Datasets:

tomekkorbak

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detoxify-pile-chunk3-2850000-2900000

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[ "We use cookies to enhance your site experience and understand how our site is used. ", "Cookies may also be set to help generate targeted advertising that you see on our site or on sites of our online partners.", "\nYou may change your cookie settings at any time by adjusting your browser settings, but if you disable the cookies parts of the site may not work. ", "Find out more here." ]

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[ "*** Warning: This segment deals with some graphic material ***\n\n\n\n\"I have just heard at this point so many times ... there's nothing we can do. ", "Case closed. ", "There's nothing we can do. ", "And don't talk about it.\" - ", "Kelsey Belnap, U of Montana student\n\n​Kelsey Belnap was a student at the University of Montana when her alleged sexual assault took place. ", "And she was far from alone in making her sexual assault claim. ", "As a series of sexual assault allegations came to light, the claims rocked the campus... and scandalized the surrounding town of Missoula, Montana.", "\n\nAnd what was happening in Missoula caught the attention of one of America's premier reporters. ", "You may already know John Krakauer as the author of books like \"Into the Wild,\" and \"Into Thin Air.\" ", "His new book is called, \"Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Town.\" ", "Jon Krakauer joined us from Washington, D.C..\n\nWe contacted the University of Montana to see if they wanted to comment about the issues raised in the book.", "\n\nThe school sent us a statement, which reads in part:\n\n\"We have learned a great deal over the past three and a half years and are aware of the work ahead of us... University of Montana is focused on providing a safe learning and living environment for all of our students. ", "We have implemented many steps on our own, and many in concert with the U.S. Departments of Justice and Education. ", "These steps include revised policies, mandatory training, new and improved programs, and additional personnel. ", "UM is stronger, safer, and better aligned with best practices because of our continuing work.\"", "\n\nRead the statements by Missoula County Attorney Kristen Pabst and lawyer David Paoli\n\n​\n\n​This segment was produced by The Current's Howard Goldenthal.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nI want to update my listview once i add data in SQLite\n\nHi every one I am working on SQLite.when i add the data listview doesnt get updated \nString[] from = { helper_ob.", "FNAME, helper_ob.", "LNAME };\n int[] to = { R.id.tv_fname, R.id.tv_lname };\n cursor = adapter_ob.queryName();\n @SuppressWarnings(\"deprecation\")\n SimpleCursorAdapter cursorAdapter = new SimpleCursorAdapter(this,\n R.layout.row, cursor, from, to);\n nameList.setAdapter(cursorAdapter); \n\nhere I am inserting the data to SQLite.", "\npublic long insertDetails(String fname, String lname) {\n ContentValues contentValues = new ContentValues();\n contentValues.put(openHelper_ob.", "FNAME, fname);\n contentValues.put(openHelper_ob.", "LNAME, lname);\n opnToWrite();\n long val = database_ob.insert(openHelper_ob.", "TABLE_NAME, null,\n contentValues);\n Close();\n\n return val;\n\n }\n\ni am following \nhttp://androidtuts4u.blogspot.in/2012/11/android-sqlite-and-listview-example.html this given tutorial .", "\nAny suggestion is appreciated. ", " \nBut when I run same code 2nd time it shows added data.", "\n\nA:\n\nIts not clear, at what stage of the view creation you are loading the data. ", "Its worth you try calling the notifyDataSetChanged after loading the data. ", "Its basically notifies the attached list that the underlying data has been changed and any View reflecting the data set should refresh itself.", "\n cursorAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged()\n\nHope this helps\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nIs there anyway to install blender on ubuntu without root access?", "\n\nI need to install blender on server which I don't have root access, is there any portable version of blender for ubuntu or any way to install it without root access? ", "please help me if you know.", "\n\nA:\n\nJust download the latest Blender for Linux from blender.org/download (currently 2.78c for Linux 64bit), unpack the tar.bz2 file\ntar xjf blender-2.78c-linux-glibc219-x86_64.tar.bz2\n\nand run the \"blender\" executable from inside the unpacked folder\ncd blender-2.78c-linux-glibc219-x86_64\n./blender <options>\n\n" ]

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[ "#pragma once\n\n#include <fstream>\n#include <string>\n#include <iostream>\n#include <limits>\n#include \"face.h\"\n#include \"platform.h\"\n\ninline FaceKeypointContainer read_face_keypoints(const filepath_string& positionFilepath, const filepath_string& depthFilepath, int width, int height)\n{\n\tstd::ifstream positionFile;\n\tpositionFile.open(positionFilepath);\n\tstd::ifstream depthFile;\n\tdepthFile.open(depthFilepath);\n\n\tFaceKeypointContainer keypoints;\n\n\twhile (true)\n\t{\n\t\tfloat u, v, depth;\n\t\tpositionFile >> u >> v;\n\t\tdepthFile >> depth;\n\n\t\tif (positionFile.eof() || depthFile.eof()) break;\n\n\t\tu = u / width;\n\t\tv = v / height;\n\t\tkeypoints.emplace_back(u, v, depth);\n\t}\n\treturn keypoints;\n}\n\ninline AffineTransform read_affine_transform(const filepath_string& filepath)\n{\n\tstd::ifstream file;\n\tfile.open(filepath);\n\t\n\tglm::mat4 matrix(0.0f);\n\tint line = 0;\n\twhile (true)\n\t{\n\t\tfloat a, b, c, d;\n\t\tfile >> a >> b >> c >> d;\n\n\t\tif (file.eof()) break;\n\n\t\tmatrix[line] = glm::vec4(a, b, c, d);\n\n\t\t++line;\n\t}\n\n\tmatrix[2] = glm::vec4(0.0);\n\tmatrix[3] = glm::vec4(0.0);\n\n\treturn AffineTransform(glm::transpose(matrix));\n}" ]

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[ "Mobile Apps\n\nConnectLine App\n\nThe ConnectLine App pairs your media streaming devices to bring you a smartphone-integrated experience for use with your Bluetooth hearing aids. ", "With the ConnectLine App, all of the benefits of your media streaming system are right in the palm of your hand, allowing your Streamer Pro to stay tucked away and out of sight, and giving you discreet control.", "\n\nThe app is simple to use and controls the functions of your media streaming devices through your iPhone, iPad®, iPod touch®, or Android. ", "Adjust volume and enjoy the control of your media streaming devices on your Apple or Android product.", "\n\nTruLink\n\nThe TruLink app connects your Made for iPhone® Hearing Aids to your iPhone, and turns your devices into customizable units with features that improve your listening experiences. ", "The TruLink app allows you to stream phone calls, FaceTime® audio, music, and sound from your television or computer using Bluetooth technology. ", "With the SoundSpace feature, you can adjust bass and treble to make hearing in certain environments easier, and the TruLink Memories feature will save those adjustments so that when you return to a specific location, your devices readjust automatically.", "\n\nYour iPhone also acts as a remote control and microphone for your devices. ", "The remote feature allows you to change the volume of your Bluetooth hearing aids quickly and easily, while the live microphone offers extra amplification to ensure that you don’t miss a moment of conversation. ", "The microphone feature can also record, play back, and email audio as it happens.", "\n\nLastly, the TruLink app makes it hard to misplace your devices. ", "Use the Find My Hearing Aids feature to emit a tone that helps you detect how close you are to your hearing aids. ", "No matter your hearing needs, the TruLink app allows for more customization than with any other Bluetooth hearing aids on the market.", "\n\nProfessional hearing care providers who possess some of the industry's highest credentials. ", "AudigyCertified™ expertise is measured by commitment to patient satisfaction, continuing education, and the expert application of current technology." ]

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[ "I believe strongly, all blame rests upon not Congress nor President Barack Obama, but the entire medical industry that has profited and greedily continued to raise costs so that an average working person can no longer afford medical premiums. ", "How can costs be justified when a high-deductible medical premium for a bare-bones package costs more than a family's monthly mortgage payment and the corporate executives take home huge annual salaries?", "\n\nSo that every American can actually have medical coverage, the country's leaders came up with a plan where the providers charge as much as they want for patient care and the government subsidizes the difference. ", "I do not see where the funds are available to cover these huge costs, hence our present battle in D.C.\n\nUnder the proposed new plans where our individual plans are being eliminated entirely by our present provider, our personal premiums will double. ", "If this subsidy does not come to fruition, we, who were paying out of pocket for medical premiums, will be priced out of medical care.", "\n\nIt is discouraging and disheartening that so much destruction and ruin and national suffering is solely based upon greed and done so without guilt.", "\n\nThe medical industry administrators make U.S. bankers look like innocents and saints.", "\n\nJulie Torres\n\nStockton\n\n» » »\n\nFor Record columnist Michael Fitzgerald to blame a local conservative representative for the health care debacle displays his total ignorance of the issue (\"Constituents should call out Denham for defying majority rule,\" Oct. 2).", "\n\nThe bill was illegally passed by a totally controlled Democrat Senate and House. ", "Thousands of pages were presented for a vote at the last minute and Congress was told to vote on it without proper review. ", "Remember then-House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's words, \"We'll find out what's in the bill after you pass it!\"", "\n\nAnd right after the Supreme Court upheld the bill, President Barack Obama started changing the rules, illegally, and giving political cronies exemptions.", "\n\nThe bill was supposedly passed to provide uninsured millions, mostly undocumented individuals, with insurance. ", "It turns out that millions of currently insured individuals will lose their coverage. ", "Obama promised cheaper costs and we could maintain current policies.", "\n\nI could go on and on, but the bottom line is the health overhaul program more commonly known as Obamacare is a socialist attempt to enslave all Americans.", "\n\nRichard A. Shook\n\nLodi\n\n» » »\n\nThe government shutdown does not stop Obamacare. ", "Obamacare has already passed; Congress fights on, but at whose expense? ", "The shutdown only hurts the Americans. ", "When rich people need money, it's a \"bailout,\" but when poor people need money, it's \"socialism.\"", "\n\nThe Republicans represent greedy people. ", "The GOP is willing to sacrifice the country for financial profits. ", "The GOP must stop attacking Obamacare and concentrate on a new budget for the American people.", "\n\nThe only thing the GOP has done so far is make this country weaker. ", "Republicans must stop using the American people as hostages for their own political ideology and work with the president.", "\n\nCome next election, I will not be voting for the incumbents.", "\n\nSteven Bojorques\n\nStockton\n\n» » »\n\nThe Record welcomes letters. ", "We ask readers to submit no more than one every 30 days. ", "Letters must include the writer's full name, a current address and telephone number, and be no longer than 250 words. ", "We edit all material for clarity, length and taste." ]

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[ "Bastelia\n\nBastelia is genus of ammonite from the Upper Hauterivian, during Balearites mortilleti zone and possibly also Pseudothurmannia angulicostata zone. ", "Its fossils have been found in Switzerland (B. schloegli) and France (B. taloirensis).", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Fossils of France\nCategory:Fossils of Switzerland\nCategory:Hauterivian life\nCategory:Early Cretaceous ammonites of Europe\nCategory:Ammonitida genera\nCategory:Ancyloceratoidea" ]

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[ "The Spanish rider will contest his second race in grand prix racing's premier-class this weekend in Thailand with Avintia Ducati, as stand-in for injured regular rider Tito Rabat.", "\n\nA race winner in Moto2 and World Superbikes, Torres has been contesting his fourth full season in the latter category this year, after joining MV Agusta from Althea BMW.", "\n\nThe Spaniard, who sits 13th in the championship, was due to rejoin the team for the penultimate round of the season in Argentina the weekend after the Thai MotoGP race.", "\n\nAnd the lack of timeframe for Rabat's return means Torres could then be called back into the MotoGP paddock for the Motegi round in Japan another week later.", "\n\nHowever, citing “extreme time differences” that Torres would find himself subjected to, MV Agusta has now announced it was releasing the Spanish rider, while stressing that this was a joint decision between the two parties.", "\n\n“Considering the fact that Jordi Torres will substitute Tito Rabat on the Ducati of the team Avintia also in Thailand and maybe in Japan, the team [MV Agusta] and the rider have decided together, taking into consideration the extreme time differences that the rider would have had to face during the coming weeks, to terminate in advance their collaboration, giving Jordi the chance to fully focus on his MotoGP races,” MV Agusta's statement read.", "\n\n“The team thanks Jordi for his great professionalism and engagement shown to date and wishes him all the very best for his future.”", "\n\nChilean rider Maximilian Scheib, who finished third in this year's European Superstock 1000, will take over the MV Agusta ride in Argentina." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nJPA Query.getResultList() - use in a generic way\n\nI'm creating a complex query with multiple tables and need to list the result. ", "Usually, I'm using the EntityManager and map the result to the JPA-Representation:\nUserEntity user = em.find(UserEntity.class, \"5\");\n\nThen I can access all values as the user UserEntity class defines it. ", "But how can I access the field-values returned from a native, multiple-table query? ", "What I get is a List of Objects. ", "That's fine so far, but what \"is\" that Object? ", "Array? ", "Map? ", "Collection? ...", "\n//simpleExample\nQuery query = em.createNativeQuery(\"SELECT u.name,s.something FROM user u, someTable s WHERE s.user_id = u.id\");\nList list = query.getResultList();\n\n//do sth. ", "with the list, for example access \"something\" for every result row.", "\n\nI guess the answer is quite simple, but most examples out there just show the usage when directly casting to a targetClass.", "\nPS: In the example I could use the class-mappings of course. ", "But in my case someTable is not managed by JPA, and therefore I don't have the entity nor do I have a class-representation of it, and since I'm joining like 20 tables, I don't want to create all the classes just to access the values.", "\n\nA:\n\nGeneral rule is the following:\n\nIf select contains single expression and it's an entity, then result is that entity\nIf select contains single expression and it's a primitive, then result is that primitive\nIf select contains multiple expressions, then result is Object[] containing the corresponding primitives/entities\n\nSo, in your case list is a List<Object[]>.", "\n\nA:\n\nSince JPA 2.0 a TypedQuery can be used:\nTypedQuery<SimpleEntity> q = \n em.createQuery(\"select t from SimpleEntity t\", SimpleEntity.class);\n\nList<SimpleEntity> listOfSimpleEntities = q.getResultList();\nfor (SimpleEntity entity : listOfSimpleEntities) {\n // do something useful with entity;\n}\n\nA:\n\nThe above query returns the list of Object[]. ", "So if you want to get the u.name and s.something from the list then you need to iterate and cast that values for the corresponding classes.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "[Amyloidosis secondary to xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a case report and review of the literature].", "\nXanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare entity characterized by the formation of inflammatory renal masses rich in macrophages loaded with lipids. ", "It is usually secondary to repeated urinary infections and urinary obstruction due to stones, which produce slow destruction of the renal parenchyma, requiring nephrectomy. ", "It may sometimes be associated to secondary amyloidosis that leads to the appearance of a nephrotic syndrome. ", "We have conducted a search in the Medline database between the years 1967 and 2003 and we only found 6 cases in adults and 3 cases in pediatric patients with amyloidosis secondary to xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. ", "During this same period, there are more than 570 citations that include more than 1,000 patients with isolated XGP, so that we estimate that amyloidosis that complicates a XGP should be less than 1% of all the XGP cases. ", "We present a case of XGP in a 51 year old female patient associated to amyloidosis that initiated with nephrotic syndrome, analyzing the clinical characteristics of the 9 previous cases. ", "We compared their clinical characteristics with those of 51 patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis without amyloidosis of a large classical series in order to characterize this clinical picture better." ]

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[ "Gregorio Camacho\n\nGregorio Camacho (1933–2002) was a Venezuelan painter.", "\n\nCategory:1933 births\nCategory:2002 deaths\nCategory:People from Barquisimeto\nCategory:20th-century Venezuelan painters" ]

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[ "Italy’s Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte announced his resignation Tuesday, an event Forbes describes as “creating more chaos for Italy just 17 months after the last election.” ", "If you want to know what it really means, however, read Vox Day, who sees Conte’s resignation as a prophetic omen of an October victory for nationalist Matteo Salvini, “the most popular man in Italy now.” ", "Salvini is leader of La Lega, which was originally Lega Nord per l’Indipendenza della Padania (Northern League for the Independence of Padania), dating back to the 1990s.", "\n\nAt a time when Italy’s political establishment was dominated by the interests of its more backward southern provinces, Lega Nord advocated independence for Italy’s prosperous northern region (“Padania”), and thus was a secessionist movement. ", "This phenomenon caught the attention of certain intellectuals in the United States, who saw in Lega Nord an omen of a future in which the large nation-states constructed in the 19th and 20th centuries might be disaggregated. ", "Why should “lines on the map” be considered sacrosanct? ", "The breakup of the Soviet Union, the return of independence to Eastern Europe, the separation of the Czech Republic from Slovakia, and the civil war that turned the former Yugoslavia into several separate countries — all of these events seemed to be pointing toward a future of reorganization and realignment.", "\n\nIt was this emergent trend that inspired the formation of the League of the South in 1994, advocating “the cultural, social, economic, and political well-being and independence of the Southern people.” ", "Six years later, the Southern Poverty Law Center labeled the League a “racist hate group.” ", "My former association with the League (circa 1996-97) then became the basis of smearing me as a “white supremacist,” even though it could be shown from contemporaneous emails that I had argued strongly against any racialist platform. ", "But facts don’t matter to the SPLC, which has since lost all credibility as an arbiter of “hate.”", "\n\nThe past 25 years, as the intelligent reader must perceive, have validated the judgment of those who, like League of the South president Michael Hill, saw in the Lega Nord an omen of future political trends. ", "What propelled Salvini’s Lega and other “right-wing” nationalist movements into prominence was the phony “refugee” crisis that began in 2014, which was a predictable consequence of the so-called “Arab Spring” that Hillary Clinton’s State Department endorsed (and perhaps orchestrated via the CIA). ", "In Italy, as in other European countries, the unprecedented influx of “refugees” was welcomed by the Left and respectable centrists, and this center-left consensus in favor of the foreign invasion (to call it what it actually was) understandably provoked a reaction that favored the so-called “far right.” ", "If the only alternative to surrendering your country to foreigners is an “extremist” party, every patriot will become an extremist.", "\n\nOf course, the center-left establishment panicked at the prospect of losing control of the political machinery, and labeled “racist” anyone who advocated opposition to the open-borders agenda of the international elite. ", "Yet the people saw through this propaganda, and voted for Salvini in Italy, Orban in Hungary, Brexit in England, etc. ", "It is not “racism” that has given Matteo Salvini a chance to become Italy’s next prime minister, but rather the political bankruptcy of the elite establishment.", "\n\nAs someone who was an “extremist” before extremism became cool, I don’t expect any apologies now from the liars who falsely smeared me. ", "Sometimes those of us blessed with political foresight must patiently endure abuse while we wait for events to prove us right. ", "Deo Vindice.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShare this: Share\n\nTwitter\n\nFacebook\n\n\n\nReddit\n\n\n\nComments" ]

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[ "Santiago del Monte\n\nSantiago del Monte is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Castrillón, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. ", "\n\nThe parish has a population of 209 (INE 2004).", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Parishes in Castrillón" ]

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[ "Providing Anesthesia in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Office: A Look Back, Where We Are Now and a Look Ahead.", "\nThroughout its development the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery has been richly associated with the provision of anesthetic services. ", "Dentists and particularly oral and maxillofacial surgeons have advanced the science associated with anesthesia especially in the outpatient setting. ", "This article will look back on the development of anesthesia as it relates to oral and maxillofacial surgery, discuss the current mode of anesthesia in the oral surgeon's practice and look ahead to what innovations are advancing this field." ]

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[ "TORONTO, Jan. 11, 2019 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The common shares of Cannara Biotech Inc., have been approved for listing on the CSE.", "\n\n\n\nListing and disclosure documents will be available at www.thecse.com on the trading date.", "\n\nCannara Biotech Inc. is a vertically integrated cannabis company building the largest indoor cannabis cultivation facility in Quebec, a modern and secure 625,000 square foot facility.", "\n\nLeveraging Quebec’s low electricity costs, Cannara will produce high-grade indoor cannabis, specializing in derivative products and brands.", "\n\n________________________\n\n\n\nLes actions ordinaires de Cannara Biotech Inc. ont été approuvées pour être inscrites à la CSE.", "\n\nLes documents de cotation et d'information seront disponibles sur www.thecse.com à la date de négociation.", "\n\nCannara Biotech Inc. est une entreprise de cannabis à intégration verticale qui construit le plus grand établissement de culture de cannabis en intérieur au Québec, un établissement moderne et sécurisé de 625 000 pieds carrés.", "\n\nEn exploitant les faibles coûts d’électricité du Québec, Cannara produira du cannabis d’intérieur de haute qualité, spécialisé dans les produits dérivés et les marques.", "\n\nIssuer/Émetteur: Cannara Biotech Inc. Security Type/Titre: Common Shares/Actions ordinaires Symbol(s)/Symbole(s): LOVE Number of securities issued and outstanding/ Titres émis et en circulation: 693 820 705 Number of Securities reserved for issuance/ Titres réservés pour émission: 44 899 267 CSE Sector/Catégorie: Life Sciences/Sciences biologiques CUSIP: 13765U 10 1 ISIN: CA 13765U 10 1 2 Boardlot/Quotité: 500 Trading Currency/Monnaie de négociation: CDN$/$CDN Trading Date/Date de negociation: le 14 janvier/January 2019 Other Exchanges/Autres marches: N/A Fiscal Year end /Clôture de l'exercice financier: Le 31 août/August Transfer Agent/Agent des transferts: Computershare Investor Services Inc.\n\nThe Exchange is accepting Market Maker applications for LOVE. ", "Please email: Trading@theCSE.com\n\nIf you have any questions or require further information please contact Listings at (416) 367-7340 or E-mail: Listings@thecse.com" ]

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[ "The invention proceeds from a device for the articulated connection of a wiper blade to a wiper arm, the device comprising a junction element which is connected fixedly to a carrying element of the wiper blade and has on each longitudinal side, starting from a bottom, a sidewall which is angled with respect to the wiper arm and carries a hinge bolt on which is mounted pivotably an adapter which on each longitudinal side surrounds with an inner sidewall and an outer sidewall the sidewall of the junction element and has, on its side facing the wiper arm, a spring button and, in the region of its sidewalls, guide and holding means for the wiper.", "\nDE 10 2005 016 486 A1 discloses a generic device. ", "The device comprises a junction element which is in the form of a sheet metal claw and of which the dogs integrally formed on the bottom of the sheet metal claw laterally surround a carrying element in the form of two spring rails. ", "The junction element possesses sidewalls which are angled from the bottom towards the wiper arm and which between them carry a hinge bolt which is riveted to bolt heads in the sidewalls.", "\nThe device comprises, furthermore, an adapter, the outer sidewalls of which bear with their insides against outsides of the sidewalls of the junction element, while inner sidewalls are supported on the insides of the sidewalls of the junction element. ", "The inner and outer sidewalls of one longitudinal side of the adapter are connected to one another by means of a cover wall. ", "Located at the end pointing toward the free end of the adapter is a hub which is open toward the hinge bolt and by means of which the adapter can be snapped onto the hinge bolt, the bolt heads latching in bearing orifices which are provided in the outer walls of the adapter. ", "Spring tongues are integrally formed, offset with respect to the drive-side end of the junction element, on the inner sidewalls of the adapter, are inclined obliquely outward, engaged through perforations in the sidewalls of the junction element and gaps in the outer sidewalls and co-operate with holding elements on a connection element of the wiper arm.", "\nThe connection element is connected fixedly to the wiper arm, for example by being formed in one piece on the latter. ", "The connection element has an essentially U-shaped cross-section, the holding elements being arranged on the free longitudinal edges of the sidewalls. ", "The sidewalls are connected to one another by means of a cover wall in which a latching orifice for a button is located. ", "The connection element is pushed over the adapter, the spring tongues being pressed behind the holding elements, and the button, which may likewise be arranged on a spring tongue, latching into the orifice of the cover wall of the connection element." ]

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[ "UMECUnited Mining Exploration Commission: A group of friends playing JumpGate-- \"a MMORPG that launched smoothly, breaks from fantasy character setting, emphasizes PvP, and is the first persistent world space simulator that nobody talks about.\" ", "~Scorch\n\nOT: I got the Freelancer beta today! ", "Wohoo! ", "Screenshots Inside!", "\nI am so damned excited, because I just got the beta of a game I've been waiting almost five years for, Freelancer. ", "I just spent about eight hours straight playing the game, something I've not done for a VERY long time, even for Jumpgate. ", "This game is incredibly awesome. ", "I took fifteen screenshots of the game, all of which you can see by clicking here.", "\n\nI'm working on a review for the game, so I can't reveal everything, but I'd be happy to answer what I can if anyone has any questions. ", "I'll be busy for a while, so don't expect a quick response. ", "Suffice it to say, I probably won't be playing Jumpgate for a week or two. ", "Thanks.", "\n\none thing is sure:\nthey have a bigger/better art-department than nd ;)_________________me-777\n_________________\nNoir\nThe famous name whose origin traces back to death\nTwo maidens that control death\nBlack hands in fields of green\nPlease protect the peace\n\n...Probably something like 30% of\ntheir message board database is full of mouse/joystick discussion\nthreads. ", "Anything you would care to read or write about the topic\nhas already been written and read many, many, many times. ", "Feel\nfree to read through some of the old arguments and see if you can\nfind something to say about the topic that hasn't been said before.", "\n\nThere is really no point in discussing it any more. ", "There won't be\njoystick support in the game, no matter how much people ask for\nit. ", "The game isn't designed for it, and at this point, it's probably way\ntoo late to change that. ", "If that is going to be a problem for you,\nyou can always vote with your wallet. ", "Buy something else.", "\n\nFinally, I would say that it is misleading at best to call Freelancer\na space sim. ", "This is not a game that seeks to simulate the\nexperience of space flight to any significant degree. ", "Freelancer\nis more like an action/adventure game that takes place in space.", "\nPeople who have played it liken the combat model to playing a first\nperson shooter. ", "Freelancer is intended to be \"the Diablo of space\nsims.\"", "\n\nPersonally, I'm planning on buying it just out of curiousity.", "\nAlthough, I just read a report by someone who played a PR\npre-release copy and said that the mouse flight control is\npitch-inverted and there is no option to flip it over. :-/", "\n\nAdrenaline Vault Preview\nokay, that guy's been hanging around in too many forum flame wars. ", "Why's he so hung up on the lack of joystick support? ", "Is it a point and click or isn't it? ", "doesn't sound like it promotes a \"space-sim\" reality but only the illusion of such. ", "what a cop out.", "\n\nanyways, when critiquing a game, don't bloody call it a genre it isn't...(privateer and the wingcommander games were based on joystick support; trying to have your cake and eat it too is dumb dumb dumb)...Also, as far as the removal of said support, WarCraft 3 went through a complete change and nobody bitched (much or long) so what's this crazed fixation on the flame wars as some kind of point of reference??? ", "THAT'S what i don't get.", "\n\nthat's like saying Battlecruiser sucks because Derek Smart is a professional troll. ", "lol. ", "talk about faulty logic...sounds like this reporter got sucked down to the troll level and got beaten by experience. (", "clarification: BC sucks and all it's variations even without DS' crap)\n\n*shrug*\nRemember, i am not required to force myself to read a badly done review more than once or even past the bit where i winced. ", "If some FreeLancer/Avault fanboi flames me for misunderstanding an article/post/whatever that's geared for a \"sales pitch\"/\"marketting tool\"/\"News Article\" they're a hypocrite; A bad review doesn't need to be picked apart and dissected -- it's merely a badly done review\n\nhowever there is another space-game i will buy for sure without taking a look bevore (X2 annyone?)_________________me-777\n_________________\nNoir\nThe famous name whose origin traces back to death\nTwo maidens that control death\nBlack hands in fields of green\nPlease protect the peace\n\n\"Ethel the Ardvaark\" <postmaster@beoutdoors.net> wrote in message\nnews:92ba3e7.0302071306.58ce5d35@posting.google.com...\n> http://www.lancersreactor.com/t/\n>\n> It's been a long time coming. ", "I hope it was worth the wait. ", "This is\n> the *true* sequel to Privateer.", "\n\n*ding*\n\nJeez! ", "It's single player! ", "God damn I thought every one of these new games\nwere sucky MMOG's. ", "Now it's interesting!", "\n\n/M\n\nMiles Osborne wrote:\n\n>\n>I think you can do multiplayer co-op.", "\n\nNo its Single Player and Multiplayer. ", "Multiplayer involves either\ncooping or just being in the same game as others, PVP and non PVP\noptions both supported) Multiplayer doesn't have the SP campaign that's\nthe main difference. ", "The server is persistant.", "\n\nThe beta supported up to 128 players online, previews have been a little\nunclear on this dso I guess we will all have to wait to see :)\n\nOh, BTW, our Veloxi came up with a review for WarGamer almost a week ago. ", "here it is. ", "In the introduction he repeats this bit, \"space sim/role playing game/adventure\"...First off, a space sim is supposed to be not unlike a flight sim, right? ", "RIGHT? ", "Secondly, a RPG is supposed to be about attributes & skills, right? *", "shrug* Lastly, an adventure connotes a pretty much LINEAR scripting. (", "ie. ", "a SP campaign)\n\nthe only good thing i ever admired about Privateer One was the freeform nature of the gameplay, the space-sim flight model and the lack of crappy RPG elements and linear storyline....Privateer Two sucked because it removed the best elements of the game for me.", "\n\nSo...Looks like FreeLancer is the true sequel to Privateer 2, which i thought sucked. ", "No offense to the reviewer, because the rest of the article just goes on to prove the game sucks REALLY WELL.", "\n\nVeloxi wrote:\n\nShips and equipment are further broken into levels and classes. ", "For example, that heavy fighter a player has had his eye on might be available at level twelve, but those class seven guns won't be available until level sixteen, and would be too big for the size six gun mounts regardless.", "\n\nnow, THAT'S interesting...the same class/level thing could be equivalent to JumpGate's \"RPG\" levelling requirements, no? ", "Though, the emphasis starts to make me wonder on the level of player skill restrictions that turns the entire game into a \"point and click\"...\n\nAnother thing lacking is the comparison/contrast to O.R.B. and other SOTA rts games out there that allow for true orbital dynamics (asteroids that actually move around a planet or whatever)\n\nand the distances. ", "the distances. ", "how to balance it...in ORB it was just too damned huge and the lack of \"time compression x10\" sucked -- With Hegemonia (or whatever the hell it was called) the solar system was stupidly laid out with mars right next to saturn and the same distance to earth. ", "dumb ass)\n\nBesides, who really cared about \"landing on a planet\" if yer confined to a scripted point and click base...hell, E&B's idea was even worse...lots and lots of \"freeform\" that turned out to be a timesinked point and click. ", "Besides, who's really interested in a sci-fi EQ unless the devs in question can replicate the old \"Elder Scrolls 1\" feel.", "\n\n*shrug* Anything less well done will allow JumpGate's lack of sector object dynamics and poorly balanced gameplay to be overlooked...\n\nWTF seems some \"know-it-all\" moron on USENET is arguing about the definition of \"Space Sim\"...Jeeezuz. ", "talk about waffle city. ", "Where's my maple syrup? ", "He goes to such bloody great lengths to fudge i'm amazed he's avoided making any point at all and still looks like he's crystal clear.", "\nwhatta moron. ", "He's fudged so much nobody's gonna blink when he does a 180\n\nBasically, what he's arguing with is people (like me) who think FreeLance is trying to be too much to too many people and are fucking up visibly with the execution (assuming the lack of joystick is a design flaw instead of a concept issue) What's he's insinuating in a rather slimy fashion is that it's not a flight sim at all, but a point&click game -- But has enough leeway to dock a tow sideways -- ie. ", "he's said fuck all but argue semantics\n\nMilo's First Divine Appearance wrote:\n\nThe Freelancer team at Digital Anvil added joystick support and took it back out, not once but *twice* during the last four years. ", "So it's obviously not laziness since they actually did invest the time and effort to do the work.", "\nMuffy: (sean connery voice over): \"losers always try their best. ", "winners go home and fuck the prom queen\"\nI think their decision makes a lot more sense when you realize that (at\nleast in their own minds) they weren't making a space sim. ", "They were\ntrying to create a new kind of action oriented game that was set in\nspace, but yet wasn't primarily about the simulation of flying a space\nship.", "\n\nNotice the \"primarily\" docking port for the sideways tow? ", "moron's not saying ANYTHING that he can't fudge later...I doubt he even cares about making sense as long as he can nay-say anyone replying to him for clarification. ", "Fact is, he's lying so much he's assuming noone's going to be able to keep track of his feet when he's tripping...or really care for that matter.", "\n\nShame though. ", "i've learnt nothing new from this tool and his fudge adjectives, beyond losers like using slimy adjectives that appear at first to clarify but on reflection water their post down to mean nothing.", "\n\nLast edited by MajorFreak on Wed Feb 26, 2003 10:52 am; edited 1 time in total\n\nit seems the \"full demo\" is out there somewhere ;)_________________me-777\n_________________\nNoir\nThe famous name whose origin traces back to death\nTwo maidens that control death\nBlack hands in fields of green\nPlease protect the peace\n\nIt's not point and click, but it is mouse controlled. ", "The good thing is that your skill is an important factor in combat (unlike E&B for example). ", "The bad thing is that I cannot use my ubar X45 joystick.", "\n\nAs for SP/MP story, well the SP story is pretty straightforward with some freelancing moments (ie \"you'll need $45k before you're contacted by the lead NPCs again\") and the story in itself it pretty good and epic (ancient alien races, full scale galaxy war, goverment corruption, true love).", "\n\nOne important thing about Freelancer is that it's not a MMORPG - multiplayer is not centralized, you play on player servers (I think game host companies will host a few popular servers, but any player could basicly set up a FL server). ", "You create a character and play it from there - no background story, just freelancing. ", "There's guilds/squads, PvP, a nice market, lots of enemy AI and lots of ships/equipment.", "\n\nBecause the game isn't released until March 4th, I havn't played much MP yet (lack of servers is a limiting factor). ", "I'm pretty sure OV will be featured on BarryWorlds FL server when/if they set it up. ", ":D\n\nBottomline: It's a very good game and highly addictive. ", "I'll let you know in a month if there's any lasting appeal. ;)", "\n\nits diablo in space ;)\nu play it for hours and hours...\ni played over 15 hours the first 24 hours i had it, including 5 hours from 1:00am, when the download ompleted, till 6:00am when i fell asleep while using a tradelane...\n\nwell, i gona play it untill my cougar arrives then i trash it and go back to stick-controled games...\n\nright now i need more credits to get that barracuda ... and maybe for some better guns and maybe a misile-launcer... a verry heavy fighter wouldnt be bad eiter, gona check out where i can get a hammerhad or a eagle ... a sabre? ", "where can i get that one? ", "its said to be the best..._________________me-777\n_________________\nNoir\nThe famous name whose origin traces back to death\nTwo maidens that control death\nBlack hands in fields of green\nPlease protect the peace\n\nPlaying the demo at the moment. ", "It's not exactly point and click though, and since i was operating under the assumption it was i got immediately reminded that i didn't track targets automatically by either \"tailing their six\" or \"aimbots\" (which a pure point and click would be assumed to do, correct?)", "\n\nWhich means it's not a RTS type point,click&manage targets (ie. ", "not point&click)...Actually, the BEST analogy i can think up is playing Diablo and using a bow with shift held down. ", "I have yet to try customizing the \"turn left/right\" buttons (and mouse-move) - That and maybe a few other tweaks might make this feel more like a 2D-FPS, since the anti-newtonian \"space opera\" flight model isn't space sim material at all (StarWars movie type maneuvering; Plus, it's about as 2 dimensional as they come as far as the larger picture is concerned. ", "Which, when one thinks about it is like Privateer1 of olde.)", "\n\nAnyways, the base/planet interfaces are identical to the olde Privateer chatter and NPC ship chatter is as well, but the latter has a MARKED improvement that you get insystem chatter spontaneously not only at you but cross talk, especially base clearance. (", "now if that doesn't stir the old \"immersion\" juices then there's always, \"fly in formation\" icon which allows you to tag along with almost anyone as they chatter away.)", "\n\nnot to mention the political ratings are mindboggling in quantity, though the social dynamics are waaaaay too campy when you do face to face stuff on bases/planets. (", "you feel like everyone's an extra in an \"Arnie\" movie; \"i'll be back.\")", "\n\nTravel is fun. ", "you have normal speed, afterburner, cruise (hyperdrive) and then theres the \"superdrive\" conduits and finally jumpgates (see below pic)\n\nAs for combat? ", "jeezuz. ", "talk about joke city. ", "it was almost comical how i breezed through missions and i never used missiles/nanorepairs/shieldboosters. (", "enemy shields dropped like knife through butter and their stupid evasion techniques had me giggling)\n\nc1 squid would have these morons for breakfast\n\ndefinitely a \"Diablo-esque\" sci-fi space shoot-em up Action/Adventure with some micromanagement needed (ie. ", "not like EnB)\n\nNO WAY IS IT A SPACE 'SIM' THOUGH, WHICH IS A SHAME BECAUSE IT TRIES TO FAKE IT. (", "which, i'm betting is going to be a major backbreaker for this game...too much work for too little satisfaction of \"skill\" - the novelty of which will fade pretty darned quick)\n\nat least with privateer there was immersion in the flight model...sorry, but i can't take the flight model seriously (but i will give marks for the cool NPC immersion)\n\nEDIT Ah, yes. ", "i found the mouse-move command. ", "I can see why people wondered about the lack of joystick support when they have such a system. ", "I guess they figured people don't like joystick support because that means the point&click crowd would get turned off. (", "personally, i think it was a bad call because this is neither point&click nor is it a space-sim...shame is it looks like it could have been both)\n\nwith the mouse-move it does feel more like a FPS, and i guess you could call it the ultimate QuakeInSpace\n\nCONCLUSION\nThis will please neither the point&click nor the spacesim crowd. ", "This game is a FPS of the 'QuakeInSpace' genre with privateer theme.", "\n\nwhich reminds me. ", "they disabled the ability to have a reverse mouse Y axis option...which makes you wonder doesn't it?", "\n\nMicrosoft Marketing Rep (paraphrase) wrote:\n\nsaaay...let's remove the joystick because people attach a \"sim\" stigma to those games and our focus groups don't even buy that idea. ", "Oh wait, just got this in from R&D, remove the mouseYaxis and you'll reinforce that idea the game's \"good\"\n\nJoined: 13 Jun 2002Posts: 54Location: Muffy went off on somebody and all i got was this lousy T-Shirt\n\nPosted: Thu Feb 27, 2003 12:44 pm Post subject:\n\nI just played the demo and I would have to say that's it's a wonderful continuation of the Privateer series (yes, that's what it is) that is plagued by a non-existant flight model and no mining. ", "Edit - seems I needed to read the FAQ, there's mining\n\nAnd yes, I'm hooked. ", "The Multiplayer has me intrigued because it seems to allow for both the \"Quake-type fragfest\" and roleplaying. ", "Anyone need a Pirate? ", "The first reports of \"point-and-click\" interface had me turned off, but now that I've tried it, I see that it's quite smooth. ", "And the possibility of a joystick-contol patch still exists.", "\n\nIt's like Privateer 1, with better graphics._________________Jesus saves, the rest of you take 5d20 damage.", "\n\nI agree with Razor, it's what Privateer 2 should have been. ", "I can live with the mouse interface, thought I'd rather have use of my JS. ", "Flight model, (what there is of one) reminds me of Priv/Wing Commander. ", "Have had 1 mission that taxed me somewhat (lvl 4 mission) and got pulled out of the trade lanes once by 8 ships and almost died. :) ", "Remember to keep your worth under 26k so the game won't boot you.", "\n\nI like hailing cargo ships. ", "They tell you what they are carrying and where they are going. ", "Or at least they did until I lowered my rating with all the Trader Factions and now I am KOS. ", "BTW, Pirates get the best ships and equipment in Freelancer.", "\n\n> So I decided to try the demo, and I don't mind the mouse flight\n> mode (the one mode reminds me of the way I played the\n> original Wing Commander). ", "But the y-axis is backwards to\n> what I've been used to from years and years of gaming. ", "Please\n> forgive me if I'm just dense, but I don't see an option anywhere\n> to invert the mouse.. Is it in there somewhere that I missed?", "\n> Will the retail version have it?", "\n>\n>\n\nOddly, its not bothered me one bit and I always play with an inverted mouse in FPS games. ", "Seems completely foreign not to use inverse to me. ", "I feel that most times the whole mouse thing for clicking buttons in freelancer to be pointless unless I dont have autopilot thingy working right. ", "It doesnt seem to want to auto engage fighters and maneuver unless in mouse flight mode. ", "Its much easier to use hotkeys and damn near necessary in combat. ", "Course, thats my main gripe with the game beyond the somewhat boring and pointless bounty/assassin missions you get (vs hauling cargo which can be UBERprofitable). ", "Why is it that all the baddies must CONSTANTLY be shooting ONLY ME? ", "Getting raped by about 8 rogues in a storyline mission in about 2 minutes of furball combat is rather depressing. ", "At least I took 2 down with me, not that my frelling allies helped at all..\n\nI always mistrust games where I seem to \"win\" too easily. ", "With this in\nmind, I find the combat model is very, very simplistic : I just seemed to\nkeep prodding my mouse in the direction of a big red arrow and pressing\n\"fire\" and I, well, \"win\" .....The demo is heavily scripted, but I hope that that is simply a consequence of the single player aspect of the demo. ", "Certainly download it and take a peek : but don't expect an RTS/RPG in\nspace. ", "Think more of Serious Sam with conversational interludes ...\n\n>> >forgot to mention somethign else : this ga(y)me is SO camp.", "\n>> >\n>> >I'm not sure what to think when a mincing barman sporting a walrus\n>> >moustache asks if \"I'm into it\" in an incredibly camp voice. ", "In\n>> >fact, come to think of it, all the character voices are, shall we\n>> >say, a tad \"pink\".", "\n>>\n>> that's funny, i was thinking the same thing. ", "I've yet to find a game\n>> with exceptional voice acting, but the voices in this game kind of\n>> threw me for a second.", "\n>\n> And lets not mention the fact that every character likes to wave his\n> hands around in a rather, well, queer fashion while they speak.", "\n\nLOL. ", "Reminds me a little of the Simpsons episode in the steel mill, where\na big macho type gets a spark in his hair and jumps & down flapping his\nhands and screaming \"put it out, put it out\".", "\n\nWell, in the demo anyway. ", "It is possible to be a succesful pirate. ", "First you have to get you rep with the Rogues/outcasts/junkers up to neutral or better. ", "Then you can go to either pirate base in the demo and get missions. ", "Unfortunately, they are basically the opposite missions of being a good guy--go to the waypoint and kill all the Navy ships (instead of Rogue ships). ", "There are 2 pirate bases in the demo, Buffalo Base, and Rochester.", "\n\nI'm a big fan of the X games but I have FL on pre-order import, not because I think FL is an X beating space sim, but because, as you point out, it is a superb action adventure. ", "Once I got out of the mindset and expectations erroneously conjured by years of mismarketing of FL, leading me to expect something entirely different, and once I crushed my joystick reflexes that were making it so difficult to get into the demo, I realised FL was a fun, exciting and enjoyable game. ", "Now i don't mind all the \"missing\" features, because they ain't missing.", "\n\nI do think that a lot of people are missing out on the good things of FL because they have not shed their expectations. ", "For me FL is not a space-sim, not even a space-sim lite, just a rollicking action adventure with a great arcade-style space shooter that provides plenty of visceral combat action in an interesting and detailed universe large enough and dynamic enough to engage my role-playing imagination.", "\n\nOn those terms, for me, it was worth pre-ordering as the demo hooked me. ", "If I had kept to the \"where's this sim feature, why isn't there that feature\" disappointed simmer mentality I'd be missing out on an enjoyable game.", "Now maybe, even on these terms people can't be drawn in, but I do think it's worth checking in pre-conceptions before checking out the demo. ", "I also think people should express whatever opinion they want so they can be countered by reasoned argument, not the prevalent arrogant fan-boy ranting which just alienates potential purchasers who we need to purchase the product to keep alive hopes for add-ons and follow-ups. ", "I was nearly one of those lost purchasers but I stuck at the demo until I mastered the mouse and accepted it for what it was rather than for what I had hoped it would be.", "\n\nI found reading this thread about the ENTIRE trade lane being disrupted, lack of reaction on the part of police, etc just feels too disruptive to my willing sense of disbelief (even if you account for deliberate \"4th wall\" bashing)...I expected to see traffic on-route to pileup, radio traffic to stop other convoys from initiating travel, and increasing police/paramilitary/military attempts to rid the disruption.", "\n\nI mean, Trade Lanes are a big eyesore. ", "First time i saw them i said, \"YUCK!\"...in order to justify the aesthetics this sort of thing should really play a pivotal role in the \"willing suspension of disbelief\" - A reinforcing role at that! ", "I've already pointed out suggestions/obvious, now we probably have to deal with folks continuing to say that trade lane dynamics are irrelevant to the issue of FreeLancer immersion.", "\n\nBTW, bottom of page2 of that last link is Dazed_Elf (a Derek Smart sockpuppet)\n\njust found some nice hidden things that might convince me to give some money to the makers of this game ... now back into the game, i need to make some more money oh, and i wanted to try if i can salvage those lvl10 goodies again after i sold em ..._________________me-777\n_________________\nNoir\nThe famous name whose origin traces back to death\nTwo maidens that control death\nBlack hands in fields of green\nPlease protect the peace\n\nA reply to USENET;\nIt's not privateer. ", "Noone should attempt using that term to describe this overhyped game that's neither \"point&click\" nor \"space sim\"...it's a horrible attempt at pandering to 'Microsoft Focus Groups' who think eliminating joystick support & invert mouse Y option just because most consumers tend NOT to purchase such game, but get's lost along the way while trying to ACT like a space sim + point&click at the same bloody time and not doing either good enough. (", "It's like they tried breeding dogs and came up with the worse MUTT imaginable.)", "\n\nmight look cool, but it's health is FUBAR\n\nJust wait till you tag along with a squadron of Badlands Rogues (neutral) and watch them attack a 'Trade Lane' juncture and miss 100% of the time cause they're aiming for the empty \"centerpoint\" ...Besides, crippling space lanes doesn't raise/lower prices at all and supply logistics is pointless. ", "WHICH JUST MAKES YOU WONDER WHY THE HELL THOSE DAMN EYESORES WERE CODED? ", "ANYONE? ", "Lemmie take a wild stab in the dark: it's because they couldn't think up a better way to \"intercept\" trade convoys using 'Hyperdrive'; what passes for 'Cruise' was probably nerfed a long time ago and replaced with these stupid \"Train Tracks from HELL\" that whip you really fast - which is cool - along something with the sound effects that would traumatize even the most hardened IRL rail commuter. ", "IT'S THE \"HURRY UP AND WAIT\" MENTALITY. (", "whatever happened to the idea that pirates could use 'Anti-Hyperdrive' devices to turn those lumbering space barges INTO LUMBERING SPACE BARGES?)", "\n\nAnd let's not even venture to mention the \"WingCommander\" annoyances that bugged the hell out of everyone. ", "Sure the aesthetics of some of these annoyances were improved no end -- THEY'RE STILL ANNOYANCES -- The problem is i didn't see the cool bits of privateer anywhere. (", "space sim; police scanner avoidance; lumbering trade ships) now it's just...\n\nBTW, i've gotten a bunch of MODs so you can play the demo tweaked. (", "all 5 ships purchasable and 1million credit save game; hmmm can't get it to work. ", "try this one - just the 5 ships mod - put it in your data/equipment folder)\n\nQuote:\n\nJoin formation with police patrols (or pirates if you are one of them) and hunt for the enemy. ", "Join formation with transports and defend them from attack. ", "Look at the patrol lines on your map and hang out where the enemies patrol and slaughter them. ", "You don't need to do the missions to get enjoyment out of this game, or to make money. ", "In fact I only do job board missions when I need to get a little more cash for shields or missiles or stuff.", "\n\nUsually what I do to keep costs down in the Defender is to use a seeker mines launcher & about 100 stalker missles.", "Everytime I take a mission I basically try to use them all so that it keeps my value down & I would have to spend money about 3200 credits for the Stalker missles & maybe some seeker mines for a good bundle.", "\n\nAnother good thing to do is to not always tractor in stuff since that also increases your net worth.", "\n\nLast edited by MajorFreak on Fri Mar 07, 2003 6:57 am; edited 2 times in total\n\nYour Current Level has been set to 50, so you can now fly ALL ships available for purchase, and buy ALL the equipment in the system. ", "Including the Cruise Disruptor Missle, which is what I fire at Transports to avoid having to shoot the \"Double Donuts\".", "\n\nThese have to be placed in the root/My Documents/My Games/Freelancer Trial/Accts/SinglePlayer folder.", "\n\nJoined: 13 Jun 2002Posts: 54Location: Muffy went off on somebody and all i got was this lousy T-Shirt\n\nPosted: Thu Mar 06, 2003 6:22 am Post subject:\n\nWell I now own the full version. ", "So after I blast through the Single Player, I will connect to some Multi-player servers and gather some info and insights. ", "BTW, you can't run the server and the client on the same machine. ", "Yay, excuse to buy a new comp! ", "hehe._________________Jesus saves, the rest of you take 5d20 damage.", "\n\ni have 50+ hours in sp and its borring now.", "\ni got everything from best ship over best guns and torps to best shild, im even green with most pirates... i think i found over 90% of all secrets out there...\n\nhmm found a demo of \"Homeplanet\" gona try that now ..._________________me-777\n_________________\nNoir\nThe famous name whose origin traces back to death\nTwo maidens that control death\nBlack hands in fields of green\nPlease protect the peace" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Billiard ball\n\nA billiard ball is a small, hard ball used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pool, and snooker. ", "The number, type, diameter, color, and pattern of the balls differ depending upon the specific game being played. ", "Various particular ball properties such as hardness, friction coefficient and resilience are important to accuracy.", "\n\nHistory\n\nEarly balls were made of various materials, including wood and clay (the latter remaining in use well into the 20th century). ", "Although affordable ox-bone balls were in common use in Europe, elephant ivory was favored since at least 1627 until the early 20th century; the earliest known written reference to ivory billiard balls is in the 1588 inventory of the Duke of Norfolk. ", "Dyed and numbered balls appeared around the early 1770s. ", "By the mid-19th century, elephants were being slaughtered for their ivory at an alarming rate, just to keep up with the demand for high-end billiard balls – no more than eight balls could be made from a single elephant's tusks. ", "The billiard industry realized that the supply of elephants (their primary source of ivory) was endangered, as well as dangerous to obtain (the latter an issue of notable public concern at the turn of the 19th century). ", "Inventors were challenged to come up with an alternative material that could be manufactured, with a US$10,000 prize being offered by a New York supplier, Phelan and Collender. (", "This would be worth approximately $ in .)", "\n\nAlthough not the first artificial substance to be used for the balls (e.g. Sorel cement, invented in 1867, was marketed as an artificial ivory), John Wesley Hyatt invented a composition material in 1869 called nitrocellulose for billiard balls (US patent 50359, the first American patent for billiard balls). ", "It is unclear if the cash prize was ever awarded, and there is no evidence suggesting he did in fact win it. ", "By 1870 it was commercially branded Celluloid, the first industrial plastic. ", "However, the nature of celluloid made it volatile in production, occasionally exploding, which ultimately made this early plastic impractical. ", "Subsequently, to avoid the problem of celluloid instability, the industry experimented with various other synthetic materials for billiard balls such as Bakelite, Crystallite and other plastic compounds.", "\n\nThe exacting requirements of the billiard ball are met today with balls cast from plastic materials that are strongly resistant to cracking and chipping. ", "Currently Saluc, under the brand names Aramith and Brunswick Centennial, manufactures phenolic resin balls. ", "Other plastics and resins such as polyester (similar to those used for bowling balls) and clear acrylic are also used.", "\n\nIvory balls remained in use in artistic billiards competition until the late 20th century.", "\n\nTypes\n\nCarom billiards\n\nIn the realm of carom billiards (or carambole) games, three balls are used to play straight-rail, three-cushion, balkline, five-pins, and related games on pocketless billiards tables. ", "The exception is four-ball which needs an extra object ball. ", "Carom balls are not numbered, and at 61–61.5 mm (between approximately and  in) in diameter are larger than pool balls. ", "The 61.5 mm size are more common. ", "They are typically colored as follows:\n\n Red (or, uncommonly, blue; two object balls are used in four-ball)\n White for player 1\n White with a spot (or sometimes yellow) cue ball for player 2\n\nPool\n\nPool balls are used to play various pool (pocket billiards or pool billiards) games, such as eight-ball, nine-ball and one-pocket. ", "In North America and Asia, they are referred to simply as \"billiard balls\" (except among carom and snooker players). ", "These balls, used the most widely throughout the world, are considerably smaller than carom billiards balls, slightly larger than British-style pool balls and substantially larger than those for snooker. ", "According to WPA/BCA equipment specifications, the weight may be from with a diameter of , plus or minus . ", "These are often referred to as balls. ", "The balls are numbered and colored as in the table. ", "\n\nThe first series of the numbering of the balls from 1 through 7 being solid. ", "Are the same as 9 to 15 being striped. ", "They are eight away from the other of the same color.", "\n\nIn baseball pocket billiards, the ball set is extended to 21 balls, in which the 16 ball is black and white, while balls 17 through 21 have no special design, but look exactly like balls 9 through 13, respectively, except for their numbers.", "\n\nBalls 1 through 7 are often referred to as and 9 through 15 as though there are many other colloquial terms for each of balls (highs and lows, etc.). ", "Striped balls were introduced around 1889. ", "Though it looks similar to the solids, the 8 ball is not considered a solid because it is the only ball that is black. ", "Some games such as nine-ball do not distinguish between stripes and solids, but rather use the numbering on the balls to determine which must be pocketed. ", "In other games such as three-ball and straight pool neither type of marking is of any consequence. ", "In eight-ball, straight pool, and related games, all sixteen balls are employed. ", "In the games of seven-ball, nine-ball, ten-ball and related, only object balls 1 through 7, 9 and 10, respectively (plus the cue ball) are used.", "\n\nSome balls used in televised pool games are colored differently in order to make them distinguishable on television monitors. ", "Specifically, the 4 ball is colored pink instead of dark violet, and the 12 is white with a pink stripe, to make it easier to distinguish their color from the black 8 ball, and similarly the 7 and 15 balls use a light tan color instead of a deep maroon. ", "Television was also the genesis of the cue ball with six red spots on its surface (often referred to as a \"pro\" or \"tournament\" cue ball) so that placed on it is evident to viewers.", "\n\nCoin-operated pool tables such as those found at bowling alleys, gaming centers or bars uses a slightly oversized cue ball, so that the cue ball will be separated from object balls in the table's ball return mechanism, and delivered into its own ball return. ", "More modern tables uses a magnetic ball separator and a specially designed cue ball with a thin layer of metal embedded inside; the magnet pulls the cue ball away from the object ball collection chamber and into the cue ball return. ", "In Asia and Europe, some pool tables use a smaller cue ball instead. ", "Modern tables usually employ a magnetic ball of regulation or near-regulation size and weight, since players have complained for many decades that the heavy and often oversized cue balls are more difficult to .", "\n\nBritish-style pool (blackball)\n\nIn WPA blackball and its predecessor WEPF or English eight-ball pool (not to be confused with the games of eight-ball or English billiards), fifteen object balls again are used, but fall into two unnumbered , the (or less commonly ) and , with a white cue ball, and black 8 ball. ", "Aside from the 8, shots are not since there is no reliable way to identify particular balls to be pocketed. ", "Because they are unnumbered they are wholly unsuited to certain pool games, such as nine-ball, in which ball order is important. ", "They are noticeably smaller than the American-style balls, and with a cue ball that is slightly smaller than the object balls, while the table's are tighter to compensate. ", "Neither the WPA nor the WEPF (publicly) define ball or even table dimensions, though presumably league and tournament organizers are given some guidelines in this regard. ", "Most manufacturers that supply this market provide sets that range from up to , often with a slightly smaller cue ball, e.g. for a 2-inch set. ", "The most common object ball diameters are and . ", "The yellow-and-red sets are sometimes commercially referred to as \"casino sets\" (they were formerly used for televised eight-ball championships, most often held in casinos). ", "The use of such sets, however, predates television, as they were used for B.B.C. Co. Pool, the forerunner of modern eight-ball, at least as early as 1908.", "\n\nSnooker\n\nBall sets for the sport of snooker look at first glance like a mixture of American- and British-style pool balls. ", "There are twenty-two balls in total, arranged as a rack of 15 unmarked reds, six placed at various predetermined spots on the table, and a white cue ball. (", "See snooker for more information on ball setup.)The colour balls are sometimes numbered American-style, with their point values, for the amateur/home market, as follows in the adjacent table.", "\n\nSnooker balls are technically standardized at in diameter within a tolerance of plus or minus . ", "No standard weight is defined, but all balls in the set must be the same weight within a tolerance of . ", "However, many sets are actually , even from major manufacturers. ", "Snooker sets are also available with considerably smaller-than-regulation balls (and even with ten instead of fifteen reds) for play on smaller tables (down to half-size), and are sanctioned for use in some amateur leagues. ", "Sets for American snooker are typically , with numbered colour balls.", "\n\nThe set of eight colours used for snooker balls (including white) are thought to be derived from the game of croquet. ", "Snooker was invented in 1884 by British Army officers stationed in India. ", "Croquet reached its peak popularity at the same time, particularly amongst people in the same social context. ", "The eight coloured balls of croquet use the same identical set of eight colours. ", "There are many other similarities between croquet and snooker, which when taken together, suggest that the derivation of the latter owes much to the existence of the former.", "\n\nOther games\n\nVarious other games have their own variants of billiard balls. ", "English billiards balls are like carom balls but are the same size as snooker balls. ", "Russian pyramid uses a set of fifteen numbered but otherwise all-white balls, and a red or yellow cue ball that may be even larger than carom billiards balls at 68 mm (211⁄16 in) or 72 mm (24⁄5 in). ", "Kaisa has the same pocket and ball dimensions but uses only five balls: one yellow, two red and two cue balls, one for each player. ", "Bumper pool requires four white and four red object balls, and two special balls, one red with a white spot and the other white with red spot; all are usually inch (approximately 52.5 mm) in diameter. ", "Bar billiards uses six or seven white balls (depending on regional variations) and one red ball in diameter.", "\n\nTraining balls\n\nSeveral brands of practice balls exist, which have systems of spots, stripes, differently colored halves and/or targeting rings.", "\n\nFor example, Saluc markets several practice ball systems, including the Jim Rempe Training Ball, a marked with rings and targets on the surface of the ball so that the practicing player can better judge the effects of very particular amounts of , , and other forms of cue ball control, and learn better control of cue . ", "Various competing products, such as several other Saluc models and Elephant Practice Balls, use a similar aiming system. ", "Some such sets consist of just a special cue ball and manual, while others also include an object ball marked for aiming practice.", "\n\nNovelty balls\n\nThere is a market for specialty cue balls and even entire ball sets, featuring sports team logos, cartoon characters, animal pelt patterns, etc.", "\n\nEntrepreneurial inventors also supply a variety of novelty billiard games with unique rules and balls, some with playing card markings, others with stars and stripes, and yet others in sets of more than thirty balls in several suits. ", "Marbled-looking and glittery materials are also popular for home tables. ", "There are even blacklight sets for playing in near-dark. ", "There are also practical joke cue and 8 balls, with off-center weights in them that make their paths curve and wobble. ", "Miniature sets in various sizes (typically or of normal size) are also commonly available, primarily intended for undersized toy tables. ", "Even an egg-shaped ball has been patented and marketed under such names as Bobble Ball and Tag Ball.", "\n\nIn popular culture\n\nThe 8 ball is frequently used iconically in Western, especially American, culture. ", "It can often be found as an element of T-shirt designs, album covers and names, tattoos, household goods like paperweights and cigarette lighters, belt buckles, etc. ", "A classic toy is the Magic 8-Ball \"oracle\". ", "A wrestler, a rapper, and a rock band have all independently adopted the name. ", "The term \"8-ball\" is also slang both for of cocaine or crystal meth, and for a bottle of Olde English 800 malt liquor. ", "It has also been used to refer to African-Americans, particularly those of darker skin tones, as in the film Full Metal Jacket. ", "The expression \"behind the eight [ball]\" is used to indicate a dilemma from which it is difficult to extricate oneself. ", "The term derives from the game kelly pool.", "Billiard Congress America (1995–2005) A Brief History of the Noble Game of Billiards by Mike Shamos. ", "Retrieved 22 February 2007. ", "In the Seinfeld'' episode \"The Reverse Peephole\", the character Puddy wears a jacket featuring the eight-ball.", "\n\nBecause the collisions between billiard balls are nearly elastic, and the balls roll on a surface that produces low rolling friction, their behavior is often used to illustrate Newton's laws of motion. ", "Idealized, frictionless billiard balls are a staple of mathematical theorems and physics models, and figure in dynamical billiards, scattering theory, Lissajous knots, billiard ball computing and reversible cellular automata, Polchinski's paradox, contact dynamics, collision detection, the illumination problem, atomic ultracooling, quantum mirages and elsewhere in these fields.", "\n\n\"Billiard balls\" or \"pool balls\" is the name given to balls used in stage magic tricks, especially the classic \"multiplying billiard balls\". ", "Though obviously derived from real billiard balls, today they are usually smaller, for easier manipulation and hiding, but not so small and light that they are difficult to juggle, as the magic and juggling disciplines have often overlapped since their successful combination by pioneers like Paul Vandy.", "\n\nAn urban legend received cultural attention to many saying, \"If the Earth were the size of a billiard ball, it would be smoother\". ", "It was used in 2008's Discover Magazine stating no diameter variations measuring +/-0.005\" should be made, but mistook the diameter tolerance for smoothness. ", "If the Earth were reduced to the size of a billiard ball, its mountains and trenches would equal the texture of 320 grit sandpaper and the variation in diameter would be 0.0049\", which is near the maximum diameter tolerance. (", "see also: Earth's Shape)\n\nThe phrase \"as smooth as a billiard ball\" is sometimes applied to describe a bald person, and the term \"cue ball\" is also slang for someone who sports a shaved head.", "\n\nIn Polandball, numbered pool balls are used to denote aboriginal, prehistoric, or native peoples who do not have a flag of their own. ", "Green 6-balls also denote extraterrestrials.", "\n\nReferences\n\nPatents\n —Billiard ball \n —Billiard ball \n —Billiard ball \n —Billiard ball \n\nBall, billiard\nCategory:Balls\nCategory:Game equipment" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Attached please find the invitation for the Las Vegas Offsite to be held at \nthe Venetian from December 13-16, 2000. ", " Please go online and fill out the \ninformation to confirm your attendance.", "\n\nPlease note: Travel must be made through this attached invitation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Enron Emails" }

