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detoxify-pile-chunk3-1250000-1300000

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[ "Featured Video\n\nFor more videos go to the Aletho News – Video Category\n\nor go to\n\nAletho News Archives – Video-Images\n\nFrom the Archives\n\n\n\nBy Paul Homewood | Not A Lot Of People Know That |September 20, 2020\n\nSometimes it is fun looking back in time, like this story from 2006:\n\nWe ought to start by explaining that Diacono is no ordinary commercial farmer. ", "He was in fact Head Gardener at Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall’s River Cottage. (", "You did not really think Hugh did his own gardening, did you?)", "\n\nDiacono is really more of an experimental gardener/environmental consultant, which of course is fair enough.", "\n\nSo how did those olive trees turn out?", "\n\nUnfortunately, according to the Independent, they all died out in the winter of 2009/10. ", "Undaunted however, Diacono planted some more of a different variety that summer.", "\n\nSadly, these don’t appear to have fared any better. ", "Rick Stein reported a few years ago that no olive oil was commercially available from Diacono’s Otter Farm.", "\n\nAnd Otter Farm have confirmed to me today that the olive trees have now been removed from the farm.", "\n\nIn fact, according to Caradoc Doy, the Devon based horticulturist, olive trees are not new to Britain. ", "The oldest is over 100 years old and fruits in decent summers.", "\n\nAs he explains:\n\nYou can expect flowers in the early summer which will develop fruit, but do not expect the fruit to ripen. ", "Even in hot Mediterranean climates the fruit are not harvested until November or later. ", "The summer of 2006 was hot enough for fruit to develop on some of my trees. ", "Sadly, we still need much more sunshine in Britain before a regular harvest makes it anywhere near the kitchen!", "\n\nFull article\n\nAletho News Original Content\n\n\n\nBy Aletho News | January 9, 2012\n\nThis article will examine some of the connections between the US and UK National Security apparatus and the appearance of the anthropogenic global warming (AGW) theory beginning after the accident at Three Mile Island. … ", "continue\n\nMore articles\n\nBlog Roll\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0006556147709488869, 0.0007632857304997742, 0.0008194891852326691, 0.0005898299859836698, 0.0006342593696899712, 0.0007379990420304239, 0.0006045027985237539, 0.0006943434709683061, 0.000617968151345849, 0.0005870579625479877, 0.0008002708200365305, 0.0006435135146602988, 0.0006273332983255386, 0.0006342048873193562, 0.0006074798293411732, 0.0006077755242586136, 0.0005628552753478289, 0.0010846705408766866 ]

[ "/*\n * Copyright 2018 Google LLC\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n\npackage com.google.samples.apps.iosched.ui.sessiondetail\n\nimport android.annotation.", "SuppressLint\nimport android.view.", "LayoutInflater\nimport android.view.", "View\nimport android.view.", "ViewGroup\nimport androidx.lifecycle.", "LifecycleOwner\nimport androidx.recyclerview.widget.", "AsyncListDiffer\nimport androidx.recyclerview.widget.", "DiffUtil\nimport androidx.recyclerview.widget.", "RecyclerView\nimport androidx.recyclerview.widget.", "RecyclerView.", "RecycledViewPool\nimport com.google.samples.apps.iosched.", "R\nimport com.google.samples.apps.iosched.databinding.", "ItemGenericSectionHeaderBinding\nimport com.google.samples.apps.iosched.databinding.", "ItemSessionBinding\nimport com.google.samples.apps.iosched.databinding.", "ItemSessionInfoBinding\nimport com.google.samples.apps.iosched.databinding.", "ItemSpeakerBinding\nimport com.google.samples.apps.iosched.model.", "Speaker\nimport com.google.samples.apps.iosched.model.userdata.", "UserSession\nimport com.google.samples.apps.iosched.ui.", "SectionHeader\nimport com.google.samples.apps.iosched.ui.sessiondetail.", "SessionDetailViewHolder.", "HeaderViewHolder\nimport com.google.samples.apps.iosched.ui.sessiondetail.", "SessionDetailViewHolder.", "RelatedViewHolder\nimport com.google.samples.apps.iosched.ui.sessiondetail.", "SessionDetailViewHolder.", "SessionInfoViewHolder\nimport com.google.samples.apps.iosched.ui.sessiondetail.", "SessionDetailViewHolder.", "SpeakerViewHolder\nimport com.google.samples.apps.iosched.util.executeAfter\n\n/**\n * [RecyclerView.", "Adapter] for presenting a session details, composed of information about the\n * session, any speakers plus any related events.", "\n */\nclass SessionDetailAdapter(\n private val lifecycleOwner: LifecycleOwner,\n private val sessionDetailViewModel: SessionDetailViewModel,\n private val tagRecycledViewPool: RecycledViewPool\n) : RecyclerView.", "Adapter<SessionDetailViewHolder>() {\n\n private val differ = AsyncListDiffer<Any>(this, DiffCallback)\n\n var speakers: List<Speaker> = emptyList()\n set(value) {\n field = value\n differ.submitList(buildMergedList(sessionSpeakers = value))\n }\n\n var related: List<UserSession> = emptyList()\n set(value) {\n field = value\n differ.submitList(buildMergedList(relatedSessions = value))\n }\n\n init {\n differ.submitList(buildMergedList())\n }\n\n override fun onCreateViewHolder(parent: ViewGroup, viewType: Int): SessionDetailViewHolder {\n val inflater = LayoutInflater.from(parent.context)\n return when (viewType) {\n R.layout.item_session_info -> SessionInfoViewHolder(\n ItemSessionInfoBinding.inflate(inflater, parent, false)\n )\n R.layout.item_speaker -> SpeakerViewHolder(\n ItemSpeakerBinding.inflate(inflater, parent, false)\n )\n R.layout.item_session -> RelatedViewHolder(\n ItemSessionBinding.inflate(inflater, parent, false).apply {\n tags.setRecycledViewPool(tagRecycledViewPool)\n }\n )\n R.layout.item_generic_section_header -> HeaderViewHolder(\n ItemGenericSectionHeaderBinding.inflate(inflater, parent, false)\n )\n else -> throw IllegalStateException(\"Unknown viewType $viewType\")\n }\n }\n\n override fun onBindViewHolder(holder: SessionDetailViewHolder, position: Int) {\n when (holder) {\n is SessionInfoViewHolder -> holder.binding.executeAfter {\n viewModel = sessionDetailViewModel\n tagViewPool = tagRecycledViewPool\n lifecycleOwner = this@SessionDetailAdapter.lifecycleOwner\n }\n is SpeakerViewHolder -> holder.binding.executeAfter {\n val presenter = differ.currentList[position] as Speaker\n speaker = presenter\n eventListener = sessionDetailViewModel\n lifecycleOwner = this@SessionDetailAdapter.lifecycleOwner\n root.setTag(R.id.tag_speaker_id, presenter.id) // Used to identify clicked view\n }\n is RelatedViewHolder -> holder.binding.executeAfter {\n userSession = differ.currentList[position] as UserSession\n eventListener = sessionDetailViewModel\n timeZoneId = sessionDetailViewModel.timeZoneId\n showTime = true\n lifecycleOwner = this@SessionDetailAdapter.lifecycleOwner\n }\n is HeaderViewHolder -> holder.binding.executeAfter {\n sectionHeader = differ.currentList[position] as SectionHeader\n }\n }\n }\n\n override fun getItemViewType(position: Int): Int {\n return when (differ.currentList[position]) {\n is SessionItem -> R.layout.item_session_info\n is Speaker -> R.layout.item_speaker\n is UserSession -> R.layout.item_session\n is SectionHeader -> R.layout.item_generic_section_header\n else -> throw IllegalStateException(\"Unknown view type at position $position\")\n }\n }\n\n override fun getItemCount() = differ.currentList.size\n\n /**\n * This adapter displays heterogeneous data types but `RecyclerView` & `AsyncListDiffer` deal in\n * a single list of items. ", "We therefore combine them into a merged list, using marker objects\n * for static items. ", "We still hold separate lists of [speakers] and [related] sessions so that\n * we can provide them individually, as they're loaded.", "\n */\n private fun buildMergedList(\n sessionSpeakers: List<Speaker> = speakers,\n relatedSessions: List<UserSession> = related\n ): List<Any> {\n val merged = mutableListOf<Any>(SessionItem)\n if (sessionSpeakers.isNotEmpty()) {\n merged += SectionHeader(R.string.session_detail_speakers_header)\n merged.addAll(sessionSpeakers)\n }\n if (relatedSessions.isNotEmpty()) {\n merged += SectionHeader(R.string.session_detail_related_header)\n merged.addAll(relatedSessions)\n }\n return merged\n }\n}\n\n// Marker object for use in our merged representation.", "\n\nobject SessionItem\n\n/**\n * Diff items presented by this adapter.", "\n */\nobject DiffCallback : DiffUtil.", "ItemCallback<Any>() {\n\n override fun areItemsTheSame(oldItem: Any, newItem: Any): Boolean {\n return when {\n oldItem === SessionItem && newItem === SessionItem -> true\n oldItem is SectionHeader && newItem is SectionHeader -> oldItem == newItem\n oldItem is Speaker && newItem is Speaker -> oldItem.id == newItem.id\n oldItem is UserSession && newItem is UserSession ->\n oldItem.session.id == newItem.session.id\n else -> false\n }\n }\n\n @SuppressLint(\"DiffUtilEquals\")\n // Workaround of https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/122928037\n override fun areContentsTheSame(oldItem: Any, newItem: Any): Boolean {\n return when {\n oldItem is Speaker && newItem is Speaker -> oldItem == newItem\n oldItem is UserSession && newItem is UserSession -> oldItem == newItem\n else -> true\n }\n }\n}\n\n/**\n * [RecyclerView.", "ViewHolder] types used by this adapter.", "\n */\nsealed class SessionDetailViewHolder(itemView: View) : RecyclerView.", "ViewHolder(itemView) {\n\n class SessionInfoViewHolder(\n val binding: ItemSessionInfoBinding\n ) : SessionDetailViewHolder(binding.root)\n\n class SpeakerViewHolder(\n val binding: ItemSpeakerBinding\n ) : SessionDetailViewHolder(binding.root)\n\n class RelatedViewHolder(\n val binding: ItemSessionBinding\n ) : SessionDetailViewHolder(binding.root)\n\n class HeaderViewHolder(\n val binding: ItemGenericSectionHeaderBinding\n ) : SessionDetailViewHolder(binding.root)\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "{\"id\":1814455943232,\"title\":\"PAR30 LED Light Bulbs\",\"handle\":\"par30-led-light-bulbs\",\"description\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e The PAR20 LED light bulbs are an Ameriluck EXCLUSIVE design featuring our specially designed glass filter which mimics the performance of conventional halogen PAR20 bulbs.