned char *nonce, \n const unsigned char *ct, unsigned long ctlen,\n unsigned char *pt,\n const unsigned char *tag, unsigned long taglen,\n int *stat);\n\nint ocb_test(void);\n\n/* internal functions */\nvoid ocb_shift_xor(ocb_state *ocb, unsigned char *Z);\nint ocb_ntz(unsigned long x);\nint s_ocb_done(ocb_state *ocb, const unsigned char *pt, unsigned long ptlen,\n unsigned char *ct, unsigned char *tag, unsigned long *taglen, int mode);\n\n#endif /* LTC_OCB_MODE */\n\n#ifdef LTC_CCM_MODE\n\n#define CCM_ENCRYPT 0\n#define CCM_DECRYPT 1\n\nint ccm_memory(int cipher,\n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n symmetric_key *uskey,\n const unsigned char *nonce, unsigned long noncelen,\n const unsigned char *header, unsigned long headerlen,\n unsigned char *pt, unsigned long ptlen,\n unsigned char *ct,\n unsigned char *tag, unsigned long *taglen,\n int direction);\n\nint ccm_test(void);\n\n#endif /* LTC_CCM_MODE */\n\n#if defined(LRW_MODE) || defined(LTC_GCM_MODE)\nvoid gcm_gf_mult(const unsigned char *a, const unsigned char *b, unsigned char *c);\n#endif\n\n\n/* table shared between GCM and LRW */\n#if defined(LTC_GCM_TABLES) || defined(LRW_TABLES) || ((defined(LTC_GCM_MODE) || defined(LTC_GCM_MODE)) && defined(LTC_FAST))\nextern const unsigned char gcm_shift_table[];\n#endif\n\n#ifdef LTC_GCM_MODE\n\n#define GCM_ENCRYPT 0\n#define GCM_DECRYPT 1\n\n#define LTC_GCM_MODE_IV 0\n#define LTC_GCM_MODE_AAD 1\n#define LTC_GCM_MODE_TEXT 2\n\ntypedef struct { \n symmetric_key K;\n unsigned char H[16], /* multiplier */\n X[16], /* accumulator */\n Y[16], /* counter */\n Y_0[16], /* initial counter */\n buf[16]; /* buffer for stuff */\n\n int cipher, /* which cipher */\n ivmode, /* Which mode is the IV in? */", "\n mode, /* mode the GCM code is in */\n buflen; /* length of data in buf */\n\n ulong64 totlen, /* 64-bit counter used for IV and AAD */\n pttotlen; /* 64-bit counter for the PT */\n\n#ifdef LTC_GCM_TABLES\n unsigned char PC[16][256][16] /* 16 tables of 8x128 */\n#ifdef LTC_GCM_TABLES_SSE2\n__attribute__ ((aligned (16)))\n#endif\n;\n#endif \n} gcm_state;\n\nvoid gcm_mult_h(gcm_state *gcm, unsigned char *I);\n\nint gcm_init(gcm_state *gcm, int cipher,\n const unsigned char *key, int keylen);\n\nint gcm_reset(gcm_state *gcm);\n\nint gcm_add_iv(gcm_state *gcm, \n const unsigned char *IV, unsigned long IVlen);\n\nint gcm_add_aad(gcm_state *gcm,\n const unsigned char *adata, unsigned long adatalen);\n\nint gcm_process(gcm_state *gcm,\n unsigned char *pt, unsigned long ptlen,\n unsigned char *ct,\n int direction);\n\nint gcm_done(gcm_state *gcm, \n unsigned char *tag, unsigned long *taglen);\n\nint gcm_memory( int cipher,\n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const unsigned char *IV, unsigned long IVlen,\n const unsigned char *adata, unsigned long adatalen,\n unsigned char *pt, unsigned long ptlen,\n unsigned char *ct, \n unsigned char *tag, unsigned long *taglen,\n int direction);\nint gcm_test(void);\n\n#endif /* LTC_GCM_MODE */\n\n#ifdef LTC_PELICAN\n\ntypedef struct pelican_state\n{\n symmetric_key K;\n unsigned char state[16];\n int buflen;\n} pelican_state;\n\nint pelican_init(pelican_state *pelmac, const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen);\nint pelican_process(pelican_state *pelmac, const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen);\nint pelican_done(pelican_state *pelmac, unsigned char *out);\nint pelican_test(void);\n\nint pelican_memory(const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen,\n unsigned char *out);\n\n#endif\n\n#ifdef LTC_XCBC\n\n/* add this to \"keylen\" to xcbc_init to use a pure three-key XCBC MAC */\n#define LTC_XCBC_PURE 0x8000UL\n\ntypedef struct {\n unsigned char K[3][MAXBLOCKSIZE],\n IV[MAXBLOCKSIZE];\n\n symmetric_key key;\n\n int cipher,\n buflen,\n blocksize;\n} xcbc_state;\n\nint xcbc_init(xcbc_state *xcbc, int cipher, const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen);\nint xcbc_process(xcbc_state *xcbc, const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen);\nint xcbc_done(xcbc_state *xcbc, unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\nint xcbc_memory(int cipher, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen,\n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\nint xcbc_memory_multi(int cipher, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen,\n const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen, ...);\nint xcbc_file(int cipher, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const char *filename, \n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\nint xcbc_test(void);\n\n#endif\n\n#ifdef LTC_F9_MODE\n\ntypedef struct {\n unsigned char akey[MAXBLOCKSIZE],\n ACC[MAXBLOCKSIZE],\n IV[MAXBLOCKSIZE];\n\n symmetric_key key;\n\n int cipher,\n buflen,\n keylen,\n blocksize;\n} f9_state;\n\nint f9_init(f9_state *f9, int cipher, const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen);\nint f9_process(f9_state *f9, const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen);\nint f9_done(f9_state *f9, unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\nint f9_memory(int cipher, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen,\n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\nint f9_memory_multi(int cipher, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen,\n const unsigned char *in, unsigned long inlen, ...);\nint f9_file(int cipher, \n const unsigned char *key, unsigned long keylen,\n const char *filename, \n unsigned char *out, unsigned long *outlen);\nint f9_test(void);\n\n#endif\n\n\n/* $Source$ */\n/* $Revision$ */\n/* $Date$ */\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Big Ghoul\n\nThe Grand'Goule or Big Ghoul is a folklore dragon that continues to be celebrated in the Poitou region in France.", "\n\nIn 2016 a nightclub named after the dragon stood accused in the death of an inebriated patron bouncers had ejected who subsequently stumbled off a nearby cliff.", "\n\nA choir named after the dragon has a long history.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Folklore" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to make Search hint textbox background same as textbox background\n\nI have search hint textbox\n <TextBox \n TextChanged=\"textboxsearch_TextChanged\"\n Grid.", "Column=\"4\" Margin=\"0,0,10,10\" Height=\"22\" >\n <TextBox.", "Style>\n <Style TargetType=\"TextBox\">\n <Style.", "Triggers>\n <Trigger Property=\"Text\" Value=\"\">\n <Setter Property=\"Background\" Value=\"{StaticResource SearchHint}\" />\n </Trigger>\n <Trigger Property=\"IsKeyboardFocused\" Value=\"True\">\n <Setter Property=\"Background\" Value=\"White\" />\n </Trigger>\n </Style.", "Triggers>\n <Setter Property=\"VerticalAlignment\" Value=\"Bottom\"/>\n </Style>\n </TextBox.", "Style>\n </TextBox>\n\nhere is SearchHint style\n <VisualBrush x:Key=\"SearchHint\" Stretch=\"None\">\n <VisualBrush.", "Visual>\n <TextBox FontStyle=\"Italic\" Background=\"White\" Foreground=\"Gray\" Text=\"Enter search text…\" />\n </VisualBrush.", "Visual>\n </VisualBrush>\n\nThe search box back ground is filled by the searchhint style. ", "The problem I have now is how can I make the width of the visual brush fill the size of the textbox. ", "Right now it fills only a portion of the textbox. ", "\nThe Text=\"Enter search text…\" has a white background but the rest of the textbox is gray. ", "I wanted to have a white background with gray hint text.", "\n\nA:\n\nGive the TextBox in the VisualBrush a large padding (to the right), and give the VisualBrush a left alignment:\n<VisualBrush x:Key=\"SearchHint\" Stretch=\"None\" AlignmentX=\"Left\">\n <VisualBrush.", "Visual>\n <TextBox FontStyle=\"Italic\" Background=\"White\" Foreground=\"Gray\" Text=\"Enter search text…\" \n Padding=\"0,0,1000,0\" />\n </VisualBrush.", "Visual>\n</VisualBrush>\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nPygame - Python - 360-degree angle on a cube, cursor / pointer / mouse orientation\n\nI am trying to solve this problem of the angle, I noticed that there are two 0,0 in the coordinates, maybe that is what is preventing the cube from making a 360 degree turn, follows the video and the code.", "\nCan someone help me?", "\nvideo here\nimport pygame\nimport sys\nimport os\nimport math\n\ndef main():\n pygame.init()\n\n clock = pygame.time.", "Clock()\n screen = pygame.display.set_mode([1000, 500])\n pygame.display.set_caption('Example 1')\n\n player = pygame.image.load(os.path.join('img', 'rect.png')).convert_alpha() #path to cube ./img/rect.png\n\n pygame.font.init()\n\n font = pygame.font.get_default_font()\n font_angle = pygame.font.", "SysFont(font, 44, True)\n\n while True:\n for event in pygame.event.get():\n if event.type == pygame.", "QUIT:\n pygame.quit()\n sys.exit()\n\n clock.tick(60)\n screen.fill((255, 255, 255)) #screen background color\n\n player_rect = player.get_rect() #player rect (for center position)\n\n mouse_x, mouse_y = pygame.mouse.get_pos() #mouse position (x, y)\n\n #to define angle - start\n hypo = math.sqrt(math.pow(mouse_x - (player_rect[0] + player_rect.centerx), 2) +\n math.pow(mouse_y - (player_rect[1] + player_rect.centery), 2))\n\n cos = (mouse_x - (player_rect[0] + player_rect.centerx)) / hypo\n sin = (mouse_y - (player_rect[1] + player_rect.centery)) / hypo\n\n angle = (180 / math.pi) * - math.atan2(sin, cos)\n #end\n\n newplayer = pygame.transform.rotate(player, angle) #rotate cube\n\n screen.blit(newplayer, [300, 100]) #show cube in screen\n\n text = font_angle.render(str(\"%.2f\" % angle), 1, (255, 0, 0)) #show angle in mouse position\n\n screen.blit(text, ((mouse_x+20), mouse_y)) #show text\n\n pygame.display.update() #update frames\n\nmain()\n\nA:\n\nYou can just subtract the player_rect.centerx position from the mouse_x position (the same for y) and pass it to math.atan2:\ndist_x = mouse_x - player_rect.centerx\ndist_y = mouse_y - player_rect.centery\nangle = -math.degrees(math.atan2(dist_y, dist_x))\n\nCreate the rect before the while loop starts and pass the desired center coordinates. ", "Use get_rect to create a new rect after the image is rotated and pass the center coords of the previous rect to keep it centered. ", "And blit the image at the player_rect (that means at its topleft coordinates).", "\nimport pygame\nimport sys\nimport os\nimport math\n\ndef main():\n pygame.init()\n clock = pygame.time.", "Clock()\n screen = pygame.display.set_mode([1000, 500])\n\n # player = pygame.image.load(os.path.join('img', 'rect.png')).convert_alpha() #path to cube ./img/rect.png\n player = pygame.", "Surface((50, 30), pygame.", "SRCALPHA)\n pygame.draw.polygon(player, (100, 200, 255), [(0, 0), (50, 15), (0, 30)])\n player_rect = player.get_rect(center=(500, 250)) # player rect (for center position)\n\n font = pygame.font.get_default_font()\n font_angle = pygame.font.", "SysFont(font, 44, True)\n\n while True:\n for event in pygame.event.get():\n if event.type == pygame.", "QUIT:\n pygame.quit()\n sys.exit()\n\n clock.tick(60)\n screen.fill((255, 255, 255))\n mouse_x, mouse_y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()\n dist_x = mouse_x - player_rect.centerx\n dist_y = mouse_y - player_rect.centery\n angle = -math.degrees(math.atan2(dist_y, dist_x))\n\n newplayer = pygame.transform.rotate(player, angle)\n # Create a new rect and pass the center of the old rect.", "\n player_rect = newplayer.get_rect(center=player_rect.center)\n\n screen.blit(newplayer, player_rect) # Blit it at the player_rect.", "\n text = font_angle.render(str(\"%.2f\" % angle), 1, (255, 0, 0))\n screen.blit(text, ((mouse_x+20), mouse_y))\n pygame.display.update()\n\nmain()\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Role of sympathetic nerves during developing cardiac hypertrophy in Grollman hypertensive rats.", "\nPeak left ventricular (LV) function, during rapid volume expansion, and cardiocyte structure were studied in rats with developing cardiac hypertrophy in response to Grollman hypertension (1 kidney, 1 figure 8) after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine. ", "This form of renovascular hypertension led to the same magnitude of hypertrophy in rats with or without sympathectomy. ", "Indices of peak LV function, measured during acute volume expansion, tended to be normal or slightly higher in hypertensive rats than in controls. ", "Sympathectomy in rats with hypertension significantly improved cardiac and stroke indices while decreasing total peripheral resistance at peak cardiac output. ", "Despite similar magnitudes of LV hypertrophy (LVH) in the two hypertensive groups, cardiocytes in sympathectomized rats had higher mitochondrial volume densities and slightly lower myofibrillar volume densities. ", "After regional sympathectomy of the anterior portion of the LV with phenol, mitochondrial volume density increased by 21% in hypertensive rats with LVH. ", "These data indicate that, during the development of LVH in response to renovascular hypertension, sympathetic nerves do not contribute to the magnitude of LVH but may limit improvement in peak LV performance in response to increased preload. ", "However, sympathetic nerves do play a role in the regulation of mitochondrial and myofibril growth." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "\n262 S.W.3d 145 (2007)\nJohnny F. HARRIS, Appellant,\nv.\nBOYD G. MONTGOMERY TESTAMENTARY TRUST, Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "07-324.", "\nSupreme Court of Arkansas.", "\nSeptember 13, 2007.", "\nAppellant, pro se.", "\nNo response.", "\nPER CURIAM.", "\nThis case began as an unlawful detainer on June 6, 2005, concerning the property at 5200 South University in Little Rock. ", "Harris leased the property on November 1, 2004, but failed to pay the monthly rent. ", "On April 28, 2005, Appellee Boyd G. Montgomery Testamentary Trust (\"the Trust\") gave notice of termination of the lease as of May 31, 2005. ", "Harris refused to vacate and filed for relief in bankruptcy on June 23, 2005.", "\nOn August 4, 2005, in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas (the \"Bankruptcy Court\"), the Trust filed a motion for relief from an automatic stay. ", "The motion was granted on September 8, 2005. ", "Harris appealed to the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the United States Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals (\"the Bankruptcy Panel\"). ", "The Bankruptcy Panel upheld the Bankruptcy Court, and the Eighth Circuit appellate court upheld the Panel.", "\nDuring the pendency of the bankruptcy appeal, Harris continued to file pleadings in the Bankruptcy Court, including a motion to stay, an amended motion to stay, an application to determine the real party in *146 interest, and a motion to set aside the order granting relief from the stay. ", "The Bankruptcy Court denied each of those motions, including Harris's motion for reconsideration.", "\nOn June 22, 2006, Harris filed an adversary proceeding with the Bankruptcy Court styled \"Motion for Contempt or Whatever Title is Proper.\" ", "The Trust filed a motion to dismiss, which was granted on December 27, 2006. ", "Both the denial of the motion for reconsideration and the order of dismissal, dated December 27, 2006, were affirmed by the Bankruptcy Panel, and Harris's appeal to the Eighth Circuit is pending.", "\nIn an order dated March 20, 2007, denying Harris's motion for contempt and motion for relief, the Bankruptcy Court ordered Harris to appear and show cause why sanctions should not be imposed. ", "On April 17, 2007, the court imposed sanctions.", "\nAn unlawful detainer proceeded after the stay in bankruptcy was lifted. ", "Judgment was entered for the Trust.", "\nThe record was lodged with our court on March 30, 2007, and briefing commenced. ", "On May 24, 2007, a writ of certiorari was granted to complete the record. ", "On June 28, 2007, Harris was notified by letter order that we granted a final extension, moving the due date of the supplemental brief to July 13, 2007. ", "On July 9, 2007, Harris filed a motion to stay all proceedings and argued a defect in service. ", "Harris claimed that because the summons was served by a process server and not a sheriff or deputy, the circuit court had no jurisdiction.", "\nOn July 13, 2007, the supplemental record was filed in addition to a motion to file belated brief in which Harris argued that the circuit court failed to timely prepare the record. ", "Harris attached a letter from the circuit clerk stating that no order from our court granting the motion for supplemental record was given to the transcript clerk, thereby preventing the clerk from filing the certified supplement in a timely manner. ", "The circuit clerk also stated that the record was ready on July 13, 2007, at 2 p.m.\nWith regard to the motion to stay, the Trust argues that the circuit court granted the stay conditioned upon Harris's posting a $12,000 bond by March 31, 2007. ", "Harris failed to post the bond. ", "The Trust cites Rule 8 of the Arkansas Rules of Appellate Procedure—Civil, which provides for a stay only upon the filing of a supersedeas bond. ", "The Trust argues that the failure to post bond supports denying the stay.", "\nIn addition to the requirements of Ark. R.App. ", "P.-Civ. ", "8, we have held that the failure to file a supersedeas bond with the motion for a stay of a circuit court's order supports denying the motion without consideration. ", "Wayne Alexander Trust v. City of Bentonville, 345 Ark. 577, 47 S.W.3d 262 (2001). ", "Because the supersedeas bond is a threshold requirement, which was not met in this case, we deny the motion to stay.", "\nWith regard to the motion for belated brief, we granted the motion on June 28, 2007, extending by fifteen days to July 13, 2007. ", "Because July 13, 2007, was the final deadline set by this court, the motion is denied. ", "Our law imposes a duty on lawyers and litigants to exercise reasonable diligence to keep up with the status of their case. ", "Arnold v. Camden News Publishing Co., 353 Ark. 522, 110 S.W.3d 268 (2003). ", "Further, we have stated that pro se appellants receive no special consideration of their argument and are held to the same standard as licensed attorneys. ", "See Eliott v. State, 342 Ark. 237, 27 S.W.3d 432 (2000). ", "Thus, it was Harris's responsibility *147 to see that the order of this court was filed timely and to get the record and brief timely filed. ", "Harris failed to meet this court's deadline after several extensions. ", "Thus, the motion for belated brief is denied.", "\nMotion to stay order pending appeal denied; motion for belated brief denied.", "\n" ]

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[ "<?", "php\n/************************************************************************\n * This file is part of EspoCRM.", "\n *\n * EspoCRM - Open Source CRM application.", "\n * Copyright (C) 2014-2020 Yuri Kuznetsov, Taras Machyshyn, Oleksiy Avramenko\n * Website: https://www.espocrm.com\n *\n * EspoCRM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\n * (at your option) any later version.", "\n *\n * EspoCRM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n * GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n * along with EspoCRM. ", "If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.\n *\n * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions\n * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under\n * Section 5 of the GNU General Public License version 3.", "\n *\n * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU General Public License version 3,\n * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the \"EspoCRM\" word.", "\n ************************************************************************/\n\nnamespace Espo\\Core\\Di;\n\nuse Espo\\Core\\Utils\\FieldUtil;\n\ntrait FieldUtilSetter\n{\n protected $fieldUtil;\n\n protected $fieldManagerUtil;\n\n public function setFieldUtil(FieldUtil $fieldUtil)\n {\n $this->fieldUtil = $fieldUtil;\n\n // for backward compatibility\n // @todo Remove in 6.4.", "\n $this->fieldManagerUtil = $fieldUtil;\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Royals face Union County Friday\n\nHAGERSTOWN — He’s Eastern Hancock’s leading scorer, but Isaiah McCormick is more than happy to share the ball and play defense.", "\n\nWednesday against Hagerstown in the Class 2A Sectional 41 quarterfinals, McCormick paced a deep, commited Eastern Hancock group to a 68-55 victory.", "\n\nFive Royals (16-5) scored at least nine points, led by McCormick’s 17, and the EH bench trumped its counterpart 20-5.", "\n\n“It’s really nice to have multiple guys who can step up at any given night when one of us isn’t playing our best,” said McCormick, a senior guard.", "\n\nThere weren’t many “off nights” to be found in the Royals’ attack Wednesday. ", "They shot 50 percent from the field and sank 15-of-18 free throws in the fourth quarter to advance to Friday’s 7:30 p.m. semifinal against Union County (18-4).", "\n\nThe only shaky part of Eastern Hancock’s collective game was the first quarter, as Hagerstown (12-9) raced to leads of 15-7 and 17-11.", "\n\nDustin Davidson, though, came off the bench to spark a 13-2 EH blitz to begin the second quarter and the visitors led the rest of the evening. ", "Davidson, a senior averaging 3.1 points, registered seven of his nine points in the quarter and the Royals were in front 30-26 at halftime.", "\n\n“Dustin came in and gave us a big, big boost in the second quarter after Hagerstown got off to a decent start,” EH coach Aaron Spaulding said. “", "And it’s been that way all year; somebody steps up, whether it be on the bench or a starter. ", "Dustin gave us a big boost, and we had some other guys come in and do some nice things as well.”", "\n\nThis story appears in the print edition of Daily Reporter. ", "Subscribers can read the entire story online by signing in here or in our e-Edition by clicking here." ]

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[ "\"We're looking for anything, anything that may have been dropped, anything that may have been left. ", "We're not sure what we're going to find,\" Silbert said. \"", "One thing that investigators will do, as they do in all homicide cases, is they'll check to see if there are any similarities between this case and any recent crime, not just in this area but across the city.\"" ]

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[ "Shauna Singh Baldwin's first novel What the Body Remembers, received the 2000 Commonwealth Prize for Best Book (Canada-Caribbean). ", "English Lessons and Other Storiesreceived the 1996 Friends of American Writers prize. ", "The Tiger Claw was a finalist for the 2004 Giller Prize and has been optioned for film. ", "Baldwin's awards include the Writer's Union of Canada Award for short prose and the 1997 CBC Radio/Canada Council Literary Prize. ", "Her sixth book, The Selector of Souls, received the 2012 Anne Powers Fiction Award. ", "Baldwin holds an MBA from Marquette University and an MFA from the University of British Columbia. ", "Montreal-born Shauna Singh Baldwin lives in Milwaukee. ", "More information can be found at ShaunaSinghBaldwin.com.", "\n\nJustin Cartwright's novels include the Man Booker-shortlisted In Every Face I Meet, the Whitbread Novel Award-winner Leading the Cheers, and the acclaimed White Lightning, shortlisted for the 2002 Whitbread Novel Award. ", "Cartwright's The Promise of Happiness\nwas selected for the Richard & Judy Book Club, and named winner of the 2005 Hawthornden Prize. ", "Another of his books, Masai Dreaming, won the South African M-Net Literary Awards.", "\nFurther works include The Song Before It Is Sung, To Heaven By Water and\nLion Heart. ", "His most recent title, Other People's Money, is winner of the Spears novel of the year. ", "Justin Cartwright was born in South Africa and lives in London.", "\n\nFrancine Prose's novel A Changed Man won the Dayton Literary Peace Prize, and Blue Angel was a finalist for the National Book Award. ", "Her most recent works of nonfiction include the highly-acclaimed Anne Frank: The Book, The Life, The Afterlife and Reading like a Writer. ", "Prose is the recipient of numerous grants and honors, including a Guggenheim, a Fulbright, and a Director's Fellow at the Center for Scholars and Writers at the New York Public Library. ", "She is a former president of PEN American Center, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. ", "Prose's new novel, Lovers at the Chameleon Club: Paris, 1932 will be published by HarperCollins in April 2014. ", "Francine Prose lives in New York City.", "\n\nThe Scotiabank Giller Prize longlist will be announced on September 16, 2014. ", "This year's shortlist will be announced at a press event in Toronto on October 6. ", "The winner will be named at a black-tie dinner and awards ceremony at Toronto's Ritz-Carlton on Monday, November 10, 2014.", "\n\nKobo Inc. has generously donated a Kobo Aura eReader to each member of the 2014 jury panel. ", "The Scotiabank Giller Prize encourages publishers to provide digital copies of its submitted titles in addition to print books.", "\n\nAbout the Scotiabank Giller Prize\n\nThe Scotiabank Giller Prize awards $50,000 annually to the author of the best Canadian novel or short story collection published in English and $5,000 to each of the finalists. ", "Established in 1994 by Toronto businessman Jack Rabinovitch in honour of his late wife, literary journalist Doris Giller, the award strives to highlight the very best in Canadian fiction, year after year.", "\n\nIn September 2005, Scotiabank became the first ever co-sponsor of Canada's richest literary award for fiction. ", "Under the agreement, the prize became known as the Scotiabank Giller Prize. ", "The prize is now in its 21st year.", "\n\nAbout Scotiabank\n\nScotiabank is a leading financial services provider in over 55 countries and Canada's most international bank. ", "Through Bright Future, our global philanthropic program, Scotiabank and its employees support causes at a grassroots level across six pillars: health, education, social service, arts and culture, environment and sports. ", "Recognized as a leader for our charitable donations and philanthropic activities, Scotiabank has contributed on average some $50 million annually over the last five years to community causes around the world. ", "Visit us at www.scotiabank.com." ]

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[ "Northern Ireland born Labour MP Kate Hoey has said that Prime Minister Theresa May and \"a few jumped-up EU bureaucrats\" must not be allowed to facilitate a united Ireland \"by the back door\".", "\n\nMrs Hoey was speaking at a Leave Means Leave rally in London on Friday night. ", "Among the other speakers were the DUP's Brexit spokesperson Sammy Wilson, former UKIP leader Nigel Farage and Conservative MP Jacob Rees-Mogg.", "\n\nMrs Hoey was born in Mallusk, Co Antrim and studied at the Belfast Royal Academy and University of Ulster before moving to England.", "\n\nShe has served as the Labour MP for Vauxhall since 1989. ", "Mrs Hoey has campaigned strongly for Brexit, despite her constituency voting overwhelmingly to Remain in the EU.", "\n\nThe Labour MP was heavily criticised in February when she said that the Good Friday Agreement was \"unsustainable\".", "\n\nSpeaking at the Leave Means Leave rally Mrs Hoey said she was \"very proud to be pro-union\".", "\n\n\"We didn't spend 30 years in Northern Ireland stopping IRA terrorists killing soldiers, police, and civilians, in order to get a United Ireland to allow a few jumped-up EU bureaucrats and a complicit prime minister to try and do the same thing by the back door,\" she said.", "\n\n\"Even more ridiculous is that it would not even be in the economic interests of Northern Ireland who depend so much of their trade, to and from Britain. ", "Why is a British Prime Minister dancing to the tune of an Irish Taoiseach? ", "There's no need for a hard border and there's no need for a backstop.\"", "\n\nNorthern Ireland comedian Patrick Kielty, an outspoken critic of Brexit, reacted angrily to Mrs Hoey's comments.", "\n\n\"She’s right. ", "We didn’t. ", "We’ve spent 20 years building peace in Northern Ireland. ", "Then seen a United Ireland become more possible thanks to a few jumped up Brexiteers who say they’re actually Unionists,\" he wrote on Twitter.", "\n\nExpand Close Sammy Wilson AFP/Getty Images / Facebook\n\nTwitter\n\nEmail\n\nWhatsapp Sammy Wilson\n\n\"You couldn’t make it up (so they do instead).\"", "\n\nSpeaking at the rally East Antrim MP Sammy Wilson said that the DUP did not want \"assurances\" on Prime Minister Theresa May's Brexit withdrawal deal.", "\n\nMr Wilson said that that they did not want Mrs May's deal \"full stop\".", "\n\nThe DUP is unhappy that the deal will see Northern Ireland aligned with EU rules and remain part of the single market with checks on some goods coming in from the UK to Northern Ireland, if the Brexit backstop is implemented.", "\n\n“It was thought we ten DUP MPs could make or break this deal. ", "We have become an irrelevancy. ", "Because there are that many MPs against it we might as well sit at home,\" Mr Wilson said.", "\n\nFormer UKIP boss Nigel Farage told the rally that he felt a second referendum was now inevitable and urged people to vote Leave in even greater numbers so there could be no doubting the will of the UK to leave the EU.", "\n\nBelfast Telegraph" ]