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[ "Cytotoxicity of biodegradable magnesium alloy WE43 to tumor cells in vitro: Bioresorbable implants with antitumor activity?", "\nIn this study, a degradable magnesium alloy WE43 (Mg-3.56%Y-2.20%Nd-0.47%Zr) was used as a research object. ", "To refine its microstructure from the initial homogenized one, the alloy was subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD) by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). ", "The data presented show that coincubation of tumor LNCaP and MDA-MB-231 cells with the WE43 alloy in the homogenized and the ECAP-processed states led to a decrease in their viability and proliferation. ", "An increase in the concentration of Annexin V(+) cells during coincubation with samples in both microstructural states investigated was also observed. ", "This is associated with the induction of apoptosis in the cell culture through contact with the samples. ", "Concurrently, a significant drop in the concentration of Bcl-2(+) cells occurred. ", "It was established that ECAP led to an enhancement of the cytotoxic activity of the alloy against tumor cells. ", "This study demonstrated that alloy WE43 can be considered as a promising candidate for application in orthopedic implants in clinical oncology, where it could play a double role of a mechanically stable, yet bioresorbable, scaffold with local antitumor activity. ", "© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:167-173, 2020." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.001464790548197925, 0.0006689579458907247, 0.0006245402619242668, 0.0005546551547013223, 0.0006255019688978791, 0.0005420723464339972, 0.0006836479296907783, 0.000665319268591702, 0.000821964000351727, 0.0006033990648575127 ]

[ "Modification and identification of a vector for making a large phage antibody library.", "\nThe large phage antibody library is used to obtain high-affinity human antibody, and the Loxp/cre site-specific recombination system is a potential method for constructing a large phage antibody library. ", "In the present study, a phage antibody library vector pDF was reconstructed to construct diabody more quickly and conveniently without injury to homologous recombination and the expression function of the vector and thus to integrate construction of the large phage antibody library with the preparation of diabodies. ", "scFv was obtained by overlap polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with the newly designed VL and VH extension primers. ", "loxp511 was flanked by VL and VH and the endonuclease ACC III encoding sequences were introduced on both sides of loxp511. ", "scFv was cloned into the vector pDF to obtain the vector pDscFv. ", "The vector expression function was identified and the feasibility of diabody preparation was evaluated. ", "A large phage antibody library was constructed in pDscFv. ", "Several antigens were used to screen the antibody library and the quality of the antibody library was evaluated. ", "The phage antibody library expression vector pDscFv was successfully constructed and confirmed to express functional scFv. ", "The large phage antibody library constructed using this vector was of high diversity. ", "Screening of the library on 6 antigens confirmed the generation of specific antibodies to these antigens. ", "Two antibodies were subjected to enzymatic digestion and were prepared into diabody with functional expression. ", "The reconstructed vector pDscFv retains its recombination capability and expression function and can be used to construct large phage antibody libraries. ", "It can be used as a convenient and quick method for preparing diabodies after simple enzymatic digestion, which facilitates clinical trials and application of antibody therapy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "/**************************************************************************\n *\n * Copyright (c) 2007-2010 VMware, Inc., Palo Alto, CA., ", "USA\n * All Rights Reserved.", "\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a\n * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\n * \"Software\"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including\n * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,\n * distribute, sub license, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to\n * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to\n * the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice (including the\n * next paragraph) shall be included in all copies or substantial portions\n * of the Software.", "\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL\n * THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS, AUTHORS AND/OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,\n * DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR\n * OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE\n * USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.", "\n *\n **************************************************************************/\n/*\n * Authors: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom-at-vmware-dot-com>\n */\n\n#include <drm/ttm/ttm_module.h>\n#include <drm/ttm/ttm_bo_driver.h>\n#include <drm/ttm/ttm_placement.h>\n#include <drm/drm_mm.h>\n#include <linux/slab.h>\n#include <linux/spinlock.h>\n#include <linux/module.h>\n\n/**\n * Currently we use a spinlock for the lock, but a mutex *may* be\n * more appropriate to reduce scheduling latency if the range manager\n * ends up with very fragmented allocation patterns.", "\n */\n\nstruct ttm_range_manager {\n\tstruct drm_mm mm;\n\tspinlock_t lock;\n};\n\nstatic int ttm_bo_man_get_node(struct ttm_mem_type_manager *man,\n\t\t\t struct ttm_buffer_object *bo,\n\t\t\t struct ttm_placement *placement,\n\t\t\t struct ttm_mem_reg *mem)\n{\n\tstruct ttm_range_manager *rman = (struct ttm_range_manager *) man->priv;\n\tstruct drm_mm *mm = &rman->mm;\n\tstruct drm_mm_node *node = NULL;\n\tunsigned long lpfn;\n\tint ret;\n\n\tlpfn = placement->lpfn;\n\tif (!", "lpfn)\n\t\tlpfn = man->size;\n\tdo {\n\t\tret = drm_mm_pre_get(mm);\n\t\tif (unlikely(ret))\n\t\t\treturn ret;\n\n\t\tspin_lock(&rman->lock);\n\t\tnode = drm_mm_search_free_in_range(mm,\n\t\t\t\t\tmem->num_pages, mem->page_alignment,\n\t\t\t\t\tplacement->fpfn, lpfn, 1);\n\t\tif (unlikely(node == NULL)) {\n\t\t\tspin_unlock(&rman->lock);\n\t\t\treturn 0;\n\t\t}\n\t\tnode = drm_mm_get_block_atomic_range(node, mem->num_pages,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t mem->page_alignment,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t placement->fpfn,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t lpfn);\n\t\tspin_unlock(&rman->lock);\n\t} while (node == NULL);\n\n\tmem->mm_node = node;\n\tmem->start = node->start;\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic void ttm_bo_man_put_node(struct ttm_mem_type_manager *man,\n\t\t\t\tstruct ttm_mem_reg *mem)\n{\n\tstruct ttm_range_manager *rman = (struct ttm_range_manager *) man->priv;\n\n\tif (mem->mm_node) {\n\t\tspin_lock(&rman->lock);\n\t\tdrm_mm_put_block(mem->mm_node);\n\t\tspin_unlock(&rman->lock);\n\t\tmem->mm_node = NULL;\n\t}\n}\n\nstatic int ttm_bo_man_init(struct ttm_mem_type_manager *man,\n\t\t\t unsigned long p_size)\n{\n\tstruct ttm_range_manager *rman;\n\n\trman = kzalloc(sizeof(*rman), GFP_KERNEL);\n\tif (!", "rman)\n\t\treturn -ENOMEM;\n\n\tdrm_mm_init(&rman->mm, 0, p_size);\n\tspin_lock_init(&rman->lock);\n\tman->priv = rman;\n\treturn 0;\n}\n\nstatic int ttm_bo_man_takedown(struct ttm_mem_type_manager *man)\n{\n\tstruct ttm_range_manager *rman = (struct ttm_range_manager *) man->priv;\n\tstruct drm_mm *mm = &rman->mm;\n\n\tspin_lock(&rman->lock);\n\tif (drm_mm_clean(mm)) {\n\t\tdrm_mm_takedown(mm);\n\t\tspin_unlock(&rman->lock);\n\t\tkfree(rman);\n\t\tman->priv = NULL;\n\t\treturn 0;\n\t}\n\tspin_unlock(&rman->lock);\n\treturn -EBUSY;\n}\n\nstatic void ttm_bo_man_debug(struct ttm_mem_type_manager *man,\n\t\t\t const char *prefix)\n{\n\tstruct ttm_range_manager *rman = (struct ttm_range_manager *) man->priv;\n\n\tspin_lock(&rman->lock);\n\tdrm_mm_debug_table(&rman->mm, prefix);\n\tspin_unlock(&rman->lock);\n}\n\nconst struct ttm_mem_type_manager_func ttm_bo_manager_func = {\n\tttm_bo_man_init,\n\tttm_bo_man_takedown,\n\tttm_bo_man_get_node,\n\tttm_bo_man_put_node,\n\tttm_bo_man_debug\n};\nEXPORT_SYMBOL(ttm_bo_manager_func);\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use Wingdings font in Java Swing\n\nWhen I try to use the Wingdings font (or other symbol fonts), the text comes out as rectangles instead of the correct text. ", " How do I get the correct characters to show?", "\nimport java.awt.*;", "\nimport javax.swing.*;", "\n\npublic class WingdingsFontDisplay extends JFrame\n{\n public static void main(String[] args)\n {\n new WingdingsFontDisplay();\n }\n\n public WingdingsFontDisplay()\n {\n this.setSize(500,150);\n this.setTitle(\"Fun with Fonts\");\n this.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.", "EXIT_ON_CLOSE);\n\n //This shows that I do have \"Wingdings\" available\n GraphicsEnvironment g;\n g = GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment();\n String[] fonts = g.getAvailableFontFamilyNames();\n for(String f : fonts)\n {\n System.out.println(f);\n }\n\n //Displaying text in the Wingdings font shows rectangles\n JLabel wingdingsText = new JLabel(\"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy\");\n Font f1 = new Font(\"Wingdings\", Font.", "PLAIN, 14);\n wingdingsText.setFont(f1);\n this.add(wingdingsText, BorderLayout.", "NORTH);\n\n //Displaying text in Arial works correctly\n JLabel arialText = new JLabel(\"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy\");\n Font f2 = new Font(\"Arial\", Font.", "PLAIN, 14);\n arialText.setFont(f2);\n this.add(arialText, BorderLayout.", "SOUTH);\n\n this.setVisible(true);\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou need to use the appropriate Unicode range for the symbols you seek. ", " In Java, symbols are not overlaid on the ASCII range, but have their own distinct character codes.", "\nYou can find a reference to the appropriate symbol codes at http://unicode.org/~asmus/web-wing-ding-ext.pdf . ", " Most common symbols are in the 0x2200 and 0x2700 Unicode ranges.", "\nYour Java install may include the SymbolTest sample applet, which makes it straightforward to preview the presentation of Unicode ranges with available fonts. ", " Be warned, however, that better Java implementations will use font substitutions for symbols or characters not in the specified font, so you'll want to be sure you're actually getting the specified font.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Yes, there is a direct bus departing from Montrose, Lloyds Pharmacy and arriving at Brechin, Bank Street. ", "Services depart every two hours, and operate every day. ", "The journey takes approximately 20 min.", "\n\nAurora Cabs\n\nAurora Cabs\n\nWant to know more about travelling around United Kingdom\n\nRome2rio's Travel Guide series provide vital information for the global traveller. ", "Filled with useful and timely travel information, the guides answer all the hard questions - such as 'How do I buy a ticket?', '", "Should I book online before I travel? ', '", "How much should I expect to pay?', '", "Do the trains and buses have Wifi?' - ", "to help you get the most out of your next trip.", "\n\nThings to do in Brechin\n\nEdzell Castle is a ruined 16th-century castle, with an early-17th-century walled garden. ", "It is located close to Edzell, and is around 5 mi north of Brechin, in Angus, Scotland. ", "Edzell Castle was begun around 1520 by David Lindsay, 9th Earl of Crawford, and expanded by his son, Sir David Lindsay, Lord Edzell, who also laid out the garden in 1604. ", "The castle saw little military action, and was, in its design, construction and use, more of a country house than a defensive structure. ", "It was briefly occupied by English troops during Oliver Cromwell's invasion of Scotland in 1651. ", "In 1715 it was sold by the Lindsay family, and eventually came into the ownership of the Earl of Dalhousie. ", "It was given into state care in the 1930s, and is now a visitor attraction run by Historic Scotland (open all year; entrance charge). ", "The castle consists of the original tower house and building ranges around a courtyard. ", "The adjacent Renaissance walled garden, incorporating intricate relief carvings, is unique in Scotland. ", "It was replanted in the 1930s, and is considered to have links to esoteric traditions, including Rosicrucianism and Freemasonry.", "\n\nArbroath Abbey, in the Scottish town of Arbroath, was founded in 1178 by King William the Lion for a group of Tironensian Benedictine monks from Kelso Abbey. ", "It was consecrated in 1197 with a dedication to the deceased Saint Thomas Becket, whom the king had met at the English court. ", "It was William's only personal foundation — he was buried before the high altar of the church in 1214.", "\n\nPlaces to stay in Brechin\n\nRome2rio is a door-to-door travel information and booking engine, helping you get to and from any location in the world.", "\nFind all the transport options for your trip from Montrose to Brechin right here. ", "Rome2rio displays up to date schedules, route maps, journey times and estimated fares from relevant transport operators, ensuring you can make an informed decision about which option will suit you best. ", "Rome2rio also offers online bookings for selected operators, making reservations easy and straightforward." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Melatonin's antioxidant protection against delta-aminolevulinic acid-induced oxidative damage in rat cerebellum.", "\ndelta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ", "Accumulation of ALA, as occurs in acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), is a potential endogenous source of ROS, which can then exert oxidative damage to cell structures. ", "In this work we investigated the role of pharmacological concentrations of melatonin on the deleterious effect of ALA and its effect on porphyrin biosynthesis. ", "Rat cerebellum incubations were carried out with either ALA (1.0 mM) together with increasing concentrations of melatonin (0.1-2.0 mM) or 2.0 mM melatonin together with varying ALA concentrations (0.05-2.0 mM) for different times (1-4 hr). ", "ALA-induced lipid peroxidation was significantly diminished by melatonin in a concentration-dependent manner. ", "In all conditions 2.0 mM melatonin restored malondialdehyde levels to control values. ", "In incubations without ALA, melatonin markedly reduced (36-40%) the basal levels of lipid peroxidation when compared with the corresponding controls. ", "ALA uptake and porphyrin accumulation were increased 30% in incubations with 1.0-2.0 mM ALA for 4 hr in the presence of 2.0 mM melatonin, providing evidence for the involvement of ALA-promoted ROS in the damage of enzymes related to porphyrin biosynthesis. ", "These results are further support for the protective role of melatonin against oxidative damage induced by ALA; this protective action of melatonin is probably due to melatonin's antioxidant and free radical scavenger properties. ", "The development of a new therapeutic approach for AIP patients employing melatonin alone or in combination with conventional treatments should be considered." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.003809525165706873, 0.0006918354774825275, 0.0009287794237025082, 0.0007153735496103764, 0.0017308876849710941, 0.0008926709415391088, 0.0007365955971181393, 0.0007875769515521824, 0.0008027323638089001, 0.0008379705250263214, 0.0005652810796163976 ]

[ "There are a large number of different communications spaces, e.g. telephone networks, thousands of intranets, heating systems, a car, an intelligent house, millions of private computers, a model railroad, a computer game, a net game, billions of television receivers, audio and video players, media servers and mobile devices, a virtual reality, the office suites on personal computers, a robot, the control room of a plant, a user browsing a Web page, a cruise liner, a further telephone network, an airport, a satellite, a supermarket and so on. ", "Common to all of them is, that specific information are exchanged and that within each communication space the information transfer methods are optimized according certain, in the main communication space specific criteria. ", "Due to the fact that those optimization criteria differ obviously as the case arises, each communication space is good at internal information transfer, but ill-suited when one thinks of external communication options.", "\nFurthermore, it is well known that there are examples where two communication spaces can communicate among themselves (apart from Internet connections or similar), but those communications are well-regulated by using well-defined interfaces with well-defined, barely extendable protocols. ", "So e.g. a network of a mobile telephone operator is connected with networks of other operators in this vein. ", "But these interfaces are laid out for very specific purposes in almost all cases. ", "There is currently no universal and flexible method in order permit two (or more) arbitrary communication spaces to bring (supplementary) inter-workings about." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0006496793357655406, 0.0005457846564240754, 0.0005559530109167099, 0.0005431227036751807, 0.0006500753806903958, 0.0005739368498325348, 0.0005958779947832227 ]

[ "La huelga de empleados de General Motors empieza a afectar a las plantas que la multinacional automovilísticas estadounidense opera en México. ", "El paro, que acaba de entrar en su tercera semana, va a forzar al fabricante a suspender la producción en la fábrica en Silao, en el Estado de Guanajuato. ", "Eso implica que 6.000 empleados tendrán que ser despedidos con carácter temporal.", "\n\nLa planta afectada ensambla las camionetas tipo pickup Silverado de Chevrolet y Sierra de GMC. ", "La huelga convocada en Estados Unidos por el sindicato United Auto Workers dura ya 16 días. ", "Si se tienen en cuenta estos últimos despidos anunciados en México, el total de empleados afectados en toda la región norteamericana ronda los 10.000 asalariados. ", "GM ya despidió a 3.200 empleados en Canadá.", "\n\nEs la primera huelga de empleados de GM en doce años y afecta a una treintena de plantas en EE UU. ", "El motivo del litigio es la falta de acuerdo en la negociación de un nuevo contrato laboral. ", "Los asalariados estadounidenses reclaman mejores salarios y que se garantice una mayor producción en el país, para así evitar que se deslocalicen empleos a México donde la mano de obra es más barata.", "\n\nSe calcula que el paro, secundado por 46.000 asalariados, podría estar costando ya cerca de 1.000 millones de dólares a GM. ", "El Silverado y el Sierra son dos de sus modelos más rentables. ", "La huelga impide a la compañía seguir fabricándolos, porque no le llegan las piezas y componentes necesarios para el ensamblaje. ", "Hasta ahora lograron tirar de los inventarios que tenían en los almacenes.", "\n\nLa semana pasada ya tuvo que parar la producción de motores en Silao, lo que afectó a 450 empleados mexicanos. ", "GM se limita a decir que la negociación continúa y que el objetivo en este momento es llegar lo antes posible a un acuerdo con el sindicato, “para que todo el mundo vuelva a trabajar”. ", "Las acciones del fabricante estadounidense caían más de un 3% a media sesión en Wall Street." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0017502601258456707, 0.044682711362838745, 0.0018036230467259884, 0.0011225234484300017, 0.06328809261322021, 0.005670244339853525, 0.0011323493672534823, 0.006481833290308714, 0.04513396695256233, 0.11940532177686691, 0.051889292895793915, 0.007991014048457146, 0.031940288841724396, 0.0046279230155050755, 0.10831864923238754, 0.11976432800292969, 0.00244052242487669 ]

[ "A Probabilistic Approach to Assess External Doses to the Public Considering Spatial Variability of Radioactive Contamination and Interpopulation Differences in Behavior Pattern.", "\nDose assessment is an important issue from the viewpoints of protecting people from radiation exposure and managing postaccident situations adequately. ", "However, the radiation doses received by people cannot be determined with complete accuracy because of the uncertainties and the variability associated with any process of defining individual characteristics and in the dose assessment process itself. ", "In this study, a dose assessment model was developed based on measurements and surveys of individual doses and relevant contributors (i.e., ambient dose rates and behavior patterns) in Fukushima City for four population groups: Fukushima City Office staff, Senior Citizens' Club, Contractors' Association, and Agricultural Cooperative. ", "In addition, probabilistic assessments were performed for these population groups by considering the spatial variability of contamination and interpopulation differences resulting from behavior patterns. ", "As a result of comparison with the actual measurements, the assessment results for participants from the Fukushima City Office agreed with the measured values, thereby validating the model and the approach. ", "Although the assessment results obtained for the Senior Citizens' Club and the Agricultural Cooperative differ partly from the measured values, by addressing further considerations in terms of dose reduction effects due to decontamination and the impact of additional exposure sources in agricultural fields, these results can be improved. ", "By contrast, the measurements obtained for the participants from the Contractors' Association were not reproduced well in the present study. ", "To assess the doses to this group, further investigations of association members' work activities and the related dose reduction effects are needed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.000570853881072253, 0.0006394844967871904, 0.0005575816030614078, 0.0005506934830918908, 0.000559051928576082, 0.0005325573729351163, 0.0005121451104059815, 0.0005841416423209012, 0.0005241402541287243 ]

[ "Evaluation of speech outcomes following treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers.", "\nOral and oropharyngeal cancers are amongst the commonest cancers worldwide and present a major health problem. ", "Owing to their critical anatomical location and complex physiologic functions, the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers often affects important functions, including speech. ", "The importance of speech in a patient's life can not be overemphasized, as its loss is often associated with severe functional and psychosocial problems and a poor quality of life. ", "A thorough understanding of the speech problems that are faced by these patients and their timely management is the key to providing a better functional quality of life, which must be one of the major goals of modern oncologic practice. ", "This review summarises key methods of evaluation and outcome of speech functions in the literature on oral and oropharyngeal cancer published between January 2000 and December 2008. ", "Speech has been generally overlooked and poorly investigated in this group of patients. ", "This review is an attempt to fill this gap by conducting the first speech-specific review for oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients. ", "We have proposed guidelines for better understanding and management of speech problems faced by these patients in their day-to-day life." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0011550516355782747, 0.006414205767214298, 0.0010662733111530542, 0.0019885869696736336, 0.0006321648834273219, 0.0008905864669941366, 0.0005488141905516386, 0.0011420311639085412, 0.0007205622387118638 ]

[ "<?", "php\nnamespace Kunnu\\Dropbox\\Http;\n\n/**\n * RequestBodyJsonEncoded\n */\nclass RequestBodyJsonEncoded implements RequestBodyInterface\n{\n\n /**\n * Request Params\n *\n * @var array\n */\n protected $params;\n\n /**\n * Create a new RequestBodyJsonEncoded instance\n *\n * @param array $params Request Params\n */\n public function __construct(array $params = [])\n {\n $this->params = $params;\n }\n\n /**\n * Get the Body of the Request\n *\n * @return string|null\n */\n public function getBody()\n {\n //Empty body\n if (empty($this->params)) {\n return null;\n }\n\n return json_encode($this->params);\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0010000212350860238, 0.012163045816123486 ]

[ "Q:\n\nIs switch case faster if using smaller numbers?", "\n\nI am wondering if I may optimize something if I change the \"huge\" numbers by some offsets (or something similar) in the switch-case statements. ", "So I have done a test :\n#include <iostream>\n#include <iomanip>\n#include <chrono>\n\nint main() {\n\n uint32_t f = 0x12345688;\n std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> start, end;\n\n int i = -1;\n\n start = std::chrono::system_clock::now();\n switch (f)\n {\n case 0x1234500 : i = 0; break;\n case 0x1234522 : i = 2; break;\n case 0x1234555 : i = 5; break;\n case 0x1234588 : i = 8; break;\n default : break;\n }\n end = std::chrono::system_clock::now();\n std::chrono::duration<double> elapsed_seconds = end-start;\n std::cout << \"elapsed time: \" << elapsed_seconds.count() << \"s\\n\";\n\n int j = -1;\n start = std::chrono::system_clock::now();\n switch (f & 0xf)\n {\n case (0x1234500 & 0xf) : j = 0; break;\n case (0x1234522 & 0xf) : j = 2; break;\n case (0x1234555 & 0xf) : j = 5; break;\n case (0x1234588 & 0xf) : j = 8; break;\n default : break;\n }\n end = std::chrono::system_clock::now();\n elapsed_seconds = end-start;\n std::cout << \"elapsed time: \" << elapsed_seconds.count() << \"s\\n\";\n\n return 0;\n}\n\nand it seems that always the second switch-case is faster.", "\nIs there a reason why the small numbers in the cases is making the statement faster (the \"gaps\" between the cases are the same)?", "\n\nA:\n\nThis benchmarking method is nonsense, because the compiler can statically determine the value of i between the two cases. ", "Your actual code will probably end up something like this:\nstart = std::chrono::system_clock::now();\nswitch (f)\n{\n case 0x1234500 : i = 0; break;\n case 0x1234522 : i = 2; break;\n case 0x1234555 : i = 5; break;\n case 0x1234588 : i = 8; break;\n default : break;\n}\nend = std::chrono::system_clock::now();\nstd::chrono::duration<double> elapsed_seconds = end-start;\nstd::cout << \"elapsed time: \" << elapsed_seconds.count() << \"s\\n\";\n\n// i = -1; this line isn't needed, the value isn't used, lets optimize it away\n\nstart = std::chrono::system_clock::now();\n// Oh great, we already know the value of i\n// Because nothing in the previos code could have affected f\n// i will get the same value as it did above, and we removed i = -1\n// So lets optimize away this pointless code here\nend = std::chrono::system_clock::now();\nelapsed_seconds = end-start;\n\nYou could attempt to declare i as volatile but that may prevent the compiler from other doing optimizations too, so it might not make a valid benchmark test either.", "\nThe i = -1; between tests is meaningless, since the compiler can deduct that this value isn't used. ", "So that code will just get removed as well.", "\nThe best way might be to read the constant 0x12345688 from a file or user input, so that the compiler can't assume anything about it. ", "You need to do this twice, for both test cases.", "\nGenerally: when doing benchmarking like this, always disassemble the code, to verify that your test isn't nonsense.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nhow do you set 2 table names in a model using Zend Framework 2\n\nI have created a model in Zend Framework 1.x which extends the Zend_Db_Table_Abstract class.", "\nrequire_once 'Zend/Db/Table/Abstract.php';\n\nclass Model_Account extends Zend_Db_Table_Abstract\n{\n\n protected $_name = 'accounts';\n\n public function someFunction()\n {\n //do something\n }\n\n}\n\nIn Zend Framework, you have to declare the table name in the $_name property. ", "At the moment, I only know how to declare one table name at a time, which means that my SQL statements will all be directed to the given table specified in the $_name property.", "\nIs there a way to declare multiple tables in the model so that I can effectively execute a join statement?", "\n\nA:\n\nI'm understanding that you want to have more than one model so you can execute a join. ", " Actually, you can accomplish a join without actually needing a second model.", "\nrequire_once 'Zend/Db/Table/Abstract.php';\n\nclass Model_Account extends Zend_Db_Table_Abstract\n{\n protected $_name = 'accounts';\n\n public function someFunction()\n {\n $otherTable = array('ot' => 'other_table');\n $columns = array(\n 'accounts.column_name', \n 'accounts.other_column_name'\n );\n $select = $this->select()\n ->from($this, $columns)\n ->join($otherTable, 'ot.accounts_id = accounts.id', array());\n\n $rowset = $this->fetchAll($select);\n return $rowset;\n }\n}\n\nIf you want another model, just create a new PHP file in your models folder and declare your class there.", "\nclass Model_OtherTable extends Zend_Db_Table_Abstract\n{\n protected $_name = 'other_table';\n\n // ...\n}\n\nAn example of using that would be:\n$accounts = new Model_Account();\n$results = $accounts->someFunction();\nforeach ($results as $result) {\n echo $result->column_name, '<br>';\n echo $result->other_column_name, '<br>';\n}\n\n// to see output of result set do this\nZend_Debug::dump($results->toArray());\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006650628056377172, 0.0006957026780582964, 0.0005901946569792926, 0.0007348249200731516, 0.0005920426337979734, 0.0006135280127637088, 0.0010609420714899898, 0.003848553402349353 ]

[ "Research blog\n\nAlthough to date we have released numerous stories and blog posts on our website, we are always looking for additional information to further enhance our understanding of a person, event or theme.", "\n\nAfrican Students in Filey 1950s/60sLast week we received several lists (see gallery of images below) with the names of African students who visited Filey in the 1950s and 1960s. ", "This greatly enhances our understanding of the collection of photographs which featured in our seventh picture blog entitled Sudanese Officials in Filey c.1960. Watch out for a more detailed story of their time in the region towards the end of the year.", "\n\nWith thanks to Mike Kain and Brian Mulrine, archive supervisor at the Crimlisk Fisher Archive. ", "​" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005138937849551439, 0.0005556382820941508, 0.0005509602488018572, 0.0006519889575429261, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "WOLLASTONEis a village, parish and station on the South Wales railway, 5 miles north-east from Chepstow, 12 south-east from Monmouth, 11 south-west from Newnham and 134 from London, situated on the western bank of the River Severn. ", "The village, which is very much scattered, partly lies on the high road from Newnham to Chepstow, in the Western division of the county, hundred of Westbury, union and county court district of Chepstow, rural deanery of South Forest, archdeaconry of Gloucester and diocese of Gloucester and Bristol.", "\n\nThe church of St. Andrew is an ancient and curiously formed structure in the Norman style, beautifully restored in 1859: it consists of chancel, nave, south aisle, organ chamber and a massive western tower; the church is entered on the south side through an old porch, and the interior is rendered exceedingly noble by the length and height of the nave, combined with its fine timbered roof; the arcade which divides the aisle from the nave consists of double shafts of polished marble, with richly foliated capitals; the large east window of the chancel is stained. ", "The register dates from the year 1688. ", "The living is a rectory, gross yearly value, with the chapelries of Alvington and Lancaut annexed, about £640, with residence, in the gift of S.S. Marling, esq. ", "M.P. and held by the Rev. William Somerset, LL.D. of Magdalene College, Cambridge. ", "The charities are about £7. ", "10s. ", "Yearly.", "\n\nSamuel Stephens Marling, esq. ", "M.P. is lord of the manor and chief landowner. ", "The soil is mostly gravel; subsoil limestone and sandstone. ", "The chief crops are wheat, barley and fruit. ", "The area is 4,376 acres of land and 1,040 or water. ", "Rateable value, £8.084 ; the population in 1871 was 998" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Shady businessman entangled in Trump-Russia investigation claims he doubled as American spy\n\nFelix Sater has worked with President Trump for years. (", "Felix Sater/via YouTube)\n\nHis name frequently appears in connection with President Trump's campaign and the possibility that it colluded with the Russian government, and his shady business dealings have landed him in trouble with U.S. intelligence agencies.", "\n\nBut what is not widely known about Felix Sater is that he has worked as a spy for the U.S. government on some of the nation's most top-secret intelligence operations, according to newly unearthed records.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\nIn sealed testimony to the House Intelligence Committee in December, the Russian-born, Brooklyn-bred businessman revealed that he obtained phone numbers for Osama Bin Laden and \"crucial\" intelligence on al-Qaeda before the 9/11 attacks, helping U.S. forces root out terrorist training camps and weapon caches across the Middle East.", "\n\nIn his testimony — which was obtained by the Daily News and first reported by BuzzFeed News — Sater also claimed that he obtained sensitive intel on North Korea's nuclear weapons program, helped prevent assassination attempts on President George W. Bush and ex-Secretary of State Colin Powell, in addition to helping the FBI detect and convict Russian and Ukrainian cybercriminals who had stolen money from U.S. financial institutions. ", "Sater also claims he helped federal agents arrest and convict Italian mobsters, according to his testimony.", "\n\nBut Sater's self-professed past as a U.S. intelligence asset has been overshadowed by his sketchy connections to Trump and his presidential campaign.", "\n\nThe 52-year-old ex-stockbroker is known for teaming up with the Trump Organization to develop the troubled Trump SoHo hotel — a deal which almost led federal prosecutors to file fraud charges against Ivanka and Donald Trump Jr.\n\nSater's name became even more synonymous with trouble after emails surfaced showing that he boasted to Trump's personal attorney Michael Cohen in November 2015 that he would \"get Donald elected\" by getting Russian President Vladimir Putin \"to buy in on this.\"", "\n\n\"Our boy can become president of the USA and we can engineer it,\" Sater wrote in one email to Cohen.", "\n\nThat email exchange is now of interest to special counsel Robert Mueller and his investigation into whether there was any coordination between Trump's campaign and the Russian government.", "\n\nSater says he was a senior adviser to Trump during the campaign. ", "But, in a confusing denial, Trump said last year that he wouldn't recognize Sater if he saw him on the street, even though the two have worked closely on several real estate ventures.", "\n\nIn an effort to clear his name, Sater discussed his checkered past with BuzzFeed and argued that, while he has made some missteps, he is actually an honest, crime-fighting man.", "\n\n\"I am being given no choice because of the ongoing Trump investigations,\" Sater told the news site. \"", "The media lies about me.\"", "\n\nNeither Mueller's office nor spokespeople for the FBI and the CIA would comment on Sater's claims.", "\n\nDonald Trump in the White House\n\nRonn Torossian, a spokesman for Sater, charged that \"the narrative\" around his client \"has been completely inaccurate.\"", "\n\n\"He is rightfully now being acknowledged for the role he's played to help american security. ", "He is thankful and in time will have more to say,\" Torossian told The News.", "\n\nSater testified that he deeply regrets a highly-sensationalized altercation in which he stabbed a man in the face with a margarita glass at a bar in Manhattan. ", "He ended up serving a year in prison for felony assault and lost his license as a Wall Street trader as a consequence.", "\n\nAdvertisement\n\n\"Although it was not an excuse, my unemployability and desperate need for money to support my family and my newborn child led to my involvement in illegal Wall Street activities,\" Sater said in his statement to the House Intelligence Committee.", "\n\nAfter working on the mob-connected \"dark side of Wall Street\" for nearly two years, Sater said he moved to Moscow. ", "There he forged business relationships with powerful oligarchs connected to the Kremlin and helped orchestrate a failed Ukrainian peace plan that Putin would've been a big fan of.", "\n\nAfter a few years in Moscow, Sater said he met American defense contractor Milton Blane.", "\n\nSater is a target of special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian election meddling. (", "Andrew Harnik/AP)\n\n\"He told me that my country needed me and he proceeded to recruit me in support of American intelligence efforts,\" Sater said in his House testimony.", "\n\nFor the next two decades, Sater said he worked for U.S. intelligence agencies on top secret operations. ", "His fluency in Russian and connections to various criminal underworlds proved him a valuable asset, and he was able to avoid prison time on federal racketeering charges in exchange for his cooperation with the government.", "\n\nSater said some of his most important work took place after the 9/11 attacks.", "\n\nSater claims he cultivated the personal secretary of Mulla Omar, the head of the Taliban and Osama Bin Laden's protector, into a U.S. intelligence asset. ", "Sater insinuated in his testimony that the secretary ended up providing intel that helped U.S. forces assassinate Bin Laden in 2011.", "\n\nSater's House testimony depicts him as an American hero who has, in his own words, \"saved the lives of hundreds if not thousands of military personnel.\"", "\n\nBut Sater is also a prime target of Mueller's investigators, especially because of his suspicious email to Trump's personal attorney during the campaign.", "\n\nAsked about his email to Cohen, Sater said that he \"of course\" doesn't know Putin and was just trying to look out for everybody's best interest.", "\n\n\"If a deal can get done and I could make money and he could look like a statesman, what the fuck is the downside, right?\" ", "Sater said." ]