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eNo warm up times for an instant on unlike CFL bulbs, turn the switch and light instantly with full brightness.\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGorgeous Display: 80+ CRI (Color Rendering Index) for vibrant light quality.\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eShatter proof, omni-directional with standard E26 medium screw bases.\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eIlluminates at the equivalency of a 75W halogen bulb providing 750+ lumens but only consumes 7W for 85.3% in energy savings!\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eFlickering-free, NVF\\u0026lt;10% and zero harsh glares prevents eye fatigue and provides a comfortable, stress-free atmosphere. ", "\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eThese AmeriLuck PAR30 LED bulbs are dimmable, they are compatible with most dimmers on the market.\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePerfect for indoor \\u0026amp; outdoor use, these bulbs have standard E26 base\\/120V for most fixtures. ", "Ideal for indoor\\/outdoor track lighting fixtures and perfect for indoor 4in ceiling cans.\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eExtremely long lasting, each bulb is expected to deliver 15,000 hours of light.\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003e3-Year no questions asked warranty guaranteed. ", "\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[TABS]\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch5\\u003eReviews\\u003c\\/h5\\u003e\\n\\u003ch5\\u003eSpecifications \\u003c\\/h5\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable id=\\\"productDetails_techSpec_section_1\\\" class=\\\"a-keyvalue prodDetTable\\\" role=\\\"presentation\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eBrand\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eAmeriLuck\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003ePart Number\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eAB-G25-WGD0-0650\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eItem Weight\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e3.04 ounces\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eProduct Dimensions\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e2.5 x 2.5 x 3.5 inches\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eItem model number\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e0190015\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eAssembled Height\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e3.48 inches\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eAssembled Length\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e2.5 inches\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eAssembled Width\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e2.5 inches\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eColor\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e3000K|warm White\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eShape\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eBulb\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eVoltage\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e120 volts\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eSpecific Uses\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eGeneral purpose\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eFixture Features\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eInstant On, Dimmable, Shatter resistant, 7W 500lumens, Wet location rated, Low non-visible flickering to protect your eyes\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003ePower Source\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003ecorded-electric\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eBatteries Included?\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eNo\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eBatteries Required?\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eNo\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eCertification\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eUL Listed\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-declarative\\\" data-action=\\\"a-popover\\\" data-a-popover='{\\\"cache\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"closeButton\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"\\\\tType of Bulb\\\\t\\\",\\\"width\\\":\\\"280\\\",\\\"header\\\":\\\"\\\\tType of Bulb\\\\t\\\",\\\"position\\\":\\\"triggerRight\\\",\\\"scrollable\\\":\\\"false\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516121\\\"}'\\u003e\\u003ca class=\\\"a-link-normal\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" href=\\\"https:\\/\\/www.amazon.com\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516121\\\"\\u003eType of Bulb\\u003c\\/a\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eLED\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-declarative\\\" data-action=\\\"a-popover\\\" data-a-popover='{\\\"cache\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"closeButton\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Base Type\\\",\\\"width\\\":\\\"280\\\",\\\"header\\\":\\\"Base Type\\\",\\\"position\\\":\\\"triggerRight\\\",\\\"scrollable\\\":\\\"false\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516151\\\"}'\\u003e\\u003ca class=\\\"a-link-normal\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" href=\\\"https:\\/\\/www.amazon.com\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516151\\\"\\u003eBase Type\\u003c\\/a\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eE26\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eEU Energy Efficiency Label\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003ehttp:\\/\\/www.ameriluck.com.img.800cdn.com\\/LFL_PAR20_7W_500LM_3000K_13.7yrs_$0.84.jpg\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eLuminous Flux\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e500 lm\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eWattage\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e5.5 watts\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-declarative\\\" data-action=\\\"a-popover\\\" data-a-popover='{\\\"cache\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"closeButton\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"\\\\tIncandescent equivalent\\\\t\\\",\\\"width\\\":\\\"280\\\",\\\"header\\\":\\\"\\\\tIncandescent equivalent\\\\t\\\",\\\"position\\\":\\\"triggerRight\\\",\\\"scrollable\\\":\\\"false\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516181\\\"}'\\u003e\\u003ca class=\\\"a-link-normal\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" href=\\\"https:\\/\\/www.amazon.com\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516181\\\"\\u003eIncandescent equivalent\\u003c\\/a\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e50 watts\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-declarative\\\" data-action=\\\"a-popover\\\" data-a-popover='{\\\"cache\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"closeButton\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"\\\\tColor Temperature\\\\t\\\",\\\"width\\\":\\\"280\\\",\\\"header\\\":\\\"\\\\tColor Temperature\\\\t\\\",\\\"position\\\":\\\"triggerRight\\\",\\\"scrollable\\\":\\\"false\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516201\\\"}'\\u003e\\u003ca class=\\\"a-link-normal\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" href=\\\"https:\\/\\/www.amazon.com\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516201\\\"\\u003eColor Temperature\\u003c\\/a\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e3000 Kelvin\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eColor Rendering Index (CRI)\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e80.00\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eLumen Maintenance Factor at the End of Life\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e70.00\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cbr\\u003e\\n\\u003ch5\\u003eFAQ\\u003c\\/h5\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable style=\\\"width: 80.5147%;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%; text-align: center;\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e Question \\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%; text-align: center;\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e Answer\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%;\\\"\\u003ewhat does wet rated really mean? ", "Can it operate with rain falling on it?