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[ "Presidential hopeful Cory Booker’s New Hampshire state director is calling on President Trump to cancel a planned rally in Manchester next week, saying it will further “threaten Americans’ safety” after a pair of mass shootings over the weekend.", "\n\nBut Granite State GOP officials say the event will go on as planned — and slammed Booker’s team for politicizing the tragedies that killed 31 in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio.", "\n\nErin Turmelle, Booker’s New Hampshire state director, released a statement Tuesday saying Trump’s rallies “serve as a breeding ground for racism and bigotry that inspire white nationalist attacks like the one in El Paso on Saturday.”", "\n\n“What’s overwhelmingly clear is that Trump coming to New Hampshire will only stoke further dangerous acts and threaten Americans’ safety,” Turmelle said, calling on Trump to push Congress to take “meaningful action on gun legislation” and touting the New Jersey senator’s gun control proposals — such as creating a federal licensing program. ", "Booker said in an email to supporters Sunday that Trump was “responsible” for the El Paso shooting “because his racism and bigotry directly inspires white supremacists who carry out” those types of attacks.", "\n\nRepublican National Committee spokeswoman Nina McLaughlin hit back Tuesday, saying, “While Cory Booker and 2020 Democrats scramble to politicize the tragic mass shootings, President Trump proposed commonsense, bipartisan solutions that should be taken seriously.”", "\n\nNew Hampshire GOP Chairman Stephen Stepanek said, “There will be absolutely no even thought given to canceling the rally” slated for Aug. 15 — two days before Booker returns to the state.", "\n\n“I’ve been to many rallies and never seen any sign of bigotry and hatred at the rallies, just enthusiastic people who are looking to support the president,” Stepanek said.", "\n\nBut Democrats, including several 2020 presidential hopefuls, slammed as racist the chants of “send her back” that arose at a North Carolina campaign rally last month when Trump criticized U.S. Rep. Ilhan Omar of Minnesota — who came to the United States when she was 12 as a Somalian refugee. ", "Some Republican lawmakers took issue with the chant as well.", "\n\nTrump is set to visit El Paso and Dayton on Wednesday — though some Democrats said he’s not welcome in the Texas border community.", "\n\n“This president, who helped create the hatred that made Saturday’s tragedy possible, should not come to El Paso,” tweeted presidential candidate Beto O’Rourke, who served as a U.S. representative from the area and suspended his campaign to return to El Paso after the shooting. “", "We do not need more division. ", "We need to heal. ", "He has no place here.”", "\n\nBut GOP strategist Patrick Griffin said, “Both atrocities are just that, they are atrocities. … ", "The politicizing of this issue is doing nothing to save lives.”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to read multiple images from a folder in open cv (using C)\n\nI am new to open CV and C. How do i specify multiple images for the same kind of operation.", "\n\nA:\n\nif your images are (sequentially) numbered, you could abuse a hidden feature with VideoCapture, just pass it a (format) string:\nVideoCapture cap(\"/my/folder/p%05d.jpg\"); // would work with: \"/my/folder/p00013.jpg\", etc\nwhile( cap.isOpened() )\n{\n Mat img;\n cap.read(img);\n // process(img);\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Saturday, May 14, 2011\n\nIn our last lab in our first game in which we usually do our assessments we used something different than balls or cones. ", "We used a parachute for our initial games and every held it up of the floor at the ends of it with children and performed many games that we learned in our lab practice. ", "Such as the asteroids game, the hurricane wind, the wave game. ", "I knew my partners and Wednesdays lab would have done just those games that we went over, so decided to do my own game. ", "We played Chewbacca says like Simon s says but since it was star wars I’m Chewbacca. ", "I remember a Funny question that a girl asked she raised her hand and said “so you’re Chewbacca?”And I said yes and I and all the children laughed together. ", "The possible options I gave them were raise it up, down, shake, step right, step left, clockwise, and up down shake. ", "I noticed I was almost screaming on top of my lungs to talk over the noise that we were making from playing with the parachute, so all the kids even the furthest could hear. ", "I’m glad we did a different game because we ended up do all the games around 6 of them that we learned, to keep the children interest and fun high.", "\n\nThen we went down stairs to cool off a bit and snack, then play board games and blocks and before we had an activity which definitely increased their heart rates. ", "My children I was working with were making star war ships using leggos. ", "Then we brought the kids back up stairs and we all hada great workout dancing to the song “Let’s Move, Move You Body” by Beyonce for at least 4 minutes which left me sweating and out ofbreath, Then we finished it off with a pleasant cheer for all the fun we had AT St. Mary’s!!", "\n\nSunday, May 1, 2011\n\nToday's Easter Lab was by far the best for all of us from the students to the college kids. ", "We all have grown confident with our experience with another to work better with each other. ", "My group and I began with skill assessment games, in which we design our games to test and see how well the children can do specific skills which were dribbling like a basketball and kicking a soccer ball to a goal. ", "We all played our games and my game was last, I modified it a bit from the one in I practiced in lab to not make it so a race. ", "That way there wont be a clear winner and the kids can really work on the skill, therefore we have qualitative attempts not quick ones so they can go through it faster and win the race. ", "The game is that the students are making breakfast: eggs specifically. ", "First they have to beat the eggs by dribbling the ball with proper technique like a basketball at hip height with heir finger tips 10 times. ", "Once they have done that they have get rid of the egg shells: by kicking the ball in to goal, and if they miss they try again till they make it in. ", "At first during the practical it was a race, then I changed it by making more lines that way more children are involved and not just standing around and waiting. ", "Also to avoid it being a race I told the children that I really want to focus on the technique , and that I want to see how many we can do during the time that the music is playing. ", "The game worked out very well but the children were really tired because I was last of my members to go. ", "The children then got water and went down stairs to eat and rejuvenate for more fun going out side! ", "Outside me and the older boys played god running tag we all had so much fun chasing each other but I told them to keep it safe and watch out from running into each other. ", "We played and ran hard and then 2 kids that I had to chase just sat on the playground because we were tired so we spoke. ", "I asked them hows school and what do they want to be when they grow up. ", "They both told me that their on the football team and one wants to be a Coat guard while the other wants to be a NHL player. ", "I told them those are some pretty active careers you guys must be fit. ", "He told me his father played High School football and the same position as him Full Back. ", "I asked them if they do push ups and sit ups and unfortunately they both said no, I told them to start even if its as little as 5 just keep progressing and going up. ", "Then I asked if they were ready to play some more and we played in till we had to go back in side. ", "Once we were inside we rattled some kids together and played a game of kids vs college students that they had to trick us and throw the ball between our legs as we are covering them. ", "Finally we finished with a Easter bunny maze . ", "In which the children had to jump over cones, into hula hops 1 leg at a time, crawl in a bunny hole and finish with a 2 leg bunny hop. ", "The lab went very smooth because of all the cooperation we had with each other.", "\n\nThursday, April 14, 2011\n\nWhen My Pofessor anounced about the 5K fund raiser, I was immideatly intrested. ", "I wanted to help out the community that gives me and SUNY Cortland soo much by allowing us the college students learn and experience hands on working with School children. ", "Saterday Morning comes and I'm up at 7 am, the first time since High Scool Basketball Practice and begin getting ready and brought my pedonometer. ", "We arive there and met Jared the head of Fund Raiser than we were sent out to direct the runners and prevent traffic. ", "We got there a bit early with no runners or anyone insight, and to get my blood pumping I did alittle warmup with my extra motivation of the pedonometer intill cars started coming. ", "And then the first runner came running very fast yet faced with a person behind him at least the a block length doewn. ", "With no one else in sight for another 2 minutes, making it clear that those first 2 guys were well trained athletes. ", "Then we the 2 guys are on the way back more and more people start coming. ", "As I'm guiding a big bunch of people to go to the left many cars come at once. ", "So I tell my Partner Gianluca to take the orange flag while I tell the drivers to turn around and go back becuase they cant go that way for the swafety of the runners. ", "Then when I came back I saw many of the children that attend the after school where we teach. ", "That lightt me up even further and I was screaming good job keep it going even louder with more enthusiasm as I was watching familiar children faces. ", "It made me remember how out of shape I was at their age, I would of never been able to run 5k not even 1K. Thank Goodness I transformed my body and went from a sedentary coach patatoe to living an active healthy life. ", "Thats why I want to help others especially the youth to not live a unhappy and unhealthy lifetsyle like I did. ", "Then Me and My Partner Gianluca helped a lady who lives right at the corner of where we were directing the runers to turn. ", "We told her to wait intill it was the perfect time for her to pull out her driveway with out disturbing any runners. ", "Because we didnt want to hurt the runners or their pace, so sh had to wait a while but she didnt mind and was happy. ", "And told us thank you that if it wasn't for us she would of never attempted to even try to get out , that brightened my day even further. ", "Then every one started running back to St. Mary's to finish the race and in 15 we got picked up and taken back to watch people as they finish. ", "And recieved water bottles and had a table full of healthy foods like bananas oraganges, and bagels with peanut butter. ", "And we got the chance to learn howthe racers got timid for when they finish. ", "I was surprised that they use 5 different methods to accurately determine the almost exact time a person finishes. ", "They had a camera catching the video, a person doing it maually on a machine that looks like a cash register, and 2 panels on the floor that are connected to computers. ", "And the first panel is the main one while the second is just if the first one misses it. ", "Is was impressive to see all that for a local race so i cant imagine what they have in Big NYC Marathons, it really opened my eyes with the technology we use in sports. ", "Finally we finished of the day in the caffeteria as the children got pancakes and they called out the top 3 winners in each class. ", "Then I started thinking how it the 5k Fund Raiser benefits the school and how its a great family event with children, Moms and Dads and even Grandparens running and getting closer as a family and community and helping the School. ", "I was a great experience which I really learned from and would definetly do it again!", "\n\nSunday, April 10, 2011\n\nOur Fourth Lab themed Dinosaur Train; First we began by observing St. Mary's students motor skills of overhand throwing and the catching. ", "Which a bit different since before we were focused more on lower body such as how they run skip and hop. ", "Then my group and I the Krazy Kangaroos began our games but unfortunately the kids split up and we were left with a few. ", "We made the best and most out of what we made by making sure all our kids had smiles. ", "When It was my turn for my Rock Paper Scissors tag game. ", "In which each possible one such as a scissors represents a dinosaur, therefore Scissors mean T-rex so they had to run a little leaned forward with short arms. ", "Paper represents the plant long Neck Plant eater, since paper is made out of Tree, the child would run with one arm forward in front of them. ", "And a triceratops which is a rock, the students would chase with both hands open over their forehead representing the triceratops horn. ", "In the tag game, I would say rock, paper, scissors shoot and the children would run around looking and chasing the dinosaur that is inferior to them. ", "Then we altered the game after a few rounds so that the children would team up and face each other. ", "And from the two children the winner chases the person who has lost for 30 seconds before the next round starts. ", "After helping all my group members making their games go smoother. ", "I went and helped another group as they were doing a game in which they emphasized throwing for the children and they wanted to focus on overhand throwing so they put up a mat as a wall.", "Then we made it a little more challenging for the children, we put up another blue mat on top of the initial big red wall. ", "To make them have to throw even higher and to see how the children would adapt, for example they should of stepped a little further back and throw using better technique using the whole body not just a swing of their arm. ", "And many of the children weren’t able to throw over the second higher so they were throwing to where there wasn’t the second mat where my face was.", "\n\nAt first the balls were probably flying directly to my face by accident, but then when the children saw me smile and they were smiling I became the main target of the balls. ", "It’s fun knowing your making children happy and putting smile on their face so it definitely was worth it. ", "Then we finished with the wiggle dance and a cheer!", "\n\nSunday, April 3, 2011\n\nI was very excited for our Wild Wild West themed day 3 Lab. ", "really enjoy the fact we have themes for our labs , and that they are constantly changing making the lab more refreshing and interesting. ", "I have been focusing on observing more on the children and my peers the Teacher. ", "From my observations I've noticed a lot of progression and improvement of performance from the children and us as Teachers in comparison with previous labs. ", "It’s most likely because we all as a whole feel more comfortable with the children, as they feel more comfortable with us. ", "My group focus was the kindergarteners and first graders; we first started in the class room with drawing and coloring and playing blocks. ", "Then we started our arts and Crafts of making a hoarse, the children loved it and so did I. I never would off though the shape of our foot looks like the head of a hoarse. ", "We traced all the sneakers of the children and then cut out a RECTANGLE for the neck of the hoarse. ", "Then we glued the neck the rectangle to the shoe cut out and glued on the googly eyes. ", "Finally we glued on hair for the hoarse. ", "After we cleaned up and the children ate cookies with milk. ", "We all went to the gym to play games. ", "The first game we played a boy named Tommy instead of playing ran to the bleachers so I followed and sat next to him. ", "I asked if why isn't he playing and he answered with big watery eyes saying \"I miss my mommy\". ", "I told him Tommy don’t worry she’s on her way, she'll be here soon and if you play the game she would be here even sooner. ", "He said alright and joined. ", "Then the next activity began and Tommy came to me to be my partner. ", "That made me feel very happy and special that he chose me, because I was looking for him so I can make sure he's having fun and he snuck right under me and grabbed my hand. ", "We did the activity of him jumping over the cones and then we played team tag and he was my partner. ", "And in the middle of the team tag his mom came and he was soo happy and gave me a big smile and waved and said bye. ", "That smile made me smile even more and made my day which told me this is the major for me. ", "Afte the 2 games we all gathered around together to dance to the Cotton eye Joe . ", "Finally finishing our day with our teamwork cheer, in which we cheered \"Ye-Haa!\". ", "It was a really great day that improved my confidence and it sreally showed me I can make a difference in the way a child feels\n\nSaturday, March 12, 2011\n\nI was anticipating this day with alot of excitement, since we had a lot preparation for this teaching session in St. Mary's with 2 Lab practices. ", "And especially since I practiced my game with all my class mates and they liked it so I was very confident and positive about the day. ", "My group had the younger group of Kindergarteners and First graders. ", "Therefore we started our session in the classrooms doing with the children. ", "Then after playing with magnets and drawing with the children. ", "We brought out our sponges and started our arts and crafts of making Sponge Bob’s! ", "We gave out sponges, pipe cleaners to make arms and legs, googly eyes, and big sticks so the children can control them like puppets. ", "The children were so excited and they all wanted make a Sponge Bob and I even made myself one so I can give it to my sister who just had her birthday. ", "It helped that I made my own SpongeBob and sat with the children because I noticed many of the children were watching me as I make mine. ", "I thourly explained and demonstrated to the children of how to make the SpongeBob. ", "But they really began working on their SpongeBob when I sat down and started making mine, so they were making theirs a step behind mine. ", "I guess it’s because they wanted to see how it’s made as many times as they can before starting. ", "After every one made their SpongeBob’s we went to the gym to play our activity games and I gladly did my game. ", "The Indian Caterpillar run SpongeBob twist that we are all Planktons racing to get to Krusty Krab to get the secret formula! ", "First I explained to the children as I showed them by demonstrating with my group, how we lined up and have our hands on the person in front of us shoulders like a caterpillar. ", "Then we began lining up the children in groups of 4 in the proper position like a caterpillar and showed them how to run. ", "And finally we told them to start the relay race once the music begins, the music goes, and they begin little by little already loosing formation and just running to the other side while the younger children are a step slower and getting surpassed in the relay race. ", "The race ended and we had winner and we made them do it again, the children had a lot of fun but the game may be for a slightly older crowd to have better formation. ", "But overall the game was not bad the children all had fun and laughs, and got their heart rate up competing against each other running to half court. ", "We then had a good maze for the Kids of Bikini Bottom that they had to crawl and avoid the jelly fingers then walk like crabs for Mr. Crab. ", "I really enjoyed the thought and imagination of the set up, very clever, and hopefully I”ll make a maze game in future classes. ", "What a great day I had with the children we did it all, first we drew, played with magnets and legos, then arts and crafts making Sponge Bobs. ", "Then we got the kids moving playing many games related with Sponge Bob to build excitement for not only the kids but us Teacher Candidates!", "\n\nSaturday, March 5, 2011\n\nIn our Practice Lab we practiced all our games and I really put in a lot of thought and creativity into my game really wanted to practice it too see if it's as good as I think it is. ", "We warmed up with 2 tag games; a temple tag and noodle tag Game. ", "To get our blood pumping and then we got into our Lab groups. ", "We all spoke about activities that will do at St. Mary's. ", "We each discussed our games and I thankfully I really liked my game and so did everyone else in my group, so I told my TA Frank if I should share it with the class he said sure why not. ", "We got out of our Lab groups and started sharing with the class. ", "I began getting really excited, and a bit anxious, because I played the game many times as a child and I know exactly how to play. ", "The hard part is to make everyone else understand how to play the games just as well as I do.", "Then when we were asked to demonstrate, I raised my hand took a deep breath, stepped forward and remembered to speak loud and treat my peers somewhat like children. ", "I explained the game of Indian caterpillar and gave them the little story correlating it to the SpongeBob cartoon. ", "That we are all Planktons; racing each other to the other side to the Krusty Krab to get the secret formula of the crabby patty. ", "I then demonstrated with my group the Krazy Kangaroos. ", "And we began the relay race to the other baseline of the gym. ", "Thankfully it seemed like everyone was having a blast. ", "And then we did it backwards which much more coordination and focus to run backwards without tripping, and then quickly lining up without bumping to anyone, it’s a great variation but may be too advanced for an elementary school. ", "I was glad my game went great because it works on your coordination, brings up your heart rate and is very competitive making you want to push yourself to work harder and run faster. ", "I had a good feeling that it was good game, but I was really glad to hear all the compliments about how well or fun the game is. ", "After my game we played one more and then finished in the gym and went to a class room. ", "In which learned more about teaching children, as I had a smile on my because of the success of my game, it really made my day.", "\n\nFriday, February 11, 2011\n\nIt has came, the first day that we would teach and the second time that SUNY Cortland has visited St. Mary\"s for the Spring Semester. ", "I was very excited and and had anticipation building up day by day especially after I injured my ankle the Thursday before our Lab. ", "I tried treating my ankle the very best I can so I wont miss any activity classes or especially not being able to participate on Mondays Lab. ", "Monday comes and my ankle was still to swollen especially with my ankle brace which allows me to walk with minimal pain, to be able to fit in any of my sneaker unfortunately I had to wear my boots to class. ", "I wanted to be able to jump around and be active like the kids, not just stand there and watch them as I give directions. ", "So the whole weekend before the Monday Lab I stood in my room with my ankle iced and elevated and didn't go any where with out my crutches. ", "My group is the Special Projects group, and first we went in to the back to clean and organize their equipment room. ", "By taking everything out leaving and almost empty room to then organizing it in such a way that we were able to walk in and out, and we organized with a theme you may say like we had the balls on one side while the plastic toys on the other. ", "Once we were done organizing we went to the gym and we played the game in which we made a circle and their was a noodle in the middle which represented the sword. ", "A person holding the noodle or sword would tap anyone with the noodle and have to to run to the middle to drop of the noodle and run back to the open spot. ", "As he is is getting chased by the person that was tapped, the person who got tapped would try to get the sword and taps him back before he gets to the spot on the circle. ", "We played the game in till the children began to loose interest and Mr. Yang noticed and told us to play with the kids playing soccer and basketball. ", "First I tried to play some soccer with a child named Louis, he was very talented especially for his age. ", "I tried to play with him by kicking with my healthy foot but it was hurting to balance with my bad ankle as I kick with my healthy foot. ", "So I played basketball with a bunch girl which were also surprisingly talented especially for their age. ", "One of the girl I remember had a sense of humor she told me her name was Fred and she with the rest of the girls played basketball for St. Mary's. ", "She told me her Uncle\"s name is Kanye, I made a face and she knew Kanye West the music artist came to my mind and then she said his full name is Kanye East.. I found that funny because she knew what I was thinking as soon as she said Kanye. ", "Then I saw my good friend Gianluca and showed him the child Louis because they're are both soccer players, and Gianluca would know much more about soccer and how talented he really is. ", "And then they spoke about soccer as I went back to the girls who play basketball and began to shoot with them. ", "First we played a little game in which who first would make 10 shots me with my left hand or all the girls from wherever they want. ", "I won and then they wanted to play knockouts. ", "It been a while since I have played knockout I forgot the game was called that. ", "And surprisingly its like these girls and the boys started joining because they liked that game too. ", "They kept beating me its like they were professional in the that game of basketball. ", "I kept trying to win so we kept playing and they wanted to keep playing because they were winning. ", "I wanted to play so I could finally win and I never did, I did have a bad ankle but still I played basketball for more than these children were alive I should of won at least a game. ", "I was impressed how talented these children were in Sports and I'm sure they were just as if not more impressive academically. ", "Then before we left, My group and I played a tag game called wolf and sheep with all the children that were left. ", "That once you get tagged by a wolf you become a wolf and tag others as they run from baseline to baseline. ", "Then we finished the day off we Wiggles shake song. ", "We were all walking in circles shaking our arms and legs even boobing our heads in the middle of the circle and then one by one we joined the rest of the class in the outer circle. ", "The first real teaching I would say is a success I tried to not let my injury affect the way I was playing with the kids. ", "Overall I had fun and the children had fun therefore I was very happy with how our Monday lab went!" ]

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[ "Implementation of a hospital information system in a Greek university hospital.", "\nApplication of an integrated Hospital Information System in Areteion University Hospital was launched 3 years ago. ", "As it was the very first time that a fully fledged Hospital Information System was applied in complex university hospital environment, numerous problems and issues were brought up during this first period. ", "The most critical issues are described in this paper, giving simply the essence of the problem and the general strategic line which was followed. ", "Issues of hospital's strategic goals, behavioural aspects of the users, technical problems of the software application, as well as issues of maturity of key players and tools per se and in their interaction, were faced by the management team of Hospital Information System." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Breaking news for everyone's consumption\n\nPaper Box Chemicals No Longer Considered Safe by FDA for Contact With Food\n\nThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration Monday announced it plans to publish a final rule banning three chemicals used in many pizza boxes and other food packaging.", "\n\nIn response to a petition filed by the Natural Resources Defense Council, the Center for Food Safety, the Breast Cancer Fund, the Center for Environmental Health, Clean Water Action, the Center for Science in the Public Interest, Children’s Environmental Health Network, Environmental Working Group, and Improving Kids’ Environment, FDA said it was going to ban three specific perfluoroalkyl ethyl types.", "\n\nThe perfluoroalkyl ethyl is used in food contact substances (FCSs) that act as oil and water repellants for paper and paperboard, which comes in contact with aqueous and fatty foods. ", "FDA says new data is available that shows the toxicity of substances structurally similar to these compounds that demonstrate there is no longer a reasonable certainty of no harm from the food-contact use of these FCSs.", "\n\nFDA says the final rule will take effect 30 days after publication in the Federal Register. ", "The process also includes the possibility for filing objections and demands for a public hearing.", "\n\nErik Olson, director of the National Resources Defense Council (NRDC) health program, praised the FDA action citing its potential for safer pizza boxes.", "\n\n“The FDA’s ban is an important first step — but just a first step — toward improving the safety of our food supply. ", "Now it should act on our petition to ban the seven other chemicals we believe — and government agencies such as the toxicology program at the National Institutes of Health have found — cause cancer,” Olson said." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ " -14 (base 13) in base 16?", "\n-11\n-112 (base 10) to base 15\n-77\n1f (base 16) to base 5\n111\n320 (base 6) to base 2\n1111000\nWhat is 0 (base 6) in base 15?", "\n0\nConvert -22 (base 10) to base 9.", "\n-24\nWhat is 0 (base 2) in base 14?", "\n0\nWhat is 12 (base 12) in base 2?", "\n1110\nConvert 100110 (base 2) to base 6.", "\n102\nWhat is 13 (base 9) in base 4?", "\n30\n20 (base 3) to base 9\n6\nConvert -2 (base 15) to base 2.", "\n-10\nConvert 4 (base 15) to base 4.", "\n10\nConvert 58 (base 16) to base 4.", "\n1120\nConvert -2211 (base 3) to base 8.", "\n-114\n-11120 (base 3) to base 11\n-102\nConvert 30 (base 8) to base 6.", "\n40\n-29 (base 10) to base 4\n-131\nWhat is -1a (base 12) in base 7?", "\n-31\n1 (base 8) to base 14\n1\nWhat is -5 (base 9) in base 13?", "\n-5\nWhat is 1112 (base 4) in base 15?", "\n5b\nConvert 2 (base 4) to base 13.", "\n2\nWhat is -1a (base 16) in base 4?", "\n-122\nConvert 8 (base 16) to base 14.", "\n8\nConvert 10 (base 6) to base 16.", "\n6\nConvert 4a (base 12) to base 4.", "\n322\n-13 (base 9) to base 6\n-20\n10010 (base 2) to base 7\n24\nWhat is 3 (base 11) in base 9?", "\n3\n-1 (base 5) to base 11\n-1\nWhat is -10122 (base 4) in base 10?", "\n-282\nConvert 17 (base 16) to base 4.", "\n113\nConvert -5 (base 15) to base 12.", "\n-5\n-163 (base 9) to base 2\n-10001010\n-116 (base 10) to base 2\n-1110100\nConvert 110 (base 2) to base 7.", "\n6\nWhat is -c (base 16) in base 9?", "\n-13\nConvert 26 (base 11) to base 2.", "\n11100\nWhat is -9 (base 10) in base 14?", "\n-9\nConvert 13 (base 10) to base 12.", "\n11\n22 (base 3) to base 9\n8\nConvert 110111 (base 2) to base 11.", "\n50\nWhat is -11 (base 11) in base 12?", "\n-10\nConvert 0 (base 8) to base 4.", "\n0\nConvert -344 (base 7) to base 13.", "\n-10a\nConvert 105 (base 11) to base 5.", "\n1001\n-3 (base 12) to base 4\n-3\nConvert 3 (base 5) to base 11.", "\n3\n45 (base 6) to base 12\n25\nWhat is -101 (base 2) in base 16?", "\n-5\nWhat is 1000011 (base 2) in base 10?", "\n67\nConvert -441 (base 7) to base 15.", "\n-100\nWhat is 0 (base 16) in base 4?", "\n0\nWhat is -47 (base 10) in base 8?", "\n-57\nWhat is 43 (base 10) in base 11?", "\n3a\nWhat is 1223 (base 4) in base 10?", "\n107\nWhat is -d7 (base 15) in base 5?", "\n-1302\n-9 (base 10) to base 6\n-13\nConvert 1d (base 16) to base 13.", "\n23\nConvert -1 (base 5) to base 7.", "\n-1\nWhat is 10 (base 15) in base 5?", "\n30\nWhat is 63 (base 7) in base 2?", "\n101101\nWhat is -6 (base 10) in base 12?", "\n-6\nConvert 1405 (base 6) to base 3.", "\n111112\n-1110100 (base 2) to base 3\n-11022\nConvert 0 (base 2) to base 10.", "\n0\n-2 (base 8) to base 12\n-2\n6b (base 15) to base 4\n1211\n-40 (base 13) to base 12\n-44\nConvert 72 (base 16) to base 7.", "\n222\nConvert 6 (base 7) to base 5.", "\n11\n120 (base 10) to base 15\n80\n0 (base 2) to base 4\n0\nWhat is -4 (base 15) in base 12?", "\n-4\nConvert 4 (base 9) to base 15.", "\n4\nWhat is -6 (base 7) in base 12?", "\n-6\nWhat is 1110 (base 2) in base 11?", "\n13\nConvert -123 (base 11) to base 10.", "\n-146\nConvert 1e (base 15) to base 3.", "\n1002\nConvert -2201 (base 3) to base 13.", "\n-58\nWhat is -33 (base 14) in base 8?", "\n-55\n8 (base 14) to base 15\n8\n1202 (base 4) to base 10\n98\nConvert 2 (base 8) to base 10.", "\n2\nConvert -7 (base 14) to base 15.", "\n-7\nWhat is 1 (base 14) in base 11?", "\n1\nWhat is 0 (base 10) in base 12?", "\n0\nConvert 1100 (base 2) to base 11.", "\n11\nWhat is -5 (base 15) in base 11?", "\n-5\nConvert -4 (base 10) to base 16.", "\n-4\n25 (base 9) to base 8\n27\nWhat is -b6 (base 12) in base 5?", "\n-1023\n-1 (base 6) to base 7\n-1\nConvert -4 (base 13) to base 11.", "\n-4\nWhat is 20 (base 9) in base 13?", "\n15\nConvert -1 (base 12) to base 6.", "\n-1\nConvert -191 (base 10) to base 7.", "\n-362\n-10 (base 4) to base 8\n-4\nWhat is -c7 (base 14) in base 4?", "\n-2233\nWhat is 0 (base 3) in base 7?", "\n0\nWhat is 7 (base 13) in base 5?", "\n12\nConvert 1 (base 12) to base 13.", "\n1\nConvert -42 (base 6) to base 4.", "\n-122\nWhat is -7 (base 14) in base 3?", "\n-21\n10 (base 4) to base 5\n4\nConvert 28 (base 14) to base 5.", "\n121\nWhat is 1 (base 13) in base 10?", "\n1\nWhat is 23 (base 9) in base 12?", "\n19\nConvert 7b (base 12) to base 6.", "\n235\nConvert -100 (base 6) to base 8.", "\n-44\nWhat is -3 (base 9) in base 7?", "\n-3\nWhat is -26 (base 16) in base 2?", "\n-100110\nConvert 1222 (base 5) to base 16.", "\nbb\n-1 (base 12) to base 10\n-1\n179 (base 10) to base 6\n455\nWhat is 3 (base 14) in base 12?", "\n3\n-11000 (base 2) to base 15\n-19\nConvert -131 (base 5) to base 12.", "\n-35\n-7 (base 14) to base 8\n-7\nConvert 2 (base 8) to base 7.", "\n2\nConvert 31 (base 4) to base 11.", "\n12\nWhat is 443 (base 6) in base 3?", "\n20100\nConvert -211 (base 4) to base 10.", "\n-37\n-1 (base 5) to base 11\n-1\nConvert -d (base 15) to base 5.", "\n-23\nConvert 130 (base 11) to base 4.", "\n2122\nWhat is 10 (base 10) in base 9?", "\n11\nWhat is -151 (base 6) in base 14?", "\n-4b\nWhat is -1 (base 8) in base 13?", "\n-1\nConvert -245 (base 7) to base 15.", "\n-8b\nConvert 182 (base 10) to base 8.", "\n266\nWhat is 2d (base 15) in base 13?", "\n34\n42 (base 14) to base 7\n112\nWhat is -190 (base 11) in base 4?", "\n-3130\nConvert 2 (base 10) to base 4.", "\n2\nConvert -10100 (base 2) to base 16.", "\n-14\nWhat is 10 (base 10) in base 2?", "\n1010\nWhat is 3 (base 13) in base 11?", "\n3\nConvert 3 (base 15) to base 3.", "\n10\nWhat is -245 (base 7) in base 8?", "\n-203\nConvert -3 (base 15) to base 13.", "\n-3\n-18 (base 14) to base 4\n-112\n-12 (base 4) to base 13\n-6\nConvert -3 (base 11) to base 16.", "\n-3\n9 (base 12) to base 4\n21\nWhat is 2121 (base 3) in base 15?", "\n4a\nWhat is 12 (base 5) in base 8?", "\n7\nConvert -9 (base 12) to base 14.", "\n-9\nConvert 30 (base 16) to base 10.", "\n48\nWhat is -1 (base 9) in base 5?", "\n-1\nWhat is 4 (base 5) in base 3?", "\n11\nWhat is 3e (base 16) in base 8?", "\n76\n123 (base 4) to base 5\n102\n34 (base 12) to base 8\n50\nWhat is -2 (base 10) in base 8?", "\n-2\nWhat is 1 (base 11) in base 13?", "\n1\n-12 (base 8) to base 2\n-1010\nConvert 1 (base 14) to base 6.", "\n1\nWhat is f (base 16) in base 14?", "\n11\na (base 16) to base 5\n20\na (base 14) to base 9\n11\n-3 (base 16) to base 6\n-3\nConvert -1000001 (base 2) to base 6.", "\n-145\n-1022 (base 5) to base 13\n-a7\n-7 (base 16) to base 15\n-7\nConvert 11 (base 7) to base 12.", "\n8\n-3 (base 9) to base 7\n-3\nWhat is -33 (base 4) in base 16?", "\n-f\nWhat is 10 (base 3) in base 15?", "\n3\n-1 (base 8) to base 5\n-1\nConvert -2002 (base 3) to base 15.", "\n-3b\nConvert 444 (base 5) to base 7.", "\n235\nWhat is -244 (base 5) in base 10?", "\n-74\nWhat is 41 (base 15) in base 5?", "\n221\nConvert 3 (base 16) to base 15.", "\n3\n1 (base 16) to base 11\n1\n-a (base 15) to base 4\n-22\n-1 (base 11) to base 9\n-1\nWhat is 5a (base 14) in base 11?", "\n73\n-3 (base 16) to base 5\n-3\n-14 (base 10) to base 12\n-12\n4 (base 9) to base 2\n100\n-1 (base 15) to base 14\n-1\n0 (base 14) to base 15\n0\nConvert 1 (base 7) to base 14.", "\n1\n-14e (base 15) to base 3\n-102002\n-123 (base 8) to base 4\n-1103\n53 (base 14) to base 10\n73\nConvert 27 (base 13) to base 12.", "\n29\n-10110 (base 2) to base 9\n-24\nWhat is 9 (base 11) in base 3?", "\n100\nConvert 16 (base 7) to base 11.", "\n12\nWhat is 104 (base 6) in base 14?", "\n2c\nConvert 21 (base 4) to base 10.", "\n9\nWhat is 110 (base 2) in base 7?", "\n6\nConvert 111 (base 2) to base 16.", "\n7\n1 (base 6) to base 11\n1\nConvert 5 (base 7) to base 16.", "\n5\nConvert 3 (base 10) to base 4.", "\n3\nConvert b (base 14) to base 8.", "\n13\nConvert 1101010 (base 2) to base 14.", "\n78\nConvert -2 (base 7) to base 5.", "\n-2\nConvert 0 (base 15) to base 8.", "\n0\nConvert 0 (base 16) to base 8.", "\n0\nWhat is -2b (base 14) in base 12?", "\n-33\nWhat is -2c (base 15) in base 16?", "\n-2a\nWhat is 34 (base 12) in base 6?", "\n104\nConvert 2 (base 5) to base 8.", "\n2\nWhat is -25 (base 16) in base 11?", "\n-34\n-316 (base 7) to base 2\n-10100000\nConvert 138 (base 12) to base 14.", "\nd6\n-5 (base 13) to base 6\n-5\nConvert 30 (base 5) to base 13.", "\n12\nWhat is -267 (base 8) in base 3?", "\n-20210\n57 (base 10) to base 15\n3c\n-1220 (base 3) to base 15\n-36\nConvert 4 (base 8) to base 7.", "\n4\nWhat is -3 (base 4) in base 3?", "\n-10\nConvert -1 (base 16) to base 4.", "\n-1\nWhat is 0 (base 8) in base 5?", "\n0\n-70 (base 8) to base 3\n-2002\n8 (base 9) to base 15\n8\nWhat is -103 (base 4) in base 8?", "\n-23\n-1111 (base 2) to base 11\n-14\nConvert 1 (base 3) to base 2.", "\n1\n67 (base 11) to base 12\n61\n-77 (base 10) to base 11\n-70\nConvert 3 (base 14) to base 13.", "\n3\n-3 (base 15) to base 14\n-3\n20210 (base 3) to base 5\n1213\n-1 (base 4) to base 15\n-1\nWhat is 101 (base 2) in base 11?", "\n5\nConvert 6 (base 12) to base 5.", "\n11\n1 (base 16) to base 12\n1\nWhat is 97 (base 11) in base 2?", "\n1101010\nConvert 89 (base 10) to base 7.", "\n155\n-10 (base 2) to base 3\n-2\nWhat is 2 (base 10) in base 8?", "\n2\n0 (base 7) to base 12\n0\n1100 (base 2) to base 3\n110\nWhat is 8 (base 11) in base 16?", "\n8\n302 (base 8) to base 2\n11000010\nWhat is -1 (base 9) in base 4?", "\n-1\n38 (base 10) to base 7\n53\n68 (base 10) to base 3\n2112\nWhat is -154 (base 9) in base 11?", "\n-109\nConvert -d (bas" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "\n\nTitle Page\n\nDedication\n\nMap\n\nPoem\n\nFairy Tale Creatures\n\nThe Missing Pin\n\nCome to Me!", "\n\nGet That Pin!", "\n\nTwo Beasts\n\nCreatures on Parade\n\nTeaser\n\nCopyright\n\nThe Fairy Tale Fairies are in for a shock!", "\n\nCinderella won't run at the strike of the clock.", "\n\nNo one can stop me—I've plotted and planned,\n\nAnd I'll be the fairest one in all of the land.", "\n\nIt will take someone handsome and witty and clever\n\nTo stop storybook endings forever and ever.", "\n\nBut to see fairies suffer great trouble and strife,\n\nWill make me live happily all of my life!", "\n\n\"When I get back home, I'm going to try to make some of this fairy tale food,\" Kirsty Tate said. \"", "These Peter Pancakes are delicious!\"", "\n\n\"And so is this Fairyland Fruit Salad,\" agreed her friend, Rachel Walker.", "\n\nThe two girls were in the big dining room at Tiptop Castle. ", "The tables were filled with boys and girls who had come for the Fairy Tale Festival. ", "Each day, the festival organizers had fun activities planned for them.", "\n\nJust being in the castle was like living inside a fairy tale. ", "The meals were served on pretty silver plates, and all the food had a fairy tale theme. ", "The Peter Pancakes were shaped like fairy wings. ", "The Fairyland Fruit Salad came in a crystal goblet with a tall stem.", "\n\nKirsty sighed. \"", "I wish this festival never had to end,\" she said, taking another bite of pancake.", "\n\nA hush came over the room as Amy, one of the organizers, stood up. ", "She was dressed as a princess in a pink dress with a pointy pink hat on top of her blond curls.", "\n\n\"Good morning, fairy tale fans!\" ", "she began. \"", "We have a very exciting event planned tonight. ", "It's the Creature Costume Party!\"", "\n\nThe kids all began to whisper excitedly.", "\n\n\"There are many marvelous creatures in fairy tales,\" Amy said. \"", "Unicorns, dragons, talking bears—the possibilities are endless. ", "We have set up the ballroom with all the supplies you will need to make your costumes for tonight. ", "So have fun, and use your imaginations. ", "There will be prizes for the best costumes!\"", "\n\nKirsty turned to Rachel. \"", "It's fun that we get to make our own costumes!\"", "\n\nRachel nodded. \"", "I know. ", "What do you think we should be?\"", "\n\n\"I don't know.\" ", "Kirsty frowned. \"", "A unicorn would be fun.\"", "\n\n\"I bet a lot of people are going to be unicorns,\" said Rachel, looking thoughtful. \"", "To win a prize, we should be something really different. ", "Like a... a griffin!\"", "\n\n\"What's a griffin?\" ", "asked Kirsty.", "\n\n\"It's a half-lion, half-eagle,\" Rachel said.", "\n\n\"A griffin sounds interesting,\" Kirsty agreed. \"", "Or maybe we could be some kind of sea serpent!\"", "\n\n\"We should look at the fairy tale books in the reading room,\" Rachel suggested. \"", "I'm sure we'll find some good ideas there.\"", "\n\n\"That sounds like a great plan,\" Kirsty said.", "\n\nThen Rachel looked around the dining room. ", "She lowered her voice so only Kirsty could hear her. \"", "Besides making our costumes for the party tonight, we also need to keep an eye out for the Fairy Tale Fairies.\"", "\n\n\"And for mean Jack Frost,\" Kirsty added.", "\n\nKirsty and Rachel were friends with the fairies in Fairyland. ", "On their first day at Tiptop Castle, Hannah the Happily Ever After Fairy had come to see them. ", "She took them to Fairy Tale Lane in Fairyland.", "\n\nThere they learned that Jack Frost was causing trouble again. ", "He had stolen the magic object belonging to each of the Fairy Tale Fairies! ", "Jack Frost wanted the fairy tales to be all about him.", "\n\nNow the fairy tale characters were missing from their stories. ", "Kirsty and Rachel had helped the Fairy Tale Fairies find four magic objects so far. ", "But they still had three more objects to find—and three fairy tales to save.", "\n\n\"So far, every character we've met has been somewhere in the castle,\" Rachel said.", "\n\n\"Or on the grounds,\" Kirsty added. \"", "The Frog Princess was hopping across the lawn.\"", "\n\n\"And Jack Frost was nearby every time!\" ", "Rachel said.", "\n\nThe girls finished breakfast and left the dining room. ", "They walked through the grand entrance hall. ", "A glittering chandelier shimmered over their heads. ", "In front of them, two suits of armor stood guard in front of a wide staircase.", "\n\nRachel was about to open the door to the reading room when Kirsty nudged her.", "\n\n\"Rachel, look!\"", "\n\nA tall man came down the staircase. ", "He wore a fancy blue velvet suit and a shirt with a ruffled collar. ", "But his hands and face were covered in brown fur! ", "He had pointy ears, a black nose, and tusks, too.", "\n\n\"That must be one of the fairy tale organizers,\" Rachel guessed. \"", "He's dressed like Beast from Beauty and the Beast.\"", "\n\nThen they heard the sound of tinkling bells. ", "The doorknob Rachel had just been holding shimmered with fairy magic. ", "When the magic settled, a tiny fairy was perched there.", "\n\n\"That is the Beast!\" ", "she cried.", "\n\n\"Quick! ", "In here!\" ", "Kirsty whispered.", "\n\nThe fairy followed the girls as they ducked into the reading room. ", "The Fairy Tale Festival was full of amazing sights. ", "But Kirsty and Rachel would have a hard time explaining to everyone that they knew a real fairy!", "\n\n\"Hello again, Kirsty and Rachel,\" the fairy said. \"", "I'm Gwen the Beauty and the Beast Fairy. ", "I met you on Fairy Tale Lane.\"", "\n\nAuburn curls bounced off her shoulders. ", "She wore a pretty blue skirt with white polka dots and a white blouse with a skinny blue ribbon around the collar. ", "A bright yellow cardigan sweater topped off the outfit.", "\n\n\"If that is the Beast out there, that means that Jack Frost is up to no good,\" Rachel said.", "\n\nGwen nodded. \"", "Jack Frost has my magic rose pin,\" the fairy explained. \"", "Without it, I can't control the Beauty and the Beast fairy tale. ", "So that's why the Beast is wandering around this castle. ", "He is lost and very confused.\"", "\n\n\"Poor Beast!\" ", "Kirsty said.", "\n\n\"Did somebody say Beast?\" ", "asked a voice behind them.", "\n\nThe girls turned around. ", "A young woman was standing by one of the tall bookshelves. ", "She wore a long, pale blue skirt that touched her brown boots, and a white blouse with puffy sleeves. ", "Her big, dark eyes looked worried.", "\n\n\"Is your name Beauty?\" ", "Rachel asked.", "\n\nThe woman nodded. ", "She gazed at all the books, which were stacked up to the ceiling. \"", "I am looking for a magical book that my friend Beast gave me,\" she said. \"", "One moment I had it, and the next moment, I didn't. ", "It must be in here somewhere. ", "But this doesn't look like Beast's library at all.\"", "\n\n\"We have to help her!\" ", "Kirsty whispered to Gwen and Rachel.", "\n\n\"The best way to help her is to find my missing rose pin,\" replied Gwen. \"", "That is the only way to get her and Beast back to their fairy tale.\"", "\n\n\"We have to find Jack Frost,\" Rachel whispered.", "\n\nBeauty ran to another of the tall bookshelves. \"", "I must find my book!\" ", "she muttered to herself.", "\n\n\"What book is she looking for?\" ", "Kirsty asked.", "\n\n\"In the fairy tale, Beast gives Beauty a magical book,\" Gwen explained. \"", "When she reads from it, the book will grant any wish she wants.\"", "\n\n\"That's right!\" ", "said Rachel. \"", "I remember reading that in the story.\"", "\n\nKirsty shuddered. \"", "Imagine what Jack Frost would do if he had that book. ", "He would probably wish to rule all of Fairyland!\"", "\n\nRachel's blue eyes went wide. \"", "Oh no! ", "What if he already has the book?\"", "\n\nSuddenly, they heard a voice behind one of the big shelves.", "\n\n\"Welcome Beauty, banish fear.", "\n\nYou are the real princess here.", "\n\nSpeak your wishes, loud and true.", "\n\nAnd this book will obey you.\"", "\n\nGwen's wings fluttered. \"", "I know that voice! ", "That's Beauty's book speaking!\"", "\n\nThe girls raced toward the sound of the voice. ", "Gwen flew above their heads. ", "They turned a corner and there was Jack Frost!", "\n\nJack Frost hadn't seen them yet. ", "Gwen motioned the girls to hide behind a bookshelf.", "\n\n\"Okay, book, I'm going to speak my wishes,\" Jack Frost was saying to the thick book. ", "It had a leather cover decorated with flowers and leaves.", "\n\nThe girls noticed Gwen's pin glittering on Jack Frost's shirtfront.", "\n\n\"There it is!\" ", "Gwen whispered.", "\n\nThen they heard the book speak. \"", "Wait, you're not Beauty! ", "Good-bye and go away!\" ", "it said. ", "And then it slammed shut!", "\n\n\"But I am Beauty! ", "This is my fairy tale now!\" ", "Jack Frost cried. ", "He angrily stomped his foot.", "\n\nJust then, the real Beauty ran up the aisle toward Jack Frost. ", "Before the girls or Gwen could do anything, she reached out to grab the book. \"", "That's mine! ", "Beast gave it to me. ", "What are you doing with it?\" ", "she asked Jack Frost.", "\n\nJack Frost scowled. \"", "No way! ", "It's mine now!\" ", "he yelled, clutching the book to his chest. ", "With a flash of light and a cloud of icy magic, Jack Frost disappeared from the library.", "\n\n\"No!\" ", "Beauty yelled. \"", "Oh dear. ", "I must find Beast!\" ", "Beauty turned and hurried out of the library.", "\n\n\"Poor Beauty.\" ", "Gwen looked distraught. \"", "I'm going to follow her and make sure she's okay. ", "You girls keep an eye out for Jack Frost,\" she told them. \"", "I'm sure he's still somewhere in the castle.\"", "\n\n\"We'll look everywhere for him!\" ", "Kirsty promised as Gwen fluttered away.", "\n\n\"We should start inside the castle, and then go outside,\" Rachel suggested.", "\n\nThe girls quickly began their search. ", "Downstairs, they looked in the dining room, the ballroom, and the kitchen. ", "Then they went upstairs and walked up and down every hallway looking for him. ", "Finally, they climbed the castle's tall turrets.", "\n\nRachel gazed out the window at the castle grounds below.", "\n\n\"He could be anywhere,\" she said with a sigh.", "\n\n\"We've got to keep looking,\" said Kirsty. \"", "Think of poor Beauty and the Beast, lost outside their fairy tale!\"", "\n\nRachel nodded. \"", "Let's go.\"", "\n\nThey ran all the way downstairs and began searching the castle grounds. ", "First, they looked in the courtyard. ", "The water in the shell-shaped fountain bubbled happily, but there was no sign of Jack Frost.", "\n\nThey walked over the moat, but they didn't see Jack Frost there, either. ", "They walked through the rose garden. ", "They saw Beauty happily smelling the roses, but there was no sign of Jack Frost.", "\n\nKirsty spotted Gwen hiding in a rose bloom.", "\n\n\"I think Beauty's okay for now,\" she said. \"", "But the sooner we get my magic rose pin back, the better!\"", "\n\nThe girls nodded. ", "Gwen tucked herself into Rachel's pocket so they could continue their search without anyone spotting her.", "\n\nThen the sound of a bell rang across the castle grounds.", "\n\n\"Is it time for lunch already?\" ", "asked Rachel.", "\n\n\"We've been looking for Jack Frost all morning!\" ", "said Kirsty. ", "She patted her stomach. \"", "I guess I am pretty hungry.\"", "\n\n\"The organizers will be worried if we don't show up,\" Rachel said. \"", "Let's eat fast and keep looking for the rose pin.\"", "\n\nThe girls went back inside the castle and quickly ate their lunch of Princess Pasta Salad and cucumber sandwiches cut into crown shapes. ", "Gwen kept out of sight in Rachel's pocket.", "\n\nAs they ate, Rachel and Kirsty noticed the other kids at their table were talking about the costumes they were making. ", "Some of them had paint streaks on their faces and glitter on their clothes.", "\n\n\"We have been so busy looking for Jack Frost, we forgot about our creature costumes!\" ", "said Kirsty.", "\n\nRachel looked thoughtful. \"", "Well, we've looked everywhere we can. ", "I think we can probably start our costumes after lunch. ", "Besides, Jack Frost usually turns up when we least expect him, anyway!\"", "\n\nKirsty nodded. \"", "That's for sure.\"", "\n\n\"I hope you're right, girls,\" Gwen whispered. \"", "If he doesn't show up soon, we might have to visit his Ice Castle.\" ", "She shuddered. ", "No fairy was a fan of his frozen palace.", "\n\nThe girls finished lunch and headed for the ballroom. ", "Tables had been set up with all kinds of craft supplies: felt, fake fur, feathers, glue, pom-poms, and more. ", "Groups of kids crowded around the supplies, or spread their work-in-progress costumes on the floor.", "\n\nKirsty's eyes went wide. \"", "I think everything in the craft store is here!\"", "\n\n\"We should look around,\" said Rachel. \"", "Maybe we'll get an idea for our costumes.\"", "\n\nAs they approached the tables, they heard a loud, demanding voice coming from a corner of the room.", "\n\n\"Obey me, book! ", "I am Beauty!\"", "\n\n\"I know that voice!\" ", "Kirsty cried.", "\n\nNone other than Jack Frost stood behind one of the craft tables in a corner of the ballroom. ", "He was angrily shaking Beauty's book. ", "Gwen's magic rose pin still glittered on his shirt. ", "Even though Jack Frost was being loud, no one was paying much attention to him.", "\n\n\"Everyone must think he's practicing his fairy tale character for the ball tonight,\" Rachel guessed. \"", "Let's sneak over there and see what he's up to.\"", "\n\n\"Be careful girls,\" Gwen whispered.", "\n\nKirsty and Rachel ducked behind the table next to Jack Frost. ", "He slammed down the book and frowned.", "\n\n\"If this book won't make my wishes come true, then my goblins will!\" ", "he cried. ", "He clapped his hands, motioning four green goblins toward him. ", "The goblins were all dressed as fairy tale animals, so the girls hadn't immediately noticed them in the crowd of kids. ", "One was dressed as a bear, one as a cat, one as a wolf, and one as a mouse.", "\n\n\"I want to use all this stuff to make a beautiful princess dress. ", "Once I'm dressed like Beauty, this book will have to obey me!\" ", "said Jack Frost. \"", "I need some glitter. ", "Glitter, come to me!\"", "\n\nThe goblins looked at one another and scratched their heads.", "\n\n\"I want the glitter to magically come to me,\" Jack Frost growled. \"", "That means one of you needs to go get it for me!\"", "\n\nThe goblin dressed as a cat nodded and ran to find glitter. ", "He knocked over a box of feathers in the process, and they flew all over the ballroom.", "\n\n\"Yarn, come to me!\" ", "Jack Frost yelled, and the goblin dressed as a bear leaped up, looking for yarn. ", "He ran up to a boy holding a ball of green yarn and grabbed it right out of his hands.", "\n\n\"Hey!\" ", "cried the boy.", "\n\n\"Feathers, come to me! ", "Ribbons, come to me!\" ", "Jack Frost yelled, and the other two goblins jumped into action.", "\n\nThe one dressed as a mouse tried to grab the feathers that were floating in the air. ", "He bumped into a nearby table, and tubs of paint and glue crashed to the ground.", "\n\nThe goblin dressed as a wolf hurried up to a girl holding a long blue ribbon. ", "He took it right from her!", "\n\n\"Give that back!\" ", "the girl yelled. ", "The ballroom quickly descended into noisy chaos as kids and goblins started to argue.", "\n\n\"Oh dear,\" whispered Gwen. \"", "This is a disaster!\"", "\n\nKirsty turned to Rachel. \"", "We have to stop Jack Frost and his goblins before this gets any worse!\"", "\n\nRachel nodded. ", "The girls stood up—and found themselves staring right into the face of the mouse goblin.", "\n\n\"Hey, it's those girls!\" ", "the goblin called out.", "\n\n\"Get them!\" ", "Jack Frost yelled.", "\n\nKirsty grabbed Rachel's hand.", "\n\n\"Run!\" ", "she cried.", "\n\nThe mouse goblin lunged for them and then tripped over a spilled bag of fuzzy pom-poms. ", "The other three goblins charged after them from across the room.", "\n\n\"They're so fast!\" ", "Rachel cried, looking over her shoulder.", "\n\nKirsty quickly pulled her behind a big bin of fabric.", "\n\n\"But the goblins will find us here,\" Rachel said.", "\n\nKirsty grinned. \"", "Not if we put on a disguise.\"", "\n\nRachel knew exactly what Kirsty was thinking. ", "She grabbed a long piece of blue fabric. \"", "Got it!\" ", "Rachel said.", "\n\nThe girls quickly wrapped the fabric around themselves. ", "They wrapped it from their feet to their heads, leaving room for their eyes. ", "They finished just as the goblins ran up.", "\n\nKirsty jumped up first.", "\n\n\"Aaaargh!\" ", "she cried. \"", "We are the...\"\n\n\"... the blue mummies!\" ", "Rachel said, jumping up next to her.", "\n\n\"Aaaah!\" ", "wailed the mouse goblin, covering his eyes.", "\n\n\"Blue mummies!\" ", "yelled the bear goblin.", "\n\n\"I want my mommy!\" ", "cried the wolf goblin.", "\n\n\"I don't remember reading about blue mummies in my fairy tale book,\" the cat goblin said. ", "But his friends were already tugging him away from the girls as fast as they could.", "\n\nRachel pulled the blue fabric away from her face and grinned at Rachel. \"", "It worked!\" ", "she cried, unwinding the rest of her costume.", "\n\nGwen fluttered up out of her pocket, and hovered behind the fabric bin. \"", "Good job! ", "Now, I think it's time I turned you girls into fairies. ", "Those goblins are sure to be back any moment.\"", "\n\nKirsty and Rachel looked at each other and smiled. ", "They loved being turned into fairies!", "\n\n\"Crouch down again, so no one will see you,\" Gwen said. ", "Then she waved her wand.", "\n\nThe air glittered with fairy magic. ", "Tiny, sparkling roses with stems appeared in the air. ", "The glittering magic surrounded Kirsty and Rachel. ", "They could feel themselves getting smaller as tiny wings sprouted on their shoulders.", "\n\nThe girls fluttered up to a large chandelier in the center of the room. ", "With all the glitter and feathers drifting through the air, they knew no one would notice them.", "\n\nBelow, they could see that the goblins had returned to running around, grabbing whatever items Jack Frost needed. ", "Most of the actual kids were abandoning their costumes and leaving the ballroom.", "\n\n\"Those kids in the animal costumes are too mean!\" ", "one boy said.", "\n\nJack Frost didn't seem to care. ", "He was busy cutting into some blue fabric with a pair of scissors.", "\n\n\"Ribbons, come to me!\" ", "he yelled to his goblins.", "\n\n\"He seems to be very interested in making that princess dress,\" said Gwen.", "\n\n\"Maybe he's concentrating so hard, he won't notice if we fly over and unhook the pin?\" ", "Kirsty asked.", "\n\n\"I'm not sure,\" Rachel said. \"", "We'd be right underneath his pointy nose!\"", "\n\n\"I'll distract him,\" Gwen said. \"", "It won't be easy to unhook the pin. ", "But your tiny fairy hands should do the trick.\"", "\n\n\"We'll do our best,\" Rachel promised.", "\n\n\"I'll fly in front of him first,\" said Gwen. \"", "Then you two go for the pin.\"", "\n\nRachel and Kirsty nodded. ", "The plan was in place!", "\n\nJack Frost was happily humming to himself as Gwen flew right in front of him.", "\n\n\"I am Beauty, yes that's me!\" ", "he sang.", "\n\n\"I know Beauty, and you are not her!\" ", "Gwen said.", "\n\nJack Frost looked up and scowled.", "\n\n\"You! ", "Get away from here. ", "You're ruining my fairy tale!\" ", "he yelled.", "\n\nKirsty and Rachel started to flutter silently toward Jack Frost.", "\n\n\"This fairy tale doesn't belong to you. ", "It belongs to everyone!\" ", "Gwen told him.", "\n\nThe girls hovered near Jack Frost's shoulder, just above the pin. ", "So far, he was too busy arguing with Gwen to notice them.", "\n\nKirsty and Rachel each took a side of the magic rose pin.", "\n\n\"I see the clasp!\" ", "Rachel whispered.", "\n\n\"Gwen was right. ", "Our fairy hands are just the size to open it,\" Kirsty said, and she reached for the clasp.", "\n\nAs she did, her wings fluttered against Jack Frost's shirt. ", "He looked down.", "\n\n\"Hey!\" ", "he cried. \"", "Shoo! ", "Get away!\"", "\n\nHe swiped at them and the girls had to quickly fly out of the way to avoid being hit.", "\n\n\"Goblins!\" ", "he yelled.", "\n\nThe troop of goblins hurried toward him.", "\n\n\"Oh, no you don't!\" ", "Gwen said firmly. ", "She pointed her magic wand at a container of paint. ", "The paint covered the floor like an oil slick in front of the goblins.", "\n\nWhomp! ", "Whomp! ", "Whomp! ", "Whomp! ", "The four goblins slipped and fell.", "\n\n\"No fair!\" ", "Jack Frost cried. ", "Then he picked up a jar of glitter and poured it into his hand. ", "He took a deep breath, and then he blew.", "\n\nWhoosh! ", "The glitter rained down on Kirsty and Rachel as they tried to fly away.", "\n\n\"Oh no!\" ", "Kirsty yelled. \"", "It's making my wings heavy!\"", "\n\n\"We're falling!\" ", "Rachel cried.", "\n\n\"Hang on, girls!\" ", "Gwen called out, flying after them.", "\n\nBut the girls were falling fast.", "\n\nKirsty tried to flap her wings, but they wouldn't work. \"", "We're going to hit the floor!\"", "\n\nThen... plop! ", "The girls landed in something soft and fuzzy.", "\n\nRachel sat up, dazed. \"", "We're safe,\" she said.", "\n\n\"But what did we land in?\" ", "Kirsty asked, and then she looked up.", "\n\nThe soft, fuzzy face of the Beast was smiling down at them.", "\n\n\"Thanks, Beast!\" ", "Rachel said.", "\n\nGwen flew up to the girls and hovered near Beast's giant paw.", "\n\n\"What a strange place this is,\" Beast said. \"", "It doesn't look like my palace. ", "I can't find Beauty anywhere. ", "And it seems to be full of fairies!\"", "\n\n\"Beast, we can help you get back to your home,\" Rachel said. \"", "But we need your help first!\"", "\n\nBeast frowned. \"", "That man over there doesn't seem very nice.\"", "\n\n\"He's not!\" ", "said Kirsty. \"", "He stole my friend Gwen's magic rose pin. ", "And the book you gave to Beauty! ", "We need to get it back from him.\"", "\n\n\"But how can I help?\" ", "Beast asked.", "\n\nRachel looked thoughtful. \"", "I have an idea. ", "Jack Frost wants to be the star of your fairy tale.\"", "\n\nBeast looked surprised. \"", "He does?\"", "\n\n\"Yes!\" ", "said Kirsty. \"", "He'll be thrilled to see you.\"", "\n\n\"And you can just ask him to give you the pin,\" Rachel said. \"", "I bet he'll hand it right over, since you're the one asking!\"", "\n\nBeast stroked his hairy chin. \"", "This is all very strange. ", "But if getting the pin back will help me get back to my palace, I will do it.\"", "\n\n\"Excellent!\" ", "said Gwen. \"", "May we hide in your fur?\"", "\n\n\"Certainly!\" ", "Beast said. \"", "Climb onto my back.\"", "\n\nKirsty and Rachel brushed the glitter off their wings. ", "They flew up behind Beast and landed next to Gwen. ", "Then they grabbed onto his fur.", "\n\n\"Just use your beastly charm,\" Gwen told Beast.", "\n\n\"I will try,\" Beast said.", "\n\nBeast headed to the table where Jack Frost stood all by himself, busily working on his princess costume. ", "Rachel and Kirsty could see a corner of Beauty's book poking out from under the fabric.", "\n\n\"Hello there,\" Beast said in his deep voice.", "\n\nJack Frost looked up. \"", "Beast!\" ", "he cried. \"", "It's really you!\"", "\n\n\"You seem to know me,\" said Beast. \"", "But I do not know you.\"", "\n\n\"Of course you do,\" Jack Frost replied. \"", "I am Beauty!\"", "\n\nBeast squinted his eyes. \"", "Hmm. ", "You don't look like Beauty.\"", "\n\n\"But I am!\" ", "Jack Frost insisted.", "\n\n\"If you were Beauty, then you would be wearing a special pin,\" said Beast. \"", "It is shaped like a rose with a long stem.\"", "\n\nJack Frost got excited. \"", "But I am wearing it!\" ", "He pointed to his shirt. \"", "See? ", "This proves I am Beauty.\"", "\n\n\"That doesn't look like a rose pin to me,\" said Beast.", "\n\nJack Frost stamped his foot. \"", "It is! ", "It is!\"", "\n\n\"Can I please get a closer look at it?\" ", "Beast asked.", "\n\n\"Of course!\" ", "Jack Frost said.", "\n\nKirsty and Rachel held their breaths as Jack Frost unhooked the pin from his shirt. ", "Then he placed it in Beast's furry paw.", "\n\nBeast nodded. \"", "Yes, that is the rose pin. ", "And it's all yours, Gwen.\"", "\n\n\"Gwen? ", "I'm not Gwen. ", "I'm Beauty!\" ", "Jack Frost protested.", "\n\nGwen flew out from behind Beast's head and touched the magic rose pin. ", "It quickly shrank down to fairy size, and she pinned it onto her sweater, where it belonged.", "\n\n\"Noooooo!\" ", "Jack Frost wailed.", "\n\nJust then, Beauty ran into the ballroom. \"", "You!\" ", "she cried, pointing at Jack Frost. ", "She marched right up to him and grabbed her magic book. \"", "That is mine, thank you!\"", "\n\n\"This is not fair!\" ", "Jack Frost complained. \"", "Everybody's taking my stuff.\"", "\n\nBeast leaned into Jack Frost's face. \"", "It was never your stuff to begin with,\" he growled. \"", "Now I would suggest you get out of here, fast!\"", "\n\nJack Frost turned pale. ", "He slowly backed up, and then turned to run out of the ballroom, leaving a slight icy breeze in his wake.", "\n\n\"Well done!\" ", "Gwen cheered.", "\n\nKirsty and Rachel flew out from behind Beast.", "\n\n\"Thanks for all your help,\" Gwen told them. \"", "And now I must turn you back into girls, so you can get ready for your party.\"", "\n\nShe waved her wand, and the sound of bells filled the air as the fairy magic did its work. ", "Kirsty and Rachel were their normal selves again.", "\n\nGwen turned to Beauty and the Beast. \"", "It's time to get you two back to your fairy tale,\" she told them. ", "Then she turned to Kirsty and Rachel. \"", "I'll be back soon!\" ", "Gwen, Beauty, and Beast vanished in a cloud of fairy dust.", "\n\n\"We helped save another fairy tale!\" ", "Kirsty said.", "\n\nRachel grinned. \"", "I'm glad Beauty and the Beast are back where they belong.\"", "\n\nThen Amy, one of the festival organizers, popped her head into the ballroom.", "\n\n\"Wow, what a mess in here!\" ", "she said. \"", "Have you girls finished your costumes yet? ", "In a little while we need to start clearing things out for the party tonight.\"", "\n\n\"Um, we need a little more time,\" Rachel said quickly.", "\n\nAmy nodded. \"", "Okay. ", "Good luck!\" ", "She closed the door, leaving the girls alone again.", "\n\nRachel and Kirsty looked at each other.", "\n\n\"What are we going to do?\" ", "Kirsty asked.", "\n\n\"We need to think of a fairy tale creature we can be,\" Rachel said. \"", "What fairy tale creature is your favorite?\"", "\n\nBoth girls smiled. \"", "Beast!\" ", "they cried at the same time.", "\n\n\"We'll need fur, and felt, and...\" Rachel stopped talking as she looked around the ballroom. \"", "Those goblins made such a mess!\"", "\n\n\"We'll never be able to find anything we need!\" ", "Kirsty frowned.", "\n\nGwen suddenly reappeared in a sparkling cloud of fairy dust. \"", "I thought you girls might need some help,\" she said.", "\n\nShe waved her wand, and fairy dust and glittering roses rained down on the ballroom. ", "The costume supplies magically returned to their boxes and bins. ", "The floor was sparkling clean again.", "\n\n\"Oh Gwen, thank you!\" ", "Rachel said. ", "She ran to a box of brown fake fur. \"", "This will be perfect for our Beast costumes.\"", "\n\n\"You both are going as Beast? ", "How nice,\" Gwen said. \"", "He's my favorite fairy tale creature, of course.\"", "\n\nShe flew over to the bin of fur. \"", "I can whip up some wonderful Beast costumes for you with a wave of my wand,\" she offered.", "\n\n\"Thank you, but there are prizes for the best costumes, and that might be cheating,\" Kirsty said.", "\n\n\"But you can stay while we make our costumes,\" Rachel said. \"", "I don't think it's cheating if you cheer us on.\"", "\n\nGwen smiled. \"", "Of course not!\" ", "She nestled herself in a box of feathers as the ballroom doors opened, and other kids returned to finish their costumes.", "\n\nThe girls worked quickly to make their Beast outfits.", "\n\n\"We can make furry hoods to wear,\" Rachel said. \"", "And glue felt ears on top.\"", "\n\n\"And make fancy vests out of felt that look like Beast's jacket!\" ", "Kirsty said.", "\n\n\"And wrap fur around our sleeves!\" ", "Rachel finished.", "\n\n\"I think your costumes are going to be wonderful,\" Gwen whispered.", "\n\nAmy came back into the ballroom just as the girls were finishing. ", "Gwen quickly ducked her head underneath the feathers so that Amy wouldn't see her.", "\n\n\"How did it go, Kirsty and Rachel?\" ", "Amy asked.", "\n\n\"We're all done,\" Rachel replied.", "\n\n\"Good!\" ", "Amy said. ", "She turned to address everyone in the ballroom. \"", "It's almost time for dinner. ", "Please take your costumes to your rooms. ", "I can't wait to see what everyone's come up with!\"", "\n\nAmy left, and Gwen popped her head out of the box of feathers.", "\n\n\"Achoo!\" ", "she said. \"", "I better head back to Fairyland now. ", "Good luck tonight, girls!\"", "\n\n\"Thank you!\" ", "the girls said, and Gwen disappeared in a shower of sparkles.", "\n\nLater that night, the big clock in the main hall chimed seven times. ", "It was time for the Creature Costume Party!", "\n\nThe girls were proud of their matching costumes. ", "They looked just like two miniature Beasts. ", "They were amazed at how creative their fellow partygoers had been with their costumes, too. ", "They couldn't believe their eyes as they made their way into the ballroom.", "\n\n\"Look, there's a unicorn!\" ", "Rachel said, pointing.", "\n\n\"And there's a frog! ", "And a dragon!\" ", "Kirsty said.", "\n\nThey walked over to a table where a fountain of green punch sparkled under the ballroom lights.", "\n\n\"The goblins would have loved this!\" ", "Kirsty giggled.", "\n\nNext to the punch bowl were plates piled with cookies shaped like all kinds of creatures. ", "Rachel picked up one that looked a little like Jack Frost.", "\n\n\"Take that!\" ", "she said, munching on it, and Kirsty giggled again.", "\n\nThen Amy stepped into the middle of the ballroom, holding a microphone.", "\n\n\"What great costumes, everyone!\" ", "she said. \"", "Now it's time for the Creature Parade! ", "Please line up under the chandelier.\"", "\n\nThe girls ran to join the others in a line.", "\n\n\"Once around the ballroom!\" ", "Amy said.", "\n\nThe kids marched around the ballroom as music played. ", "As they marched, Amy and two other festival organizers talked and made notes on everyone's outfits.", "\n\nThen the music stopped.", "\n\n\"Wonderful!\" ", "said Amy. \"", "And now it's time for prizes. ", "Our first prize goes to Cutest Creature. ", "And the winner is, Billy the Frog!\"", "\n\nThe boy in the frog costume cheered and ran up to get his prize—a blue ribbon with a yellow medal that read, \"Cutest Costume\"!", "\n\nEveryone cheered and clapped for Billy. ", "Then Amy announced the other prizes. ", "The girl dressed as a unicorn got the Most Magical Costume. ", "A girl in a dragon costume won a prize for Best Scales.", "\n\n\"Do you think we'll win anything?\" ", "Kirsty asked Rachel.", "\n\nThen Amy called out the next prize. \"", "And the prize for Best Duo goes to Kirsty and Rachel for their two mini Beasts!\"", "\n\nThe girls ran up to Amy and she handed each of them a ribbon. ", "Thrilled, they pinned the ribbons to the front of their felt vests.", "\n\nAfter the rest of the prizes were given out, the music came back on and everyone danced in their creature costumes. ", "By the time the party ended, both girls were very sleepy. ", "Back in their room, they took off their costumes and scrubbed off their Beast noses.", "\n\nRachel picked up The Fairies' Book of Fairy Tales. ", "Hannah the Happily Ever After Fairy had given it to them in Fairyland. ", "The pages had all gone blank when Jack Frost stole the magic objects from the Fairy Tale Fairies.", "\n\nKirsty looked over Rachel's shoulder as Rachel flipped through the book. ", "The stories of Sleeping Beauty, Snow White, Cinderella, and The Frog Princess were all back in the book.", "\n\n\"And here's Beauty and the Beast!\" ", "said Rachel. \"", "We helped save it.\"", "\n\nRachel flipped to the end of the book, where there were still many blank pages.", "\n\n\"And now we have two more fairy tales left to save!\" ", "Kirsty said.", "\n\nRachel and Kirsty found Julia's, Eleanor's, Faith's, Rita's, and Gwen's missing magic objects. ", "Now it's time for them to help\n\nJoin their next adventure in this special sneak peek...\n\nKirsty and Rachel smiled at Aisha. ", "She wore a cute, dark pink top with a matching flowy skirt. ", "She had long black braids that fell past her shoulders. ", "Her tiny, pink heeled shoes were decorated with black pom-poms.", "\n\n\"Aisha!\" ", "Kirsty cried. \"", "It's so nice to see you again.\"", "\n\nRachel looked at the young woman in the doorway. \"", "If you're here, that means that she—\"\n\n\"Is the princess from The Princess and the Pea,\" finished Aisha.", "\n\nThe young woman frowned. \"", "Princess? ", "Pea?\" ", "she asked. ", "Then she sighed. \"", "I don't know what's wrong with me. ", "I'm so confused!\"", "\n\n\"You should come inside,\" Kirsty said quickly.", "\n\nAisha fluttered up to the princess. \"", "You've lost your memory... sort of,\" she explained. \"", "But don't worry, I'll help you, and so will my friends Kirsty and Rachel.\"", "\n\nThe princess nodded. \"", "Thank you,\" she said, and then she shivered. \"", "It's cold in here.\"", "\n\n\"We should get her some dry clothes,\" Rachel said. \"", "I'm sure we could find something in her size in the costume closet.\"", "\n\nKirsty nodded and looked at Aisha. \"", "Do you want to fly into my pocket? ", "We have to make sure nobody sees you.\"", "\n\n\"Of course!\" ", "Aisha replied with a smile, and she flew into the front pocket of Kirsty's sweater.", "\n\nRachel turned to the princess. \"", "Follow us.\"", "\n\nCopyright © 2016 by Rainbow Magic Limited.", "\n\nAll rights reserved. ", "Published by Scholastic Inc., Publishers since 1920. ", "SCHOLASTIC and associated logos are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of Scholastic Inc. RAINBOW MAGIC is a trademark of Rainbow Magic Limited. ", "Reg. ", "U.S. Patent & Trademark Office and other countries. ", "HIT and the HIT logo are trademarks of HIT Entertainment Limited.", "\n\nThe publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party websites or their content.", "\n\nThis book is a work of fiction. ", "Names, characters, places, and incidents are either the product of the author's imagination or are used fictitiously, and any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, business establishments, events, or locales is entirely coincidental.", "\n\nFirst edition, January 2016\n\nCover design by Angela Jun\n\ne-ISBN 978-0-545-86406-0\n\nAll rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. ", "No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher. ", "For information regarding permission, write to Scholastic Inc., Attention: Permissions Department, 557 Broadway, New York, NY 10012.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Books3" }