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[ "<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"Shift_JIS\"?", ">\n<!--", "\nSource: http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/atom.xml\nExpect: SHIFT_JIS\n-->\n<feed version=\"0.3\" xmlns=\"http://purl.org/atom/ns#\" xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n<title>BD-1で楽々通勤～BD-wonderful</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\" />\n<modified>2006-01-03T14:04:04Z</modified>\n<tagline>折り畳み自転車BD-1で片道16ｋｍの自転車通勤をしております。BD-Wonderful Lifeへようこそ！</tagline>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2006:/bd-1//1</id>\n<generator url=\"http://www.movabletype.org/\" version=\"3.2-ja-2\">Movable Type</generator>\n<copyright>Copyright (c) 2006, y-moto</copyright>\n<entry>\n<title>さらなる防寒対策</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2006/01/bd1_9.html\" />\n<modified>2006-01-03T14:04:04Z</modified>\n<issued>2006-01-03T14:00:58Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2006:/bd-1//1.507</id>\n<created>2006-01-03T14:00:58Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\">　お正月も今日で終わり。また明日から自転...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>衣類</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p>　お正月も今日で終わり。また明日から自転車通勤再開です。今朝は前日の雨で道路が軒並みアイスバーンになってました。容赦してくれません（涙）。</p>\n\n<p>　寒いのはこれからが本格化。更なる防寒対策が必要だと思います。</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"698.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/698.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" alt=\"レッグウォマー\"/></p>\n\n<p>　今度は<a href=\"http://px.a8.net/svt/ejp?a8mat=OHBW0+584ZXU+5WS+C28PV&a8ejpredirect=http%3A%2F%2Fitem.rakuten.co.jp%2Fqbei%2F06sp-legwomar%2F\">スペシャライズドのレッグウォーマー</a>。タイツよりも脱ぎ着が簡単でレーサーパンツにも合いますね。通勤時にはレーパンは着ませんが、タイツ代わりにもなりますね。</p>\n\n<p>　今はタイツですが、もう少し暖かくなればこっちの方がイイのかも知れません。</p>\n\n<p>　明日から涙目で通勤です(T_T)</p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>初詣ポタ</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2006/01/post_274.html\" />\n<modified>2006-01-02T02:16:37Z</modified>\n<issued>2006-01-01T23:55:55Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2006:/bd-1//1.506</id>\n<created>2006-01-01T23:55:55Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\">　新年明けましておめでとうございます。今...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>ポタリング</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p>　新年明けましておめでとうございます。今年も「BD-1で楽々通勤」をよろしくお願いします。_(_^_)_</p>\n\n<p>　自宅～印旛沼CR～宗吾霊堂～成田山新勝寺～印旛沼CR～自宅</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/687.jpg\"><img alt=\"687.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/687-thumb.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"301\" /></a></p>\n\n<p>　</p>]]>\n<![", "CDATA[<p>　今年も成田山まで走ることにしました。今年で3回目です。自宅から印旛沼CRに出て宗吾霊堂を抜けて成田まで行きます。三が日の天気が明日（2日）が雨か雪ということで、もしかすると雪だと3日も危ない。風も穏やかなので今日（元旦）走ることにしました。しかし寝坊して家を出るのがお昼前(+_+)</p>\n\n<p>　<a href=\"http://www.city.yachiyo.chiba.jp/sisetu/eki.html\"target=\"_brink\">道の駅やちよ</a>到着。さすがに営業していないので誰もいない。三が日は休みのようである。</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"688.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/688.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n\n<p>　印旛沼CRを走る（別名県道406号線）。流石に元旦早々走っている人は少ないので快調に走れます。北風も弱めです。冬は虫もいないので快適(^^♪</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"689.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/689.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n\n<p>　佐倉の風車（リフーテ）に到着。ここもひっそりとしています。どんよりとした雲に支配されています。富士山と筑波山の見えるポイントなんですが、拝めません。</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"691.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/691.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" /><img alt=\"690.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/690.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n\n<p>　<a href=\"http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp/sightseeguide/sight-his-reido.html\"target=\"_brink\">宗吾霊堂</a>到着。宗吾霊堂とは江戸時代にこのあたりの名主総代だった佐倉宗吾（木内惣五郎）が凶作と飢饉にあえぐ農民を救うため、江戸に出て４代将軍家綱に直訴を決行しましたがあえなく捕らえられ処刑されてしまいました。そんな佐倉宗吾が祀られている。近くには佐倉宗吾の旧宅がある。その前の道も「直訴道」と名付けられている。あの「Qちゃん」もここに初詣に来るらしい。</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"692.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/692.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n\n<p>　成田山へ向う。成田山へは自転車が便利だ。駐車場の心配はいらないし、交通規制はやっているし、途中の参道さえ押して歩けば境内の中まで入れる。やはり元旦はすごい人だった。１年間使っていた御守りを納めて、また新たに御守りを買うが買うのにも一苦労。また１年この御守りのお世話になる。</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"693.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/693.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" /><img alt=\"694.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/694.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n\n<p>　お腹が減ったのでどこかで飯！と思ったのだが、参道の店はどこもすごい人。なので脱出し、公津の杜のショッピングセンターへ。ショッピングセンターもすごい人。そこで昼食（写真なし）。既に時刻は夕方4時前でナイトラン確実。</p>\n\n<p>　印旛沼CRを戻る。わずかな光を頼りに・・・。周りには何もない。後ろのテールライトが・・・。ない。どこかに落としたようであります。（多分成田山で）とりあえずバック自体もリフレクターが付いているので大丈夫だとは思いますが・・・。道の駅やちよに到着の頃にはとっぷりと日が暮れました。</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"695.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/695.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n\n<p>　積算距離 78.4km　移動平均速　18.1km/h　最高速度 42.5km/h</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"696.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/696.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n\n<p>　フリーパックメタ2は使い勝手いいですね。体に何もつけずに走るのは楽です。</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/697.jpg\"><img alt=\"697.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/697-thumb.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"253\" /></a></p>]]>\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>年間走行距離報告～良いお年を！</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/post_273.html\" />\n<modified>2005-12-31T13:09:12Z</modified>\n<issued>2005-12-31T12:55:11Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2005:/bd-1//1.505</id>\n<created>2005-12-31T12:55:11Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\">　今日は大晦日。3つまとめて距離報告 　...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>走行距離報告</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p>　今日は大晦日。3つまとめて距離報告</p>\n\n<p>　まず週間走行距離報告から</p>\n\n<p>　今週の積算距離 145km　移動平均速　18.8km/h　最高速度 38.4km/h</p>\n\n<p>　12月の月例走行距離報告　19日　639km</p>\n\n<p>　年間走行距離は　<strong>7,370km</strong>　ジャジャーン！(^_^)v</p>\n\n<p>　とりあえず目標にしていた月600kmの目標は達成されました。!(^^)!</p>\n\n<p>　そして2002年よりの通算走行距離は<strong>19,887km</strong>です。</p>\n\n<p>　地球半周は来年に持ち越しになりました。</p>\n\n<p>　何事も目標を持つことはいいことだと思います。緩やかな目標を持てば張り合いが出るし、公表すれば後には引けないということになって、いい励みになります。</p>\n\n<p>　※「BD-1で地球一周」・・・赤道一週40,000kmをBD-1で目指す。サイクルコンピューター取り付け以前はノーカウント。2002年からの走行距離データーを通算しています。</p>\n\n<p>　今年は本当に1年を通じて満足に乗れたと思います。事故もなかったですし（転倒はありましたけど・・・）。</p>\n\n<p>　また来年も今年と同じくらいの走行ペースで行きたいと思ってます。また来年もよろしくお願いします。", "<(_ _)></p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>フリーパックメタ2使用感</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/2_8.html\" />\n<modified>2005-12-30T23:00:20Z</modified>\n<issued>2005-12-30T23:00:18Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2005:/bd-1//1.504</id>\n<created>2005-12-30T23:00:18Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\">　先日購入したリクセンカウルのフリーパッ...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>持ち回り品</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p>　先日購入したリクセンカウルの<a href=\"http://px.a8.net/svt/ejp?a8mat=U6TJ6+TRP0Y+GYA+BW8O2&a8ejpredirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.selectit.jp%2Fitem_acce%2Fxpac-bag_rixen-km829.html\" target=\"_blank\">フリーパックメタ2</a><img border=\"0\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" src=\"http://www13.a8.net/0.gif?a8mat=U6TJ6+TRP0Y+GYA+BW8O2\" alt=\"\">が届いたので早速使ってみることにしました。</p>\n\n<p>　特徴はなんと言ってもただのディバックではない。別売りの<a href=\"http://px.a8.net/svt/ejp?a8mat=U6TJ6+TRP0Y+GYA+BW8O2&a8ejpredirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.selectit.jp%2Fitem_acce%2Fxpac-sba_rixenkaul12.html\" target=\"_blank\">エクステンダー</a><img border=\"0\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" src=\"http://www10.a8.net/0.gif?a8mat=U6TJ6+TRP0Y+GYA+BW8O2\" alt=\"\">をシートポストに取り付ければ、自転車にワンタッチで取り付けられますのでディバックを背負う必要もない。特に夏場はこれは助かる。</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/684.jpg\"><img alt=\"684.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/684-thumb.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" /></a></p>\n\n<p>　容量は26リットル。ポケットがいっぱい付いているので容量的には問題なさそう。レインカパーも付いているので雨でも安心。リフレクターも付いている。造りそのものは重厚でチョットやそっとじゃ型崩れしない。リクセンカウルの良さは丈夫なこと。いかにも造りがドイツ製って感じ。バックとしての完成度はスゴイ。</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/685.jpg\"><img alt=\"685.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/685-thumb.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" /></a></p>\n\n<p>　これなら1泊程度の旅行にもちょうどいい。輪行にも便利（ヘルメットも取り付けられる）。今まで走る時はディバックを避けてましたが、ポタリングなどの気軽な移動にはディバックが向いている。自転車から離れるときはそのまま背負えば違和感ない。</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/686.jpg\"><img alt=\"686.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/686-thumb.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" /></a></p>\n\n<p>　エクステンダーとの取り付けは凹型の金属棒が付いている。それにエクステンダーに引っ掛ける。マッチパックと同じ。ジョイントが折れる心配はない。</p>\n\n<p>　弱点としてはサドルによるのかも知れませんが、バックをエクステンダーに取り付けるのが結構大変です。エクステンダーの足がもう少し長ければ解決する問題。どちらかというとエクステンダー側の問題かもしれませんが・・・。</p>\n\n<p>　今後のポタリングや輪行、ちょっとしたお出かけに使おうと思っております。</p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>オーラス自転車通勤</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/post_272.html\" />\n<modified>2005-12-29T09:01:20Z</modified>\n<issued>2005-12-29T09:00:07Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2005:/bd-1//1.503</id>\n<created>2005-12-29T09:00:07Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\">　今日で今年の自転車通勤は終了。とりあえ...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>自転車通勤</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p>　今日で今年の自転車通勤は終了。とりあえずここまで大きな事故もなく一安心(^_^.)</p>\n\n<p>　1月からのデーターをまとめると</p>\n\n<p>　1月　435ｋｍ　7月　684ｋｍ<br />\n　2月　352ｋｍ　8月　601ｋｍ<br />\n　3月　512ｋｍ　9月　766ｋｍ<br />\n　4月　676ｋｍ　10月　575ｋｍ　<br />\n　5月　694ｋｍ　11月　778ｋｍ<br />\n　6月　658ｋｍ　12月　494ｋｍ（先週まで）</p>\n\n<p>　先週までの年間累計が<strong>7,225ｋｍ</strong>　<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2004/12/29/\"target=\"_brink\">昨年の累計距離</a>は<strong>6,316ｋｍ</strong>ですから約1,000ｋｍ程走行距離が伸びる予定です。</p>\n\n<p>　正確には1月～3月までBD-1Wでの走行。4月からはBD-1@通勤号での走行。一昨年9月よりBD-1Wで通勤しておりましたが、10,000ｋｍ程走行して、オーバーホールに名を借りた？カスタムは全く進行してない(*_*)。</p>\n\n<p>　年々落ちる一方のアクティビリティかと思いきや、ブログを通じていろいろなコメントをもらうといい刺激になりますね。これはホントにありがたいことです。", "<(_ _)></p>\n\n<p>　明日で走行距離は確定させる予定ですが、走り初めは毎年恒例になっている<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/01/02/index.html\"target=\"_brink\">初詣ポタ</a>の予定。どうも元旦、2日とお天気が怪しいみたいですね。(+_+)　せっかく手に入れた<a href=\"http://px.a8.net/svt/ejp?a8mat=U6TJ6+TRP0Y+GYA+BW8O2&a8ejpredirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.selectit.jp%2Fitem_acce%2Fxpac-bag_rixen-km829.html\" target=\"_blank\">フリーパックメタ2</a><img border=\"0\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" src=\"http://www13.a8.net/0.gif?a8mat=U6TJ6+TRP0Y+GYA+BW8O2\" alt=\"\">の使用レポートもやろうと計画していたのに・・・。</p>\n\n<p>　こうやって見るとホントに1年ってあっという間ですね。おそろしや～。((+_+))</p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>そういえばあの話の続き・・・。</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/post_271.html\" />\n<modified>2005-12-28T09:09:22Z</modified>\n<issued>2005-12-28T08:40:51Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2005:/bd-1//1.502</id>\n<created>2005-12-28T08:40:51Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\">　1年間振り返る意味で、ブログであんな事...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>雑記</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p>　1年間振り返る意味で、ブログであんな事こんな事書いてまいりましたが</p>\n\n<p>　「あの話はどうなったの」編。</p>\n\n<p>　①<u>体重編</u></p>\n\n<p>　ブログ始めた当初は体重と体脂肪率を載せてました。体重の増減を一喜一憂しようと思っていたんですが、逆に増加してしまいました(+_+)</p>\n\n<p>　どうも大きく体重が減少するのは乗り始めてから1年程度でそれ以降は増減を繰り返しています。体がそういうリズムに慣れてしまうのか、寄り道して大食しすぎているのか？（最近は控えてます）。既にブログ始めた時点では完全に「時すでに遅し」って感じだったですね。毎日夕食が夜食近くになってしまうのでそれが良くない感じ。</p>\n\n<p>　現時点では最高値（自転車通勤する前）と比べると-7～-8kg位で、体脂肪率は20%前後で推移してます。ブログ始め当初までの水準に戻りつつあります。やはり自転車に乗らないとダメなのは分かりきっておりますけれど・・・。とりあえず現状維持ということで。</p>\n\n<p>　②<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2004/12/16/\"target=\"_brink\">去年の物欲リスト</a>の3つのうち1つだけゲット！！<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/19/\"target=\"_brink\">NIKE KATO</a>のみ。あと2つはまたいずれかに・・・。また新たに来年に向けた「物欲リスト」でも作ろうかなと。</p>\n\n<p>　③<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/11/23/\"target=\"_brink\">鈴を付けて走った件</a>なんですが、効果の程はと申しますと・・・。</p>\n\n<p><img src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/631.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p>　狭路・・・◎　効果絶大。存在を察知してくれます。</p>\n\n<p>　幹線道路（歩道）、裏通り・・・○　車の走行音でかき消されてしまいます。</p>\n\n<p>　幹線道路（車道）・・・×　意味無し。</p>\n\n<p>　犬、猫・・・○　口あけてこっちを見ている。</p>\n\n<p>　そんなわけでした。自分も歩いていると、後ろから自転車が来てビックリすることがあるので付け始めたのですが、最大の弱点があったのです・・・。</p>\n\n<p>　<strong>「うるさい」</strong>　早くそれに気付くべきであった・・・。</p>\n\n<p>　1年間いろんな話がありましたね（グダグダ書いてるだけだけど）。明日が自転車通勤オーラスの予定。</p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>消耗品の寿命（タイヤ、チェーン、ブレーキシュー）</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/post_268.html\" />\n<modified>2005-12-27T08:59:27Z</modified>\n<issued>2005-12-27T08:45:45Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2005:/bd-1//1.498</id>\n<created>2005-12-27T08:45:45Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\">　自転車の消耗品について考えてみようと思...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>メンテナンス</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p>　自転車の消耗品について考えてみようと思います。当然自転車も走っていれば消耗する部分が出てきますが、消耗部分の寿命ってどのくらいか振り返る。</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/683.jpg\"><img alt=\"683.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/683-thumb.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" /></a></p>\n\n<p>　消耗部分と考えられるのはタイヤ、チェーン、ブレーキシュー。厳密に言うと他もありますけど、とりあえず3点に絞って考えます。</p>\n\n<p>　<u>タイヤ</u>・・・フロントとリアでは減り方が全然違う。ホイールごとっかえひっかえしてたので交換時期が未定。使用タイヤは<a href=\"http://px.a8.net/svt/ejp?a8mat=OHBW0+584ZXU+5WS+C28PV&a8ejpredirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rakuten.co.jp%2Fatomic-cycle%2F471016%2F549540%2F549550%2F%23683485\">パナレーサーパセラ</a>と<a href=\"http://px.a8.net/svt/ejp?a8mat=U6TJ6+TRP0Y+GYA+BW8O2&a8ejpredirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.selectit.jp%2Fitem_equip%2Fxpeq-tir_20schwalbe.html\" target=\"_blank\">シュワルベマラソン18×1.5</a><br />\n<img border=\"0\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" src=\"http://www11.a8.net/0.gif?a8mat=U6TJ6+TRP0Y+GYA+BW8O2\" alt=\"\">。リアは両方とも1,500ｋｍ以上走ると相当ヤバくなってくる。シュワルベマラソンはNewデザインになってから、減りが早いような気がする。暑さのせいか夏場のタイヤの減りはすさまじかった。リアに比べるとフロントはまだまだイケる。</p>\n\n<p>　結論）リア2,000ｋｍ前後　フロント　不明</p>\n\n<p>　注・・・タイヤの種類と走り方で違う。</p>\n\n<p>　<u>チェーン</u>・・・<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/03/28/\">3/28</a>、<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/09/19/\">9/19</a>に交換。大体半年程度か？寿命は5,000km程度と言われますが、もっと短いような気がする。この位のサイクルの交換でもチェーンの伸びがはっきりとよくわかる。これも走り方によって寿命も違うんではないかと思います。余計継ぎ足しなんかやってますので伸びやすいのではないかと思います。</p>\n\n<p>　結論）3,000ｋｍ～4,000ｋｍ。（伸びたチェーンはスプロケットを傷める）</p>\n\n<p>　注・・・走り方で全然違う</p>\n\n<p>　<u>ブレーキシュー</u>・・・タイヤと同じくフロントとリアとでは減り方が違う。リアは<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/07/bd1_7.html\"target=\"_brink\">7/19</a>、<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/13/\"target=\"brink\">12/13</a>に交換。フロントは<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/07/bd1_7.html\">7/19</a>のみ。ノーマルのブレーキシューよりも<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/07/capreo.html\">カプレオのブレーキシュー</a>は持ちはいいとは思うが、雨などではリムにドロドロのシューのカスがこびりついている。</p>\n\n<p>　結論）見て無いようだったら即交換。（距離、時期関係なし）雨中ライドは要注意！</p>\n\n<p>　こうやってみると、リアに負担がいっているような感じ。単純に言うと「リアブレーキ使いすぎ」と言うことでしょうね・・・。</p>\n\n<p>　消耗品交換時期を見るとその人の乗り方のクセがバレる(ーー;)</p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>今週は166km～雑感</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/166km.html\" />\n<modified>2005-12-26T01:08:51Z</modified>\n<issued>2005-12-26T00:35:19Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2005:/bd-1//1.501</id>\n<created>2005-12-26T00:35:19Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\">　今週の積算距離 166km　移動平均速...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>走行距離報告</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p>　今週の積算距離 166km　移動平均速　19.4km/h　最高速度 39.8km/h</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"682.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/682.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n\n<p>　今週も寒かったですね。また年末にかけても寒波が居座るようなので、この寒さともまだお付き合いしなくてはなりません。</p>\n\n<p>　自分の足回りを見直した結果、だいぶ楽にペダリングできるようになりました。寒くてつま先が痛くてどうしようも無かったのですが、これで解消されました。冬は温度調整が難しいのですが、だんだんとコツがつかめてきたような気がします。</p>\n\n<p>　寒さ対策は答えがあるようで無いと思ってます。ですから色々と試して見る必要性があると思います。</p>\n\n<p>　冬にきちんとした温度調整ができれば積雪さえなければ自転車に乗るには快適なシーズンではないかと密かに思っております（汗もかかないし）。一番怖いのが積雪、アイスバーン。</p>\n\n<p>　残り少ない今年の自転車に乗れるチャンスを満喫しようと思っております。</p>\n\n<p>　個人的には有馬記念のディープインパクトの敗戦にショックを受けております。史上初無敗のグランプリホースにはなりませんでした。残り200メートルのターボエンジンは不発でしたね。ハーツクライもうまく流れに乗ったと思いますけどね。</p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>クリスマスツリーを見に寄り道</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/post_270.html\" />\n<modified>2005-12-24T14:34:07Z</modified>\n<issued>2005-12-24T14:35:31Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2005:/bd-1//1.500</id>\n<created>2005-12-24T14:35:31Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\">　やはりこのブログもクリスマスということ...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>寄り道</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p>　やはりこのブログもクリスマスということで・・・。</p>\n\n<p>　今日は仕事の帰りにクリスマスツリーを見に寄り道。今日はクリスマスイブ。クリスマスツリーといえば当然ココでしょう。</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/677.jpg\"><img alt=\"677.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/677-thumb.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" /></a></p>\n\n<p>　「中山競馬場」（爆）</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/678.jpg\"><img alt=\"678.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/678-thumb.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" /></a></p>\n\n<p>　明日は有馬記念ですね。正門前にはクソ寒い中、すごい人たちが既に並んでいる。今年は来る人が多いと思います。（既に前売り完売）ディープインパクトが無敗でグランプリを制するのか？久しぶりにワクワクする有馬記念ですね(*^_^*)</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/679.jpg\"><img alt=\"679.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/679-thumb.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" /></a></p>\n\n<p>　昨年も中山に来ました。そして今年も・・・。行動パターンが昨年と一緒です。(^^ゞやはりここのクリスマスツリーは大きくてキレイですね。</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/680.jpg\"><img alt=\"680.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/680-thumb.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" /></a><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/681.jpg\"><img alt=\"681.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/681-thumb.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" /></a></p>\n\n<p>　明日の大人たちのクリスマスプレゼントは・・・？一生懸命考えますφ(..)メモメモ</p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>レイヤリングって何？</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/post_269.html\" />\n<modified>2005-12-26T00:10:09Z</modified>\n<issued>2005-12-24T01:20:10Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2005:/bd-1//1.499</id>\n<created>2005-12-24T01:20:10Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\">　よく聞く言葉ですが「自転車の服装はレイ...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>衣類</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p>　よく聞く言葉ですが「自転車の服装はレイヤリングが基本」とあるが、そのレイヤリングって何？</p>\n\n<p>　レイヤリングとは「重ね着」のこと。体調や天候の急変などに対応させることが重要になってくる。特に冬場は寒いからといって一気に厚手のジャケットを着るのはご法度。今度は汗をかいたときにジャケットを脱ぐと「汗冷え」をしてしまう。となるとカラダに負担がかかる。携行にも向かない。</p>\n\n<p>　一番下に着るアンダーシャツ（インナー）は速乾性シャツが望ましい。速乾性シャツの重要性は夏よりもむしろ冬だと思います。冬でも乗れば汗が出ます。その汗が時間経過とともにとカラダを冷やす。特に綿素材はなかなか乾かないので今の時期には向かない。</p>\n\n<p>　一番表に着るアウター（ジャケット）ですが、求められるのは風を通さない「防風性」と内部の熱や水分をすばやく表に放出する「ベンチレーション」機能。これが備わっていること。前方はちょっとの風や雨などを寄せ付けない耐久性と、背中はウエア内で汗をかいてもすばやく熱を外に逃がすような機能が備わっているものはやはり高価ですが、冬場はそういうのがありがたい。</p>\n\n<p>　ミッドウェアーですが、これはフリースやベストなどで温度調整の役割をします。そんなにスピードを上げない（ポタリングなど）汗をかかないような状況でアウターの下に着る。</p>\n\n<p>　それぞれ違う役割を持たせて、微妙な環境の変化に対応するそれが「レイヤリング」と言う。自転車だけでなくアウトドアや登山などの服装もその「レイヤリング」が基本となっている。</p>\n\n<p>　一応自分の対処法</p>\n\n<p>　・インナーシャツ（半袖ジャージやＴシャツ）＋<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/09/24/index.html\"target=\"_brink\">アームウォーマー</a><br />\n<img src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/547.jpg\"><img src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/541.jpg\"></p>\n\n<p>　毎日乗ると枚数揃えるが大変。なので￥2,000～￥3,000程度のシャツで十分かと・・・。ユニクロ独壇場・・・。</p>\n\n<p>　・アウタージャケット（<a href=\"http://px.a8.net/svt/ejp?a8mat=OHBW0+584ZXU+5WS+C28PV&a8ejpredirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rakuten.co.jp%2Fatomic-cycle%2F520422%2F538789%2F538793%2F538791%2F%23661580\">モンベル　ライトシェルサイクルジャケット</a>）</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"674.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/674.jpg\" width=\"188\" height=\"250\" /></p>\n\n<p>　まさしく理にかなった自転車用ジャケット。前面と背面とで違う素材を配している。前面は保温性に優れた素材、背面に通気性に優れた伸縮素材で前傾姿勢でもOK。防水性と撥水性もなかなか。<br />\n　<br />\n ・ミッドウェアー（ベスト）</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"675.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/675.jpg\" width=\"175\" height=\"250\" /><img alt=\"676.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/676.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"168\" /></p>\n\n<p>　スポーツオーソリティで見つけた￥2,999の自転車用ベスト。10月下旬～12月初旬までこれがアウターになってました。リフレクターも備える優れもの。携行性も抜群。</p>\n\n<p>　という感じになってます。通勤では殆んどミッドウェアーは使用しません。まぁ一応自分なりにレイヤリングを意識しております・・・。</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.montbell.com/japanese/club/backnumber/index03.html\"target=\"_brink\">レイヤリング（モンベル歳時記）</a></p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>極寒対策（その3）～顔周り</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/3_5.html\" />\n<modified>2005-12-22T10:16:18Z</modified>\n<issued>2005-12-22T10:15:14Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2005:/bd-1//1.497</id>\n<created>2005-12-22T10:15:14Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\">　極寒対策その３として、最後に露出してい...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>衣類</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p>　極寒対策その３として、最後に露出している部分の防寒対策。それは「顔周り」です。顔周辺（顔、首、耳）の防寒対策を怠ると、ペダル漕ぐ足も進まない。</p>\n\n<p>　目の周りは<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/01/16/index.html\"target=\"_brink\">アイウエア</a>があるからいいとして、問題は目から下。自分はネックウォーマーで対処しています。フェイスガードも検討しましたが息が上がっているとアイウエアが曇ってしまうので、臨機応変に鼻まで上げたり、首まで下げたりしています。結構暖かです。</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"672.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/672.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n\n<p>　後は耳周辺。昨年は初めてこのタイプのイヤーウォーマーを購入しましたが、音が拾いにくく、長時間していると耳が痛くなってくる（寒さからではない）</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"104.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/104.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"150\" /></p>\n\n<p>　そこでヘアーバンド式のイヤーウォーマーを購入。これがかなりgood！今までしていたモコモコのイヤーウォーマーよりも防寒性が高く、ヘルメットの邪魔にもならない。しかも周囲の音も拾えるようになりました。挟み込むタイプではないので耳も痛くならない。</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"673.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/673.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" /></p>\n\n<p>　これらはスキー、スノボー用品です。暖かでお勧めです。(^^)</p>\n\n<p>　以上3回にわたる極寒対策終了です。（リクエストもないけど）あとはアンダーウエアが欲しいけど、買う頃暖かくなってたりして・・・。</p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>極寒対策（その2）～サポーテックタイツ</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/2_7.html\" />\n<modified>2005-12-22T01:44:22Z</modified>\n<issued>2005-12-21T09:25:54Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2005:/bd-1//1.496</id>\n<created>2005-12-21T09:25:54Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\"> モンベル　サポーテックタイツ 　あまり...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>衣類</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/670.jpg\"><img alt=\"670.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/670-thumb.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" /></a></p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://px.a8.net/svt/ejp?a8mat=OHBW0+584ZXU+5WS+C28PV&a8ejpredirect=http%3A%2F%2Fitem.rakuten.co.jp%2Fwindjammers%2F10015963%2F\">モンベル　サポーテックタイツ</a></p>\n\n<p>　あまりの寒さで足の筋肉がなかなかほぐれない。冬場は特に用心してます。何回か過去に突然ヒザに激痛が走った経験があるからです。最近でも太ももがつり気味になってしまいました。(+_+)</p>\n\n<p>　それなので冬場は軽いギアでゲイデンスを上げる乗り方を心掛けてます。ゲイデンスを上げるにはSPD化が一番手っ取り早い。それが疲労感を残さない乗り方。</p>\n\n<p>　ヒザのサポーターを探していたのですが、アンダータイツでサポート効果が得られるものを発見。モンベルの「サポーテックタイツ」です。</p>\n\n<p><img src=\"http://www.montbell.com/japanese/club/backnumber/img15/item02.gif\"></p>\n\n<p>　登山、トレッキング用ですが、自転車用としても機能しそうです。一番嬉しいのは「ニーサポート効果」です。ヒザ周りががっちり固定されている感じになります。太ももも適度にサポートされているので、筋肉疲労が少ない。保温効果はあまりないので重ね着で対応。</p>\n\n<p>　上には<a href=\"http://px.a8.net/svt/ejp?a8mat=OHBW0+584ZXU+5WS+C28PV&a8ejpredirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rakuten.co.jp%2Fatomic-cycle%2F520422%2F538789%2F538793%2F538813%2F%23661627\">サイクルニーロングショーツ</a>を重ねると、とてもいい感じ。これならニーショーツは通年使える。下にレッグウォーマー履こうか検討中だが、前出の<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/post_267.html\"target=\"_brink\">フットウォーマー</a>をすればかなり暖かい。</p>\n\n<p>　感想はなかなかgoodです。ペダリングも楽になりました。今までがユニクロのチノパンだったので比べ物になりません。これなら厳寒期にも足を痛めないと思う。</p>\n\n<p><img alt=\"671.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/671.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" /><br />\n（ハーフパンツ＋サポーテックタイツ＋フットウォーマ）見た目良くないけど楽になりました。ALLモンベルで足周りを固める。ついでにジャケット、グローブも・・・。（爆）</p>\n\n<p>　4シーズン目でやっと自分の足回りまで到達。とにかく冬場の通勤はお金が掛かりますよ～。(+_+)</p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>極寒対策（その1）～フットウォーマーロング</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/post_267.html\" />\n<modified>2005-12-20T10:10:11Z</modified>\n<issued>2005-12-20T09:40:57Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2005:/bd-1//1.495</id>\n<created>2005-12-20T09:40:57Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\">　正月休みに考えていた「極寒対策」だった...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>衣類</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p>　正月休みに考えていた「極寒対策」だったのですが、ここのところの急激な冷え込みは「想定外」でして自分自身も少し音を上げてしまったで、極寒対策を施すことに。ちょうど家を出る頃は日の出の頃で一日で一番冷え込む時間帯に家を出なければならない。帰宅の時間帯も当然日没後で冷え込む。</p>\n\n<p>　冬でも自転車に乗ると体がだんだん暖まってきますが、手、足（つま先）、耳、顔、頸などは暖まりません。短時間ならまだ気になりませんが長時間になるとかなりつらい。</p>\n\n<p>　特に足は重要。「頭寒足熱」足先を暖めれば体全体が暖かいと感じる。前にモンベルの<a href=\"http://px.a8.net/svt/ejp?a8mat=OHBW0+584ZXU+5WS+C28PV&a8ejpredirect=http%3A%2F%2Fitem.rakuten.co.jp%2Fwindjammers%2F10015754%2F\">トゥーウォーマー</a>を買おうかどうか迷って結局買わなかったのですが、最近の寒さから「買っておけばよかった」と後悔の念。</p>\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/669.jpg\"><img alt=\"669.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/669-thumb.jpg\" width=\"188\" height=\"250\" /></a></p>\n\n<p>　<a href=\"http://px.a8.net/svt/ejp?a8mat=OHBW0+584ZXU+5WS+C28PV&a8ejpredirect=http%3A%2F%2Fitem.rakuten.co.jp%2Fsportsman%2Fmb-1130196%2F\">モンベル　サイクルフットウォーマーロング</a></p>\n\n<p>　そこで「フットウォーマーロング」を購入しました。<a href=\"http://px.a8.net/svt/ejp?a8mat=OHBW0+584ZXU+5WS+C28PV&a8ejpredirect=http%3A%2F%2Fitem.rakuten.co.jp%2Fwindjammers%2F10015755%2F\">サイクルフットウォーマーショート</a>を探してましたが売り切れ。このタイプは靴全体を覆うタイプのもので、つま先から足首までを覆うタイプ。上からつま先に引っ掛けるタイプなので、SPDに対応し、歩きにくさもなし。</p>\n\n<p>　ちょうど長靴みたいな感じになるので、膝下のハーフパンツの合わせると、ちょうど足首が隠れて寒くない。</p>\n\n<p>　弱点としては「靴が脱ぎにくい」。靴全体を覆っているのでストラップが外せないので靴を脱ぐ時はこのカバーを外さなくてはならない。</p>\n\n<p>　風が入らないので、ペダル漕ぐ足取りも軽くなります。</p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>NIKE KATOⅢ</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/nike_kato.html\" />\n<modified>2005-12-19T09:12:47Z</modified>\n<issued>2005-12-19T08:45:46Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2005:/bd-1//1.494</id>\n<created>2005-12-19T08:45:46Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\"> 　ずーっと前から欲しかったNIKE K...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>衣類</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/668.jpg\"><img alt=\"668.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/668-thumb.jpg\" width=\"250\" height=\"187\" /></a></p>\n\n<p>　ずーっと前から欲しかった<a href=\"http://www.cycle-yoshida.com/trek/nike/shoes/mtb/5kato3_page.htm\">NIKE KATOⅢ</a>を購入しました。今まで履いてた<a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2004/10/20/index.html\">Shimanoのシューズ</a>もボロボロになり、デザインもダサダサなので、新しい靴を探してました。</p>\n\n<p>　たまたま行ったお店にNIKE KATOの自分に合うサイズが合ったので購入しました。（それを衝動買いとも言う）</p>\n\n<p>　これは一見SPDシューズには見えない。クリート（金具）が奥に引っ込んでいて、靴底もそんなに固くないので歩きやすい。歩いても金具を「カチカチ」鳴らすこともない。階段やエスカレーターでもこけそうになる心配ない。</p>\n\n<p>　軽いのでよく回せる。ストラップ仕様なのでチェーンに靴紐をはさみ込む心配がない。これは思ってたよりも快適。<br />\n　<br />\n　輪行やどこかに寄り道した時などにはイイと思います。SPDシューズに抵抗ある人にはおすすめ。</p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n<entry>\n<title>今週は98km～ブログのパワー</title>\n<link rel=\"alternate\" type=\"text/html\" href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/2005/12/101km.html\" />\n<modified>2005-12-18T14:22:37Z</modified>\n<issued>2005-12-18T14:20:02Z</issued>\n<id>tag:www.y-moto.com,2005:/bd-1//1.493</id>\n<created>2005-12-18T14:20:02Z</created>\n<summary type=\"text/plain\"> 今週の積算距離 98km　移動平均速　...</summary>\n<author>\n<name>y-moto</name>\n<url>http://www.y-moto.com/</url>\n<email>birdy@y-moto.com</email>\n</author>\n<dc:subject>走行距離報告</dc:subject>\n<content type=\"text/html\" mode=\"escaped\" xml:lang=\"en\" xml:base=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/\">\n<![", "CDATA[<p><a href=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/667.jpg\"><img alt=\"667.jpg\" src=\"http://www.y-moto.com/bd-1/archives/667-thumb.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" /></a></p>\n\n<p>今週の積算距離 98km　移動平均速　19.4km/h　最高速度 35.9km/h</p>\n\n<p>　最近寒いですね。そのせいかわかりませんが太腿が攣り気味だったので距離が伸びませんでした。強烈な寒波はしばらくそのままのようです。</p>\n\n<p>　ブログ開設から1年2ヶ月が経過し、自己啓発として「冬場の自転車通勤」を継続させることが本来のこのブログのモットーでした。ブログやる以前は冬場は思うように乗れなかった。ブログやってなかったらこのくらいの寒さだととうに挫折してますね。</p>\n\n<p>　やはり初心忘れるべからずでもう一度原点を振り返る意味でしっかりと対策をして自転車通勤を継続させなくてはなりません。</p>\n\n<p>　ブログの力が偉大と思うのは、ブログ書くために「自転車に乗らなきゃ」って思うこと。そう考えるとブログのパワーは恐るべし。</p>\n\n<p>　昨シーズンは通じて、乗ることが出来た。そして今年も継続中ですが、やはり冬場でも乗り続けようと決心したのはまさしくブログのおかげ。</p>\n\n<p>　走らないと書けないことっていっぱいあるような気がする。といいつつもいつもたいしたこと書いてないけど・・・。</p>]]>\n\n</content>\n</entry>\n\n</feed>" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to hold \"invisible\" values and get them using JavaScript\n\nI run a music blog using WordPress and I have a custom music player for it. ", "Every time a post has a song attached to it, I want to create a way to hold that information and later access custom variables. ", "What I need is something along the lines of...\n<div class=\"playable\" \n title=\"Song Title\" \n mp3=\"URL\" \n soundcloudLink=\"https://soundcloud.com/cashcash/take-me-home-jordy-dazz\">\n</div>\n\nThen in my $(document).ready() function I would need a function that finds all objects of class \"playable\" and be able to access the title tag, mp3 tag, soundcloudLink tag, etc.", "\nAny easy suggestions?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt sounds like you're looking for data-* attributes:\n\n3.2.3.9 Embedding custom non-visible data with the data-* attributes\nA custom data attribute is an attribute in no namespace whose name starts with the string \"data-\", has at least one character after the hyphen, is XML-compatible, and contains no uppercase ASCII letters.", "\nAll attribute names on HTML elements in HTML documents get ASCII-lowercased automatically, so the restriction on ASCII uppercase letters doesn't affect such documents.", "\nCustom data attributes are intended to store custom data private to the page or application, for which there are no more appropriate attributes or elements.", "\nThese attributes are not intended for use by software that is independent of the site that uses the attributes.", "\n\nE.g., they always pass validation, and they're only for your use.", "\nSo for instance:\n<div class = \"playable\"\n title = \"Song Title\"\n data-mp3 = \"URL\"\n data-soundcloudLink = \"https://soundcloud.com/cashcash/take-me-home-jordy-dazz\"\n></div>\n\nWhen you need to access that information, you get a jQuery object for the div, and then use attr(\"data-mp3\") or data(\"mp3\") to access it. (", "Or without jQuery, get the HTMLDivElement and use getAttribute.) ", "Note that I haven't changed title. ", "title is a valid attribute, and accessible via .prop(\"title\") on jQuery instances or via .title on DOM elements.", "\nNote that data is assymetrical: It reads from data-* attributes for initialization, but doesn't write to them.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "The UCITS Alternative Index Global lost -1.37 per cent in June to leave it at +0.94 year-to-date. ", "The funds of funds index performed slightly worst with losses of -1.85 per cent. ", "The UAI Funds of Funds is now up 1.24 per cent since the beginning of the year.", "\n\nWith the exception of Equity Market Neutral and Commodities, all single strategies lost ground in June. ", "The UAI Emerging Markets suffered the worst performance, down -3.08 per cent, followed by the UAI CTA and the UAI Macro, respectively down -2.70 per cent and -2.15 per cent. ", "The UAI Long/Short Equity recorded negative returns for the first time this year with -1.31 per cent. ", "Similarly, the UAI Fixed Income posted its first monthly losses (-0.68 per cent). ", "On a year to date basis, the UAI Long/Short Equity is the best performing strategy index with an increase of +3.39 per cent. ", "The next best performers are the UAI Multi-Strategy (up +1.28 per cent) and the UAI Equity Market Neutral (up +0.64 per cent).", "\nAlceda Fund Management S.A. last week announced that it was partnering with APN Property Group to launch its former Cayman fund, which focuses on Asian Real Estate Investment Trusts, as a Luxembourg-based SICAV SIF. ", "APN is a specialist Asia Pacific real estate fund manager with offices in Melbourne and Singapore. ", "The firm currently manages more than USD1.6billion of real estate and real estate securities globally. ", "The fund primarily invests in listed property and infrastructure securities with the aim of returning a higher level of income, with lower volatility, than would normally be expected from investing solely in Asian REITs. ", "Stephen Finch, CEO of APN Property Group, Asia, said: “Asian REITs are delivering sound investment credentials. ", "With over a decade of strong growth, Asian REITs already account for 16% of the global REIT market. ", "By redomiciling our Cayman fund into a Luxembourg fund structure, we aim to provide European investors with direct access to the Asian growth story through a demonstrably superior performing portfolio of Asian REITs.”", "\nMichael Sanders, Chairman of the Board, Alceda Fund Management, added: “We are seeing growing interest from European, Latin American and US investors in investment opportunities in the Asian markets. ", "We are delighted that APN Property Group have chosen to partner with us. ", "Given our local presence, established international network, and strong experience in structuring funds, we are ideally placed to support APN in extending their investor base by offering the SICAV SIF.”", "\nInsight Investments has launched a UCITS version of its high yield fund, reported FTAdvisor this week. ", "The Irish-domiciled fund will be based on the Insight Short-Dated High Yield Bond fund, which Ulrich Gerhard has been managing as part of a qualified investor fund (QIF) for the last three years. ", "The UCITS version has been seeded with USD200million from the QIF. ", "The fund invests in sub-investment grade bonds and primarily focuses on short-duration assets, which offer “more attractive risk-adjusted returns, with less volatility than traditional high yield bonds”.", "\nIn other fund launch news, Neuberger Berman has launched three sub-funds of its Irish-domiciled UCITS funds umbrella, Neuberger Berman Investment Funds, with a focus on emerging markets. ", "The three sub-funds will be managed by a new 23-strong emerging market debt team, most of whom joined from ING earlier this year. ", "Bart van der Made is the portfolio manager of the Neuberger Berman Emerging Market Debt – Hard Currency Fund. ", "Raoul Luttik is to manage the Neuberger Berman Emerging Market Debt – Local Currency Fund, whilst Nish Popat and Jennifer Gorgoll are to manage the Neuberger Berman Emerging Market Debt Corporate Debt Fund.", "\nDik van Lomwel, head of Neuberger Berman EMEA and Latin America, was quoting as saying: “Adding the emerging market debt team to Neuberger Berman was a key strategic initiative as it enables us to offer our investors complete fixed income solutions. ", "The launch of the three Ucits funds marks an important first step in building a comprehensive suite of emerging market debt strategies.”" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to upload .txt file to http server?", "\n\nI want to upload a .txt file(only) from a device to my server. ", " How can I do this?", "\nI also want to be able to download another .txt file from the server to a device. ", "\nAny ideas where to start?", "\nThanks..\n\nA:\n\nUse HttpClient and HttpPost from the HttpComponents library available for java to post a file to your server via http. ", " You can use the MultipartEntity and/or FileEntity class for representing your file data.", "\nsee example here, or see multipart example below:\nHttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();\nhttpclient.getParams().setParameter(CoreProtocolPNames.", "PROTOCOL_VERSION, HttpVersion.", "HTTP_1_1);\n\nHttpPost httppost = new HttpPost(url); \n\n// add file content and metadata\nMultipartEntity mpEntity = new MultipartEntity();\nContentBody cbFile = new FileBody(targetFile, \"image/jpeg\");\nmpEntity.addPart(\"userfile\", cbFile);\nmpEntity.addPart( \"commentText\", new StringBody(commentText, \"text/plain\",\n Charset.forName( \"UTF-8\" )));\n\nhttppost.setEntity(mpEntity);\n\nHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "In response to an independent report earlier this month that criticized the American Psychological Association for aiding the Bush administration in terror interrogations following 9/11, the group will recommend a change in its ethical policy to bar such participation at the APA's annual conference in Toronto next month. ", "File Photo by Dennis Brack/UPI | License Photo\n\nWASHINGTON, July 31 (UPI) -- The American Psychological Association might soon institute a ban on the participation of its mental health professionals in federal terror-related interrogations -- following a report this month that claimed the administration of President George W. Bush was assisted in that regard to glean intelligence from suspects following 9/11.", "\n\nThe APA's board plans to recommend a tough ethics reform at the association's annual three-day meeting in Toronto next month -- which will then be up to its members to approve, The New York Times reported Thursday.", "\n\n\nIf accepted, the ban would seek to prevent APA psychologists from aiding federal intelligence and law enforcement agencies whatsoever in the interrogations of terror suspects -- which would amount to a break in the relationship between the psychological association and the U.S. intelligence community that some experts say goes as far back as World War I.\n\nThe board's recommendation comes on the heels of a critical independent report released earlier this month by former assistant U.S. attorney David H. Hoffman of the Chicago law firm Sidley Austin LLP -- that concluded the APA's ethics director and others \"colluded with important [Department of Defense] officials to have APA issue loose, high-level ethical guidelines\" that enabled the Bush administration to utilize harsher interrogation tactics on suspects.", "\n\nThree months earlier, a group of doctors, professors and human rights advocates levied similar accusations against the APA.", "\n\n\nNews of the group's reported interactions with terror suspects outraged members of the psychological profession and the general public. ", "In response, the American Medical Association and American Psychiatric Association immediately issued declarations prohibiting its members from engaging in similar conduct.", "\n\nThe Times report said two of the APA's 80,000 members -- president-elect Susan H. McDaniel and the group's 2014 president, Nadine Kaslow -- acknowledged the board's forthcoming recommendation.", "\n\n\"It has been very painful and disturbing to receive the results of the report, and now our job is to learn from them and fix the problem,\" McDaniel told the Times. \"", "We are engaged in a very important process, to deal with psychologists' core values and our commitment to human rights.\"", "\n\nMany others in the psychological profession have also voiced similar sentiments in the wake of the Hoffman Report.", "\n\n\"We personally spent years working to expose and reverse those transgressions,\" distinguished psychologists Roy Eidelson and Jean Maria Arrigo wrote in an op-ed piece for the Los Angeles Times on Thursday headlined, \"How the American Psychological Assn. ", "lost its way.\"", "\n\n\"Can the APA regain its legitimacy? ", "Those known to have colluded, covered up or ignored the wrongdoing cannot remain in positions of leadership,\" they added. \"", "Governance policies must become more transparent and democratic. ", "Old ethics complaints may need to be reexamined. ", "Ultimately, a federal investigation may be necessary for adequate APA reform.\"", "\n\nUnder the proposed ban, psychologists who play a role in government interrogations -- even noncoercive interrogations like those sanctioned by the Obama White House -- would constitute a violation of the APA's ethical policies.", "\n\n\nPresident Barack Obama effectively barred the use of controversial interrogation techniques, such as waterboarding, immediately upon taking office in 2009. ", "Last month, the Senate passed legislation to turn the ban into law. ", "However, administration officials have said psychologists still aid in national security-related interrogations conducted by the FBI, CIA and Defense Department.", "\n\nIt remains to be seen what impact a new APA ethics policy would have on the federal government's intelligence strategy -- but the ban is believed to be so harsh that it may preclude any reasonable psychologist from participating, for fear that an ethics complaint might be lodged if they assist the U.S. intelligence community in even the most minuscule fashion.", "\n\n\"This is an existential crisis for the APA,\" New York psychologist Steven Reisner said. \"", "How they handle this will determine whether the association will survive.\"", "\n\nMany of Reisner's colleagues agree.", "\n\n\"The APA's ethics code -- especially as it pertains to national security settings -- needs an urgent overhaul,\" Eidelson and Arrigo wrote. \"", "The effective bounds of our professional ethics and expertise must limit our horizons. ", "After the 9/11 attacks, the APA could have used its knowledge, reputation and influence to promote alternatives to the tragic choices our government made. ", "Instead, it lost its way to war entrepreneurs, careerists and yea-sayers.\"", "\n\nThe proposed policy change must be approved by the APA members' council. ", "The APA's annual convention will run from Aug. 6-9 at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre." ]

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[ "Dättnau\n\nDättnau is a quarter in the district 4 of Winterthur.", "\n\nIt was formerly a part of Töss municipality, which was incorporated into Winterthur in 1922.", "\n\nThe quarter has a population of approximately 2,600 (2007).", "\n\nCategory:Winterthur" ]

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[ "We've introduced the topic of maximizing the value of Coal through the co-production, in a single, integrated facility, of both synthetic hydrocarbons and electrical power in a number of previous reports, such as:\n\nThe United States Environmental Protection Agency, as we've noted in a couple of previous reports, such as, for one example:\n\nWest Virginia Coal Association | US EPA Confirms Environmental Benefits of Coal Ash Utilization | Research & Development; concerning: \"Study on Increasing the Usage of Recovered Mineral Components in Federally Funded Projects Involving Procurement of Cement or Concrete; United States Environmental Protection Agency in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Transportation and the U.S. Department of Energy; Report to Congress; June 3, 2008; EPA530-R-08-007; The most common beneficial use of coal fly ash is as a Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) in concrete. ", "Coal fly ash is also used as a raw material in the production of cement clinker and as an additive to blended cements. ", "The consistency and abundance of coal fly ash in many areas present unique opportunities for use in many construction applications, including pavements and highway and transportation structures, and can generate environmental benefits when used as a replacement for virgin materials (e.g., portland cement). ", "Certain performance benefits can be attained through the use of coal fly ash in concrete, including greater workability, higher strength, and increased longevity in the finished concrete product\";\n\nAs we've documented for you a number of times, as, for instance, in our report of:\n\nWest Virginia Coal Association | Iowa Improves Recovery of Aluminum from Coal Ash | Research & Development; concerning: \"United States Patent 4,362,703 - Process for Preparing Cryolite from Fly Ash; 1982; Assignee: Iowa State University Research Foundation; Abstract: Cryolite (Na3AlF6) as a source of aluminum is prepared from coal fly ash by reacting the aluminum oxide (Al2O3) in fly ash with phosphoric acid to form aluminum phosphate, which is then converted to sodium aluminate by reaction with sodium hydroxide, and the sodium aluminate is converted to cryolite by reaction with hydrofluoric acid (HF), or equivalent reagent providing H+ and F- ions. ", "Aluminum is thereby obtained from fly ash in a preferred form (as cryolite) for use in producing metallic aluminum\";\n\nAs we've noted once or twice, the pace of development in Carbon Dioxide utilization technologies around the world is accelerating; and, we, here, one step at a time, have not been and will not be able to keep you adequately apprised of the developments in a truly timely way.", "\n\nHowever, if you care about the Coal industry, and, you care about sparing your grandchildren from a lifetime of financial obligation to OPEC, reading by candlelight and wearing parkas in the house in winter, maybe it's time - - from our perspective it's way, way past time - - you started letting your Coal Country political leadership know what it is you really want them to be busying themselves with; and, letting your Coal Country press corps - - and the buyers of Sunday supplement display advertisements in the Coal Country newspapers which that press corps publishes - - know that it's time they pulled their noses out of the gas pipe, and started doing some real work, instead of just reprinting gas industry press releases that roll in on the ticker. ", "Those are likely to start drying up anyway, just like wells in the Marcellus Shale." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSharePoint issues after account SID changed\n\nI have a problem with SharePoint. ", "Basically the SID of my Windows Account changed (not sure why, still investigating) and SharePoint simply doesn't know me anymore - I get access denied messages and the like.", "\nIs there a supported way to change the SID on a SharePoint user? ", "On a Test setup I successfully changed the tp_SystemID in the UserInfo tables, but that seems too much of a hack for now.", "\nAs changing my SID in Active Directory is not possible, I'm not really sure how to proceed from here.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou could possibly use the SID History attribute to add your old SID back to your account. ", " This is the technique used when migrating accounts between domains to prevent having to update NTFS or other permissions the account had.", "\nI have never manually updated this field though (only have used ADMT).", "\nFor information on how to update this attribute, look at the Sidhist.vbs file in the Windows 2000 support tools. ", " You cannot have another account in the forest with this SID though.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "[Clinico-pathological study of atypical adenomas of the thyroid].", "\nA total of five cases of atypical adenomas of the thyroid were clinicopathologically examined to clarify their malignant potential and incidence. ", "These adenomas showed both structural and cellular atypia when compared with follicular adenoma of the usual type, A follow-up study after surgery revealed neither metastasis nor postoperative recurrence. ", "Therefore it has been concluded that an atypical adenoma of the thyroid can be regarded as a benign neoplasm." ]

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[ "This page will be updated throughout the day\n\nIf you are on twitter please press the tweet button at the bottom of the post. ", "It helps grow our community because it places links to TJ13 in the very busy internet F1 highway that is #F1. ", "That is why it is always in the daily title.", "\n\n————————————————————————————————————————————————-\n\nEditor’s note (12:05)\n\n2014F1 calendar: part 2 or 156 (12:07)\n\nVijay: Pot and Kettle (13:18)\n\nSauber: Defending the indefensible (14:13)\n\nThe F1 debt farce (16:06)\n\nLewis on the up(pers) (19:15)\n\n————————————————————————————————————————————————-\n\nEditor’s note\n\nHi, I’m Andrew Huntley-Jacobs, I have the grandiose title of TJ13 chief editor… which entails being the coffee maker and general literary dogsbody behind much of the content which the TJ13 site produces. ", "Seriously, I news spot, receive all the press releases and help TJ by drafting up the news stories for him to craft into the excellent pieces he produces. ", "The connections he makes and how he develops the immediate story never ceases to amaze me – often in a few minutes.", "\n\nThe Judge is pretty busy at present, but is maintaining contact with us all daily from a variety of mobile devices from a variety of locations around the world. ", "We will be getting a Judges Chambers post later in the week where he’ll let us know how August will be managed. ", "Early indications are that from next week, daily news will be sporadic at best and we know many of you come to the site via a favourites button in your browser.", "\n\nIf you register with either the RSS feed or the site email, you will be able to see instantly new material is published, and not keep dropping by and being disappointed when nothing has been added. ", "During August we have some pre-planned historic, social and technical articles we will be publishing which of course are not particularly time or breaking news sensitive.", "\n\nThe Judge is keen to continue to develop our community and a huge part of this has been the successful development of a number of writers. ", "Some of whom have never written anything for public consumption before. ", "We have started people writing small 150-200 word articles for the ‘On this day’ (OTD) feature. ", "We provide the daily topics and the year they are from and help with everything from writing style to formatting.", "\n\nWriting about F1 certainly makes you feel closer to the sport, as when The Judge has been away I have experienced this with the daily news. ", "It may be you can only write an OTD feature once a week or on an occasional ad-hoc basis, but if you are interested please contact thejudge13@hotmail.co.uk.", "\n\nYesterday was an incredible day – and the daily news post has to date seen over 100 comments on the site, and this is another part vital to the development of our community. ", "TJ tells me he had tweets from new people who have never seen us before and they were recommending us specifically to their friends because they could see the debate around the news and features is quite excellent.", "\n\nThe comments define an F1 site. ", "There are sites out their like the F1Blog which have been going for years, and as a writer I greatly respect the work they do, however, their posts attract little debate and it is this in particular which adds to all our lives. ", "Everyone has something to offer – even if it’s just thanking someone who has made a comment giving us new information – a quick ‘thank you for that’.", "\n\nYou don’t have to be an expert to have an opinion and TJ has from day one asked we all respect each other and so even if someone says something which appears from left field – there will be no brutal criticism or belittling of the new commentator.", "\n\nI have been following Formula 1 for many years, and since becoming involved with TJ13 my knowledge and understanding has increased exponentially, from the news, features, history pieces along with TJ’s and everybody’s comments and the debates and analysis.", "\n\nOne last thing, if you are part of other sites where you comment, please when appropriate, put links in the comments to relevant articles or news here. ", "The first 1,000 regular readers came to TJ13 mostly from the BBC and James Alllen. ", "After the events of yesterday, I suspect the news will be a little more sparse so we can all catch our breath.", "\n\nGood to speak with you all and keep up the great contributions which is what makes TJ13, IMHO, the best Formula 1 site around.", "\n\ntop\n\n2014 F1 calendar: part 2 of 156\n\nI did predict yesterday this would become a tortuous matter and even suggested – watch out Korea. ", "Well here we go again. ", "AMuS is reporting that Korea will disappear from the calendar for 2014. ", "Apparently the organiser’s have run out of money and the regional state government is refusing to cover the losses after this year.", "\n\nAFP news agency confirms this stating that the organiser “has lost money since it first hosted formula one in 2010, and local authorities are unwilling to cover losses”. ", "I don’t think Mr. E will be giving them a freebie a la Germany 2013.", "\n\nFurther TJ13 did a number of pieces and we even had video footage shot from the site in New Jersey some months ago, One of the best during that week or so was from Daily News 2nd May (You can use the search bar on the right hand side of the page to perform keyword[s] searches).", "\n\nIt appears the scepticism TJ expressed was without good reason. ", "No state funding and nobody willing to pay Bernie. ", "There were brief rumours for a while that Ecclestone himself would fund the race – but why do that? ", "Not only is he losing the hosting fee, but also it then becomes and additional cost.", "\n\n‘Niki know all’ appears to have some inside information as he is on record telling ORF agency that New Jersey “didn’t happen this year because of a lack of money”, adding, “As far as I know, it’s already gone from the [2014] calendar”.", "\n\nHere’s an idea – charge poor little Monaco a fee instead of giving it them for nothing – and use the money to fund a new F1 street circuit race each year to see if it’s viable.", "\n\nSo, today for 2014 we have India and Korea out, Sochi in, maybe Austria in too if anyone is allowed to go watch in the beautiful alpine setting – which of course must be protected from people going there to see it an ruining it, New Jersey is still a non-starter and there is a scuba diving community who have been smoking way to much of the local herbs saying,\n\nDive bum 1: “F1… come to Thailand… man…. ", "or men…. “", "\n\nDive bum 2: “Hey man…. ", "that’s sexists… saying man. ", "You should be sayin – people”\n\nDavie Bum 1: “Yeah man yous right….. F1 people…. ", "COME…. ", "ENJOY….yeah?”", "\n\nDive bum 2: “You too stoned to dive still? ", "I hear there’s giant manta ray circling off the point”.", "\n\ntop\n\nVijay: Pot and kettle\n\nGrandpappy Judge as you longer term readers will know, fed me on a diet of life advice when I was young and much of it was from pithy English sayings which contain kernels of truth. ", "I remember when once complaining about something my sibbling had done to wrong me; a slow smile crept across his face and he said, “That’s appears to be the kettle calling the pot black”.", "\n\nClearly in his mind my protest was rather hypocrytical, as he deemed this action something I had done regularly to him.", "\n\nWell folks, today we have a certain Indian businessman appears has been sent in to bat on behalf of the teams with the Indian Authorities. ", "The matter: Tax.", "\n\nMallya tells ESPN, “Yes there is a problem with India’s tax authorities, but India’s tax authorities tend to be a very difficult bunch. ", "They even launched a humongous tax claim on Vodafone and Nokia and other multi-national companies. ", "This sort of standoff on taxes is nothing unusual.", "\n\nTheir logic is that there are 19 races and one race is India, therefore 1/19th of all revenue generated in Formula One is subject to Indian tax. ", "From a narrow-minded, Indian tax man’s point of thinking maybe that is justifiable, but we need to sit down with them and engage with them and say, ‘Listen, this is not the only country that’s hosting an F1 race. ", "There are other countries that have been hosting F1 races for decades and they don’t make the same demands. ", "So how can you?’", "\n\n“The Indian government on one side say they want India to be modern, vibrant country and want the global society and global industry and global sport to take notice of India and its potential. ", "But the irrational behaviour by the taxman doesn’t support such a mission. ", "So it’s a question of sitting around the table and hammering it out with them.”", "\n\nThe alliances and allegiances in F1 never cease to amaze me. ", "Mallya is currently facing legal proceedings instigated by the Indian Tax authorities, for tax avoidance of $10’s of millions. ", "Here’s an extract from “The Times of India” earlier this year. ", "TJ13 did cover the matter today is still ongoing.", "\n\nBANGALORE: In fresh trouble for the head of crisis-ridden Kingfisher Airlines, Vijay Mallya, the special court for economic offences here has issued summons to him on an income tax department criminal case for not remitting to government the tax deducted at source from salaries of its employees. ", "The court’s action came after it took cognizance of the offence under sections 276B and 278B of the I-T Act, 1962, for not remitting Rs 74.94 crore deducted as TDS in 2009-10 fiscal and Rs 23.70 crore imposed as interest for not meeting the deadline stipulated for payment." ]

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[ "Sudden and cardiac death rates in hemodialysis patients.", "\nSudden and cardiac death (including death from congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and sudden death) are common occurrences in hemodialysis patients. ", "The intermittent nature of hemodialysis may lead to an uneven distribution of sudden and cardiac death throughout the week. ", "The purpose of this study was to assess the septadian rhythm of sudden and cardiac death in hemodialysis patients. ", "Data from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) were obtained to examine the day of death for United States hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients from 1977 through 1997. ", "The days of death were also determined for patients in the Case Mix Adequacy Study of the USRDS. ", "There was an even distribution of sudden and cardiac deaths for patients on peritoneal dialysis, and hemodialysis patients dying of noncardiac deaths also had an even distribution. ", "For all hemodialysis patients, Monday and Tuesday were the most common days of sudden and cardiac death. ", "For patients in the Case Mix Adequacy Study designated as Monday, Wednesday, and Friday dialysis patients, 20.8% of sudden deaths occurred on Monday compared with the 14.3% expected (P = 0.002). ", "Similarly, 20.2% of cardiac deaths occurred on Monday compared with the 14.3% expected (P = 0.0005). ", "Similar trends were found on Tuesday for Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday dialysis patients. ", "The intermittent nature of hemodialysis may contribute to an increased sudden and cardiac death rate on Monday and Tuesday for patients enrolled in the USRDS." ]