\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%;\\\"\\u003eYes, it can be used in any wet locations. ", "\\u003cbr\\u003eIt operate with rain falling on it \\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%;\\\"\\u003eWhat diameter?\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%;\\\"\\u003e4 1\\/2 inches \\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%;\\\"\\u003eDo you have this one in 4000k? ", "also do you have this one with the candelabra base in 3000 or 4000k? ", "thanks\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%;\\\"\\u003eSorry, currently we don't have the items you mentioned. ", "\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%;\\\"\\u003edimensions shown: assembled height 3.48\\\" assembled length 20.5\\\" assembled width 2.5\\\" what is the actual length and diameter of the bulb?\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%;\\\"\\u003eHello, it's 2.5\\\" in diameter and 3.48\\\" in length. ", "Sorry for the confusion. ", "\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%;\\\"\\u003eAre these dimmable?\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%;\\\"\\u003eThey were returned if I remember correctly, not the right colour light for my purposes. ", "\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%;\\\"\\u003eCountry of origin?\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%;\\\"\\u003echina \\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/table\\u003e\\n\\u003ch5\\u003eAbout Us\\u003c\\/h5\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eWho Are We\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003eWe are AmeriLuck, we have been manufacturing premium quality lighting products to customers for over 20 years. ", "Over the years we have become industry leading experts in what we do and have formed exclusive partnerships with industry giants like Home Depot, RONA, and Walmart. ", "Over 1 million customers have enjoyed our lighting products over the years, now its your turn to find out why.\\u003cbr\\u003eThe name AmeriLuck can be broken down in to two parts 'Ameri' and 'Luck'. ", "We want to wish Americans the best of luck with everything they do. ", "There is a special feeling with our products in that they are lucky. ", "They always work, are lon-lasting and are 100% safe. ", "We want to bring this good fortune we have acquired over the last 20 years and share them with the American people. ", "\\u003cbr\\u003eWe at AmeriLuck wish Americans the best of luck in their endeavors! ", "\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHow We Do It\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003eWe manufacture all our products in our factories ourselves, this way we are able to strictly control the quality of all our lighting products. ", "Manufacturing all our products in house means that we are able to tightly monitor any manufacturing issues or defects in our process and make quick changes based on what we hear from customers and from our staff. ", "This commitment to not outsourcing our manufacturing means we're able to offer high quality products at an affordable price.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eOur Lighting Products\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003eAmeriLuck deals with all type of lighting products indoor, outdoor, functional and vanity. ", "Our LED light bulbs comes in all standard sizes, are long lasting, almost never malfunction, flicker, overheat or create static. ", "This due in part because of the superior construction and design our bulbs and in part due to the over 20 years of experience we have in manufacturing lighting products. ", "\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch5\\u003e WARRANTY\\u003c\\/h5\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-list-item\\\"\\u003eAmeriluck is a brand that values transparency and building good relationships with our valued customers. ", "As a result of this we employ a no questions asked warranty policy for all our American customers. ", "If for any reason your Ameriluck products are damaged, malfunctioning or have any issues, Ameriluck will take full responsibility of your product for up to 2-Years after the purchase date on most items.\\u003cbr\\u003eOUR COMMITMENT TO YOU:\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-list-item\\\"\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003eAll Ameriluck customers qualify for full access to our no questions asked warranty immediately after purchase. ", "If you ever have any inquiry's regarding whether or not your product is still under warranty just email us at \\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003einfo@ameriluck.com \\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/em\\u003eand inquire about your warranty status. ", "We will ask for for:\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-list-item\\\"\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"\\u003eYour Full name \\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"\\u003eYour Address\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"\\u003eYour Order Number\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-list-item\\\"\\u003eTO RECEIVE WARRANTY SERVICE, PLEASE:\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-list-item\\\"\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003eContact our Customer Service department at info@ameriluck.com and advise them of the nature of the issue. ", "Customer Service will provide you with information as to how to proceed.\\u003cbr\\u003ePlease remember, product returned for warranty claims must be accompanied by the original order number as well as written details regarding the nature of the problem, the location of the product, etc.\\u003cbr\\u003eIf your product is returned, please retain a copy of the shipping information for your records.\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-list-item\\\"\\u003e \\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[\\/TABS]\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\",\"published_at\":\"2018-12-12T19:23:45-12:00\",\"created_at\":\"2018-12-12T19:24:56-12:00\",\"vendor\":\"AmericaLuck\",\"type\":\"\",\"tags\":[],\"price\":1598,\"price_min\":1598,\"price_max\":2200,\"available\":true,\"price_varies\":true,\"compare_at_price\":null,\"compare_at_price_min\":0,\"compare_at_price_max\":0,\"compare_at_price_varies\":false,\"variants\":[{\"id\":17912451072064,\"title\":\"2 PACK \\/ 3000K\",\"option1\":\"2 PACK\",\"option2\":\"3000K\",\"option3\":null,\"sku\":\"1190017\",\"requires_shipping\":true,\"taxable\":false,\"featured_image\":null,\"available\":true,\"name\":\"PAR30 LED Light Bulbs - 2 PACK \\/ 3000K\",\"public_title\":\"2 PACK \\/ 3000K\",\"options\":[\"2 PACK\",\"3000K\"],\"price\":1598,\"weight\":0,\"compare_at_price\":null,\"inventory_management\":null,\"barcode\":\"\"},{\"id\":17912451137600,\"title\":\"2 PACK \\/ 5000K\",\"option1\":\"2 PACK\",\"option2\":\"5000K\",\"option3\":null,\"sku\":\"1190018\",\"requires_shipping\":true,\"taxable\":false,\"featured_image\":null,\"available\":true,\"name\":\"PAR30 LED Light Bulbs - 2 PACK \\/ 5000K\",\"public_title\":\"2 PACK \\/ 5000K\",\"options\":[\"2 PACK\",\"5000K\"],\"price\":1598,\"weight\":0,\"compare_at_price\":null,\"inventory_management\":null,\"barcode\":\"\"},{\"id\":17912451170368,\"title\":\"4 PACK \\/ 3000K\",\"option1\":\"4 PACK\",\"option2\":\"3000K\",\"option3\":null,\"sku\":\"1190044\",\"requires_shipping\":true,\"taxable\":false,\"featured_image\":null,\"available\":true,\"name\":\"PAR30 LED Light Bulbs - 4 PACK \\/ 3000K\",\"public_title\":\"4 PACK \\/ 3000K\",\"options\":[\"4 PACK\",\"3000K\"],\"price\":2200,\"weight\":0,\"compare_at_price\":null,\"inventory_management\":null,\"barcode\":\"\"},{\"id\":17912451268672,\"title\":\"4 PACK \\/ 5000K\",\"option1\":\"4 PACK\",\"option2\":\"5000K\",\"option3\":null,\"sku\":\"1190045\",\"requires_shipping\":true,\"taxable\":false,\"featured_image\":null,\"available\":true,\"name\":\"PAR30 LED Light Bulbs - 4 PACK \\/ 5000K\",\"public_title\":\"4 PACK \\/ 5000K\",\"options\":[\"4 PACK\",\"5000K\"],\"price\":2200,\"weight\":0,\"compare_at_price\":null,\"inventory_management\":null,\"barcode\":\"\"}],\"images\":[\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/0058\\/3578\\/4256\\/products\\/71PBS48fkCL._SX679.jpg?v=1544685899\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/0058\\/3578\\/4256\\/products\\/41V_2yb-oOL.jpg?v=1544685900\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/0058\\/3578\\/4256\\/products\\/51Lz58t2PqL.jpg?v=1544685901\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/0058\\/3578\\/4256\\/products\\/51p0rmGUcDL.jpg?v=1544685902\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/0058\\/3578\\/4256\\/products\\/81A09_ExujL._SX679.jpg?v=1544685903\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/0058\\/3578\\/4256\\/products\\/81PN7bs5JqL._SX679.jpg?v=1544685905\",\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/0058\\/3578\\/4256\\/products\\/81x4qJRjlxL._SX679.jpg?v=1544685906\"],\"featured_image\":\"\\/\\/cdn.shopify.com\\/s\\/files\\/1\\/0058\\/3578\\/4256\\/products\\/71PBS48fkCL._SX679.jpg?v=1544685899\",\"options\":[\"PACK\",\"CCT\"],\"content\":\"\\u003cp\\u003e The PAR20 LED light bulbs are an Ameriluck EXCLUSIVE design featuring our specially designed glass filter which mimics the performance of conventional halogen PAR20 bulbs.