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[ "Trump with Celebrity Apprentice contestants Vivica A. Fox, Leeza Gibbons, and Brandi Glanville, among others. ", "Photo: NBC/NBCU Photo Bank via Getty Images\n\nIf Donald Trump’s entire candidacy turns out to be an elaborate I’m Still Here–style mockumentary, don’t say he didn’t warn us. ", "In an interview with Las Vegas TV station KSNV on Wednesday, the GOP nominee suggested that his gross comments about women (for examples, check out basically any Hillary Clinton ad) were made while he was in character as Donald Trump, host of The Apprentice.", "\n\n\n\n“You have two beautiful daughters past their teenage years,” KSNV’s Jim Snyder said. “", "Can you understand the concern from parents of younger girls that some of your comments could be hurtful to girls struggling with body image and the pressure to be model-perfect?”", "\n\n“Sure I do. ", "And you know, a lot of this is done in the entertainment business. ", "I’m being interviewed for Apprentice long before I ever thought in terms of running for office,” Trump responded, according to a transcript posted by CBS News’ Sopan Deb.", "\n\n“But a lot of that was done for the purpose of entertainment,” Trump continued. “", "I can tell you this: There is nobody — nobody — that has more respect for women than I do.”", "\n\nSo now that he’s Donald Trump, presidential candidate, is he trying to tone down those remarks? “", "Well, it’s not a question of trying. ", "It’s very easy,” he said. “", "But you know, you’re in the entertainment business. ", "You’re doing The Apprentice. ", "You have one of the top shows on television. ", "And you say things differently for a reason.”", "\n\nThe Apprentice launched in 2004, so if true, Trump was plotting to turn a series of business failures into a lucrative TV and steak business for more than a decade. ", "He famously declared, “You know, it doesn’t really matter what [they] write as long as you’ve got a young and beautiful piece of ass,” way back in 1991. ", "Five years later, he reportedly called Miss Universe Alicia Machado “Miss Piggy.” ", "He’s the Daniel Day-Lewis of sexist reality-TV characters!", "\n\n\n\nAlas, Trump told KSNV that “now it’s a much different world.” ", "Presumably the “now” he’s referring to is the last five days. ", "It’s been less than two weeks since Trump responded to Clinton’s point that he calls women “pigs, slobs, and dogs” by saying Rosie O’Donnell “deserves it,” and complaining on Fox and Friends that Machado “gained a massive amount of weight” and directing his Twitter followers to her nonexistent sex tape." ]

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[ "Home\n\n»\n\nSeries\n\n»\n\nThe Science Studio\n\n»\n\nFacts, values and a place for the profound\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nto see this player.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nGet the Flash Player to see this player. ", "Loading the player ...\n\nFacts, values and a place for the profound a conversation with Sam Harris Date: October 3, 2008 Run Time: 1 hours 24 minutes Speakers: Sam Harris Topics: DOWNLOAD Audio: atkins-nov08.mp3 Related Documents:\n\nTranscript.pdf\n\n\n\nSam Harris is the author of The New York Times bestsellers, The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason which won the 2005 PEN/Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction, and Letter to a Christian Nation. ", "His writing has appeared in Newsweek, Los Angeles Times, The Atlantic, The Times (London), The Boston Globe, The Annals of Neurology, and elsewhere. ", "He is currently researching the neural basis of religious belief while completing a doctorate in neuroscience. ", "He is also a Co-Founder and Chairman of The Reason Project." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDocker pull can authenticate but run cannot\n\nI built, tagged & published my first (ever) Docker image to Quay:\ndocker build -t myapp .", "\ndocker tag <imageId> quay.io/myorg/myapp:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT\ndocker login quay.io\ndocker push quay.io/myorg/myapp:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT\n\nI then logged into Quay.io to confirm the tagged image was successfully pushed, and it was. ", "So then I SSHed into a brand-spanking-new AWS EC2 instance and followed their instructions to install Docker:\nsudo yum update -y\nsudo yum install -y docker\nsudo service docker start\nsudo usermod -a -G docker ec2-user\nsudo docker info\n\nInterestingly enough the sudo usermod -a -G docker ec2-user command doesn't seem to work as advertised as I still need to append sudo to all my commands...\nSo I try to pull my tagged image:\nsudo docker pull quay.io/myorg/myapp:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT\nPlease login prior to pull:\nUsername: myorguser\nPassword: <password entered>\n1.0.0-SNAPSHOT: Pulling from myorg/myapp\n<hashNum1>: Pull complete \n<hashNum2>: Pull complete \n<hashNum3>: Pull complete \n<hashNum4>: Pull complete \n<hashNum5>: Pull complete \n<hashNum6>: Pull complete \nDigest: sha256:<longHashNum>\nStatus: Downloaded newer image for quay.io/myorg/myapp:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT\n\nSo far, so good (I guess!). ", "Let's see what images my local Docker engine knows about:\nsudo docker ps\nCONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES\n\nHmmm...that doesn't seem right. ", "Oh well, let' try running a container for my (successfully?) ", "pulled image:\nsudo docker run -it -p 8080:80 -d --name myapp:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT myapp:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT\nUnable to find image 'myapp:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT' locally\ndocker: Error response from daemon: repository myapp not found: does not exist or no pull access.", "\nSee 'docker run --help'.", "\n\nAny idea where I'm going awry?", "\n\nA:\n\nTo list images, you need to use: docker images\nWhen you pull, the image has the same tag. ", "So if you wish to run, you will need to use:\nsudo docker run -it -p 8080:80 -d --name myapp:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT quay.io/myorg/myapp:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT\n\nIf you wish to use a short name, you need to retag it after the docker pull:\nsudo docker tag quay.io/myorg/myapp:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT myapp:1.0.0-SNAPSHOT\n\nAfter that, your docker run command will work. ", "Note that docker ps is for containers that are running (or have exited in the recent past if used with -a)\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to display one of two texts but with the length of the longer one and show it on hover replacing the first one?", "\n\nI have two texts with different lengths and I'd like to display only one of them (in this case 'come') but preserving as much space as the length of the longer one ('will come') so that I can switch them without changing the sentence width.", "\nIs it possible only with css?", "\nI promise I come to see you in the hospital.", "\nI promise I will come to see you in the hospital.", "\n\nA:\n\nYes, it is possible with pure CSS.", "\nYou will want to wrap both potential options each in <span> element, and then both of those should in turn be wrapped in another <span>.", "\nYou can set each of the child span elements to be display: block; so that they sit on top of each other, and then you can show and hide one or the other by setting height: 0; and overflow: hidden;. ", "This completely hides that one element, but allows it's width to still contribute to the size of the parent.. thus, the parent will be as large as the longest of the two options.", "\nThen, the outer <span> just needs to be display: inline-block; and vertical-align: bottom; to stay in line with the text.", "\nAdd some extra styles for prettiness and to do the toggle on hover and you should have something like this:\njsFiddle DEMO\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nPassing inline function definition as input parameter to a function\n\nSay, I have a function which accepts a function as one of the input parameters:\n// modify passed string\nfunc modifyString(paramString: String, modificationFunction: String -> String) -> String {\n return modificationFunction(paramString)\n}\n\nNow I can define a function like this:\nfunc addLearningSuffix(inputString: String) -> String {\n var returnString = inputString + \" is learning swift\"\n return returnString\n}\n\nAnd use it like this:\n// adds suffix - is learning swift\nmodifyString(\"Miraaj\", addLearningSuffix) // returns \"Miraaj is learning swift\"\n\nIn above case I just passed function name - addLearningSuffix as input parameter to the function - modifyString, but what if I want to define function in the same line while passing it as input parameter.", "\nI know that functions are special case of closures, so I can pass inline closure like this:\n// adds prefix - Miraaj\nmodifyString(\"is learning swift\",{\n (inputString: String) -> String in\n let result = \"Miraaj \" + inputString\n return result // returns \"Miraaj is learning swift\"\n })\n\nor like this: \nmodifyString(\"is learning swift\"){\n (inputString: String) -> String in\n let result = \"Miraaj \" + inputString\n return result\n }\n\nBut why I can't pass inline function definition like this:\nmodifyString(\" is learning swift\", func addSomeOtherPrefix(inputString: String) -> String{\n return \"Miraaj\" + inputString\n})\n\nTrying which compiler complains :(\nPlease suggest if I am doing any thing wrong.", "\n\nA:\n\nThink about the difference between declaring an object and then using it:\nvar a = 100\nabs(a)\n\nvs using it directly:\nabs(100)\n\nSame difference applies between declaring then using a function:\nfunc talk(x: String) { return x + \" is talking\" }\ndoThis(talk)\n\nvs using it directly:\ndoThis( { x: String -> return x + \" is talking\" } )\n\nWriting\ndoThis( func talk(x: String) { return x + \" is talking\" } )\n\nis like writing\nabs(var a = 100)\n\nwhich doesn't make sense.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "37th Ward: Emma Mitts has been alderman of this ward, which includes parts of Austin, West Garfield Park and West Humboldt Park, since 2000. ", "Her biggest coup has been bringing the city’s first Walmart and 500 jobs to the Austin neighborhood. ", "In the past, though, we’ve called her the “go-along, get-along” alderman, and she still is. ", "On issues involving divided votes, she has a record of always, always voting with Mayor Rahm Emanuel. ", "That includes her support in 2016 for $600 million in borrowing that Emanuel pushed in order to pay for construction projects and legal settlements. ", "Her take on ethics reform? ", "In 2016, she voted to shield aldermen from the full scrutiny of the city inspector general’s office. ", "We didn’t endorse her in 2015, and we cannot endorse her now. ", "Deondre Rutues, 31, says the city must “keep residents from leaving in droves.” ", "When the jobs go, people go — which is why Rutues doesn’t support taxes that would drive commerce away, like a commuter tax and a financial transactions tax. ", "What attracts businesses? ", "A primed, skilled labor force — which is why Rutues backs beefing up CPS with technical education. “", "We need this at the high school level, that’s where you curate your curiosity,” he says. ", "Also on the ballot: CPS teacher Tara Stamps. ", "Rutues is endorsed." ]

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[ "“The Tonight Show” host and apparent New York Rangers fan Jimmy Fallon sent his producer to the streets of Manhattan to interview the locals about whether the local team can rally in the “Stanley Kwepit” … or the “Starbucks Cup” … or any number of mispronunciations of hockey’s Holy Grail:\n\nThe second half of the video featured a local news report with Joey Clams, who might be the most New Yawk New Yorker in the history of New York. ", "Nicky Fotiu, he’s his goombady …\n\nMan, hockey on “The Tonight Show”! ", "It used to be we’d have to wait until one team won the Cup and had awkward patter with Jay Leno in the last segment. ", "Good on you, Jimmy Fallon." ]

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[ "Adaptogenic activity of Siotone, a polyherbal formulation of Ayurvedic rasayanas.", "\nSiotone (ST) is a herbal formulation comprising of Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Asparagus racemosus, Tribulus terristris and shilajit, all of which are classified in Ayurveda as rasayanas which are reputed to promote physical and mental health, improve defence mechanisms of the body and enhance longevity. ", "These attributes are similar to the modern concept of adaptogenic agents, which are, known to afford protection of the human physiological system against diverse stressors. ", "The present study was undertaken to investigate the adaptogenic activity of ST against chronic unpredictable, but mild, footshock stress induced perturbations in behaviour (depression), glucose metabolism, suppressed male sexual behaviour, immunosuppression and cognitive dysfunction in CF strain albino rats. ", "Gastric ulceration, adrenal gland and spleen weights, ascorbic acid and corticosterone concentrations of adrenal cortex, and plasma corticosterone levels, were used as the stress indices. ", "Panax ginseng (PG) was used as the standard adaptogenic agent for comparison. ", "Additionally, rat brain levels of tribulin, an endogenous endocoid postulated to be involved in stress, were also assessed in terms of endogenous monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and MAOB inhibitory activity. ", "Chronic unpredictable footshock induced marked gastric ulceration, significant increase in adrenal gland weight and plasma corticosterone levels, with concomitant decreases in spleen weight, and concentrations of adrenal gland ascorbic acid and corticosterone. ", "These effects were attenuated by ST (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) ", "and PG (100 mg/kg, p.o.), ", "administered once daily over a period of 14 days, the period of stress induction. ", "Chronic stress also induced glucose intolerance, suppressed male sexual behaviour, induced behavioural depression (Porsolt's swim despair test and learned helplessness test) and cognitive dysfunction (attenuated retention of learning in active and passive avoidance tests), and immunosuppression (leucocyte migration inhibition and sheep RBC challenged increase in paw oedema in sensitized rats). ", "All these chronic stress-induced perturbations were attenuated, dose-dependently by ST (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) ", "and PG (100 mg/kg, p.o.). ", "Chronic stress-induced increase in rat brain tribulin activity was also reversed by these doses of ST and by PG. ", "The results indicate that ST has significant adaptogenic activity, qualitatively comparable to PG, against a variety of behavioural, biochemical and physiological perturbations induced by unpredictable stress, which has been proposed to be a better indicator of clinical stress than acute stress parameters. ", "The likely contribution of the individual constituents of ST in the observed adaptogenic action of the polyherbal formulation, have been discussed." ]