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[ "Conventionally, an injection needle assembly is provided with a skin contact portion that allows adjustment of the depth of a needle puncturing in order to stably puncture the skin. ", "Such a configuration makes it possible to reliably penetrate the injection needle to a target depth. ", "Further, such capability of stable puncturing enables stable administration of a medicine into the skin, as described in Japanese Patent Application National Publication No. ", "2005-527249. ", "An injection needle assembly is connected to a syringe that is to be filled with a medicine, and thus a medicine injection device is assembled.", "\nAir must be exhausted from the syringe, however, before introducing a medicine into it. ", "Thus, a user of the medicine injection device must first perform a procedure to exhaust the air from the syringe, and then introduce the medicine into the device. ", "This procedure or step is referred to as removal of air (“air removal” hereinafter) in which the air contained in the syringe is exhausted.", "\nAccording to the injection needle assembly set forth in the above-noted Japanese Patent Application National Publication No. ", "2005-527249, a cylindrical skin contact portion is connected to a needle hub. ", "The skin contact portion is disposed to cover a needle tube, but allows a space between the needle tube and the skin contact portion. ", "Hence, when performing the air removal procedure using such a configured injection needle assembly, not only is the air contained in the syringe exhausted, but the medicine filled in the syringe may also spill from the needle tube and there is a risk of the medicine being held in the space between the skin contact portion and the needle tube.", "\nA problem has thus arisen because the medicine staying in the space between the skin contact portion and the needle tube contacts or attaches to the skin of a user, and causes discomfort to the user when administering the medicine in the injection needle." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I restrict the number of records to be processed in an SSIS package?", "\n\nI have a table with 7M records I want to trim down to 10k for dev. ", " I tried a delete, but the whole world was nearly overpowered by the transaction log size, so I truncated the table.", "\nNow I wish to insert 10k records from the original table, into my dev table, but it has a identity column, and many, many other columns, so I'd thought I'd try SSIS (through the wizard), which handles the identity nicely, but gives me no place to edit a query. ", " So I quickly made a view with a top clause, and changed the RowSet property of the source to the view. ", " Now everything fails because nothing sees the view, although I copied and pasted the view name from my create view statement, which fails a second time because, lo, the view actually does exist. ", " \nDoes SSIS define which DB objects are used when a package is created, which would exclude the new view, and if so, how can I refresh that?", "\n\nA:\n\nThere's really no need to use SSIS to do this. ", " You should be able to insert the records using SQL. ", " First, you will need to set IDENTITY_INSERT to on. ", " Then, you should be able to execute something like this:\nSET IDENTITY_INSERT db.schema.dev_table ON\nINSERT INTO dev_table SELECT TOP (10000) * FROM prod_table\n\n" ]

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[ "\n259 So.2d 264 (1972)\nUNITED STATES FINANCE COMPANY, a Corporation\nv.\nRord Lee JONES et ux.", "\n1 Div. ", "709.", "\nSupreme Court of Alabama.", "\nMarch 16, 1972.", "\n*265 Mayer W. Perloff, Mobile, for appellant.", "\nWilson Hayes, Bay Minette, for appellees.", "\nMERRILL, Justice.", "\nThis appeal is from a decree quieting title in appellees to certain property in Baldwin County.", "\nAppellees, Rord Lee Jones and wife, Claudine Jones, filed a bill of complaint in equity to quiet title to the property. ", "After appellant's plea in abatement was overruled, it answered that it was the owner of a recorded mortgage on the suit property which had been executed on November 9, 1966 by appellees, that the mortgage had been assigned to appellant for a valuable consideration on the same day, that the assignment was also recorded, and the mortgage debt was in default. ", "Appellant also filed a cross bill stating the same things as in the answer and seeking foreclosure of the mortgage, and the quieting of title in respondent-appellant.", "\nAt trial, appellees proved the chain of title and possession in themselves and rested. ", "Appellant showed the mortgage debt was not fully paid, was in default, and introduced the mortgage and the assignment over objections of appellees. ", "There was no ruling on the objections because the case was tried under the provisions of the so-called \"lazy lawyer statute,\" General Acts 1943, p. 105, listed as Tit. ", "7, § 372(1) in the 1958 Recompilation.", "\nThe mortgage was executed by appellees on November 9, 1966 and the mortgagee was one William E. Bell, not a party to this suit. ", "The assignment was dated that same day, in which William E. Bell assigned the mortgage to appellant.", "\nThe trial court granted appellees the relief sought in their bill and denied the relief sought by appellant in its cross bill.", "\nThe main question argued in brief is the validity of the acknowledgment to the assignment. ", "Appellees cite cases which they contend hold that the assignment is bad, and appellant cites one case which it contends supports their claim of substantial compliance with the acknowledgment statute.", "\nTitle 47, § 30, Code 1940, contains forms for acknowledgments in this state. ", "We are concerned with the first form—acknowledgment for individual. ", "That form states in pertinent part:\n\"I * * * whose name is signed to the foregoing conveyance, and who is known to me, acknowledged before me on this day that, being informed of the contents of the conveyance, he executed the same voluntarily on the day the same bears date. * * *\" [", "Emphasis supplied]\n*266 The pertinent part of the acknowledgment in the instant case was as follows:\n\"I, the undersigned, a Notary Public in and for said County, in said State, hereby certify that on this day personally appeared before me, an officer duly authorized to administer oaths and take acknowledgments William E. Bell and ____________ to me well known to be the persons described in and who executed the foregoing assignment of Mortgage and duly acknowledged before me that they executed the same for the purposes therein expressed as their voluntary act and deed.\" [", "Emphasis supplied]\nEmphasis has been given to the pertinent words in § 30 and the different words actually used in the acknowledgment.", "\nAppellees objection to the assignment was that it was not properly acknowledged and is not a self-proving document.", "\nTitle 47, § 104, Code 1940, provides that conveyances of property or any interest therein which are acknowledged and recorded \"may be received in evidence in any court without further proof.\" ", "Appellant contends that the acknowledgment was in substantial compliance with the statute and, thus, was self-proving.", "\nAppellees contend that the acknowledgment did not comply with the statute and, therefore, was not admissible. ", "If not admissible, the decree is due to be affirmed.", "\nIn Roney v. Moss, 76 Ala. 491, the court said that the certificate to the mortgage offered in evidence did not substantially conform to the requirements of Section 2158, Code 1876 (now Tit. ", "47, § 30). \"", "A noteworthy omission in the certificate is, that it fails to aver the grantors were informed of the contents of the conveyance.\"", "\nIn Parker v. Boutwell & Son, 119 Ala. 297, 24 So. ", "860, it was said:\n\"* * * We have heretofore held, that no title passes until the deed of the probate judge is both properly acknowledged and recorded; that a proper acknowledgment must be in the form prescribed by section 1802 (Tit. ", "47, § 30) of the Code, and that when a certificate of acknowledgment does not contain the statutory phrase, showing that the grantor acknowledged that he was `informed of the contents of the conveyance,' or words of equivalent import, it is fatally defective as an attempt to comply with the provisions of said section 593 of the Code. ", "Jackson v. Kirksey, 110 Ala. 547, 18 So. ", "304; E.T., V. & G. R. Co. v. Davis, 91 Ala. 615, 8 So. ", "349; Bolling v. Smith, 79 Ala. 535; Boykin v. Smith, 65 Ala. 294; Keller v. Moore, 51 Ala. 340.\"", "\nIn Stamphill v. Bullen, 121 Ala. 250, 25 So. ", "928, the court said:\n\"The certificate of acknowledgment to the deed of Stamphill to Bullen does not certify that the grantor was informed of the contents of the conveyance, nor that he voluntarily signed the same. ", "This was not a compliance with the statute, and the certificate was therefore insufficient. ", "Jackson v. Kirksey, 110 Ala. 547, 18 So. ", "304; East Tenn. Va. & Ga. R. R. Co. v. Davis, 91 Ala. 615, 8 So. ", "349. ", "The deed was not self-proving, and should not have been admitted in evidence, without proof of execution, against plaintiff's objection.\"", "\nIn Carroll v. Carroll, 236 Ala. 556, 183 So. ", "857, the court stated that the \"acknowledgment follows the Code form as prescribed by the Code of 1896, (same as Tit. ", "47, § 30) with the exception that following the words `being informed,' the words `of the contents' were omitted.\" ", "The court also said:\n\"It is urged by appellees that this was a substantial compliance with the statute, for if Mrs. Carroll was informed of the instrument or conveyance, she was certainly informed of its content. ", "We hold that the instant acknowledgment was insufficient in not reciting the fact that *267 the grantor was informed of the contents of the conveyance.\"", "\nThe only case cited by appellant to the contrary is the case of Moore v. Bragg, 212 Ala. 481, 103 So. ", "452. ", "The question there was whether the separate acknowledgment of the wife, which was then necessary to a deed, substantially followed the form prescribed by the law then in effect. ", "The form required the acknowledgment to say, \"came before me the said ___________ known to me to be the wife of the within [named] ______.\" ", "The acknowledgment merely omitted the word \"named\" and the certificate read \"within W. A. Markham\" instead of \"within named W. A. Markham.\" ", "This court correctly held that the omission of the word \"`named\" rendered the acknowledgment less grammatical but no less certain and stated the law in that type of case to be:\n\"A literal compliance with the statutory form, while always to be favored, is not exacted. ", "If each fact required to be shown by the certificate is certified in language clearly in substance and effect the same as the statutory form, it is sufficient. * * *\"", "\nIt is evident from the cases cited that the assignment in the instant case was not properly acknowledged and was, therefore, not effective to prove the mortgage or the acknowledgment without further proof. ", "There was no further proof because appellant contended that the mortgage and the assignment were self-proving.", "\nIn Alabama, conveyances are not self-proving by reason of recording unless acknowledged or approved according to law. ", "Butler v. Olshan, 280 Ala. 181, 191 So.2d 7; Redwine v. Jackson, 254 Ala. 564, 49 So.2d 115.", "\nIn Langley v. Andrews, 132 Ala. 147, 31 So. ", "469, the court quotes an attempted assignment and then says:\n\"* * * This assignment contained the necessary words of conveyance, and clearly showed an intention on their part to transfer the legal title to said Andrews, but it was neither acknowledged, as provided in section 984 of the Code, nor was it attested as provided by section 982, one or the other of which was necessary to be done, in order thereby to pass the legal title. ", "Without the legal title, the appellee's intestate, J. E. Andrews, had no right to maintain this bill for a foreclosure, without making Innman & Co. parties defendant. ", "The court should not order the sale of an imperfect title, one under which the purchaser would not acquire the legal title. * * *\"", "\nAppellant argues that the court erred in failing to give it relief on its cross bill because there is no answer to the cross bill in the transcript. ", "Appellant cites in support of its argument the sentence in Equity Rule 25 which reads: \"Averments not denied, nor confessed and avoided, shall be taken as admitted,\" and the statement from Bell v. Pritchard, 273 Ala. 289, 139 So.2d 596: \"* * * Equity Rule 25, Title 7, Code 1940, declares that averments not denied, nor confessed and avoided, shall be taken as admitted. ", "Also, the appellant in his answer should state clearly the defenses he intends to avail himself of, and he cannot avail himself of any defense which is not stated in his answer, even though it should appear in evidence. * * *\" ", "This statement was applicable to a situation where the complainant's bill to quiet title alleged that there was no suit pending, but there was no proof of such fact. ", "This court held that since the allegation in the bill was not denied or put in issue by the answer, it was taken as admitted and proven.", "\nHere, the cross bill was merely a rewrite of the answer with the addition that it sought foreclosure of the mortgage and that title to the property be vested in respondent.", "\nThe sole issue made out by the bill and answer was the validity of the purported *268 assignment. ", "If it was effective, then respondent would prevail, if not, complainants would prevail.", "\nIn Biddy v. Biddy, 284 Ala. 68, 222 So. ", "2d 162, we wrote:\n\"* * * An answer to an answer in equity is not proper. ", "Matter in rebuttal to an answer filed in an equity case must be presented by amendment to the bill. ", "—Equity Rule 27. ", "But, of course, an answer to a cross bill is proper.\"", "\nHere, the issue to be decided was framed by the bill and answer. ", "The cross bill set out the identical defense as that of the answer, and requested affirmative relief that could be forthcoming only if the assignment of the mortgage was valid.", "\nWe have held that the assignment was not valid because it was not properly acknowledged under our statutory and case law. ", "The issues raised by bill and answer and the cross bill were identical.", "\nConceding that there should have been an answer to the cross bill, still we think this is a good illustration of the fairness of Supreme Court Rule 45, which states in pertinent part:\n\"Hereafter no judgment may be reversed or set aside, nor new trial granted by this court or by any other court of this state, in any civil or criminal case * * * nor for error as to any matter of pleading or procedure, unless in the opinion of the court to which the appeal is taken or application is made, after an examination of the entire cause, it should appear that the error complained of has probably injuriously affected substantial rights of the parties.\"", "\nWe cannot say that the failure to answer the cross bill, which was based on the identical question made by the bill and answer, probably injuriously affected substantial rights of appellant. ", "Supreme Court Rule 45.", "\n\"Equity looks through form to substance,\" Cousins v. Crawford, 258 Ala. 590, 63 So.2d 670, and in \"the equity court we are interested in substantive justice rather than in the mere technicalities of procedure,\" Smith v. Bryant, 263 Ala. 331, 82 So.2d 411, and this \"doctrine is sound and promotive of the ends of justice, which after all is the end and purpose of legal jurisprudence.\" ", "Andress v. Parish, 239 Ala. 67, 193 So. ", "727.", "\nHere, the instant case turns on one point—the adequacy of the acknowledgment of the assignment of the mortgage to appellant. ", "That issue was reached under the bill and answer. ", "If the assignment was properly acknowledged, title was in appellant and foreclosure was proper, but if the assignment was ineffective, as we have held, under the cited case of Langley v. Andrews, 132 Ala. 147, 31 So. ", "469, no title passed to appellant and he had no right to maintain a foreclosure.", "\nThe erroneous acknowledgment was on the instrument which was introduced into evidence by appellant. ", "On its face, it showed that appellant had no title so as to entitle it to a foreclosure. ", "To hold that the failure to answer the cross bill in this case admits that an invalid assignment on the face of the mortgage is valid just because the cross bill alleged that the mortgage was assigned to appellant is not \"promotive of the ends of justice.\"", "\nWhere an equity court had jurisdiction of the subject matter and the parties before it, the want of pleading may be waived and the unsuccessful party cannot later be heard to complain that no issue was arrived upon in the case, such objection being waived by the parties participating in the trial below, even to the extent of presenting witnesses. ", "Greer v. Greer, 276 Ala. 421, 163 So.2d 707; St. Clair Industries, Inc. v. Harmon's Pipe & Fitting Co., 282 Ala. 466,213 So.2d 201.", "\nNo reversible error has been presented.", "\nAffirmed.", "\nLAWSON, HARWOOD and MADDOX, JJ., ", "concur.", "\nHEFLIN, C.J., concurs in the result.", "\n" ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nThere were 1.25 million road traffic deaths globally in 2013 ([@B71]). ", "Because the global population is gradually aging, older drivers, especially because of their age-related frailty, are likely to make up an increasing proportion of fatality statistics. ", "Sometimes, it is necessary to require the cessation of driving in older people because of sensorial, physical and cognitive age-related deterioration that affects driving ability and leads to an increase in collision probability ([@B5]). ", "However, having a driving license and using a car leads to the maintenance of a high level of social and physical functioning among the elderly ([@B24]). ", "For instance, in a recent review, [@B16] showed that the cessation of driving activity in a sample of drivers aged 55 and older, caused various health problems, particularly related to depressive symptoms. ", "Given the importance of these two issues it is important to understand how psychological variables are linked to collision involvement. ", "In a study by [@B69], the authors generated a model which proposed personality traits (i.e., aggression, altruism, anxiety, sensation seeking, and normlessness), attitudes toward traffic safety (ATTS) and risk perception as predictors of risky driving behavior. ", "Results showed that personality traits primarily have an effect on risk-taking behavior through the influence of attitude toward traffic safety as a mediator. ", "More relevantly, [@B44] confirmed the model in a sample of older Italian drivers. ", "In general, novice drivers showed more difficulty in self-regulation, in terms of driving avoidance, than older drivers ([@B53]). ", "Nonetheless, [@B29] suggested that younger and older drivers reported higher score for self-regulation than middle-years' drivers. ", "According to the authors, these data could be affected by the perception about the driving expertise (i.e., low for younger drivers) and the cognitive functions (i.e., low for older drivers). ", "Besides a wide interest in the theoretical study of risky driving behavior correlates, there is a great concern in developing assessment tests able to identify the relationship between psychological characteristics and probability of being involved in road traffic collision. ", "The driver behavior questionnaire (DBQ -- [@B59]) represents the prominent self-reported assessment tool of risky driving behavior, in terms of violations, errors and lapsus, and has shown to be highly reliable in the accident prediction ([@B21]). ", "However, other self-reported behavioral components of the assessment, such as, the attitudes toward traffic rules (e.g., [@B69]), and the driving self-regulation (e.g., [@B55]), has shown to have an important role in the prediction of road accidents, and they could integrate and support the assessment through the DBQ scale. ", "The three tests presented in this study represent an attempt to provide valid and reliable tools for the assessment of risky driving behavior, ATTS and self-regulation/inhibitory behaviors in the older Italian population, in order to verify which specific behavioral and attitude aspects can contribute to further improve the reliability of a global and general assessment in predicting the likelihood and the frequency of traffic accidents in the elderly population.", "\n\nThe Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ)\n---------------------------------------\n\nThe DBQ is the most used evaluation test on aberrant driving behavior. ", "The original version by [@B59], dates back to investigated three dimensions of aberrant driving behavior, namely, *violations*, *dangerous errors*, and *lapses*. ", "A few years later, [@B57] confirmed the three-factor structure. ", "It is worth emphasizing that, despite a wide literature which considered the DBQ as the main tool for the evaluation of risky driving, it may be complex to connect the different studies because of the variety of versions used. ", "A wide range of DBQ versions can be found, e.g., a 104-item version by [@B1], a 28-item version ([@B48], [@B49]), and a 9-item version, edited by [@B47], consisting of the items with the highest factor loadings of the original version of DBQ. ", "The most cited factorial structures seem to be those showing three factors, confirming the original formulation of [@B59] and a four-factor solution, proposed by [@B1]. ", "It is worth noting that, besides these simple factorial solutions, more complex ones have also been proposed, e.g., [@B63]. ", "They proposed a bifactor model of DBQ, including a general factor, which all items load onto, and four latent factors, i.e., *aggressive violations, ordinary violations, slips*, and *errors.* ", "The DBQ has also been used in different cultural context, such as among samples of British, Finnish, and Dutch drivers ([@B39]) and among samples of Irish and Finnish drivers ([@B50]). [", "@B66] recently validated the DBQ in an Italian sample aged between 18 and 41 years. ", "They used a 27-item version of the DBQ and found four first-order factors and two second-order factors. ", "Alternatively, [@B43] confirmed the three-factor model, as in [@B59] using a 28-item DBQ, as originally developed by [@B41], on a large Italian sample of young drivers. ", "The same three-factor structure was confirmed in two subsequent studies of older drivers ([@B44]) and professional bus drivers ([@B46]). ", "Despite the different ways in which the DBQ has been used, clarification has been provided in terms of its ability to predict involvement in a road traffic collision. ", "In a highly cited meta-analysis, [@B21] considered 174 studies using the DBQ, excluding those in non-English language, and showed the predictive power of *errors* and *violations* on self-reported accidents. ", "Subsequently, the authors published an update ([@B20]), to provide further information on DBQ's validity with regard to predicting collisions. ", "The authors confirmed previous findings regarding the preeminent role of errors and violations, especially of speed limits, in predicting self-reported accidents. ", "Furthermore, the authors showed that the DBQ had a strong link also with the recorded violations, demonstrating the reliability of the scale. ", "A recent re-meta-analysis ([@B2]) identified a number of methodological biases inherent in DBQ research, which led the authors to take a careful approach when interpreting its results. ", "They confirmed the correlation between self-reported errors and violations and collision involvement, but that the correlations should be interpreted in the light of various methodological, statistical and dissemination biases (e.g., systematic measurement error and non-publication of negative results), and the need to take account of other features, such as driving exposure. ", "Certainly, a self-reported evaluation of driving behavior cannot be addressed without the DBQ since it remains the most popular and used tool in traffic psychology. ", "However, it would be interesting to expand self-reported evaluation with other behavioral components, such as attitude and self-regulation, which we will discuss in later sections.", "\n\nAttitudes Toward Traffic Safety Scale (ATTS)\n--------------------------------------------\n\nThe association between attitudes and behavior has been explained by theory of planned behavior (TPB) ([@B3], [@B4]). ", "According to this theory, behavior is co-determined by intentions and by perceived behavioral control; the intentions are the summary of people's motives, while the perceived behavioral control reflects the perceived ease or difficulty in enacting certain behavior. ", "Subsequently, a meta-analysis ([@B38]) clarified the relationship between behavior and attitude, suggesting that the latter is a strong predictor of the former. ", "In relation to driver behavior, [@B35] analyzed the relationship between attitudes, behavior and involvement in collisions through a survey on a sample of 2614 Norwegian drivers. ", "Their scale has 16 items, on a five-point scale ranging from 1 \"strongly agree\" to 5 \"strongly disagree\" to examine the ATTS issues and a 24-items scale to assess risky behaviors. ", "The authors also recorded the number of collisions and near collisions that occurred. ", "Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a three-factor structure made up of Attitude toward rule violations and speeding, Attitude toward the careless driving of others and Attitude toward drinking and driving. ", "Subsequently, the authors proposed a model involving the factors related to attitudes, those resulting from the analysis of the 24 items of risky behavior and the number of self-reported collisions and found that attitudes contributed to the prediction of self-reported risky behavior. ", "In line with the approach adopted here, the authors encouraged the consideration of other factors beyond attitudes which contribute to collision involvement.", "\n\nThe Driving Mobility Questionnaire (DMQ-A)\n------------------------------------------\n\nSelf-regulation of driving behavior depends on self-monitoring and, subsequently, on the need to change driving behavior should ability change, in order to maintain an acceptable level of safety ([@B8]). ", "As in the case of DBQ test, the history of measurement of self-regulation in driving is characterized by the use of a multiplicity of scales, with different numbers of items each corresponding to a potentially dangerous driving activity. ", "Arguably the variability in the measures used has been contributes to by confusion around what constitutes self-regulation of driving behavior. ", "In a recent study, [@B70] investigated the factor structure of three variants of an item set that have been used to assess older adults' driving self-regulation, namely, the Driving Habits Questionnaire (DHQ) ([@B55]), the driving mobility questionnaire (DMQ-A) ([@B8]), and an extended version of DMQ composed of DMQ-A and twelve new items generated by [@B68]. [", "@B70] intention was to develop a more comprehensive scale. ", "The scale, called *Extended Mobility Driving Questionnaire* (Extended DMQ-A) was composed of 21 items, which required the respondents to indicate the frequency with which they avoided driving in certain conditions, such as, at night in the rain, or in foggy condition, rated on a scale ranging from 1 (never avoid) to 5 (always avoid). ", "An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a two-factor structure, namely \"Internal Driving Environment\" and \"External Driving Environment,\" on the basis of the meaning of the items, related to external factors (e.g., weather conditions) or internal to the car (e.g., driving with or without passengers). ", "However, the authors identified the need to conduct further analysis of the instrument using confirmatory factor analysis.", "\n\nAims of the Study\n-----------------\n\nThe general aim of the present study was to combine the contribution of the risky behaviors (DBQ scale) with that of driving attitude (ATTS scale) and driving self-regulation (DMQ-A scale) in predicting the likelihood of collision in the year following the assessment in a sample of active older drivers. ", "Specifically, the preliminary aim was to perform a series of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the aforementioned three scales, involving a sample of active older Italian drivers. ", "Tested models were: (a) a three-factor solution, as in the model confirmed by [@B43] on a sample of young novice drivers aged between 18 and 23 years, and a four-factor solution, as in [@B67], for the DBQ scale; (b) a two-factor solution for DMQ-A, as reported by [@B70]; and (c) a three-factor solution, as reported by [@B35] for the ATTS scale. ", "A *data-driven* five-factor solution was also tested for the ATTS given that an Italian validation for the ATTS scale is lacking. ", "The principal aim of the present study was to examine the role of behavior and attitudes in predicting separately the likelihood and the frequency of self-reported car collisions occurred over the year following the assessment through a Negative Binomial Hurdle (HNB) model ([@B33]; [@B31]). ", "The aforementioned approach is particularly suitable whether the outcome is a count variable characterized by a relatively high number of non-occurrences.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s1}\n=====================\n\nParticipants\n------------\n\nData reported here were collected from 369 community-dwelling older drivers from an initial sample of 405 people (see par. ", "Procedure and Materials for the applied exclusion criteria) recruited in the period between October 2015 and March 2016. ", "They also agreed to be interviewed by phone every month for a total of 12 months to gather information about collisions in which they were involved. ", "Of those who participated, 119 were female; they ranged in age from 60 to 91 years (*M* = 71.1, *SD* = 7.3) and their educational experience ranged from 5 to 23 years (*M* = 9.8, *SD* = 4.4). ", "Each participant had the general aim of the research explained (specific hypotheses were omitted) and was required to provide informed consent to participate. ", "The study was approved by the local ethical committee and was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.", "\n\nProcedure and Materials\n-----------------------\n\nParticipants were interviewed in order to provide a range of demographic information including age, gender, education, as well as clinical history and current health status. ", "Moreover, for the whole sample, the number of occasions of driving (less than once per month, once or twice per month, at least once a week and more than once a week) in the previous years was recorded. ", "The inclusion criteria for the study were: (a) having a valid car driving license; (b) drive a car at least once per month; (c) absence of visual (uncorrected) and/or physical impairment; (d) no history of cranial trauma, brain lesions, or stroke. ", "The aforementioned data were evaluated through an anamnestic interview. ", "Also, cognitive efficiency has been assessed through the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA, [@B54]) where a score higher than 17 is considered as the best threshold to discriminate probable mild cognitive impairment in Italian population ([@B12]). ", "Autonomy in the management of daily activities has been assessed through the Activities of Daily Living (ADL, [@B37]) and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL, [@B40]). ", "Finally, absence of geriatric depression was evaluated through the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS_15, [@B13]). ", "On the basis of these criteria, 36 drivers were excluded from the final sample (exclusion rate 9%). ", "The following versions of the three scales mentioned above were used:\n\n1. ", " The Italian 28-item version of *Driver Behavior Questionnaire* (DBQ), developed by [@B41], and adapted to the Italian context by [@B43], rated on a six-point scale ranging from 0 (Never) to 5 (almost always). ", "In this scale, high score indicated a high frequency of aberrant behaviors during driving activities.", "\n\n2. ", " The 16-item scale of the *Attitudes Toward Traffic Safety Scale* (ATTSS), developed by [@B35] and translated in Italian by [@B43], on a five-point response scale ranging from \"strongly disagree\" (1) to \"strongly agree\" (5). ", "A high score represented a negative attitude toward traffic safety rules.", "\n\n3. ", " The 21-item version of *Driving Mobility Questionnaire* (Extended DMQ-A) by [@B70], rated on a scale ranging from 1 (never avoid) to 5 (always avoid). ", "The Italian translation of DMQ-A was created by the authors of the present study. ", "The questionnaire was initially translated into Italian. ", "This version was then given to a translator, fluent in English, who did not know of the existence of the original questionnaire, who was asked to translate the questionnaire back into English. ", "This new English version was then compared to the original English version which proved to be grammatically and semantically equivalent, thus allowing the Italian version to be accepted as the final version of DMQ-A to be used in this study.", "\n\nEach participant was interviewed by a well-trained research assistant who administered the questionnaire items to the interviewee and marked the answers on the response protocol. ", "The entire procedure including the administration of the preliminary interview/tests to evaluate the inclusion criteria and the three driving questionnaires lasted approximately one and a half hours. ", "A break was granted whenever requested.", "\n\nStatistical Analysis\n--------------------\n\nConfirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models were estimated using the R software ([@B58]) and the lavaan package ([@B62]), and graphically reported using the qgraph package ([@B25]). ", "Internal consistency was determined using Cronbach's alpha. ", "Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were carried out in order to test the most consistent factorial solutions existing in literature and to present the best factorial solution for each scale, namely, a four-factor DBQ solution, a five-factor solution for the ATTS and a two-factor solution for the Extended DMQ-A. The following fit indices and the respective cut-off for goodness of fit have been reported: the Chi-squared value (*χ*^2^), to assess the overall goodness of fit of the model, even if very sensitive to sample size and no longer considered as a basis for acceptance or rejection of the model ([@B64]), the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) (a value of CFI ≥ 0.95 is currently considered as indicative of good fit) ([@B32]), the Tucker Lewis index (TLI) (a cut-off of 0.95 or greater stands for a good model fit), the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (a value lower than 0.05 is considered acceptable), and the Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) (a value less than 0.08 is considered satisfactory) ([@B45]).", "\n\nFor the CFAs, a parametric method of data analysis has been adopted. ", "In this respect, a variety of parametric, non-parametric and semi-parametric approaches have been explored in literature. ", "Briefly, parametric statistics assumes that data produced by the sample comes from a population that follows a probability distribution based on a fixed set of parameters. ", "An example of parametric method is the *Maximum Likelihood Estimation* who establishes values for the parameters of a model maximizing the probability that the model reflects the observed data ([@B36]; [@B11]). ", "Non-parametric statistics do not need data fit with a normal distribution and therefore the model structure is determined from data instead of being specified *a priori*. ", "An example is the *Partial Least Squares* analysis which estimates the latent variables as weighted aggregates (e.g., [@B42]). ", "Lastly, it is also worth mentioning the semi-parametric statistics which has both parametric and non-parametric components. ", "Example of semi-parametric models are the *Cox Proportional Hazards* model ([@B7]) and the *Generalized Maximum Entropy* for estimating structural equation models ([@B17]; [@B18]; [@B15]).", "\n\nIn addition, predictive validity of each factor was assessed, by determining which factors predict collision involvement in the following year. ", "A hurdle negative binomial (HNB) model was performed using the \"pscl\" package ([@B73]), since classical regression models were not appropriate due to the shape of the distribution of the outcome data. ", "Thus, although the use of Poisson models is strongly recommended in the case of count data, it is not with overdispersion -- events that are much less likely to occur than the opposite ([@B27]). ", "The number of road collisions occurring in a one-year period fits into that category. ", "As far as we know, there are many statistical models that could be considered to represent these data including: negative binomial (NB), zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP), zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB), Poisson hurdle (HP), and HNB models but Hurdle Models are the most suitable to operate on this type of data ([@B33]; [@B31]). ", "Unlike the zero-inflated model, hurdle models consider the distribution of zero and non-zero separately. ", "They also attribute to zero the actual value of \"structural zero,\" differently from zero-inflated, which consider the fact that zeroes can also arise from non-exposure to the phenomenon (\"sampling zeros\"). ", "Given the sample was exclusively composed of active drivers, we can state that each participant is exposed to the risk of a collision. ", "For this reason, Poisson Hurdle Model and HNB model seem to be the most appropriate. ", "Although the two models may look similar, the use of the NBH model is recommended when the observed outcome has an average lower than its variance, as is the case for a crash involvement distribution.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nConfirmatory Factor Analysis and Reliability of the Three Scales\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\n[Table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the fit indices for the models tested, namely, a three- and a four-factor solution for the DBQ scale, a three- and a five-factor solution for the ATTS, and two two-factor solutions for DMQ-A.\n\n###### \n\nFit indices of the model tested.", "\n\n Fit indices \n --------------- ---------------------- ------------- ----- ------- ------- ------- ------- -----------\n [@B59] 3 factors (28 items) 664.320 347 0.822 0.806 0.05 0.057 24523.528\n [@B1] 4 factors (28 items) 470.256 343 0.929 0.921 0.032 0.048 24337.464\n [@B35] 3 factors (16 items) 225.862 101 0.953 944 0.058 0.047 15601.311\n Present study 5 factors (16 items) 90.897 94 1.000 1.000 0.000 0.030 15480.346\n [@B70] 2 factors (21 items) 984.686 188 0.772 0.745 0.107 0.111 23689.237\n Present study 2 factors (14 items) 192.957 73 0.951 0.939 0.067 0.075 15182.647\n\nAs reported by [@B67], a four-factor solution (see [Figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), i.e., *Aggressive Violations* (AV -- three items), *Violations* (V -- nine items), *Lapses* (L -- eight items), and *Errors* (E -- eight items) has shown to be the best model for the DBQ. ", "The model exhibited the following indices of goodness of fit: *χ*^2^(343) = 470.256, *p* \\< 0.001, CFI = 0.929, TLI = 0.921; RMSEA = 0.032; SRMR = 0.048. ", "Internal consistency of each factor and the DBQ total score was also evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. ", "As a scale, DBQ showed a consistency value of 0.86. ", "In terms of single factors, Aggressive Violations, Violations, Lapses and Errors showed the following values: α = 0.69, α = 0.68, α = 0.73, and α = 0.70, respectively. ", "All the reliability coefficients were close to or exceeded the threshold of α = 0.70.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nFor the ATTS scale, the best factorial solution was a five-factor solution (see [Figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) namely, *Rules* (RU -- four items), *Risk* (RI -- four items), *Speed* (SP -- three items), *Careless of others* (CO -- three items), and *Drinking and Driving* (D- two items). ", "The model showed the following fit indices: *χ*^2^(94) = 90.897, *p* \\> 0.5, CFI = 1.000, TLI = 1.000; RMSEA = 0.000; SRMR = 0.030. ", "Cronbach's alpha for the whole scale was α = 0.85, revealing a satisfactory internal consistency. ", "Rules, Risk and Speed sub-scales showed an acceptable internal consistency, i.e., α = 0.69, α = 0.65, α = 0.63, respectively, whereas, Careless of Others and Drinking and Driving revealed excellent values of α = 0.89 and α = 0.96, respectively.", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nWith respect to the DMQ-A, the model estimated revealed a two-factor structure (see [Figure 3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}) with the latent factors labeled External Driving Environment (EDE) and Internal Driving Environment (IDE). ", "Since some factor loadings were inadequate (\\<0.4), the corresponding items were removed from the model. ", "Consequently, the final version of the scale was composed of 14 items. ", "The seven deleted items were: item 2: \"In the rain,\" item 4: \"Peak hour,\" item 6: \"High traffic roads,\" item 9: \"At the start/end of school times,\" item 15: \"Parallel parking,\" item 16: \"Right turns,\" and finally, item 17: \"Roundabouts.\" ", "The final 14-item DMQ-A model's fit indices were as follows: *χ*^2^(73) = 192.957, *p* \\< 0.001, CFI = 0.951, TLI = 0.939, RMSEA = 0.067, SRMR = 0.075. ", "As for the aforementioned scales, the two latent factors and the total scale showed acceptable internal consistency reliability; in particular EDE, IDE and the total scale's Cronbach's alpha values were α = 0.88, α = 0.86, and α = 0.68, respectively.", "\n\n{#F3}\n\n[Table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the correlations among all the factors' scales; mean and standard deviation for each factor.", "\n\n###### \n\nCorrelation matrix of all the variables, mean, and SD.", "\n\n Factor AggViol Viol Lapses Errors EDE IDE Rules Risk Speed CO Mean *SD*\n --------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ----------- --------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -------- --------\n AggViol 3.024 2.935\n Viol 0.258\\*\\* 5.152 4.705\n Lapses 0.271\\*\\* 0.446\\*\\* 5.412 4.141\n Errors 0.321\\*\\* 0.469\\*\\* 0.639\\*\\* 2.921 3.023\n EDE -0.014 -0.208\\*\\* 0.074 -0.005 25.924 10.574\n IDE 0.069 0.047 0.015 0.060 0.207\\*\\* 5.349 3.054\n Rules -0.127\\* -0.410\\*\\* -0.223\\*\\* -0.227\\*\\* 0.157\\*\\* 0.010 17.076 3.413\n Risk -0.209\\*\\* -0.388\\*\\* -0.229\\*\\* -0.272\\*\\* 0.121\\* 0.006 0.469\\*\\* 15.328 3.799\n Speed -0.139\\*\\* -0.312\\*\\* -0.204\\*\\* -0.192\\*\\* 0.092 0.102\\* 0.375\\*\\* 0.452\\*\\* 11.501 3.054\n CO -0.067 -0.170\\*\\* -0.065 -0.143\\*\\* 0.070 0.045 0.290\\*\\* 0.283\\*\\* 0.299\\*\\* 10.035 2.432\n DD -0.036 -0.151\\*\\* -0.017 -0.061 0.062 0.065 0.232\\*\\* 0.237\\*\\* 0.201\\*\\* 0.724\\*\\* 3.450 1.527\n\n∗∗\n\nCorrelation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).", "\n\n∗\n\nCorrelation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)\n\n.", "\n\nThe Link Between Driver Behavior, Attitude, and Rare Collision Events\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPreliminary Chi squared analyses have been conducted to verify the relationship between age/education and collisions and to investigate the role of age and education variables as possible mediators. ", "Given the large sample size and the well-known sensitivity of Chi-square distribution to sample size, we have chosen a conservative *p* \\< 0.01 as the reference level for statistical significance. ", "Chi square analysis was performed by splitting the sample into two sub-samples according to age (60--74 and 75--91 years) and the median of education (i.e., 8 that corresponds to the achievement of high school graduation in Italy). ", "No statistically significant differences emerged between age \\[*X*^2^ (2, *N* = 369) = 6.41, *p* = 0.04\\] and education \\[*X*^2^(2, *N* = 369) = 3.60, *p* = 0.17\\] with respect to the outcome, i.e., collision, thus age and education variables have not been considered in the subsequent analysis.", "\n\nAs described previously in the *Statistical Analysis* section, NBH model have the advantage of estimating both the likelihood of engaging in a specific event, that is, the hurdle portion, and the frequency with which that event occurs, that is, the count portion ([@B6]).", "\n\nIn the present sample, 33 drivers reported one crash over the year (about 8%) while 7 drivers reported 2 (about 2%). [", "Table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"} shows that all the DBQ variables (Violations, Aggressive Violations, Lapses and Errors) are equally associated with the likelihood of engaging in a car collision. ", "In other words, a higher frequency of self-reported aberrant driving behavior predicted the likelihood of having a collision. ", "However, this is not the case for other variables, namely EDE, IDE, Rules, Speed, Risk, Careless of Others, and Drinking and Driving. ", "In fact, it seemed that these variables do not significantly predict the likelihood of having a collision.", "\n\n###### \n\nEstimation of the Negative Binomial Hurdle (NBH) model with all factors as independent variables.", "\n\n Hurdle model Count model \n ----------------------- -------------- ------------- -------- ---------------\n (Intercept) -84.975 0.026\\* 4.693 0.490\n Violations 2.753 0.026\\* 0.855 0.032\\*\n Aggressive violations 2.908 0.026\\* -0.737 0.249\n Lapses 2.684 0.027\\* -0.637 0.003\\*\\*\n Errors 2.054 0.024\\* 2.617 \\<0.001\\*\\*\\*\n EDE -0.028 0.837 -0.649 0.004\\*\\*\n IDE 0.015 0.947 0.901 \\<0.001\\*\\*\\*\n Rules -0.422 0.363 -1.134 \\<0.001\\*\\*\\*\n Risk -0.437 0.202 -0.462 0.091\n Speed 0.294 0.439 -0.044 0.852\n Careless of others 0.069 0.842 -0.665 0.428\n Drinking and driving 1.101 0.198 1.110 0.216\n\nNumber of collisions is the dependent variable. ", "Signif. ", "codes:\n\n∗∗∗\n\n0.001,\n\n∗∗\n\n0.01,\n\n∗\n\n0.05\n\n.", "\n\nWith respect to frequency (i.e., count model), Aggressive Violations became not significantly associated with the frequency of collisions. ", "While, the other three variables maintained a significant relationship with the outcome. ", "In other words, as the number of Violations and, with a larger extent, the number of Errors increased, the frequency of collision increased as well. ", "An unexpected result relates to the variable Lapses. ", "According to the NBH model, collisions were inversely associated with number of Lapses. ", "Furthermore, both the DMQ-A variables showed to be associated with the frequency of accidents in a year. ", "In particular, a higher self-regulation concerning environmental aspects (EDE) was positively associated with a lower frequency of collisions, while, a higher self-regulation involving the personal, \"internal\" aspects of risk driving (IDE) was surprisingly associated with a higher frequency of collisions. ", "Moreover, a positive attitude toward traffic rules (i.e., the variable labeled as Rules) was significantly associated with a lower frequency of collision in a year. ", "In conclusion, Errors (DBQ) and Rules (ATTS) showed to be the most relevant predictors of frequency of collisions. ", "Finally, Speed, Risk, Careless of Others and Drinking and Driving were not associated both with likelihood and frequency of car collision.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe first aim of the present study was to assess the factorial validity of three widely used scales on risky driving behavior, positive attitudes toward traffic rules and self-regulation in dangerous driving situations on a sample of Italian older active drivers, namely a 28-item DBQ, a 16-item ATTS and a 21-item Extended DMQ-A. Using confirmatory factor analysis, complied with the four-factor structure found in previous research, the final DBQ model was composed of four latent factors. ", "The four-way distinction of the DBQ has been confirmed with respect to previous findings (e.g., [@B1]; [@B60]; [@B10]; [@B47]; [@B50]; [@B19]). ", "Despite the presence of previous empirical evidence that supported the three-factor structure for the DBQ (e.g., [@B57]; [@B44]; [@B46]), the four-factor solution appears to be the most appropriate in the present sample according to the fit indices. ", "It is worth emphasizing that this is a further subdivision of \"driving violations\" dimension, which, therefore, does not seem to substantially change the original three-way distinction in violations, lapses and errors among risky driving behaviors.", "\n\nAn interesting result is the high covariance between errors and lapses variables in the CFA model of the DBQ scale. ", "This seems to be in line with the idea that errors and violations are underlined to different cognitive processes. [", "@B59] suggested that errors as well as lapses are unintentional, and the latter are included in the former ones. ", "On the contrary, violations are deliberate infringements of traffic rules, hence intentional. ", "This was later confirmed by [@B56] who argued as a two-factor solution, i.e., errors (composed of lapses, slips, and mistakes) and violations, was the most stable model, over time. ", "On the other hand, other scholars ([@B39]; [@B66]) suggested a second-order factor model based on errors (including mistakes and lapses) and violations (including general and aggressive violations).", "\n\nAs regards the ATTS scale, the three-factor structure showed very good fit indices and seemed to be consistent with that originally proposed by [@B35] involving a sample of Norwegian middle-aged drivers. ", "Nevertheless, the final choice fell on a five-factor structure, since it provided a better fit to the current data. ", "The final model of DMQ-A scale was composed of two latent factors labeled EDE and IDE, as already suggested by [@B70]. ", "The lack of an Italian validation requested to follow a *data-driven approach*. ", "In our Italian DMQ-A version, the items 2, 4, 6, 9, 15, 16, and 17 have been removed because of irrelevant factor loading values.", "\n\nThe second aim was to find out which factors of each scale predicted collision involvement over the period of a year. ", "As addressed by several scholars (e.g., [@B2]; [@B20]) the data in literature revealing an association between aberrant behaviors at the wheel (i.e., violations, lapses and errors) and self-reported accidents data may be inflated by several methodological biases, including common method variance effect. ", "In order to overcome this possible bias, the present study introduced a design in which the older drivers were contacted by telephone monthly for a year to register any collision may be occurred. ", "This methodology has two main strong points: (a) introduces a prospective design allowing to explore the predictive capacity of each measure to predict collisions excluding a possible common method variance effect; (b) reduces the possibility of a recall effect, asking older drivers to analyze only a limited time frame (last month).", "\n\nThe results showed that driving violations, lapses and errors strongly affect the risk of collision, while the role of aggressive violations appears to be weaker than the others, as it seems to predict the likelihood of incurring in a collision but not its frequency. ", "These results are in line with the literature in that risky driving in older drivers is positively related to self-reported crash involvement (e.g., [@B44]; [@B2]).", "\n\nThe results also revealed the significant impact of self-regulation on the frequency of collision between subjects who have already had an accident. ", "Data on the present sample of older drivers showed that high self-regulation with respect to potentially hazardous external situations, such as, adverse weather conditions, are associated with a lower frequency of accidents in drivers who have already had an accident. ", "On the contrary, self-regulating in a potentially risky internal environment, that is, for instance, the presence of children passenger in the car, was associated to a higher frequency of collisions. ", "Indeed, these findings suggest that self-regulating behavior during these situations can even be a risk factor for the drivers and passengers. ", "Self-regulation may be a mediator between other constructs, such as certain personality traits and/or cognitive variables ([@B22]). ", "Indeed, several studies argue that self-regulation is a multidimensional factor, affected by several components, such as decision making ([@B51]), self-confidence ([@B52]), and personality traits, such as attachment style ([@B28]). ", "It could also be hypothesized that other personality traits, such as anxiety, may affect self-regulation, especially if we take into account those situations in which the driver feels the responsibility for the safety of other passengers, even more if children. ", "Thus, a cautious explanation of our result might be that a self-reported propensity to self-regulate associated to the presence in the car of other passengers could reveal an anxious personality inclined to implement potentially risky behaviors at the wheel. ", "With respect to the ATTS factors, the analysis shows that only a positive attitude toward traffic rules was associated to the frequency of collision. ", "Conversely, other factors regarding risk avoidance, high speed, caring for the others, and alcohol-driving did not significantly impact both on likelihood and frequency of collisions. ", "Again, a possible explanation may be that ATTS could be dependent on specific personality dimensions, as is the case of the *personality-attitudes-risk driving behavior* model ([@B69]). ", "In addition, several studies showed that older drivers are less prone to participate in dangerous behaviors, such as reckless driving ([@B23]), abuse of alcohol before and during driving ([@B9]), likely due to concerns over their own fragility, than young car drivers. ", "In summary, it seems that the behavior, and therefore, the actual action, shows its close link with the consequence, that is, the accident. ", "However, once the accident has occurred, other variables may be involved in affecting the likelihood of a relapse. ", "The present results converged on the validity of the DBQ as the preferred tool for the prediction of self-reported accidents, and confirmed, also in the present sample of active older drivers, the strict relationship between attitudes toward safety (i.e., attitudes toward rules, risk and speed) and all the four dimensions of the DBQ. ", "As in previous research (e.g., [@B44]; [@B46]) attitudes are more related to ordinary violations than to other driving behaviors. ", "This data is in line with the nature of the ordinary violations that are the results of a deliberate and conscious choice resulting more influenced by attitudes than other aberrant behaviors that are may be more linked to cognitive functioning (i.e., errors and lapses).", "\n\nThe components of the DBQ and self-regulation do not seem to have a direct link, as confirmed by previous findings ([@B61]; [@B26]). ", "On the contrary, in the older drivers, the role of attitudes toward respect for the law and the traffic rules seems to be very strong, unlike what happens for young people ([@B72]). ", "It is worthwhile to note that the involvement of other variables, such as self-regulation and attitude toward road safety, can be useful in assessing the likelihood of relapses ([@B34]) and in their prevention, as well as in the prediction of types of accident with respect to different factors of attitudes and self-regulation examined ([@B65]). ", "Overall, the relationship between attitudes, self-regulation and behaviors might be more complex than expected and, also be mediated by other factors not considered in the present study. ", "Future studies will have to investigate the complex relationship between cognitive, personality variables and the three constructs under consideration here and how this relationship affects the number of short and long-term risks of being involved in collision.", "\n\nThe present study has some limitations. ", "All the data are self-reported. ", "Despite the monthly interviews with which the research assistants maintained regular contacts with participants, the role of memory deficits or social desirability on accident reporting cannot be ruled out. ", "Despite the fact that [@B30] have argued for a clear association between self-reported and objective measures, when using a driving simulator, accesses to objective data relating to collision involvement would clearly have greater validity. ", "A limitation is also the lack of other objective criteria, beyond the number of accidents, such as, traffic fines. ", "This point is closely linked to the previous limitation, as the authors hypothesized that the participants were not inclined to declare the traffic fines. ", "Future research may use more reliable methods to collect objective criteria, possibly in cooperation with local authorities. ", "Despite the presence of the aforementioned limitations, the present study proposed a contribution to the creation of a suitable driving ability assessment procedure, as suggested by some scholars (e.g., [@B2]), in a specific and critical sample, namely active older drivers, in order to identify the specific risk and protection factors that act on the likelihood of being involved in risky behavior and collisions. ", "A systematic approach to the assessment and prevention of incorrect driving behaviors could be a step to turn potential victims of traffic injuries into safer drivers. ", "For this reason, it would be desirable to implement personalized educational programs, firstly, for the assistance of drivers at risk of loss of the driving license, and secondly, to amend such risky behaviors ensuring autonomy and functionality as essentials of cognitive reserve ([@B14]) of older drivers in a safety way.", "\n\nData Availability\n=================\n\nThe raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.", "\n\nEthics Statement\n================\n\nThis study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. ", "All subjects gave written informed consent. ", "The protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Department of Educational Sciences, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari (nr. ", "3660-CEL02/17).", "\n\nAuthor Contributions\n====================\n\nGS, AC, AL, LM, FL, and AB conceived the original idea and were primarily responsible for the data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of results. ", "GS, AC, and LM were primarily responsible for drafting the manuscript. ", "MG, MI, FL, and AB critically revised the draft of the manuscript and supervised the general process.", "\n\nConflict of Interest Statement\n==============================\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\n**Funding.** ", "This work was part of the Ph.D. thesis of GS under the supervision of AB and it was written during the research period at Trinity College Dublin (Ireland) under the supervision of MG. ", "It was partially supported by the Action Co-founded by Cohesion and Development Fund 2007--2013 -- APQ Research Puglia Region \"Regional program supporting smart specialization and social and environmental sustainability -- FutureInResearch\" to AC (Grant Code CEY4SQ4), and by an Ateneo Grant \"Multidisciplinary study of preventive models for risks related to disability and fragility in aging\" to AB.", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: Masanobu Miura, Hachinohe Institute of Technology, Japan\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: Enrico Ciavolino, University of Salento, Italy; Massimiliano Palmiero, University of L'Aquila, Italy\n\n[^3]: This article was submitted to Performance Science, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nFeedback controller: Is there any influence between outer and inner loop when running at different frequencies?", "\n\nI've develop a quadrotor (only simulation on my PC using ROS) and the feedback controller resumes more or less the following structure:\n\nwhere you can think that process is the dynamic movement of the quadrotor (motion equations), the inner loop is the attitude controller (it just sets the orientation about all 3 axis) and the outer loop is the position controller that takes care where the quadrotor actually is. ", "Why are they separated? ", "Because in many papers I found out that the attitude controller (pitch, roll, yaw) need to run at higher frequency then any other controller in the system. ", "The position controller instead needs to run at lower frequency.", "\nThe following picture is a better explanation of my description. ", "Don't be scared...it is more simpler than one could think:\n\nNow I did it as in the paper. ", "BUT I discovered that my quadrotor was really unstable and I spent days and days trying to correct the gains of the controller without getting a stable system. ", "My intuition said to me that maybe they are running at wrong frequency, so I put a different frequency values for the position controller being sure it is not a multiply of the main frequency (something like 1000Hz and 355 Hz for example.)", "\nLately I removed the timer in my program (C++) and let the position controller run at the same frequency as the attitude controller just because I run out of ideas and suddenly worked everything nice.", "\nSo here is my question. ", "What should I consider when my system has an outer/inner controllers? ", "How to be aware of that?", "\nRegards and happy new year!!!", "\n\nA:\n\nIn short, there is no particular need for synchronization of inner and outer loops. ", "The inner loop should run \"fast enough\" to control attitude dynamics and the outer loop should run \"fast enough\" to control translation dynamics. ", "In my last quad the inner loop ran at 200Hz and the outer loop ran at a variable rate from 50Hz-100hz.", "\nTypically, you shouldn't be trying to \"tune\" the loop frequencies. ", "Once they are fast enough there is no further benefit to be had. ", "In your case, I would carefully check the code to see what the inner loop controller is doing between outer loop controller updates. ", "In most setups, it will just remember the last command from the outer loop and control to that.", "\nTo elaborate on the rationale for separate inner/outer loop controllers ...\nAs you noticed in papers, for quadrotors it is very common to have a separate inner loop (attitude) and outer loop (translation). ", "One strong motivation for this has been the relative ease of attitude control and state estimation. ", "The attitude subsystem is fully actuation and can be aggressively controlled for tight command tracking. ", "Equally important, state estimation is generally quite accurate using a small 9-axis IMU (gyro + accel + mag).", "\nWhen implemented correctly, this allows the outer loop to assume that it's attitude commands are tracked very tightly. ", "The system now looks like a system where attitude acts like a traditional input. ", "In this case, the translation subsystem also becomes fully actuated. ", "For this to work, the inner loop typically needs to run much faster than translation dynamics. ", "Conversely, this means the translation dynamics are relatively slow so the outer loop controller doesn't need to run very fast.", "\nThe biggest limitation for the outer loop is how quickly and accurately you can estimate the translation state. ", "For fully autonomous systems, This is typically slow and not very accurate so you can't act aggressively.", "\nOne final note, from a control theory point of view most of the inner+outer loop controllers don't have stability guarantees; I've seen only one paper where they went through the effort for a similar control architecture. ", "There are also several papers where they create advanced algorithms with stability analysis but those typically aren't work the effort to implement.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Awesome Gorgar!", "\n\nI am not familiar with G1, so I never heard of any Gorgar aside a song that has totally Nothing do to with MLP XD" ]