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cul\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eNo warm up times for an instant on unlike CFL bulbs, turn the switch and light instantly with full brightness.\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eGorgeous Display: 80+ CRI (Color Rendering Index) for vibrant light quality.\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eShatter proof, omni-directional with standard E26 medium screw bases.\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eIlluminates at the equivalency of a 75W halogen bulb providing 750+ lumens but only consumes 7W for 85.3% in energy savings!\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eFlickering-free, NVF\\u0026lt;10% and zero harsh glares prevents eye fatigue and provides a comfortable, stress-free atmosphere. ", "\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003eThese AmeriLuck PAR30 LED bulbs are dimmable, they are compatible with most dimmers on the market.\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003e\\u003cspan\\u003ePerfect for indoor \\u0026amp; outdoor use, these bulbs have standard E26 base\\/120V for most fixtures. ", "Ideal for indoor\\/outdoor track lighting fixtures and perfect for indoor 4in ceiling cans.\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003eExtremely long lasting, each bulb is expected to deliver 15,000 hours of light.\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003cli\\u003e3-Year no questions asked warranty guaranteed. ", "\\u003c\\/li\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/ul\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[TABS]\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch5\\u003eReviews\\u003c\\/h5\\u003e\\n\\u003ch5\\u003eSpecifications \\u003c\\/h5\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable id=\\\"productDetails_techSpec_section_1\\\" class=\\\"a-keyvalue prodDetTable\\\" role=\\\"presentation\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eBrand\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eAmeriLuck\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003ePart Number\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eAB-G25-WGD0-0650\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eItem Weight\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e3.04 ounces\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eProduct Dimensions\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e2.5 x 2.5 x 3.5 inches\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eItem model number\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e0190015\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eAssembled Height\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e3.48 inches\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eAssembled Length\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e2.5 inches\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eAssembled Width\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e2.5 inches\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eColor\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e3000K|warm White\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eShape\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eBulb\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eVoltage\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e120 volts\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eSpecific Uses\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eGeneral purpose\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eFixture Features\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eInstant On, Dimmable, Shatter resistant, 7W 500lumens, Wet location rated, Low non-visible flickering to protect your eyes\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003ePower Source\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003ecorded-electric\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eBatteries Included?\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eNo\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eBatteries Required?\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eNo\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eCertification\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eUL Listed\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-declarative\\\" data-action=\\\"a-popover\\\" data-a-popover='{\\\"cache\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"closeButton\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"\\\\tType of Bulb\\\\t\\\",\\\"width\\\":\\\"280\\\",\\\"header\\\":\\\"\\\\tType of Bulb\\\\t\\\",\\\"position\\\":\\\"triggerRight\\\",\\\"scrollable\\\":\\\"false\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516121\\\"}'\\u003e\\u003ca class=\\\"a-link-normal\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" href=\\\"https:\\/\\/www.amazon.com\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516121\\\"\\u003eType of Bulb\\u003c\\/a\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eLED\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-declarative\\\" data-action=\\\"a-popover\\\" data-a-popover='{\\\"cache\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"closeButton\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"Base Type\\\",\\\"width\\\":\\\"280\\\",\\\"header\\\":\\\"Base Type\\\",\\\"position\\\":\\\"triggerRight\\\",\\\"scrollable\\\":\\\"false\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516151\\\"}'\\u003e\\u003ca class=\\\"a-link-normal\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" href=\\\"https:\\/\\/www.amazon.com\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516151\\\"\\u003eBase Type\\u003c\\/a\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003eE26\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eEU Energy Efficiency Label\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003ehttp:\\/\\/www.ameriluck.com.img.800cdn.com\\/LFL_PAR20_7W_500LM_3000K_13.7yrs_$0.84.jpg\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eLuminous Flux\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e500 lm\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eWattage\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e5.5 watts\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-declarative\\\" data-action=\\\"a-popover\\\" data-a-popover='{\\\"cache\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"closeButton\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"\\\\tIncandescent equivalent\\\\t\\\",\\\"width\\\":\\\"280\\\",\\\"header\\\":\\\"\\\\tIncandescent equivalent\\\\t\\\",\\\"position\\\":\\\"triggerRight\\\",\\\"scrollable\\\":\\\"false\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516181\\\"}'\\u003e\\u003ca class=\\\"a-link-normal\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" href=\\\"https:\\/\\/www.amazon.com\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516181\\\"\\u003eIncandescent equivalent\\u003c\\/a\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e50 watts\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-declarative\\\" data-action=\\\"a-popover\\\" data-a-popover='{\\\"cache\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"closeButton\\\":\\\"true\\\",\\\"name\\\":\\\"\\\\tColor Temperature\\\\t\\\",\\\"width\\\":\\\"280\\\",\\\"header\\\":\\\"\\\\tColor Temperature\\\\t\\\",\\\"position\\\":\\\"triggerRight\\\",\\\"scrollable\\\":\\\"false\\\",\\\"url\\\":\\\"\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516201\\\"}'\\u003e\\u003ca class=\\\"a-link-normal\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" href=\\\"https:\\/\\/www.amazon.com\\/gp\\/jewelry\\/technical-specs-help\\/?ie=UTF8\\u0026amp;hideLogo=1\\u0026amp;page_ident=1000516201\\\"\\u003eColor Temperature\\u003c\\/a\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e3000 Kelvin\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eColor Rendering Index (CRI)\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e80.00\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003cth class=\\\"a-color-secondary a-size-base prodDetSectionEntry\\\"\\u003eLumen Maintenance Factor at the End of Life\\u003c\\/th\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd class=\\\"a-size-base\\\"\\u003e70.00\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/table\\u003e\\n\\u003cbr\\u003e\\n\\u003ch5\\u003eFAQ\\u003c\\/h5\\u003e\\n\\u003ctable style=\\\"width: 80.5147%;\\\"\\u003e\\n\\u003ctbody\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%; text-align: center;\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e Question \\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%; text-align: center;\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003e Answer\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%;\\\"\\u003ewhat does wet rated really mean? ", "Can it operate with rain falling on it?