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[ "Billionaire George Soros, a major Hillary Clinton supporter, lost close to $1 billion in trades by betting stocks would collapse after Donald Trump’s stunning victory in November, it was reported Thursday.", "\n\nInstead, the Dow Jones Industrial Average has soared 9.3 percent.", "\n\nThe lefty hedge-fund manager – who donated millions to Clinton and returned to last year to managing his $30 million Soros Fund Management LLC — placed bearish bets because he thought the economy was headed south after Trump’s election, according to the Wall Street Journal.", "\n\nThe paper said Soros’ fund still managed to gain 5 percent on the year – but that was half the 10 percent gain registered in a fund run by his former deputy Stanley Druckenmiller, who correctly predicted that stocks would first tumble then spike if Trump won." ]

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[ "Long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce atrial vulnerability in a novel canine pacing model.", "\nOur objective was to assess the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) on atrial fibrillation (AF) vulnerability and atrial structure in a new model of atrial cardiomyopathy. ", "Dogs were studied in three groups: seven control dogs (UNPACED) and 24 dogs undergoing simultaneous atrioventricular pacing (for 2 weeks) assigned to placebo treatment (SAVP-PLACEBO, n = 12 dogs) or oral n-3 PUFAs (1 g/day) treatment (SAVP-PUFA, n = 12 dogs). ", "SAVP-PUFA dogs had less AF inducibility (percentage of burst attempts leading to AF episodes: 5.5 +/- 7.4 vs. 20.4 +/- 14.2, P < 0.001) and maintenance [median AF duration: 601 s (377-1216) vs. 1598 s (1195-2400), P < 0.05] than SAVP-PLACEBO dogs. ", "SAVP-PUFA dogs had significantly less local slowing of conduction and conduction heterogeneity than SAVP-PLACEBO dogs. ", "SAVP-PUFA dogs had a significantly smaller increase in atrial matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and in collagen type I and III messenger RNA expression (in arbitrary units) than SAVP-PLACEBO dogs (0.62 +/- 0.51 vs. 10.80 +/- 5.61, respectively for collagen I, P < 0.05; 1.66 +/- 0.48 vs. 5.24 +/- 1.16, respectively, for collagen III, P < 0.05). ", "n-3 PUFA supplementation can reduce AF vulnerability in a new canine pacing model of atrial cardiomyopathy. ", "The mechanism may be related to attenuation of collagen turnover." ]

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[ "Outsourcing Your Online Marketing\n\nOnline marketing for small business can be time consuming because of the tasks involve. ", "Because of this outsourcing your online marketing may be a good idea. ", "There is also a lot to learn and so many methods to take advantage of. ", "However many local businesses are stand-offish about outsourcing their online marketing tasks to others. ", "They also feel that there is loss of control and that it is expensive to outsource this type of work. ", "Additionally where would you find someone who is good at online marketing for small businesses anyway?", "\n\nIf you are at the point where you are ready to grow your business bigger and increase revenues then internet marketing is a must. ", "Below are some simple tips to get started and determine if hiring a online marketing assistant or utilizing outsourcing a good idea…\n\nWhen you have a good marketing plan for your outsouring person or assistant, let them know what your big picture is and educate them more about your brand, what you do and want to achieve. ", "Know what your budget is and try to find the best talent for the funds you allotted. ", "There are many good reasons to have someone else, an assistant or even a boutique online market agency do this work for you.", "\n\nTime Savings\n\nWhen it comes to the internet online marketing activities can take time, this also included developing your strategy and implementing it. ", "All online marketing campaigns should be tracked and monitored, this way you will be able to maximize your results. ", "When someone else is doing this work, your time frees up to do other important things while you work on your business. ", "As long as you have someone or an agency that is totally competent you will be able to focus more on growing your business while the internet marketing initiatives are being done.", "\n\nExperience and Skill set\n\nSkilled professionals have the knowledge, experience and strengths required to get the job done. ", "Who you choose to hire should be able to identify who the audience is for your business. (", "The audience is your prospective customers). ", "This knowledge is important because this will determine the success of your online marketing and advertising. ", "Some people are better than other. ", "Skill sets vary and know who you are working with.", "\n\nDo you as a business owner who works hard in their business daily know how to write persuasive marketing ad copy? (", "Very important for Facebook ads) What’s your graphic design skill level? ", "How do you plan to go about developing a “value ad” social media strategy? ", "By getting somebody to do this stuff allows your company to bring in marketing talent with specialized skills who can handle the projects. ", "There is power in leverage, that means use the strength of other people.", "\n\nGreat Return on Your Investment\n\nIf your hesitant on hiring and assistant our outsource labor, you can try online marketing by your self and hope for the best. ", "It might work out or it might not. ", "You could end up throwing money at nothing, especial if you lack social media marketing skills, search engine optimizations skills and other required talent. ", "Instead get the job done right the first time with someone who knows what their doing. ", "Run ads, optimized your website and start getting the phone to ring with new customers.", "\n\nA well thought out online marketing plan that has been proven to work in the past can work again in the future especially if you find someone who knows just what to do. ", "I look at it this way. ", "For every $1 I spend on marketing, I want $3 or more every time I do it. ", "Don’t think of advertising and marketing as an expense, instead look at it as an investment into your own business. ", "This is true, especially if you are looking to scale up in size and boots revenues.", "\n\nCertainly there are risks to getting an assistant or outsource labor talent. ", "Those that have a record of success, a portfolio as well as a good reputation are people who should be sought. ", "Check on their reference and also ask around for referrals before starting any marketing. ", "If your business i ready to grow, scale and increase revenues, the internet, search engines and social media are amazing places to get new customers.", "\n\nCategories\n\nThe Dallas, Fort Worth and North Texas region is currently experience exceptional growth and development. ", "This is a wonderful area to live work and play in. ", "There are always opportunities for anyone around here willing to find them. ", "Our website is for this community and to help small businesses grow." ]

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[ "Mukhtar Ramalan Yero\n\nAlhaji Mukhtar Ramalan Yero (born 1 May 1968) is a Nigerian politician who served as the Kaduna State Commissioner of Finance from 2007 till May 2010 when Patrick Ibrahim Yakowa named him as the Deputy Governor after he succeeded Namadi Sambo who became the Vice President of Nigeria. ", "In December 2012 he became Governor of Kaduna State after the death of Patrick Ibrahim Yakowa in a helicopter crash.", "\n\nBackground \n\nAlhaji Mukhtar Ramalan Yero was born on May 1, 1968, in Agwan Kaura in Zaria of Kaduna State, Alhaji Yero had his early education at LEA Primary School, Kaura 1974-1980; Government Secondary School Ikara, 1980-1985; Government Secondary School, Zaria 1985-1986 before obtaining a Diploma in Banking from Ahmadu Bello University of Zaria. ", "He also obtained B.Sc Accounting in 1991 before capping it with Masters in Business Administration.", "\nA Certified Public Accountant (CPA) started his working experience as Assistant accountant during his National Youth Service Corps at Ogun State Purchasing Corporation between 1991 and 1992. ", "After the service he was employed as Higher Executive Officer Bursary Department at Ahmadu Bello University in 1993 before moving to Nigerian Universal Bank Limited as Accountant Supervisor the same year. ", "In 1997 that he got appointment in a private firm, Nalado Nigerian Limited in 1997 as Chief Accountant and rose in ranks to become Director Finance and Administration in 2007.", "\n\nPolitical career \n\nAfter the election of Alhaji Namadi Sambo in 2007, he was appointed as the Commissioner of Finance from 2007 to May 2010. ", "He was selected by Governor Patrick Ibrahim Yakowa to fill the vacant Deputy Governor seat in 2010.", "\nIn December 2012, he became the Governor of Kaduna State following the death of Patrick Ibrahim Yakowa in a helicopter crash in Bayelsa State.", "\n\nIn April 2015, he unsuccessfully ran for re-election losing to opposition challenger Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai of the All Progressive Congress.", "\n\nHe was paraded publicly by EFCC on corruption charges on 31 May 2018 making him one of the most prominent political figures paraded by EFCC in Nigeria.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Governors of Kaduna State\nCategory:1968 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Nigerian politicians convicted of crimes\nCategory:Politicians from Kaduna State\nCategory:Candidates in the 2015 Nigerian general election" ]

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nAnal canal stenosis is an uncommon condition. ", "Only rarely is it primary, due to congenital malformations. ", "The majority of cases develop as a consequence of anal diseases leading to organic or functional stenosis \\[[@CR1]\\]. ", "Organic stenosis (i.e., stricture) typically results from scarring following crypt-related inflammatory diseases (abscess, fistula), inflammatory bowel disease, overly extensive hemorrhoidectomy, radiation therapy to the anorectal area or pelvis, anal canal trauma, or a stenotic tumor \\[[@CR1]\\]. ", "Functional stenosis is caused by internal anal sphincter hypertonus related to anal fissure or inflammation of the anal crypt leading to sphincter hypertrophy \\[[@CR2]--[@CR7]\\].", "\n\nThe most common three-grade classification of anal stenosis takes into account the results of rectal examination and evaluation with the Hill--Fergusson retractor \\[[@CR8]\\]. ", "Patients with first- and second-degree stenoses may be treated conservatively, while third-degree stenosis requires surgical correction.", "\n\nPreoperative assessment is fundamental for surgical planning; however, the digital rectal examination, under local or general anesthesia, is often unfeasible or very difficult. ", "The most relevant information that the surgeon needs are length and level of the stenosis, i.e., whether it is limited to the anal canal or includes the rectum, and the status of the anal sphincters. ", "Endoanal ultrasound (US) is the gold standard investigation for the evaluation of the anal canal \\[[@CR9]--[@CR21]\\]; however, it cannot be used in patients with severe stenosis. ", "Transperineal US has been used as an alternative modality for the evaluation of the anal canal, with good agreement compared to endoanal US \\[[@CR22]--[@CR28]\\]. ", "Proctography can be also useful for the assessment of the length of a stenosis in the anal canal.", "\n\nWe report our preliminary experience on the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) transperineal US compared to proctography in surgical decision making in 4 cases of severe anal canal stenosis.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#Sec2}\n=====================\n\nFour consecutive patients with high-grade anal canal stenosis (one with a second-degree and three with a third-degree stenosis) were evaluated between March and June 2011. ", "The three-grade classification of anal stenosis used in the study took into account the results of rectal examination and evaluation with the Hill--Fergusson retractor \\[[@CR8]\\], where first-degree stenosis is a mild stenosis when digital rectal examination is feasible with the use of a lubricant or middle-size Hill--Fergusson retractor; second-degree stenosis---inability to introduce the index finger nor a mild Hill--Fergusson retractor into anal canal; third-degree stenosis---inability to introduce the 5th finger nor small Hill--Fergusson retractor.", "\n\nThe initial clinical patient evaluation and treatment were conducted at the Department of Proctology, Hospital at Solec, whereas ultrasound examinations were performed in the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Medical University of Warsaw.", "\n\nThe protocol was approved by the Medical University's review board, and all participants gave written informed consent.", "\n\nImaging techniques {#Sec3}\n------------------\n\nIn all cases, proctography with the administration of uropolinum through a thin catheter was performed prior to ultrasound examination.", "\n\nTransperineal US was performed using a Voluson 730 scanner (General Electric Medical Systems, Kretz Ultrasound, Zipf, Austria) with a multifrequency (3.3--10 MHz) micro-convex, front-side view, automatic 3D transducer. ", "The patient was examined in dorsal lithotomy, with the hips flexed and abducted. ", "The probe was placed on the perineum slightly anterior to the anus. ", "Initial two-dimensional (2D) US made possible adequate definition of the region of interest between the anal margin and the lower third of the rectum. ", "Then, 3D automatic acquisition was performed. ", "Analysis was conducted off-line from stored 3D data, using multiplanar reconstructions, tomographic US imaging, and various volume rendering modes, including minimum intensity projection, maximum intensity projection, and static volume contrast imaging \\[[@CR9], [@CR10]\\]:Multiplanar reconstruction provided images of the region of interest in three perpendicular planes (axial, sagittal, and coronal; Figs.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}a, [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}a, c, [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "All three planes are displayed simultaneously and can be moved and rotated to allow the operator to visualize a lesion/area at different angles and to measure them precisely in any desired direction. ", "The unique feature of multiplanar reconstruction presentation is the display of US data similar to anatomical sections or computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) slices, which enables precise evaluation of the pathology in regard to anatomical structures.", "Fig.", " 1**a** Multiplanar reconstruction: on axial plane (*upper left*), irregular outlines of the anal canal are visible (between calipers); on sagittal (*upper right*) and coronal (*lower*) planes, short (1 cm long) stenosis of the anal canal with distended rectal ampulla (*arrow*) is visible; **b** maximum intensity projection: distended rectal ampulla (*arrow*) and proximal part of the anal canal above stenosisFig.", " 2**a** Multiplanar reconstruction: on axial view (*upper left*), a thin circular (*arrow*) scar in the external anal sphincter and a bulky scar (*arrowhead*) that involves both sphincters and is adherent to the anoderm are seen. ", "Short (1 cm long) obstruction with distended rectal ampulla (*double arrowheads*) is visible on sagittal (*upper right*) and coronal (*lower*) planes. **", "b** Tomographic ultrasound imaging with static volume contrast imaging. ", "Bulky scar (*arrowheads*) on consecutive axial slices seen in the *upper* part of anal canal (see the *pilot sagittal image*---*upper left*). **", "c** Evaluation of volume of the bulky scar and its 3D presentation (*lower right*)Fig.", " 3Multiplanar reconstruction: axial, sagittal, and coronal views of anal canal show hypertrophy of internal anal sphincter (10 mm thickness; calipers) and hypoechoic mucosa (*arrows*) devoid of normal folded patternTomographic US imaging, like CT or MRI scans, enables visualization of the whole anal canal or just the lesion in consecutive planes (e.g., axial) to optimally present the whole pathology in one display (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}b);Volume render mode enables the assessment of the content of 3D presentation of the anal canal and surrounding tissues more precisely \\[[@CR11]\\], using different post-processing techniques:Minimum intensity projection, which employs an algorithm displaying an interactive (e.g., with 360° rotation around the longitudinal axis of the anal canal) 3D image of dark (hypoechoic or anechoic) structures, e.g., hypoechoic internal anal sphincter or hypoechoic scar.", "Maximum intensity projection, which employs an algorithm displaying an interactive (e.g., with 360° rotation around the longitudinal axis of the anal canal) 3D image of bright (hyperechoic) structures, e.g., hyperechoic contents of a distended rectal ampulla in a patient with anal canal stenosis (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}b). ", "Such images may resemble radiologic proctography with uropolinum.", "Static volume contrast imaging, which is a thin slice volume rendering technique with combination of various algorithms, including surface algorithm (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}b). ", "It renders slices as thick as 2--10 mm and provides higher contrast and less noise than a conventional display.", "\n\nAnalysis of 3D data was performed independently by 2 radiologists experienced in proctological ultrasound and blinded to both each other's evaluation and to the patient's clinical history. ", "Assessment of inter-observer variability showed an overall very good agreement (0.99, Kappa statistic 0.951) \\[[@CR29]\\].", "\n\nResults {#Sec4}\n=======\n\nFour patients with high-grade anal canal stenosis were evaluated using both proctography and 3D transperineal ultrasound with a micro-convex transducer. ", "Patient's characteristics, results of proctography, 3D ultrasound, and treatment adopted are shown in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}.Table 1Proctographic and ultrasonographic findings in patients with anal stenosisPatient No.", "Grade of stenosisEtiologyProctography3D Transperineal ultrasonographySurgical treatment1.3rdRadiotherapy for prostate cancerAnal stenosis 1.5 cm long and dilated rectal ampullaStenosis of the distal 2/3 of the anal canal and dilated rectal ampulla. ", "Fibrotic irregularities of the internal sphincter. ", "Regular external sphincterExcision of the posterior scar of the anal canal and posterior internal sphincterotomy2.3rdSphincter repairAnal stenosis 1 cm long and dilated rectal ampullaAnal stenosis 1cm long below the dentate line. ", "Posterior scar involving the internal and external sphincters and adherent to the anodermRemoval of the posterior scar and anodermal flap insertion3.3rdChronic anal fissureAnal stenosis 3 cm longAnal stenosis 3.5 cm long. ", "Hypertrophic (1 cm) internal sphincter with fibrotic changesPartial lateral internal sphincterotomy and fissurectomy4.2ndHemorrhoidectomyAnal stenosis 3.5 cm longAnal stenosis 3 cm long. ", "Thickened (1 cm) internal sphincter with posterior scar involving the mucosaExcision of the posterior scar and anodermal flap insertion\n\nCase 1 {#Sec5}\n------\n\nA 71-year-old man had a third-degree stenosis of the anal canal 3 years after radiotherapy for prostate cancer. ", "Uropolinumproctography showed a 1.5-cm-long stenosis of the anal canal and a dilated rectal ampulla. ", "3D transperineal US demonstrated a stenosis of the posterior distal 2/3 of the anal canal with dilatation of the rectal ampulla proximal to the stenosis. ", "Multiplanar reconstruction clearly showed slight fibrotic irregularities of the internal anal sphincter (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}a). ", "Visualization of the rectum with maximum intensity projection was similar to proctography. ", "At surgery, the posterior scar was excised and the internal sphincterotomy was performed in the same position. ", "At 2-month follow-up, the patient had no stenosis and did not complain of fecal incontinence.", "\n\nIn this case, proctography and 3D transperineal US (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}) were concordant, showing that the whole rectum was distended and not affected by inflammation or stenosis, as may occur following radiotherapy. ", "In addition, US demonstrated normal morphology of the external anal sphincter and only slight fibrotic changes in the internal anal sphincter. ", "These findings were crucial for surgical planning and to avoid a colostomy, which would have been indicted in case of compromised anal sphincters.", "\n\nCase 2 {#Sec6}\n------\n\nA 40-year-old man had a third-degree stenosis of the anal canal secondary to reconstruction of muscles damaged by sexual assault. ", "Uropolinumproctography showed a short (1 cm) stenosis of the anal canal and dilated rectal ampulla. ", "3D transperineal US revealed a 1-cm stenosis below the dentate line, and an extensive (0.6 cm^3^), posterior, hypoechoic scar, involving both the internal and external anal sphincter and adherent to the anoderm. ", "However, no residual of or recurrent damage to the sphincters was found. ", "Dilatation of the proximal anal canal on coronal image at multiplanar reconstruction confirmed a short stenosis. ", "Minimum intensity projection provided images of the hypoechoic scar from different angulations (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "At surgery, the stenosing scar was removed and an anodermal flap was inserted. ", "At 2-month follow-up, the patient had no stenosis and did not complain of fecal incontinence.", "\n\nIn this case, both proctography and 3D transperineal US (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}) assessed the level and length of the stenosis. ", "Additionally, 3D ultrasonography provided a preoperative evaluation of the anal sphincters, which was important in the surgical strategy of removing the scar and fashioning a flap, rather than reconstructing the sphincter muscles.", "\n\nCase 3 {#Sec7}\n------\n\nThis patient was a 73-year-old man with a third-degree stenosis of the anal canal secondary to a chronic anal fissure. ", "For several years, he had difficulty defecating with more recent development of significant pain. ", "Uropolinumproctography showed a 3-cm stenotic anal canal. ", "3D transperineal US revealed a 3.5-cm stenosis of the anal canal with a hypertrophic internal anal sphincter (1 cm thickness) presenting an hyperechoic pattern due to fibrosis. ", "The mucosa appeared hypoechoic; however, it did not show the folded pattern seen on normal transperineal scans (Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Severe stenosis of the anal canal was confirmed at surgery. ", "After dilatation, hypertrophy and fibrosis of the internal anal sphincter and a posterior chronic anal fissure were visualized. ", "Partial lateral internal sphincterotomy with fissurectomy was performed. ", "Recovery was uneventful.", "\n\nIn this case, both proctography and 3D ultrasonography (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}) determined the level and length of the stenosis. ", "Additionally, 3D transperineal US provided relevant preoperative information, demonstrating abnormal inflammatory changes in the internal anal sphincter, but excluding an invasive anal cancer.", "\n\nCase 4 {#Sec8}\n------\n\nA 39-year-old man with a history of hemorrhoidectomy, complained of obstructed and painful defecation. ", "On proctological examination, he had second-degree stenosis of the anal canal due to scarring, as well as a posterior fissure. ", "Uropolinumproctography visualized a stenotic, 3.5-cm-long anal canal. ", "On 3D transperineal US, the length of the anal canal was 3 cm and the internal anal sphincter appeared thickened (1 cm) with a posterior hyperechoic scar involving the mucosa. ", "At surgery, anal fissure and stenosing scar were excised with the insertion of an anodermal flap. ", "Recovery was uneventful.", "\n\nIn this case, proctography and 3D transperineal US (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}) were concordant on the level and length of stenosis. ", "However, the ultrasonographic finding of a thickened internal anal sphincter with posterior scar guided the surgical decision to construct a flap.", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec9}\n==========\n\nThe most relevant information needed for planning optimal surgical treatment for anal canal stenosis are the length and level of the stricture, and whether the stenosis is limited to the anus or involves the rectum as well the status of the anal sphincters. ", "Assessment of severe stenosis with digital rectal examination or using conventional endoanal US is often unfeasible or very difficult to perform even under local or general anesthesia. ", "Proctography may be used to measure the length of the stenosis, but it requires radiation and complex instrumentation. ", "External phased-array MRI \\[[@CR30]\\] could be a technique of choice in these patients; however, it is limited by costs and availability. ", "Conventional 2D transperineal US has been found to be a feasible alternative to endoanal US, providing information on internal and/or external sphincter defects \\[[@CR28]\\]. ", "Our preliminary study showed that transperineal US is also a feasible, reliable, noninvasive, easy to perform, and rapid modality for the evaluation of anorectal stricture. ", "Compared to proctography, transperineal US not only allows the measurement of the level and length of the stenosis, but also provides additional information on the integrity of the anal sphincters, the status of mucosal layer, and the presence of invasive anal cancer. ", "The introduction of 3D US, constructed from the synthesis of a large number of 2D images, has extended the range of indications and improved the diagnostic accuracy due to multiplanar reconstruction and tomographic US imaging \\[[@CR10], [@CR11], [@CR16], [@CR17]\\]. ", "In our study, the visualization of the anal canal in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes made it possible to differentiate and measure a \"low\" stenosis (from the anal verge to 0.5 cm below the dentate line) due to scarring (patients 1 and 2) from a \"complete\" stenosis due to hypertrophy or fibrosis of the internal anal sphincter caused by fissure (patient 3) and hemorrhoidectomy (patient 4). ", "The ultrasonographic data were fundamental for surgical planning: sphincterotomy (patients 1 and 3) and various techniques of anoplasty (patients 2 and 4), respectively.", "\n\nA disadvantage of 3D transperineal US, however, is that it cannot visualize the whole rectum due to its limited field of view. ", "For this reason, in patients with ultrasonographic evidence of a complete anal stenosis which may occur after radiotherapy or in Crohn's disease, proctography is also necessary.", "\n\nIn conclusion, the results of our assessment of anal stenosis with 3D transperineal US are promising. ", "In cases where standard digital rectal examination and/or endoanal US are unfeasible, painful or potentially dangerous for the anal sphincters, the transperineal ultrasonographic approach should be considered the technique of choice \\[[@CR24]\\]. ", "Further studies with larger series of patients are needed to confirm our preliminary findings.", "\n\nNone.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nСвязка php + mdb\n\necho \"Добрый день.\";", "\n\nИ вопрос у нас сегодня таков: как сделать чтение и запись в *.mdb файлик на хостинге, не имеющем баз с помощью php. ", "Хостинг unix.", "\n\nA:\n\nКак я уже сказал, главное чтобы на хостинге была поддержка ODBC, ну а дальше стандартные процедуры: коннект к базе (в данном случае mdb-файлу), запрос на выборку, вывод результата.", "\n$connect = odbc_connect(\"Driver={Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb)};Dbq=$mdbFilename\", $user, $password);\n$query = \"SELECT * FROM customers\";\n$result = odbc_exec($connect, $query) or die(\"Couldn't execute query!\");", "\nodbc_close($connect);\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "\n1 Cal.", "App.3d 477 (1969)\n82 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "205\nTHE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent,\nv.\nGABRIEL CASTANEDA, Defendant and Appellant.", "\nDocket No. ", "15595.", "\nCourt of Appeals of California, Second District, Division Five.", "\nNovember 5, 1969.", "\n*479 COUNSEL\nFrank P. Rosen, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.", "\nThomas C. Lynch, Attorney General, William E. James, Assistant Attorney General, and Philip C. Griffin, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.", "\nOPINION\nKAUS, P.J.\nDefendant was charged by information with one count of possession of heroin. (", "Health & Saf. ", "Code, § 11500.) ", "Jury trial was waived and the cause submitted on the transcript of the preliminary hearing plus additional evidence introduced at trial. ", "Defendant was found guilty. ", "Criminal proceedings were adjourned and a petition, pursuant to section 3051 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, was filed in department 95 of the superior court. ", "Defendant was returned to the trial court by the California Rehabilitation Center, having been found not a fit subject for the rehabilitation program. (", "Welf. & ", "Inst. ", "Code, § 3053.) ", "Defendant was sentenced to state prison, the sentence to run concurrently with that imposed in superior court case number 223770, tried after the trial for the instant offense.", "\nDefendant's sole contention on appeal is that his arrest was illegal and therefore the incidental search of his person which produced the heroin which resulted in his conviction was likewise illegal.", "\nOfficer Evans of the Los Angeles Police Department testified that in the latter part of April or early May, 1967, he received information from a tested informer that a person named \"Sluggo,\" also known as Gabriel Castaneda, residing at 6149 Piedmont Street, was engaged in the sale of narcotics, and that these sales took place in a park across the street from that address. ", "Evans had previously received information from this informer that resulted in four arrests, two of which led to California Rehabilitation Center commitments and two of which resulted in the arrestees being held over for trial on burglary charges These trials had not yet been held when the officer testified. ", "Evans personally received the information regarding all four of these individuals from the informer, whose name he refused to disclose.[1]\nEvans also had personal knowledge that defendant had used narcotics *480 because Evans had arrested him in front of the Piedmont Street address in June or July of 1966. ", "A conviction for being under the influence of narcotics resulted from that arrest. ", "Evans had also received information from his watch commander that a private citizen had come to the police station and reported that narcotics were being sold at 6149 Piedmont.", "\nOn May 25, 1967, Evans saw defendant at a telephone booth across the street from the park the informer had mentioned and from defendant's alleged place of residence. ", "At the time Evans and his partner, Officer Olson, were patrolling the area in plain clothes in an unmarked vehicle. ", "Evans saw four individuals, three of whom had just left a vehicle. ", "One of the three was known to Evans as a narcotics user. ", "As the officers approached, the three persons who had left the car went in different directions. ", "Two went into the park, the known user walked across the street and the driver left the scene. ", "The driver was interrogated and found to be a \"parole violator for a narcotics violation.", "\"[2] The officers then returned to the park where they observed the defendant and another individual seated on a park bench. ", "As the officers made a U-turn defendant and his companion left the bench and walked farther into the park. ", "Olson left the police vehicle and went into the park on foot. ", "Evans drove to the Piedmont Street entrance and walked into the park in an effort to cut off defendant who was walking away from Olson. ", "Defendant's right hand went to his sweater pocket and \"fumbled\" in it. ", "Defendant attempted to avoid the officers but was caught in a rundown between them. ", "He shouted: \"You can't search me. ", "You don't have probable cause. ", "You can't search me. ", "You don't have probable cause.\" ", "He was arrested. ", "A search of defendant's person produced three balloons stipulated to contain heroin.", "\nDefendant testified in his own behalf. ", "He claimed that he had no heroin on his person at the time of the arrest. ", "He denied that he lived at the Piedmont address.[3]\nThe trial court found that there was probable cause to arrest, after specifically ruling that the informer was reliable. ", "It made no other express finding.", "\nAlthough it has been repeatedly held that information obtained from a reliable informer constitutes reasonable cause to make an arrest and *481 search without a warrant (People v. De Santiago, 71 Cal.2d 18, 21-22 [76 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "809, 453 P.2d 353]; People v. Prewitt, 52 Cal.2d 330, 337 [341 P.2d 1]) recent developments in the law of search and seizure demonstrate that the problem in not quite as simple.", "\n(1) In view of the often expressed preference for the warrant procedure (Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 761-762 [23 L.Ed.2d 685, 692-693, 89 S.Ct. ", "2034]; United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 105-107 [13 L.Ed.2d 684, 686-688, 85 S.Ct. ", "741]; Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 110-111 [12 L.Ed.2d 723, 725-726, 84 S.Ct. ", "1509]; Giordenello v. United States, 357 U.S. 480, 486 [2 L.Ed.2d 1503, 1509, 78 S.Ct. ", "1245]; Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 13-14 [92 L.Ed. ", "436, 439-440, 68 S.Ct. ", "367]) it cannot be the law that where an arrest without a warrant is sought to be justified on information obtained from a reliable informer, the People can carry their burden with weaker proof than they would have to produce in support of a warrant before a magistrate. (", "Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 417, fn. ", "5 [21 L.Ed.2d 637, 644, 89 S.Ct. ", "584].) ", "It follows from this premise that the police testimony at a preliminary hearing, a motion under section 1538.5 of the Penal Code or at a trial must be at least as specific as an affidavit on the basis of which a warrant is sought. ", "The testimony in the case at bar does not meet that test.[4]\n(2) \"Following Aguilar, California courts have held that for an affidavit based on an informant's hearsay statement to be legally sufficient to support the issuance of a search warrant, two requirements must be met: (1) the affidavit must allege the informant's statement in language that is factual rather than conclusionary and must establish that the informant spoke with personal knowledge of the matters contained in such statement; and (2) the affidavit must contain some underlying factual information from which the magistrate issuing the warrant can reasonably conclude that the informant was credible or his information reliable....\" (People v. Hamilton, 71 Cal.2d 176, 179-180 [77 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "785, 454 P.2d 681]. ", "Italics added.) (", "See also People v. Scoma, 71 Cal.2d 332, 335-340 [78 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "491, 455 P.2d 419]; and People v. Benjamin, 71 Cal.2d 296, 300-303 [78 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "510, 455 P.2d 438].)", "\n*482 (3) The problem with the testimony below is not that it lacks enough information from which the court could reasonably conclude that the informer was reliable, but that it was never established that he spoke with personal knowledge when he told Officer Evans that defendant was selling heroin in the park across the street from his alleged residence. ", "The entire testimony on that point is as follows: \"THE WITNESS: In the latter part of April, early May, I received information from an informant that a person named Sluggo, also known as Gabriel Castaneda, resided at 6149 Piedmont Street, and he was engaged in the sale of narcotics; That he would frequent the playground area located at Piedmont and Figueroa Street and sell narcotics to wit, Heroin.\" ", "This is very similar to the defect found in People v. Hamilton, supra, 71 Cal.2d 176, 180-182. ", "There is nothing to indicate \"that the informer had gained his information in a reliable way.\" (", "Spinelli v. United States, supra, 393 U.S. at p. 417 (21 L.Ed.2d at p. 644].)", "\n(4) Thus the arrest and search cannot be justified by the reliable informer alone. ", "There was, however, much more. ", "First and foremost, there was the information given by the citizen informer to the watch commander. (", "People v. Scoma, supra, 71 Cal.2d 332, 338, fn. ", "7; People v. Hogan, 71 Cal.2d 888, 891 [80 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "28, 457 P.2d 868].)[5] In addition there was the officer's personal knowledge derived from the 1966 arrest and conviction and defendant's company and behavior when observed in the park.[6]\n*483 The only remaining problem is whether we can affirm on the basis of an analysis of the evidence relating to probable cause which may be different from that of the trial court, which, it will be recalled, only adverted to the reliability of the informer. ", "The problem is raised by cases such as People v. Kanos, 70 Cal.2d 381 [74 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "902, 450 P.2d 278]; and People v. Henry, 65 Cal.2d 842 [56 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "485, 423 P.2d 557]. ", "In Kanos the trial court excused a violation of section 844 of the Penal Code solely on the untenable ground that the defendant was a parolee. ", "On appeal the People's argument that the evidence would have justified noncompliance with section 844 for other reasons was disposed of as follows: \"... Even if we assume that the evidence may be sufficient to excuse compliance with section 844 on the basis of either or both of these rules, it is clear that the trial court sought to excuse compliance on the ground that Kanos was a parole violator and did not determine that the officers had a reasonable belief that evidence would be destroyed while the requisite demand was made or that their peril would be increased by compliance. ", "In the absence of such express or implied determinations by the trial court, we cannot hold that as a matter of law compliance with section 844 was excused. ", "The appellants were entitled to a factual determination on this issue. (", "Cf. ", "People v. Sesslin, 68 Cal.2d 418, 428 [67 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "409, 439 P.2d 321]; People v. Henry, supra, 65 Cal.2d 842, 846.) ", "Although the officers had some information to the effect that Kanos might be armed, the information from the parole officer was about a year old and the information from Captain Baucum, if not based on the parole officer's information, was seemingly more than eight years old.\" (", "People v. Kanos, 70 Cal.2d 381, at pp. ", "384-385 [74 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "902, 450 P.2d 278]. ", "Italics added.)", "\nIn Henry, the defendant was arrested on the street. ", "Marijuana was then discovered in his hotel room. ", "There was conflicting evidence on whether he had consented to the search of his room. ", "Expressing doubt that there had been a consent, the trial court nevertheless upheld the search on the erroneous ground that it was incident to the arrest. ", "The Supreme Court reversed, holding that the trial court's failure to determine the issue of consent was prejudicial.", "\nIt is true that in the case at bar the trial court was so impressed with the reliability of the informer that in the various colloquies relating to the admissibility of the heroin it appeared to pay scant attention to the rest of the evidence on the issue of probable cause. ", "Relevant portions of the record are summarized in the footnote.[7]\n*484 We think, however, there is one significant difference between this case and Henry and Kanos: In each of those cases the trial court expressly upheld the search on an improper ground. ", "Moreover, at least in Henry, it expressed doubt that another ground which would have made the search legitimate, was adequately proved. ", "Just what the trial court in Kanos said about the factors which might properly have excused compliance with section 844, is not shown by the record, but as the last sentence of the quoted portion of the Supreme Court's opinion shows, that court was less than sanguine about the People's ability to prove them. ", "Here the trial court said nothing to negative the presumption that it considered the other factors giving Officer Evans probable cause to arrest. ", "The overruling of the objection to evidence about the 1966 arrest indicates that it had them in mind. ", "The court's insistence that the reliability of the informer was the \"heart of this case\" does not prove that it ignored the additional factors. ", "The express finding that the informer was reliable does not detract from the ultimate correctness of the ruling, as did the express findings in Henry and Kanos, for even if the information furnished by a reliable informer is not, by itself, sufficient, it is, after all, more supportive of probable cause than tips received from an untested source.", "\n(5) On appeal the basic rule is that it will be assumed that the trial court impliedly found every fact, necessary to support its ruling, to be true. (", "People v. Valdez, 203 Cal. ", "App.2d 559, 563 [21 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "764]; People *485 v. Cunningham, 188 Cal. ", "App.2d 606, 609-610 [10 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "604]; People v. Neal, 181 Cal. ", "App.2d 304, 308 [5 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "241].) ", "There is no requirement that a ruling refusing to suppress evidence be supported by express findings. ", "That much is recognized even by Kanos, which, in the quoted passage speaks of \"express or implied determinations by the trial court.\" ", "Had the trial court in Henry said nothing, the judgment would presumably have been affirmed.[8] We cannot read Henry or Kanos as establishing a rule that if the trial court, as here, expressly and correctly finds on one of the factors supporting probable cause to arrest, its ruling refusing to suppress the evidence will be reversed unless it makes express findings on all the others.", "\nThe judgment is affirmed.", "\nStephens, J., and Aiso, J., concurred.", "\nAppellant's petition for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied December 23, 1969.", "\nNOTES\n[1] The refusal to name the informer is not involved in this appeal.", "\n[2] Direct proof that there was any connection between defendant and the four other persons seen at the scene is tenuous, at best. ", "In the officer's words, when he approached the scene he \"saw the defendant and several other men.\" ", "There was no evidence of any physical or verbal contact between defendant and the others. ", "The record does not say whether the person who walked into the park with defendant was, or was not, one of the four individuals first seen by Evans. ", "It must be remembered, however, that this evidence was offered only on the issue of probable cause.", "\n[3] He had to admit, however, that he was at the place almost daily. ", "This evidence was offered in a vain attempt to destroy the reliability of the informer.", "\n[4] To avoid misunderstanding, we emphasize that our discussion is limited to the use of information obtained by a reliable informer as furnishing probable cause to arrest. ", "We say nothing about confrontations between police and suspects or witnesses, voluntary or otherwise, which do not constitute as severe an intrusion into a person's privacy as an actual arrest.", "\n[5] We note that had the defense interposed a proper challenge (People v. Escollias, 264 Cal. ", "App.2d 16, 19 [70 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "65]) the prosecution would have been forced to call the watch commander who relayed the information to Officer Evans. (", "People v. Adkins, 273 Cal. ", "App.2d 196, 198-200 [78 Cal. ", "Rptr. ", "397].)", "\n[6] On cross-examination Officer Evans replied \"Yes, sir\" when asked the following question: \"When you approached him in the park it was your intention at that time to put him under arrest, was it not?\" ", "It is argued that if the officer did not have probable cause at the moment when he decided to make an arrest any suspicious behavior on the part of defendant, such as his apparent attempts to avoid a confrontation with the officer and his protests just before the arrest, cannot be taken into consideration because they are the product of overbearing police conduct. (", "Badillo v. Superior Court, 46 Cal.2d 269, 273 [294 P.2d 23]; Gascon v. Superior Court, 169 Cal. ", "App.2d 356, 358 [337 P.2d 201].) ", "We need not decide whether a mere subjective intent, unaccompanied by conduct evincing more than a desire to do what the officer could legally do, that is to try to talk to the defendant, prohibits reliance on words and acts indicating a consciousness of guilt. ", "The problem with defendant's position in this case is that it was never established at what precise moment during the \"approach\" the officer formed the intent to arrest. ", "He was still approaching when defendant shouted \"You can't search me. ", "You don't have probable cause.\" ", "A prosecution attempt to establish just when the officer formed the intent to arrest was blocked by a successful objection that the question was irrelevant.", "\n\n[e] Advance Report Citation: 71 A.C. 189, 193-195.", "\n[7] The case was submitted on the transcript of the preliminary hearing plus additional evidence. ", "The trial took place before section 1538.5 of the Penal Code became effective. ", "Initially the People rested. ", "Defendant then called two witnesses to prove that he did not live at the Piedmont Street address. ", "His counsel then moved to suppress the heroin. ", "The court correctly stated that the issue was whether there was probable cause to arrest, \"but the whole issue in this case is the reliability of the informant as to whether or not this is adequate to support probable cause for making the arrest.\" ", "After further discussion the court again stated: \"The main issue it seems to me right here is whether or not this informant was a reliable informant.\" ", "The prosecutor then obtained permission to recall Officer Evans for further testimony on the reliability of the informer. ", "Permission was granted, the court saying \"... to me that is one of the real issues before this Court.... I think that is at the heart of this case.\" ", "Evans then testified concerning the earlier arrests and successful prosecutions made on the basis of the information supplied by the informer. ", "He was also asked a few questions concerning his 1966 arrest of defendant. ", "It is perhaps significant that the court overruled an objection that that evidence did not go to the reliability of the informer by saying: \"I think the entire issue of probable cause is before the Court; so for that reason the objection will be overruled.\" ", "After argument, the motion to suppress was denied. ", "Defendant then testified. ", "In his direct testimony he did not contradict any of the circumstances preceding the arrest in May 1967. ", "During the cross-examination he did deny having shouted to the officers that they could not search because they had no probable cause. ", "He also denied having run away from the officers, claiming that he merely turned around, started walking, kept walking and that he was \"grabbed all of a sudden.\" ", "The People waived opening argument. ", "The defense argument again attacked the validity of the arrest, arguing essentially that it was a violation of the Fourth Amendment to permit an arrest based on information supplied by an anonymous informer. ", "The prosecutor replied, pointing to some of the corroborative circumstances. ", "After the matter was submitted the court, in giving its reasons for finding the defendant guilty, stressed again that the informer was reliable.", "\n[8] In view of the Supreme Court's doubts that the evidence in Kanos justified a failure to comply with section 844 for any reason, the same statement cannot be made about that case.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Moving Into Stage IV: Pancreatic Cancer.", "\nLiving with pancreatic cancer is always an adjustment, an attempt to find balance and direction in a world of the sick and the healthy. ", "It is also a journey into unknown territory, a search for beauty, a battle of life against death, eros struggling with thanatos. ", "In this narrative, you will find personal details of the life of a pancreatic cancer patient, his daily struggles, his treatments, his medications, but you will also find his search for the meaning of life itself embedded in his unfolding story, his attempt to come to terms with the questions of why we live and what we might consider to be a genuinely fortunate life." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Complement activation alters myocellular sodium homeostasis during polymicrobial sepsis.", "\nTo determine whether complement activation alters sodium homeostasis in fast-twitch skeletal muscles during sepsis, and if protein kinase-C is involved in this process. ", "Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study. ", "Research laboratory. ", "Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 60-75 g. Rats underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham-operation with or without soluble complement receptor-1 treatment. ", "Soluble complement receptor-1 (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 5 mins before operation. ", "Twenty-four hours after operation, fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles were isolated and incubated in normal Krebs-Henseleit buffer (pH 7.4). ", "In addition, extensor digitorum longus muscles isolated from normal rats were incubated for 1 hr in the Krebs-Henseleit buffer media containing normal rat sera, zymosan-activated (4 or 10 mg/mL) rat sera, or heat-inactivated rat sera. ", "Ten percent diluted rat sera were used as a complement source in all groups. ", "Last, extensor digitorum longus muscles isolated from normal rats were incubated for 1 hr in the Krebs-Henseleit buffer media containing zymosan-activated or heat-inactivated rat sera in the presence of protein kinase-C inhibitors (i.e., 4 microM GF109203X or 5 microM rottlerin). ", "Soluble C5b-9 complex concentrations in zymosan-activated human sera were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the degree of complement activation induced by zymosan. ", "Incubated extensor digitorum longus muscles from CLP, sham-operated, or normal rats were used to measure intracellular Na+ and K+ contents ([Na+]i or [K+]i). ", "Polymicrobial sepsis, as produced by CLP, markedly increased [Na+]i and [Na+]i/[K+]i ratios in fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles 24 hrs after CLP compared with sham operation. ", "Administration of soluble recombinant complement receptor 1 before operation significantly decreased myocellular [Na+]i and [Na+]i/[K+]i ratios. ", "Zymosan profoundly elevated soluble C5b-9 concentrations in human sera in vitro. ", "Sublytic zymosan-activated rat sera significantly increased myocellular [Na+]i and [Na+]i/[K+]i ratios relative to heat-inactivated rat sera. ", "No difference in myocellular [Na+]i and [Na+]i/[K+]i ratios was observed when we used 4 mg/mL compared with 10 mg/mL of zymosan for activation. ", "Last, incubation of extensor digitorum longus muscles with GF109203X or rottlerin significantly attenuated increases in myocellular [Na+]i and [Na+]i/[K+]i ratios induced by sublytic zymosan-activated rat sera. ", "Polymicrobial sepsis alters sodium homeostasis in fast-twitch skeletal muscles, which is significantly attenuated by administration of soluble complement receptor 1. ", "Protein kinase-C inhibition completely blocks changes in myocellular [Na+]i and [Na+]i/[K+]i ratios induced by sublytic zymosan-activated rat sera. ", "Collectively, these results suggest that an inappropriate activation of complement is, at least in part, responsible for changes in skeletal muscle sodium homeostasis during sepsis, and activation of PKC is one of the intracellular signaling pathways by which complement activation alters myocellular sodium homeostasis." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Buyers came strong in force for Friday night’s inaugural Stephex Exclusive Breeding Collection. ", "Among the embryos, the top lot was by Heartbreaker out of Narcotique de Muze (by Darco) – and was sold for 82,000 Euro to Belgium. ", "In a group of outstanding foals, the filly Coachella Pommex Z by Casall Ask out of Korvette (Kannan) – that comes out of the famous dam-line of Usha Van ‘T Roosakker – brought the top price when the hammer went down at an incredible 96,000 Euro. ", "In total, the Stephex Exclusive Breeding Collection consisted of sixteen foals and embryos that all together brought in 533,000 Euro.", "\n\n“There has been a lot of interest in our own breeding over the last year,” Stephan Conter, CEO of the Stephex Group, explained about his new initiative. “", "Rather than selling one foal here and one foal there, we decided to make a collection out of some of the best ones and make an auction.”", "\n\n“We use the very best mares and mother-lines. ", "Many of the mares have been in the top sport themselves with our own riders,” Conter continued. “", "We have taken quite a few embryos over the years so we have a good collection of foals and young horses.”", "\n\nConter admitted to feeling the nerves ahead of the sales, saying: “Honestly I was a bit stressed, it is the first time we have organised an auction. ", "There was a lot of interest in the collection, but there is a big gap in between being interested and investing a significant amount. ", "However, I knew what I had and that made me slightly more confident,” Conter said. “", "That being said, I slept very well when it was over!”", "\n\nThe embryo by Heartbreaker out of Narcotique de Muze, that sold for 82,000 Euro, lived up to Conter’s expectations. “", "I think that was a very special embryo because of Narcotique de Muze. ", "She did the big sport with Eric Lamaze, and it’s also a mother line that returns again and again in the best horses. ", "Unfortunately, the mare passed away earlier in August at the age of 22 so this was a bit of a last chance. ", "The buyer is a fanatic breeder – I say that in a good way, and he wanted to have this piece of art,” Conter said about the sale. “", "I think the buyer made a very good decision.”", "\n\nThe filly Coachella Pommex Z was the talk of the Brussels Stephex Masters in the days leading up to the auction. “", "Coachella Pommex Z is an exceptional filly that all the bidders were very excited about. ", "The lucky new owner is from South-Africa, and bought her online in addition to securing Aquazzura Pommex Z (Asca Z x Telstar de La Pomme) and Hermes Pommex Z (Scuderia 1918 Halifax van het Kluizebos x Emerald),” Conter said.", "\n\nFriday night’s success also proved the trust the buyers have in the team at Stephex Stables. “", "The last ten years our plan was to have a strong presence in the top sport, not only through our own horses and riders but also through our references jumping at the highest level all over the world. ", "We want to continue with that, but then we have to be really severe on ourselves and also sell some of our best horses,” Conter said.", "\n\n“I really enjoyed it, it was a great night! ", "The Stephex Exclusive Breeding Collection is definitely to be repeated next year, but we will fine-tune the concept and make it even better – pushing on the quality as always,” Conter said." ]