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[ "FOR blood-soaked decades the diplomatic game in the Arab-Israeli conflict has been summed up as “America plays, Europe pays”. ", "American mediators from Henry Kissinger onwards have shuttled to and from Jerusalem, while the Europeans have become the biggest paymasters of the Palestinian Authority.", "\n\nNow fate has put the Europeans at the centre of the showdown over the Palestinian demand for full membership of the United Nations. ", "The Palestinian leader, Mahmoud Abbas, and the Israeli prime minister, Binyamin Netanyahu, will square off with speeches to the General Assembly on the same day. ", "Each carries a gun. ", "Some in Israel threaten to annex settlements in the occupied West Bank and to cut off the Palestinians' customs revenues. ", "The Palestinians can inflame the Arab street at a time of revolutionary turmoil, in which Israel stands perilously isolated after the breakdown in its diplomatic ties with Turkey and Egypt.", "\n\nStep in the Europeans, who are desperate to stop the fight, for many reasons. ", "They think a negotiated deal is the best way to lasting peace. ", "They fear a bust-up will radicalise their already-turbulent southern and eastern neighbourhoods. ", "And they do not want to expose their own divisions. ", "So far the Europeans are united only in silence, saying they will not declare themselves until they see what, precisely, the Palestinians are asking for. ", "Does anybody care? ", "Surprisingly, perhaps, yes.", "\n\nAlthough often mocked in Brussels as a mediocrity, Catherine Ashton, the European Union's foreign-policy chief, finds herself at the heart of Middle Eastern mediation. ", "To some extent she has taken the role by default, as America has stepped back from peacemaking. ", "Barack Obama has given up trying to force Mr Netanyahu to halt settlement-building in the West Bank. ", "Tony Blair, the former British prime minister and envoy of the so-called Quartet (America, Russia, the UN and the EU) is discredited in the eyes of many Arabs, not just for his war in Iraq but also for supposedly favouring Israel. “", "He sounds like an Israeli diplomat sometimes,” says Nabil Shaath, a senior Palestinian negotiator.", "\n\nLady Ashton, by contrast, has managed to win a degree of trust among Palestinians—her office in Brussels is decorated with a kite painted by children in Gaza—without losing the confidence of the Israelis. ", "Mr Netanyahu has seen her three times in recent weeks. “", "We take her very seriously,” declares an Israeli official. “", "Her heart is in the right place,” says a Palestinian one.", "\n\nBoth sides want Europe's support. ", "It will not change the outcome in the UN: the Palestinians' quest for full membership is sure to be vetoed by America in the Security Council, but they can secure the votes in the General Assembly that they need to upgrade their status from a non-member “observer entity” to a non-member “observer state”—a rank comparable to that of the Vatican (and, in the past, of Switzerland and West Germany). ", "But, as one Israeli official puts it, “the Europeans represent legitimacy.” ", "European support for Palestinian membership could leave the Americans isolated in the Security Council. ", "And without the backing of leading European democracies, an enhanced Palestinian status in the General Assembly would look empty.", "\n\nAs ever, the Europeans would exert more moral influence if they acted in unison. ", "Yet on the question of Palestine, especially, they struggle to speak with one voice. ", "In February European members in the Security Council voted together—against a lone American veto—to denounce illegal Israeli settlements. ", "But in 2009 they split three ways in the General Assembly over endorsing the contentious Goldstone report, which cited evidence of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by Israel (and Hamas) in the Gaza Strip during the 2008-09 war.", "\n\nLady Ashton has tried to propose an alternative to full UN membership: the Vatican option, plus a Quartet statement setting out the terms and timetable for new talks on Palestinian statehood. ", "This, she thinks, would give the Palestinians a tangible gain and maintain European unity. ", "But the Palestinians have rejected her advice, in part because they doubt she can deliver all 27 EU votes in the General Assembly. ", "On the face of it Palestinians have chosen principle over pragmatism. ", "Why, they say, should they give up their right to UN membership to spare the EU's blushes?", "\n\nYet the Europeans still see room for manoeuvre. ", "It could take months for the Palestinians' membership request to reach a Security Council vote. ", "And now minds in the Quartet are concentrated on trying to restart talks. ", "The Palestinians have cocked the gun; the Europeans are trying to put it in a bulletproof box. ", "Success would be a diplomatic triumph for Lady Ashton, but it will be hard. ", "Neither Mr Netanyahu nor Mr Abbas seems ready or able to begin negotiations, let alone agree to lasting peace.", "\n\nJust say Yes\n\nSo the Europeans in the Security Council could be called on to take sides. ", "France may yet support Palestinian membership of the UN; the Germans will surely champion Israel; the British will probably abstain. ", "From Charlemagne's perspective, not just as a resident of Brussels but as a former Jerusalem correspondent, it would be better for all three to support the Palestinian bid.", "\n\nThis would keep alive the hope of a two-state solution. ", "More than six decades after the UN voted to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, the idea is dying thanks to relentless Israeli settlement-building and the violent irredentism of Hamas and others. ", "Yet as well as asserting Palestinians' right to statehood, the Europeans should say what they cannot have: an unfettered right of return for refugees to modern-day Israel. ", "On these terms, France and Britain might be able to support the Palestinians, and the German government could abstain. ", "Nobody expects Germany, with its Holocaust burden, to vote against Israel. ", "But abstention would be a tacit Yes to a fair peace.", "\n\nEconomist.com/blogs/charlemagne" ]

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[ "SALEM, MA -- Salem Mayor Kim Driscoll defeated challenger Paul Prevey in her bid for a fourth term Tuesday night With 13 of 14 precincts reporting, Driscoll had swept all seven wards and was leading 7,678-4,123. ", "Salem voters also approved a ballot question to reaffirm the city's status as a sanctuary city.", "\n\nTwo incumbents lost their seats on City Council. ", "In the at-large race, Domingo Dominguez will replace Jerry Ryan. ", "In Ward 3, Stephen Lovely lost to Lisa Peterson. ", "Five candidates were competing for three open school committee seats. ", "Amanda Campbell, Manny Cruz and Ana Nuncio were the top vote getters.", "\n\nMayor's Race Incumbents are marked with an (I). ", "Winning candidate is in bold. ", "100% reporting.", "\n\nWard 1 Ward 2 Ward 3 Ward 4 Ward 5 Ward 6 Ward 7 Total Kimberly Driscoll (I) 1,115 1,679 966 947 1,176 1,198 901 7.992 Paul Prevey 466 663 55 860 446 726 478 4,194 Blanks 42 29 34 19 37 28 21 226 Write-Ins 7 4 2 4 4 6 2 29 Ballot Question On Sanctuary City Status In April City Council reaffirmed the city's existing policy that government officials would not require people to show proof of legal immigration status before receiving city services. ", "A petition drive and City Council's failure to rescind the measure in a heated, May 25 meeting put the question on the November ballot to be decided by voters. ", "A yes vote was to support the city's status as a sanctuary city. ", "A no vote opposed sanctuary city status for Salem. ", "100% reporting.", "\n\nWard 1 Ward 2 Ward 3 Ward 4 Ward 5 Ward 6 Ward 7 Total Yes 1,032 1,569 749 655 1,008 1,046 690 3,154 No 532 697 706 1,099 554 803 639 2,332 Blanks 75 109 102 76 101 54 73 288 Write-Ins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0\n\nCity Council Races There were eight candidates seeking four at-large seats on City Council. ", "Incumbents are marked with an (I). ", "Winning candidates are in bold. ", "100% reporting.", "\n\nWard 1 Ward 2 Ward 3 Ward 4 Ward 5 Ward 6 Ward 7 Total Liz Bradt 565 921 404 364 466 1,139 327 4,186 Jeffrey Cohen 482 812 385 284 558 1,041 341 3,853 Domingo Dominguez 799 920 659 584 761 1,496 599 5,818 David Eppley 587 986 407 425 557 1,200 352 4,514 Thomas Furey (I) 473 829 498 628 547 1,311 456 4,742 Elaine Milo (I) 518 835 673 955 617 1,369 666 5,633 Jerry Ryan (I) 392 506 727 886 431 1,311 456 4,583 Arthur Sargent (I) 484 729 632 863 503 1,256 660 5,127 Blanks 2,271 2,954 2,086 2,223 2,198 4,518 1,694 17,994 Write-Ins 5 8 7 28 14 17 9 88 Six of the seven Ward seats on city council featured contested races. ", "Incumbent Stephen Dibble of Moffatt Road is ran unopposed in Ward 7. ", "In the contested races:\n\n\n\nIm Ward 1, incumbent Robert K. McCarthy of Bay View Avenue defeated Annalyssa Murphy of Essex Street 856-555.", "\n\nof Bay View Avenue defeated Annalyssa Murphy of Essex Street 856-555. ", "In Ward 2, Mary Usovicz of Botts Court lost to Christine Madore of Federal Street 1,294-960\n\nof Federal Street 1,294-960 In Ward 3, challenger Lisa Peterson of Broad Street defeated incumbent Stephen Lovely of Story Street 785-695.", "\n\nof Broad Street defeated incumbent Stephen Lovely of Story Street 785-695. ", "In Ward 4, Timothy Flynn of Sable Road defeated Robert A. McCarthy of Valley Street 1,006-454. ", "There was also a write-in candidate, Ana Campos. ", "A total of 240 write-in votes were cast in Ward 4.", "\n\nof Sable Road defeated Robert A. McCarthy of Valley Street 1,006-454. ", "There was also a write-in candidate, Ana Campos. ", "A total of 240 write-in votes were cast in Ward 4. ", "In Ward 5, incumbent Josh H. Turiel of Lafayette Street defeated challenger Mary Wilbert of Cedar Street in Ward 5 1,038-457 with 94 blanks and four write-ins and one of two precincts reporting.", "\n\nof Lafayette Street defeated challenger Mary Wilbert of Cedar Street in Ward 5 1,038-457 with 94 blanks and four write-ins and one of two precincts reporting. ", "In Ward 6, incumbent Beth Gerard of Larchmont Road defeated Nadine M. Nastasi-Hanscom of Bay View Circle 1,292-556. ", "School Committee Races Five candidates ran for three openings on the school committee. ", "Each seat has a four-year term. ", "Incumbents are marked with an (I). ", "Winning candidates are in bold. ", "100% reporting. ", "Ward 1 Ward 2 Ward 3 Ward 4 Ward 5 Ward 6 Ward 7 Total Amanda Campbell 750 1,050 580 743 699 848 586 5,256 Manny Cruz 610 847 524 602 615 732 485 4,415 Andrea French 394 598 488 565 510 584 584 3,723 Jean Martin 266 417 381 453 358 506 326 2,607 Ana Nuncio 660 1,079 555 473 676 738 451 4,632 Blanks 2,247 3,125 2,135 2,557 2,115 2,559 899 16,505 Write-Ins 11 9 8 17 16 7 3 75 Subscribe to Salem Patch for more local news and real-time alerts." ]

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[ "Description:Get quick access to the built+in Unix command+line shell from your Android device. ", "You can use Qute as a command prompt to run Unix \\ Linux commands, install bin files, and create shell scripts. ", "The most popular PC commands (ping, netstat, trace, cd, mkdir, etc.) ", "are now available on your device. ", "With Qute you have full access to the system terminal. ", "Now the total control of your system is yours!" ]

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[ "Overview about Girls' Bras - Cat & Jack Aqua XL, Blue\n\nFind Bras at Target.com! ", "This Girls' Seamless Bandeau by Cat and Jack in Aqua offers all the features you're looking for. ", "A ideal option to wear with all your favorite strapless looks. ", "Plus, it's guar.. See Full Details »\n\nReturn Policy :\n\nWe want you to love it. ", "If you don't, you may return your purchase within 30 days of delivery. ", "All you need to do is visit our Self-Service Return Center for instructions. ", "Return credits are issued within 24 hours once the item is received and inspected. ", "Please note that shipping charges are non-refundable. ", "The cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund. ", "Read More\n\nOnline shopping allows you to buy at any time of night or day according to your convenience without even worrying about closing period of stores. ", "If you happen to be planning to buy Girls' Bras - Cat & Jack Aqua XL, Blue and so are not able to have it at the stores nearby you then no should travel large distances. ", "Just look for this online and book your Girls' Bras - Cat & Jack Aqua XL, Blue here. ", "You can order your desired Girls' Bras - Cat & Jack Aqua XL, Blue at your own comfort. ", "It is simple and helps save good time. ", "You can even try to find various possibilities here after which order the top one for yourself. ", "Enjoy shipping free with kelly contreras by ordering here." ]

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[ "Gujarat Revenue Talati Result 2016 Declared Check Cut of Marks\n\nGujarat Revenue Talati Result 2016 Declared gsssb.gujarat.gov.in GSSSB Revenue Talati Cutoff Merit list is now Available – Gujarat Secondary Service Selection board (GSSSB) has declared Result of GSSSB Revenue Talati (Advt. ", "No. ", "60/201516) Exam with Merit List. ", "so all those candidates who have appeared in this exam are expected to visit official website or link given below here to check out their performance.", "\n\nGujarat Secondary Service Selection board (GSSSB) has conducted online examinations for the recruitment of Gujarat Revenue Talati Posts on 28th February 2016 successfully across the Gujarat State. ", "A huge number of candidates are appeared in this examination. ", "After the successful exam All the candidates are searching for results on the web. ", "The GSSSB has announced the OJAS Revenue Talati Result 2016 with Cut off Marks Online. ", "Now all the candidates can Check their Gujarat Revenue Talati Result 2016 name wise and Roll no. ", "wise through pdf file.", "\n\nGujarat Revenue Talati Class 3 Result 2016 Name Wise-\n\nOrganization name – Gujarat Secondary Service Selection board (GSSSB)\n\nExam name – Revenue Talati 2016\n\nState – Gujarat\n\nExam Date – 28th February 2016\n\nResult Online status – Declared\n\nResult Date – 06th May 2016\n\nOfficial webpage – gsssb.gujarat.gov.in\n\nAbout Gujarat Revenue Talati Exam: Gujarat Secondary Service Selection board (GSSSB) has conducted Written examination for the post of Revenue Talati Mantri. ", "The written exam was held on 28th February for 2480 vacancies. ", "A large number of candidates appeared for this exam. ", "Applicants who were appeared in examination can Download Gujarat Revenue Talati Result 2016 from the mention below link and check their name & roll number in the list.", "\n\nAbout GSSSB :- Gujarat Secondary Service Selection Board (GSSSB) is a Government sector company of India. ", "its official Website is www.gsssb.gujarat.gov.in . ", "The Gujarat Secondary Service Selection board (GSSSB) is a department of the government of Gujarat which is responsible for governing the recruitment of personnel into the state’s public service.", "\n\nHow to check online Gujarat Revenue Talati Result 2016 ?", "\n\nOpen the official link of gsssb.gujarat.gov.in\nSelect the Notice board Section on the home screen.", "\nFind out download link written as ‘GSSSB Revenue Talati Exam Result 2016’ and open it.", "\nDownload PDF file and search your talati mantri result.", "\n\nRevenue Talati Cut of Marks : Minimum cut off marks for each category is 40 Marks.", "\n\nOfficial Website : ojas.gujarat.gov.in or gsssb.gujarat.gov.in\n\nOur Gujinfo team wishes you all a Good Luck for the best outcome of Merit List. ", "Applicants are advised that please read the Gujarat Revenue Talati Result 2016 Article carefully before checking the result. ", "Here we also provide list of candidates qualified for Computer Test Part-2 for the post of Revenue Talati. ", "Part – II Computer Proficiency Examination will be held probably after second week of June 2016. ", "Detailed Programe & Instruction for Call letter will be given on website of GSSSB gsssb.gujarat.gov.in .", "\n\nSubscribe to Blog via Email\n\nPartner Site\n\nAbout Us\n\nA very warm welcome to the Indian Education Website GujInfo.com. ", "The GujInfo Website is an online information service provided by young professional bloggers Tapan Patel. ", "Our aim to provide each and every information. ", "Hope you will like this and feel free to share this information with your friends." ]

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[ "Nymph of a Bow-winged Grasshopper (Chorthippus biguttulus) in Hamm, Germany.", "\n\nAh, spring, when the meadows come alive with the sweet trilling of grasshopper come-ons. ", "The bow-winged grasshopper attracts females with a very specific song---so specific, in fact, that it is the only thing that distinguishes it from related species in the field. ", "In quiet, Alpine grasslands, this system works like a charm. ", "But as urban development encroaches on more of the grasshopper's habitat, city noise is getting in the way of the grasshoppers getting it on. ", "Scientists have already determined that some species of birds, mammals, and frogs change their mating calls\n\nin response to urban noise. ", "In a new study\n\nin Functional Ecology, scientists report that urban-dwelling grasshoppers, as well, have responded by changing parts of their tune to a higher frequency---one more easily differentiated from traffic. ", "To attract a female bow-winged grasshopper, the male rubs a comb-like structure on his hind leg against a vein that protrudes from his front wing. ", "A female, if sufficiently impressed, will call back and invite him over. ", "If these precisely tuned messages get lost in the din of nearby traffic, female grasshoppers may not hear, recognize, or properly gauge a male's mating call. ", "This is bad news for the survival of the species. ", "It makes sense, then, that grasshoppers would adapt to the surrounding noise. ", "But they seem to do it differently that other animals do, the researchers found. ", "Urban animals in other studies changed the volume, pitch, or timing of their calls in order to be heard in noisy environments and reverted back to their normal calls in quieter conditions. ", "But urban grasshoppers called at a higher pitch than their rural counterparts all the time, even in a quiet lab. ", "This means that the change is not just behavioral. ", "It suggests that they have actually evolved to call higher as a result of selection pressure from their aural environment. ", "This is the first time that the mating call of an animal species has shifted this way to deal with city noise, but it is unlikely to be the last, as scientists learn more about the ways in which animals adjust to life in an increasingly urban world.", "\n\nImage courtesy of Quartl via Wikimedia Commons" ]

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[ "Václav Klaus tries to delay Lisbon ratification\n\nEuropeanVoice reports that Swedish Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt is keen to have the Lisbon Treaty ratified by all countries before the end of his EU Presidency. ", "But the Czechs are keen to delay it, hoping that the Irish will vote No before the the treaty comes into force.", "\n\nThe treaty cannot come into force before:\n\nIreland votes Yes in its October 2nd referendum,\n\nGermany passes a law on the role of the German parliament in the EU\n\nThe Poles and Czechs ratify the treaty.", "\n\nBut EU officials are worried that Klaus could delay signing the treaty into Czech law beyond October. ", "17 senators who support Klaus are planning to refer the Lisbon treaty to the country’s constitutional court at the start of August. ", "This will be the second time the Constitutional Court has been approached to advise on whether the treaty complies with the Czech constitution. ", "The Czechs would be unable to ratify the treaty until the court had given it the all clear." ]

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[ "var mkdirp = require('../');\nvar path = require('path');\nvar fs = require('fs');\nvar test = require('tap').test;\nvar _0755 = parseInt('0755', 8);\n\ntest('root', function (t) {\n // '/' on unix, 'c:/' on windows.", "\n var file = path.resolve('/');\n\n mkdirp(file, _0755, function (err) {\n if (err) throw err\n fs.stat(file, function (er, stat) {\n if (er) throw er\n t.ok(stat.isDirectory(), 'target is a directory');\n t.end();\n })\n });\n});\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nMutable priority queue allowing key increase\n\nWhen implementing a graph search algorithm, I needed a priority queue which allowed for priority changes. ", "Until now, I've been using the (detail namespaced, so undocumented) boost d_ary_heap_indirect, but was just told it is undefined to have priorities increase (which I see now is also mentioned in the concept documentation). ", "\nSo, I need to find a structure which allows both increase and decrease. ", "I've already tried simply using a vector and push_heap/pop_heap/make_heap, but updates are too slow. ", "What are the alternatives? ", "I see boost has two classes in the pending (again, undocumented) directories, mutable_queue and relaxed_heap, but I can only find mention of them on five year old maillist threads. ", "What are the differences between them, and do they allow both increases and decreases? ", "Are there any implementations which are not pending acceptance? ", "\n\nA:\n\nThe Boost.", "MultiIndex library features container that have operations to update the state of the object and will accordingly update the indexes.", "\nIn your case, the modify member function seems to fit. ", "From the documentation:\nstruct change_name\n{\n change_name(const std::string& new_name):new_name(new_name){}\n\n void operator()(employee& e)\n {\n e.name=new_name;\n }\n\nprivate:\n std::string new_name;\n};\n\ntypedef employee_set::index<name>::type employee_set_by_name;\nemployee_set_by_name& name_index = es.get<name>();\n\nemployee_set_by_name::iterator it = name_index.find(\"Anna Jones\");\nname_index.modify(it,change_name(\"Anna Smith\"));\n\n" ]

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[ "Heinrich Bebel\n\nHeinrich Bebel (1472 in Ingstetten (now part of Schelklingen) - 1518 Tübingen) was a German humanist.", "\n\nBiography\nHe was an alumnus of Krakow and Basel universities, and from 1497 professor of poetry and rhetoric at the University of Tübingen. ", "His fame rests principally on his Facetiae (1506), a curious collection of bits of homely and rather coarse-grained humor and anecdote, directed mainly against the clergy; on Proverbia Germanica (1508; new ed., ", "Leyden, 1879); and on his Triumph of Venus, a keen satire on the depravity of his time. ", " He was a friend of Erasmus.", "\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n \n \n\nCategory:1472 births\nCategory:1518 deaths\nCategory:People from Schelklingen\nCategory:German male writers\nCategory:German Renaissance humanists\nCategory:Writers from Baden-Württemberg\nCategory:University of Tübingen faculty" ]

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[ "Purification and characterization of glycerophosphate acyltransferase from rat liver mitochondria.", "\nGlycerophosphate acyltransferase (GAT) catalyzes the conversion of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), the first and committed step of triacylglycerol and phospholipid synthesis. ", "In spite of the important regulatory roles GAT may play in this biosynthetic pathway, little information is available on the structure, biochemical properties, and regulation of GAT from eukaryotic cells. ", "We solubilized GAT from rat liver mitochondrial membranes and purified it to an apparent homogeneity by hydroxylapatite chromatography, preparative isoelectric focusing, and gel filtration. ", "The enzyme is composed of a single polypeptide of 85 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography of the native protein. ", "The GAT activity was completely lost during the purification procedure and required addition of exogenous phospholipids for its reconstitution. ", "Since a high phospholipid to detergent ratio was needed for full reactivation, it is concluded that GAT requires \"lipid boundary\" for reconstitution. ", "The ability of different phospholipids to reactivate GAT decreased in the following order: phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), asolectin, phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), and cardiolipin. ", "1,2-Dioleoyl derivatives of PG and PE were more effective in reconstituting the GAT activity than corresponding dipalmitoyl derivatives. ", "The GAT activation was further increased by using a combination of PG and PE or PG and PC. ", "Regardless of the phospholipid used for reconstitution, palmitoyl-CoA was the best acyl donor and LPA was the only reaction product." ]

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[ "Saving the planet and a few bucks in the bargain\n\nGreen products should be Earth- and budget-friendly\n\nBy Brennan Cassidy\n\nMost consumers, if given the choice, will go green – as long as that choice is good for their pocketbook as well as the planet.", "\n\nThat’s the premise behind EcoKable, an Earth-friendly technology company finding better and, yes, affordable solutions to the problem of e-waste. ", "Our first product is a patent-pending USB cable to charge cell phones or other devices made with 100% natural cotton insulation and PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) from recycled water bottles.", "\n\nMost of our lives today are filled with cables, as we charge this or transfer data to that — but while we know what’s on our smartphones or in our hard drive, what’s in the cables they’re attached to? ", "And what happens when we upgrade and discard those cables?", "\n\nMost of us understand that old computers, phones and drives end up as “e-waste” (electronic waste) that will sit in landfills for hundreds of years, or be incinerated or exported. ", "The same is true for USB cables, most of which are made from toxic polyvinyl chloride, or PVC.", "\n\nOur USB cable is the first step toward giving consumers more choice in environmentally-friendly electronics. ", "The EcoKable patent-pending design offers the same performance as standard USB cable, but uses natural cotton insulation instead of toxic PVC. ", "That means offering consumers a real choice: two quality products for relatively the same price. ", "Our belief is that consumers will go green if the ‘price is right,’ and that’s the founding principle of EcoKable.", "\n\nThe company is the brainchild of Kristian Rauhala, one of EcoKable’s co-founders. ", "While remodeling his 1950’s house, Kristian discovered that the wiring was insulated with paper, not plastic, yet had remained in functional for more than 50 years. ", "As talks began about founding a new company to address the problem of e-waste, Kristian recalls, “When we started looking into the USB cables, we were shocked not only by the massive volume of hundreds of millions made every year, but also by the fact that they are mostly made of PVC, causing an increasing e-waste problem and harming the environment.”", "\n\nEcoKable has a recycling program for old PVC cords as well. ", "One of the goals of the company is to have enough old PVC cables to create a piece of artwork, turning e-waste into a thing of beauty.", "\n\nNow that would be truly priceless.", "\n\nBrennan Cassidy, co-founder and General Manager of EcoKable, is a dedicated triathlete. ", "His own green ‘aha’ moment came after swimming in the Pacific Ocean and running on trails in Southern California. ", "Wanting to keep our Earth pure as he pushes his body to the limit, he started EcoKable.", "\n\nEDITOR’S NOTE — EcoKable is offering consumers a 15% discount on any product, with an additional 15% benefiting the Green Schools National Network. ", "Just visit www.ecokable.com/shop and use the discount code “greenschools.”" ]

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[ "Vijjeswaram\n\nVijjeswaram is a small town near the Godavari River in the Nidadavolu mandal (revenue division) of West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India.", "\n\nThe village is 9 km to the east from the Nidadavolu railway station. ", " It is connected by road to Nidadavolu, which routes via Samisragudem and Gopavaram. ", "It is located about 80 km east from Eluru, the district headquarters. ", "Rajahmundry, Kovvur, Tanuku, and Nidadavolu are nearby railway stations.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Towns in West Godavari district" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to achieve a layout with 3 columns and a footer\n\nI am trying to build this footer with bootstrap 3.3. ", "The footer looks like this: \nText Left - Social Icons - Text Right\nHere is what I tried:\nhttp://jsfiddle.net/bsumgcpk/1/\n <div class=\"container black\">\n\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 white\"><p> COPYRIGHT © 2014</p></div>\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 white text-center\"> \n\n <img src=\"icon-g-.png\" alt=\"google+\">\n <img src=\"icon-twitter.png\" alt=\"twitter\">\n <img src=\"icon-fb.png\" alt=\"facebook\">\n\n </div>\n <div class=\"col-xs-6 col-sm-4 right\"><p> right text</p></div>\n\n </div>\n\nA:\n\nYou forgot to put the columns inside row div.", "Bootstrap has 12 column grid system, so the sum of your columns should be 12.Thats why i used 3 columns of size 4.", "\nWorking JSFiddle.", "\n\np {\r\n color: white;\r\n}\r\n.black {\r\n background: #000;\r\n}\r\n.right {\r\n text-align:right;\r\n}\n<link href=\"http://www.kissingerassoc.com/~order-portal/css/bootstrap.min.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\"/>\r\n<div class=\"container black\">\r\n <div class=\"row\">\r\n <div class=\"col-xs-4 col-sm-4 white\">\r\n <p>COPYRIGHT © BITPHONE.ES 2014</p>\r\n </div>\r\n <div class=\"col-xs-4 col-sm-4 white text-center\">\r\n <img src=\"https://bitphone.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/icon-g-.png\" alt=\"google+\" />\r\n <img src=\"https://bitphone.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/icon-twitter.png\" alt=\"twitter\" />\r\n <img src=\"https://bitphone.es/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/icon-fb.png\" alt=\"facebook\" />\r\n </div>\r\n <div class=\"col-xs-4 col-sm-4 right\">\r\n <p>right text</p>\r\n </div>\r\n </div>\r\n</div>\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nsearching for the times in an array\n\nthere, I am new to C++,\nThe code below is supposed to output all the items containig a certain character I input.", "\nI mean ,if I enter the char 'w',it should output \"two\" and \"water\" or when 's' is input the \nresult shoud be \"sabit\",\"sally\", and \"paris\".", "\nSo I can not figure out how to modify the code.", "\n#include <iostream>\n#include <cstdlib>\n#include <time.h>\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n char q;\n int i = 0;\n cout << \"bir harf gir\" << endl;\n cin >> q;\n string ad[] = {\"sabit\", \"two\", \"sally\", \"water\", \n \"mike\", \"alice\", \"paris\", \"david\", \"martin\"};\n\n for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++)\n {\n if (ad[i][0] == q)\n {\n cout << ad[i] << endl;\n }\n }\n return 0;\n}\n\nA:\n\nInstead of your for loop it seems you mean the following\nfor ( const auto &s : ad )\n{\n if ( s.find( q ) !", "= std::string::npos ) std::cout << s << '\\n';\n}\n\nHere is a demonstrative program.", "\n#include <iostream>\n#include <string>\n\nint main() \n{\n std::string ad[] = \n {\n \"sabit\", \"two\", \"sally\", \"water\", \"mike\", \"alice\", \"paris\", \"david\", \"martin\"\n };\n\n char q = 's';\n\n for ( const auto &s : ad )\n {\n if ( s.find( q ) !", "= std::string::npos ) std::cout << s << '\\n';\n }\n\n return 0;\n}\n\nIts output is\nsabit\nsally\nparis\n\nIf you want to traverse not all the array but its part then instead of the range-based for loop you can use an ordinary for loop like\nfor ( std::string::size_type i = 0; i < 7; i++ )\n{\n if ( ad[i].find( q ) !", "= std::string::npos ) std::cout << ad[i] << '\\n';\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Some ready-made examples on different essay topics.", "\n\nInside my career as a photojournalist, I lived for the action shots: the excited gestures of a school board member discussing plans, a rabbi preaching vividly, a group of teenagers chanting and waving flags downtown. ", "For me, probably the most photos that are energetic told the biggest and best stories. ", "They made me feel very important to being there, for capturing the superheroes within the moment to share with everybody else. ", "The softer moments paled in comparison, and I thought of them as irrelevant.", "\n\nIt took about one second to tear down one worth that is year’s of.", "\n\nThe theory dawned on me once I was trapped within the distraught weight into the girl’s eyes. ", "Sometimes the brief moments that speak the loudest aren’t the noisiest or perhaps the most energetic. ", "Sometimes they’re quiet, soft, and peaceful.", "\n\nNow, I still don’t completely understand who i will be and who I would like to really be, but, who does? ", "I’m not a superhero—but that does mean i don’t n’t want to save the planet. ", "You will find just so numerous ways to do so.", "\n\nYou don’t also have to be loud to inflict change. ", "Sometimes, it begins quietly: a snap of this shutter; a scrape write my paper of ink on paper. ", "A breathtaking photograph; an astonishing lede. ", "I’ve noticed the impact creativity might have and exactly how powerful it really is to harness it.", "\n\nSo, with that, I make people think and understand those surrounding them. ", "I play devil’s advocate in discussions about ethics and politics. ", "I persuade those they know into the scary territory of what they don’t—so to make people feel around me to think past what. ", "I’m determined to inspire individuals to think more about how they may be their own superheroes and more.", "\n\nStep 1: obtain the ingredients\n\nFrom the granite countertop in front of me sat a pile of flour, two sticks of butter, and a full bowl of shredded beef, similar to the YouTube tutorial showed. ", "My mind contorted itself when I tried finding out what I was doing. ", "Flanking me were two partners that are equally discombobulated my Spanish class. ", "Somehow, some way, the amalgamation of ingredients before us would have to be transformed into Peruvian empanadas.", "\n\nStep 2: Prepare the ingredients\n\nIt looked easy enough. ", "Just make a dough, cook the beef until it had been tender, put two and two together, and fry them. ", "What YouTube didn’t show was how to season the meat or just how long you really need to cook it. ", "We had to put this puzzle together by ourselves. ", "Contributing to the mystery, none of us knew what an empanada should taste like even.", "\n\nStep three: Roll out ten equally sized circles of dough\n\nIt could be dishonest to express everything went smoothly. ", "I was thinking the dough must certanly be thick. ", "One team member thought it should be thin. ", "The other thought our circles were squares. ", "A truth that is fundamental collaboration is the fact that it is never uncontentious. ", "Everyone has their expectations that are own how things ought to be done. ", "Everyone wants a project to go their way. ", "Collaboration requires observing the differences between the collaborators and finding a real way to synthesize everyone’s contributions into a remedy this is certainly mutually agreeable.", "\n\nStep 4: Cook the beef until tender\n\nCollaborative endeavors are the proving grounds for Murphy’s Law: exactly what can make a mistake, is certainly going wrong. ", "The beef that is shredded that was allowed to be tender, was still hard as a rock after an hour or so on the stove. ", "All ideas were valid with our unseasoned cooking minds. ", "Put more salt in? ", "Sure. ", "Cook it at a higher temperature? ", "Go for it. ", "Collaboration requires individuals to be receptive. ", "It demands an open mind. ", "All ideas deserve consideration.", "\n\nStep 5: Fry the empanadas until crispy\n\nWhat does crispy even mean? ", "How crispy is crispy enough; how crispy is just too crispy? ", "The rear and forth with my teammates over sets from how thick the dough must be to this is of crispy taught me a ingredient that is key of: patience. ", "Collaboration breeds tension, which can make teamwork so frustrating. ", "Nonetheless it’s that very tension which also transforms perspectives that are differing solutions that propel collaborative undertakings forward.", "\n\nSo what does it mean to be an advocate? ", "I didn’t discover the answer in every type of textbook. ", "Not the anatomy textbook that lay throughout the foot of my bed, full of Post-Its and half-drawn diagrams. ", "Nor the chemistry textbook that sat along with it, covered in streaks of blue highlighter. ", "Not really Principles of Biology, full of illegible notes and loose worksheets, had the clear answer. ", "Yet, in a few years, i am promising to accomplish exactly that: be the ultimate advocate for my patients.", "\n\nMy look for the clear answer began quite unintentionally. ", "When I was initially recommended to serve regarding the Youth Council my junior year of high school, my perspective on civic engagement was one of apathy and an entire not enough interest. ", "I couldn’t understand how my passion for the medical field had any correlation with serving on your behalf when it comes to students inside my school and actively engaging within the sphere that is political. ", "I knew i needed to pursue a lifetime career as a physician, and I was perfectly content embracing the security net of my introverted textbook world.", "\n\nBut that safety net was ripped wide open your day I walked through the sliding double doors of City Hall for my Youth Council that is first meeting. ", "I assumed I would personally spend my hour flipping through flashcards and studying for next week’s unit test, while a lot of teenagers complained concerning the not enough donuts within the student store. ", "Instead, I paid attention to the stories of 18 students, most of whom were using their voices to reshape the distribution of power of their communities and break the structures that chained so many in a perpetual cycle of desperation and despair. ", "While I spent most of my time poring over a textbook trying to memorize formulas and theorems, these people were spending their time using those formulas and theorems in order to make a difference inside their communities. ", "Needless to say, that meeting sparked an inspirational flame within me.", "\n\nThe next Youth Council meeting, I inquired questions.", "\n\nI gave feedback. ", "I noticed what the students within my school were really struggling with. ", "When it comes to very first time, I went along to drug prevention assemblies and helped my buddies run mental health workshops. ", "The greater amount of involved I became within my city’s Youth Council, the more I understood how similar being an advocate for your community would be to being an advocate for the patients. ", "When I volunteered during the hospital every week, I started making time for a lot more than whether or otherwise not my patients wanted ice chips within their water. ", "I learned that Deborah was campaigning for equal opportunity housing in a neighborhood that is deeply segregated George was a paramedic who injured his leg carrying an 8-year-old with an allergic response to the Emergency Room. ", "I may n’t have been a doctor who diagnosed them but I was usually the one person who saw them as human beings instead of patients.", "\n\nYouth Council is not something most students with a passion in practicing medicine thought we would participate in, also it certainly wasn’t something I was thinking will have such an immense impact on the way in which I view patient care. ", "As a patient’s ultimate advocate, a doctor must look beyond hospital gowns and IV tubes and find out the world through the eyes of some other. ", "As opposed to treat diseases, a doctor must decide to treat an individual instead, ensuring care that is compassionate provided to all or any. ", "While i am aware that throughout my academic career I will take countless classes that may teach me everything from stoichiometry to cellular respiration, I will not take the knowledge I learn and just stick it on a flashcard to memorize. ", "I will put it to use to aid those whom I must be an advocate for: my patients.", "\n\nThis entry was posted\non Thursday, September 5th, 2019 at 2:27 am and is filed under Uncategorized.", "\nYou can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.", "\nYou can skip to the end and leave a response. ", "Pinging is currently not allowed." ]

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[ " Opinions of the United\n2000 Decisions States Court of Appeals\n for the Third Circuit\n\n\n4-13-2000\n\nUnited States v. Harris\nPrecedential or Non-Precedential:\n\nDocket 99-1026\n\n\n\n\nFollow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2000\n\nRecommended Citation\n\"United States v. Harris\" (2000). ", "2000 Decisions. ", "Paper 79.", "\nhttp://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2000/79\n\n\nThis decision is brought to you for free and open access by the Opinions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit at Villanova\nUniversity School of Law Digital Repository. ", "It has been accepted for inclusion in 2000 Decisions by an authorized administrator of Villanova\nUniversity School of Law Digital Repository. ", "For more information, please contact Benjamin.Carlson@law.villanova.edu.", "\n\fFiled April 13, 2000\n\nUNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\nFOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT\n\nNo. ", "99-1026\n\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA\n\nv.\n\nVINCENT ERIC HARRIS,\n\n Appellant\n\nOn Appeal from the United States District Court\nfor the Eastern District of Pennsylvania\n(D.C. Civil No. ", "98-cr-00080-1)\nDistrict Judge: Honorable Harvey Bartle, III\n\nArgued March 9, 2000\n\nBefore: SCIRICA, ALDISERT and COWEN, Circuit Judges\n\n(Filed April 13, 2000)\n\n Sara Webster, Esq. (", "Argued)\n Mellon, Webster & Mellon\n 87 North Broad Street\n Doylestown, PA 1890l\n\n Counsel for Appellant\n\n Robert R. Calo, Esq. (", "Argued)\n Office of the United States Attorney\n 615 Chestnut Street\n Philadelphia, PA 19106\n\n Counsel for Appellee\n\fOPINION OF THE COURT\n\nCOWEN, Circuit Judge.", "\n\nIn this appeal Vincent Harris contends that when the\ngovernment paid several confidential informants to gather\ninformation and later had those informants testify at\nHarris's criminal trial, the government violated the so-called\n\"antigratuity statute,\" 18 U.S.C. S 201(c)(2). ", "The statute\nprohibits \"whoever\" from giving \"anything of value to any\nperson, for or because of the testimony under oath .. . ", "by\nsuch person as a witness upon a trial. . . .\" ", "We reject\nHarris's argument and will affirm the District Court.", "\n\nI\n\nThe significance of the paid informants' testimony was to\nidentify whether Harris, who admitted having once been a\ndrug dealer, had withdrawn from his illegal activities by\nFebruary 18, 1993, the first date the prosecution could use\nunder the statute of limitations. ", "Harris maintained that he\nhad quit by then and that during the early nineties he\nbecame religious and devoted his time to preaching to\nyouths and his former accomplices about the harmful\neffects of drugs.", "\n\nThe informant who placed Harris's participation in the\ndrug dealing closest to the time of the indictment was\nPatrick Watts. ", "A number of months before the trial the\ngovernment gave Watts three payments of $250, $350, and\n$1,500 to collect information about drug deals. ", "In addition\nto these payments, Watts, who had himself previously\nengaged in drug trafficking, also received a sentence\nreduction of approximately eight years. ", "A second witness,\nJerome Lewis, received $20 a number of months before the\ntrial for acting as a confidential informant, and had his\nsentence reduced from approximately fifteen years to five\nyears. ", "His testimony, however, was less helpful, as it placed\nHarris's most recent drug activity around 1992 to 1993. ", "A\nthird witness for the government, Ron Baxter, had his car\nseized and later returned by state authorities in the course\n\n 2\n\fof the state's prosecution of him, but there is no evidence\nin the record that the decision to return the car was\ninfluenced by federal officials. ", "Harris also argues that the\nfederal government never indicted Baxter, his girlfriend, or\nsister, all of whom apparently had some involvement with\nillegal drugs.", "\n\nAfter hearing the witnesses' testimony, and having full\nknowledge of the money and other benefits those witnesses\nreceived, the jury convicted Harris of distributing cocaine in\nviolation of 21 U.S.C. S 841(a)(1) and committing a related\nconspiracy offense in violation of 21 U.S.C. S 846.", "\n\nII\n\nWe have previously held that promises of leniency do not\nviolate the antigratuity statute. ", "United States v. Hunte, 193\nF.3d 173 (3d Cir. ", "1999), cert. ", "denied, 120 S.Ct. ", "962 (2000).", "\nThus, the sentence reductions that Watts and Lewis\nreceived are not prohibited by the statute. ", "And by\nimplication another type of leniency, the decision not to\nprosecute, which allegedly took place in Baxter's case, is\nalso not prohibited by the statute. ", "See, e.g. , United States\nv. Blassingame, 197 F.3d 271, 285 (7th Cir. ", "1999); United\nStates v. Smith, 196 F.3d 1034, 1038 (9th Cir. ", "1999), cert.", "\ndenied, 120 S.Ct. ", "1440 (2000). ", "Cf. ", "Kastigar v. United States,\n406 U.S. 441, 92 S.Ct. ", "1653 (1972) (reviewing lengthy\nhistory of grants of immunity to witnesses). ", "The central\nquestion raised in this appeal is whether the government\nviolates the statute when it pays an informant before trial\nto collect information and does so when there is some\nexpectation that the informant may later testify about what\nthe informant discovered.", "\n\nIn United States v. Gonzales, 927 F.2d 139 (3d Cir.", "\n1991), we held that there was no constitutional due process\nviolation when a government informant testified at a\ncriminal trial and was compensated for his participation in\na sting operation by receiving a percentage of the assets\nforfeited by the defendant. ", "Cf. ", "Hoffa v. United States, 385\nU.S. 293, 87 S.Ct. ", "408 (1966) (no due process violation for\nusing testimony of an informer who received some\ncompensation). ", "Under the agreement at issue in Gonzales,\n\n 3\n\fthe amount of the informant's reward depended on the\ndegree of his cooperation, but the defendants did not have\nto be convicted for the informant to be paid. ", "927 F.2d at\n143. ", "Nevertheless, we operated under the assumption that\nthe informant \"did have an interest in the result of \" the\ncase. ", "Id. at 144. ", "In finding no due process violation, we\nconcluded that \"[t]he method of payment is properly a\nmatter for the jury to consider in weighing the credibility of\nthe informant.\" ", "Id. (quoting United States v. Hodge, 594\nF.2d 1163, 1167 (7th Cir. ", "1979)).", "\n\nWhether the government's use of a paid informant's\ntestimony rises to the level of a constitutional violation,\nhowever, does not resolve whether legislation like the\nantigratuity statute prohibits the government from using\nthe testimony. ", "No such statutory issue was before the court\nin Gonzales. ", "But regardless of the reach of Gonzales, under\nthe facts of his case Harris is rowing against the tide. ", "So far\nthe three circuits that have directly addressed the issue\nhave held, under a variety of circumstances, that the\ngovernment's use of a paid informant's testimony does not\nviolate the antigratuity statute. ", "See United States v. Anty,\n203 F.3d 305 (4th Cir. ", "2000); United States v. Barnett, 197\nF.3d 138 (5th Cir. ", "1999); United States v. Albanese, 195\nF.3d 389 (8th Cir. ", "1999).", "\n\nWe agree with these circuits that the government can pay\ninformants to gather information and can have those\ninformants testify at trial. ", "In reaching this conclusion we\nstress, as the Fourth Circuit did, that \"a defendant's right\nto be apprised of the government's compensation\narrangement with the witness, see United States v. Bagley,\n473 U.S. 667, 683-84, 105 S.Ct. ", "3375 (1985), and to\ninquire about it on cross-examination, cf. ", "Davis v. Alaska,\n415 U.S. 308, 315-17, 94 S.Ct. ", "1105 (1974), must be\nvigorously protected.\" ", "United States v. Anty , 203 F.3d at\n312. ", "And of course perjury and the use of perjured\ntestimony remain illegal. ", "Barnett, 197 F.3d at 144.", "\n\nOur reasoning follows the rationale in Hunte: a general\nterm like \"whoever,\" as it appears in the antigratuity\nstatute, excludes the United States when a contrary reading\n\"would deprive the sovereign of a recognized or established\nprerogative\" or would \"work obvious absurdity.\" ", "Nardone v.\n\n 4\n\fUnited States, 302 U.S. 379, 383-84, 58 S.Ct. ", "275 (1937).", "\nAs the Fourth Circuit detailed, a broad array of statutes\npermit the government to pay witnesses for fees and\nexpenses, including those incurred as part of the witness\nprotection program. ", "Anty, 203 F.3d at 309 (citing 28 U.S.C.\nS 1821 (per diem, mileage, and subsistence expenses for\nwitnesses); Fed.", "R.Crim.", "P. 17(b) (same); 18 U.S.C.S 3195\n(extradition costs); 18 U.S.C. S 3521(b) (expenses for\nwitness protection program); 28 U.S.C. S 1821(b) (nominal\nwitness attendance fee); Fed.", "R.Crim.", "P. 17(d) (same)). ", "And\nthe antigratuity statute itself allows the government to pay\n\"witness fees provided by law.\" ", "See 18 U.S.C. S 201(d).", "\n\nHarris could argue that since these statutes are limited\nto expenses a witness incurs in testifying on the\ngovernment's behalf, they appear to offer insufficient\nsupport for any greater compensation for gathering\nevidence and testifying. ", "But other statutes address more\ndirectly the circumstance raised in our case--payments to\nothers for gathering information. ", "As Anty explains,\nCongress has authorized payments for \"information\" and\n\"services\" to apprehend those who violate a number of\ncriminal laws. ", "See, e.g., 21 U.S.C. S 886(a) (payments to\nindividuals for drug enforcement); 26 U.S.C. S 7623\n(payments to detect and prosecute tax offenders); 19 U.S.C.\nS 1619 (payments for information in customs enforcement);\n18 U.S.C. S 3059B (rewards for assisting the Department of\nJustice); 18 U.S.C. S 3059A(a)(1) (payments for information\nin prosecution of offenses against financial institutions); 18\nU.S.C. S 3059(b) (rewards for information in apprehending\ncertain fugitives); 18 U.S.C. S 1751(g) (payments for\n\"information and services\" about assassination, assault, or\nkidnapping of the President); 18 U.S.C. S 3056(c)(1)(D)\n(payments for assisting the Secret Service). ", "As Anty\nreasoned, we think that Congress contemplated that the\nindividuals paid under these statutes could assist both by\ngathering information and testifying about it. \"", "In\nauthorizing the payment of rewards for information,\nassistance, and services in the enforcement of criminal\nstatutes, Congress surely must have contemplated\npayments to informants for assisting both in investigations\nand by testifying.\" ", "203 F.3d at 309. ", "Adopting the rule urged\nby Harris also would seem to have the surprising\n\n 5\n\fimplication that police officers may not testify at trials, as\nthe government pays the officers a salary to collect\ninformation and testify at trial about that information when\nnecessary.", "\n\nThis case does not require us to decide, however, whether\nthe antigratuity statute allows the government to pay a\nwitness solely or essentially for favorable testimony, as\ndistinct from paying a witness for collecting evidence and\ntestifying about what was found. ", "In this regard we follow\nthe Seventh Circuit, which has expressly reserved whether\nthe antigratuity statute \"would permit prosecutors to pay\ncash for favorable testimony, a practice that lacks the\nstatutory and historical support of immunity and sentence\nreduction.\" ", "United States v. Condon, 170 F.3d 687, 689 (7th\nCir.), ", "cert. ", "denied, 119 S.Ct. ", "1784 (1999). ", "Existing rules of\nevidence may also speak to this circumstance.", "\n\nThe government insists that we have effectively decided\nthat it can make payments solely for favorable testimony\nbecause in Hunte we defined the term \"whoever\" in the\nantigratuity statute as not including the government. ", "We\ndisagree with the government that Hunte resolves the issue.", "\nIn Hunte we merely held that \"whoever\" does not\nencompass the government when it is acting within some\nwell-established authority--in that case the government's\npower to use leniency or plea agreements in exchange for\ntruthful testimony. ", "Our reasoning in this case parallels that\nlogic.", "\n\nWe find no merit in the other arguments Harris raises.", "\nFor the foregoing reasons, the December 21, 1998\njudgment of the District Court will be affirmed.", "\n\nA True Copy:\nTeste:\n\n Clerk of the United States Court of Appeals\n for the Third Circuit\n\n 6\n\f" ]

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[ "Archive for April, 2012\n\nOn Sunday, April 29, I’ll be heading to Idaho to give guest lectures at Boise State University and the College of Idaho. ", "At Boise State I’ll be giving a public lecture on April 30th entitled “Romanticism, Blake, and the Politics of Nature”; and the next day I’ll be visiting Professor Schaper’s Capstone English class at the College […]\n\nI’m excited to announce that a new book has just been published in the Ashgate Series in Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Studies, the book series I co-edit with Julia Wright of Dalhousie University. ", "Entitled Robert Burns and Transatlantic Culture and co-edited by Sharon Alker, Leith Davis, and Holly Faith Nelson, the collection features fourteen splendid essays by some of the […]\n\nMy friend and favourite songwriting collaborator, the Welsh poet Grahame Davies, has just been appointed to work as Private Secretary to the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall. ", "Check out the official royal press release on the Prince of Wales website. ", "Grahame has sent me several poems to set to music during the […]" ]