\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%;\\\"\\u003eYes, it can be used in any wet locations. ", "\\u003cbr\\u003eIt operate with rain falling on it \\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%;\\\"\\u003eWhat diameter?\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%;\\\"\\u003e4 1\\/2 inches \\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%;\\\"\\u003eDo you have this one in 4000k? ", "also do you have this one with the candelabra base in 3000 or 4000k? ", "thanks\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%;\\\"\\u003eSorry, currently we don't have the items you mentioned. ", "\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%;\\\"\\u003edimensions shown: assembled height 3.48\\\" assembled length 20.5\\\" assembled width 2.5\\\" what is the actual length and diameter of the bulb?\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%;\\\"\\u003eHello, it's 2.5\\\" in diameter and 3.48\\\" in length. ", "Sorry for the confusion. ", "\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%;\\\"\\u003eAre these dimmable?\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%;\\\"\\u003eThey were returned if I remember correctly, not the right colour light for my purposes. ", "\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctr\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 49%;\\\"\\u003eCountry of origin?\\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003ctd style=\\\"width: 63.6612%;\\\"\\u003echina \\u003c\\/td\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tr\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/tbody\\u003e\\n\\u003c\\/table\\u003e\\n\\u003ch5\\u003eAbout Us\\u003c\\/h5\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eWho Are We\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003eWe are AmeriLuck, we have been manufacturing premium quality lighting products to customers for over 20 years. ", "Over the years we have become industry leading experts in what we do and have formed exclusive partnerships with industry giants like Home Depot, RONA, and Walmart. ", "Over 1 million customers have enjoyed our lighting products over the years, now its your turn to find out why.\\u003cbr\\u003eThe name AmeriLuck can be broken down in to two parts 'Ameri' and 'Luck'. ", "We want to wish Americans the best of luck with everything they do. ", "There is a special feeling with our products in that they are lucky. ", "They always work, are lon-lasting and are 100% safe. ", "We want to bring this good fortune we have acquired over the last 20 years and share them with the American people. ", "\\u003cbr\\u003eWe at AmeriLuck wish Americans the best of luck in their endeavors! ", "\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eHow We Do It\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003eWe manufacture all our products in our factories ourselves, this way we are able to strictly control the quality of all our lighting products. ", "Manufacturing all our products in house means that we are able to tightly monitor any manufacturing issues or defects in our process and make quick changes based on what we hear from customers and from our staff. ", "This commitment to not outsourcing our manufacturing means we're able to offer high quality products at an affordable price.\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003eOur Lighting Products\\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003eAmeriLuck deals with all type of lighting products indoor, outdoor, functional and vanity. ", "Our LED light bulbs comes in all standard sizes, are long lasting, almost never malfunction, flicker, overheat or create static. ", "This due in part because of the superior construction and design our bulbs and in part due to the over 20 years of experience we have in manufacturing lighting products. ", "\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003ch5\\u003e WARRANTY\\u003c\\/h5\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-list-item\\\"\\u003eAmeriluck is a brand that values transparency and building good relationships with our valued customers. ", "As a result of this we employ a no questions asked warranty policy for all our American customers. ", "If for any reason your Ameriluck products are damaged, malfunctioning or have any issues, Ameriluck will take full responsibility of your product for up to 2-Years after the purchase date on most items.\\u003cbr\\u003eOUR COMMITMENT TO YOU:\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-list-item\\\"\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003eAll Ameriluck customers qualify for full access to our no questions asked warranty immediately after purchase. ", "If you ever have any inquiry's regarding whether or not your product is still under warranty just email us at \\u003cem\\u003e\\u003cstrong\\u003einfo@ameriluck.com \\u003c\\/strong\\u003e\\u003c\\/em\\u003eand inquire about your warranty status. ", "We will ask for for:\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-list-item\\\"\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"\\u003eYour Full name \\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"\\u003eYour Address\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003cspan style=\\\"text-decoration: underline;\\\"\\u003eYour Order Number\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003e\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-list-item\\\"\\u003eTO RECEIVE WARRANTY SERVICE, PLEASE:\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-list-item\\\"\\u003e\\u003cbr\\u003eContact our Customer Service department at info@ameriluck.com and advise them of the nature of the issue. ", "Customer Service will provide you with information as to how to proceed.\\u003cbr\\u003ePlease remember, product returned for warranty claims must be accompanied by the original order number as well as written details regarding the nature of the problem, the location of the product, etc.\\u003cbr\\u003eIf your product is returned, please retain a copy of the shipping information for your records.\\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e\\u003cspan class=\\\"a-list-item\\\"\\u003e \\u003c\\/span\\u003e\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\\n\\u003cp\\u003e[\\/TABS]\\u003c\\/p\\u003e\"}\n\nPAR30 LED Light Bulbs\n\n$15.98\n\nThe PAR20 LED light bulbs are an Ameriluck EXCLUSIVE design featuring our specially designed glass filter which mimics the performance of conventional halogen PAR20 bulbs.", "\nNo warm up times for an instant on unlike CFL bulbs, turn the switch and light instantly with full brightness.", "\nGorgeous Display: 80+ CRI (Color Rendering Index) for vibrant ..." ]

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[ "Plasmonic Biosensor Based on Vertical Arrays of Gold Nanoantennas.", "\nImplementing large arrays of gold nanowires as functional elements of a plasmonic biosensor is an important task for future medical diagnostic applications. ", "Here we present a microfluidic-channel-integrated sensor for the label-free detection of biomolecules, relying on localized surface plasmon resonances. ", "Large arrays (∼1 cm2) of vertically aligned and densely packed gold nanorods to receive, locally confine, and amplify the external optical signal are used to allow for reliable biosensing. ", "We accomplish this by monitoring the change of the optical nanostructure resonance in the presence of biomolecules within the tight focus area above the nanoantennas, combined with a surface treatment of the nanowires for a specific binding of the target molecules. ", "As a first application, we detect the binding kinetics of two distinct DNA strands as well as the following hybridization of two complementary strands (cDNA) with different lengths (25 and 100 bp). ", "Upon immobilization, a redshift of 1 nm was detected; further backfilling and hybridization led to a peak shift of additional 2 and 5 nm for 25 and 100 bp, respectively. ", "We believe that this work gives deeper insight into the functional understanding and technical implementation of a large array of gold nanowires for future medical applications." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to an image drawing apparatus which converts input data into raster information and outputs an image having gradations.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nIn recent years, in the fields of computer graphics, DTP and so forth, apparatus has been developed to convert input graphic data or code data-into raster information such as a bit map and output it to an outputting apparatus such as a display or a printer which can provide a gradation output or a color output.", "\nWhen input data are to be converted into bit map information and outputted, an outputting apparatus having a low resolution has a drawback in that the degradation of the picture quality by jaggy is remarkable. ", "In order to cope with the problem, it is a conventional practice to produce an enlarged image obtained by raster conversion, process the enlarged image by filter processing to convert it into an image having gradations to smooth an edge portion and output the image. ", "However, very much processing time is required and a memory of a large capacity is required to produce an enlarged image and process the enlarged image by filter processing. ", "Also a technique wherein a gradation at an edge portion is detected from an inclination of a straight line and outputted has been proposed and is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. ", "Heisei 4-15771. ", "The technique, however, has a drawback in that, since image drawing processing proceeds along a straight line, when image drawing is performed for each scanning line, much processing time is still required and image drawing for scanning line is not performed at a high rate." ]