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[ "Reappraisal of HER2 status in the spectrum of advanced urothelial carcinoma: a need of guidelines for treatment eligibility.", "\nAlthough human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) may represent a therapeutic target, its evaluation in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder does not rely on a standardized scoring system by immunohistochemistry or fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), as reflected by various methodology in the literature and clinical trials. ", "Our aim was to improve and standardize HER2 amplification detection in bladder cancer. ", "We assessed immunohistochemical criteria derived from 2013 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAPs) guidelines for breast cancer and investigated intratumoral heterogeneity in a retrospective multicentric cohort of 188 patients with locally advanced urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. ", "Immunohistochemistry was performed on 178 primary tumors and 126 lymph node metastases, eligible cases (moderate/strong, complete/incomplete membrane staining) were assessed by FISH. ", "HER2 overexpression was more frequent with 2013 ASCO/CAP than 2007 ASCO/CAP guidelines (p < 0.0001). ", "The rate of positive HER2 FISH was similar between primary tumor and lymph node metastases (8%). ", "Among positive FISH cases, 48% were associated with moderate/strong incomplete membrane staining that were not scored eligible for FISH by 2007 ASCO/CAP criteria. ", "Among 3+ immunohistochemistry score cases, 67% were associated with HER2-positive FISH. ", "Concordance between primary tumors and matched lymph node metastases was moderate for immunohistochemistry (κ = 0.54 (CI 95%, 0.41-0.67)) and FISH (κ = 0.50 (CI 95%, 0.20-0.79)). ", "HER2-positive FISH was more frequent in micropapillary carcinomas (12%) and carcinoma with squamous differentiation (11%) than in pure conventional carcinoma (6%). ", "Intratumoral heterogeneity for HER2 immunohistochemistry was observed in 7% primary tumor and 6% lymph node metastases; 24% positive HER2 FISH presented intratumoral heterogeneity. ", "Our study suggests that HER2 evaluation should include an immunohistochemistry screening step with eligibility for FISH including incomplete/complete and moderate/strong membrane staining. ", "Spatial or temporal intratumoral heterogeneity prompts to perform evaluation on both tumor and lymph node, and for each histological variant observed." ]

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[ "4 Collector's edition WoW cups: one shows the Lich King with his army at Ice Crown Citadel, one shows Illidan outside Black Temple, one shows Kil' Jaedan being summoned by Kael'Thas Sunstrider, and the last one shows Thrall fighting Deathwing at the Maelstrom- all are the most memorable parts of the game thus far! ", "Really awesome gift and I am extremely happy to have them. ", "Thanks Santa!" ]

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[ "Effects of a surgical treatment of congenital cervicovaginal agenesia.", "\nCongenital agenesis of the uterine cervix and vagina is one of the rarest congenital defects. ", "The objective of this manuscript is to present our experience and effects of a surgical treatment in five girls with inborn agenesis of the uterine cervix and vagina, who were operated in our clinic. ", "The vagina is reconstructed in four stages: (1) formation of vaginal recess; (2) phantomization of vagina; (3) joining of the reconstructed vagina with the uterus; (4) revision and correction of the junction. ", "GnRH analogs were administered to avoid menstrual blood flow into the peritoneal cavity during phantomization. ", "Patency of the uterovaginal junction was maintained with a #6 intubation tube. ", "Normal menstruation was restored in all patients. ", "Atresion of the canal at the uterovaginal junction was disclosed after 3-8 months in three of the patients. ", "Patency was restored with surgical hysteroscope and the canal was mechanically distended. ", "Clinical and ultrasonographic followup in the patients will continue." ]

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[ "LGDJ\n\nThe Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence is the main French publishing house in law, created in 1836.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Academic publishing" ]

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[ "The invention relates to a concertina lamp with a minimum of one concertina arm and a minimum of two lamps attached to concertina arm rods lying behind each other.", "\nConcertina lamps are known which are designed as horizontally extendable pendant lamps. ", "Wherein a lighting device or lamp is attached to each of several links or rods of a horizontal concertina arm, which is connected to a power supply by a cable. ", "While the concertina arm is retracted they form a compact lamp system, and an oblong bank of lamps, while it is extended.", "\nAn electrical concertina lamp has become known through DE 195 11 839 C2 and corresponding U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,709,461, where two identical concertina arms parallel to each other made of electrically conductive material, whose hinge points are opposite each other, are equipped with sockets for festoon bulbs on at least two opposite hinge points and are connected with each other by a festoon bulb. ", "Each concertina arm is connected to its respective terminal of a low-voltage power supply.", "\nThese concertina lamps allow extensive variation to the desired illumination area, but they cause an increased dazzling due to the bare lighting devices or lamps. ", "Apart from that it may be desired for aesthetic reasons to cover the concertina arms.", "\nTherefore, the aim of the present invention is to improve a concertina lamp of this type so that the dazzling will be reduced and an extensive covering of the concertina arms will be possible." ]

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[ "Determinants of donor site infections in small burn grafts.", "\nStudies indicate no advantage to the early use of systemic antibiotics in patients with burns, but the use of prophylactic antibiotics during excision is still being questioned. ", "The records of 213 patients who required excision and who had less than 20% total body surface area burned were reviewed. ", "We investigated risk factors associated with donor- and graft-site infections and whether or not perioperative antibiotics influenced the incidence of infections. ", "Statistically significant increases in donor-site infections occurred when patients did not receive perioperative antibiotics, when the excision was large, and when the time between injury and excision was prolonged. ", "Age, burn size, or type of dressing did not influence the development of infections. ", "A risk of graft infections in those patients who were not receiving perioperative antibiotics existed, but it was not significant. ", "The time between injury and excision and the actual size of the excision influence the development of donor-site infections. ", "However, perioperative antibiotics seem to decrease the risk of these infections." ]

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[ "Both vehicles had just exited off Interstate 95 and were heading east on Palm Bay Road. ", "The victim, who was driving a Chevrolet pickup truck, said he might have accidentally cut off another vehicle while switching lanes, police told Channel 9's Melonie Holt." ]

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[ "The world leader of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Mission, His holiness Masroor Ahmad has condemned the London terror attack which claimed the life of four people and injuring fifty others.", "\n\n\n\nSpeaking at the 14th annual Peace Symposium organized by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community worldwide in London, the worldwide head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Mirza Masroor Ahmad said in all parts of the world, the Ahmadiyya Muslim community seeks to promote peace in accordance with the teachings of Islam.", "\n\n\n\n‘’first of all let me extend my deepest condolences to all those affected by Wednesday’s terror attack at Westminster. ", "Our thoughts and prayers are with the people of London at this tragic time. ", "On behalf of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community I wish to make it categorically clear that we condemn all such acts of terrorism and we offer our heartfelt sympathies to the victims of this barbaric atrocity.’’ ", "He said.", "\n\n\n\nSpeaking on the theme ‘Global Conflict and the need for Justice’,his holiness Mirza Masroor Ahmad bemoaned injustice in the world and the unsurprising fear caused by act of terrorist in the world. ", "He reiterated the need for all Muslims to remember the purpose of their existence and the importance of the Mosque as a place of worship not where hatred and terrorism breed.", "\n\n\n\n‘’ ….the Quran has told us, the fundamental purpose of our creation is the worship of God Almighty, preferably in congregation; in mosques. ", "Most regrettably and in complete violation of these peaceful objectives, certain Muslim groups or individuals have turned their Mosques into central extremism, preaching hatred and inciting others to commit terrorist act against both non-Muslims and Muslims who belong to different sects of Islam.’’", "\n\n\n\nOn his part, the Eastern Regional Leader of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Ghana, Alhaji Doctor Mustapha Oti Boateng underscored the importance of the peace symposium to the Ghana community.", "\n\n\n\nHe posited that, the Ahmadiyya Community is a central community that contributes positively to the world hence their condemnation of act of terrorism and injustice.", "\n\nSource: Daniel Adu Darko/Peacefmonline.com\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDisclaimer : Opinions expressed here are those of the writers and do not reflect those of Peacefmonline.com. ", "Peacefmonline.com accepts no responsibility legal or otherwise for their accuracy of content. ", "Please report any inappropriate content to us, and we will evaluate it as a matter of priority.", "\n\nFeatured Video" ]

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[ "Gender effects on novel indexes of heterogeneity of repolarization in patients with stable coronary artery disease.", "\nThere appear to be important gender differences with respect to the incidence and clinical course of arrhythmias. ", "It has been shown that women with coronary artery disease (CAD) have a lower rate of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) than men. ", "The T peak-to-end (Tpe) interval and the Tpe/QT ratio represent novel markers of arrhythmic risk that possibly correspond to the spatial dispersion of ventricular repolarization. ", "We sought to examine the effect of gender on these indexes in patients with stable CAD. ", "We studied 119 patients (age 62 ± 9 years, 85 men) with stable CAD. ", "We recorded the demographic and clinical characteristics as well as electrocardiographic indexes of repolarization, such as corrected QT interval (QTc), Tpe interval, and Tpe/QT ratio. ", "The QT interval was measured in each of the 12 leads while Tpe interval was measured in the precordial leads. ", "There were no significant differences in the demographic and clinical characteristics between men and women. ", "The QTc intervals were comparable between the 2 groups (389 [368-419] ms in men, 374 [348-421] ms in women; p=0.39). ", "A significant difference was observed with respect to Tpe (80 [58-86] ms in men vs. 48 [39-65] ms in women, p=0.008) and Tpe/QT ratio (0.20 [0.17-0.23] in men vs. 0.14 [0.12-0.22] in women, p=0.034). ", "Women with CAD have a lower Tpe interval and a lower Tpe/QT ratio compared to men. ", "The decreased dispersion of ventricular repolarization may contribute to the lower incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and SCD in women with CAD." ]

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[ "National Register of Historic Places listings in Schenectady County, New York\n\nList of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Schenectady County, New York\n\nThis is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Schenectady County, New York. ", " The locations of National Register properties and districts (at least for all showing latitude and longitude coordinates below) may be seen in a map by clicking on \"Map of all coordinates\". ", " Four of the sites are further designated U.S. National Historic Landmarks.", "\n\n__NOTOC__\n\nListings county-wide\n\n|}\n\nSee also\n\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in New York\n\nReferences\n\nSchenectady County\n*" ]

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[ "All the Arts, All the Time\n\nSammy Davis Jr., revived\n\nSeptember 26, 2009 | 12:30\npm\n\nFor his new musical, \"Sammy,\" Leslie Bricusse knew he needed to find a special performer to play his old friend, Sammy Davis Jr. While many names came up, his choice was Obba Babatundé, a Broadway and Hollywood veteran who, as it turns out, was introduced to Bricusse by Davis himself. \"", "Sammy brought Obba by my house years ago,\" says Bricusse, whose show will premiere Friday at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego. \"", "Sammy was Obba's mentor, so Obba understands him very well. ", "You would not believe it wasn't Sammy up there at times.\"", "\n\nBabatundé was a young performer working with Liza Minnelli when he met Davis in Lake Tahoe in 1978. \"", "We got to know each other well because he followed us on this tour where we would close and he would open,\" says Babatundé. \"", "He taught me a lot about life and the business.\" ", "Over the years, they stayed in touch. ", "Babatundé received acclaim for originating the roles of C.C. White in \"Dreamgirls\" and Jelly Roll Morton in \"Jelly's Last Jam\" and for his work in the HBO movie \"Miss Evers' Boys.\" ", "Davis rode the ups and downs of the last decade of a career that saw him go from vaudeville child star to world-famous entertainer. ", "He died in 1990 at 64.", "\n\nIn \"Sammy,\" Bricusse touches on Davis' triumphs as well as the controversies and conflicts that dogged him as he defied racial barriers and social taboos and indulged in a reckless lifestyle that eventually caught up with him.", "\n\n\"The Sammy I knew was a generous human being,\" says Babatundé, \"but also a human being who was flawed in the sense that he wanted desperately to have everything that anybody else had. ", "When you desire things to the degree that he desired things, you work harder at accomplishing them, you strive for perfection in your work, you give the most outlandish parties and you donate more money than anybody else. ", "That's what made him so complex.", "\n\n\"In my eyes, he was a hero, not because of what happened to him, but because of how he responded,\" Babatundé adds. \"", "Sammy went through the kitchen door so we could come through the front door.\"", "\n\nEven so, Davis sometimes worried he could lose it all. ", "Babatundé says he finds it hard to sing one of his mentor's signature numbers, \"Mr. Bojangles,\" because he knows what it meant to him. \"", "He feared that his life would end up like the man he sung about\" -- a broken-down old dancer.", "\n\nTo read more about the Old Globe production of \"Sammy\" read my story in Sunday's Arts & Books or click here. ", "Follow these links to see Sammy Davis Jr. performing as a child star and singing \"Mr. Bojangles.\"", "\n\n-- Karen Wada\n\nPhoto: Adam James as Frank Sinatra and Obba Babatundé as Sammy Davis Jr. in the new\nmusical \"Sammy.\" ", "Credit: Don Bartletti / Los Angeles Times" ]

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[ "The “Star-Spangled Banner” stirs pride. ", "Ed Sheeran’s “The Shape of You” sparks joy. ", "And “ooh là là!” ", "best sums up the seductive power of George Michael’s “Careless Whispers.”", "\n\nUC Berkeley scientists have surveyed more than 2,500 people in the United States and China about their emotional responses to these and thousands of other songs from genres including rock, folk, jazz, classical, marching band, experimental and heavy metal.", "\n\nThe upshot? ", "The subjective experience of music across cultures can be mapped within at least 13 overarching feelings: Amusement, joy, eroticism, beauty, relaxation, sadness, dreaminess, triumph, anxiety, scariness, annoyance, defiance, and feeling pumped up.", "\n\n“Imagine organizing a massively eclectic music library by emotion and capturing the combination of feelings associated with each track. ", "That’s essentially what our study has done,” said study lead author Alan Cowen, a UC Berkeley doctoral student in neuroscience.", "\n\nThe findings are set to appear this week in the online edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.", "\n\n“We have rigorously documented the largest array of emotions that are universally felt through the language of music,” said study senior author Dacher Keltner, a UC Berkeley professor of psychology and founding director of the Greater Good Science Center.", "\n\nCowen and fellow researchers have translated the data into an interactive audio map where visitors can move their cursors to listen to any of thousands of music snippets to find out, among other things, if their emotional reactions match how people from different cultures respond to the music.", "\n\nPotential applications for these research findings range from informing psychological and psychiatric therapies designed to evoke certain feelings to helping music streaming services like Spotify adjust their algorithms to satisfy their customers’ audio cravings or set the mood.", "\n\nWhile both U.S. and Chinese study participants identified similar emotions — such as feeling fear when hearing the “Jaws” movie score — they differed on whether those emotions made them feel good or bad.", "\n\n“People from different cultures can agree that a song is angry, but can differ on whether that feeling is positive or negative,” said Cowen, noting that positive and negative values, known in psychology parlance as “valence,” are more culture-specific.", "\n\nAcross cultures, study participants mostly agreed on general emotional characterizations of musical sounds, such as anger, joy and annoyance. ", "But their opinions varied on the level of “arousal,” which refers in the study to the degree of calmness or stimulation evoked by a piece of music.", "\n\nHow they conducted the study\n\nFor the study, more than 2,500 people in the United States and China were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk’s crowdsourcing platform.", "\n\nFirst, volunteers scanned thousands of videos on YouTube for music evoking a variety of emotions. ", "From those, the researchers built a collection of audio clips to use in their experiments.", "\n\nNext, nearly 2,000 study participants in the United States and China each rated some 40 music samples based on 28 different categories of emotion, as well as on a scale of positivity and negativity, and for levels of arousal.", "\n\nUsing statistical analyses, the researchers arrived at 13 overall categories of experience that were preserved across cultures and found to correspond to specific feelings, such as “depressing” or “dreamy.”", "\n\nTo ensure the accuracy of these findings in a second experiment, nearly 1,000 people from the United States and China rated over 300 additional Western and traditional Chinese music samples that were specifically intended to evoke variations in valence and arousal. ", "Their responses validated the 13 categories.", "\n\nVivaldi’s “Four Seasons” made people feel energized. ", "The Clash’s “Rock the Casbah” pumped them up. ", "Al Green’s “Let’s Stay Together” evoked sensuality and Israel (Iz) Kamakawiwoʻole’s “Somewhere over the Rainbow” elicited joy.", "\n\nMeanwhile, heavy metal was widely viewed as defiant and, just as its composer intended, the shower scene score from the movie “Psycho” triggered fear.", "\n\nResearchers acknowledge that some of these associations may be based on the context in which the study participants had previously heard a certain piece of music, such as in a movie or YouTube video. ", "But this is less likely the case with traditional Chinese music, with which the findings were validated.", "\n\nCowen and Keltner previously conducted a study in which they identified 27 emotions in response to visually evocative YouTube video clips. ", "For Cowen, who comes from a family of musicians, studying the emotional effects of music seemed like the next logical step.", "\n\n“Music is a universal language, but we don’t always pay enough attention to what it’s saying and how it’s being understood,” Cowen said. “", "We wanted to take an important first step toward solving the mystery of how music can evoke so many nuanced emotions.”", "\n\nCo-authors of the study are Xia Fang at the University of Amsterdam and York University in Toronto, and Disa Sauter at the University of Amsterdam." ]

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[ "Is the Nursing Work Index measuring up? ", "Moving beyond estimating reliability to testing validity.", "\nThe Nursing Work Index (NWI) provided the foundation for three published instruments, each presented as a valid measure of the nursing practice environment. ", "Aiken and Patrician [Aiken, L. H., & Patrician, P. A. (2000). ", "Measuring organizational traits of hospitals: The Revised Nursing Work Index. ", "Nursing Research, 49, 146-153] revised the NWI to the Revised Nursing Work Index (NWI-R), reporting four conceptually derived subscales. ", "Lake [Lake, E. T.(2002). ", "Development of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index. ", "Research in Nursing and Health, 25,176-188] used factor analysis to empirically derive five subscales with a composite overarching practice environment factor. ", "Estabrooks et al. [", "Estabrooks, C. A., Tourangeau, A. E., Humphrey,C. K., Hesketh, K. L., Giovannetti, P., Thomson, D., et al. (", "2002). ", "Measuring the hospital practice environment: A Canadian context. ", "Research in Nursing and Health, 25, 256-268] reported a single empirically derived factor solution that represented the nursing practice environment. ", "To examine the validity of three instruments (based on the NWI) as measures of the nursing practice environment. ", "The measurement models underlying the three instruments were reconstructed from the information provided by each author in published manuscripts and then were estimated using structural equation modeling (SEM), the chi-square test of model fit, and data from the 1998 Canadian Nurse Survey. ", "Each of the three underlying measurement models was factor analytic in design (multiple indicators of each concept) and failed significantly when compared with the data (Aiken & Patrician; chi2 = 939.12, p <.001, df = 50; Lake, chi2 = 17,872.73, p <.001, df = 319; Estabrooks et al., ", "chi2= 38,590.29, p <.001). ", "This lack of model fit with the data raises questions about the validity of these instruments as measures of the nursing practice environment. ", "The nursing practice environment is complex and has been examined inadequately by factor-analytic approaches, largely because insufficient attention has been paid to implicit underlying theory. ", "The development and testing of robust theory using powerful research methods available to examine causal relationships in complex theoretical models will advance understanding of constructs such as the nursing practice environment." ]