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[ "Opinion issued February 25, 2020\n\n\n\n\n In The\n\n Court of Appeals\n For The\n\n First District of Texas\n ————————————\n NO. ", "01-19-00516-CV\n ———————————\n CHARLES WAYNE RUSSELL, Appellant\n V.\n LORI ELIZABETH RUSSELL, Appellee\n\n\n On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. ", "2\n Galveston County, Texas\n Trial Court Case No. ", "19-FD-0579\n\n\n MEMORANDUM OPINION\n\n Lori Elizabeth Russell filed a post-divorce petition alleging that her ex-\n\nhusband, Charles Wayne Russell, his trial attorney, and her trial attorney\n\ncommitted fraud, conspiracy, and conversion. ", "Charles Wayne Russell answered\n\nand moved to dismiss the claims under the Texas Citizens Participation Act (the\n\f“TCPA”)1, and the trial court denied his motion. ", "On appeal, Charles2 challenges\n\nthe trial court’s order denying his TCPA motion. ", "Having determined that Charles\n\nhas not met his initial TCPA burden, we affirm.", "\n\n Background\n\nLori’s divorce petition\n\n In 2015, Lori filed her petition for divorce from Charles. ", "Lori and Charles\n\nsigned a mediated settlement agreement (“MSA”). ", "The MSA divided the marital\n\nproperty, with Lori receiving “$201,000 of Charles[’s] 401(k)” and twelve\n\npayments of $750 each.", "\n\n Lori’s attorney drafted the final divorce decree. ", "The final divorce decree\n\n“did not include the 401(k) award and only included one $750 payment in its\n\ndivision of the marital estate.” ", "The final divorce decree included a provision\n\nstating, “To the extent that there may be a conflict between this Order and the\n\nMediated Settlement Agreement from September 28, 2015, this Order controls.”", "\n\n\n1\n See TEX. ", "CIV. ", "PRAC. & ", "REM. ", "CODE §§ 27.001–27.011. ", "The Texas Legislature\n amended certain provisions of the TCPA in 2019. ", "Act of May 17, 2019, 86th Leg.,", "\n R.S., ch. ", "378, §§ 1–9, § 12, sec. ", "27.001, 27.003, 27.005–.007, 27.0075, 27.009–\n .010 (to be codified at TEX. ", "CIV. ", "PRAC. & ", "REM. ", "CODE §§ 27.001, 27.003, 27.005–\n .007, 27.0075, 27.009–.010). ", "The amendments became effective September 1,\n 2019. ", "Id. at § 11. ", "Because suit was filed before the effective date of the\n amendments, this case is governed by the statute as it existed before the\n amendments. ", "See id. All our citations and analysis are to the TCPA as it existed\n prior to September 1, 2019.", "\n2\n Because both parties have the same last name, we will refer to them by their first\n names.", "\n 2\n\fNotwithstanding the conflict between the terms of the MSA and the proposed final\n\ndivorce decree, both Charles and Lori approved and consented to the final divorce\n\ndecree “as to both form and substance.”", "\n\n Lori and her attorney appeared at the prove-up hearing. ", "Charles and his\n\nattorney did not appear. ", "Neither the $201,000 of Charles’s 401(k) nor the twelve\n\n$750 payments were raised at the prove-up hearing. ", "Lori’s attorney did not\n\nintroduce the MSA into the record or ask the trial court to render judgment on the\n\nMSA. ", "At the end of the hearing, the trial court granted the divorce and signed the\n\nfinal divorce decree. ", "Neither Lori nor Charles appealed from the final judgment,\n\nand the trial court later lost its plenary power.", "\n\nLori’s motion for judgment nunc pro tunc\n\n Later, Lori filed a motion for judgment nunc pro tunc, contending that the\n\nfinal divorce decree was incorrect because it did not contain the 401(k) award or\n\nthe twelve $750 payments. ", "After a hearing, the trial court signed and entered a\n\njudgment nunc pro tunc, which revised the final divorce decree to reflect the\n\ndivision of marital property as provided by the MSA—namely, that Lori was to\n\nreceive “$201,000 of Charles[’s] 401(k)” and twelve $750 payments.", "\n\nCharles’s motion to set aside nunc pro tunc judgment\n\n Shortly after the trial court entered the judgment, Charles filed a motion to\n\nset aside the judgment nunc pro tunc as void. ", "Charles argued that the judgment was\n\n\n 3\n\fvoid because the trial court rendered judgment on the property division in the final\n\ndivorce decree. ", "The trial court denied Charles’s motion, and Charles appealed.", "\n\nCharles’s appeal\n\n In Matter of Marriage of Russell, 556 S.W.3d 451, 461 (Tex. ", "App.—", "\n\nHouston [14th Dist.] ", "2018, no pet.), ", "our sister court reversed the judgment nunc\n\npro tunc as void and reinstated the original final divorce decree. ", "In doing so, the\n\ncourt explained that the judgment nunc pro tunc was void because it “changed the\n\nsubstantive rights of the parties under the [final divorce] decree and corrected\n\njudicial, and not clerical, errors.” ", "Id. at 458. ", "The court held that judicial errors\n\ncannot not be remedied through a nunc pro tunc judgment. ", "Id. at 456 (citing\n\nMatter of Marriage of Bowe & Perry, No. ", "14-16-00551-CV, 2017 WL 6102779, at\n\n*5 (Tex. ", "App.—Houston [14th Dist.] ", "Dec. 7, 2017, no pet.). (", "mem. ", "op.)). ", "The court\n\nobserved that Lori could have challenged the judgment had she timely done so\n\nbefore the court lost its plenary power over the final divorce decree. ", "Id. at 461. ", "But\n\nshe did not.", "\n\nLori’s post-divorce petition\n\n After the appellate court reinstated the final divorce decree, Lori filed a post-\n\ndivorce petition, alleging that Charles, his trial attorney, and her trial attorney\n\ncommitted fraud, conspiracy to defraud, and conversion. ", "Specifically, Lori alleged\n\nthat they “conspired to defraud [Lori] by deceiving the Court into believing and\n\n\n 4\n\ftherefore accepting [the final divorce decree] that deviated substantially from the\n\nterms of the written agreement of the parties.” ", "She also alleged that the\n\n“conspirators went even further in implementing their fraudulent behavior by\n\nsigning for the Court a purposed Agreed Decree of Divorce and intentionally\n\nmisleading the Court into believing that [Lori] had acquiesced in the illegal\n\ncontract.” ", "In explaining her conversion claim, Lori contended that Charles, his trial\n\nattorney, and her trial attorney “wrongfully convert[ed] the property belonging to\n\n[Lori] by virtue of the [MSA].”", "\n\nCharles’s TCPA Motion\n\n Charles answered and moved to dismiss under the TCPA.3 Charles argued\n\nthat Lori’s suit is based on, relates to, or is in response to his exercise of the right\n\nto petition, i.e., “to petition both in the trial court and the Court of Appeals.”", "\n\nCharles further argued that Lori’s suit is based on, relates to, or is in response to\n\nhis exercise of the right of association, i.e., his right to “associate with his\n\ncounsel.” ", "Charles also argued that Lori’s suit is based on, relates to, or is in\n\nresponse to his exercise of the right of free speech, i.e., his right to “articulate his\n\nopinion pertaining to [the marital property] at issue in this proceeding.” ", "Charles\n\nasserted that Lori failed to establish by clear and specific evidence a prima facie\n\n\n3\n Charles also filed a plea to the jurisdiction, a Rule 92 general denial, and a Rule\n 91a motion to dismiss. ", "All of Charles’s pleadings sought to end the litigation.", "\n Charles did not assert any causes of action against Lori.", "\n 5\n\fcase for each essential element of her claims, thereby entitling him to dismissal of\n\nthe claims under the TCPA. ", "Finally, Charles raised affirmative defenses,\n\ncontending that Lori’s claims were barred by res judicata and collateral estoppel.", "\n\nTo his motion, Charles attached his affidavit, Lori’s motion for judgment nunc pro\n\ntunc, and the Russell opinion.", "\n\n Lori filed a response, stating that “[t]he issue is not the litigation[.] [", "T]he\n\nissue is the fraud, the deception, the conversion[,] the outright manipulative\n\nconduct, the continued pursuit of the deceptive activity[,] and the failure to return\n\nthe property to which he has no legal right.” ", "In support of her response, Lori asked\n\nthe court to take judicial notice of “this Court’s file and some of the pleadings upon\n\nwhich Lori relies to support her position.” ", "The associate judge issued a report\n\nrecommending denying Charles’s motions. ", "On Charles’s request, the presiding\n\njudge held a hearing and directed the parties to submit post-submission briefs. ", "The\n\ntrial court denied Charles’s TCPA motion. ", "This interlocutory appeal followed.", "\n\n The Texas Citizens Participation Act\n\nA. Applicable law and standard of review\n\n The purpose of the TCPA statute “is to encourage and safeguard the\n\nconstitutional rights of persons to petition, speak freely, associate freely, and\n\notherwise participate in government to the maximum extent permitted by law and,\n\nat the same time, protect the rights of a person to file meritorious lawsuits for\n\n\n 6\n\fdemonstrable injury.” ", "TEX. ", "CIV. ", "PRAC. & ", "REM. ", "CODE § 27.002; KTRK Television,\n\nInc. v. Robinson, 409 S.W.3d 682, 688 (Tex. ", "App.—Houston [1st Dist.] ", "2013, pet.", "\n\ndenied). ", "The Texas Supreme Court has described the statute’s purpose as “to\n\nidentify and summarily dispose of lawsuits designed only to chill First Amendment\n\nrights, not to dismiss meritorious lawsuits.” ", "In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 589\n\n(Tex. ", "2015).", "\n\n Under the TCPA, a defendant may move to dismiss a “legal action” that is\n\n“based on, relates to, or is in response to a party’s exercise of the right of free\n\nspeech, right to petition, or right of association.” ", "TEX. ", "CIV. ", "PRAC. & ", "REM. ", "CODE §\n\n27.003(a); Mustafa v. Pennington, No. ", "03-18-00081-CV, 2019 WL 1782993, at *2\n\n(Tex. ", "App.—Austin Apr. 24, 2019, no pet.) (", "mem. ", "op). ", "A “‘legal action’ means a\n\nlawsuit, cause of action, petition, complaint, cross-claim, or counterclaim or any\n\nother judicial pleading or filing that requests legal or equitable relief.” ", "TEX. ", "CIV.", "\n\nPRAC. & ", "REM. ", "CODE § 27.001(6).", "\n\n The TCPA defines “exercise of the right to petition” as, among other things,\n\n“a communication in or pertaining to . . . ", "a judicial proceeding.” ", "Id. §\n\n27.001(4)(A)(i). “", "Communication” is defined under the TCPA as including “the\n\nmaking or submitting of a statement or document in any form or medium,\n\nincluding oral, visual, written, audiovisual, or electronic.” ", "Id. § 27.001(1); Adams\n\nv. Starside Custom Builders, LLC, 547 S.W.3d 890, 894 (Tex. ", "2018) (“Almost\n\n\n 7\n\fevery imaginable form of communication, in any medium, is covered [under the\n\nTCPA].”). ", "Furthermore, the TCPA defines “exercise of the right of association” as\n\na “communication between individuals who join together to collectively express,\n\npromote, pursue, or defend common interests.” ", "TEX. ", "CIV. ", "PRAC. & ", "REM. ", "CODE §\n\n27.001(2). ", "Lastly, the TCPA defines “exercise of the right of free speech” as a\n\n“communication made in connection with a matter of public concern.” ", "Id. §\n\n27.001(3). ", "And a “matter of public concern” includes an issue related to “a good,\n\nproduct, or service in the marketplace.” ", "Id. § 27.001(7).", "\n\n The defendant-movant bears the initial burden of showing by a\n\npreponderance of evidence that the conduct that forms the suit is based on, relates\n\nto, or is in response to the movant’s exercise of his rights to free speech,\n\nassociation, or petition. ", "Id. § 27.005(b); S & S Emergency Training Sols., ", "Inc. v.\n\nElliott, 564 S.W.3d 843, 847 (Tex. ", "2018). ", "If the defendant meets this burden, then\n\nthe burden shifts to the plaintiff-nonmovant to establish “by clear and specific\n\nevidence a prima facie case for each essential element of the claim in\n\nquestion.” ", "TEX. ", "CIV. ", "PRAC. & ", "REM. ", "CODE § 27.005(c). ", "Dismissal of the case is\n\nnonetheless required if the defendant-movant “establishes by a preponderance of\n\nthe evidence each essential element of a valid defense to the [plaintiff’s] claim.”", "\n\nId. § 27.005(d); Baumgart v. Archer, 581 S.W.3d 819, 825 (Tex. ", "App.—Houston\n\n[1st Dist.] ", "2019, pet. ", "filed). ", "In conducting our review, we consider the pleadings\n\n\n 8\n\fand evidence in a light favorable to the plaintiff-nonmovant. ", "Deuell v. Tex. ", "Right to\n\nLife Comm., ", "Inc., 508 S.W.3d 679, 685 (Tex. ", "App.—Houston [1st Dist.] ", "2016, pet.", "\n\ndenied).", "\n\n We review de novo a trial court’s ruling on a TCPA motion to dismiss.", "\n\nBetter Bus. ", "Bureau of Metro. ", "Houston, Inc. v. John Moore Services, Inc., 441\n\nS.W.3d 345, 353 (Tex. ", "App.—Houston [1st Dist.] ", "2013, pet. ", "denied). ", "We interpret\n\nthe TCPA in accordance with its express statutory language. ", "See Jordan v. Hall,\n\n510 S.W.3d 194, 197 (Tex. ", "App.—Houston [1st Dist.] ", "2016, no pet.). ", "When\n\nconstruing the TCPA, as with any other statute, our objective is to give effect to the\n\nlegislative intent, looking first to the statute’s plain language. ", "Lippincott v.\n\nWhisenhunt, 462 S.W.3d 507, 509 (Tex. ", "2015).", "\n\n Whether Charles satisfied his TCPA burden\n\n Charles contends that the TCPA applies because Lori’s post-divorce petition\n\nis based on, relates to, or is in response to his exercise of his rights to petition,\n\nassociation, or free speech.", "\n\nA. Right to petition\n\n Charles first contends that Lori filed the post-divorce petition because he\n\nfiled a “petition to the trial court to enter an agreed Final Decree establishing a just\n\nand right division of his marital community property estate.”", "\n\n\n\n\n 9\n\f Charles’s first theory is that Lori sued him because he petitioned the trial\n\ncourt for entry of a final divorce decree. ", "That theory is not consistent with the\n\nundisputed facts in this case. ", "It is undisputed that Lori, and not Charles, petitioned\n\nthe trial court for a divorce. ", "Lori then petitioned the trial court for a judgment nunc\n\npro tunc. ", "In response to her petitioning, and at every stage thereafter, Charles’s\n\nactions were limited to challenging Lori’s petition efforts as he continued to rely\n\non the original decree. ", "Because Charles has not established by a preponderance of\n\nthe evidence that Lori’s legal action is based on, relates to, or is in response to\n\nCharles’s petitioning activity, Charles’s first theory is without merit. ", "See Elliott,\n\n564 S.W.3d at 847.", "\n\n Charles’s second theory is that Lori filed the post-divorce petition because\n\nhe filed “a successful appeal to the Fourteenth Court of Appeals to declare the . . .", "\n\nJudgment Nunc Pro Tunc void and to reinstate the Final Decree.” ", "The TCPA\n\ndefines “exercise of the right to petition” as “a communication in or pertaining to .", "\n\n. . ", "a judicial proceeding.” ", "TEX. ", "CIV. ", "PRAC. & ", "REM. ", "CODE § 27.001(4)(A)(i). ", "The\n\nissue, then, is whether Charles’s previously-filed appeal constitutes a “judicial\n\nproceeding” to implicate the right to petition and invoke the TCPA’s protections.", "\n\n In Levatino v. Apple Tree Cafe Touring, Inc., 486 S.W.3d 724, 728 (Tex.", "\n\nApp.—Dallas 2016, pet. ", "denied), the appellate court rejected the appellant’s\n\nposition that “judicial proceeding” meant a “previously filed judicial proceeding”\n\n\n 10\n\fand concluded that the ordinary meaning of “judicial proceeding” is “an actual,\n\npending judicial proceeding.” ", "Along these same lines, in Long Canyon Phase II &\n\nIII Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Cashion, 517 S.W.3d 212, 220 (Tex. ", "App.—Austin\n\n2017, no pet.), ", "a different appellate court stated, “The ordinary meaning of the\n\nphrase ‘judicial proceeding’—versus, e.g., ‘future,’ ‘potential,’ or ‘threatened’\n\njudicial proceeding—is an actual, pending judicial proceeding.”", "\n\n Applying the TCPA statute’s plain language and ordinary meaning, we\n\nsimilarly conclude that a “judicial proceeding” does not include past or previously-\n\nfiled judicial proceedings. ", "Charles cannot demonstrate that Lori’s suit is based on,\n\nrelates to, or is in response to his exercise of the right to petition because he did not\n\nhave a pending proceeding at the time she filed her post-divorce petition. ", "See\n\nChandni, Inc. v. Patel, --- S.W.3d ---- , 2019 WL 6799759, at *7 (Tex. ", "App.—El\n\nPaso Dec. 13, 2019, no pet. ", "h.) (“The mere fact that the parties were involved in\n\nlitigation does not mean every subsequent action between them that could result in\n\nfurther litigation relates to or arises out of the judicial proceeding.”). ", "Lori filed the\n\npost-divorce petition after the Fourteenth Court of Appeals had already issued its\n\ndecision in Russell. ", "Therefore, Charles’s second theory is also without merit.", "\n\nB. Right of association\n\n Charles states that Lori’s post-divorce petition “attacks” his right of\n\nassociation “(1) with the trial court, (2) with his own attorney and (3) with Lori and\n\n\n 11\n\fher attorney by alleging ‘conspiracy’” by communicating with each other to\n\n“resolve and settle legal disputes and agree to language to be included in proposed\n\ndocuments filed with courts.”", "\n\n Charles’s defensive theory is that the defendants did not hold a common\n\ninterest because they “did not conspire at any time against [Lori].” ", "But we also\n\nhave to consider Lori’s pleading. ", "See generally Deuell, 508 S.W.3d at 685. ", "In\n\nLori’s pleading, she alleges that Charles, his trial attorney, and her trial attorney\n\n“conspired to defraud [Lori].” ", "Charles may deny her allegations, but, in analyzing\n\na TCPA dismissal motion, we evaluate the pleadings as framed by the parties. ", "See\n\nAdams, 547 S.W.3d at 892. ", "Lori alleges Charles and the two attorneys joined\n\nagainst her. ", "And Charles concedes, in his TCPA motion, that such intentional\n\ntortious conduct is not protected by the TCPA. ", "We find no reason to disagree with\n\nhis position.", "\n\nC. Right of free speech\n\n Finally, Charles asserts that Lori’s post-divorce petition “attacks” his right of\n\nfree speech to request relief from the trial and appellate courts because he cannot\n\n“articulate his opinion pertaining to the division of his funds to the trial court\n\nwithout fear of legal sanctions, expense, delay or unwarranted costs.” ", "Charles\n\nasserts that his pecuniary interests are a matter of public concern. ", "We disagree. ", "The\n\nplain language of the TCPA defines a “matter of public concern” as “a good,\n\n\n 12\n\fproduct, or service in the marketplace.” ", "TEX. ", "CIV. ", "PRAC. & ", "REM. ", "CODE § 27.001(7)\n\n(emphasis added). ", "The marital property of these private parties is not a good,\n\nproduct, or service in the marketplace. ", "Charles does not cite to any case law\n\nholding otherwise. ", "TEX. ", "R. APP. ", "P. 38.1(i) (requiring appellant’s brief to include\n\n“appropriate citations to authorities”).", "\n\n Accordingly, we hold that Charles did not meet his initial burden to show by\n\na preponderance of the evidence that Lori’s post-divorce suit was “based on,\n\nrelates to, or is in response to” the exercise of his right to petition, right of\n\nassociation, or right of free speech. ", "The TCPA does not apply to this action.", "\n\n Conclusion\n\n Having overruled Charles’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s order.", "\n\n\n\n Sarah Beth Landau\n Justice\n\nPanel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Landau and Hightower.", "\n\n\n\n\n 13\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "A possible mechanism underlying an antidepressive-like effect of Kososan, a Kampo medicine, via the hypothalamic orexinergic system in the stress-induced depression-like model mice.", "\nKososan, a Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine, has an antidepressive-like effect in behavioral animal models of depression and has been used clinically for the improvement of depressive mood. ", "However, mechanism(s) underlying the antidepressive-like effect of kososan remain unknown. ", "Previous studies showed that orexin-A (OX-A), a neuropeptide that is involved in feeding and arousal, exhibits an antidepressive-like property via hippocampal cell proliferation. ", "Here, we used immunohistochemical analysis with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a marker of proliferating cells, to investigate the effect of long-term treatment with kososan on the orexinergic system and on hippocampal cell proliferation. ", "Oral administration of kososan (1.0 g/kg) or milnacipran (60 mg/kg), a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, for 28 d led to an antidepressive-like effect in the stress-induced depression-like model mice and reversed the stress-induced decrease in the number of OX-A-positive cells in the lateral hypothalamic area. ", "In addition, both kososan and milnacipran alleviated the stress-induced decrease in the number of BrdU-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. ", "Moreover, the antidepressive-like effect and the increase in cell proliferation and in the number of neuropeptide Y (NPY, which is closely associated with orexinergic system)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus induced by kososan were blocked by treatment with SB-334867, an orexin receptor 1 antagonist. ", "These results suggest that kososan exerts an antidepressive-like effect via the improvement of the stress-induced decrease in hippocampal cell proliferation and that the mechanism underlying the antidepressive-like effect of kososan, but not of milnacipran, may be associated with the regulation of orexinergic and/or NPYergic transmission." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "/*\r\n *\r\n * Copyright (c) 2004 John Maddock\r\n * Copyright 2011 Garmin Ltd. or its subsidiaries\r\n *\r\n * Use, modification and distribution are subject to the \r\n * Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See accompanying file \r\n * LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\r\n *\r\n */\r\n \r\n /*\r\n * LOCATION: see http://www.boost.org for most recent version.", "\r\n * FILE cpp_regex_traits.hpp\r\n * VERSION see <boost/version.hpp>\r\n * DESCRIPTION: Declares regular expression traits class cpp_regex_traits.", "\r\n */\r\n\r\n#ifndef BOOST_CPP_REGEX_TRAITS_HPP_INCLUDED\r\n#define BOOST_CPP_REGEX_TRAITS_HPP_INCLUDED\r\n\r\n#include <boost/config.hpp>\r\n\r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_STD_LOCALE\r\n\r\n#ifndef BOOST_RE_PAT_EXCEPT_HPP\r\n#include <boost/regex/pattern_except.hpp>\r\n#endif\r\n#ifndef BOOST_REGEX_TRAITS_DEFAULTS_HPP_INCLUDED\r\n#include <boost/regex/v4/regex_traits_defaults.hpp>\r\n#endif\r\n#ifdef BOOST_HAS_THREADS\r\n#include <boost/regex/pending/static_mutex.hpp>\r\n#endif\r\n#ifndef BOOST_REGEX_PRIMARY_TRANSFORM\r\n#include <boost/regex/v4/primary_transform.hpp>\r\n#endif\r\n#ifndef BOOST_REGEX_OBJECT_CACHE_HPP\r\n#include <boost/regex/pending/object_cache.hpp>\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#include <istream>\r\n#include <ios>\r\n#include <climits>\r\n\r\n#ifdef BOOST_MSVC\r\n#pragma warning(push)\r\n#pragma warning(disable: 4103)\r\n#endif\r\n#ifdef BOOST_HAS_ABI_HEADERS\r\n# include BOOST_ABI_PREFIX\r\n#endif\r\n#ifdef BOOST_MSVC\r\n#pragma warning(pop)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#ifdef BOOST_MSVC\r\n#pragma warning(push)\r\n#pragma warning(disable:4786 4251)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\nnamespace boost{ \r\n\r\n//\r\n// forward declaration is needed by some compilers:\r\n//\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nclass cpp_regex_traits;\r\n \r\nnamespace re_detail{\r\n\r\n//\r\n// class parser_buf:\r\n// acts as a stream buffer which wraps around a pair of pointers:\r\n//\r\ntemplate <class charT,\r\n class traits = ::std::char_traits<charT> >\r\nclass parser_buf : public ::std::basic_streambuf<charT, traits>\r\n{\r\n typedef ::std::basic_streambuf<charT, traits> base_type;\r\n typedef typename base_type::int_type int_type;\r\n typedef typename base_type::char_type char_type;\r\n typedef typename base_type::pos_type pos_type;\r\n typedef ::std::streamsize streamsize;\r\n typedef typename base_type::off_type off_type;\r\npublic:\r\n parser_buf() : base_type() { setbuf(0, 0); }\r\n const charT* getnext() { return this->gptr(); }\r\nprotected:\r\n std::basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* setbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n);\r\n typename parser_buf<charT, traits>::pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp, ::std::ios_base::openmode which);\r\n typename parser_buf<charT, traits>::pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ::std::ios_base::seekdir way, ::std::ios_base::openmode which);\r\nprivate:\r\n parser_buf& operator=(const parser_buf&);\r\n parser_buf(const parser_buf&);\r\n};\r\n\r\ntemplate<class charT, class traits>\r\nstd::basic_streambuf<charT, traits>*\r\nparser_buf<charT, traits>::setbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n)\r\n{\r\n this->setg(s, s, s + n);\r\n return this;\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate<class charT, class traits>\r\ntypename parser_buf<charT, traits>::pos_type\r\nparser_buf<charT, traits>::seekoff(off_type off, ::std::ios_base::seekdir way, ::std::ios_base::openmode which)\r\n{\r\n if(which & ::std::ios_base::out)\r\n return pos_type(off_type(-1));\r\n std::ptrdiff_t size = this->egptr() - this->eback();\r\n std::ptrdiff_t pos = this->gptr() - this->eback();\r\n charT* g = this->eback();\r\n switch(way)\r\n {\r\n case ::std::ios_base::beg:\r\n if((off < 0) || (off > size))\r\n return pos_type(off_type(-1));\r\n else\r\n this->setg(g, g + off, g + size);\r\n break;\r\n case ::std::ios_base::end:\r\n if((off < 0) || (off > size))\r\n return pos_type(off_type(-1));\r\n else\r\n this->setg(g, g + size - off, g + size);\r\n break;\r\n case ::std::ios_base::cur:\r\n {\r\n std::ptrdiff_t newpos = static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(pos + off);\r\n if((newpos < 0) || (newpos > size))\r\n return pos_type(off_type(-1));\r\n else\r\n this->setg(g, g + newpos, g + size);\r\n break;\r\n }\r\n default: ;\r\n }\r\n#ifdef BOOST_MSVC\r\n#pragma warning(push)\r\n#pragma warning(disable:4244)\r\n#endif\r\n return static_cast<pos_type>(this->gptr() - this->eback());\r\n#ifdef BOOST_MSVC\r\n#pragma warning(pop)\r\n#endif\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate<class charT, class traits>\r\ntypename parser_buf<charT, traits>::pos_type\r\nparser_buf<charT, traits>::seekpos(pos_type sp, ::std::ios_base::openmode which)\r\n{\r\n if(which & ::std::ios_base::out)\r\n return pos_type(off_type(-1));\r\n off_type size = static_cast<off_type>(this->egptr() - this->eback());\r\n charT* g = this->eback();\r\n if(off_type(sp) <= size)\r\n {\r\n this->setg(g, g + off_type(sp), g + size);\r\n }\r\n return pos_type(off_type(-1));\r\n}\r\n\r\n//\r\n// class cpp_regex_traits_base:\r\n// acts as a container for locale and the facets we are using.", "\r\n//\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nstruct cpp_regex_traits_base\r\n{\r\n cpp_regex_traits_base(const std::locale& l)\r\n { imbue(l); }\r\n std::locale imbue(const std::locale& l);\r\n\r\n std::locale m_locale;\r\n std::ctype<charT> const* m_pctype;\r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_STD_MESSAGES\r\n std::messages<charT> const* m_pmessages;\r\n#endif\r\n std::collate<charT> const* m_pcollate;\r\n\r\n bool operator<(const cpp_regex_traits_base& b)const\r\n {\r\n if(m_pctype == b.m_pctype)\r\n {\r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_STD_MESSAGES\r\n if(m_pmessages == b.m_pmessages)\r\n {\r\n return m_pcollate < b.m_pcollate;\r\n }\r\n return m_pmessages < b.m_pmessages;\r\n#else\r\n return m_pcollate < b.m_pcollate;\r\n#endif\r\n }\r\n return m_pctype < b.m_pctype;\r\n }\r\n bool operator==(const cpp_regex_traits_base& b)const\r\n {\r\n return (m_pctype == b.m_pctype) \r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_STD_MESSAGES\r\n && (m_pmessages == b.m_pmessages) \r\n#endif\r\n && (m_pcollate == b.m_pcollate);\r\n }\r\n};\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nstd::locale cpp_regex_traits_base<charT>::imbue(const std::locale& l)\r\n{\r\n std::locale result(m_locale);\r\n m_locale = l;\r\n m_pctype = &BOOST_USE_FACET(std::ctype<charT>, l);\r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_STD_MESSAGES\r\n m_pmessages = BOOST_HAS_FACET(std::messages<charT>, l) ? &", "BOOST_USE_FACET(std::messages<charT>, l) : 0;\r\n#endif\r\n m_pcollate = &BOOST_USE_FACET(std::collate<charT>, l);\r\n return result;\r\n}\r\n\r\n//\r\n// class cpp_regex_traits_char_layer:\r\n// implements methods that require specialisation for narrow characters:\r\n//\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nclass cpp_regex_traits_char_layer : public cpp_regex_traits_base<charT>\r\n{\r\n typedef std::basic_string<charT> string_type;\r\n typedef std::map<charT, regex_constants::syntax_type> map_type;\r\n typedef typename map_type::const_iterator map_iterator_type;\r\npublic:\r\n cpp_regex_traits_char_layer(const std::locale& l)\r\n : cpp_regex_traits_base<charT>(l)\r\n {\r\n init();\r\n }\r\n cpp_regex_traits_char_layer(const cpp_regex_traits_base<charT>& b)\r\n : cpp_regex_traits_base<charT>(b)\r\n {\r\n init();\r\n }\r\n void init();\r\n\r\n regex_constants::syntax_type syntax_type(charT c)const\r\n {\r\n map_iterator_type i = m_char_map.find(c);\r\n return ((i == m_char_map.end()) ? ", "0 : i->second);\r\n }\r\n regex_constants::escape_syntax_type escape_syntax_type(charT c) const\r\n {\r\n map_iterator_type i = m_char_map.find(c);\r\n if(i == m_char_map.end())\r\n {\r\n if(this->m_pctype->is(std::ctype_base::lower, c)) return regex_constants::escape_type_class;\r\n if(this->m_pctype->is(std::ctype_base::upper, c)) return regex_constants::escape_type_not_class;\r\n return 0;\r\n }\r\n return i->second;\r\n }\r\n\r\nprivate:\r\n string_type get_default_message(regex_constants::syntax_type);\r\n // TODO: use a hash table when available!", "\r\n map_type m_char_map;\r\n};\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nvoid cpp_regex_traits_char_layer<charT>::init()\r\n{\r\n // we need to start by initialising our syntax map so we know which\r\n // character is used for which purpose:\r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_STD_MESSAGES\r\n#ifndef __IBMCPP__\r\n typename std::messages<charT>::catalog cat = static_cast<std::messages<char>::catalog>(-1);\r\n#else\r\n typename std::messages<charT>::catalog cat = reinterpret_cast<std::messages<char>::catalog>(-1);\r\n#endif\r\n std::string cat_name(cpp_regex_traits<charT>::get_catalog_name());\r\n if(cat_name.size() && (this->m_pmessages !", "= 0))\r\n {\r\n cat = this->m_pmessages->open(\r\n cat_name, \r\n this->m_locale);\r\n if((int)cat < 0)\r\n {\r\n std::string m(\"Unable to open message catalog: \");\r\n std::runtime_error err(m + cat_name);\r\n boost::re_detail::raise_runtime_error(err);\r\n }\r\n }\r\n //\r\n // if we have a valid catalog then load our messages:\r\n //\r\n if((int)cat >= 0)\r\n {\r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_EXCEPTIONS\r\n try{\r\n#endif\r\n for(regex_constants::syntax_type i = 1; i < regex_constants::syntax_max; ++i)\r\n {\r\n string_type mss = this->m_pmessages->get(cat, 0, i, get_default_message(i));\r\n for(typename string_type::size_type j = 0; j < mss.size(); ++j)\r\n {\r\n m_char_map[mss[j]] = i;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n this->m_pmessages->close(cat);\r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_EXCEPTIONS\r\n }\r\n catch(...)\r\n {\r\n if(this->m_pmessages)\r\n this->m_pmessages->close(cat);\r\n throw;\r\n }\r\n#endif\r\n }\r\n else\r\n {\r\n#endif\r\n for(regex_constants::syntax_type i = 1; i < regex_constants::syntax_max; ++i)\r\n {\r\n const char* ptr = get_default_syntax(i);\r\n while(ptr && *ptr)\r\n {\r\n m_char_map[this->m_pctype->widen(*ptr)] = i;\r\n ++ptr;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_STD_MESSAGES\r\n }\r\n#endif\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\ntypename cpp_regex_traits_char_layer<charT>::string_type \r\n cpp_regex_traits_char_layer<charT>::get_default_message(regex_constants::syntax_type i)\r\n{\r\n const char* ptr = get_default_syntax(i);\r\n string_type result;\r\n while(ptr && *ptr)\r\n {\r\n result.append(1, this->m_pctype->widen(*ptr));\r\n ++ptr;\r\n }\r\n return result;\r\n}\r\n\r\n//\r\n// specialised version for narrow characters:\r\n//\r\ntemplate <>\r\nclass BOOST_REGEX_DECL cpp_regex_traits_char_layer<char> : public cpp_regex_traits_base<char>\r\n{\r\n typedef std::string string_type;\r\npublic:\r\n cpp_regex_traits_char_layer(const std::locale& l)\r\n : cpp_regex_traits_base<char>(l)\r\n {\r\n init();\r\n }\r\n cpp_regex_traits_char_layer(const cpp_regex_traits_base<char>& l)\r\n : cpp_regex_traits_base<char>(l)\r\n {\r\n init();\r\n }\r\n\r\n regex_constants::syntax_type syntax_type(char c)const\r\n {\r\n return m_char_map[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)];\r\n }\r\n regex_constants::escape_syntax_type escape_syntax_type(char c) const\r\n {\r\n return m_char_map[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)];\r\n }\r\n\r\nprivate:\r\n regex_constants::syntax_type m_char_map[1u << CHAR_BIT];\r\n void init();\r\n};\r\n\r\n#ifdef BOOST_REGEX_BUGGY_CTYPE_FACET\r\nenum\r\n{\r\n char_class_space=1<<0, \r\n char_class_print=1<<1, \r\n char_class_cntrl=1<<2, \r\n char_class_upper=1<<3, \r\n char_class_lower=1<<4,\r\n char_class_alpha=1<<5, \r\n char_class_digit=1<<6, \r\n char_class_punct=1<<7, \r\n char_class_xdigit=1<<8,\r\n char_class_alnum=char_class_alpha|char_class_digit, \r\n char_class_graph=char_class_alnum|char_class_punct,\r\n char_class_blank=1<<9,\r\n char_class_word=1<<10,\r\n char_class_unicode=1<<11,\r\n char_class_horizontal_space=1<<12,\r\n char_class_vertical_space=1<<13\r\n};\r\n\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n//\r\n// class cpp_regex_traits_implementation:\r\n// provides pimpl implementation for cpp_regex_traits.", "\r\n//\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nclass cpp_regex_traits_implementation : public cpp_regex_traits_char_layer<charT>\r\n{\r\npublic:\r\n typedef typename cpp_regex_traits<charT>::char_class_type char_class_type;\r\n typedef typename std::ctype<charT>::mask native_mask_type;\r\n#ifndef BOOST_REGEX_BUGGY_CTYPE_FACET\r\n BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(char_class_type, mask_blank = 1u << 24);\r\n BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(char_class_type, mask_word = 1u << 25);\r\n BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(char_class_type, mask_unicode = 1u << 26);\r\n BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(char_class_type, mask_horizontal = 1u << 27);\r\n BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(char_class_type, mask_vertical = 1u << 28);\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n typedef std::basic_string<charT> string_type;\r\n typedef charT char_type;\r\n //cpp_regex_traits_implementation();\r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation(const std::locale& l)\r\n : cpp_regex_traits_char_layer<charT>(l)\r\n {\r\n init();\r\n }\r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation(const cpp_regex_traits_base<charT>& l)\r\n : cpp_regex_traits_char_layer<charT>(l)\r\n {\r\n init();\r\n }\r\n std::string error_string(regex_constants::error_type n) const\r\n {\r\n if(!m_error_strings.empty())\r\n {\r\n std::map<int, std::string>::const_iterator p = m_error_strings.find(n);\r\n return (p == m_error_strings.end()) ? ", "std::string(get_default_error_string(n)) : p->second;\r\n }\r\n return get_default_error_string(n);\r\n }\r\n char_class_type lookup_classname(const charT* p1, const charT* p2) const\r\n {\r\n char_class_type result = lookup_classname_imp(p1, p2);\r\n if(result == 0)\r\n {\r\n string_type temp(p1, p2);\r\n this->m_pctype->tolower(&*temp.begin(), &*temp.begin() + temp.size());\r\n result = lookup_classname_imp(&*temp.begin(), &*temp.begin() + temp.size());\r\n }\r\n return result;\r\n }\r\n string_type lookup_collatename(const charT* p1, const charT* p2) const;\r\n string_type transform_primary(const charT* p1, const charT* p2) const;\r\n string_type transform(const charT* p1, const charT* p2) const;\r\nprivate:\r\n std::map<int, std::string> m_error_strings; // error messages indexed by numberic ID\r\n std::map<string_type, char_class_type> m_custom_class_names; // character class names\r\n std::map<string_type, string_type> m_custom_collate_names; // collating element names\r\n unsigned m_collate_type; // the form of the collation string\r\n charT m_collate_delim; // the collation group delimiter\r\n //\r\n // helpers:\r\n //\r\n char_class_type lookup_classname_imp(const charT* p1, const charT* p2) const;\r\n void init();\r\n#ifdef BOOST_REGEX_BUGGY_CTYPE_FACET\r\npublic:\r\n bool isctype(charT c, char_class_type m)const;\r\n#endif\r\n};\r\n\r\n#ifndef BOOST_REGEX_BUGGY_CTYPE_FACET\r\n#if !", "defined(BOOST_NO_INCLASS_MEMBER_INITIALIZATION)\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\ntypename cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::char_class_type const cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_blank;\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\ntypename cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::char_class_type const cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_word;\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\ntypename cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::char_class_type const cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_unicode;\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\ntypename cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::char_class_type const cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_vertical;\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\ntypename cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::char_class_type const cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_horizontal;\r\n\r\n#endif\r\n#endif\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\ntypename cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::string_type \r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::transform_primary(const charT* p1, const charT* p2) const\r\n{\r\n //\r\n // PRECONDITIONS:\r\n //\r\n // A bug in gcc 3.2 (and maybe other versions as well) treats\r\n // p1 as a null terminated string, for efficiency reasons \r\n // we work around this elsewhere, but just assert here that\r\n // we adhere to gcc's (buggy) preconditions...\r\n //\r\n BOOST_ASSERT(*p2 == 0);\r\n\r\n string_type result;\r\n //\r\n // swallowing all exceptions here is a bad idea\r\n // however at least one std lib will always throw\r\n // std::bad_alloc for certain arguments...\r\n //\r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_EXCEPTIONS\r\n try{\r\n#endif\r\n //\r\n // What we do here depends upon the format of the sort key returned by\r\n // sort key returned by this->transform:\r\n //\r\n switch(m_collate_type)\r\n {\r\n case sort_C:\r\n case sort_unknown:\r\n // the best we can do is translate to lower case, then get a regular sort key:\r\n {\r\n result.assign(p1, p2);\r\n this->m_pctype->tolower(&*result.begin(), &*result.begin() + result.size());\r\n result = this->m_pcollate->transform(&*result.begin(), &*result.begin() + result.size());\r\n break;\r\n }\r\n case sort_fixed:\r\n {\r\n // get a regular sort key, and then truncate it:\r\n result.assign(this->m_pcollate->transform(p1, p2));\r\n result.erase(this->m_collate_delim);\r\n break;\r\n }\r\n case sort_delim:\r\n // get a regular sort key, and then truncate everything after the delim:\r\n result.assign(this->m_pcollate->transform(p1, p2));\r\n std::size_t i;\r\n for(i = 0; i < result.size(); ++i)\r\n {\r\n if(result[i] == m_collate_delim)\r\n break;\r\n }\r\n result.erase(i);\r\n break;\r\n }\r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_EXCEPTIONS\r\n }catch(...){}\r\n#endif\r\n while(result.size() && (charT(0) == *result.rbegin()))\r\n result.erase(result.size() - 1);\r\n if(result.empty())\r\n {\r\n // character is ignorable at the primary level:\r\n result = string_type(1, charT(0));\r\n }\r\n return result;\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\ntypename cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::string_type \r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::transform(const charT* p1, const charT* p2) const\r\n{\r\n //\r\n // PRECONDITIONS:\r\n //\r\n // A bug in gcc 3.2 (and maybe other versions as well) treats\r\n // p1 as a null terminated string, for efficiency reasons \r\n // we work around this elsewhere, but just assert here that\r\n // we adhere to gcc's (buggy) preconditions...\r\n //\r\n BOOST_ASSERT(*p2 == 0);\r\n //\r\n // swallowing all exceptions here is a bad idea\r\n // however at least one std lib will always throw\r\n // std::bad_alloc for certain arguments...\r\n //\r\n string_type result;\r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_EXCEPTIONS\r\n try{\r\n#endif\r\n result = this->m_pcollate->transform(p1, p2);\r\n //\r\n // Borland's STLPort version returns a NULL-terminated\r\n // string that has garbage at the end - each call to\r\n // std::collate<wchar_t>::transform returns a different string!", "\r\n // So as a workaround, we'll truncate the string at the first NULL\r\n // which _seems_ to work....\r\n#if BOOST_WORKAROUND(__BORLANDC__, < 0x580)\r\n result.erase(result.find(charT(0)));\r\n#else\r\n //\r\n // some implementations (Dinkumware) append unnecessary trailing \\0's:\r\n while(result.size() && (charT(0) == *result.rbegin()))\r\n result.erase(result.size() - 1);\r\n#endif\r\n BOOST_ASSERT(std::find(result.begin(), result.end(), charT(0)) == result.end());\r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_EXCEPTIONS\r\n }\r\n catch(...)\r\n {\r\n }\r\n#endif\r\n return result;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\ntypename cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::string_type \r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::lookup_collatename(const charT* p1, const charT* p2) const\r\n{\r\n typedef typename std::map<string_type, string_type>::const_iterator iter_type;\r\n if(m_custom_collate_names.size())\r\n {\r\n iter_type pos = m_custom_collate_names.find(string_type(p1, p2));\r\n if(pos !", "= m_custom_collate_names.end())\r\n return pos->second;\r\n }\r\n#if !", "defined(BOOST_NO_TEMPLATED_ITERATOR_CONSTRUCTORS)\\\r\n && !", "BOOST_WORKAROUND(BOOST_MSVC, < 1300)\\\r\n && !", "BOOST_WORKAROUND(__BORLANDC__, <= 0x0551)\r\n std::string name(p1, p2);\r\n#else\r\n std::string name;\r\n const charT* p0 = p1;\r\n while(p0 !", "= p2)\r\n name.append(1, char(*p0++));\r\n#endif\r\n name = lookup_default_collate_name(name);\r\n#if !", "defined(BOOST_NO_TEMPLATED_ITERATOR_CONSTRUCTORS)\\\r\n && !", "BOOST_WORKAROUND(BOOST_MSVC, < 1300)\\\r\n && !", "BOOST_WORKAROUND(__BORLANDC__, <= 0x0551)\r\n if(name.size())\r\n return string_type(name.begin(), name.end());\r\n#else\r\n if(name.size())\r\n {\r\n string_type result;\r\n typedef std::string::const_iterator iter;\r\n iter b = name.begin();\r\n iter e = name.end();\r\n while(b !", "= e)\r\n result.append(1, charT(*b++));\r\n return result;\r\n }\r\n#endif\r\n if(p2 - p1 == 1)\r\n return string_type(1, *p1);\r\n return string_type();\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nvoid cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::init()\r\n{\r\n#ifndef BOOST_NO_STD_MESSAGES\r\n#ifndef __IBMCPP__\r\n typename std::messages<charT>::catalog cat = static_cast<std::messages<char>::catalog>(-1);\r\n#else\r\n typename std::messages<charT>::catalog cat = reinterpret_cast<std::messages<char>::catalog>(-1);\r\n#endif\r\n std::string cat_name(cpp_regex_traits<charT>::get_catalog_name());\r\n if(cat_name.size() && (this->m_pmessages !", "= 0))\r\n {\r\n cat = this->m_pmessages->open(\r\n cat_name, \r\n this->m_locale);\r\n if((int)cat < 0)\r\n {\r\n std::string m(\"Unable to open message catalog: \");\r\n std::runtime_error err(m + cat_name);\r\n boost::re_detail::raise_runtime_error(err);\r\n }\r\n }\r\n //\r\n // if we have a valid catalog then load our messages:\r\n //\r\n if((int)cat >= 0)\r\n {\r\n //\r\n // Error messages:\r\n //\r\n for(boost::regex_constants::error_type i = static_cast<boost::regex_constants::error_type>(0); \r\n i <= boost::regex_constants::error_unknown; \r\n i = static_cast<boost::regex_constants::error_type>(i + 1))\r\n {\r\n const char* p = get_default_error_string(i);\r\n string_type default_message;\r\n while(*p)\r\n {\r\n default_message.append(1, this->m_pctype->widen(*p));\r\n ++p;\r\n }\r\n string_type s = this->m_pmessages->get(cat, 0, i+200, default_message);\r\n std::string result;\r\n for(std::string::size_type j = 0; j < s.size(); ++j)\r\n {\r\n result.append(1, this->m_pctype->narrow(s[j], 0));\r\n }\r\n m_error_strings[i] = result;\r\n }\r\n //\r\n // Custom class names:\r\n //\r\n#ifndef BOOST_REGEX_BUGGY_CTYPE_FACET\r\n static const char_class_type masks[16] = \r\n {\r\n std::ctype<charT>::alnum,\r\n std::ctype<charT>::alpha,\r\n std::ctype<charT>::cntrl,\r\n std::ctype<charT>::digit,\r\n std::ctype<charT>::graph,\r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_horizontal,\r\n std::ctype<charT>::lower,\r\n std::ctype<charT>::print,\r\n std::ctype<charT>::punct,\r\n std::ctype<charT>::space,\r\n std::ctype<charT>::upper,\r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_vertical,\r\n std::ctype<charT>::xdigit,\r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_blank,\r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_word,\r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_unicode,\r\n };\r\n#else\r\n static const char_class_type masks[16] = \r\n {\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_alnum,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_alpha,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_cntrl,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_digit,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_graph,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_horizontal_space,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_lower,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_print,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_punct,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_space,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_upper,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_vertical_space,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_xdigit,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_blank,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_word,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_unicode,\r\n };\r\n#endif\r\n static const string_type null_string;\r\n for(unsigned int j = 0; j <= 13; ++j)\r\n {\r\n string_type s(this->m_pmessages->get(cat, 0, j+300, null_string));\r\n if(s.size())\r\n this->m_custom_class_names[s] = masks[j];\r\n }\r\n }\r\n#endif\r\n //\r\n // get the collation format used by m_pcollate:\r\n //\r\n m_collate_type = re_detail::find_sort_syntax(this, &m_collate_delim);\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\ntypename cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::char_class_type \r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::lookup_classname_imp(const charT* p1, const charT* p2) const\r\n{\r\n#ifndef BOOST_REGEX_BUGGY_CTYPE_FACET\r\n static const char_class_type masks[22] = \r\n {\r\n 0,\r\n std::ctype<char>::alnum, \r\n std::ctype<char>::alpha,\r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_blank,\r\n std::ctype<char>::cntrl,\r\n std::ctype<char>::digit,\r\n std::ctype<char>::digit,\r\n std::ctype<char>::graph,\r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_horizontal,\r\n std::ctype<char>::lower,\r\n std::ctype<char>::lower,\r\n std::ctype<char>::print,\r\n std::ctype<char>::punct,\r\n std::ctype<char>::space,\r\n std::ctype<char>::space,\r\n std::ctype<char>::upper,\r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_unicode,\r\n std::ctype<char>::upper,\r\n cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_vertical,\r\n std::ctype<char>::alnum | cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_word, \r\n std::ctype<char>::alnum | cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_word, \r\n std::ctype<char>::xdigit,\r\n };\r\n#else\r\n static const char_class_type masks[22] = \r\n {\r\n 0,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_alnum, \r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_alpha,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_blank,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_cntrl,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_digit,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_digit,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_graph,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_horizontal_space,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_lower,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_lower,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_print,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_punct,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_space,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_space,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_upper,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_unicode,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_upper,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_vertical_space,\r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_alnum | ::boost::re_detail::char_class_word, \r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_alnum | ::boost::re_detail::char_class_word, \r\n ::boost::re_detail::char_class_xdigit,\r\n };\r\n#endif\r\n if(m_custom_class_names.size())\r\n {\r\n typedef typename std::map<std::basic_string<charT>, char_class_type>::const_iterator map_iter;\r\n map_iter pos = m_custom_class_names.find(string_type(p1, p2));\r\n if(pos !", "= m_custom_class_names.end())\r\n return pos->second;\r\n }\r\n std::size_t state_id = 1 + re_detail::get_default_class_id(p1, p2);\r\n BOOST_ASSERT(state_id < sizeof(masks) / sizeof(masks[0]));\r\n return masks[state_id];\r\n}\r\n\r\n#ifdef BOOST_REGEX_BUGGY_CTYPE_FACET\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nbool cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::isctype(const charT c, char_class_type mask) const\r\n{\r\n return\r\n ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_space) && (this->m_pctype->is(std::ctype<charT>::space, c)))\r\n || ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_print) && (this->m_pctype->is(std::ctype<charT>::print, c)))\r\n || ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_cntrl) && (this->m_pctype->is(std::ctype<charT>::cntrl, c)))\r\n || ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_upper) && (this->m_pctype->is(std::ctype<charT>::upper, c)))\r\n || ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_lower) && (this->m_pctype->is(std::ctype<charT>::lower, c)))\r\n || ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_alpha) && (this->m_pctype->is(std::ctype<charT>::alpha, c)))\r\n || ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_digit) && (this->m_pctype->is(std::ctype<charT>::digit, c)))\r\n || ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_punct) && (this->m_pctype->is(std::ctype<charT>::punct, c)))\r\n || ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_xdigit) && (this->m_pctype->is(std::ctype<charT>::xdigit, c)))\r\n || ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_blank) && (this->m_pctype->is(std::ctype<charT>::space, c)) && !::", "boost::re_detail::is_separator(c))\r\n || ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_word) && (c == '_'))\r\n || ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_unicode) && ::boost::re_detail::is_extended(c))\r\n || ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_vertical_space) && (is_separator(c) || (c == '\\v')))\r\n || ((mask & ::boost::re_detail::char_class_horizontal_space) && this->m_pctype->is(std::ctype<charT>::space, c) && !(", "is_separator(c) || (c == '\\v')));\r\n}\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\ninline boost::shared_ptr<const cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT> > create_cpp_regex_traits(const std::locale& l BOOST_APPEND_EXPLICIT_TEMPLATE_TYPE(charT))\r\n{\r\n cpp_regex_traits_base<charT> key(l);\r\n return ::boost::object_cache<cpp_regex_traits_base<charT>, cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT> >::get(key, 5);\r\n}\r\n\r\n} // re_detail\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nclass cpp_regex_traits\r\n{\r\nprivate:\r\n typedef std::ctype<charT> ctype_type;\r\npublic:\r\n typedef charT char_type;\r\n typedef std::size_t size_type;\r\n typedef std::basic_string<char_type> string_type;\r\n typedef std::locale locale_type;\r\n typedef boost::uint_least32_t char_class_type;\r\n\r\n struct boost_extensions_tag{};\r\n\r\n cpp_regex_traits()\r\n : m_pimpl(re_detail::create_cpp_regex_traits<charT>(std::locale()))\r\n { }\r\n static size_type length(const char_type* p)\r\n {\r\n return std::char_traits<charT>::length(p);\r\n }\r\n regex_constants::syntax_type syntax_type(charT c)const\r\n {\r\n return m_pimpl->syntax_type(c);\r\n }\r\n regex_constants::escape_syntax_type escape_syntax_type(charT c) const\r\n {\r\n return m_pimpl->escape_syntax_type(c);\r\n }\r\n charT translate(charT c) const\r\n {\r\n return c;\r\n }\r\n charT translate_nocase(charT c) const\r\n {\r\n return m_pimpl->m_pctype->tolower(c);\r\n }\r\n charT translate(charT c, bool icase) const\r\n {\r\n return icase ? ", "m_pimpl->m_pctype->tolower(c) : c;\r\n }\r\n charT tolower(charT c) const\r\n {\r\n return m_pimpl->m_pctype->tolower(c);\r\n }\r\n charT toupper(charT c) const\r\n {\r\n return m_pimpl->m_pctype->toupper(c);\r\n }\r\n string_type transform(const charT* p1, const charT* p2) const\r\n {\r\n return m_pimpl->transform(p1, p2);\r\n }\r\n string_type transform_primary(const charT* p1, const charT* p2) const\r\n {\r\n return m_pimpl->transform_primary(p1, p2);\r\n }\r\n char_class_type lookup_classname(const charT* p1, const charT* p2) const\r\n {\r\n return m_pimpl->lookup_classname(p1, p2);\r\n }\r\n string_type lookup_collatename(const charT* p1, const charT* p2) const\r\n {\r\n return m_pimpl->lookup_collatename(p1, p2);\r\n }\r\n bool isctype(charT c, char_class_type f) const\r\n {\r\n#ifndef BOOST_REGEX_BUGGY_CTYPE_FACET\r\n typedef typename std::ctype<charT>::mask ctype_mask;\r\n\r\n static const ctype_mask mask_base = \r\n static_cast<ctype_mask>(\r\n std::ctype<charT>::alnum \r\n | std::ctype<charT>::alpha\r\n | std::ctype<charT>::cntrl\r\n | std::ctype<charT>::digit\r\n | std::ctype<charT>::graph\r\n | std::ctype<charT>::lower\r\n | std::ctype<charT>::print\r\n | std::ctype<charT>::punct\r\n | std::ctype<charT>::space\r\n | std::ctype<charT>::upper\r\n | std::ctype<charT>::xdigit);\r\n\r\n if((f & mask_base) \r\n && (m_pimpl->m_pctype->is(\r\n static_cast<ctype_mask>(f & mask_base), c)))\r\n return true;\r\n else if((f & re_detail::cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_unicode) && re_detail::is_extended(c))\r\n return true;\r\n else if((f & re_detail::cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_word) && (c == '_'))\r\n return true;\r\n else if((f & re_detail::cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_blank) \r\n && m_pimpl->m_pctype->is(std::ctype<charT>::space, c)\r\n && !", "re_detail::is_separator(c))\r\n return true;\r\n else if((f & re_detail::cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_vertical) \r\n && (::boost::re_detail::is_separator(c) || (c == '\\v')))\r\n return true;\r\n else if((f & re_detail::cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_horizontal) \r\n && this->isctype(c, std::ctype<charT>::space) && !", "this->isctype(c, re_detail::cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT>::mask_vertical))\r\n return true;\r\n return false;\r\n#else\r\n return m_pimpl->isctype(c, f);\r\n#endif\r\n }\r\n int toi(const charT*& p1, const charT* p2, int radix)const;\r\n int value(charT c, int radix)const\r\n {\r\n const charT* pc = &c;\r\n return toi(pc, pc + 1, radix);\r\n }\r\n locale_type imbue(locale_type l)\r\n {\r\n std::locale result(getloc());\r\n m_pimpl = re_detail::create_cpp_regex_traits<charT>(l);\r\n return result;\r\n }\r\n locale_type getloc()const\r\n {\r\n return m_pimpl->m_locale;\r\n }\r\n std::string error_string(regex_constants::error_type n) const\r\n {\r\n return m_pimpl->error_string(n);\r\n }\r\n\r\n //\r\n // extension:\r\n // set the name of the message catalog in use (defaults to \"boost_regex\").", "\r\n //\r\n static std::string catalog_name(const std::string& name);\r\n static std::string get_catalog_name();\r\n\r\nprivate:\r\n boost::shared_ptr<const re_detail::cpp_regex_traits_implementation<charT> > m_pimpl;\r\n //\r\n // catalog name handler:\r\n //\r\n static std::string& get_catalog_name_inst();\r\n\r\n#ifdef BOOST_HAS_THREADS\r\n static static_mutex& get_mutex_inst();\r\n#endif\r\n};\r\n\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nint cpp_regex_traits<charT>::toi(const charT*& first, const charT* last, int radix)const\r\n{\r\n re_detail::parser_buf<charT> sbuf; // buffer for parsing numbers.", "\r\n std::basic_istream<charT> is(&sbuf); // stream for parsing numbers.", "\r\n\r\n // we do NOT want to parse any thousands separators inside the stream:\r\n last = std::find(first, last, BOOST_USE_FACET(std::numpunct<charT>, is.getloc()).thousands_sep());\r\n\r\n sbuf.pubsetbuf(const_cast<charT*>(static_cast<const charT*>(first)), static_cast<std::streamsize>(last-first));\r\n is.clear();\r\n if(std::abs(radix) == 16) is >> std::hex;\r\n else if(std::abs(radix) == 8) is >> std::oct;\r\n else is >> std::dec;\r\n int val;\r\n if(is >> val)\r\n {\r\n first = first + ((last - first) - sbuf.in_avail());\r\n return val;\r\n }\r\n else\r\n return -1;\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nstd::string cpp_regex_traits<charT>::catalog_name(const std::string& name)\r\n{\r\n#ifdef BOOST_HAS_THREADS\r\n static_mutex::scoped_lock lk(get_mutex_inst());\r\n#endif\r\n std::string result(get_catalog_name_inst());\r\n get_catalog_name_inst() = name;\r\n return result;\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nstd::string& cpp_regex_traits<charT>::get_catalog_name_inst()\r\n{\r\n static std::string s_name;\r\n return s_name;\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nstd::string cpp_regex_traits<charT>::get_catalog_name()\r\n{\r\n#ifdef BOOST_HAS_THREADS\r\n static_mutex::scoped_lock lk(get_mutex_inst());\r\n#endif\r\n std::string result(get_catalog_name_inst());\r\n return result;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#ifdef BOOST_HAS_THREADS\r\ntemplate <class charT>\r\nstatic_mutex& cpp_regex_traits<charT>::get_mutex_inst()\r\n{\r\n static static_mutex s_mutex = BOOST_STATIC_MUTEX_INIT;\r\n return s_mutex;\r\n}\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n\r\n} // boost\r\n\r\n#ifdef BOOST_MSVC\r\n#pragma warning(pop)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#ifdef BOOST_MSVC\r\n#pragma warning(push)\r\n#pragma warning(disable: 4103)\r\n#endif\r\n#ifdef BOOST_HAS_ABI_HEADERS\r\n# include BOOST_ABI_SUFFIX\r\n#endif\r\n#ifdef BOOST_MSVC\r\n#pragma warning(pop)\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n#endif\r\n\r\n\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Neal MA, Pippard BJ, Simpson AJ, Thelwall PE. ", "Dynamic susceptibility contrast ^19^F‐MRI of inhaled perfluoropropane: a novel approach to combined pulmonary ventilation and perfusion imaging. ", "Magn Reson Med. ", "2020;83:452--461. ", "10.1002/mrm.27933 31468589\n\n**Funding information**\n\nThis work was supported by a Medical Research Council (MRC) Confidence in Concept grant (MC/PC/16054) and a MRC Developmental Pathway Funding Scheme grant (MR/N018915/1). ", "Human studies were sponsored by the Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust.", "\n\n1. ", "INTRODUCTION {#mrm27933-sec-0005}\n===============\n\nThe lungs present challenges for diagnostic MRI due to low tissue water content, respiratory and cardiac motion, and magnetic field inhomogeneity arising from differences in magnetic susceptibility at ubiquitous air--tissue interfaces.[1](#mrm27933-bib-0001){ref-type=\"ref\"} The development of hyperpolarized ^3^He and ^129^Xe gas MRI has addressed some of these challenges to provide quantitative assessment of regional gas distribution and wash‐out dynamics in a variety of pulmonary disorders.[2](#mrm27933-bib-0002){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [3](#mrm27933-bib-0003){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [4](#mrm27933-bib-0004){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [5](#mrm27933-bib-0005){ref-type=\"ref\"} However, the requirement for polarizing equipment and expertise has largely restricted this technique to research settings and specialist centers. ", "An alternative approach involving ^19^F‐MRI of inhaled perfluoropropane (PFP) has shown potential for assessing ventilation properties in healthy volunteers and patients with respiratory disease,[6](#mrm27933-bib-0006){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [7](#mrm27933-bib-0007){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [8](#mrm27933-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [9](#mrm27933-bib-0009){ref-type=\"ref\"} building on extensive preclinical[10](#mrm27933-bib-0010){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [11](#mrm27933-bib-0011){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [12](#mrm27933-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [13](#mrm27933-bib-0013){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [14](#mrm27933-bib-0014){ref-type=\"ref\"} and ex vivo[15](#mrm27933-bib-0015){ref-type=\"ref\"} studies. ", "PFP has a short in vivo T~1~ (approximately 12 ms at 3.0 Telsa \\[T\\][7](#mrm27933-bib-0007){ref-type=\"ref\"}) that enables a short TR and high degree of signal averaging. ", "This, in concert with its 6 magnetically equivalent ^19^F nuclei per molecule and inert nature (permitting inhalation at high concentrations), facilitates in vivo imaging of PFP at thermal polarization, avoiding the need for hyperpolarization with a resultant technical simplicity that offers potential for clinical application.", "\n\nThe PFP molecule is substantially larger than ^3^He and ^129^Xe atoms and has a significantly slower diffusion coefficient (0.07 cm^2^/s,[16](#mrm27933-bib-0016){ref-type=\"ref\"} compared to diffusion coefficients in air of 0.88 cm^2^/s[17](#mrm27933-bib-0017){ref-type=\"ref\"} and 0.14 cm^2^/s[18](#mrm27933-bib-0018){ref-type=\"ref\"} for ^3^He and ^129^Xe, respectively). ", "Its fluorine resonances exhibit a short in vivo $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ (approximately 2 ms on inspiration at 3.0 T,[7](#mrm27933-bib-0007){ref-type=\"ref\"} compared to 14 ms[19](#mrm27933-bib-0019){ref-type=\"ref\"} and 24 ms[20](#mrm27933-bib-0020){ref-type=\"ref\"} for ^3^He and ^129^Xe, respectively) with limited motional narrowing compared to ^3^He and ^129^Xe, where faster diffusion through alveolar magnetic susceptibility gradients limits shortening of $T_{2}^{\\ast}$. The resultant sensitivity of PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ to the lung magnetic microenvironment presents some technical challenges for MRI of inhaled PFP; however, it also provides opportunities to report on lung tissue functional properties that include monitoring lung perfusion via alteration of pulmonary magnetic susceptibility gradients. ", "Modulation of tissue magnetic susceptibility through the introduction of a gadolinium‐based contrast agent (GBCA), with consequent change in $T_{2}^{\\ast}$, forms the basis of dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI. ", "This well‐established technique has been used most widely in the assessment of brain perfusion where the paramagnetic properties of intravenously administered GBCA cause increased heterogeneity of tissue magnetic susceptibility in perfused regions, reducing the $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ of tissue water.[21](#mrm27933-bib-0021){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [22](#mrm27933-bib-0022){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [23](#mrm27933-bib-0023){ref-type=\"ref\"}\n\nWe hypothesized that the magnetic field heterogeneity of the lung could be reduced by the presence of a paramagnetic GBCA in the pulmonary circulation, bringing the magnetic susceptibilities of aqueous and gas components of the lung closer together as the paramagnetic nature of gadolinium counters the diamagnetic properties of tissue water. ", "Specifically, we tested whether contrast agent bolus passage through the lung microvasculature would result in a transient elevation of the $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ of inhaled PFP, utilizing lung‐representative phantoms, preclinical models, and subsequent demonstration of feasibility in healthy human volunteers. ", "Our approach builds on previous preclinical demonstrations of reducing lung magnetic susceptibility gradients using paramagnetic and superparamagnetic contrast agents with hyperpolarized ^3^He‐MRI[24](#mrm27933-bib-0024){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [25](#mrm27933-bib-0025){ref-type=\"ref\"} by employing PFP as a gas phase imaging agent to perform dynamic measurement of susceptibility contrast and by translating this approach to humans.", "\n\n2. ", "METHODS {#mrm27933-sec-0006}\n==========\n\n2.1. ", "Phantom study {#mrm27933-sec-0007}\n------------------\n\nLung‐representative phantoms (n = 36) were constructed of stable aqueous foams. ", "The gas phase of the foams contained a 79:21 ratio mixture of PFP and oxygen, and the aqueous phase comprised an aqueous ovalbumin solution (1:6 weight/weight ratio of pasteurized egg white powder (Dr. Oetker Ltd., UK) and water). ", "Foam was produced by repeatedly passing gas and aqueous components between a pair of syringes through a 2 mm diameter restriction until a stable and homogenous foam was formed (typically achieved after 20 passages). ", "Foam volume was 15 mL for all samples. ", "Digital photomicrographs were acquired with a microscope (Celestron LLC, Torrance, CA) from a sample of each of the foams placed on a microscope slide immediately prior to MR acquisitions. ", "Mean bubble diameter was measured manually from photomicrographs using ImageJ[26](#mrm27933-bib-0026){ref-type=\"ref\"} from approximately 100 bubbles within the FOV of each sample image. ", "The magnetic susceptibility of the aqueous component was altered by the addition of a GBCA (Gadobutrol, Bayer Schering Pharma, UK) at 12 different concentrations over the range 0 to 70 mM, with 3 phantoms prepared at each concentration. ", "Three gas‐only samples (i.e., containing the PFP/oxygen gas mixture alone, with no aqueous component) were also prepared for comparison. ", "^19^F‐MR data were acquired from foam phantoms and gas‐only samples with a Philips Achieva 3.0 T scanner (Philips, Best, The Netherlands) equipped with a custom 25 mm diameter 6‐turn solenoid ^19^F coil, using a pulse‐acquire sequence (TR = 34 ms; flip angle = 90°; acquisition bandwidth (BW) = 8 kHz; number of datapoints = 256; number of averages = 10). ", "The $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ of PFP was determined by fitting Equation [1](#mrm27933-disp-0001){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} to the magnitude of the ^19^F pulse‐acquire free induction decay, where the equation describes monoexponential decay of the ^19^F signal plus the mean magnitude of baseline noise in the FID.$$S = \\left( {S_{0} \\times e^{- t/T_{2}^{\\ast}}} \\right) + c.$$\n\nA simple model was used to describe the relationship between difference in magnetic susceptibility between gas and aqueous components of the foam and the resultant change in $T_{2}^{\\ast}$. The magnetic susceptibility of the aqueous phase of the foam was defined as the sum of magnetic susceptibilities of water and GBCA components. ", "The absolute value of the difference in magnetic susceptibility between gas and aqueous components, Δχ, was calculated using Equation [2](#mrm27933-disp-0002){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"}, where χ^gas^ = 0.4 ppm, χ^aq^ = −9.05 ppm,[27](#mrm27933-bib-0027){ref-type=\"ref\"} the molar magnetic susceptibility of GBCA (χ~m~ ^Gd^) = 320 ppm L mol^−1^,[28](#mrm27933-bib-0028){ref-type=\"ref\"} and C~GBCA~ is the concentration of GBCA in the aqueous component of the foam.$${\\Delta\\chi} = \\left| \\left( {\\chi^{\\mathit{gas}} - \\left( {\\chi^{\\mathit{aq}} + \\left( {\\chi_{m}^{\\mathit{Gd}} \\times C_{\\mathit{GBCA}}} \\right)} \\right)} \\right) \\right|.$$\n\nThe relationship between Δχ and change in PFP transverse relaxation rate ($\\Delta R_{2}^{\\ast}$) was modeled on the relationship observed in and used for analysis of brain DSC ^1^H‐MRI data,[22](#mrm27933-bib-0022){ref-type=\"ref\"} where $\\Delta R_{2}^{\\ast}$ is linearly proportional to Δχ resultant from contrast agent administration. ", "Equation [3](#mrm27933-disp-0003){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} describes this relationship, where *k* is a proportionality constant dependent on foam microstructural properties and the diffusion coefficient of PFP that links the magnitude of Δχ to the magnitude of PFP $\\Delta R_{2}^{\\ast}$.[21](#mrm27933-bib-0021){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [22](#mrm27933-bib-0022){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [29](#mrm27933-bib-0029){ref-type=\"ref\"} Equation [3](#mrm27933-disp-0003){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} was fitted to PFP $R_{2}^{\\ast}$ measurements made from phantoms.$$\\Delta R_{2}^{\\ast} = k \\times \\,\\Delta\\chi.$$\n\n2.2. ", "Preclinical study {#mrm27933-sec-0008}\n----------------------\n\nPreclinical experiments were performed under a project license granted by the UK Home Office in accordance with the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. ", "Four male C57BL/6 mice were anaesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a hypnorm/midazolam/water mixture (1:1:2 volume ratio, dose 10 mL/kg body weight). ", "A tail vein cannula was sited for administration of GBCA (Gadobutrol, Bayer Schering Pharma). ", "A custom breathing mask was positioned over the mouse head, allowing delivery of a 79% PFP/21% oxygen gas mixture (BOC Ltd., Guildford, UK). ", "MR data were acquired using a Varian 7.0 T spectrometer and console (DirectDrive system, Varian, Palo Alto, CA) and a custom 38 mm diameter ^19^F birdcage coil. ", "Respiratory rate and body temperature were monitored throughout the study, with body temperature maintained using an air heater.", "\n\nMice inhaled the PFP/oxygen gas mixture for 1 min prior to and during MR scans to measure PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$, which comprised a 2D spoiled gradient echo imaging sequence with multiple repetitions at different TEs (flip angle = 90o; BW = 50 kHz; TE = 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 ms; TR = 4.0 ms; FOV = 50 × 50 mm^2^; acquisition matrix = 64 × 64; number of averages = 200; scan duration = 256 s). ", "The 5 scans with different echo time were acquired in an interleaved manner without respiratory gating such that the resultant relaxation time measurements represent an average over the scan acquisition duration. ", "PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ measurements were performed prior to and at 3.5 min after each of 5 intravenous administrations of Gadobutrol (Bayer Schering Pharma) (1M; 200 μL per administration). ", "The time interval between respective administrations was approximately 5 min (mean ± SD = 307 ± 17 s). ", "Mice were removed from the scanner on completion of MR imaging and euthanized by cervical dislocation while still under anaesthesia.", "\n\nPFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ was calculated from a 4 × 4 mm^2^ region of interest in the center of the left lung of each mouse by fitting a monoexponential function to the decay in ^19^F signal intensity with increasing TE.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Human study {#mrm27933-sec-0009}\n----------------\n\nThis study was reviewed by the National Health Service National Research Ethics Service and approved by the National Health Service Health Research Authority. ", "Four healthy volunteers (3 males, aged 24, 28, and 34 years; 1 female, aged 28 years) provided written informed consent to participate and were screened for study eligibility, including normal lung function assessed by spirometry. ", "All participants were nonsmokers (2 never‐smokers; 2 previous social smokers, each with \\< 1 pack years) and in good health, with no history of respiratory, cardiac, or other significant medical problems.", "\n\nImaging was performed using a Philips Achieva 3.0 T MRI scanner equipped with a 20 cm diameter ^19^F surface coil (PulseTeq Ltd., Woking, UK) for ^19^F‐MRI acquisitions. ", "A cannula was sited in an antecubital fossa vein for intravenous contrast administration. ", "Participants were positioned supine with the surface coil placed centrally below their upper back such that the top of the coil was aligned with the clavicles. ", "Heart rate and oxygen saturations were monitored throughout via a MR‐compatible pulse oximeter (Nonin 7500FO, Nonin Medical Inc., Plymouth, MA). ", "Scout ^1^H‐MR images (coronal views) were acquired using the scanner\\'s body coil with a multislice 2D gradient echo sequence (flip angle = 10°; TE = 1.8 ms; TR = 4.0 ms; BW = 450 Hz/pixel; FOV = 450 × 450 × 250 mm^3^; acquisition matrix = 192 × 96; scan duration = 26 s).", "\n\nParticipants were instructed to inhale a mixture of 79% PFP/21% oxygen (BOC Ltd, Guildford, UK) from a 25 L reservoir bag via a mouthpiece and 3‐way valve. ", "Each participant performed 3 deep breaths of the gas mixture, followed by a 30 s breath‐hold at maximal inspiration (i.e., total lung capacity). ", "Gadobutrol (Gadovist 1.0 mmol/mL, Bayer Schering Pharma) was administered at a dose of 0.2 mL/kg (0.2 mmol/kg equivalent) according to participant weight via a power injector (rate = 5 mL/s) concurrent with the start of the breath‐hold, followed by a 20 mL saline flush at the same rate. ", "Dynamic ^19^F‐MR data acquisitions commenced immediately prior to the start of the breath‐hold. ", "Breath‐hold compliance was confirmed by participant observation. ", "On completion of the breath‐hold, participants reverted to breathing room air.", "\n\nFor the first participant, a dynamic unlocalized ^19^F pulse‐acquire FID (flip angle = 90°; BW = 8000 Hz; TR = 250 ms; number of datapoints = 256; number of dynamics = 350; scan duration = 88 s) was acquired on 2 occasions during the scan session: once without and once with concurrent administration of GBCA. ", "For the remaining 3 participants, a dynamic ^19^F 2D spoiled gradient echo imaging sequence (flip angle = 50°; TE = 1.7 ms; TR = 4.2 ms; BW = 500 Hz/pixel; FOV = 300 × 300 × 200 mm^3^; acquisition matrix = 24 × 24; number of dynamics = 600; scan duration = 60 s) was acquired. ", "Dynamic ^19^F‐MR spectroscopy data were analyzed by fitting Equation [1](#mrm27933-disp-0001){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} to the amplitude of the ^19^F free induction decay, allowing calculation of PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ for each repetition of the dynamic acquisition. ", "Baseline $R_{2}^{\\ast}$ was calculated from the mean $R_{2}^{\\ast}$ over the first 7 s of the experimental timecourse, and the change in $R_{2}^{\\ast}$ (i.e., $\\Delta R_{2}^{\\ast}$) was calculated for each point in the timecourse. ", "Images in the dynamic ^19^F‐MRI dataset were averaged to a temporal resolution of 3 s (i.e., 30 dynamics per average), and the change in ^19^F signal amplitude over the dynamic scan series was calculated on a pixelwise basis relative to baseline signal amplitude (defined as the first 7.5 s of data acquisition, prior to arrival of GBCA in the pulmonary circulation).", "\n\n3. ", "RESULTS {#mrm27933-sec-0010}\n==========\n\n3.1. ", "Lung‐representative phantoms {#mrm27933-sec-0011}\n---------------------------------\n\nPFP foams had a bubble diameter of 29 ± 12 µm (mean ± SD), which was unaffected by the addition of GBCA. ", "PFP‐filled aqueous foams containing no GBCA exhibited a shorter $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ than that of gas‐only samples (3.7 ± 0.1 ms compared to 9.1 ± 0.1 ms, respectively). ", "Figure [1](#mrm27933-fig-0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}A shows the change in PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ at 3.0 T as GBCA concentration in the aqueous component of the foam was increased. ", "Measured PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ reached a maximum of 8.5 ± 0.2 ms at a GBCA concentration of 29 mM, where the magnetic susceptibility of the aqueous component matches that of the gas component (Δχ = 0). ", "Increasing the concentration of GBCA further caused a reduction in PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ as magnetic susceptibilities of the aqueous and gas components diverged. ", "Figure [1](#mrm27933-fig-0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}B shows a linear increase in PFP $R_{2}^{\\ast}$ as the absolute value of Δχ increases away from this match point. ", "Solid lines represent a fit of Equations [2](#mrm27933-disp-0002){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} and [3](#mrm27933-disp-0003){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} to the measurements, which yield a calculated $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ of 9.5 ms at Δχ = 0, comparable to the measured $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ of gas‐only samples (9.1 ± 0.1 ms). ", "Whilst it is likely that the presence of ovalbumin in the aqueous component of the foam altered its magnetic susceptibility away from the literature value of χ^aq^ used to fit Equations [2](#mrm27933-disp-0002){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} and [3](#mrm27933-disp-0003){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} to the data, the agreement between inflection points of data and fit suggest that the change in χ^aq^ away from −9.05ppm was minor. ", "95% confidence intervals for $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ fits calculated for datapoints shown in Figure [1](#mrm27933-fig-0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}A,B yield error bars within the datapoint markers. ", "Figure [1](#mrm27933-fig-0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}C shows the magnitude of ^19^F FID signal amplitudes for a gas‐only sample and for foam samples containing 0 and 30 mM GBCA (black lines), as well as fits to the data from which $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ values were determined (gray lines). ", "The plots show $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ relaxation exhibiting slight deviation from exponential decay.", "\n\n{#mrm27933-fig-0001}\n\n3.2. ", "Preclinical study {#mrm27933-sec-0012}\n----------------------\n\nFigure [2](#mrm27933-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}A shows a representative gradient echo ^19^F‐MR image acquired from a mouse, overlaid on a ^1^H anatomical scan. ", "A region of analysis for ^19^F signal amplitude determination is shown in blue. ", "Figure [2](#mrm27933-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}B shows change in ^19^F signal amplitude with TE measured in a mouse (mouse 1) prior to and after administration of 400 µL of GBCA, illustrating the resultant change in PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$. Figure [2](#mrm27933-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}C shows the change in in vivo $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ of inhaled PFP in mouse lung (n = 4) at 7.0 T following successive administrations of GBCA. ", "As with lung‐representative phantoms, an increase in PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ is observed from an initial value of 0.7 ± 0.1 ms (mean ± SD) to a maximum value 2.6 ± 0.6 ms following administration of a total of 400 µL of contrast agent. ", "A decrease in PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ was observed with further GBCA administration as magnetic susceptibilities of lung tissue and gas components diverge. ", "Slight differences in the volume of GBCA required for maximal impact on PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ were observed between mice. ", "Body weight varied slightly between animals (30.0, 29.3, 32.1, and 27.7 g for mice 1 to 4, respectively), which may have contributed to this difference.", "\n\n{#mrm27933-fig-0002}\n\n3.3. ", "Human study {#mrm27933-sec-0013}\n----------------\n\nPFP gas inhalation and intravenous GBCA administration were well tolerated by all participants, with no adverse events. ", "The mean volume of Gadobutrol administered was 14.1 mL (range 11.6 to 17.0 mL), determined by participant weight (range 58 to 84 kg) and dose (0.2 mL/kg).", "\n\nFigure [3](#mrm27933-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}A shows the in vivo $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ of inhaled PFP during a breath‐hold without GBCA administration, measured by ^19^F‐MR spectroscopy in 1 participant. ", "PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ was 1.54 ± 0.05 ms (mean ± SD) over the 30 s breath‐hold. ", "Figure [3](#mrm27933-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}B shows PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ in the same participant prior to, during, and following GBCA bolus passage through the pulmonary vasculature. ", "Baseline $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ prior to GBCA bolus arrival was 1.50 ± 0.01 ms. ", "Maximal $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ measured during GBCA bolus passage through the lungs was 1.64 ms, occurring at 11.25 s. The pre‐GBCA $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ seen in Figure [3](#mrm27933-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}B differs slightly from the $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ seen in Figure [3](#mrm27933-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}A. We attribute this to slight differences in lung inflation level between the 2 scans. ", "A subtle increase in PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ was observed over the breath‐hold duration in Figure [3](#mrm27933-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}A. Whilst we have not investigated the origins of this change, one hypothesis would be that this occurs as a result of progressive deoxygenation of the lung gas phase during the breath‐hold. ", "Pulse oximetry measurements showed no change in blood oxygen saturation over the experiment.", "\n\n{#mrm27933-fig-0003}\n\nFigure [3](#mrm27933-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}C shows change in PFP $R_{2}^{\\ast}$ over the experimental time‐course, calculated by comparison to $R_{2}^{\\ast}$ at baseline, showing an elevation in $R_{2}^{\\ast}$ during GBCA bolus passage though the lungs. ", "Figure [3](#mrm27933-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}D plots the ^19^F FID signal magnitude of a single dynamic from the ^19^F spectroscopy series (black line). ", "The fit of a decaying exponential function to these data is shown by the gray line from which measured $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ was determined. ", "As with foam samples, slight deviation from the exponential decay was observed.", "\n\nFigure [4](#mrm27933-fig-0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}A shows baseline $T_{2}^{\\ast}$‐weighted ^19^F‐MR scans (i.e., prior to arrival of the GBCA bolus, generated by averaging the initial 75 dynamics of the ^19^F scan series) overlaid on anatomical ^1^H scans for each of the remaining 3 participants. ", "Positioning of the ^19^F surface coil is represented by blue circles. ", "Figure [4](#mrm27933-fig-0004){ref-type=\"fig\"}B shows the relative change in PFP signal intensity calculated from dynamic $T_{2}^{\\ast}$‐weighted ^19^F‐MRI scans following GBCA administration in each participant. ", "A transient increase in PFP signal intensity of 8.7% ± 2.1% was observed at approximately 8 to 14 s following injection of Gadobutrol. ", "Data from participant 4 has lower ^19^F signal to noise ratio than data from participants 2 and 3 as a result of poor coil positioning. ", "Plots of ^19^F signal amplitude over the experimental timecourse for each participant are shown in Figure [5](#mrm27933-fig-0005){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\n{#mrm27933-fig-0004}\n\n{#mrm27933-fig-0005}\n\n4. ", "DISCUSSION {#mrm27933-sec-0014}\n=============\n\nWe have demonstrated a method for assessing lung perfusion properties by employing an intravenously administered GBCA to alter the magnetic susceptibility of pulmonary blood directly adjacent to PFP gas within the alveoli. ", "To our knowledge, this represents the first *in man* demonstration of DSC ^19^F‐MRI assessment of pulmonary perfusion using an approach that is well suited to concurrent ^19^F‐MRI of lung ventilation within a short breath‐hold duration.", "\n\nPrevious ^19^F‐MRI studies have reported the ability to assess ventilation properties using inert fluorinated gases in humans[6](#mrm27933-bib-0006){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [7](#mrm27933-bib-0007){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [8](#mrm27933-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"} and in preclinical[10](#mrm27933-bib-0010){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [11](#mrm27933-bib-0011){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [12](#mrm27933-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [13](#mrm27933-bib-0013){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [14](#mrm27933-bib-0014){ref-type=\"ref\"} and ex vivo models,[15](#mrm27933-bib-0015){ref-type=\"ref\"} demonstrating technical feasibility and enabling characterization of the physical and MR properties of in vivo fluorocarbon gases.[30](#mrm27933-bib-0030){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [31](#mrm27933-bib-0031){ref-type=\"ref\"} The signal‐to‐noise ratio and resultant image quality of ^19^F‐MRI of inhaled PFP is inherently lower than MRI of hyperpolarized ^3^He or ^129^Xe due to its thermal polarization. ", "However, the avoidance of hyperpolarization facilitates dynamic imaging because PFP signal intensity is determined solely by gas concentration and relaxation properties and without confounding factors arising from T~1~‐ and excitation‐mediated loss of hyperpolarization between scans in a dynamic series.", "\n\nOur studies demonstrate sensitivity of ^19^F‐MRI to pulmonary perfusion by DSC‐MRI. ", "However, unlike the diminishing effect on $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ that is observed in conventional ^1^H DSC‐MRI of the brain,[21](#mrm27933-bib-0021){ref-type=\"ref\"} DSC ^19^F‐MRI causes an elevation of PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ during GBCA bolus passage. ", "This positive contrast is a direct consequence of the paramagnetic GBCA reducing lung Δχ between adjacent gas and tissue components within the lung, an effect that has been reported in previous preclinical studies. ", "Vignaud et al[24](#mrm27933-bib-0024){ref-type=\"ref\"} demonstrated a 3‐fold elevation of the $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ of inhaled hyperpolarized ^3^He following intravenous administration of superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agent in rats. ", "Similarly, Dimitrov et al[25](#mrm27933-bib-0025){ref-type=\"ref\"} demonstrated partial susceptibility matching of water and gas components in in vivo pig lungs following administration of a GBCA, observed in the phase shift of ^3^He gradient echo images. ", "However, neither study performed dynamic imaging to assess lung perfusion. ", "Vignaud et al. ", "employed imaging once the contrast agent was equilibrated throughout body tissues, whereas Dimitrov et al. ", "performed separate ^3^He inhalations for pre‐ and post‐GBCA imaging, confounding a direct comparison and thus quantitation of lung perfusion properties. ", "Nonetheless, both studies showed that partial or complete susceptibility matching can be achieved in the lungs. ", "Our study data are consistent with these previous findings and extend this concept to human imaging using a DSC approach, drawing on the high sensitivity of PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ to lung microstructural properties. ", "Additionally, our studies in lung‐representative phantoms demonstrate the linear relationship between contrast agent concentration and PFP $R_{2}^{\\ast}$ in situations in which tissue microstructure is constant (i.e., the value of *k* in Equation [3](#mrm27933-disp-0003){ref-type=\"disp-formula\"} remains unchanged). ", "This permits quantitation of relative contrast agent content in the lung‐representative phantoms. ", "Whilst *k* may reasonably be expected to remain constant over the breath‐hold duration in our human studies, it remains unknown and is dependent on tissue microstructural properties. ", "Thus, it is possible that *k* may vary across the lung and indeed with underlying pathology, which may confound quantitation of relative contrast agent concentration in vivo. ", "Investigating the relationship between tissue microstructure and *k* may provide an opportunity to extend analysis to a more quantitative approach in the future in vitro and in vivo studies. ", "Applying the approach to the study of respiratory disease, for example in patients with perfusion defects, would be of value to assess the impact of pathology on the magnitude of change in contrast agent concentration over time as well as on the timing of bolus arrival relative to administration within the microvasculature adjacent to alveolar gas.", "\n\nThe baseline PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ values measured in our preclinical studies were shorter than the $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ values obtained from our PFP foam samples and human studies. ", "This reflects the higher field strength used (7.0 T for preclinical studies; 3.0 T for foam and human studies), with greater resultant magnetic susceptibility‐induced field gradients within the lung parenchyma at higher field strength. ", "^19^F‐MRI of inhaled PFP has been successfully applied at 1.5 T, where PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ is longer due to weaker field gradients within the lung.[8](#mrm27933-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"} The slower $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ relaxation may confer an advantage for conventional and DSC ^19^F‐MRI of inhaled PFP alongside the advantages of lower RF power deposition (specific absorption rate, SAR) in these high flip angle, short TR protocols. ", "However, lower field also confers lower thermal polarization and thus lower signal amplitude. ", "A comprehensive comparison of inhaled PFP ^19^F‐MRI performance at 1.5 T and 3.0 T would be of value in determining optimal MR scanner hardware configuration for this application.", "\n\nLung inflation level is known to impact the $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ of inhaled PFP.[32](#mrm27933-bib-0032){ref-type=\"ref\"} Participants in our human studies were instructed to perform breath‐holds at full inspiration during ^19^F‐MRI data acquisition to prevent changes in inflation level confounding the measured effects of GBCA on PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$. The data in Figure [3](#mrm27933-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}B show slightly higher $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ after GBCA bolus passage through the lung vasculature compared to the pre‐GBCA baseline $T_{2}^{\\ast}$. This may arise from extravasation of GBCA from the pulmonary vasculature during bolus passage. ", "PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ relaxation deviated from monoexponential decay in both foam and in vivo studies, evident in the early timepoints of the FID (0 to 3 ms) shown in Figure [3](#mrm27933-fig-0003){ref-type=\"fig\"}D. This deviation is similar to that observed in ^3^He studies of rat lung following intravenous administration of iron oxide nanoparticles to alter aqueous phase magnetic susceptibility.[24](#mrm27933-bib-0024){ref-type=\"ref\"} This effect has been attributed to the structural complexity of lung tissue, where magnetic susceptibility gradients occur over a range of length scales and across a range of diffusion restriction dimensions. ", "Slight deviation from monoexponential decay was also observed in the gas‐only sample. ", "Imperfect B~0~ homogeneity may have contributed to nonmonoexponential $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ decay in this sample as well as in foam samples and human studies.", "\n\nThe use of a ^19^F surface coil for detection of inhaled PFP in our human studies prevented imaging of the entire lung volume but was nonetheless sufficient to demonstrate technical feasibility of our approach. ", "Previous studies have demonstrated visualization of the entire lung volume with inhaled PFP.[6](#mrm27933-bib-0006){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [7](#mrm27933-bib-0007){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [8](#mrm27933-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"} Further optimization of ^19^F scan performance through the use of multichannel RF coil arrays,[8](#mrm27933-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [33](#mrm27933-bib-0033){ref-type=\"ref\"} as well as scan protocol acceleration with compressed sensing,[34](#mrm27933-bib-0034){ref-type=\"ref\"} offer potential to implement dynamic 3D ^19^F‐MRI. ", "This has clear implications for performing concurrent whole‐lung assessment of regional lung ventilation and perfusion through scanner hardware and acquisition improvements that can be adopted with relative technical simplicity.", "\n\nLung‐representative phantoms based on aqueous foams provided a valuable physical model to probe the impact of altering aqueous component magnetic susceptibility on the $T_{2}^{\\ast}$ of PFP within the gas phase of the foam. ", "While our foam bubble diameters were smaller than typical human alveoli (\\~200 m[35](#mrm27933-bib-0035){ref-type=\"ref\"}), good agreement was observed between the theoretical and measured relationship between GBCA content and PFP $T_{2}^{\\ast}$.\n\nGBCAs are an essential tool in diagnostic MRI[36](#mrm27933-bib-0036){ref-type=\"ref\"} but have been associated with side effects such as the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and the potential for accumulation of gadolinium within the brain. ", "Our heathy volunteer study employed a well‐established GBCA at a dose consistent with current clinical guidelines.[37](#mrm27933-bib-0037){ref-type=\"ref\"} By comparison, our preclinical study used GBCA doses that were considerably higher than those used in our human experiments. ", "This reflects the acquisition of preclinical data following equilibration of contrast agent through the mouse circulation (rather than employing dynamic visualization of contrast agent bolus passage through the pulmonary circulation) and an experimental design to observe complete matching of gas and aqueous component magnetic susceptibilities. ", "It is quite feasible that a lower GBCA dose could be employed in future human ^19^F‐MRI DSC studies given the magnitude of change in $R_{2}^{\\ast}$ observed. ", "Furthermore, the use of GBCA in this setting can be considered in the context of current clinical methods to assess lung perfusion (namely, planar scintigraphy and computed tomographic pulmonary angiography) both of which incur an ionizing radiation dose.", "\n\n5. ", "CONCLUSION {#mrm27933-sec-0015}\n=============\n\nDCE ^1^H‐MRI has previously been used to report on lung perfusion defects,[38](#mrm27933-bib-0038){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [39](#mrm27933-bib-0039){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [40](#mrm27933-bib-0040){ref-type=\"ref\"} employing T~1~‐weighted imaging to monitor GBCA bolus passage through the pulmonary vasculature. ", "The DSC ^19^F‐MRI approach we present here differs from DCE ^1^H‐MRI in its ability to report on gas phase PFP directly adjacent to contrast agent that is present within the alveolar microvasculature. ", "This holds potential for assessing lung perfusion at the alveolar level, applicable to basic physiology studies concerning gas exchange, with scope to develop for use in clinical populations (e.g., assessing the suitability for, and response to, long‐term oxygen therapy in patients with emphysema). ", "Moreover, the approach is well suited to truly simultaneous assessment of alveolar ventilation and perfusion properties. ", "Combined assessment of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion has previously been reported with ^19^F‐MRI of inhaled sulfur hexafluoride,[41](#mrm27933-bib-0041){ref-type=\"ref\"} exploiting the accumulation of SF~6~ in regions of low ventilation/perfusion ratio (V~A~/Q), coupled with the ability to measure SF~6~ partial pressure (sensitive to V~A~/Q) by change to its T~1~. Tracer‐free methods such as Fourier decomposition offer significant scope and appeal for assessment of lung function, enabling an indirect but entirely noninvasive approach to gauge ventilation and perfusion properties over the course of several respiratory cycles.[33](#mrm27933-bib-0033){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [42](#mrm27933-bib-0042){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [43](#mrm27933-bib-0043){ref-type=\"ref\"} Nonetheless, the DSC ^19^F‐MRI method reported here provides a rapid (single breath‐hold) approach that can be readily incorporated into existing ^19^F‐MR ventilation imaging. ", "By its nature, DSC ^19^F‐MRI of inhaled PFP will only permit assessment of lung perfusion in regions of the lung that are adequately ventilated; yet, this provides an opportunity to report specifically on those regions of the lung that are directly participating in gas exchange (i.e., are both ventilated and perfused), which may be of wider clinical significance. ", "Furthermore, studies employing dynamic imaging of inhaled PFP have previously demonstrated the ability for even poorly ventilated regions of the lung to exhibit gas wash‐in, albeit at slower rates than well‐ventilated regions.[8](#mrm27933-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"} Thus, with appropriate experimental design, this limitation may be confined to regions of the lung where ventilation is truly absent (e.g., complete airway obstruction secondary to intrapulmonary mass). ", "Further evaluation of this technique against existing MRI methods, as well as conventional pulmonary function tests, will be critical in assessing its potential to provide additional functional information relating to alveolar pathophysiology.", "\n\nThis work was supported by a Medical Research Council (MRC) Confidence in Concept grant (MC/PC/16054) and a MRC Developmental Pathway Funding Scheme grant (MR/N018915/1). ", "Human studies were sponsored by the Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust. ", "We would like to thank Professor Fiona Oakley and Dr. Saimir Luli (Newcastle University) for assistance with preclinical studies, and Dr. Eric Hughes and Helena Sexton (Newcastle University) for assistance with aqueous foam construction. ", "The contributions and advice of Dr. Matthew Clemence (Philips Medical Systems), Professor Andrew Blamire (Newcastle University), and the radiography team at the Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre are gratefully acknowledged.", "\n\n[^1]: Mary A. Neal and Benjamin J. Pippard contributed equally to this work.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "NCAA Division I Men's Golf Tournament all-time individual records\n\nThe following is a list of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college golf individual statistics and records through the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship. ", "The NCAA began sponsoring the national collegiate championship in 1939. ", " Before that year the event was conducted by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association.", "\n\nIndividual national championships\n\nIndividual records\nMost individual championships: 3 \nBen Crenshaw, Texas (1971, 1972, 1973)\nPhil Mickelson, Arizona State (1989, 1990, 1992)\nMost consecutive individual championships: 3 \nBen Crenshaw, Texas (1971–1973)\nLowest score (in relation to par), one round: 60 (−10) \nMichael Schachner, Duke, (2007, third round)\nLowest score (in relation to par), two rounds: 128 (−16)\nPhil Mickelson, Arizona State (1992)\nLowest score (in relation to par), three rounds: 196 (−20)\nCharles Howell III, Oklahoma State (2000) \nLowest score (in relation to par), four rounds: 265 (−23)\nCharles Howell III, Oklahoma State (2000)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNCAA Men's Golf\n\nCategory:College golf in the United States\nCategory:Golf records and rankings" ]