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[ "\n\nThe Blind Date Guarantee you'll never go on a blind date again\n\n\n\nSubscribe • All Cartoons • Help • Site Map\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Passive investing is not as great as it's made out to be\n\nIf the passive management crowd is to be believed, actual stock picking will soon be an anachronism that belongs alongside age-betraying habits such as hard candy and AOL email accounts. ", "Active funds, their narrative goes, have collectively underperformed the US stock market since 2008, making cheap index investing and “Smart Beta”\nthe default option for investors seeking exposure anywhere but purely niche markets. ", "What this account conveniently ignores, beyond the fact that actively managed strategies can hardly be categorized in one all-inclusive bucket, is that both index investing and stock picking are generally considered to be highly cyclical. ", "In fact, both investment philosophies have enjoyed multiple and sustained periods of outperformance over the past 30 years.", "\nPassive strategies have historically done best during speculative bull markets or in the final stages of extended bear markets, when there are typically fewer and smaller price movements for active managers to capitalise on. ", "Active strategies, in contrast, perform best when corporate fundamentals are driving returns, especially when bear markets begin or when bull markets resume. ", "It’s worth noting, too, that the latter scenario also favours value over growth for those keen on differentiating between disparate segments within active strategies.", "\n\nTo be sure, though, it’s unrealistic to expect managers to outperform their benchmarks every year, or avoid any periods of underperformance when the underlying investment theses require time to materialise. ", "Active managers would naturally struggle to outperform in a bull market during which S&P 500 has largely trended upwards in a straight line. ", "That being said, truly active managers that can identify idiosyncratic risk have indeed been able to outperform their benchmarks over the past eight years, even on an after-fee basis. ", "But looking holistically across the entire universe of active strategies, as most passive advocates are wont to do, the sheer magnitude of this bull market and the central bank liquidity driving it has conspired against active funds. ", "Cheap debt and big flows of capital into passive vehicles have fed on themselves. ", "It’s a replay of the mid-1990s, when the market shifted to relatively inexpensive exchange traded funds in response to high fees and subpar returns.", "\n\nSmart beta funds have become so inexpensive and so ubiquitous that there are now more ETFs in this category than there are actively managed large-cap funds. ", "As a result, many stocks are simply being driven by factor or stylistic reasons rather than corporate fundamentals. ", "And a corollary is that many of the more common “smart beta” factors have become such crowded trades that they are almost certainly, distorting the market. ", "To wit, reason would dictate that the most profitable companies would be in demand in a low-growth environment such as today. ", "Ironically, many are trading at near all-time lows relative to the market valuations. ", "The last two times this happened — between 2000 and 2002 and between 2008 and 2009 — should at least give pause to those investors content to merely ride the index.", "\n\nThis year, thanks to ETF demand, high dividend stocks have generally outperformed, just as they did in 2012 and early 2013, ahead of the Taper Tantrum, when the Fed scaled back its bond-purchasing program. ", "That led to a massive reversal for these equities that had served as bond proxies for many income investors. ", "At the time, high-dividend payers were thought to be just as safe as bonds, yet investors got predictably burned. ", "In the years ahead of and following the Taper Tantrum, the S&P High Yield Dividend Aristocrats Index, comprised of the highest yielding domestic equities, represented one of the more volatile segments across all stocks. ", "Prior to the Fed’s decision to pull back on the bond-purchasing program, the index had been outperforming the S&P 500 by nearly 4%, and in the year that followed, lagged the S&P 500 by nearly 5%, representing a roughly 9% reversal over that time.", "\n\nIt’s a salutary reminder of the risks of piling into indices that are weighted by market capitalisation. ", "It also shows that passive investors aren’t only giving up the potential to outperform the market, they may be exposing themselves to meaningful unrealized factor risks and potential losses. ", "Hence, it is imperative to remember that active management isn’t solely about finding the idiosyncratic opportunities that translate into alpha; it’s about managing the downside during periods of higher market volatility.", "\n\nThe function of capital markets is to allocate resources to the most productive uses and the best managers of those businesses. ", "If fewer investment managers are doing the fundamental analysis needed to pick the best stocks and avoid the worst, the market’s capacity to price shares efficiently will eventually be undermined. ", "In the United States, index funds and smart beta strategies constitute roughly half of the of the investment funds operating today. ", "This translates into a market in which these passive strategies effectively magnify the noise, while overlooking the signals that reflect the market’s intrinsic value. ", "It’s not unreasonable to think that an inflection awaits those content to overlook the qualitative analysis needed to identify bubbles and steer clear of market risks that can’t be discerned by an algorithm or screen. ", "As the godfather of value investing, Benjamin Graham, said, there’s no such thing as passive investing. ", "Any investment that isn’t based upon thorough analysis, promising the safety of principal and an adequate return, is merely “speculation.”", "\n\nDaniel J. Farren is a senior portfolio analyst for Boston Partners. ", "He joined the firm from Alliance Bernstein in New York where he spent over three years in a sales capacity covering Hedge Funds and concentrating on Event Driven Research. ", "Boston Partners has approximately $81.5 billion of assets under management." ]

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[ "Image and text provided by Penn State University Libraries; University Park, PA\n\nEVENING LEDGER PHILADELPHIA, MONDAY. ", "JANUARY 2B 1915.- ; . ", "IK8 .Itmung HHg tfoitrjcrPtJfltlC LEDCEtl COMPANYCTitt'd a. Jt cuims, tjuibes.", "Jehfi C. Martin, Tresiurert Churlcs II tudlnitton,ptilllrt B Collin\", John D William. ", "Director--\"\"\" \" EOlTOniAti BOARD ICtaus It. ", "It. ", "Ccsns. ", "Chairman.", "P. K. wTT,At.", "ET. . ", "Eiccutlra Editor30UN C JtAHTIN .general Business Managerrubllthxt dally at PcaUo l,tMia nullAlnr,Independence Square. ", "Philadelphia.ttMn Catrsit, .Broad and Chestnut StreetAiMStic Cttf ri-t;mo Building-'TJaW Yoaic ,.... 170-A, Metropolitan TowerCiitiMoo 817 Home Insurance BulldlneLomcom . . ", "i , 8 Waterloo riace. ", "Tall Mall, S. Vf.", "NEWSBWIEAUSIirtaEl BrnwtT .......The Tatrtot nulMltigWantKTOM Bciiuo.. ............ .The roit Buildingfjrir Tone: BCiB... ........ ...The Tlmn UulMlnicniUN Ddiuu ....no FrledrichKtrajMI.ondov iluntlO.. 