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[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nAs sessile organisms, plants continually adjust their growth and development to ever-changing environmental conditions. ", "They have developed sensory systems and signal transduction pathways to convert environmental signals into metabolic reactions and growth responses. ", "Metabolic adjustments allow plants to withstand transient energy deprivation during both the day--night rhythm and diverse stresses ([@CIT0007]; [@CIT0039]; [@CIT0037]). ", "Acute or lasting energy deprivation induces the so-called low-energy stress, which correlates with reduced photosynthesis, hydrolysis of polysaccharides, degradation of proteins, and arrest of growth, which consequently limit yield. ", "The SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) kinases have been proposed to function as the central integrators that link low energy status to growth ([@CIT0006]). ", "They are structurally similar to sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1) kinase in yeasts and AMP-kinase (AMPK) in mammals. ", "Activation of SnRK1 by energy depletion antagonizes trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) and Target Of Rapamycin (TOR)-dependent processes and leads to the inhibition of anabolism and promotion of catabolism ([@CIT0037]; [@CIT0005]; [@CIT0034]). ", "In Arabidopsis, two genes, *KIN10* and *KIN11*, encode the catalytic α-subunit of the SnRK1 protein complex. ", "By comparison of gene expression profiles in protoplasts with or without KIN10 expression, over 1000 putative SnRK1-dependent genes have been identified. ", "A subset of bZIP transcription factors has been shown to partially mediate primary KIN10 signaling ([@CIT0006]).", "\n\nThe bZIP family is present in all eukaryotes. ", "In plants, they are involved in diverse biological processes such as abiotic stress signaling, pathogen defense, photomorphogenesis, seed maturation, and senescence ([@CIT0022]). ", "In Arabidopsis, there are 78 members that are subdivided into 10 to 13 groups based on structural homology ([@CIT0022]; [@CIT0012]). ", "Only S1-group members (which are small in size) have been shown to be able to activate the *DARK-INDUCED 6* (*DIN6*) gene in transiently transformed protoplasts, this being one of the genes most strongly induced by energy depletion and *KIN10* expression. ", "The activation of *DIN6*, which codes for the glutamine-dependent *ASPARAGINE SYNTHETASE 1* (*ASN1*), has been shown to be mediated by a G-box element, a typical binding site of bZIP transcription factors ([@CIT0006]). ", "The S1 group consists of five members, namely bZIP1, 2, 11, 44, and 53. ", "They are known to induce the expression of key metabolic genes such as *ASN1*, genes involved in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids, and *PROLINE DEHYDROGENASE* (*ProDH*), which catalyses the first step in proline degradation. ", "They also induce the expression of the endosperm-specific genes of the seed-storage albumins 2S1 and 2S2 ([@CIT0002]; [@CIT0012]; [@CIT0032]). ", "Through direct interaction with G-box or ACTCAT *cis*-elements in the promoters of these genes, bZIP1 and 53 have been shown to mediate starvation responses in Arabidopsis plants ([@CIT0041]; [@CIT0010]).", "\n\nbZIP proteins contain two characteristic domains, namely a region highly enriched in basic amino acids, which is responsible for both nuclear localization and DNA-binding, and a so-called zipper domain that participates in dimerization ([@CIT0001]; [@CIT0027]). ", "Protein dimerization studies have revealed that S1-group members preferably form selective heterodimers with the C-group rather than to homodimerize. ", "The C-group member bZIP63 has been shown to be directly phosphorylated by SnRK1 both *in vitro* and *in vivo*. ", "The phosphorylation on one Ser residue in the N-terminus and two residues in the C-terminus is induced by energy deprivation during extended night conditions, thereby causing significant enhancement of bZIP63 heterodimerization with bZIP1 and 11, and leading to increased bZIP63-dependent activation of *ProDH1* and *ASN1* ([@CIT0028]). ", "However, a certain level of promiscuity in the dimerization and DNA binding behavior makes the clarification of specific roles and of action mechanisms of individual bZIPs especially challenging.", "\n\nThe basic region involved in DNA binding is the most conserved domain between different bZIP factors. ", "By crystallographic analysis of animal bZIP proteins, the positions of amino acids that are either involved in specific recognition of DNA bases or in direct contact with the DNA backbone have been identified ([@CIT0014]; [@CIT0029]). ", "Interestingly, a high level of Cys, Ser, or Tyr conservation has been found at position 19 in the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of animal bZIP factors, which is in direct contact with the phosphodiester bond. ", "The reversible modification of residues at this position can influence the binding of the bZIPs to their cognate promoter elements, thus enabling the functional modification of the transcription factors through either their redox state or phosphorylation ([@CIT0003]).", "\n\nIn contrast to animals and fungi, the plant bZIP DBD has a remarkable level of Ser conservation, which in Arabidopsis is 92% at position 19. ", "In addition, another Ser, which is also in contact with the DNA backbone, occupies position 15 in almost 80% of plant bZIPs ([@CIT0025]). ", "Using *in silico* modeling, we have previously shown that a phosphorylation of bZIP63 at Ser15 and Ser19, or the introduction of a negative charge by substitution of these residues through Asp, leads to the elimination of the interaction with cognate DNA ([@CIT0025]). ", "Indeed, the mutated bZIP63^Ser15,19Asp^ as well as the H-group member HY5^Ser15Asp^ and G-group GBF1^Ser15,19Asp^ are unable to bind to corresponding *cis*-elements in DNA-binding studies *in vitro* ([@CIT0025]; [@CIT0038]). ", "Thus far, the disruption of DNA recognition by substitution of Ser19 and/or Ser15 in several bZIPs from different groups has been demonstrated only *in vitro*. ", "We do not know, however, how such substitutions influence the recognition of the cognate DNA and thus the activity of the bZIP factor inside the cell. ", "Since the substituted amino acids are located in the basic region, the dimerization properties of mutated proteins might remain unaffected. ", "Provided that the introduction of negatively charged amino acids at positions 15 and 19 of the DBD can indeed prevent *in vivo* DNA binding, this would open a great possibility for the generation of specific dominant negative mutants and thus help in understanding signal cascades operating in the bZIP dimerization networks even at high levels of functional redundancy.", "\n\nUsing bZIP53, 10, and 25 as representatives for the bZIP heterodimerization network, we show here that substitution of conserved Ser residues with Asp in the DBD of bZIP factors completely inhibits their transactivation capacity. ", "This inhibition is obviously caused by the disruption of DNA binding through the introduction of a negative charge at the site of contact with the DNA backbone. ", "The dimerization preferences of bZIP proteins are not diminished by such substitutions, and the nuclear localization signal (NLS) is maintained as functional. ", "The ectopic expression of the inactive bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^ in the wild-type background leads to the inhibition of the intrinsic bZIP53 activity. ", "Thus, mimicking Ser phosphorylation through Asp substitution in the DBD seems to be sufficient to inactivate any bZIP factor as homo- and heterodimers.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#s2}\n=====================\n\nPlant material and growth conditions {#s3}\n------------------------------------\n\nAll *Arabidopsis thaliana* lines were in the Col-0 background. ", "Plants were grown at 22 °C and 50% humidity under a 12-h light and 12-h dark photoperiod. ", "We selected bZIP53, 10, and 25 for study as representatives for the bZIP heterodimerization network.", "\n\nConstructs containing bZIP coding sequences (wild-type and mutant forms) were used to generate transgenic Arabidopsis lines by infiltration with *Agrobacterium tumefaciens* strain GV3101 pMP90. ", "To select transformed plants, seedlings were tested under a microscope for green fluorescent protein (GFP) signal.", "\n\nStatistical analyses of rosette diameters were performed with R (<http://www.r-project.org/>) using the *lme4* (<http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4>) and *multcomp* ([@CIT0019]) packages. ", "The independent transformation lines (three homozygous lines per genotype) were considered as random integration events in the genome of Arabidopsis, and mixed models were used to design a linear model to describe the data. ", "To test the effect of the genotype in general, we performed a ratio likelihood test using ANOVA of a null model against a full model, which included the genotype as a fixed effect. ", "For the mixed model design, we used the maximum likelihood approach. ", "In order to compare among genotypes, we established a general linear hypothesis for performing multiple comparisons of the genotype in our mixed model, and used the *glht* function in the *multcomp* package ([@CIT0019]).", "\n\nCloning strategy {#s4}\n----------------\n\nThe C-group bZIP clones were constructed as described by [@CIT0040]. ", "bZIP53 clones were generated using Gateway™ technology (Invitrogen); the respective primer pairs are listed in [Supplementary Table S1](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} at *JXB* online. ", "Site-directed mutagenesis was performed in entry clones according to the Quick-Reference Protocol (Stratagene). ", "Oligonucleotides encoding the desired mutation (listed in [Supplementary Table S1](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) were used for the amplification of the plasmid by Phusion^®^ DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, NEB).", "\n\n*P* ~*(ACTCAT)2x*~ *::GUS*, *P*~*GAL4*~*::GUS*, *P*~*35S*~*::NAN*, *pHBTL-ADGW*, and *pHBTL-BDGW* were kindly provided by Wolfgang Dröge-Laser (University of Würzburg, Germany; [@CIT0013]), and the latter two were used in the LR reaction to generate AD- and BD-fusion proteins for the protoplast two-hybrid analyses.", "\n\nTo create GFP and mCherry fusion proteins, the corresponding DNA sequences were recombined via LR reactions into the binary plant expression vectors pUBC-Dest(eGFP) (C-terminal GFP fusion, UBI10 promoter; [@CIT0015]), pH7WGF2.0 (C-terminal GFP fusion, 35S promoter; [@CIT0024]), or pEXSG-mCherry (C-terminal mCherry fusion, 35S promoter; personal gift of Niko Tintor, MPI Cologne, Germany).", "\n\nReporter gene and protoplast two-hybrid assays in Arabidopsis protoplasts {#s5}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nArabidopsis cell culture protoplasts were isolated and transfected according to [@CIT0034]. ", "The amount of each plasmid used was constant through all the experiments. ", "To keep the total DNA quantity at the same level in each sample, unrelated DNA was added when required. ", "Transfected protoplasts were incubated in darkness overnight at 23 °C. ", "The *P*~*35S*~*::NAN* construct was used as an internal control to normalize the variations of each transfection due to transformation efficiency and cell viability. ", "GUS and NAN enzyme assays were performed as described by [@CIT0041]. ", "All experiments were repeated at least three times. ", "Data were analysed by paired *t*-tests.", "\n\nQuantitative RT-PCR {#s6}\n-------------------\n\nTotal RNA was isolated from plant material using an RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Roboklon). ", "The cDNA was generated using oligo-dT primer with AMV Reverse Transcriptase (Roboklon). ", "The amplification of cDNA was performed using PerfeCta SYBR Green SuperMix (Quanta Biosciences, distributed by VWR) according to the manufacturer's instructions. ", "The PCR reactions were performed in a CFX384 Real Time PCR system (Bio-Rad). ", "Expression levels were normalized using *EF-1-alpha* (AT5G60390) and *Ubi10* (AT4G05320) and quantified using the CFX Manager software (Bio-Rad). ", "All primer sequences for qPCR are listed in [Supplementary Table S2](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "The plant material was collected from two independent experiments; three technical replicates were performed.", "\n\nAmino acid analysis {#s7}\n-------------------\n\nFor the amino acid analysis, leaves of 7-week-old plants were harvested in the morning immediately after the onset of light (under dim light). ", "Leaf rosettes from three plants were pooled together, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, ground with mortar and pestle, and lyophilized without thawing. ", "Dry material was extracted with 80% methanol followed by a second extraction with 20% methanol. ", "The combined supernatants were dried in a speedvac. ", "The sediments were re-suspended in lithium-buffer (Pickering Laboratories) and filtered (0.2-µm Minisart RC15 filters) before analysis. ", "Amino acids were analysed by ion-exchange chromatography (cation exchange column 5 μm, 4.6×75 mm; Pickering Laboratories) with post-column ninhydrin derivatization ([@CIT0018]).", "\n\nELISA-based DNA-binding assay (DPI-ELISA) {#s8}\n-----------------------------------------\n\nFor DNA-binding assays, bZIP coding sequences in pET-Dest42 (Invitrogen) were expressed as described previously ([@CIT0025]). ", "BL21(DE3)-RIL *E. coli* cells were lysed in DNA-binding buffer \\[4 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 100 mM KCl, 0.2% (w/v) BSA, 8% (v/v) glycerol, 5 mM DTT\\] using FastPrep FP120 (Thermo Electron Corporation) and 0.1-mm glass beads (Sigma). ", "The extract was cleared by centrifugation and used in DNA--protein interaction (DPI)-ELISAs. ", "The oligonucleotide sequences used in the assays are provided in [Supplementary Table S3](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "The DNA-binding assay was performed as described previously ([@CIT0008]; [@CIT0040]).", "\n\nAccession numbers {#s9}\n-----------------\n\nAccession numbers of gene sequences used in this study are given in [Supplementary Table S4](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} and can be found in the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative or GenBank/EMBL databases.", "\n\nResults {#s10}\n=======\n\nSer15,19Asp mutation in the DBD of bZIP53 abolishes its DNA binding and transactivity {#s11}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe have previously shown that mutation of Ser19 and/or Ser15 in the DBD to phospho-mimicking Asp completely abolishes the *in vitro* binding of C-group bZIP63 and H-group HY5 to their cognate DNA motifs ([@CIT0025]). ", "Due to the small size of S1-group factors, the DBD in bZIP53 is situated at the very N-terminus and not in the middle of the protein sequence, as is the case in bZIP63 and HY5 ([Fig. ", "1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To find out whether this different architecture influences its DNA-binding properties, we performed *in vitro* DPI-ELISAs ([@CIT0008]) using the wild-type and mutated versions of bZIP53. ", "Whereas the binding of bZIP53^Ser15,19Ala^ to the C-box did not significantly differ from that of the wild-type bZIP53, binding of bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^ was reduced to the level of the negative control ([Fig. ", "1B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The specificity of bZIP53-DNA binding was verified by mutation of the core DNA sequence. ", "These results indicated that the imitation of phosphoserine by mutation of Ser to Asp leads to conformational changes that impair the *in vitro* bZIP53 DNA-binding activity.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nWe further questioned whether Ser15,19Asp substitutions ([Fig. ", "1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) might affect the *in vivo* transactivation capacity of bZIP53. ", "It has previously been shown that bZIP53 directly recognizes an ACTCAT-motif in the promoter of *ProDH1* ([@CIT0041]). ", "Accordingly, a *GLUCURONIDASE* (*GUS*) reporter, *P*~*(ACTCAT)2x*~*::GUS*, was used to test the transcriptional activity of bZIP53-GFP and its phospho-mimicking form carrying the Ser15,19Asp mutation. ", "To assure that the negative charge introduced by the Asp substitutions was indeed responsible for the resulting effect, the protein with substitution of the corresponding Ser to alanine (Ser15,19Ala) was also assayed. ", "Transient expression of bZIP53-GFP in an Arabidopsis protoplast system showed induced expression of *P*~*(ACTCAT)2x*~*::GUS* compared to the 'no effector' control ([Fig. ", "1C](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A similar induction of the reporter gene was observed upon transfection of protoplasts with bZIP53-GFP carrying the Ser15,19Ala mutations in its DBD. ", "In contrast, no increase in GUS activity was observed when bZIP53-GFP bearing the Ser15,19Asp mutations was co-expressed with the reporter gene. ", "These data highlight the functional importance of the conserved serines in bZIP DBD for *in vivo* activity of bZIP factors. ", "Since *ProDH1* is known as a target gene of the C/S1 bZIP network ([@CIT0041]), we tested the C-group members bZIP10 and 25 for their ability to activate the same reporter construct. ", "In contrast to bZIP53, neither the wild-type nor the mutated versions could induce GUS expression ([Fig. ", "1C](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This is in accordance with previous results ([@CIT0041]), and indicates that bZIP10 and 25 are able to induce *ProDH1* only as heterodimers with bZIP53. ", "A high sucrose level (13.7%) in the protoplast incubation medium clearly leads to u-ORF-mediated translational repression of intrinsic S1 bZIP factors ([@CIT0020]) and thus a lack of dimerization partners of bZIP10 and 25.", "\n\nWe then generated transgenic Arabidopsis lines constitutively expressing bZIP53-GFP, bZIP10-GFP, or bZIP25-GFP. ", "Similar to the results of *ProDH1* transactivation, we were not able to find significant alterations in the lines overexpressing bZIP10 or 25 when compared to wild-type plants at optimal greenhouse conditions ([Fig. ", "1D](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results indicate that post-transcriptional events, such as availability of heterodimerization partners and/or signal-induced protein modifications, are necessary for activation of bZIP10 and 25. ", "In contrast, the overexpression of bZIP53-GFP led to a strongly dwarfed phenotype, reflecting its important role in the regulatory C/S1 network.", "\n\nTransactivation properties of S1/C bZIP heterodimers depend on the particular residue at positions 15 and 19 in the DBD {#s12}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSince S1- and C-group members strongly tend to form inter-group heterodimers, we wondered how the introduction of a negative charge at positions 15 and 19 in the DBD of just one partner would influence the dimer transactivity. ", "We therefore examined the activation of *P*~*(ACTCAT)2x*~*::GUS* upon co-expression of bZIP53 and its mutated versions either with bZIP10 or 25 in an Arabidopsis protoplast system. ", "As compared to expression of bZIP53 alone, greatly induced GUS activity was observed upon co-expression of each C-group member with bZIP53 ([Fig. ", "2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Heterodimers of bZIP53 with bZIP10 induced stronger GUS activation than bZIP53/25 heterodimers. ", "The activation of the GUS reporter was not affected by a Ser-to-Ala mutation in the bZIP53 DBD; however, it was completely abolished when the bZIP53 version contained a Ser-to-Asp mutation.", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nSince bZIP53 binds directly to the ACTCAT core sequence in the reporter gene, we tested an alternative scenario, i.e. whether Ser-to-Asp mutation in the C-group member has a similar effect on the heterodimer-dependent *P*~*(ACTCAT)2x*~*::GUS* activation. ", "In this case, the GUS activity was once again comparable when either the wild-type C-group factor or its Ser-to-Ala mutant version was co-expressed with bZIP53 ([Fig. ", "2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Conversely, the co-expression of bZIP53 with bZIP10 or 25 versions containing the Ser-to-Asp mutation drastically reduced activation of the reporter gene. ", "It should, however, be noted that in this case the GUS activity was reduced only to a level comparable with the expression of bZIP53 alone (and not to the level of the 'no effector' control, as was observed upon expression of bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^). ", "This might indicate the existence of some intrinsic bZIP53 dimerization partners, which are probably able to outcompete bZIP10 or 25 under the tested conditions. ", "Taken together, the results indicate that the substitution of the conserved Ser in the DBD with Asp in only one subunit is sufficient for the suppression of heterodimer transactivity.", "\n\n*In vivo* interaction between bZIP53 and C-group bZIP factors {#s13}\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nDirectly adjacent to their DBD, bZIP factors contain the zipper domain that provides the hydrophobic surface for dimerization ([@CIT0022]). ", "As mentioned above, both C- and S1-group factors preferentially heterodimerize with each other ([@CIT0013]; [@CIT0026]), which correlates with their *in vivo* functionality. ", "To clarify whether the drastically reduced transactivity of bZIP factors with a Ser-to-Asp substitution in their DBD might be caused by their inability to form dimers, we carried out quantitative interaction studies using an Arabidopsis protoplast-based two-hybrid assay ([@CIT0013]). ", "The principle of the method is based on the fusion of one protein of interest with the GAL4 activation domain (AD) and another with the GAL4 binding domain (BD). ", "Upon protein interaction, AD is recruited to the DNA sequence recognized by BD (*P*~*GAL4*~) and activates the *P*~*GAL4*~*::GUS* reporter gene. ", "Although bZIP53-BD fusions alone could induce a certain level of GUS activation, no further GUS activation was detected after the co-expression of bZIP53-BD with bZIP53-AD. ", "Instead, the co-expression of bZIP53 and its mutated forms with bZIP10 or 25 led to a strong increase of GUS activity compared to co-expression with BD or AD alone ([Fig. ", "2C, D](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "As was observed in the transactivation assays, the GUS activity was higher in the case of bZIP53--bZIP10 dimers than of bZIP53--bZIP25 dimers. ", "As shown in [Fig. ", "2(C, D)](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, we observed a comparable interaction of bZIP53 and 53^Ser15,19Ala^ either with bZIP10 or 25 irrespective of AD- or BD-fusions. ", "Interestingly, even higher GUS activity was detected when bZIP10 or 25 was co-expressed with bZIP53^S15,19D^.\n\nWe also examined the opposite situation, i.e. the interaction of bZIP53 with mutated bZIP10 or 25. ", "Similar to the above results, Ser-to-Ala mutations in the DBD of bZIP10 or 25 did not affect their ability to form heterodimers with bZIP53, whereas Ser-to-Asp even enhanced the detected signal ([Supplementary Fig. ", "S1](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "These results indicate that the substitutions of Ser15 and Ser19 with Asp do not restrain the *in vivo* dimerization ability of bZIP factors.", "\n\nThe functionality of the nuclear localization signal is maintained in the mutated versions {#s14}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSince the basic region of bZIP factors also serves as a NLS, the phospho-mimicking mutations might disturb the correct localization of bZIPs, which could be the reason for their reduced transcriptional activity. ", "To test this, we used both transiently transfected Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts and stably transformed lines. ", "To visualize bZIP proteins, corresponding C-terminal GFP-fusions under the control of the 35S or UBI10 promoter were used. ", "Upon expression of bZIP53-GFP, the GFP signal was detected only in the nucleus ([Fig. ", "3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Likewise, the bZIP25-GFP fusion was localized to the nucleus ([Fig. ", "3B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which is in accordance with previous data for bZIP53 and 25 localization in transiently transformed Arabidopsis protoplasts ([@CIT0026]). ", "The same nuclear localization of the GFP signal was observed when either Ser-to-Ala or Ser-to-Asp forms of bZIP53-GFP and bZIP25-GFP were examined ([Fig. ", "3A, B)](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "This demonstrated that mutations at positions 15 and 19 in the DBD do not influence the subcellular localization of bZIP53 or 25, and suggests that the functionality of the NLS is not disrupted.", "\n\n{#F3}\n\nIt has been previously shown that, due to the nuclear export signal in its N-terminus, bZIP10 can be detected in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm ([@CIT0023]). ", "This nucleo-cytoplasmic localization was also observed in transgenic lines overexpressing bZIP10-GFP and bZIP10^Ser15,19Ala^-GFP ([Fig. ", "3C](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}); however, upon overexpression of the bZIP10^Ser15,19Asp^-GFP variant, the GFP signal was detected preferentially in the cytoplasm. ", "A similar localization pattern was observed during transient expression of bZIP10 in Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts. ", "In this case, however, Ser-to-Asp substitution led to the detection of the mutated variant exclusively in the cytoplasm ([Fig. ", "4A](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To determine whether such cytoplasmic localization was caused by the disruption of the NLS due to the Ser-to-Asp mutation, we used the GFP-bZIP10 version with a truncated N-terminus, which has previously been used to demonstrate the functionality of the NLS ([@CIT0030]), and introduced the corresponding mutations. ", "Both constructs were transiently expressed in Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts. ", "Microscopic analysis of the protoplasts revealed similar nucleolar localization of the truncated bZIP10 peptides independently of the mutation in the DBD ([Fig. ", "4B](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results clearly support the conclusion that Ser-to-Asp mutations in the DBD do not disrupt the NLS of the bZIP factors.", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nGiven our findings of exclusively nuclear localization of bZIP53 (both wild-type and mutated forms) and cytoplasmic localization of bZIP10^Ser15,19Asp^, we investigated where their interaction occurs. ", "To this end, we transiently expressed bZIP10^Ser15,19Asp^-GFP and bZIP53-mCherry in Arabidopsis leaf protoplasts. ", "As shown in [Fig. ", "4(C, D)](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, co-expression of both proteins led to their exclusive nuclear localization, independent of the ΔN-truncated or full-length bZIP10 protein expression.", "\n\nThe dwarf phenotype of bZIP53-overexpressing plants is not observed for bZIP53^S15,19D^ overexpression {#s15}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAs shown above, the mutations of conserved DBD Ser to Asp disrupted the DNA binding and transactivity of bZIP factors in protoplasts. ", "To address the possibility of targeted bZIP inactivation in plants, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis lines constitutively expressing the mutated variants of bZIP53-GFP. ", "As already noted above, the overexpression of wild-type bZIP53 caused an extreme dwarf phenotype ([Fig. ", "5A](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, B), which is associated with reduced seed production ([@CIT0002]; [@CIT0010]). ", "Overexpression of bZIP53^Ser15,19Ala^ resulted in a slightly weaker dwarf phenotype compared to that of plants overexpressing bZIP53. ", "This was probably due to the strong tendency of gene-silencing in bZIP53^Ser15,19Ala^-overexpressing plants, which was not observed for bZIP53 overexpressors ([Fig. ", "5C](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In sharp contrast, plants overexpressing bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^ did not show any phenotypic alterations compared to non-transformed Col-0 plants ([Fig. ", "5A, B)](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, despite the high level of the transgene expression ([Fig. ", "5C](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F5}\n\nTo examine the physiological importance of bZIP53 Ser-to-Ala and Ser-to-Asp substitutions on the molecular level, we performed qPCR analysis using leaf RNA derived from transgenic and wild-type plants. ", "The transcript levels of *BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINO ACID TRANSFERASE 2* (*BCAT2*) and *ProDH1*, which are genes known to be regulated by S1-group bZIPs ([@CIT0032]), were up-regulated in plants overexpressing bZIP53 and 53^Ser15,19Ala^, whereas they did show down-regulation in plants overexpressing bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^ ([Fig. ", "5D](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In contrast, *ProDH2*, the known target gene of bZIP11 ([@CIT0016]), did not correlate with the expression of the active or inactive form of bZIP53. ", "Using DPI-ELISA, we directly confirmed the disruption of the interaction with the cognate DNA sequence of bZIP heterodimers that contained just one subunit with the Ser15,19Asp substitution ([Supplementary Fig. ", "S2](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Thus, these results indicated that the Ser-to-Asp mutation in the DBD of the bZIP factor creates a non-functional and apparently dominant-negative form of the transcription factor due to the perturbation of its DNA-binding capacity.", "\n\nAltered amino acid metabolism in *bZIP53* transgenic plants {#s16}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo date, the role of bZIP53 as a key regulator of metabolic reprogramming has mostly been shown in plants under energy starvation conditions, where it is mainly involved in the regulation of amino acid metabolism ([@CIT0010]; [@CIT0032]). ", "We decided to test whether bZIP53 might also be functioning under non-stressed conditions. ", "Since it is known that S1-group bZIPs, including bZIP53, are post-transcriptionally repressed by sucrose ([@CIT0020]), and several C-group members are transcriptionally up-regulated during night periods ([@CIT0042]), the plants for the amino acid analysis were harvested at dawn, i.e. before light-induced activation of photosynthesis. ", "Under these conditions, there should be a higher probability of expression of intrinsic bZIP53 and its heterodimerization partners. ", "The amount of free amino acids in 7-week-old plants is shown in ([Fig. ", "6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In transgenic lines with ectopic expression of either native bZIP53 or 53^Ser15,19Ala^, the concentration of several amino acids was significantly different from the wild-type, with decreased levels in both the lines. ", "The strongest decrease was observed for proline (Pro) and all three branched-chain amino acids, whereas the level of these amino acids was moderately higher in transgenic plants overexpressing bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^. However, due to considerable variation between samples ([Supplementary Table S5](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), the difference between bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^-overexpression (ox) and wild-type plants was significant only in the case of Pro. ", "The levels of five further amino acids, Tyr, His, Ser, Gly, and Lys, were also substantially lower in bZIP53-ox and in bZIP53^Ser15,19Ala^ox. ", "At the same time, Tyr, Ser, and Lys showed a tendency to be increased in bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^ox plants as compared to the wild-type ([Fig. ", "6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In addition, the total amount of free amino acids was higher in these plants compared to the others ([Supplementary Table S5](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Thus, the metabolism of these amino acids in plants at dawn showed a bZIP53-dependent pattern. ", "Although the impact of the ectopically expressed active forms of bZIP53 was more pronounced, our approach allowed us to detect bZIP53-dependent differences in the plants overexpressing non-DNA-binding bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^, supporting its dominant negative nature.", "\n\n{#F6}\n\nIt should be noted that we did not detect a significant increase in Asn levels in bZIP53- and 53^Ser15,19Ala^-overexpressing plants, as we had expected given previously published results (see Discussion). ", "The amount of Asn seemed to be slightly decreased in the wild-type compared to all the transgenic lines. ", "The same tendency was observed for Gln, where the difference was even larger and was significant ([Fig. ", "6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Supplementary Table S5](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nDiscussion {#s17}\n==========\n\nTranscription factors containing a highly conserved bZIP domain were identified as regulators of gene expression a long time ago. ", "Since then, extensive studies have been carried out to decipher the regulatory circuits involving the bZIP factors. ", "The degree of complexity is especially high in plants when compared to other eukaryotes, due to a much larger protein family and a broad spectrum of homo- and heterodimerization ([@CIT0012]). ", "An additional step toward complexity is caused by functional redundancy, which necessitates the generation of higher-order knockout mutants when trying to resolve functions ([@CIT0010]; [@CIT0032]). ", "Consequently, alternative approaches that implement different types of dominant negative mutants have been proposed ([@CIT0017]; [@CIT0021]). ", "In this study, we made use of highly conserved residues at positions 15 and 19 in the DBD of bZIP factors that can be potentially phosphorylated in order to achieve a highly specific inactivation of particular bZIP proteins in a dominant negative manner.", "\n\nbZIP inactivation via phospho-mimicking amino acid substitution {#s18}\n---------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAs has been demonstrated through co-crystallization of bZIP--DNA complexes and *in silico* modeling, the residues at position 15 and 19 in the DBD are in direct contact with the DNA phosphodiester bonds ([@CIT0035]; [@CIT0029]; [@CIT0025]). ", "Interestingly, in plant bZIPs these positions contain conserved residues potentially capable of phosphorylation ([@CIT0035]; [@CIT0025]). ", "We have shown that phospho-mimicking mutations lead to the inability of the bZIP53 factor to bind to the DNA, and consequently transcriptional activation of its target gene was completely impaired ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This makes the mutated form an excellent candidate for the *in vivo* inactivation of the intrinsic counterpart, provided that its other features, such as dimer formation and intracellular localization, remain unaltered.", "\n\nUsing complementary approaches, we demonstrated that the NLS, which overlaps with DNA-binding domain, remained functional in the Ser-to-Asp mutants of the bZIP factors that we tested ([Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}): the nuclear localization of both bZIP53 and 25 was not altered by the Ser-to-Asp substitution. ", "Although bZIP10 localization was mostly shifted to the cytoplasm after Ser-to-Asp substitutions, the truncation of the N-terminal nuclear export signal completely eliminated bZIP10 from the cytoplasm, demonstrating the functionality of the NLS. ", "It has previously been proposed that the cytoplasmic localization of bZIP10 is controlled by two mechanisms: XPO1-dependent export from the nucleus and LSD1-dependent cytoplasmic retention ([@CIT0023]). ", "Our study revealed the impact of additional mechanisms, such as DNA-binding and dimerization. ", "It appeared that dimerization with bZIP53 prevented the export of bZIP10 from the nucleus, independently of the interaction with the cognate DNA ([Fig. ", "4D](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In cases where bZIP10 is forced to form homodimers, for example due to very high expression levels in transient protoplast systems at high sucrose content in the medium ([@CIT0020]), its nuclear export may be restricted by the binding to the DNA. ", "This is supported by the fact that impairment of DNA binding led to the exclusive cytoplasmic localization of bZIP10^Ser15,19Asp^ in protoplasts ([Fig. ", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nIn order to maintain a high specificity of the generated mutant, a minimal alteration of dimerization preferences is desired. ", "The dimerization specificity of bZIP factors is thought to depend on particular amino acid residues in the leucine zipper domain, especially at positions a, e, and g in the corresponding heptad repeats ([@CIT0035]; [@CIT0009]; [@CIT0021]). ", "For the C/S1 network, heterodimerization specificity is proposed to be facilitated by the exceptionally long zipper domain, consisting of up to eight repeats ([@CIT0013]; [@CIT0026]; [@CIT0012]). ", "Therefore, the substitution of two residues in the DBD (i.e. positioned outside of the leucine zipper) theoretically should not influence the bZIP dimerization. ", "In their attempt to create a dominant negative form of bZIP53, [@CIT0021] replaced the complete basic region with the peptide containing preferentially acidic residues. ", "The resulting so-called A-ZIP53 demonstrated significantly altered affinity to its native counterpart and to its C-group partners bZIP10 and 25, as demonstrated by *in vitro* circular dichroism measurements. ", "In our case, protoplast two-hybrid analysis showed stronger activation of *P*~*GAL4*~*::GUS* when one bZIP partner contained Ser-to-Asp substitutions ([Fig. ", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "This enhanced *P*~*GAL4*~*::GUS* activation, however, was also observed in the negative control when bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^ was used as bait (compared to BD-bZIP53). ", "Since enhancement was observed in the absence of the dimerization partner, it therefore seems to be rather unspecific. ", "A simple explanation might be that a portion of bZIP proteins expressed in the protoplasts, either as AD- or BD-fusions, might be bound to cognate DNA sequences on the Arabidopsis chromosomes and thus be less available for binding at the *P*~*GAL4*~*::GUS*. ", "The non-DNA-binding mutant form, in contrast, is completely available. ", "An alternative quantitative method, such as circular dichroism-based analysis, might help to verify this possibility. ", "More importantly, Ser-to-Asp substitutions neither diminished the specific heterodimerization of bZIP53 with 10 or 25, nor enhanced the unspecific homodimerization of bZIP53 ([Fig. ", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Supplementary Fig. ", "S1](#sup1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\nTaken together, our data showed that a dominant negative mutant can be generated by ectopic expression of a particular bZIP factor that bears negatively charged residues at positions 15 and 19 in the DBD. ", "As bZIP factors exist throughout all eukaryotes, this strategy may also be used in other organisms in addition to plants. ", "The clear advantage of this approach is that it does not require tagging of the proteins, which otherwise may influence protein folding, localization, or its interactions. ", "In contrast to the implementation of the EAR motif repression domain ([@CIT0031]; [@CIT0017]), Ser-to-Asp substitution does not reverse the function of the transcription factor from transactivating to repressing, it simply causes its inactivation by substituting it in corresponding dimers and hence blocks their binding to cognate DNA sequences. ", "This would be also helpful when working with bZIP factors that function as transcriptional repressors. ", "Furthermore, exploiting DBD Ser15,19Asp protein forms might prove to be especially useful in the case of bZIP factors with partially overlapping dimerization properties. ", "Due to redundancy, knocking out a single gene usually does not lead to noticeable phenotypes. ", "Saturation of such a bZIP network with a dominant-negative form---for example, through varying the gene doses using corresponding promoters---would lead to specific inactivation of the hub-dependent dimerization network through competition for the dimerization partner(s).", "\n\nbZIP53 contributes to amino acid metabolism in non-stressed plants {#s19}\n------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn the last decade, great progress has been made in our understanding of low-energy signaling in plants. ", "bZIP factors of C/S1 networks have been identified as key players that mediate transcriptional responses, both SnRK1-dependent and -independent, and lead to metabolic reprogramming during low-energy stress (reviewed by [@CIT0012]). ", "Although C- and S1-group factors generally work as heterodimers, S1 bZIPs, and especially bZIP11 and 53, seem to be major limiting factors as their ectopic expression leads to strongly dwarfed phenotypes ([@CIT0016]; [@CIT0002]). ", "Due to a sugar-induced co-translational repression mechanism ([@CIT0020]), these proteins apparently occur at very low levels in photosynthesizing wild-type plants and hence are not available as dimerization partners for the C-group members. ", "This may at least partially explain why the overexpression of either bZIP10, 25, or 63 caused no visible phenotype in plants at ambient conditions ([Fig. ", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}; [@CIT0023]; [@CIT0040]; [@CIT0028]).", "\n\nIn agreement with previous studies ([@CIT0010]; [@CIT0032]), overexpression of bZIP53 caused a decrease in proline and branched-chain amino acids ([Fig. ", "6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}) with concomitant transcriptional activation of *ProDH1* and *BCAT2*, which encode the enzymes involved in the degradation of these amino acids ([Fig. ", "5D](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Similar changes were also observed in bZIP53^Ser15,19Ala^ox plants. ", "The regulation of these amino acids was, however, distinct: whereas the lower proline level in bZIP53ox was independent of the growth/harvesting conditions, differences for the branched-chain amino acids have so far been observed only during extended dark treatments ([@CIT0010]). ", "It appears that bZIP53 is important for the regulation of their catabolism during nocturnal growth periods as well, since we not only observed decreased levels in bZIP53ox and bZIP5353^Ser15,19Ala^ox, but also a tendency to increased levels in bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^ox. ", "Interestingly, amino acid analysis of the *bzip1 bzip53* double-mutant has not shown an increase of branch-chained amino acids either in light-grown or in dark-grown plants, and only the quintuple-mutant with down-regulation of all five S1-group members shows increased levels of leucine and isoleucine after a 6-h extension of the night period ([@CIT0010]; [@CIT0032]). ", "The transcript level of *BCAT2* has been reported to increase following the diurnal transition from light to dark, and to decrease during the light period ([@CIT0033]). ", "Thus, decreased *BCAT2* expression and a tendency for increased levels of branched-chain amino acids in bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^ox at the end of the night period ([Figs 5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}) correspond well to a role of bZIP53 (and its dimerization partners) in the diurnally regulated catabolism of these amino acids. ", "Previous studies on amino acid levels in the leaves of *bcat2* mutants have shown partially contradictory results: whereas [@CIT0004]) did not see any changes in the amino acid levels compared with the wild-type, [@CIT0033] found significant increases in Leu, Val, Trp, and His concentrations; they also found that Arg, Ile, Ser, Lys, and Tyr showed a clear tendency to increase, although this was not significant (*P*\\>0.05). ", "These discrepancies might be caused by the harvesting time of the material. ", "Unfortunately, this information was not provided by [@CIT0004], although harvesting was performed at the end of the night by [@CIT0033]. ", "Therefore, a similar tendency to increased levels of these amino acids that we observed in bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^ox ([Fig. ", "6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}) might have been brought about, directly and indirectly, by impeded transcriptional activation of *BCAT2*. ", "Taking into consideration a recently published study on S1-group quintuple-mutants ([@CIT0032]), the down-regulation of further catabolic genes involved in branched-chain amino acid degradation in the dominant negative bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^ox cannot be ruled out.", "\n\nIn addition to the regulation of *ProDH1* and *BCAT2*, bZIP53 has previously been shown to activate the promoter of *ASN1*. ", "This led to increased Asn levels in plants ectopically expressing bZIP53, with the increase being quite considerable in both light-grown and dark-grown plants, and a substantial decrease in Asn has been shown for the *bzip1 bzip53* double-mutant ([@CIT0002]; [@CIT0010]). ", "On the other hand, compared to the wild-type no difference was observed either in *ASN1* expression or the asparagine level in the S1-group quintuple-mutant under low-energy stress (a 6-h extension of the dark period), whereas *ASN1* expression was down-regulated in the *snrk1α1 snrk1α2* double-mutant under these conditions ([@CIT0032]). [", "@CIT0010] used 3-week-old plants grown under long-day conditions (16/8 h light/dark) whilst [@CIT0032] used 3-week-old plants grown under short-day conditions (12/12 h). ", "Our results from the analysis of 7-week-old plants growing under short-day conditions and harvested at the end of the dark period showed an insignificant increase of Asn level in bZIP53ox and bZIP53^Ser15,19Ala^ox, as well as a significant increase in bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^ox plants. ", "There might be several explanations for these different results. ", "First of all, the harvesting time is of the great importance. ", "In their kinetic analysis of *ASN1* expression, [@CIT0010] detected an increase in bZIP53ox at all time-points except the one at dawn, and hence their findings are consistent with our data and explain the minimal increase in Asn level in bZIP53ox. ", "On the other hand, [@CIT0010] found that the expression of *ASPARAGINASE*, which is involved in Asn degradation, was up-regulated in plants overexpressing bZIP1. ", "Taking into account the overlapping dimerization partners for bZIP1 and 53, overexpression of the non-DNA-binding bZIP53 form could lead to interaction with, and removal of, the intrinsic C-group bZIPs from potential dimerization with bZIP1, thus restricting the activation capacity of bZIP1. ", "As a consequence, higher Asn levels might be accumulated in the bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^ox plants. ", "In addition, we used much older soil-grown plants in our experiment. ", "Since Arabidopsis plants develop big rosettes under short-day conditions, the availability of nutrients, in particular nitrogen, may differ for 3-week-old and 7-week-old plants, leading to different gene regulation. ", "Finally, the developmental stage *per se* is significant as well and influences the expression level of numerous genes, including bZIPs themselves and their modifying enzymes. ", "In this context, crossing the bZIP53^Ser15,19Ala^ox and bZIP53^Ser15,19Asp^ox lines with *bzip53* or other *bzip* mutants may help to shed light on the contribution of different bZIPs to the regulation of plant amino acid metabolism and development in Arabidopsis. ", "Furthermore, the use of phospho-mimicking dominant negative bZIP mutants can help to further clarify the functional interconnections not only in the C/S1 network, but in other bZIP groups as well.", "\n\nSupplementary data {#s20}\n==================\n\nSupplementary data are available at *JXB* online.", "\n\nFig. ", "S1. ", "Analysis of the heterodimerization of bZIP53 with bZIP10 and 25 by protoplast two-hybrid assays.", "\n\nFig. ", "S2. ", "Binding of bZIP heterodimers to the cognate DNA sequences.", "\n\nTable S1. ", "Primer sequences used for Gateway cloning and mutagenesis.", "\n\nTable S2. ", "Primer sequences used for qPCR.", "\n\nTable S3. ", "Oligonucleotides used for the protein--DNA binding assay.", "\n\nTable S4. ", "Accession numbers of gene sequences used in this study.", "\n\nTable S5. ", "Summary of amino acid analysis in 7-week-old Arabidopsis leaf rosettes.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nWe thank Wolfgang Dröge-Laser and Niko Tintor for providing plasmids, Christel Kulibaba, Kerstin Haible, and Caterina Brancato for their excellent technical assistance, and the members of the MERIT Consortium for their helpful suggestions. ", "This work was supported by a DFG grant to FW (SFB1101, Project D02), and by Marie Curie Actions FP7- People-2010-ITN (MERIT) to AG and CC.", "\n\nASN1\n\n: asparagine synthetase 1\n\nBCAT2\n\n: branched-chain amino acid transferase 2\n\nDBD\n\n: DNA-binding domain\n\nGUS\n\n: glucuronidase\n\nNLS\n\n: nuclear localization signal\n\nProDH\n\n: proline dehydrogenase\n\nSnRK1\n\n: SNF1-related protein kinase 1\n\n[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "The invention relates to methods for the determination of vitamin B6 in samples as well as to reagent compositions for assaying a sample for vitamin B6 and to a test kit suitable for carrying out the methods according to the present invention. ", "Further the invention relates to the use of such methods for the application to different analyzing devices such as microtiter plate readers and fully automated clinical chemistry analyzers (autoanalyzers).", "\nVitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in three major chemical forms: pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. ", "It performs a wide variety of functions in the human body and is essential to maintain a good state of health. ", "For example, vitamin B6 is needed as a co-factor for more than 100 enzymes involved in protein metabolism. ", "It is also essential for red blood cell metabolism, the nervous and immune systems need vitamin B6 to function efficiently and it is also needed for the conversion of the amino acid, tryptophan, to niacin (another vitamin). ", "The body also needs vitamin B6 to generate haemoglobin, where vitamin B6 helps to increase the amount of oxygen bound to haemoglobin. ", "In general, vitamins are important for the immune system because they promote the growth of white blood cells which directly fight against infections. ", "In addition, it helps to maintain the health of lymphoid organs (such as thymus, spleen and so lymph nodes).", "\nVitamin B6 also helps to maintain blood glucose (sugar) within a normal range. ", "When caloric intake is low, the body needs vitamin B6 to help to convert stored carbohydrates or other nutrients to glucose to maintain normal blood sugar levels. ", "A shortage of vitamin B6 will limit these functions.", "\nAccording to Leklem (Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th ed., ", "Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1999: 413-421) vitamin B6 is needed for the synthesis of neural transmitters such as serotonin and dopamine. ", "Bernstein (Ann. ", "NY Acad. ", "Sci. ", "1990; 585:250-60) discovered that these neural transmitters are required for normal nerve cell communication. ", "It is also described that there is a relationship between vitamin B6 concentrations and a wide variety of neurologic disorders such as seizures, chronic pain, depression, headache and Parkinson's disease.", "\nVitamin B6 was also recommended to treat carpal tunnel syndrome (Copeland and Stoukides, Ann Pharmacother 1994; 28:1042-4). ", "It is still advised to take 100 to 200 milligrams of vitamin B6 per day in cases of carpal tunnel syndrome.", "\nVitamin B6 has also become a popular remedy for treating the discomforts associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS).", "\nVitamin B6 is a water-soluble compound that was discovered in the 1930s during nutrition studies on rats. ", "The vitamin was named pyridoxine to indicate its structural homology to pyridine. ", "Later it was shown that vitamin B6 could exist in two other slightly different chemical forms, termed pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. ", "All three forms of vitamin B6 are precursors of the biologically active compound known as pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP).", "\nPLP acts as a coenzyme in all transamination reactions, and in some decarboxylation and deamination reactions of amino acids. ", "The aldehyde group of PLP forms a Schiff-base linkage with the s-amino group of a specific lysine group of the aminotransferase enzyme. ", "The α-amino group of the amino acid substrate displaces the s-amino of the lysine residue in the active site of the enzymes. ", "The resulting aldimine is deprotonated to become a quinoid intermediate, which in turn accepts a proton at a different position on the molecule to become a ketimine. ", "The resulting ketimine is hydrolysed so that the amino group remains on the complex.", "\nPLP is also active in the condensation reaction towards heme synthesis.", "\nSuch versatility arises from the ability of PLP to covalently bind the substrate, and then to act as an electrophilic catalyst, thereby stabilizing types of carbanionic reaction intermediates. ", "Overall, the Enzyme Commission (www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme) has catalogued more than 140 PLP-dependent activities.", "\nVitamin B6 is found in a wide variety of foods including fortified cereals, beans, meat, poultry, fish and some vegetables.", "\nClinical signs of vitamin B6 deficiency are rare in young people of industrialized nations. ", "Many older individuals, however, have low blood levels of vitamin B6 which may suggest a marginal or sub-optimal vitamin B6 nutritional status. ", "Vitamin B6 deficiency can occur in individuals with poor quality diets that are deficient in many nutrients. ", "Symptoms occur during later stages of deficiency, when intake has been very low for an extended time. ", "Signs of vitamin B6 deficiency include dermatitis (skin inflammation), glossitis (a sore tongue), depression, confusion and convulsions. ", "Vitamin B6 deficiency can also cause anaemia. ", "Some of these symptoms can also result from a variety of other medical conditions different from vitamin B6 deficiency. ", "Therefore, it is important to have a physician evaluating these symptoms, including the determination of the Vitamin B6 status, so that appropriate medical care can be given (Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1998).", "\nIndividuals with a poor quality diet or an inadequate vitamin B6 intake over an extended period may benefit from taking a vitamin B6 supplement, if they are unable to increase their dietary intake of vitamin B6. ", "Alcoholics and older adults often show low vitamin B6 concentrations because of the limited variation of their diet. ", "Alcohol also promotes the destruction and loss of vitamin B6 from the body.", "\nAsthmatic children treated with the drug, theophylline, may need to take a vitamin B6 supplement (Weir et al, Ann. ", "Allergy 1990; 65:59-62). ", "Theophylline decreases vitamin B6 levels and theophylline-induced seizures have been linked to low body stores of the vitamin.", "\nClassical syndromes for vitamin B6 deficiency are also seborrheic dermatitis-like eruption, atrophic glossitis with eruption, atrophic glossitis with ulceration, angular cheilitis, conjunctivitis, intertrigo and neurologic symptoms of somnolence, confusion and neuropathy.", "\nVitamin B6 is also a co-factor for glutamic acid decarboxylase, an enzyme that converts glutamate to GABA. ", "Therefore, the concurrent increase of the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, and the decrease of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, resulting from vitamin B6 deficiency potentially manifesting in seizures.", "\nThe term vitamin B6 includes several related molecules of which the active entity is pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP). ", "PLP serves as a coenzyme for many enzymes, primarily transferases, lyases and isomerases (Percudani R, Peracchi A. EMBO Rep 2003; 4(9):850-4). ", "This predominantly prokaryotic cofactor is essential for eukaryotes for basic cell metabolism. ", "Well known is the requirement of PLP as a coenzyme for cystathione-β-synthase (CBS), catalyzing the important step of the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine. ", "A deficiency of PLP or vitamin B6 leads to increased levels of CBS substrates, including elevated homocysteine. ", "Higher homocysteine levels correlate with higher risk for cardiovascular diseases, in particular an elevated risk for heart attack (Schwammenthal Y, Tanne D. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3(8):493-5). ", "In a prominent study low blood PLP concentrations have been shown to be an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (Folsom A R, et al. ", "Circulation 1998; 98:204-10).", "\nAn overdose of pyridoxine can cause a temporary loss of certain nerves such as the proprioceptory nerves; causing a feeling of disembodiment, common with the loss of proprioception. ", "This condition is reversible when supplementation is stopped.", "\nAlthough vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin and is excreted in the urine, very high doses of pyridoxine over long periods of time may result in painful neurological symptoms known as sensory neuropathy. ", "Symptoms include pain and numbness of the extremities, and in severe cases difficulty in walking. ", "Sensory neuropathy typically develops at doses of pyridoxine in excess of 1,000 mg per day. ", "However, there have been a few case reports of individuals who developed sensory neuropathies at doses of less than 500 milligrams daily over a period of months. ", "In order to prevent sensory neuropathy in virtually all individuals, the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine of the Unites States of Amerika, Wash., set the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for pyridoxine at 100 milligrams per day for adults. ", "Because placebo-controlled studies have generally failed to show therapeutic benefits of high doses of pyridoxine, there are only a few indications to exceed the UL of 100 milligrams per day. ", "Studies have shown that in the case of individuals diagnosed with autism, high doses of vitamin B6 given with magnesium have been extremely beneficial.", "\nMeasurement of the concentration of vitamin B6 is therefore an important diagnostic tool. ", "It has been carried out in the past by several different testing methods such as biologically deductive, biochemical and physico-chemical methods.", "\nMethods using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis such as developed by Torres-Sequeiros et al (Chromatografia 2001; 53:S236-9) and Argoudelis C. J. (Chromatografia 1997; 790:83-91) do have the advantage that the determination of vitamin B6 is rapidly and practicably realizable, however, the detection limit often does not exceed 6 micromols/liter which makes them unsuitable for the determination of physiological concentrations. ", "Moreover, the equipment needed is costly and their maintenance can be time-consuming. ", "The hand-ling of HPLC analyzers requires well trained and qualified technicians.", "\nIn this context, there is also an example referred to a method using the commercially available ClinRep® Komplettkit “Vitamin B6 in Plasma/Vollblut” (RECIPE CHEMICALS+INSTRUMENTS GmbH) whereas the sample (e.g. plasma or blood) is first treated with a protein precipitation reagent followed by HPLC analysis of the supernatant, which also makes this method costly and involves the handling by highly qualified personel. ", "Further, a similar test-kit suitable for HPLC analysis is available from Chromsystems GmbH, Germany (www.chromsystems.com).", "\nFurther, the U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,426,194 B1 discloses a method for quantification of PLP in biological samples. ", "This method comprises the reaction of samples with the apoenzyme form of a PLP-requiring-enzyme which can generate a product when PLP is present, preferably one that is determinable by colorimetry or fluorescence. ", "Apoenzymes as used in the U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,426,194 B1 are homocysteine/methionine alpha-gamma lyases, which have been depleted of PLP usually associated with them. ", "This method does not involve the disadvantages regarding costs and specifically trained staff as compared to methods requiring HPLC, but it may lead to poor and imprecise results, particularly in the pathologically low range and the lower normal range below approximately 30 to 50 nanomols/liter.", "\nAnother well established method known within the state of the art has been developed by the applicant (www.buhlmannlabs.ch; product “RK-VB6”). ", "This method relates to radio-enzymatic determination of the vitamin B6 concentration in a sample. ", "In this method, 3H-tyrosine is decarboxylated by the vitamin B6 dependent enzyme, tyrosine apodecarboxylase (Y-apoDC) from Streptococcus faecalis, to 3H-tyramine. ", "The activity of tyrosine apodecarboxylase is quantitatively dependent on the amount of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) present in the reaction mixture. ", "The 3H-tyramine thus produced is selectively extracted into the scintillation cocktail (the excess of 3H-tyrosine remains in the aqueous phase) and can be measured by liquid scintillation counting. ", "This method is very sensitive (down to 2 nanomols/liter) and reproducible in the determination of Vitamin B6 in a wide variety of sample materials.", "\nA further example method was reported by Gregory et al (J. Nutr. ", "1991; 121:177-86). ", "This method was carried out by using deuterium-labelled pyridoxine or pyridoxine-β-glucoside.", "\nHowever, the use of radioactive compounds in the latter two methods also has many disadvantages. ", "Extensive safety precautions such as use of lead shielding and special waste treatment procedures must be undertaken in their storage, use and disposal. ", "Expensive equipment is needed for radioactive counting. ", "The radioactive decay of the isotopes used does not only reduce the amount of radioactivity available for detection over time, but may also initiate chemical reactions that damage the remaining reagents reducing sensitivity further. ", "Thus, the storage of suitable reagents is limited to several months. ", "In addition, these methods are not automatable.", "\nFurther, Mass Spectroscopy (MS) has been used for the determination of vitamin B6. ", "It has, however, been found that up to date such methods are not suitable for practice-oriented serial measurements due to imprecise quantification (Borsch, Dissertation [PhD Thesis]: “Optimierte HPLC-Analytik zur Bestimmung der Bioverfügbarkeit von freiem and gebundenem Vitamin B6 in physiologischen Konzentrationen beim Menschen”, Giessen 2002).", "\nAs a result of the disadvantages of the methods already known within the art, there is a need for other determination methods of vitamin B6, which allow a very precise determination but show less disadvantages associated with the methods already known. ", "Further, such a method should be rapid and easily practicable, without the need of too costly equipment and highly qualified staff. ", "Finally there is a need for a method which is also suitable for a commercially available kit with sufficient component stability." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nRegex matching text within paragraphs\n\nI am trying to match the paragraph that contains a keyword. ", "\nExample text:\nI have a textfile containing text. ", "Each paragraph \nmay span multiple lines. ", "\n\nParagraphs have a newline between them. ", "I would \nlike to match a paragraph that holds some text\nand would like to match this line as well.", "\n\nThe regex doesn't have to match the first or last\nparagraph (we can assume each paragraph has\nnewlines around it). ", "\n\nSample keyword: holds (so middle paragraph should match).", "\nI tried the following regex: var regX = /(.+\\r?\\n)+.*holds.*(?=(\\r?\\n)?)/igm;\nThis matches the first 2 lines (not the last line):\nParagraphs have a newline between them. ", "I would \nlike to match a paragraph that holds some text\n\nChanging .*holds.* ", "into .*holds[\\s\\S]* selects too much (selects 2nd and 3rd paragraph in the example) (.*holds[\\s\\S]*? ", "doesn't work either - not greedy enough.) ", "\nThanks for your help.", "\n\nA:\n\nHere you go:\n^\\r?\\n(?:.+\\r?\\n)*.*\\bholds\\b.*\\r?\\n(?:.+\\r?\\n)*(?=\\r?\\n)\n\nUse with /gm. ", "Demo\nBe aware this regeix is subject to catastrophic backtracking but there's not much you can do about it in JavaScript, unfortunately.", "\nThis pattern basically captures a blank line, followed by some lines ((?:", ".+\\r?\\n)*), then by a line containing holds (.*\\bholds\\b.*\\r?\\n), then again by 0 or more lines ((?:", ".+\\r?\\n)*), and finally makes sure the last newline is itself followed by a newline: (?", "=\\r?\\n).", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Nantgaredig railway station\n\nNantgaredig railway station served to village of Nantgaredig, Carmarthenshire, Wales from 1865 to 1963 on the Llanelly Railway.", "\n\nHistory \nThe station opened in 1865 by the Llanelly Railway. ", " The station closed to both passengers and goods traffic in 1963. ", "The site is now a private residence.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Disused railway stations in Carmarthenshire\nCategory:Former London and North Western Railway stations\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1865\nCategory:Railway stations closed in 1963\nCategory:1865 establishments in Wales" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Genome-wide association study signal at the 12q12 locus for Crohn's disease may represent associations with the MUC19 gene.", "\nGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Crohn's disease (CD) have identified associations with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs11175593 at chromosome 12q12. ", "The MUC19 and LRRK2 genes reside close to the GWAS signal, but it is as yet unclear which of the 2 genes represent the CD susceptibility genes. ", "We studied associations between nonsynonymous coding variants in the MUC19 (5) and LRRK2 (3) genes in a case-control sample comprising CD cases aged <18 years at diagnosis. ", "The GWAS lead SNP rs11175593 was also investigated. ", "Allelic, genotype, and haplotype associations were examined assuming different models of inheritance. ", "A total of 530 cases and 600 controls were studied. ", "The mean (±SD) age at diagnosis was 12.4 (±3.3). ", "Most cases were male (57.4%). ", "Most patients had ileocolonic disease location (48.8%) and inflammatory behavior at diagnosis (87.0%). ", "Three MUC19 SNPs were nominally significantly associated with CD (rs11564245, Asp→His: P = 0.02; rs4768261, Ser→Phe: P = 0.0008; and rs2933353, Glu→Ala: P = 0.01). ", "Associations with rs4768261 were maintained after corrections for multiple comparisons (permuted, P = 0.007). ", "None of the LRRK2 SNPs were associated with CD. ", "Haplotype analysis supported the single SNP associations noted with the MUC19 gene. ", "GWAS signal at chromosome 12q12 for CD may represent associations with the MUC19 gene." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "QUICK REVIEW: Burger King Rodeo Crispy Chicken Sandwich\n\nWell, it had to happen sooner or later. ", "After a year and some change of photographing the gooiest, greasiest, and goopiest fast food known to man, I finally managed to drop my camera, lens first, into a review item.", "\n\nAnd, of course, it just had to be Burger King’s new Rodeo Crispy Chicken Sandwich. ", "Twenty-four hours later, and my camera STILL smells like barbecue sauce and mayonnaise.", "\n\nOutside of making my Canon smell like an explosion at the condiment aisle, I can’t think of too many negatives about BK’s newfangled burger. ", "The ginormous offering includes a thick, crispy chicken patty coated in melted American cheese, topped with a handful of fried onion rings and three half-strips of bacon, with the whole shebang topped off with a smattering of BBQ sauce and mayo.", "\n\nThe BBQ sauce/mayo combo gives the sandwich an extra kick. ", "It’s subtle, but it adds a layer of gustatory intrigue to what otherwise would be a predictable “Western” style burger variation. ", "The chicken fillet is also surprisingly juicy, with the carapace of melted cheese definitely giving the patty an extra level of zest.", "\n\nThe bacon is crispy and flavorful and the onion rings (while inconsistently shaped and sized) never got too mushy for my liking. ", "And – not that you need me to tell you this – the humongous, almost softball-sized sandwich is undeniably filling.", "\n\nOf course, it’s also an extremely salty sammich, and one of the sloppiest you’ll eat in this or any other year. ", "Seriously – we’re talking Arby’s Meat Mountain levels of splashback here, so definitely keep the napkin dispenser nearby for this one.", "\n\nThere’s nothing too creative about the burger, but considering its robust flavor and ultra-filling nature, it’s hard to shower this unoriginal but satisfying L-T-O with anything but praise." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "The present invention is directed to a spill-resistant bubble-blowing apparatus having a container cap designed to prevent spillage from a container filled with bubble solution.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,180,938 to LaFata, et al. ", "discloses a jar 40 for holding bubble solution and a cap 42 which may be placed over the top of the jar 40. ", "As shown in FIG. ", "8 of the patent, the cap 42 may be held onto the jar 40 via a lip 44 formed on the side of the jar 40 which mates with a flanged ridge 46 disposed on an interior periphery of the cap 42. ", "As shown in FIGS. ", "9-11 of the LaFata, et al. ", "patent, the cap 42 may have one or more slits 50 formed therein. ", "The purpose of the slits 50 is to allow a bubble-blowing wand to be inserted into the jar 40 through the cap 42 and removed from the jar 40 while at the same time preventing significant spillage of bubble solution from the jar 40, as described at column 5, lines 22-44 of the LaFata, et al. ", "patent.", "\nA prior art product referred to as a \"Bubble Funset\" includes a package which contains a cylindrically shaped bottle filled with bubble solution, a hexahedral-shaped container (designated 10 in FIG. ", "1A) for holding bubble solution, a bubble-blowing wand (designated 30 in FIG. ", "1C), a suction cup adapted to be attached to the container 10, and a tube. ", "The cylindrically shaped bottle (not shown) has a threaded circular mouth at its upper end, a circular seal adhesively connected to the top of the mouth of the bottle to prevent leakage of the bubble solution, and a plastic cap threaded onto the bottle over the seal. ", "The seal is composed of a paper layer adhered to a foil layer, with the foil layer facing downwards and being in contact with the bubble solution in the bottle.", "\nThe hexahedral-shaped container 10, which is marked with the patent number of the LaFata patent described above, is shown in FIGS. ", "1A and 1B of this patent. ", "Referring to FIGS. ", "1A and lB, the container 10 is composed of a hexahedral-shaped plastic cup 12 having a rectangular cross section, as shown in FIG. ", "1B, and a flexible, elastomeric spill-proof cap 14 that is adapted to be snap-fit into a top portion 16 of the cup 12.", "\nAs shown in FIG. ", "1B, which is a top view of the container 10, the spill-proof cap 14 has a first elongate slit 18 and three relatively short transverse slits 20 formed therein. ", "The slits 18, 20 are formed so as to allow the bubble-blowing wand 30 (FIG. ", "1C) of the prior art product to be inserted through the slit 18 in the cap 14 into the cup 12 and removed from the cup 12 through the slit 18. ", "The cup 12 has a downwardly extending arm 22 (only the top horizontal portion of the arm is shown) to which the suction cup (not shown) can be attached to allow the cup 12 to be attached by the suction cup to a surface, such as bathtub wall tile.", "\nThe instructions on the reverse side of the packaging of the prior art product instruct the user to take the following steps, among others, in using the product: 1) pour the bubble solution from the cylindrical bottle (not shown) into the cup 12 and snap in the spill-proof cap 14; 2) insert the wand 30 through the cap 14 and into the bubble solution in the cup 12; and 3) pull the wand 30 out of the cup 12 and blow bubbles with the wand 30.", "\nThe bubble-blowing wand 30 of the prior art product is shown in FIG. ", "1C. Referring to FIG. ", "1C, the wand 30 is composed of plastic and has a handle portion 32, a bubble-blowing end 34, a stem portion 36, and a rectangular sealing member 38. ", "The outer periphery of the sealing member 38 is shaped to correspond to the interior rectangular cross section of the top portion 16 of the cup 12, and the sealing member 38 fits within a groove or slot (not shown) formed in the interior of the top portion 16. ", "The prior art product was apparently designed so that when the wand 30 is placed through the slot 18 and snap-fit, over the spill-proof cap 14, into the top portion 16 of the cup 12, the sealing member 38 would prevent bubble solution from spilling from the cup 12. ", "The wand 30 was not designed to fit entirely within the cup 12, and it is too long to fit entirely within the cup 12." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nDerivation space as an algebra\n\nI'm working with the automorphism group that acts on an algebra ${\\cal A}$, $Aut({\\cal A}) = \\{a \\in End({\\cal A})\\ |\\ a([x, y]) = [a(x), a(y)], \\forall x, y \\in {\\cal A}\\} < GL({\\cal A})$. I've seen that the algebra of this group is the space of derivations, that is\n$$der({\\cal A}) = \\{a \\in End({\\cal A})\\ |\\ a([x, y]) = [a(x), y] + [x, a(y)], \\forall x, y \\in {\\cal A}\\} $$\nI can understand that if $a \\in GL({\\cal A})$, then $a([x, y]) = a(xy) - a(yx)$ and if $a$ is a derivation, $a(xy) - a(yx) = [a(x), y] + [x, a(y)]$. But how can I prove that this is the algebra of $Aut({\\cal A})$? ", "\nI tried to apply the exponentiation of this algebra and make it act on $[x, y]$ in order to see if the result is the definition of $Aut({\\cal A})$, but I didn't get it. ", "Any help?", "\n\nA:\n\nSince the Lie algebra of a group is the tangent space at the identity element, you can write a generic path through the group which goes through the identity, and differentiate. ", "So what I mean is consider a path $g(t)$ in $\\mathrm{Aut}(\\mathcal{A})$, say parameterized with $t \\in (-\\varepsilon,\\varepsilon)$, so that $g(0) = \\mathrm{Id}$.\nThe condition that each $g(t)$ is in $\\mathrm{Aut}(\\mathcal{A})$ means that for each $t$,\n$$ g(t)[x,y] = [g(t)x,g(t)y] $$\nLet's make up some notation for the sake of doing concrete computations. ", "Let's sake $e_1,\\dots,e_n$ is a basis of $\\mathcal{A}$, with structure constants $c^k_{ij}$, so that $[e_i,e_j] = \\sum_k c^k_{ij} e_k$. Now for our chosen elements $x$ and $y$, let's define functions $a_i(t)$ and $b_j(t)$ so that $g(t)x = \\sum_i a_i(t)e_i$ and $g(t)y = \\sum_j b_j(t)e_j$. Then our equation above translates to\n$$ g(t)[x,y] = \\sum_{i,j,k} c^k_{ij} a_i(t)b_j(t) e_k $$\nNow, let's take the derivative:\n$$ g'(t)[x,y] = \\sum_{i,j,k} c^k_{ij} \\left( a_i'(t)b_j(t) + a_i(t)b_j'(t) \\right) e_k $$\nThe right-hand side should translate to the derivation property:\n$$ g'(t)[x,y] = [g'(t)x,y] + [x,g'(t)y] $$\n\n" ]