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[ "Peter Maloni\n\nPeter Maloni (born 1 December 1964) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Sydney in the Victorian Football League (VFL).", "\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links \t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\nCategory:Living people\t\t\nCategory:1964 births\t\t\n\t\t\nCategory:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)\t\t\nCategory:Sydney Swans players" ]

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[ "Contents\n\nHow To Cash Out Refinance Investment Propertyrefinancing commercial investment properties can allow you to pull out cash tax-free from a property for renovations, or to buy another property. ", "It can also increase your cash flow and your cash on cash returns .Investment Property Cash Out Refinancing How To Cash Out Credit Card Tips for Cashing Out Prepaid Debit Cards | Growing Money – 14 thoughts on \" Tips for Cashing Out Prepaid Debit Cards \" Pingback: Tweets that mention Tips for Cashing Out Prepaid Debit Cards | Growing Money — Topsy.com pfstock February 4, 2011. ", "I think that the key point here is that if you try to charge more than the remaining balance, the entire transaction will be denied (not just the portion that exceeds the card balance).Discuss closing-cost fees for cash-out refinancing with your loan officer. ", "Consider how a cash-out refinance will affect timing for paying off your mortgage. ", "Call 877.907.1012, email us or find a loan officer to learn more about Cash-out Refinancing with SunTrust Mortgage.", "\n\nAccording to the VA, the new interim rule would implement provisions of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act and establish regulatory safeguards relating to.", "\n\nWhat is a cash-out refinance? ", "A cash-out refinance involves refinancing with a new loan that is larger than your current loan balance. ", "This allows you to take the difference between your old loan and new loan in cash. ", "The cash you receive can be used for any.", "\n\nMortgage lenders usually allow cash out up to 80% of the property value, but FHA allows 85% and the VA allows 100%. ", "When refinancing to access cash, your loan may not exceed a.\n\n(2) TYPE I Cash-Out Refinance: a refinancing loan in which the loan amount (including VA funding fee) does not exceed the payoff amount of the loan being refinanced. (", "3) TYPE II Cash-Out Refinance: a refinancing loan in which the loan amount (including VA funding fee) exceeds the payoff amount of the loan being refinanced. ", "b.\n\nFor FHA loans, the max LTV for a cash-out refinance is 85%, down from 95% before the mortgage crisis. ", "HUD lowered the max LTV as a result of deteriorating conditions in the housing market. ", "In other words, if home prices keep dropping and they continue to offer cash out up to 95% LTV, they’ll lose their shirt.", "\n\nHomeowners will be slightly more limited in how much equity they can access through a cash-out refinance from the FHA soon. ", "The Trump administration is reducing how much home equity mortgage borrowers.", "\n\nBenefits of a no-cost refinance Competitive rates and cash out. ", "A Smart refinance offers competitive fixed rates, plus the opportunity to tap into your home’s equity for major purchases, debt consolidation and other one-time needs. ", "Money-saving terms. ", "Loans are available up to 90% loan-to-value without mortgage insurance.", "\n\nChase 1 Mortgage Cash Back The 1% Mortgage Cash Back allows a homeowner with a 30-year, fixed-rate $210,000 mortgage at 6 percent to save almost $12,000 and pay off their mortgage nine months early. ", "The 1% Mortgage Cash.", "\n\n. ", "deals for vets to refinance their homes and cash out on the equity. ", "However, home and refinance loan programs targeted towards military veterans can be a benefit or a headache, depending on the.", "\n\nWASHINGTON, DC – The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs announced, Tuesday that it has published an interim final rule relating to VA-guaranteed cash-out refinance loans to further protect Veteran." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nGet count of rows for all files in library with SQL\n\nThis task has two options that comes to mind:\nOption 1: Straighforward approach\n\nExecute select table_name from qsys2.systables where table_schema = 'LIBRARY'\nFor each entry of the output execute select count(*) from LIBRARY.TABLENAME\nSave result and repeat step 2.", "\n\nOption 2: Dynamic sql statement\n\nTry to wrap script result into begin and subsequent execute immediate sql; end; statement.", "\n\nUnfortunately, with clause in this code cannot be used with begin and I've no idea how to rewrite entire script properly without it.", "\nCan somebody come out with the solution which performance is better than the stated in option 1?", "\nDesired output format:\n╔════════════╦═══════╗\n║ TABLE_NAME ║ COUNT ║\n╠════════════╬═══════╣\n║ a1 ║ 432 ║\n║ a2 ║ 9 ║\n║ a3 ║ 0 ║\n╚════════════╩═══════╝\n\nUPD\nBased on answer I've come to this procedure script, which is not working, however:\nCREATE PROCEDURE LIB/CNT \n LANGUAGE SQL \nBEGIN \n CREATE TYPE CHARARRAY AS VARCHAR(10) ARRAY[500]; \n DECLARE NAMES CHARARRAY; \n DECLARE i INTEGER; \n SET i = 1; \n SET names = ARRAY[SELECT table_name FROM qsys2.systables WHERE\ntable_schema = 'LIBRARY']; \n SET numNames = CARDINALITY(names); \n WHILE i <= numNames \n SET stmt = 'SELECT ' || names[i] || ' AS TABLE_NAME, \nCOUNT(*) FROM ' || names[i]; \n PREPARE s1 FROM stmt; \n EXECUTE s1; \n END WHILE; \nEND;\n\nCREATE TYPE reference.", "\nError message: Token NAMES was not valid. ", "Valid tokens: GLOBAL.", "\nAdding global before names gives Token NAMES was not valid. ", "Valid tokens: TEMPORARY. ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou don't need to do anything, the information is already collected by the system...\nSELECT SYSTEM_TABLE_SCHEMA, SYSTEM_TABLE_NAME\n , NUMBER_ROWS, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME \nFROM systablestat \nWHERE SYSTEM_TABLE_SCHEMA = 'MYLIB';\n\nFor future reference, the standard catalogs have been around for awhile.", "\nDB2 for i catalog views\nAlso the DB2 for i team continues to add \"services\" to make information available via SQL\nDB2 for i - Services\n\n" ]

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[ " NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.", "\n\n\n United States Court of Appeals\n for the Federal Circuit\n ______________________\n\n TALASILA, INC.", "\n Plaintiff,\n\n AND\n\n M. R. MIKKILINENI,\n Plaintiff-Appellant,\n\n v.\n\n UNITED STATES,\n Defendant-Appellee.", "\n ______________________\n\n 2012-5137\n ______________________\n\n Appeal from the United States Court of Federal\nClaims in No. ", "97-CV-0439, Judge John P. Wiese.", "\n ______________________\n\n Decided: May 7, 2013\n ______________________\n\n M.R. MIKKILINENI, of New York, New York, for pro se.", "\n\n MICHAEL D. AUSTIN, Trial Attorney, Commercial Liti-\ngation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department\nof Justice, of Washington, DC, for defendant-appellee.", "\n\f2 TALASILA, INC. ", " v. US\n\nWith him on the brief were STUART F. DELERY, Principal\nDeputy Assistant Attorney General, JEANNE E. DAVIDSON,\nDirector, and DONALD E. KINNER, Assistant Director.", "\n ______________________\n\nBefore RADER, Chief Judge, REYNA and TARANTO, Circuit\n Judges.", "\nPER CURIAM.", "\n M. R. Mikkilineni and Talasila, Inc., appeal the denial\nof a motion for relief from a 2000 judgment that dismissed\ntheir complaint. ", "We affirm.", "\n BACKGROUND\n In 1996, the United States terminated a contract it\nhad entered into with Talasila. ", "In June 1997, both Ta-\nlasila and Mr. Mikkilineni, the sole shareholder of Ta-\nlasila, sued in the Court of Federal Claims to challenge\nthe termination. ", "In August 1997, Talasila, which is a\nTexas corporation, was dissolved.", "\n The suit proceeded for three years with the plaintiffs\nrepresented by counsel. ", "In 2000, however, after the\ninitial counsel withdrew and a second counsel appeared\nwho was not admitted to the Court of Federal Claims bar,\nthe court dismissed the complaint, without prejudice,\nbecause the corporation lacked counsel and was a neces-\nsary plaintiff. ", "The court reasoned that (1) Texas law\nallowed the dissolved corporation to bring and prosecute\nthe contract claim and, under the relevant federal con-\ntract-disputes law, the action had to be maintained by the\ncorporation, not by Mr. Mikkilineni, the corporation’s\nsuccessor-in-interest; (2) the Rules of the Court of Federal\nClaims required the corporation to be represented by\ncounsel admitted to the court’s bar; and (3) the corpora-\ntion no longer had such representation. ", "Talasila, Inc. v.\nUnited States, No. ", "97-439C (Fed. ", "Cl. ", "Aug. 17, 2000). ", "Both\nthe corporation and Mr. Mikkilineni appealed the dismis-\n\f TALASILA, INC. ", " v. US 3\nsal to this court, which affirmed the judgment. ", "Talasila,\nInc. v. United States, 210 F.3d 1064 (Fed. ", "Cir. ", "2001).", "\n Both the corporation and Mr. Mikkilineni subsequent-\nly sought to reopen the matter by seeking relief from the\njudgment under Court of Federal Claims Rule 60(b). ", "The\nCourt of Federal Claims denied the motion, and this court\naffirmed. ", "Talasila, Inc. v. United States, 36 F. App’x 430\n(Fed. ", "Cir. ", "2002).", "\n Thereafter, Mr. Mikkilineni brought a second suit in\nthe Court of Federal Claims, this time on his own, with-\nout the corporation as a co-plaintiff. ", "He claimed again, as\nhe had in the first suit, that he was the successor-in-\ninterest to the dissolved Talasila and was therefore enti-\ntled to pursue the corporation’s contract claim against the\nUnited States without the presence of the corporation.", "\nJudge Yock of the Court of Federal Claims (not the same\njudge as in this case) extensively discussed Texas law and\nTalasila’s contract with the United States and ruled that\nTalasila, which could proceed under Texas law, had to\nbring the claim under the relevant federal contract-\ndispute law. ", "Judge Yock dismissed the complaint for that\nreason and also because the suit was untimely under the\nstatute of limitations applicable to the challenge to the\n1996 contract termination. ", "Mikkilineni v. United States,\nNo. ", "01-124C (Fed. ", "Cl. ", "June 21, 2002). ", "Mr. Mikkilineni\nagain unsuccessfully appealed to this court. ", "Mikkilineni\nv. United States, 53 F. App’x 82 (Fed. ", "Cir. ", "2002).", "\n Ten years later, in June 2012, Mr. Mikkilineni and\nthe corporation sought once again to reopen the original\n1997 suit, filing another motion for relief under Rule 60.", "\nThe Court of Federal Claims denied the motion. ", "We\naffirm.", "\n DISCUSSION\n The Court of Federal Claims’ denial of Rule 60 relief\ncan be reversed only if it was an abuse of discretion.", "\n\f4 TALASILA, INC. ", " v. US\nMassachusetts Bay Transp. ", "Auth. ", "v. United States, 254\nF.3d 1367, 1378 (Fed. ", "Cir. ", "2001); Information Sys. &", "\nNetworks Corp. v. United States, 994 F.2d 792, 794 (Fed.", "\nCir. ", "1993). ", "Whether an abuse of discretion occurred\ndepends on the standards that govern Rule 60, which\nembody a strong, though not unyielding, respect for\nfinality of judgments. ", "This court pointed out in one of the\nearlier appeals in this case that “[m]erely rearguing a\nlegal position, even with the support of additional author-\nity, is not a basis for relief from a final judgment under\nRule 60(b).” ", "Talasila, 36 F. App’x at 432. ", "Even more\nparticularly, once the judgment has been affirmed on\nappeal, Rule 60 provides no general exception to the\nlongstanding bar on the trial court’s undoing the affir-\nmance based on later presentation of arguments that the\nchallenger presented, or could have presented, in the\nearlier appeal. ", "See, e.g., Seese v. Volkswagenwerk, A.G.,\n679 F.2d 336, 337 (3d Cir. ", "1982); Eutectic Corp. v. Metco,\nInc., 597 F.2d 32, 34 (2d Cir. ", "1979); 11 Charles A. Wright\net al., ", "Federal Practice and Procedure § 2873, at 608 (3d\ned. ", "2012). ", "Something significantly more is required for\nRule 60 relief in these circumstances, lest the orderly\nprocess of appeal be subverted and do-overs upset the\nrepose that finality provides and divert courts’ resources\naway from the adjudication of fresh claims.", "\n The Court of Federal Claims did not abuse its discre-\ntion in denying the Rule 60 motion in this case because\nthe motion is at bottom just a request to reargue what the\nearlier appeal(s) decided. ", "The core of Mr. Mikkilineni’s\nand Talasila’s argument for reopening this case by setting\naside the 2000 judgment of dismissal is that the corpora-\ntion is not a necessary party to bring the contract-dispute\nclaim, which they say Mr. Mikkilineni could bring by\nhimself, without the corporation (so that the corporation’s\nlack of counsel is immaterial). ", "But Mr. Mikkilineni\nunsuccessfully sought to substitute himself for the corpo-\nration on that very ground before the judgment of dismis-\n\f TALASILA, INC. ", " v. US 5\nsal in 2000; and the appeal of that judgment was the\nrequired occasion for pressing that ground, which, if\ncorrect, would have required this court to reverse the\ndismissal of the complaint. ", "Under the “mandate” rule,\nthis court’s affirmance in Talasila, Inc. v. United States,\n240 F.3d 1064, settled the matter. ", "See Amado v. Mi-\ncrosoft Corp., 517 F.3d 1353, 1360 (Fed. ", "Cir. ", "2008) (pre-\ncluding from reconsideration, during a subsequent appeal\nin the same case, “any issue within the scope of the judg-\nment [previously] appealed from—not merely those issues\nactually raised”); Engel Indus., ", "Inc. v. Lockformer Co., 166\nF.3d 1379, 1382-83 (Fed. ", "Cir. ", "1999) (“[I]ssues actually\ndecided—those within the scope of the judgment appealed\nfrom, minus those explicitly reserved or remanded by the\ncourt—are foreclosed from further consideration.”). ", "1\n Mr. Mikkilineni and Talasila identify nothing that re-\nquired the Court of Federal Claims to find this case to fall\nwithin one of the very few circumstances that justify\nupsetting the finality of a judgment that has been af-\nfirmed on appeal. ", "They remake the same arguments\nrejected at least twice before, and they cite no change of\nlaw or other extraordinary circumstance sufficient to\njustify reconsideration of the earlier rulings. ", "They allege\nthat the United States fraudulently misrepresented Texas\nlaw, but they point to nothing but routine arguments\nabout the Texas law they had raised to support their\ncontention. ", "They had every opportunity to answer those\narguments in 2000 and 2001 (and Mr. Mikkilineni an-\nswered again in 2002), and this court, like the Court of\nFederal Claims, examined the cases that they cited and\n\n\n 1 In addition, as described above, Mr. Mikkilineni\npresented the same argument in 2002 for allowing his\nseparate suit to proceed, but the Court of Federal Claims\n(through a different judge) rejected the argument and\ndismissed the suit, and this court affirmed the dismissal.", "\n\f6 TALASILA, INC. ", " v. US\nconcluded that “these cases do not support Mikkilineni’s\nposition” that “under Texas law, he is entitled to maintain\nthis suit in his own name.” ", "Talasila, 240 F.3d at 1067.", "\nSimilarly, they allege that the corporation’s initial counsel\nwithdrew before trial because of the Court of Federal\nClaims judge’s adverse comments about the case, but they\npoint to nothing but the kinds of statements about the\nsubstance of a case that are a routine part of a judge’s\npretrial discussions with counsel in managing its devel-\nopment. ", "In any event, on this point and more generally,\nMr. Mikkilineni and Talasila identify nothing that was\nnot fully available to them in 2000 as a basis for challeng-\ning the dismissal of their complaint. ", "In these circum-\nstances, the Court of Federal Claims acted properly in not\nfinding an exception to the strong finality policy that\nlimits Rule 60 relief from judgments affirmed on appeal.", "\n The Court of Federal Claims also observed that Rule\n60(c) requires that a motion under Rule 60(b)—one of the\ngrounds invoked here—be made within a reasonable time.", "\nMr. Mikkilineni and Talasila did not file the present\nmotion for Rule 60 relief for nearly a dozen years after the\ncomplaint was dismissed and ten years after the earlier\nappeals were decided. ", "The Court of Federal Claims did\nnot abuse its discretion in finding that long delay not to\nbe reasonable.", "\n For the foregoing reasons, the Court of Federal\nClaims committed no abuse of discretion in denying the\nRule 60 motion for relief from the 2000 dismissal. ", "The\njudgment is accordingly affirmed.", "\n No costs.", "\n AFFIRMED\n\f" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nejb class is not found in glassfish?", "\n\nI have JAVA EE Application I,m trying to call EJB from servelate but everytime I have this error \nHTTP Status 404 - Not Found\n\ntype Status report\n\nmessageNot Found\n\ndescriptionThe requested resource is not available.", "\n\nI check the glassfish log I see this \n SEVERE: Class [ Lejbexercises/StatlessFundManagerBean; ] not found. ", "Error while loading [ class controllers.", "TestStatelessEJB ]\n\n ejb class\n /*\n * To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties.", "\n * To change this template file, choose Tools | Templates\n * and open the template in the editor.", "\n */\n\n package ejbexercises;\n\n import javax.ejb.", "Stateless;\n import javax.ejb.", "LocalBean;\n\n /**\n *\n * @author\n */\n @Stateless\n @LocalBean\n public class StatlessFundManagerBean {\n\n public double addFunds(double balance, double amount) {\n balance += amount;\n return balance;\n }\n\n public double withdrawFunds(double balance, double amount) {\n if (balance < 0) {\n return 0.0;\n } else {\n balance -= amount;\n return balance;\n }\n }\n }\n\n/*\n * To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties.", "\n * To change this template file, choose Tools | Templates\n * and open the template in the editor.", "\n */\n\npackage controllers;\n\nimport ejbexercises.", "StatlessFundManagerBean;\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\nimport java.io.", "PrintWriter;\nimport javax.ejb.", "EJB;\nimport javax.servlet.", "ServletException;\nimport javax.servlet.annotation.", "WebServlet;\nimport javax.servlet.http.", "HttpServlet;\nimport javax.servlet.http.", "HttpServletRequest;\nimport javax.servlet.http.", "HttpServletResponse;\n\n/**\n *\n * @author\n */\n\n@WebServlet(name = \"TestStatelessEJB\", urlPatterns = {\"/TestStatelessEJB\"})\npublic class TestStatelessEJB extends HttpServlet {\n\n @EJB(name = \"sfm\")\n private StatlessFundManagerBean sfm;\n\n /**\n * Processes requests for both HTTP <code>GET</code> and <code>POST</code>\n * methods.", "\n *\n * @param request servlet request\n * @param response servlet response\n * @throws ServletException if a servlet-specific error occurs\n * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs\n */\n protected void processRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)\n throws ServletException, IOException {\n response.setContentType(\"text/html;charset=UTF-8\");\n PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();\n\n try {\n double balance = 1200;\n balance = (double) sfm.addFunds(balance, Double.parseDouble(\"1200\"));\n out.println(\"1st balance=\" + balance );\n } finally { \n out.close();\n }\n }\n\n // <editor-fold defaultstate=\"collapsed\" desc=\"HttpServlet methods. ", "Click on the + sign on the left to edit the code.\"", ">\n /**\n * Handles the HTTP <code>GET</code> method.", "\n *\n * @param request servlet request\n * @param response servlet response\n * @throws ServletException if a servlet-specific error occurs\n * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs\n */\n @Override\n protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)\n throws ServletException, IOException {\n processRequest(request, response);\n }\n\n /**\n * Handles the HTTP <code>POST</code> method.", "\n *\n * @param request servlet request\n * @param response servlet response\n * @throws ServletException if a servlet-specific error occurs\n * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs\n */\n @Override\n protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)\n throws ServletException, IOException {\n processRequest(request, response);\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns a short description of the servlet.", "\n *\n * @return a String containing servlet description\n */\n @Override\n public String getServletInfo() {\n return \"Short description\";\n }// </editor-fold>\n\n}\n\nA:\n\nFrom EJB Documentation (http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E13222_01/wls/docs100/ejb30/annotations.html#wp1416481):\nname - Specifies the name by which the referenced EJB is to be looked up in the environment.", "\nYou are using (name = \"sfm\") and this means that container will lookup bean known to it as \"sfm\" which is wrong in your case unless you have defined bean name in beans.xml (but you didn't mention it, so I assume, you haven't).", "\nJust remove the (name=\"sfm ) part and do not forget to redeploy your app.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Kuala Lumpur\n\nA freehold estate set in an alcove right in the heart of the city that comprises stately royal houses, embassies and official residences in the vicinity. ", "Suria Stonor enclave is home to a large international community and popular among expatriates who enjoy the mid-city location yet leafy suburban ambience. ", "Discover astounding delicate details including illustrious water […]\n\nAbout Us\n\niProperty.tv is the latest innovation from The iProperty Group, an ASX-listed company (ASX: IPP), Asia’s No.1 online property network across Asia. ", "The evolution in the way properties are searched is changing by the day. ", "With iProperty.tv, we are giving property buyers and investors the best platform to know more about the latest developments in town without having to leave their homes... Read more..." ]