2 rati Mall Haat, B. W,Plats Bcsuu.. ..........33 Hue Louis le GrandsunsciuntoN temhBr carrier. ", "Ditti Oklt, nix centa. ", "Br mall, postpaidoutside of Philadelphia, except where foreign pontagela required, DAILY ONT.T, one month, twenty-live centalDaily ONLr, on year, three dollara. ", "All mall aubcrlptlona parable In advance.", "BELL, 3000 WALNUT KEYSTONE, MAIN 3000Or AiArttt all communication to EveningZfigtr, Irutettndtnc Stuart, PMladttpMa.sxtxud At mx rnitiDELrnii rosTotnca as sccondctisa uiil KiTTPt.rniLAPKLTillA, MONDAY, JAHUAnV 35, 191S.No woman need be afraid of the man who Ualto In love tcith Ms tcork.", "A New Hjbrid for the DonkeyDEMOCRATIC Senators havo made thePreertdcntfB ship-purchaso bill n partymeasure. ", "Had It been proposed by n, Republican Administration tho shaded of Jeffersonand Jackson would have been Invoked endlessly In opposition. ", "Thoro Is only one goodthing about tho bill and that Is Us perfectlyopen Indefensibility.", "Its pnrpooo is to npbutld tlio merchantmoxlno; Its effect would be to destroy It. ", "Itavowedly is Intended to embark tho nationfax an economically unsound enterprise Itproposes a, controlling1 board In which thoSecretary of tho Navy will not havo membership, although tho assumption is that hoKnows as much about shipping as the Secretary of the Treasury. ", "It Is a sod mixtureof hysteria, fallacy, politics and prejudicewith somo Bops for special Interests thrownIn for lagnappo.", "If tho Democratic party wants to stake Itschances In 1816 on a hybrid of this Bort, it Islikely to be for tho Republicans what Theodore Roosevelt was for tho Wilsonltcs in1812.Take the Shackles From Neutral TradeEVERT person who wishes the UnitedStates to prevent the sale of supplies totho belligerents ought to read the admirableexposition of1 the rights nnd duties of neutrals with which the State Department's explanation of the course of this Governmentsince tho beginning of the war concludes.", "This splendid document explains everycharge of violation of neutrality and meetstho objections of those who have been insisting that wo have been helping tho Alliesat the expense of Germany and Austria-Hungary.", "It Is clear that there has been a consistent nnd earnest determination on the partof tho Government to treat all parties withequal fairness, whllo maintaining tho rightof tha United States to continue to do business in spite of tho war. ", "There has been noletting down to favor ono belligerent at thoexpense of another and there has been noconcession In any completed transaction toa demand that tho Government interferewith tho rights of any of its citizens to do.business with any of tho belligerents. ", "Thocritics of tho Administration might say thatthere have been One or two cases of interference; but 'whatever has been done has beendone from an excess of caution and from adetermination that there Bhould be no excuseto charge us with favoritism.", "The Important part of the document is theconcluding paragraph. ", "In which it is statedwith positive directness that whatever advantage Great Britain may enjoy Is due totho superiority ,of the British navy to thonavies of Germany and Austria-Hungary,& superiority that enables tho Allies to command the seas and to secure tho safe conduct of munitions of war. ", "And it is deniedthat any obligation rests upon this Government to prevent trade In contraband, andthus equalize the difference due to the differing1 naval strength of the belligerents. ", "Notonly doeo no duty rest upon this Governmentto take sruch a course, but It would be an unneutral act under tho circumstances andmake the United States an ally of Germanyand Austria-Hungary.", "There) la no doubt whatever that this document states tho view of the men responsible) for th policy of the Government in'Washington, and there is no doubt either thatall efforts to induce Congress to forbid thoexport of monitions of war will bo futile,tor the) Government has not allied ltsolf withtho British and it will not ally Itself withGermany. ", "And It will defend the rights ofAmerican citizens to sell their products toWhoever will buy them. ", "If they are contraband, the) purchaser must take tha chancesf ratting them.", "\"What the Sea Fight AlcanarnHB important fact to be noted in connecJLtlon with Sunday's naval battle is that Itwas fought oft the coast of Holland, TheBritish fleet la not hugging the shores ofEngland, timidly expecting a German raid.", "It is patrolling the German coast on theNorth Sea in an effort to draw the Germanfleet out to battle. ", "If It Is foggy on the British coast It may be clear off WUhelmahavenAnd a raiding fleet can be detected beforaIts gets' far from its base. ", "If it la foggy offWllhelmshaven it may be clear oft tho British coast and a German fleet can be repulsed by the ships at home. ", "There willhot be another Scarborough raid, if foresightcan prevent It,Mr. Stotesbury as a HumoristTHERE are a few pessimists who, whenthey heard or read Mr, Stotesbury'sspeech at the Five o'clock Club, reflectedthat many a true word is spoken in jest. ", "Butthe rest of the world, meaning those interested In the doings of the Five o'clock Cluband its star speaker, knew that Mr. Stotesbury was intending to test their capacity tounderstand a joke. ", "He maintained his posejf gloomy and. ", "depressing seriousness to theend in a way that not even Artemus \"Wardcould havo equalled.", "Business Is going to the demnltlpn bowwows, according to this exponent of humor.", "The whole world la out of joint and there lano ine who sewn to have the wit to put ftright Corporations fcav botw compelled tordms tfcjr dividend trow T Rr eejt. ", "ta 6per ,b , ftn4 Mao. ", "wttfc HMWe to lvrf awssefcM tMtwrtfcy hewwMfwi wko wM wttWn ! ", "t Of ja..r M 11 tfbury know that there are more men whowant to- borrow monty than men vJho havoIt to lend nnd ha wns taking this Indirectway to show how good but, no, wo Bhall notgo further, for the point of tho Joko is sosharp that nn explanation would only bluntIt. ", "It Is enough to remark that Mr. Stotesbury surprised nnd dollghtcd his friends Inhis now rote of humorist.", "A Squnrc Deal Means n March ElectionIT IS n remarkable transit program whichhas been conceived nnd proposed.", "It involves tho expcndlturo by tho municipality of moro than $45,000,000, yet bo admirably adapted Is It to tho necessities ofPhiladelphia, so skilfully does It measuroand provido for tho several districts to boserved, so fairly does It balanco public andprivate Interests, that during tho long campaign of discussion not a slnglo volco ofmoment has been raised In opposition to Itand ho man has ventured openly to galnsnyIts merits.", "Tho program Is an agreement between thoPhiladelphia Rapid Transit Company andthe city. ", "It bears, therefore, tho Indorsementof tho traction experts who aro particularlywell versed In tho local situation. ", "ThoP. R. T. Is on record as favoring It, subjectto tho approval of a subsidiary, tho UnionTraction Company, which has waxed fat onits earnings In this city and Is asked now todo nothing moro than perform thoso functions which aro a corollary of Its frnnchlsoprivileges, namely, tho extension of Burfacolines' normally required. ", "Tho essonco of thotheory that excuses monopoly In corporationsperforming public service Is that this serviceshall bo satisfactory, both in operation nndin extension, to meet tho needs of normal orabnormal growth.", "Councils has dodicatod ltsolf to support oftho program by the appropriation for thorelocation of sewers.", "The people In a public mas3tnccting havode'clared themselves, not only for tho program as an ultlmato thing, but as an lmmodlato project, to bo begun at onco and rushedto completion.", "A clear majority of Councils have announced themselves to bo In favor of thowhole program, the poll having been conducted by tho Evknino DEDacn.", "This majority Is entitled to record Its votoon tho two ordinances now under consideration by tho Finance CommitteeThe people of Philadelphia aro entitled torecord their voto on the proposed $30,000,000loan and to do It at tho oarllest possiblemoment.", "An election in March is what Philadelphiawants and must get; an election In Marchthat there may be no pouring back of earthinto tho excavations made for the new sewors, no discontinuance of tho work oncobegun, no postponement for another year,with tho possibility of another winter ofunemployment Instead of tho prosperitywhich the work on so vast a public undertaking would ossuro.", "Unless there aro subtle Influences sappingtho will of Finance Committee; unless Insomo mysterious way sinister purposes Andsupport In that body, the ordinances mustbe reported favorably at tho next meetingof Councils. ", "There is no politics In the undertaking, for all classes of thought and allconditions of men are united In Its support.", "For every obstructionist there are 10,000workers In tho causo, 10,000 advocates of aGreater Philadelphia. ", "It cannot be that thisInsignificant minority has made FinanceCommittee Its citadel and can crouch behindit as a barrier to thwart the will of tens ofhundreds of thousands.", "Tet bo tho matter stands. ", "Finance Committee at Its next meeting will show whetherIt is for transit or against transit, for digging this year or at some indefinite timo intho future, for a March election or a posslblo June election.", "Let every citizen watch. ", "His aro the Interests that aro to be forwarded or knifed.", "Universal commendation for our representatives in the one case, condemnation as general in the other. ", "Which It shall bo Is up totho Finance Committee first and thoreafterup to Councils.", "Schools No Place for Prayer Meetings\"piLJVy\" SUNDAY showed his wisdomXJwhen he objected to the attempt toforce the holding of prayer meetings In thohigh school buildings against tho protest ofa member of tho Board of Education. ", "Thoroare others beside the protesting memberwho think that It would be a grievous mistake to open the school buildings In this cityfor \"Billy\" Sunday prayer meetings.", "Whether It is right or wrong, need not bediscussed at this time, but the whole geniusof the American public school system is secular and the American people aro most jealous of Us freedom from religious domination.", "Religion must be taught to the pupils Inother places than In the schoolhouses of agreat city, That tho leader in Jhe greatevangelistic movement here kept his hood Ina trying emergency is greatly to his credit.", "Can it be that tho police ara guarding\"Billy\" Sunday because the devil \"has it infor hlmrOne of the most gruesome contradictionsin these warlike times la the shipment ofcannon from Bethlehem.", "The Arizona widower's pension law Is forthe protection of motherless children and notto encourage second marriages.", "Mr. Bryan seems to be aa much interestedin the deficiency Jn Domlnloan funds as inthe scarcity of Dominican offices for ''deserving Democrats.