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[ "Buy the Ebook:\n\nAbout Bright Orange for the Shroud\n\nFrom a beloved master of crime fiction, Bright Orange for the Shroud is one of many classic novels featuring Travis McGee, the hard-boiled detective who lives on a houseboat.", "\n\nTravis McGee is looking forward to a “slob summer,” spending his days as far away from danger as possible. ", "But trouble has a way of finding him, no matter where he hides. ", "An old friend, conned out of his life savings by his ex-wife, has tracked him down and is desperate for help. ", "To get the money back and earn his usual fee, McGee will have to penetrate the Everglades—and the mind of a violently twisted grifter.", "\n\n“John D. MacDonald was the great entertainer of our age, and a mesmerizing storyteller.", "”—Stephen King\n\nMcGee has never seen a man so changed by one year of life. ", "Arthur Wilkinson had been an amiable and decent young man looking to invest some of his considerable inheritance in a marina enterprise. ", "Then a pretty blonde named Wilma Ferner showed up. ", "She was soon Mrs. Wilkinson, and it took her only a year to leave Arthur bankrupt and broken.", "\n\nBut what starts out as a simple job turns into a dangerous situation when McGee comes face-to-face with a quick-thinking and quicker-fisted foe in the Florida swamps. ", "Now Arthur’s fortune isn’t the only thing on the line: This job may mean McGee’s life.", "\n\nFeatures a new Introduction by Lee Child\n\nAbout Bright Orange for the Shroud\n\n\"McGee has become part of our national fabric.\"", "\n\nSEATTLE POST INTELLIGENCER\n\nUsually women came to take refuge aboard The Busted Flush. ", "But this time a man stumbled on board, a walking zombie who fell into bed. ", "Turned out poor Arthur Wilkinson was the latest victim of a fragile-looking blonde sexpot who used the blackest arts of love to lure unsuspecting suckers into a web of sordid schemes. ", "Travis had thought he’d have a quiet summer. ", "Instead he took on the most cunning, heartless, vicious con artists he’d ever met….", "\n\nPraise\n\nPraise for John D. MacDonald and the Travis McGee novels\n\n“The great entertainer of our age, and a mesmerizing storyteller.", "”—Stephen King\n\n“My favorite novelist of all time . . . ", "All I ever wanted was to touch readers as powerfully as John D. MacDonald touched me. ", "No price could be placed on the enormous pleasure that his books have given me. ", "He captured the mood and the spirit of his times more accurately, more hauntingly, than any ‘literature’ writer—yet managed always to tell a thunderingly good, intensely suspenseful tale.", "”—Dean Koontz\n\n“To diggers a thousand years from now, the works of John D. MacDonald would be a treasure on the order of the tomb of Tutankhamen.", "”—Kurt Vonnegut\n\n“A master storyteller, a masterful suspense writer . . . ", "John D. MacDonald is a shining example for all of us in the field. ", "Talk about thebest.", "”—Mary Higgins Clark\n\n“A dominant influence on writers crafting the continuing series character . . . ", "I envy the generation of readers just discovering Travis McGee, and count myself among the many readers savoring his adventures again.", "”—Sue Grafton\n\n“One of the great sagas in American fiction.", "”—Robert B. Parker\n\n“Most readers loved MacDonald’s work because he told a rip-roaring yarn. ", "I loved it because he was the first modern writer to nail Florida dead-center, to capture all its languid sleaze, racy sense of promise, and breath-grabbing beauty.", "”—Carl Hiaasen\n\n“The consummate pro, a master storyteller and witty observer . . . ", "John D. MacDonald created a staggering quantity of wonderful books, each rich with characterization, suspense, and an almost intoxicating sense of place. ", "The Travis McGee novels are among the finest works of fiction ever penned by an American author and they retain a remarkable sense of freshness.", "”—Jonathan Kellerman\n\n“What a joy that these timeless and treasured novels are available again.", "”—Ed McBain\n\n“Travis McGee is the last of the great knights-errant: honorable, sensual, skillful, and tough. ", "I can’t think of anyone who has replaced him. ", "I can’t think of anyone who would dare.", "”—Donald Westlake\n\n“There’s only one thing as good as reading a John D. MacDonald novel: reading it again. ", "A writer way ahead of his time, his Travis McGee books are as entertaining, insightful, and suspenseful today as the moment I first read them. ", "He is the all-time master of the American mystery novel.", "”—John Saul\n\nAbout John D. MacDonald\n\nJohn D. MacDonald was an American novelist and short-story writer. ", "His works include the Travis McGee series and the novel The Executioners, which was adapted into the film Cape Fear. ", "In 1962 MacDonald was named a Grand Master of the… More about John D. MacDonald\n\nAbout John D. MacDonald\n\nJohn D. MacDonald was an American novelist and short-story writer. ", "His works include the Travis McGee series and the novel The Executioners, which was adapted into the film Cape Fear. ", "In 1962 MacDonald was named a Grand Master of the… More about John D. MacDonald" ]

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[ "Peacefrog\n\nNews\n\nINDEPENDENT LABEL MARKET: CHRISTMAS 2012\n\nPeaefrog witll be attending the Christmast Independent Label Market on Saturday 1st December along with over 50 of the UK’s other lading independent labels.", "\n\nThe market will be the first opportunity to buy the next 3 releases in our 20th Anniversary series along with the last copies of the previous releases, merchandise, white labels and anything else we think will be of interest." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to semiconductor processing techniques and, in particular, concerns a method and a system that allows for more efficient plasma etching of semiconductor devices as a result of reducing accumulated charge on the semiconductor device during the plasma etching process.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nThe manufacturing of semiconductor devices often requires the formation of openings within the substrate or in one or more overlying layers of the semiconductor device. ", "Typically, these openings are formed such that devices can be formed in the openings. ", "Additionally, openings are formed in layers so that interconnecting structures can be formed in the openings to allow for interconnection with devices either formed in underlying layers of the semiconductor device or in the substrate of the semiconductor device. ", "These openings are typically formed using etching processes wherein a portion of the semiconductor device is exposed to an etchant that removes the exposed portion.", "\nAs device dimensions have become increasingly smaller, it is desirable that openings formed in semiconductor devices be formed to extremely small tolerances. ", "To accomplish this, it is desirable to use etching techniques that are relatively anisotropic such that the sidewalls of openings are as vertical as possible. ", "Moreover, there is an increasing desire to use dry etching processes, as opposed to wet etching processes, due to the anisotropic nature of ion-assisted dry etching.", "\nPlasma etching is a type of dry etching that can be very anisotropic and is preferred in many semiconductor processes. ", "Typically, when plasma etching, a chemical etchant gas is positioned within a chamber and an energy source is applied to the chamber so as to energize the chemical etchant gas into a plasma state. ", "More particularly, the pressure inside of the chamber is reduced by a vacuum system and a power supply creates an electric or electromagnetic field in the chamber through electrodes positioned within the chamber. ", "The charged electric or electromagnetic field energizes the chemical etchant gas into a plasma state. ", "In a plasma state, the chemical etchant gas is transformed into a disassociated mixture of uncharged neutrals as well as electrons and ions. ", "Preferably, the chemical etchant gas that is introduced into the chamber is selected such that, when it is transformed into a plasma state, has chemistry that is selective to particular materials on the semiconductor device. ", "Moreover, the typical plasma etching system induces an electrical field such that ions are directed towards the exposed surface of the wafer. ", "The gas conditions are preferably selected so that the ions react with the exposed material on the semiconductor device thereby removing the exposed material from the semiconductor device.", "\nPlasma etching can be very anisotropic resulting in etched openings of very high tolerances. ", "However, it has been observed that the flux of charged particles around the semiconductor device during plasma etching results in the surfaces of the semiconductor device accumulating charge. ", "The density of the accumulated charge on the semiconductor device is dependent upon the plasma parameters, e.g., plasma uniformity, energy and angular distribution of ions and electrons, as well as being dependent upon the geometry of the semiconductor device. ", "Unfortunately, an increase in surface charge and, in particular, an increase in surface charge at particular regions of the semiconductor device, can result in etch non-uniformity, etch stop, and etch profile distortions. ", "The term “aspect-ratio-dependent charging” is used to describe these failures if they are caused by the surface charge effect.", "\nIn particular, as surface charge builds up on the surface of the semiconductor device, this charge generates an electric field which affects subsequently accelerated ions and electrons that are being directed toward the semiconductor device. ", "A build-up of charge on the semiconductor device adjacent the area to be etched that is of the same polarity as the ions that are participating in etching the semiconductor device can hinder or even halt etching of the exposed surface. ", "Similarly, a build-up of opposite polarity charge will attract ions thereby diverting ions which can result in non-uniformity of etching. ", "As device dimensions become increasingly smaller, the problems associated with build-up of surface charge during plasma etching can significantly hinder the ability to form more uniformly shaped openings in the semiconductor device through plasma etching.", "\nIn fact, many different types of plasma processes are negatively affected by build up of charge in this manner. ", "For example, plasma induced chemical vapor deposition can also result in accumulations of charge in the same manner as described above in connection with plasma etching. ", "This build of charge can similarly affect deposition rates and result in localized areas of non-uniform deposition of semiconductor material. ", "Hence, plasma processing of many different types are subject to difficulties stemming from charge build up.", "\nFrom the foregoing, it will be appreciated that there is a continuing need for etching techniques that can be used to form extremely small openings, e.g., in the submicron, and sub-quarter micron, range, to a high degree of tolerance. ", "To this end, there is a continuing need for plasma etching techniques wherein the etching is less affected by build-up of surface charge." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "void bar();\n\nvoid foo() {\n for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)\n bar();\n\n for (int i = 0; i < 11; ++i)\n bar();\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Ex vivo removal of IgE in atopic asthma by extracorporeal plasmoimmunoadsorption (EPIA): development of a clinical adsorbent.", "\nWe have developed an immunoadsorbent (IA) for ex vivo removal of IgE after in vitro screening of matrix (Sepharose and tresyl-activated Toyopearl) and ligand (monospecific rabbit polyclonal anti-IgE antiserum and monoclonal antibodies (Abs) or their Fab fragments). ", "Specific adsorptive capacity (SAC) for IgE was maximal in Sepharose-based IA with both types of Abs. ", "Fab-containing IA on Sepharose retained 70-90% of the SAC of native Ab-containing IA. ", "Toyopearl-based IA showed comparable SAC under static conditions but worked unsatisfactorily under continuous flow conditions. ", "To assess the complement-activating capacity (CAC) of IA in vitro anaphylatoxin (C3a, C4a, C5a) generation was applied. ", "CAC was directly related with the amount of immobilized Ab ligand, without depending on Ab specific activity. ", "Fab-containing IA showed more CAC than native Ab-containing IA, and polyclonal IA more than monoclonal IA. ", "Therefore, IA for IgE apheresis were prepared from native monoclonal Abs and CNBr-activated Sepharose CL 4B under aseptic conditions and packed into a glass column. ", "This IA was used in 17 clinical IgE apheresis treatments of five atopic asthma patients. ", "No substantial side effects were observed; in vivo IA effectively removed IgE from plasma (83 to 98%)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Sphingomonas fennica sp. ", "nov. ", "and Sphingomonas haloaromaticamans sp. ", "nov., ", "outliers of the genus Sphingomonas.", "\nBacterial isolates obtained from polychlorophenol-contaminated sites in Finland (strain K101(T)) and from a Dutch drinking water well (strain A175(T)) were characterized taxonomically. ", "16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, determination of DNA G+C content, physiological characterization, estimation of the ubiquinone and polar lipid patterns and fatty acid content revealed that strains K101(T) and A175(T) were similar to Sphingomonas wittichii RW1(T) but also showed pronounced differences. ", "The DNA G+C contents of the two novel strains were 63.6 and 66.1 mol%, respectively. ", "On the basis of these results, two novel species of the genus Sphingomonas are described, for which the names Sphingomonas haloaromaticamans sp. ", "nov. [", "type strain A175(T) (=DSM 13477(T)=CCUG 53463(T))] and Sphingomonas fennica sp. ", "nov. [", "type strain K101(T) (=DSM 13665(T)=CCUG 53462(T))] are proposed." ]