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[ "A burn caused by the operating microscope light during brachial plexus reconstruction.", "\nA case of an accidental burn caused by the operating microscope light during brachial plexus reconstruction is reported along with the various factors which could lead to such an injury." ]

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[ "The UK Government has outlined a strategy to surge full fibre broadband and 5G connectivity in hard to reach rural areas, as well as ensuring mandatory full fibre for all new build homes by 2033.", "\n\nThe Future Telecoms Infrastructure Review (FTIR) is part of the government’s modern Industrial Strategy and proposes that drastic changes are required to enable the majority of the population to access adequate services. ", "It also aims to connect over 15 million premises to full fibre broadband by 2025 and establish full nationwide coverage by 2033.", "\n\nGreater consumer choice, initiatives to promote quicker fibre rollouts and collaboration between government and industry are all essential to the success of future connectivity, the review says.", "\n\nFull Fibre for Every UK Household\n\nAnalysis contained in the review indicates that, without change, full fibre broadband networks will “at best only ever reach three-quarters of the country” – a potentially disastrous outcome for millions of households left in the dark during a digital age. ", "It also suggests that based on current practices, the process will take more than 20 years to achieve even 75% coverage.", "\n\n5G, however, offers immense potential for an expansion of the telecoms market, providing opportunities for both existing market figures as well as new entrants.", "\n\nTo ensure digital accessibility across the UK, the FTIR recommends a number of key areas that require attention.", "\n\nNew legislation that will guarantee full fibre connections to new build properties and developments.", "\n\nProviding operations with a ‘right to entry’ to flats, business parks, office blocks and other tenanted properties, so as to enable those who rent to receive adequate services.", "\n\nPublic investment in full fibre for rural areas to work in conjunction with commercial investment in urban locations.", "\n\nIncreased access to spectrum for innovative 5G services.", "\n\nOfcom to reform regulation, allowing for unrestricted access to Openreach ducts and poles for both residential and business use.", "\n\nA new nationwide framework which will reduce the costs, time and disruption caused by street-works by standardising country-wide approaches.", "\n\nThe FTIR also recommends an industry-led switchover from copper to full fibre infrastructure in collaboration with Ofcom as well as reforms to the “regulatory environment for full fibre that will drive investment and competition”.", "\n\nReforms to the regulatory environment is a key aspect of driving digital connectivity, the review says. ", "The FTIR, it is claimed, will “drive competition and commercial investment” in full fibre networks across “as much of the UK as possible.”", "\n\nJeremy Wright, Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, said: “This radical new blueprint for the future of telecommunications will increase competition and investment in full fibre broadband, create more commercial opportunities and make it easier and cheaper to rollout infrastructure for 5G.”\n\nAddressing Limitations\n\nThe review does acknowledge certain limitations, however. ", "There will likely be some areas of the country where it will be unlikely that the market will be able to deliver alone, according to the government. ", "Nationwide availability of full fibre will require additional funding of around £3 billion to £5 billion in order to support commercial investment in certain areas.", "\n\nThe government says, therefore, it will pursue an “outside-in” strategy, meaning that while network competition serves “commercially viable” areas, the government will support investment in some of the most difficult to reach areas in the UK at the same time.", "\n\nAccording to the review, the government has already identified up to £200 million of funding within the current superfast broadband programme that can be used to further the delivery of full fibre networks.", "\n\nLike this: Like Loading..." ]

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[ "古賀明美最新番号\r\n【VNDS-2456】月刊熟女秘宝館 艶熟下半身の濡れ紫陽花\r\n【VNDS-690】下町看板エロ娘\r\n【VNDS-493】露店のれんちゃん 涼木れん 古賀明美 三好理恵</a>2004-07-20NEXT GROUP$$$ネクストイレブ85分钟" ]

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[ "Most would-be thru-hikers will probably drop out — one woman gave up this year on the first day, after 13 miles — but hundreds are expected to walk every step of the way to Canada.", "\n\nOld hands fret that these neophytes don’t know what they’re doing (The Wall Street Journal quoted one woman this month who had never spent a night outdoors until she began her “Wild”-inspired hike) and could endanger themselves. ", "The trail begins at the Mexican border with a 20-mile dry stretch, and my daughter and I ran across five inexperienced men who had all separately run out of water on that stretch and become dehydrated.", "\n\nDrought has also forced hikers to carry more water: The first eight creeks that we crossed were dry.", "\n\nWe encountered another hazard in the form of a rattlesnake that my daughter almost stepped on. ", "Yet, in the end, most hikers do just fine, apart from blisters and a few lost toenails, and it’s hard to begrudge anyone the chance for a bit of nature therapy in the Cathedral of Wilderness." ]

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[ "Smokin' in Scottsdale!", "\n\nBaptism by fire! ", "That's exactly what it was for me at this year's 8th Annual Goodguys Southwest Nationals in Scottsdale, Arizona. ", "No, it wasn't boiling hot--in fact the weather was perfect. ", "This was my first Goodguys show in the 10 years since I dove into the world of \"old cars.\" ", "I have often heard about how spectacular the Goodguys shows are, and I live close to a few, so I'm not quite sure why it's taken so long for me to experience one.", "\n\nExperience is just what I got with it, too. ", "With a late start, from flying in Saturday morning, I hit the ground running making my way through the thousands of glistening cars and trucks. ", "Not only was I just trying to take in the show in general, but I had to pick the CLASSIC TRUCKS Top Ten awards as well as put together coverage for all of you. ", "Now, at a lesser show this may have been an easier task, but with people migrating from far and wide, and culminating in Arizona to show their stuff, I had my work cut out for me. ", "I armed myself with my trusty Canon, water, Top Ten forms, and put more miles on a pair of Converse shoes than should be allowed.", "\n\nMore than filling the field at WESTWORLD was a plethora of way-cool hot rods, customs, and musclecars that suited just about any taste or style. ", "Of course, there were the heavy-hitters on hand, like Boyd and Foose who were rubbin' shoulders with the fans, as they wandered wide-eyed amongst the vendors all weekend. ", "On the perimeter of the field, in the swap meet area, there were tons of cars, trucks, parts, people, and what have you. ", "When I first walked up to it, I thought I was still in the show, as I was surrounded by a bunch of clean trucks for sale that had caught my eye. ", "If you had enough cash, you could have gone to the swap meet, bought a truck, and spent the rest of the time with it in the show.", "\n\nSaturday night I was invited to an open house/BBQ at Industrial Chassis in nearby Phoenix. ", "Owner Steve Szymanski showed me around the shop, which was so big I almost cried. ", "They had their hands full of all kinds of projects, not to mention their recent venture in dropping I-beam axles. ", "I soon forgot about the trucks when I saw all the food waiting. ", "It was just what the doctor ordered after a long day of beatin' my feet. ", "I love good hospitality!", "\n\nWith the baptism now over, I feel like a better person for attending. ", "Don't wait 10 years like I did to go to a Goodguys show. ", "Thanks to all the classic truck owners for showing up. ", "We hope to see even more of you in Scottsdale next year on November 18 & 19th! ", "For more info go to www.good-guys.com." ]

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[ "A transgender teenager who demanded the removal of a female Labour member from her post as women’s officer over her allegedly “transphobic” views has been elected to the post in her local Labour party.", "\n\nLily Madigan, 19, who was born male but identifies as a woman, claims she is the first transgender woman to be women’s officer, after winning the vote in Rochester and Strood, in Kent.", "\n\nHer appointment highlights the battle being fought between transgender activists, who believe gender should be a matter of self-declaration, and critics who claim that the very category of “woman” is being erased to appease the demands of a minority group.", "\n\nLabour Party rules state that “the women’s officer must be a woman”. ", "Ms Madigan said it was “misguided”" ]

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[ "<!-- ", "<!", "DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">\n\n<html lang=\"en\" ng-app=\"CDash\">\n <head ng-controller=\"HeadController\">\n <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n <meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex,nofollow\" />\n <link rel=\"shortcut icon\" href=\"favicon.ico\" />\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" ng-href=\"build/css/{{cssfile}}_@@version.css\" />\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"css/nv.d3.css\"/>\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"css/bootstrap.min.css\"/>\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.css\" />\n <script src=\"js/CDash_@@version.min.js\"></script>\n <title ng-bind=\"title\">CDash : Test Overview</title>\n </head>\n\n <body bgcolor=\"#ffffff\" ng-controller=\"TestOverviewController\">\n -->\n <div ng-if=\"cdash.requirelogin == 1\" ng-include=\"'login.php'\"></div>\n <ng-include ng-if=\"cdash.requirelogin !", "= 1\" src=\"cdash.header || 'build/views/partials/header_@@version.html'\"></ng-include>\n <br/>\n\n <div id=\"main_content\" ng-if=\"cdash.requirelogin !", "= 1 && !", "loading && !", "cdash.error\">\n <!-- ", "Timeline chart -->\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div timeline></div>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"pad4\">\n <!-- ", "Filters -->\n <div id=\"labelshowfilters\">\n <a id=\"label_showfilters\" ng-click=\"showfilters_toggle()\">\n <span ng-show=\"showfilters == 0\">Show Filters</span>\n <span ng-show=\"showfilters !", "= 0\">Hide Filters</span>\n </a>\n </div>\n <ng-include src=\"'build/views/partials/filterdataTemplate_@@version.html'\"></ng-include>\n\n <div class=\"form-inline pull-right\">\n <select class=\"form-group\"\n ng-model=\"cdash.selectedGroup\"\n ng-options=\"group as group.name for group in ::cdash.groups | orderBy: 'position' track by group.id\"\n ng-change=\"selectionChanged = true\">\n </select>\n <div class=\"checkbox\">\n <label>\n <input type=\"checkbox\" name=\"showpassed\"\n ng-model=\"cdash.showpassed\"\n ng-true-value=\"1\"\n ng-false-value=\"0\"\n ng-change=\"selectionChanged = true\"> Include passing tests\n </label>\n </div>\n </div>\n\n <span>\n <ng-pluralize count=\"cdash.tests.length\"\n when=\"{'0': 'No tests',\n '1': '{} test',\n 'other': '{} tests'}\">\n </ng-pluralize>\n {{::cdash.showpassedinitialvalue === 1 ? \"", "ran\" : \"failed\"}} during this time period.", "\n </span>\n </div>\n\n <div ng-if=\"::cdash.tests.length > 0\">\n <table width=\"100%\" class=\"tabb\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n <thead>\n <tr class=\"table-heading\">\n <th class=\"header text-center\"\n ng-if=\"::cdash.hassubprojects\"\n ng-click=\"updateOrderByFields('subproject', $event)\">\n SubProject\n <span class=\"glyphicon\"\n ng-class=\"orderByFields.indexOf('-subproject') !", "= -1 ? '", "glyphicon-chevron-down' : (orderByFields.indexOf('subproject') !", "= -1 ? '", "glyphicon-chevron-up' : 'glyphicon-none')\">\n </span>\n </th>\n\n <th class=\"header text-center\"\n ng-click=\"updateOrderByFields('name', $event)\">\n Test Name\n <span class=\"glyphicon\"\n ng-class=\"orderByFields.indexOf('-name') !", "= -1 ? '", "glyphicon-chevron-down' : (orderByFields.indexOf('name') !", "= -1 ? '", "glyphicon-chevron-up' : 'glyphicon-none')\">\n </span>\n </th>\n\n <th class=\"header text-center\"\n ng-click=\"updateOrderByFields('failpercent', $event)\">\n Failure\n <span class=\"glyphicon\"\n ng-class=\"orderByFields.indexOf('-failpercent') !", "= -1 ? '", "glyphicon-chevron-down' : (orderByFields.indexOf('failpercent') !", "= -1 ? 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[ "Positive expression of Lin28 is correlated with poor survival in gastric carcinoma.", "\nThe purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of Lin28 in gastric carcinoma and to assess its clinical significance. ", "The expression level of Lin28 was assessed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in 10 surgically resected gastric carcinoma and corresponding normal tissues, and by immunohistochemical staining in surgically resected gastric carcinoma tissues of 229 patients, including 215 curative resection patients and 14 palliative resection patients. ", "The expression level of Lin28 mRNA in gastric carcinoma tissues and corresponding normal tissues had no statistically significant difference. ", "In curative resection patients, Lin28 protein expression was positive in 99 of 215 (46.0 %) gastric carcinoma tissues. ", "In palliative resection patients, Lin28 protein expression was positive in 4 of 14 (28.6 %) gastric carcinoma tissues. ", "In R0 patients, Lin28 protein positive expression was correlated with poor outcome (P = 0.017). ", "In multivariate analysis, the Lin28 protein positive expression was a significant independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P = 0.024; HR, 1,768; 95 % CI 1.077-2.903). ", "Our results indicate that Lin28 was expressed in both gastric carcinoma and corresponding normal tissues. ", "Lin28 protein positive expression served as an independent prognostic factor." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Wrestling at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle lightweight\n\nThe men's freestyle lightweight competition at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo took place from 11 to 14 October at the Komazawa Gymnasium. ", "Nations were limited to one competitor.", "\n\nCompetition format\n\nThis freestyle wrestling competition continued to use the \"bad points\" elimination system introduced at the 1928 Summer Olympics for Greco-Roman and at the 1932 Summer Olympics for freestyle wrestling, as adjusted at the 1960 Summer Olympics. ", "Each bout awarded 4 points. ", "If the victory was by fall, the winner received 0 and the loser 4. ", "If the victory was by decision, the winner received 1 and the loser 3. ", "If the bout was tied, each wrestler received 2 points. ", "A wrestler who accumulated 6 or more points was eliminated. ", "Rounds continued until there were 3 or fewer uneliminated wrestlers. ", "If only 1 wrestler remained, he received the gold medal. ", "If 2 wrestlers remained, point totals were ignored and they faced each other for gold and silver (if they had already wrestled each other, that result was used). ", "If 3 wrestlers remained, point totals were ignored and a round-robin was held among those 3 to determine medals (with previous head-to-head results, if any, counting for this round-robin).", "\n\nResults\n\nRound 1\n\n Bouts\n\n Points\n\nRound 2\n\nValchev was the only wrestler to win both of his bouts by fall to stay at 0 points. ", "Seven wrestlers were eliminated with losses in each of the first two rounds. ", "Fifteen advanced to round 3.", "\n\n Bouts\n\n Points\n\nRound 3\n\nFive competitors were eliminated, leaving 10 to continue forward. ", "Valchev, with his third win by fall, stayed at 0 points.", "\n\n Bouts\n\n Points\n\nRound 4\n\nThis round was highly unusual in that 3 of the 4 winners were eliminated along with only 2 of the 4 losers. ", "Beriashvili defeated Valchev to give the latter wrestler his first points, but the Soviet picked up his 6th point in doing so and was eliminated. ", "The match between Ruth and Marsh resulted in both wrestlers receiving enough points for elimination. ", "The bout between Horiuchi and Movahed, where a victory of any kind would eliminate the loser and allow the victor to continue, resulted in a draw—keeping both men in the competition.", "\n\n Bouts\n\n Points\n\nRound 5\n\nRost had the great fortune to receive the bye in this round, guaranteeing he would continue while the field narrowed. ", "Horiuchi's victory over Atalay in this round eliminated both men at 6 points; it also ultimately served as the tie-breaker between the two for the bronze medal. ", "In the other match of the round, Movahed needed a win by fall to stay in competition, while Valchev would continue with any win or a tie. ", "A Movahed victory by decision would eliminate both (and leave Rost alone uneliminated). ", "Ultimately, the match ended in a tie; Valchev continued on to face Rost in the final while Movahed took 5th place.", "\n\n Bouts\n\n Points\n\nFinal round\n\nWith only two wrestlers left, they faced each other in a gold medal bout. ", "Valchev defeated Rost by decision.", "\n\n Bouts\n\n Points\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Wrestling at the 1964 Summer Olympics" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Most Americans wintering on the beach in Mexico probably wouldn’t go beyond learning how to say, “yes,” “no,” or “can I have another drink,” in Spanish, let alone the fact that the local Spanish teacher was tortured four times for asserting his beliefs about indigenous rights.", "\n\nIt would have been easy for our friends to make fun of Tali and I if they had wanted to because spending time in Mexico has become almost cliché for American youth. ", "But they didn’t; they recognized that we were interested in more than the pristine beaches, the abundant alcohol, the endless parade of attractive men-not that we noticed.", "\n\nWhat was readily apparent to anyone who wanted to see were the terrible inequities of a society that is torn by racial and cultural divisions as potent as any in the world. ", "We wanted to see.", "\n\nWhen we arrived in Cuernavaca, we met our host families. ", "Then we toured the Experiencia School. ", "Like all architecture in Mexico, it’s a surprise to see what is behind the colourful exteriors. ", "Here, we felt like we were walking into our own secluded refuge. ", "The school was a Gaudi-inspired structure with beautiful plants surrounding the area and students, on their 15-minute break, swimming in the large pool. ", "The school was owned and operated by members of one extended family. ", "When we were there, we felt as if we on one big family vacation.", "\n\nIn fact, the school offered us a choice of either spending the first week in Cuernavaca or traveling to Playa Venturas, a beach, two hours south of Acapulco which was insulated from that tourist hub. ", "We chose camping on the beach. ", "The days were spent under palm huts, studying Spanish grammar; the afternoons were spent under the sun in the pummeling waves of the Pacific Ocean. ", "At night, we would eat magnificent seafood dinners and practice our Spanish with other Mexicans vacationing for the New Year week. ", "It felt like one of those places that vacation ads depicted but nobody ever found.", "\n\nThe second week began with a trip to Mexico City, where we went to the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe. ", "Thousands of people gathered inside and outside to participate in the Mass. It was incredible to see the many Mexicans and pilgrims who had gathered to worship or observe this miraculous site. ", "I felt as if my journey was complete after being there. ", "There was such a sense of peace in me. ", "The rest of the week was spent in Cuernavaca. ", "We continued our intensive Spanish program, but the nights were full of salsa dancing and heated debates on Mexican Politics, specifically on the Zapatistas, Vicente Fox and indigenous culture. ", "We were surprised to find ourselves having these debates in Spanish after less than two weeks.", "\n\nWe went to Mexico. ", "We weren’t drawn. ", "Both of us felt that there was something that we already possessed inside of ourselves that would be enhanced or even exalted through the cultural exchange that our trip could be. ", "We decided that we wanted to learn Spanish. ", "We may not be fluent yet, but we were certainly able to function more completely within Mexican society than the average tourist. ", "When we had those political debates we were surprised that issues to which we were so new were capable of evoking such strong emotion.", "\n\nMost importantly, our trip allowed us to pursue those individual interests that led us to Mexico in the first place, an interest in immigration and civil rights, or a devotion to religion and a desire to be able to communicate with our neighbors here in Chicago.", "\n\nHey there folks. ", "Haven’t written in a while, so I thought that you might want to see an article that I had published in my school newspaper.", "\n\n“Well, the thing is, that probably no more than 500,000 people were killed.” ", "John Floyd leaned forward, took another bite of his kung pao chicken, and attempted to explain why his client was not guilty of helping to incite the 1994 Rwandan genocide.", "\n\nI listened with distaste and fascination while he spoke fast. ", "The distaste came because I knew the facts-his client, Hasan Ngeze was the publisher of a newspaper that exhorted people to kill their neighbors. ", "There is no question what the paper said, Ngeze was a brutal and clever person, one of the chief instigators of the genocidal regime. ", "The fascination came because his version of Rwandan history was much different than I had learned before I arrived in Rwanda. ", "At this point, I was not sure what to believe.", "\n\nHere are the facts: on April 6th, 1994 a plane carrying the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi was shot down just outside of Kigali International Airport. ", "Who shot it down was in dispute, but what is not in dispute is that this event triggered the fastest, most efficient genocide of the 20th century. ", "That day, a far right military government of ethnic extremists, known as Hutu Power, took control of the country and began implementing their plan of eliminating any potential for letting the minority Tutsi group regain power in the government by ridding the country of all Tutsis.", "\n\nThe story began earlier than April, 1994, not in some shadowy pre-historic animosity. ", "When the first colonizers arrived from Germany in the early 20th century, they found a country rigidly divided by class. ", "Back then, the peasant Hutus and the aristocratic Tutsis did not consider themselves separate tribes. ", "Instead, they were one nation with one history, religion, language and king. ", "The Germans, and after WWI, the Belgians, a race steeped in science and psuedo-religious mythology disagreed. ", "They saw the Tutsi as being a far superior race, born to rule and the Hutus as being little better than mules. ", "Previously, the class system was fairly fluid, for instance a Hutu could move up to the rank of Tutsi. ", "However, the Tutsis had no problem with the Belgians solidifying their rule. ", "Two classes became two tribes, two ethnicities.", "\n\nAlong the way, Europeans began to notice certain physical differences between the groups. ", "It was said that Tutsis were taller, lighter-skinned, and long, thin noses- unlike the short, darker, “flat-nosed” Hutus. ", "The Tutsis were, indeed, almost European in appearance. ", "Needless to say, this made them superior in the minds of the colonialists.", "\n\nThe system became entrenched. ", "The Tutsis had unchecked power until the Belgians decided they had made a mistake. ", "They were ready to pull out of Rwanda in the late 50’s, during the demise of the colonial system, and decided that the majority should have the power. ", "So they turned it over in the revolution of 1959 and fled.", "\n\nIt is not surprising what happened next. ", "The brutalized oppressed became the brutal oppressors. ", "Tens of thousands of Tutsis and their Hutu sympathizers were killed, and many more fled the country. ", "Rwanda was ruled by a former journalist who relied on massacres to distract from his incompetence. ", "He was eventually overthrown by Juvenal Habyarimana, a military man who stopped the massacres but did little to change race-based politics of Rwanda.", "\n\nMeanwhile, the exiled Tutsis were plotting their move. ", "After helping Yoweri Museveni overthrow the cruel regime of Milton Obote in neighboring Uganda, the exiles regrouped and invaded Rwanda in 1990. ", "This plunged the country into a low-level civil war at the same time that it saw its economy plummet.", "\n\nMany Hutus, with memories of oppression, were scared of a Tutsi victory. ", "The ruling government, unpopular for its corruption even with other Hutus, latched onto this sentiment. ", "They began planning the genocide. ", "Their particular stroke of genius was to remove the distancing sanitation of the Holocaust. ", "They wanted to get everyone involved in the killings. ", "They accomplished this both by whipping people into a frenzied state of fear, and by using the army to neutralize anyone who thought differently. ", "People were forced to kill. ", "This way, they could divide the nation- killed and killers. ", "If everyone if guilty, no one is. ", "As the main radio station said during the genocide, “leave no one to tell the story.”", "\n\nThis would have worked- indeed, it is estimated that as many as 90% of all Tutsis were killed in 90 days- were it not for the victory of the Tutsi exile army. ", "They routed the Rwandan army, routed the genocidal militias and took over the country. ", "This was met with relief from an international community that had ignored them and a media that felt it had failed. ", "The Tutsi government, led by strongman Paul Kagame, was given a free pass to clean up the country.", "\n\nHere is where my story gets confused. ", "Going into Rwanda, I had a very high perception of Kagame. ", "There were stories of revenge killings here and there, and disturbing reports about the behavior of his troops in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but for the most part he was seen as a hero. ", "What I learned from being in Rwanda, from talking to Rwandans, shocked me. ", "The killings, I was told, were far more than has been reported. ", "Indeed, many told me there has been a counter-genocide, a second genocide, or, in some cases, that the “real” genocide has directed against the Hutus.", "\n\nJohn Floyd, the defense lawyer, emphasized this. ", "He talked at length about the brutality of the Kagame government, which I’ve backed by further research. ", "The confusion comes from the counter-genocide. ", "Genocide is a tricky word, and in a police state nothing can be confirmed and nothing can be completely disproved. ", "The truth is, no one knows right now exactly what has happened. ", "Floyd says he does, but he has a clear agenda. (", "e.g.- my client was right to say the Tutsis were evil murderers)\n\nIt is easy to get caught up in the politics of murder and the semantics of slaughter, but too much of that sanitizes the issue, removes you from the actual horror. ", "Thankfully, terribly, I got a chance to come face-to-face with death and to remove the sanitation. ", "On the second day I was in Rwanda, I met two women who wanted to show me how they were getting on with their lives after the genocide. ", "First, they had to come to terms with the death of their families-the government had finally given them permission to excavate the graves of their families. ", "By graves, I mean deep holes where the dead were thrown to rot and the wounded were thrown to die. ", "The site was in the backyard of a wrecked mansion, now overgrown with weeds and memory. ", "I first looked in the now empty holes and imagined what I would feel if it was my parents that were left there. ", "This is where I began to cry.", "\n\nEverything leaves the mind. ", "Legalities, semantics, politics. ", "They slipped away as the women led me to the hot, sticky room of the mansion that was serving as the morgue. “", "Come and see my mother,” Angelica said. ", "I looked at her determined eyes, through my teary ones, then followed her gaze to the floor. ", "Forty or fifty bodies were lying there, some still in the position of their death, hands bound, faces grotesque with fear. ", "I did not want to step in, but I needed to honor her mother and her memory.", "\n\nAfter this, I was ready to go back to Arusha, Tanzania, the clean distant city where the genocide trials were being held at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda(ICTR). ", "I was ready to go back to a city where I did not have to look at anyone and wonder if they were killers or if their families had been killed, or both. ", "I was ready to go back to my job as a legal intern at the ICTR, to involve myself with the politics and semantics and legalities, but I could never look at anything the same way again. ", "What I saw only strengthened my resolve for studying international criminal law. ", "Indeed, I am, more ready than ever.", "\n\nThis is a bit out of order-but Saturday was so spectacular that I must write about it.", "\n\nSaturday morning, Joe from Ireland (who I met on a bus from Uganda), but now staying in Moshi, arrived for the weekend. ", "We decided to go to the foothills of Mt. Meru to see where Elly grew up and to meet his parents. ", "After taking a dala dala, we arrived at the bottom of the hill where we jumped in the back of the truck and rode as far as the road could take us. ", "We walked on a dirt path, with banana trees surrounding us and came to Elly’s farm.", "\n\nFarms here are absolutely different. ", "They are so colourful, so many different types of fruit. ", "I’d have to say my top three favorite fruit are passion fruit, mangos and avacado. ", "So we sat and talked with Elly’s parents and sister, walked around the farm, saw how they cook with no electricity and how they survive on what they have. ", "We went to see his coffee plantation and fruit trees and then came back to eat with his parents. ", "The food was spectacular as food always is… We had milk from his cow (three day old milk) which Brian described as yogurt, but Joe said it was absolutely not that! ", "I am a little scavenger so I ate and drank everything I was given. ", "We had fried bananas, chapati, passion fruit, avocado and to top it all off, some sugar cane. ", "The sugar cane was fantastic, much better than candy, but I could not finish a stick of it.", "\n\nAfter meeting Elly’s fabulous family, we walked through the dirt pathways, around the various farms, saying hello to people and waiting for a truck to pass by and bring us back to the bottom of the hill so we could grab a ride home. ", "It was so beautiful that after the whole weekend was over, I couldn’t help but cry about it. ", "I really can’t explain it, but to experience meeting simple loving people who will give everything to you, you just get a different type of hope. ", "I know this sounds absolutely cheesy, but it’s just true.", "\n\nSunday, we went to a snake park and saw all sorts of magnificent poisonous creatures..!", "\n\nI’m back and I haven’t written in so long because we’ve been traveling a lot. ", "I’ll have to come back to add more about some of the things I’ve seen-some of the horrible horrible atrocities I’ve witnessed to some of the most beautiful things I’ve ever seen, but right now I’ll update you with this short time briefly what I experienced.", "\n\nRwanda: I saw a lot of dead bodies. ", "Witnessed a lot of places where thousands upon thousands were slaughtered. ", "I supposed I should say that we travelled throughout a lot of the country and saw many places where people have and are still being slaughtered. ", "Also, a lot of literature is one sided and now I know a second side which was, at first, difficult to believe.", "\n\nCongo: I saw Goma, a city of lava. ", "Went to a refugee camp for people from Rwanda and the Congo which was as I expected. ", "People packed on top of each other for years. ", "Where is all the money going? ", "Oh, that’s right-into the pockets of the UN, IGO’s, NGO’s and their brand new cars, houses, vacations, etc.", "\n\nAlso, I swam in Lake Kivu which was like bath water because of the lava and the gasses. ", "I recommend it before the gasses explode and cover the whole city! ", "Just kidding…\n\nUganda: A very pleasant country. ", "A nice trip after having experienced Rwanda-where you’re not sure who has done what and if they are telling you the truth. ", "People in Rwanda said, “I can’t believe that you Europeans live in truth,” meaning that their mentality is to swindle the truth. ", "If you want to see a river, it’s right there. ", "If you don’t, then you’ll have to cross mountains to get to it.", "\n\nOne funny thing in Kampala-if someone mugs you, and others see, they’ll strip them naked. ", "It’s their form of punishment-interesting, cruel. (", "which reminds me-the prison system in Tanzania is AWFUL. ", "Every morning, you get whipped 50 times and all through your stay in prison, you are asked what crime you committed. ", "You have to get it in your head that you were wrong, apparently. ", "On top of that, you have to be on your knees in the police station… It’s all so cruel. ", "Not that our prison system in the U.S. is SO much better)\n\nThe Media Trial: Fascinating. ", "This inspires me to be a good lawyer so much more than anything I’ve experienced up to this point. ", "It’s not like attending the 7th Circuit. ", "I can’t explain it. ", "There is so much disorganization, but the lawyers are operating on their sheer genius at certain points. ", "It’s impressive. ", "I’ll give more detail later!", "\n\nWe arrived in Kigali last night. ", "I am really emotional everytime I really think about what happened, and I find myself looking for that same displaced feeling I finally found days after I went to Oswiecim Concentration Camp in Poland. ", "I’m publishing something Brian wrote because he grasps the feelings brilliantly.", "\n\nBrian O’Neill\n\nJune 18th, 8:30 pm\n\nSitting on the balcony of the hotel. ", "It is not late, but it is dark and I’m tired and the heart of Kigali shines subdued below. ", "Yes, so: we’re here. ", "Rwanda. ", "It seems strange to finally be here; to see it. ", "I’ve pictured it so many times, in so many ways – a tiny spot on a map, a detalied map, it’s hills, Kigali. ", "I’ve imagined what it looks like, imagined myself here, imagined the genocide. ", "And now I’m looking at it, finally.", "\n\nThe sun set as our minibus flew around the hills leading from the border. ", "Dark came hard and fast. ", "The headlights would shine momentarily on an object efore speeding on- endless lush greenery, punctuated for an instant by a face, freeze-frame body caught walking or staring or talking. ", "It would catch houses, ne alone, or several in a row, some stretching out to tiny villages. ", "And you nder, you can’t help it, it isn’t even intellectual, just a question shooting from our gut, so instant and basic it isn’t even worded: what happened here? ", "What happened to this person? ", "Did they see horror? ", "Did they inflict it? ", "House it? ", "You catch yourself thinking this and you chastize yourself- don’t over dramatize. ", "But you can’t. ", "You can not over dramatize. ", "It did happen, and it happened everywhere in this lush country.", "\n\nI stop writing, light another cigarette, look at the intersection. ", "This isn’t the heart of the city, but this is a fairly big intersection, but size hardly is relevant. ", "At almost every intersection drunken militiamen set up roadblocks, stopping every car. ", "If there were any Tutsis, they butchered them on the spot. ", "Right here, for sure. ", "There is no question about it.", "\n\nDominika said she felt uneasy being here – not unsafe, but uneasy. ", "I agree. ", "Evil happened here. ", "I have never been to the death camps, never experienced anything like this, and it makes me physically ill for a few reasons. ", "Every time I’ve made eye-contact with someone since arriving I shudder nternally. ", "Because they know. ", "They know why I’m here: I’m here because of the genocide. ", "I’m here because of what happened to them, because it horrifies e, and, even more, it fascinates me. ", "I’m a gawker. ", "I have a purpose, but I’m still a gawker. ", "I wouldn’t be here were it not for the pull the genocide has on me. ", "It’s horrible, and I hate myself for it it, but I can’t help it. ", "Somewhere I wanted this, this palpable unease, this sense of evil, this surety of ghosts. ", "A car drives through and I can see it stopping, I can see someone dragged out screaming, hacked to death, terrible things.", "\n\nStop: Pause: another cigarette. ", "I wanted this, yes- I am dramatic and delight in the idea of my own sensitivity. ", "But. ", "No, not this. ", "I had no idea it would be so strong, so real, so sincere.", "\n\nI realize something. ", "This stupid goddam narcissim means something, is giving omething. ", "Because I’m here and because everyone knows why I’m here, and ecause imagination comes from a more brutal reality here, the genocide is still appening. ", "There is still someone whimpering under my bed, dying in the street, illing unstopped. ", "Do you see- life has paved over the horrors, routine over terror, but it is still here. ", "To deny that, to pretend it didn’t happen, to ignore the undamental basis of reality in Rwanda, to scold myself for indulgence is to betray truth, to kill history, to shape the present to how it makes me comfortable.", "\n\nThis realization doesn’t cure my unease, but it lets it rest easily. ", "I finish my last cigarette, and before I go in to sleep, I watch a woman cross the street and disappear down the hill, alive.", "\n\nI suppose I should start talking about what happened in my last entry-the blackout. ", "The computers stayed on for a few minutes after the blackout, long enough for me to send the last line. ", "Then the batteries died and there was pure darkness.", "\n\nPitch black. ", "Not just one “block,” as we would experience in the U.S., but the entire city was out. ", "The only light in our path was the African night sky and a half moon, that looked like an eclipse. ", "Brian and I walked two French grrrls to the Kilimanjaro hotel and then we moved toward our building. ", "The neon signs that lit up the hotel next to ours were no longer our marker. ", "I could barely make out the outline of my hand and I heard voices around me from time to time. ", "A few more meters and I stopped, “I want a taxi.” ", "I suddenly felt very unsafe and although we only had to cross the park to get to our destination, I wouldn’t move. ", "It’s not safe for muzungus to walk around at night-the words spoken by Africans and other Internationals echoed in my head. ", "Something could really happen right now. ", "My stupidity of walking around at night had been shifted in pure darkness, when others who are used to these blackouts, could see me, but I could not see them. ", "Within 10 seconds, a flash and a shout-abary ya jioni. ", "Nzuri, I said-How much? ", "2000, he answered. ", "I quickly said “no” and walked behind his car. ", "Brian knew this bargaining game and walked along with me. ", "The driver backed his taxi over a pothole. ", "Ok, he said 1000. ", "I agreed. ", "We drove up and I gave him 1500. ", "I can’t help it-I’m a sucker when it comes to tips. ", "So I spent a whole dollar-I think I can handle it.", "\n\nI’d have to say that I haven’t seen start like this for years. ", "Perhaps my excuse becomes not having time to look up or maybe I’ve simply forgotten every camping trip I’ve ever taken.", "\n\nNight turned to dawn and we went to the “bus station.” ", "I emphasize the quotes because it was 5am-still dark and all I saw was a landfill and people sitting warming their hands over the fires, garbage that they had lit. ", "It reminded me of a tent city. ", "Did I mention that it is cold here in the mornings and that June and July are the coldest months of the year? ", "Well…cold means 60 F, of course. ", "However, I’m so used to the warm weather that this is cold for me. ", "Maybe I really am an African?", "\n\nThe Bus-There were about 50 busses and everyone was shouting, at us, at each other. ", "I absolutely adore moments like this. ", "Chaos. ", "Havoc. ", "We kept asking which bus went to Morogoro and finally people led us to one. ", "What I still haven’t figured out is why there is such disorganization in poor countries. ", "Is it because they are poor or because they are disorganized? ", "I’ve experienced similar situations in Italy and Poland, but those countries are not nearly as poor as they are here in Tanzania. ", "I can at least speak for Poland and say that right after communism “fell”-(cough, cough-not to say it really fell) or even during, people would line up for hours/days at magazines(stores), waiting for a piece of meat. ", "Pushing and shoving ahead was and now remains the mentality.", "\n\nAnyway-it turned out that the bus was going to Dar es Salaam and not to Morogoro. ", "The whole bus experience is worth describing. ", "The bus was similar to our greyhound buses. ", "Excepte greyhounds don’t act like our local transit buses and pick people up along the way. ", "The procedure is like this: The bus sees people, slows down but does NOT come to a complete stop. ", "People jump on as it is moving, throw sacks filled with fruit and other luggage onto it. ", "Then the man who takes a few shillings from them smacks the side of the bus to signify to the driver that he can move on and jumps onto the first step and rides along. ", "The people stand in the aisles, shout when it is their stop, jump off as it moves and again, the process repeats. ", "We were dropped off at Chianze and took a local bus into Morogoro, Kola Hill-Wakapuchini. ", "The local bus was even more fun, more packed and more chaotic. ", "I could relive that over and over and not be annoyed. ", "You really get a chance to do some people watching in these times.", "\n\nCurrently, I am writing to you from Morogoro. ", "We are visiting Father Casimere. ", "As Brian puts it, I know all of the Catholics in Africa. ", "The accommodations are fantastica and I feel like I’m walking right into the Lord of the Rings books. ", "The mountain that we are in looks exactly like one Frodo would cross. ", "I am sorry that we have to leave tomorrow because the time here is just fantastic, but we have to try to get onto the UN Beachcraft carrier to Kigali on Monday. ", "There are only 7 seats and people with different coloured badges get more privileges, so you can be sitting on the plane and someone can kick you off, even if you were cleared and assured a seat. ", "If there isn’t room or we get kicked, then Brian and I will take a bus to Campala, Uganda and from there get to Kigali, Rwanda.", "\n\nI think the best part of this relaxing weekend is being surrounded by hundreds of priests. ", "I always find that I have amazing, deep, philosophical conversations with these wonderful holy people. ", "At breakfast, lunch, dinner, the conversations are so intelligent, I crave for more. ", "Father Casmier is fantastic, intelligent, funny. ", "He is the Dean of Philosophy here and right as we speak, he is talking about the metaphysics of Stephen Hawking and disputing parts of it. ", "I hope that our paths meet again some day-even if he moves back to Zaire or starts another mission in Madagascar.", "\n\nSince I still have a bit of time and I don’t know when the next time I can write a new entry, I’ll spout out a few more thigns.", "\n\nFirst of all-death. ", "When someone dies here, at least in Arusha, all the friends and family mourn with the suffering family all night long. ", "I think that is beautiful. ", "It is similar to a wake but lasts all night. ", "that is another example of community that they have here in Africa. ", "People share everything here-even grief.", "\n\nSomething else-I have found my favorite food here-I ate it at the Augustinian sisters house in Arusha. ", "Pumpkin leaves(similar to spinach, but Popeye would convert if he tasted these) Ugali(maize and boiled water mixed together-gives you a lot of strength), and red beans. ", "On top of that a salad of tomatoes, green peppers, onions, and cucumbers=a happy belly! ", "All the food here is natural, fresh-there are no preservatives and I just feel healthy. ", "I have so much strangth.", "\n\nHow shall I end this entry? ", "Well, I’m astonished every day that I’m here and that I’m allowed to have these blessed moments and this time for reflection. ", "I look forward to everyday and I thank God for every minute for whatever I’m being prepared for.", "\n\nWell, I am off because Fr. ", "Casimere has offered to do a private mass for us since we will be on the bus all day tomorrow.", "\n\nPerhaps it is because my family moved around so much that I never mind being away. ", "Or perhaps I’ve become older and I know that I have to find my own life now. ", "Or maybe it is the fact that I have found good times, good friends and exciting new traditions that causes my mood to shift every time I think that eventually I’ll have to leave.", "\n\nI have returned. ", "Before I left on this trip, my parents explained to their friends that I was not going to Africa, but instead, I was returning.", "\n\nMy objectives in this blog are to write about two things that occured last night. ", "It all focuses on dinner with a Massai and other friends of ours.", "\n\nBrian and I went to several different places last night. ", "Jambo Cafe, the Police Mess, and Troopers with Marcus, his girlfriend(I haven’t figured out how to spell her name yet), and Philimon. ", "Philimon is a Massai. ", "I was so excited when I found this out because this tradition is so unfamiliar, but so fascinating to me.", "\n\nI asked many questions and found many things out. ", "One of the most interesting is the circumcision that occurs when a Massai turns 18. ", "Philimon is now a Lutheran, but his father has many wives and he still follows many of the traditions. ", "He, of course, made it clear to me that if he married a Mezungu, he would not force the kids to follow Massai tradition. ", "I reaffirmed his idea and told him that I doubted that a Mezungu would ever allow half of the things that Massai have to go through, happen to her child. ", "For example, the circumcision. ", "Three days before the circumcision, a cow’s artery is punctured so that 3 liters of blood pours out. ", "The blood is mixed with warm milk and sits until the circumcision is finished. ", "At the age of 18 a Massai boy must sit without medication and be cut. ", "The procedure is very slow and excrutiatingly painful. ", "If the Massai cries, he will be killed right there with a huge knife and 10 cattle will be taken from the family because of the shame brought onto the family.", "\n\nClearly, Philimon did not cry and now he is cast as a warrior. ", "Traditionally, he paints his face white and wears black clothing, different from other Massai. ", "It is similar to an Indian Caste system where you are born into your specific role. ", "He told me so many interesting things, but I’ll save those for when I come home!", "\n\nA side note-Philimon told Brian and I that he is going to take us into the bush to kill a goat, like the Massai do. ", "We will wear the garb and have nothing but that, knives, and a camera. ", "That should be at the end of the month.", "\n\nNext, the dinner. ", "I feel it’s about time to describe a traditional dinner because the whole process is fascinating. ", "You go into a restaurant, grab your seats and then proceed to the kitchen. ", "People yell at the cook, call out, point to the meat hanging from hooks and tell the cook exactly what they want. ", "You then sit back down and wait. ", "In the meantime, you have something to drink and enjoy your time with your friends. ", "Soon, the cook himself comes to wash your hands. ", "He poors hot water out of a teapot over your hands and into a bowl. ", "You squirm in anguish from the hot water, and they laugh and say Mezungu. ", "Africans are used to this temperature. ", "You let your hands drip dry and wait for the food. ", "Then a large platter with pieces of chicken, goat, liver are brought out and set in the center of the table. ", "On the edge, a pile of salt and on both sides spicey sauce for further dipping. ", "One more plate is brought, piled with fried bananas. ", "It is a meal worth eating. ", "The meat is fresh and you can taste that it is village meat. ", "What I mean is, that the animals ran around instead of being born to die and be processed. ", "At the end, again, hot water is poured over your hands.", "\n\nThe dinner was spectacular. ", "And wow, did I sleep well after my stomach was full.", "\n\nI think the most common phrase I hear is “In Africa everything is pole, pole.” (", "slow, slow) I like this very much, but only when I’m not in a hurry. :)", "\n\nIf I am looking at a menu and can’t decide, I hear: Pole, pole. ", "I don’t have to rush through my food and I can stay there for hours after and still I hear, pole, pole.", "\n\nYou can decide on things pole pole. ", "At the market, in the library, on the street.", "\n\nToday, I had coffee with the sisters in the morning before I headed off to the ICTR. ", "When I asked them how many nuns there are in the house, they asked, “in this house?” ", "I said, “yes, here.” ", "Sister Emily Siana replied, “with you, there would be 15.” ", "I laughed. ", "In fact, I laughed harder than I’ve laughed this whole trip with them this morning. ", "They were so much fun.", "\n\nAt the ICTR, I read Akayesu’s case-what a blast. ", "Ok-not really. ", "I actually was so horrified at the things that he participated in that I had to put the book down several times, go look at something else, and come back to it. ", "I see that my time is up!", "\n\n500 million years ago, volcanoes erupted, creating the Rift Wall. ", "This is one of the many incredible sites that I saw this weekend. ", "Along with the Rift Wall, I saw the Rift valley. ", "The fact that God created such spectacular wonders is just outside of the grasp of my reality. ", "Every morning, I woke up and questioned myself. ", "Did I really see what I saw? ", "But, the memories remained and the rolls of film had been used up and there was my evidence of having been to these places.", "\n\nOn Friday, I went to Lake Manyara. ", "On Saturday, Ngorongoro. ", "After deliberation, I decided that I wanted to see Ngorongoro more than the Serengeti. ", "Well, technically, I saw part of the Serengeti, when I went to Oldupai Gorge and the Shifting Sands, but not like a Safari tourist would.", "\n\nNgorongoro is the Garden of Eden. ", "I say this, not just because the Tanzanian’s gave it this nickname, but because it is one of the most beautiful places I have ever seen. ", "I don’t think I could even imagine a place more beautiful than this. ", "Try to think Jurrasic Park X 1000. ", "That’s just a glimpse of it. ", "So many different types of terrains-ah, my words lose all meaning.", "\n\nI saw animals in their natural habitat, lions mating, cubs fighting each other, giraffes eating accacia leaves, hippos playing in the water. ", "I still can’t believe that I saw animals in their natural habitat-so much more exciting than a zoo! ", "I asked so many questions. ", "One thing that is really interesting is that Zebras have 28 species of worms inside their bodies that help them digest and if you see zebras dying during the dry season, it must mean that all other animals are dead. ", "Apparently, the zebra is the last animal that will die during that time.", "\n\nSomething else that I saw that was one of the more spiritual parts of my weekend is the shifting sand. ", "A volcano blew out this metalic sand and it sits in the middle of this enormous plain and moves 17 meters a year. ", "It was so amazing. ", "I sat on the top of it and leaned my arm against the sand to see how it moved and almost started crying. ", "Could this be added to the wonders of the world?", "\n\nWhile driving along, standing on my seat with half my body outside the top of a green ranger, I observed farmers and Massai in their daily lives. ", "Cutting up wood with their sharp knives, killing a goat, walking on the side of the road with their cattle-it was good to watch. ", "I think watching people in their daily lives is more interesting than anything else. ", "I could do it for hours. ", "Simple (for lack of a better word right now) people are amazing. ", "Their lives revolve around feeding their families. ", "They are happy when they see a car come by and wave at them. ", "Their smiles are genuine and they wave back, shaking their arm so that it looks like it will fall off. ", "Children are the most fun! ", "They run after the cattle and hug each other, dirt covering their whole bodies.", "\n\nI think one difference that is prevelant with the American/European life and the African life is that children are given responsibility at a younger age here, whereas Americans emphasize a good childhood. ", "Everything revolves around whether you had a good childhood or not. ", "I mean, you could be thrown into a mental institution if a psychiatrist convinces you that your anger stems from your terrible childhood! (", "that one’s for my nurse mom) Ok-I’m exaggerating a bit, but you look at this 7 year old child carrying her 1 year old sister in a sack on her back and you know that she’s walking for miles to get to wherever she’s walking and you think-wow, I never had to do that and my children probably won’t either.", "\n\nI think I really enjoy that people here (of course excluding the upper class who is very similar to us) or perhaps I should say that people in general who have had trying lives find happiness in the simple things. ", "I wish that I could remember that the next time I complain and just be happy with what I’ve got." ]

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[ "define(['./decode', './getQuery'], function (decode, getQuery) {\n\n /**\n * Get query string, parses and decodes it.", "\n * @version 0.2.0 (2012/09/26)\n */\n function parse(url, shouldTypecast) {\n return decode(getQuery(url), shouldTypecast);\n }\n\n return parse;\n});\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Leeza Hernandez\n\nLeeza Hernandez, an award-winning illustrator and now children’s book author, hails from the south of England, but has been living in New Jersey since 1999. ", "She works as an art director at a local magazine and in her spare time, creatively noodles with new ideas for books in her art studio. ", "She loves to experiment with printmaking, pen and ink, digital collage, and painting.", "\n\nJoin our mailing list!", "\n\nGet our latest book recommendations, author news, and competitions right to your inbox." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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