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[ "MS. ", "NULAND: All right. ", "It is Monday. ", "The Secretary is up in New York finishing her UNGA meetings – multilateral and bilateral. ", "She is, as we speak, meeting with the Indian Foreign Secretary Krishna. ", "I have nothing at the top, so let’s go to what’s on your minds.", "\n\nQUESTION: I don’t really have anything, but just on the offhand chance that some lowly notetaker was in the room for Foreign Minister Mualem’s speech, do you have any reaction at all to what he had to say?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I don’t.", "\n\nQUESTION: Okay. ", "Thank you.", "\n\nQUESTION: Did you have somebody in the room?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I don’t know whether USUN covered it. ", "They may well have.", "\n\nPlease.", "\n\nQUESTION: During the UNGA, the Afghanistan’s foreign minister and president raised the issue of cross-border fire from Pakistan. ", "Was this issue brought up by them during the meetings with Secretary Clinton?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I think at the time when we read out those meetings, we did say that the issue of Afghanistan and Pakistan working together, working together with ISAF and with us to try to end incidents on both sides of the border and incidents across the border, did come up, of course, yeah, in both meetings.", "\n\nJill.", "\n\nQUESTION: Toria, I know that we’ve been over a lot of this, but now that you’re back and we’re all back --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: We can try again. (", "Laughter.)", "\n\nQUESTION: Well, it is Libya. ", "And there are calls now – Peter King calling for the resignation of Susan Rice. ", "And I just wanted to find out from you directly, what’s the State Department’s view on these calls for Secretary Rice to step down?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, let me start by saying that Secretary Clinton believes that Ambassador Rice has done a superb job. ", "So let’s just start there, and we completely reject any such calls here in this building.", "\n\nWere there other things you wanted to try to litigate here, too?", "\n\nQUESTION: Well, I mean – well, it’s not trying, but it just – because we want to kind of pull things together. ", "There have been numerous reports about the chronology, that there are gaps between how, let’s say, intelligence agencies looked at that attack and how the State Department or even the Administration explained it. ", "I know it would be easier to go through each point, but I won’t. ", "Overall --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: It definitely would not be easier to go through each point.", "\n\nQUESTION: Well, it probably wouldn’t be. ", "But overall, do you see inconsistencies? ", "And if there are some, how do you explain them?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, first of all, remember that when we gave our initial impressions that very first week of how we understood things had happened, we were very careful here, the Secretary was careful to make clear that these were preliminary assessments, that we would have to fully investigate, and to the extent that there were lessons to be learned, we were going to have to take those on board. ", "So thereafter, as you know, the FBI began its investigation. ", "The Secretary established the accountability review board, as she’s required to do by law. ", "They are now beginning their work. ", "So from where we are sitting here, we want to let those two investigations go forward, teach us what we need to learn, and then take any necessary steps going forward.", "\n\nWith regard to the intelligence community, they’ve been quite clear, including in the statement that Shawn Turner put out on Friday, that as with the statements that we made, more information has come forward over the course of time, which has given them more of what they need to understand it. ", "But it’s their business to assess the intelligence, not ours here. ", "So we will obviously base what we know there on the statements that they make, and the most recent statement was the one on Friday from Shawn Turner.", "\n\nQUESTION: Victoria –\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Please.", "\n\nQUESTION: While the investigations take place, could you tell us what is the state of a U.S. diplomatic presence in Libya?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yes. ", "I think you know that on Friday we took out a handful of additional staff. ", "We were down to our low staffing levels. ", "We took out five more over the weekend. ", "The majority of those folks have gone back into Tripoli. ", "Our mission in Tripoli remains open and is fully operational there.", "\n\nQUESTION: When you say fully operational, what do you mean by fully operational?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, all of the essential functions at the Embassy are being maintained. ", "We’re still at a low staffing level, but we’re not at that very, very low level that we were at Friday, Saturday.", "\n\nQUESTION: And in Benghazi?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Benghazi remains closed, as you know.", "\n\nQUESTION: How many have gone back? ", "Just a practical matter. ", "You said a majority, which means it’s either three or four. ", "Can you just tell us the number? ", "I don’t think that’s --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, again, we don’t ever talk about numbers in or out. ", "We had a hand --\n\nQUESTION: You just did.", "\n\nQUESTION: Except you did. ", "You just talked about five coming out and a majority going back, and then so the number’s three or four.", "\n\nQUESTION: No, but it was – I think the question is sort of – does the five you said that came out over the weekend, does that – were there more that came out on Friday?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: No, those are the ones that came out. ", "I think there were a total of six that came out and five have gone back. ", "I think the other one was a matter of something having to do with travel arrangements but not policy related.", "\n\nQUESTION: Okay. ", "Fine. ", "Thank you.", "\n\nQUESTION: Going to Benghazi and the compound there, can you tell us how that is now secured, because there was some back-and-forth last week about the FBI people hadn’t been able to get there, it wasn’t secure. ", "There was obviously the issue about Ambassador Stevens’ diary being found. ", "How long did it take before the compound was secured, and is there any concern that reporters tramping over the scene might have actually compromised that kind of crime scene?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: All of these issues having to do with the status of the scene in Benghazi – what it was, what it is – are now the province of the FBI as they go forward with this investigation. ", "So I’m going to send you to them on any of those kinds of questions now.", "\n\nQUESTION: So you can’t even confirm here that the – it is now secured?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I am not in a position to confirm at all what the physical situation is in Benghazi. ", "I’m going to send you to them. ", "All of this belongs to them now.", "\n\nQUESTION: Wait – really? ", "Securing of a U.S. diplomatic compound overseas is the responsibility of the FBI once it’s a crime scene? ", "How exactly do they have the resources to do that?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: They now have both the information and the background on all of that, and I frankly do not have it here. ", "It is their site now to manage. ", "We do not have any diplomatic personnel there.", "\n\nPlease.", "\n\nQUESTION: Did the staff that were – you withdrew from the Embassy in Tunisia, did they return back?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: We’re still down at low-level staff in Tunis. ", "With regard to Libya, we had taken this additional handful out on Friday. ", "They have now largely gone back. ", "So in terms of being still at essential staffing in Tunis, in Cairo, in Libya, that’s still the case.", "\n\nQUESTION: So in a response to an earlier question, you said that that’s something – was the province of DNI – when you were talking about Shawn Turner’s statement from Friday – but in fact, the State Department is part of DNI, or it has a bureau that is one of these many intelligence agencies underneath it. ", "Does INR not have its own – do they not have their own opinions about this, or do they just completely – did they completely sign off on the DNI statement? ", "I mean – yeah, on the DNI statement.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, I think I spoke to the intelligence community’s assessment. ", "You are right that we participate in the intelligence community assessments through our own Intelligence and Research Bureau. ", "My point was simply with regard to the totality of the assessment that the intelligence community makes, Shawn Turner speaks to it as the DNI’s representative.", "\n\nQUESTION: Well, I understand that, but what I guess what I’m getting at is does – does INR completely – completely agrees with what he said, correct?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I don’t have any reason to believe that we are not in sync as an intelligence community.", "\n\nQUESTION: Right. ", "And then say in terms of embassy security, is it correct that INR is the lead intelligence unit on that, simply because they’re based here and that’s what – they are the State Department’s intelligence arm, correct?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: They contribute, but they don’t have all of the assets to make a full assessment. ", "That’s why we work as a community with regard to intelligence.", "\n\nOkay. ", "Said.", "\n\nQUESTION: Come back to Syria?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah.", "\n\nQUESTION: Yes. ", "In this past week, I saw the spokesman for Mr. Brahimi, Ahmad Fawzi, and I also ran into the Deputy Foreign Minister, Mr. Mekdad. ", "And they basically say the same thing, that the government’s complaint is that there is no address for the opposition. ", "If we have an address for the opposition, let them come forward, let us know who they are. ", "Is that an argument that is – that you see feasible to pursue in, let’s say, an international forum like the Security Council?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, I think we’ve been clear for a number of months now that we want to see the Syrian opposition become more unified, external and internal opposition work together. ", "When we had the Ad Hoc meeting on Syria on Friday at the UNGA, as you know, we invited three or four different representative groups, including representatives from the local coordinating councils, from the revolutionary councils representing the inside. ", "That was an effort to bring together perspectives from outside Syria, perspectives from inside Syria, some of the people who are going back and forth, also to make the larger point that that group wants to make that they need to be talking to each other as well.", "\n\nSo obviously, in what we’re seeing on the ground is folks, particularly as the authority of the government begins to recede across vast swaths of territory – that’s a great ringtone. (", "Laughter.) ", "What does a ringtone tell you about a person? (", "Laughter.)", "\n\nLet me start this again. ", "So as the Secretary made clear in her remarks, particularly as we see government’s authority begin to recede across great parts of the territory of Syria, you see local coordinating councils, you see revolutionary councils, you see other nongovernmental groups picking up the responsibility of taking care of the needs of the people, providing services –anything from water to electricity to bread, et cetera – and we are increasingly working at the local level with those folks. ", "But it’s no secret that we want to see the various opposition groups increasingly work better together.", "\n\nQUESTION: In response to that –\n\nQUESTION: Now, how would you work with that – there is the claim that there are something like 300 armed groups in Syria, 300 different and distinct armed groups.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Was there a question there?", "\n\nQUESTION: Yes. ", "I mean, how does that sort of works with the civilian opposition?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: You know, in some places we are seeing civilian political leaders working well with those fighting in their names. ", "In other places we are seeing fighters be dominant politically as well. ", "It’s a very mixed picture across Syria.", "\n\nQUESTION: Well, I think – I mean, the original question seemed to be why the Syrian Government is saying, “Hey, we’d be willing to talk to these people, but we don’t know who to talk to.” ", "Do you think that it would be a really good idea for you to go and tell the Syrian Government, “Hey, we talked with Joe X, and here’s his address?” ", "Is that something that would have merit in your eyes? ", "Is that a good way to go about this? ", "Or is that an invitation to them just being assassinated?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, obviously we have been careful, as the Secretary was, in hosting the meeting on Friday to protect the identities of those Syrians from the opposition who were coming and going back and forth. ", "So obviously that’s something that’s still a problem for precisely the reasons that you state, because they – the regime has been taking out leaders wherever they can.", "\n\nThat said, if the regime were actually serious about a peace process, the first thing it can do is stop killing its own people.", "\n\nQUESTION: Well, right. ", "And I mean, do you – does the argument, if the Syrian Government is in fact making the argument that, “Hey, we’d like to talk, but we don’t know who to talk to, point us in the right direction,” is that a credible line from them?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, I don’t think very much is credible from the Syrian Government at this stage.", "\n\nQUESTION: Okay. ", "Well, then if it’s not, and if you’re unwilling – if these people are scared and justifiably so, how are you ever going to get to the point where you get to this mutual consent line where the government – where they sit down and talk, if you’re convinced, or they’re convinced, that the only thing the government’s going to do once it finds out who they are is to whack them?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, first of all, there are many, many ways a conversation could be structured. ", "We’ve made clear that we don’t see Assad playing a role in this. ", "He would never meet that standard. ", "It could happen in parts of the country that aren’t controlled by the Syrian Government, it could happen outside the country, if there were a sincere effort to actually have a conversation between representatives of the legitimate opposition and those who represent the Syrian state without blood on their hands. ", "But we’re so far from that at the moment.", "\n\nQUESTION: Wasn’t that a suggestion from the Iraqis at the meeting, perhaps to bring together the Syrian regime and the opposition? ", "There was some reporting to that effect.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I don’t know that I have seen that. ", "But again, we are working along the tracks that we talked about and the Secretary talked about on Friday.", "\n\nQUESTION: Well, further to that – yeah. ", "In fact, Foreign Minister Zebari said that he had raised this during the meeting on Friday, the idea that the Iraqis could – would convene something.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Would consider hosting something.", "\n\nQUESTION: Do you remember that?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I didn’t sit through the whole meeting, but we – it was a closed meeting, so we’ll leave it to delegations to report on what ideas they themselves put forward.", "\n\nQUESTION: Increasingly, the Turkish – I mean the Kurdish region is becoming semiautonomous, and they are coordinating also with the semiautonomous region in Iraq. ", "Are you concerned that they may be headed towards a separate Kurdish state up in that area?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, we’ve said from the beginning --\n\nQUESTION: Is that something you discussed with Turkey?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: The Secretary has spoken about this many times, that we want to see all of the groups in Syria working together on a future that provides a place for Syrians of all different stripes, whether they are Alawi, Sunni, Kurd, Druze, Christians, whomever they are. ", "So from that perspective, we have consistently encouraged the opposition groups to incorporate the Kurdish opposition as well. ", "Kurds have been working well with the SNC. ", "There have – there are also a number of reports from inside Syria of some of the liberated areas where Kurdish populations and Sunni populations are working well together. ", "That’s certainly the direction that we encourage for the Syria that emerges from this to be representative of all and welcoming of all.", "\n\nJill.", "\n\nQUESTION: Toria, in a couple of times already, you said the phrase that seems to be repeated now for how many months: We want the opposition to work better together.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Mm-hmm.", "\n\nQUESTION: After this meeting, and where we are right now, do you see any progress to that goal?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, I think one of the things that we are seeing which is heartening, as I said and as the Secretary spoke to on Friday, is that in these parts of Syria that are now liberated from the regime, you have a grassroots movement emerging of local leaders who are beginning to take care of the needs of the people. ", "So one never knows in these situations where the next generation of leadership, where the democratic leadership is going to emerge from. ", "Would one have predicted the Polish plumber? ", "Would one have predicted some folks who emerged in other transitional countries? ", "So I think we don’t know yet.", "\n\nBut what we are seeing are Syrians in the political opposition beginning to take charge of leading their communities and trying to do so in a way that is inclusive, that represents the best of the kind of Syria that they want to have going forward. ", "So we are endeavoring to work with those people, to get to know them, and to encourage them to know each other. ", "But again, we are still working on supporting them as they coalesce towards the kinds of leaders they’re going to need going forward.", "\n\nQUESTION: Sorry, the Polish plumber?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I’m talking about Walesa.", "\n\nQUESTION: Lech Walesa?", "\n\nQUESTION: But plumbing wasn’t involved --\n\nQUESTION: Okay. ", "Wasn’t he a --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I’m sorry, not the Polish plumber, the Polish --\n\nQUESTION: -- shipyard --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: -- shipyard worker. ", "I’m thinking out loud.", "\n\nQUESTION: You’re getting confused with Joe the plumber? (", "Laughter.)", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Exactly. ", "I’m into my EU thinking.", "\n\nQUESTION: True, true colors.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Oh, Matt, it must be Monday. ", "It must be Monday. ", "I – this is why you need our Poland expert, Mark, up at the podium.", "\n\nQUESTION: (Inaudible) Victoria.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah.", "\n\nQUESTION: A State Department official has said last week that the State Department is in contact with the Free Syrian Army inside Syria through Skype. ", "Since you are in contact with them, why you didn’t or you haven’t invited any representative to the ad hoc meeting?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: We made a decision to invite the political opposition, not the armed opposition, to the meeting.", "\n\nQUESTION: And what do you discuss with the Free Syrian Army since you are in contact with them?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, we are trying to understand how they see the situation. ", "We are encouraging them to work with political leaders as well. ", "We are encouraging them to reject extremism. ", "We are encouraging them to support the spirit and the letter of a Geneva Convention with regard to the way they conduct themselves with respect to prisoners, human rights, et cetera. ", "So there are a number of things to talk to them about.", "\n\nQUESTION: And did you discuss the military aid to them?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: You know where we are on that, Michel. ", "We are providing nonlethal assistance. ", "So that’s our perspective on all of these things. ", "Other countries are providing other things.", "\n\nScott, still on Syria?", "\n\nQUESTION: New topic?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Still on Syria?", "\n\nQUESTION: Yes. ", "I just wondered if you guys had seen a video on YouTube that’s supposedly of Austin Tice, the American journalist, and whether you’re in a position to verify whether it is, in fact, him.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: We’ve seen the video. ", "We are not in a position to verify, (a) whether it’s him, (b) whether it represents an actual scene that happened or something that may have been staged. ", "There’s a lot of reason for the Syrian Government to duck responsibility, but we continue to believe that, to the best of our knowledge, we think he is in Syrian Government custody.", "\n\nAnne.", "\n\nQUESTION: I’m sorry to mess up the transcript, but can we get back to Libya just for a moment? ", "Are there any State Department employees in Benghazi now? ", "And if so, what are they doing?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: To my knowledge, we do not have State Department employees in Benghazi at the moment.", "\n\nQUESTION: So everybody who was --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: If that is incorrect, I will – certainly, everybody who was in Benghazi and posted there has been withdrawn from Benghazi. ", "Whether there is anybody supporting the investigative work, to my knowledge, I don’t have anything on that. ", "But if that’s not correct, we’ll get back to you.", "\n\nQUESTION: And is there – without people on the ground, is the State Department able to do its job in – still in Benghazi? ", "And if so, how?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, again, I think we said at the time that the diplomatic facility in Benghazi would be closed until further notice.", "\n\nQUESTION: But --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Please.", "\n\nQUESTION: -- I mean, you have telephones and you could --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: No, of course we can maintain contact with the people of Benghazi, as we maintain contact with people all around Libya, whether or not we’ve got a physical facility. ", "They come to Tripoli as well.", "\n\nPlease.", "\n\nQUESTION: United Nations?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah.", "\n\nQUESTION: Syria?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Sorry, still on Syria. ", "Go ahead.", "\n\nQUESTION: When you talk to the various political factions, as you say, you ask them to exchange notes to see what they can do in coming – in the transitional phase, what is the response? ", "Why don’t they see eye to eye, this transitional phase?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, again, I think to the extent that we are now working with folks inside Syria, and folks are able, given the fact that the border’s relatively open with Turkey and parts – and Iraq, et cetera, that we are able to have people come in and out for training, we are learning more about their needs. ", "We are providing an opportunity through this training for some of them to meet each other. ", "The communications equipment that we are providing to them should help them to be able to talk more closely with each other.", "\n\nBut particularly at the local level, it’s very clear from those contacts that their first priority is providing for the populations, and that many of them are focused on the immediate needs in their towns, in their neighborhoods, rather than thinking grander thoughts about next generation of national leadership.", "\n\nQUESTION: Do you think those people inside Syria are more representative than those who are established outside?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: We think all of these Syrian opposition groups have different experience and different perspectives to bring. ", "We want to see them working together on a transition plan and on the basics of how the country ought to move forward after Bashar leaves.", "\n\nPlease. ", "Can you tell me who you are?", "\n\nQUESTION: Yes, I’m with – Sylvia Thomson with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. ", "I have a question about Guantanamo. ", "There was a --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Let me just make sure we’re done with Syria.", "\n\nQUESTION: Sure.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Are we done with Syria, guys?", "\n\nScott?", "\n\nQUESTION: No. ", "Go ahead.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: No? ", "Okay. ", "Goyal? ", "No?", "\n\nOkay. ", "Go ahead.", "\n\nQUESTION: The transfer of the prisoner from Guantanamo to Canada this weekend, Omar Khadr, Panetta had signed off on his transfer in April. ", "Do you know why it’s taken so long to bring him – to send him back to Canada? ", "And do you know how the transfer suddenly came up this weekend?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I can’t speak to the timing of it. ", "I’ll send you to the Department of Defense that has responsibility for all of those negotiations. ", "I think you know that we worked closely with the Government of Canada to ensure that his application to serve the remainder of his sentence in Canada would be fulfilled by the Canadian side, and that was the agreement before the transfer. ", "And he’s been transferred directly, is my understanding, into detention in Canada. ", "But that was one of the preconditions for us for the transfer.", "\n\nQUESTION: Was there hesitation on the Canadian side at all to take --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I can’t speak to that one way or the other. ", "I’d send you to the Canadian side.", "\n\nPlease. ", "Still on this?", "\n\nQUESTION: Yeah.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah.", "\n\nQUESTION: A Yemeni source has said that there is an agreement now between the U.S. and Yemen to transfer the Yemeni prisoners in Guantanamo to Yemen. ", "Can you elaborate on this? ", "Can you confirm this news?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, I think you know that for a number of years now, we have been working on returning to home countries those prisoners in Guantanamo who are eligible for transfer. ", "It generally requires an agreement with the receiving country and, in general, plus specific agreements with regard to how the individual detainees will be treated based on the situation in their individual cases.", "\n\nI can’t speak about where we are with Yemen, but certainly we’ve been having conversations about whether Yemenis can go home. ", "And there are a number of issues here, but when we have something to announce, we’ll let you know.", "\n\nQUESTION: That means that there is no agreement?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I can’t speak to where we are in our evolving process of general agreement plus specific agreements. ", "I don’t have anything to announce today. ", "But we continue to work on, in all these cases, getting as many of these folks home as are eligible to go home to serve out the rest of their term or whatever is necessary in each case.", "\n\nQUESTION: And do you have any number, how many Yemeni there are?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I don’t. ", "I’ll take that one and see if we can give you any information.", "\n\nQUESTION: Can I ask a follow-up on this?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah.", "\n\nQUESTION: You said that DOD has the lead in negotiations regarding transfers. ", "I thought Ambassador Dan Fried led those negotiations. ", "Or is it, in fact, DOD and he serves under them?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, he has the lead in the conversations. ", "They have the ultimate signoff before we transfer. ", "So in this case, he had obviously been talking to the Canadian side for some time, but in terms of what it was that enabled DOD to sign off, I don’t have any particular information, except that the terms and conditions that we required, namely that he serve out the rest of his term, were agreed upon before this transfer came forward.", "\n\nJill.", "\n\nQUESTION: Georgia?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah.", "\n\nQUESTION: I know you can’t comment because the election really hasn’t been determined yet, the results of it, but can you give us an idea of the level of interest and how the U.S. might be observing what’s going on?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I think the polls may still be open in Georgia. ", "I don’t – maybe they’ve just closed. ", "I don’t know what time they were closing. ", "But it’s obviously a very important day for Georgia. ", "Our understanding from our preliminary reporting is that the turnout at the polls was very strong today. ", "We’ve been looking for a democratic election that is free, fair, transparent. ", "Our understanding is that the Central Election Commission is going to try to tabulate the results overnight, and that we’ll have some announcements in the morning, local time. ", "We’ll see about that.", "\n\nThe international community has had a relatively robust monitoring mission out there, including ODIHR from the – under the OSCE auspices. ", "And our understanding is we have NDI and IRI observers out there as well.", "\n\nQUESTION: Change the topic?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah.", "\n\nQUESTION: Iran. ", "The Iranian currency has lost about a quarter of its value in the last week alone. ", "Is the Department pleased to see this? ", "It seems to reflect the efficacy of the sanctions against Iran. ", "Are you dismayed by it, or what is your view?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: You’d like an adjective of choice?", "\n\nQUESTION: I’d like a verb, really.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: You’d like a verb, yeah. ", "Well --\n\nQUESTION: Delighted?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: -- simply to confirm what you are seeing, Arshad, our understanding is that the Iranian currency has dropped to a historic low today against the dollar in informal currency trading. ", "This despite some frantic efforts by the Iranian Government last week to try to prop it up, rearrange the way it dealt with these issues. ", "From our perspective, this speaks to the unrelenting and increasingly successful international pressure that we are all bringing to bear on the Iranian economy. ", "It’s under incredible strain. ", "Iran is increasingly cut off from the global financial system. ", "Significant amounts of Iranian oil is also coming off the market. ", "As you said, the currency is plummeting. ", "And firms all over the world are refusing to do business with Iranian companies.", "\n\nQUESTION: Are you --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: So this speaks to the fact that we have said these are the most punishing sanctions we have ever been able to amass as an international community, and they are very important for trying to get Iran’s attention on the important denuclearization work.", "\n\nQUESTION: Are you – two questions. ", "One, you said it spoke to the success of the sanctions, but that the sanctions are having any effect on the economy is different from the sanctions’ intended effect, which is to change their calculation regarding their nuclear program. ", "Do you see any change in their calculus on the nuclear program?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, I think we’ve said that we don’t think that Iran would ever have come to the P-5+1 negotiating table at all if they weren’t under the kind of pressure that we’re talking about. ", "You remember that over the summer, after the initial rounds in the P-5+1, the Secretary declared the proposal that the Iranians had made a non-starter, but conversations have continued, including between High Representative Ashton and Mr. Jalili. ", "We will have another round and we will be able to evaluate whether this extra time, these extra sanctions that are clearly having an impact inside the country, cause them to be more serious than we have seen in the past in the P-5+1 process.", "\n\nQUESTION: You’re definitely going to have another round?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Again, we’re going to – the next step in this, as I think we said after the P-5+1 minus Iran meeting last week, was that the P-5+1 asked High Representative Ashton to have another conversation with Mr. Jalili. ", "She will do that, and then we will decide together whether another round makes sense.", "\n\nQUESTION: And then one other one, if I may, on this --\n\nQUESTION: (Inaudible).", "\n\nQUESTION: Yeah. ", "Do you have any concern about the effects – the ill effects that the severe depreciation in the currency may have on the Iranian people? ", "When it’s trading – it’s I think something like 32,000 to 1, that inevitably is going to fuel inflation for anything that is imported. ", "Does it bother you that this may hurt the Iranian people?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, any depreciation of currency is always going to affect the people who use the currency. ", "The issue here are the choices that the Iranian Government is making, and this is the issue, that the Iranian Government needs to make different choices with regard to its nuclear program if it wants to get into a conversation with us about a step-by-step process, including on the sanctions side.", "\n\nQUESTION: Sorry. ", "On this. ", "And I – maybe I missed it, but I missed the verb or an adjective in your initial response to the question. ", "Are you happy with this or not?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Again, we are --\n\nQUESTION: Are you noting it with gusto or with satisfaction? ", "Or – because you didn’t --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Would you like to choose my adjective for me?", "\n\nQUESTION: No. ", "I just want to – (laughter) – I’d like there to be an adjective and a verb, if you could.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: These sanctions are having the effect that we expected. ", "They are cutting deeper and deeper into the Iranian economy. ", "And this is an important factor in trying to change the calculus of the Iranian leadership.", "\n\nQUESTION: And when you say that we expected, does that mean that you wanted them to have?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: We want the Iranian side to come to the P-5+1 table with a real proposal that will come clean about its nuclear program and get us into a conversation where this kind of thing won’t be necessary.", "\n\nQUESTION: Right. ", "No, I understand, but --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: But that’s not where we are.", "\n\nQUESTION: But the sanctions – you’re saying the sanctions were intended to collapse the currency? ", "Or is that just a --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: The sanctions are intended to maximize the pressure on the regime so that it will understand that the international community is not going to tolerate Iran with a nuclear weapon. ", "They have to make a choice.", "\n\nQUESTION: Toria --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah.", "\n\nQUESTION: -- do you have any information on the defection of an Iranian cameraman from the Iranian delegation in New York?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: We’ve seen the reports. ", "This would be a matter for the Department of Homeland Security. ", "I would send you to them.", "\n\nQUESTION: Victoria --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah.", "\n\nQUESTION: -- back on these punishing sanctions, as you call them.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah.", "\n\nQUESTION: Now, obviously, the Iranian Government, at least for the time being, is very stubborn; it will remain so. ", "So at what point it becomes really a moral question that the people – 80 million-plus – should suffer so severely because of the stubbornness of their government?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Again, we want the Iranian people as well to understand that this is a direct response to the choices that their government has made in the context of the international community offering them a diplomatic way out, which they should take.", "\n\nPlease.", "\n\nQUESTION: This is also on Iran.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah.", "\n\nQUESTION: Lastly, this sort of has nothing to do with that at all, but you remember the situation where the Iran airplane was at Andrews?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yes.", "\n\nQUESTION: Did anyone ever look into what kind of make that – model or make that plane was? ", "Because it appeared to be a relatively late-model 747.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I don’t --\n\nQUESTION: And if it was, I’d be curious as to how Iran Air got a hold of it.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I don’t have any details on it. ", "As you know, from before the time of the current regime, they were Boeing purchasers back in the Shah’s days, and they’re very good --\n\nQUESTION: Which ended in --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah. ’", "79. ", "But I don’t know what the model was.", "\n\nScott.", "\n\nQUESTION: In Tokyo, Secretary Clinton took a lot of questions about the Osprey in Okinawa, remember, and she responded that the United States and Japan were going to work it out and talk – make sure that it was safe.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: And we have. ", "Yeah.", "\n\nQUESTION: So the arrival of the Osprey was greeted by some protests in Okinawa. ", "Any comment on that?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well as you know, we’ve worked very hard over the last few months to demonstrate to the Japanese side that the Osprey is safe and that it is needed for our ability to meet our defense obligations to the Japanese side. ", "So we are very pleased now that the MV-22 Osprey has now arrived at the Marine Corps Air Station in Futenma to begin its normal operations. ", "It is consistent with our recent mutual understanding with the Government of Japan to permit the Osprey to come. ", "As you know, the Secretary worked on this. ", "Secretary Panetta worked on this as well when he was there.", "\n\nQUESTION: So the arrival means that the process of making sure it was safe is over?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, obviously we continue to work closely with our Japanese allies to ensure that the fleet that has arrived is maintained in perfect condition and to ensure the highest safety standards as it is deployed. ", "But in terms of meeting our obligations to demonstrate its “safetyness” before we could get it back into operations, we are comfortable that we now have a good understanding with the Japanese – with our Japanese allies that’s allowed us to bring them into theater.", "\n\nQUESTION: Just a follow-on on this one and then I have a question on United Nations. ", "Anymore, military movement in the area, China is concerned. ", "So have you spoken with China as far as U.S.-Japan military-to-military relations or arrival of these military equipment? ", "How China will see this?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: With regard to the arrival of the Osprey?", "\n\nQUESTION: Yes, ma’am.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I don’t think that that’s come up in U.S.-China conversations.", "\n\nQUESTION: And may I have my question on UN, please, United Nations?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah.", "\n\nQUESTION: How do you judge the United Nations this year compared to last year that you have spent now as far Human Rights Council is concerned and the behavior of those countries that in the past you’ve been dealing and this time, because between last year and this year, a lot of things happened around the globe, including Arab Springs and democracies and among other things. ", "So what have you achieved compared to last year this year?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, I think one of the things that happened this year in the wake of the attacks in Benghazi, the violence in Egypt, Tunis, et cetera, we had an opportunity with leaders from across the region but also around the world to talk about concerns about insult against religions of any kind, but by the same token insult against religion not being an excuse for violence. ", "And we saw quite a bit of conversation among leaders. ", "We saw very strong, good statements from leaders across the region. ", "We had the Deauville process meeting. ", "We also had the meeting between the G-8 and the OIC where we had a chance to talk about of these issues.", "\n\nSo I think it was an opportune time to recommit ourselves to democratic reform in as many countries as possible, to express our collective revulsion at the video and similar insults to religion, while also drawing that hard line at violence being not something that governments of any kind can tolerate.", "\n\nQUESTION: (Inaudible) you saying one of the highlights is that you think you got a pretty good consensus on this issue?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I was asked about --\n\nQUESTION: Because frankly, the speech that I heard from the head of the Arab League was all in favor of criminalizing blasphemy, as was the speech from the president of Egypt and Algeria and a whole bunch of countries that –\n\nQUESTION: Pakistan.", "\n\nQUESTION: I mean, Pakistan – exactly. ", "I mean, I don’t think you’ve got consensus on that at all. ", "All of these countries want it to be a crime for – want blasphemy, particularly against Islam but against any – against all religions to be a crime, which is antithetical to your position. ", "So I’m not sure how – I don’t see how is that – how that – you’re counting that as a moment of great consensus or achievement here.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, the point I made was that all of those same leaders also drew a line at condoning violence, and none of them condone violence. ", "In fact, they all spoke actively against it.", "\n\nLook, we obviously have work to do to continue to have this conversation about the role that free expression plays in a democracy. ", "We have different views about the place of blasphemy laws in a free society. ", "We’re going to have to continue to have that conversation. ", "Our belief is that becomes a very dangerous and slippery slope and that all of us probably in our adult experience have had our religion or our beliefs insulted, but it should not – once you start criminalizing, it becomes very different.", "\n\nQUESTION: Well, I understand your opposition to that. ", "But then I get to the point – so you’re saying that the big achievement here was you got a whole bunch of world leaders to come up and condemn violence? ", "I mean, because that seems to be a pretty low bar.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I was asked what the human rights conversation was like as compared to last – previous years, and I was trying to describe that conversation. ", "I wasn’t making a value judgment one way or the other.", "\n\nQUESTION: Okay.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Please.", "\n\nQUESTION: Last week, Secretary met with the Pakistan’s Foreign Minister Hina and also President Zardari. ", "And today, while we speak, I believe this time she’s meeting with the Indian Foreign Minister Mr. Krishna. ", "One, have you solved – resolved all the problems with Pakistan as far as terrorism is concerned and in Afghanistan among others? ", "And also, what do you think conversation with the Indian foreign minister today?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, with regard to the Indian foreign minister, let’s have the conversation and then we’ll have things to share afterwards, I would expect. ", "Let me refer you to a background briefing that was done – I think it was Monday or Tuesday in New York; you’ll find it on our website – after the meeting with both President Karzai and President Zardari. ", "It gives you a full sense of our view of both of those meetings. ", "But I think in general terms, we are making progress to get our relationship with Pakistan back on track, and I think that was evident when Foreign Minister Khar was here and after the meeting with President Zardari as well.", "\n\nQUESTION: Thank you.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Please.", "\n\nQUESTION: Late Friday, it was reported that $450 million of the American aid to Egypt was blocked by the Congress or congressional members. ", "What is the status of that – of the story – your story of --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Well, first the first part of the story. ", "As the President made clear more than a year ago when he pledged a billion dollars in support from the American people to the people of Egypt if their transition stays on track and continues, and as the Secretary said when we were in Cairo in July, on Friday the U.S. – we here at the State Department notified the Congress of our intention to disburse $450 million in budget support to the Government of Egypt in two tranches. ", "Thereafter, we had some interest in that from the Congress, so we are obviously going to have to work with the Congress in the coming days and weeks to explain why we think this money is so essential at a time of almost 12 billion in budget gap in Egypt, why we think supporting the democratic trajectory of Egypt in a phased way is in U.S. interests, because we obviously firmly do. ", "And we will continue to work with the Congress on that.", "\n\nQUESTION: So the --\n\nQUESTION: Is it actually correct to say you had some interest from Congress on this? ", "You had a lack – a definite lack --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: We had concern.", "\n\nQUESTION: A definite lack of interest (inaudible) Congress.", "\n\nQUESTION: We had concern.", "\n\nQUESTION: And the 450 --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Hold on, hold on.", "\n\nQUESTION: Excuse me. ", "I just want to – please clarify. ", "The 450 million is part of the 1 billion, not part of the aid, regular aid?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: This is Economic Support Funds, as contrasted with 1.3 in --\n\nQUESTION: Regular.", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yeah, right.", "\n\nQUESTION: His underlying question was – I mean, as you know, it’s not just 1.3 billion in military aid. ", "There’s also non-military aid --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Economic Support Funds.", "\n\nQUESTION: Right. ", "Of like 252, I think. ", "And I think his question is, does the 450 – is it part of the approximately 1.5 whatever billion that you give in annual aid, or is totally separate, and is part of the 1 billion that the President talked about last year?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: It’s in addition to. ", "This would be budget support funds. ", "There would also be other economic support funds which would be for – to support programs of the Egyptian Government and NGO sector as they come forward.", "\n\nQUESTION: So it’s outside the envelope of the normal annual aid?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Correct.", "\n\nQUESTION: Great. ", "And then, is it – just to ask his question again – is it – is that 450 part of the 1 billion?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: The one – of the President’s initial commitment, yes.", "\n\nQUESTION: Yes. ", "Okay. ", "Thank you.", "\n\nQUESTION: Toria?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Please.", "\n\nQUESTION: When you say the coming weeks or days, I mean – Congress is in recess now. ", "I mean, is the talk is going on, or, I mean –\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Yes. ", "And we will have some staff to staff briefings. ", "We’ll have some people up on the Hill talking to the staffs of some of the members who had concerns, explaining how this money would be used, explaining the commitments that we have and the understandings we have with the Government of Egypt to try to allay the concerns so the money can go forward.", "\n\nQUESTION: So you think you can get this done before the election?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I’m not going to put a timeframe on it, but we’re obviously going to have the conversations as soon as possible.", "\n\nPlease, in the back?", "\n\nQUESTION: Thank you, Victoria. ", "On Taiwan – today, Taiwan and U.S. had the industry – Defense Industry Conference. ", "Usually U.S. Government will send higher-ranked senior State Department officials or Pentagon officials to attend this event. ", "But this year there was – there is none. ", "So some (inaudible) media are curious about the intention of the U.S. Government. ", "So could you clarify that?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I’m going to take that one. ", "I frankly don’t have any information up here on it one way or the other, so let me take it and then we’ll get back to you, okay?", "\n\nQUESTION: So does that have something to do with the Diaoyu Island dispute, because of Taiwan are send boats to --\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I can’t imagine that it did, but let me take it for you and figure out exactly what happened. ", "I have no information on the conference right at the moment.", "\n\nQUESTION: So what’s the position of the U.S. – Taiwan claim the right over the Diaoyu Island?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: Our position with regard to the Senkakus is the same for everybody.", "\n\nPlease.", "\n\nQUESTION: Documents uncovered last week show that the Russians were aware, or even asked for the Turkish spy jet to be downed, and they uncovered also that the Syrian Government got the pilots alive and then killed them and threw them back at sea. ", "Does this change any of your perspective vis-à-vis the Russian involvement?", "\n\nMS. ", "NULAND: I haven’t seen any of that in any of our channels. ", "Sounds a lot like a massive conspiracy theory. ", "But why don’t you send me what you’re looking at and we’ll take a look at it." ]

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[ "Uncovering and explaining how our digital world is changing — and changing us.", "\n\nAmazon.com will start a business loan program for small sellers in the United Kingdom on Tuesday and is looking to launch it this year in seven more countries, including China.", "\n\nUntil now, the e-retailer has offered the service only in the United States and Japan. ", "Amazon Lending, founded in 2012, plans to offer short-term working capital loans in other countries where it operates a third-party, seller-run marketplace business, the head of Amazon Marketplace, Peter Faricy, told Reuters.", "\n\nThe countries are Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Spain and China, where credit is becoming a key factor in competing for new vendors and grabbing market share.", "\n\nThe service is on an invite-only basis and is not open to all sellers on Amazon’s platform.", "\n\nOther large retailers like eBay’s PayPal and Alibaba Group that run third-party marketplaces are also turning to credit to boost their vendor base.", "\n\nSome lending industry officials who help lenders assess credit risk say these retailers are taking on risky loans because they do not know the credit markets in which the sellers are operating.", "\n\nSmall businesses have high failure rates, especially in China and India, added William Black, a former U.S. banking regulator and professor at the University of Missouri.", "\n\nAmazon said it can safely offer loans based on internal data and because it takes loan payments out of the sales proceeds it pays sellers.", "\n\nAmazon offers three- to six-month loans of $1,000 to $600,000 to help merchants buy inventory. ", "It makes money on interest and takes a cut of all sales on its marketplace, which now account for about 40 percent of total Amazon site sales.", "\n\nAmazon said it has offered hundreds of millions of dollars in loans since 2012, with more than half of its sellers opting for a repeat loan. ", "The company declined to provide specific figures and also did not say how much it plans to lend this year.", "\n\nAmazon’s Faricy said the company has become better at understanding the inflection points in a small or medium business where capital can make a difference.", "\n\n“We know a lot about our sellers’ business and invite only those who we think are in the best position to take capital and grow,” he said.", "\n\nIn China, where Alibaba lends to small businesses, offering such loans is more of a business requirement, analysts said.", "\n\n“Amazon has very little share in China and they haven’t been able to break out of that, so this is a very important necessary step for them to be able to grow,” said Gil Luria, analyst with Wedbush Securities in Los Angeles.", "\n\nIn other countries including India, where there is a scramble to expand the online shopping market, small business loans could offer a distinct competitive advantage, Luria said.", "\n\nOnline lending accounts form about 3 percent of the roughly $1 trillion of outstanding personal and small business loans in the United States.", "\n\nThe default rate for small businesses with credit under $1 million stood at 1 percent in 2014 but is seen rising to 1.6 percent in 2015, as new lenders with varying ability to assess risk increase lending, according to small business credit ratings provider PayNet.", "\n\nRetailers like Amazon do not have data from sellers about some markets in which they operate, and relying on internal seller company data is not enough, said William Phelan, president of PayNet.", "\n\nSellers interviewed by Reuters and writing on Amazon forums cited interest rates on Amazon loans ranging from 6 percent to 14 percent, in line with loans from banks and business credit cards.", "\n\nStephan Aarstol, chief executive of Tower Paddle Boards, an Amazon seller, said he has taken four loans from the company starting in March 2014 because of the speed and simplicity of the process. ", "It took him five days to get his first loan.", "\n\n“The problem for a small business owner is not the interest rate, it’s the availability of credit. … ", "I can’t grow fast enough,” he said.", "\n\n(Editing by Matthew Lewis and Cynthia Osterman)" ]

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[ "米Google Inc.は25日（現地時間）、Webブラウザー「Google Chrome」の最新安定版v51.0.2704.63を公開した。「Google Chrome 51」では、Webサイトでのログイン手続きを簡略化できる“Credential Management API”が新たにサポートされた。", "\n\n“Credential Management API”は、WebサイトがWebブラウザーに保存されたIDやパスワードなどの資格情報へアクセスできるようにするAPI。ユーザーがログインに利用したIDとパスワードをWebブラウザーへ保存したり、Webブラウザーに保存されたIDとパスワードをWebページへセットするといった処理を開発者が実装することが可能で、現在W3Cによる標準化が提案されている。", "\n\nそのほかにも、本バージョンでは42件の脆弱性が修正されているので注意。主な脆弱性の深刻度の内訳は、同社の基準で4段階中上から2番目の“High”が9件、上から3番目の“Medium”が10件、最低の“Low”が4件などとなっている。", "\n\n「Google Chrome」はWindows/Mac/Linuxに対応するフリーソフトで、現在同社のWebサイトからダウンロード可能。Windows版は64bit版を含むWindows 7/8/8.1/10で利用できる。" ]

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[ "4 shooting incidents occurred on military bases in the US in 2019 There were two active shooters on bases in the last week.", "\n\nFor the second time this week, a military base in the United States faced an active shooter incident. ", "The latest on Friday in Pensacola, Florida, has left four people, including the shooter, dead.", "\n\nThe Friday shooting marked the fourth shooting incident to occur on a military base in the U.S. in 2019, according to news reports.", "\n\nOn New Year's Day, 20-year-old Lance Cpl. ", "Riley Kuznia was killed by another on-duty Marine at the Washington, D.C., Marine Barracks.", "\n\nLance Cpl. ", "Andrew M. Johnson was charged with murder in the shooting, which was originally classified as a death investigation rather than homicide, meaning it may have been an accident. ", "A redacted copy of the charge sheets, obtained by Task & Purpose, said Johnson jokingly pointed his pistol at Kuznia's head and pulled the trigger, showing \"wanton disregard for human life.\" ", "Johnson entered a not guilty plea and his case is still pending.", "\n\nAt the Naval Air Station Oceana in Virginia Beach, Virginia, on April 5, 2019, a 25-year-old male Navy sailor was killed by base security after shooting a female sailor in the parking lot. ", "The woman was taken to the hospital for non-life threatening injuries.", "\n\nNavy police reported the scene as an active shooting incident and it was later deemed a \"domestic\" incident, according to Navy Times.", "\n\nA 22-year-old active duty sailor killed two people and injured another on Dec. 4, 2019 at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard near Honolulu, Hawaii, according to authorities.", "\n\nThe shooter opened fire on shipyard personnel with his M4 service rifle and then used his M9 service pistol to shoot and kill himself, an official said.", "\n\nAn active shooter was reported at theNaval Air Station in Pensacola, Florida, on Dec. 6, 2019. ", "Four people, including the suspected shooter, were killed.", "\n\nIn the U.S. between 2000 and 2018, there were 277 active shooter incidents -- \"an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area\" -- identified by the FBI. ", "In total, 2,430 people were either killed or injured.", "\n\nSeven of those active shooter incidents were on military property.", "\n\nABC News' Elizabeth McLaughlin contributed to this report." ]

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