\"\" \" ' ' \"", "William Peon's autograph sold for $13$ onSaturday, but there are many men in towntoday whose autograph on the bottom of thoright kind of a document would bring manytimes that petty gum-When the Cleveland physicist, who hassucceeded in eostrucing a pip organ whichcan pro4uoe elgbt vowel sounda, gets the Instrument go far perfected that it can aiag, alluuuble nlth church choirs will eeaae.", "THE SHINING SENATORSWERE HOUSE-TRAINEDExperience in tho Lower Branch ofCongress Enables Them to Legislatent High or Low Speed, Thus GivingThem a Decided Advantage.i.i i 'By EDWARD V. TOWNSENDI FEIVT suro that no one would \"gotTFX mmo\" for saying so I would put down onpnper right hero tho remark that, with thoexception of lew than n half dozon Senators(nnd you might cut that half dozen In twoand Btlll bo on Bnfo ground), thoro Is not amember of tho Scnato distinguished by conspicuous ability who has not served In thoHouse.", "Or, to put tho proposition In another way,thoro aro only n half dozen or less membersof tho Senato who havo reputations aa moroMinn commonplaco legislators who woro liottrained by experience In tho llouso of Representatives by Bcrvlco averaging 10 years.", "Down nt tho tall end of this piece I ahall annex n pnrngrnph Giving tho names of Scnntora who woro former Representatives andtho length of their Hotiso service, becauso 1had to wndo through tho Congressional Dllectory to get this Interesting Information,nnd whllo It docs not mnko a very good running story In ItFolf I do not wnnt to havotho result of my arduous labor lost. ", "As onowill sea by critically examining that paragraph tho names of tho members npprarlngtherein, tlmt Is, Scnntors who hntl llousotraining, mako a rather complete list ofabout nil tho Senators whoso names arofamiliar through their official activities.", "Senatorial TouchdownsIt may bo bocauno of this early and oxtcnslvo training In tho gnmo that thoso Housetrained Scnntors have equal facility In goingslow or fast; thoy can dolay the game, ormako touchdowns with amazing rapidity.", "This statement may surprlso somo who rendIt, because thero has been so much criticismof tho Senato for Its dollbcrnto movements.", "Tho fact Is, however, that In tho nbsenco ofany rules to speak of, tho Senato, whon Itwnnts to do so, can transact moro businessIn an afternoon that It Is posslblo for thoHouse to transact In a month. ", "It Is somotimes said that tho Scnato has no rules,which Is not true, Btrlctly speaking; althoughIt Is truo that It runs along In an cnsy-golngfashion a wholo session at a time withoutany referenco to Its rules or any disturbanceresulting from tho fact that It has any.", "Thero Is no doubt that tho States roprosented by Senators with Houso training nrobetter represented than tho others. ", "New YorkIs an exception to this rule for reasons Iwill not go Into for fear of making Invidiouscomparisons, further than to say that Senators Root and O'Gorman havo both hadtraining, extending over many years, whichequips them to tako caro of themselves andNow York's Interest quite handily.", "However, measured by brains and legislative adroitness, Massachusetts Is probablytho best represented Stato in tho Senato,with Henry Cabot Lodge, who had eightyears' training In the House, and John Wlngnte Weeks, who went directly from thoHouso to tho Senato after 10 years' Housotraining.", "And It would not bo a very raw gucs3 tosay that perhaps Michigan Is, next to Mas- .Bachusotts, as well represented as any Stnto;and It can hardly bo a coincidence, merelythat Michigan Is ono of tho other fow Stateshaving two Senators who havo had Housoexperience.", "Norris' Talking ITnbitsTho first noticeable difference one observesIn Scnntors who havo moved from ono endof tho Capitol to tho other Is their manner ofspeaking. ", "George W. Norris, of Nebraska,who moved over from tho House at tho boginning of this Congress, when In tho Housecould talk with that liveliness and emphasissometimes noticed in a batter who has hada second strlko called on him when ho foltcertain tho ball had passed a yard beyondtho corner of tho plato.", "For 10 years In tho Houso ho hnd tho common experience of members having three orfive minutes yielded to him to unbosom himself of thoughts which could easily bo spreadover tho entire first pngo of a newspaper, andunder thoso conditions oven a naturally Blowspeaker gets a smart move on him. ", "Thetraining had been too long and too severeto let Its beneficiary abandon Its results atonco and Senntor Norris In his early speecheson the floor of tho Sennto spoko with a rapidity that astonished members nnd deeplygrieved tho official reporters.", "Ho has already corrected tho habit andnow speaks with that deliberation wnrrantedby tho fnct that when ho once gets the floora Senator cannot bo \"taken off his feet,\" astho saying Is, by anything short of a parliamentary earthquake. ", "That seldom happensIn tho Senate.", "Durton in the Author ClassAnd then thero Is that vory able citizenwho always carries a hammer especiallyadapted for the purpose of knocking In thohead of pork barrels, Theodore E. Burton, ofOhio. ", "Ho served in tho House for 16 years,during 10 of which he was chairman of thoCommittee on Rivers and Harbors, andnecessarily had a great deal of talking to do.", "And he could talk. ", "The ablest of the Housoofficial reporters had to be right on the edgeof his foot to keep abreast of Burton's torrent of words.", "But now a coy mntden shyly murmuring:\"This Is so suddon!\" ", "Is a gatllng gun compared to tho serono deliberation of SenatorBurton In addressing tho Senate,' On Monday,after the Sonato voted not to make the District dry, Senator Burton rose and resumeda speech on the ship purchase bill, which hahad begun a week before, and tho mannerof his resumption was aa if ho had yioldedtha floor for a minute for somo purpose, andhe continued as though ho had another weekin which to conclude, as, indeed, ho has ifha wants It. ", "By the way, Burton la an authorright In the class with Senator Lodge, nndTheodora Roosevelt, being with them a con-,trlbutor to the \"American Statesman\" series,his subject having been John Sherman, ofhia State.", "William Cauied SurpriseJ think thit John Sharp Williams, of MIsslseippi, Is the only Senator who was ever aHouse floorleader. ", "Senator Williams wasminority flour leader in tho House for alacyears, arui that experience gave him a outslittle manner of havlngNome superior rightswh)ch he carried over to the Senate, to thasurpilse- of his fellow-merabera there. ", "But hehas the wit to maintain this assumption in away which makes the Senate Democraticleader, Kern, of Indiana, view him at timeawith alarm.", "Altogether, I should say that an experiencein the IIoue gives a Senator a marked advantage over nls fellows lacking that expertenoe. ", "The ex caption to prove the rule la theease of Smoot, of Utah An Intercut log chap.that eamo Reed Smoot. ", "It will bo recalledthat when ho took his scat, In 1003, his rightto sit In Congress wnn promptly nttneked ontho ground that ho was a Mormon, and bocause of somo onths of allcglanco that howas supposed to havo taken, was not eligible.", "The effort to oust him foiled, yet ono mightsuppose that with such a handicap ho wouldremain somewhat in tho background duringhh serviceNothing seemed to bo further from thomind of this banker and woolon manufacturer, who hnd never had a day's experiencein any kind of political ofllco before ho waselected to tho Scnato. ", "Possibly it was bocnusohis enemies thrcntencd his right to sit In thoScnnte at all that ho lesolvcd not only tosit there, but to sit at tho head of tho tabic.", "Tho plan ho pursued showed a very nice appreciation of human naturo. ", "So far as onocould observe It tho plnn merely was to makohimself ngrccablo and useful to his fellowRepublicans. ", "I havo many times .noticedSenator Smoot when ho would bo absolutelytho only Republican on tho floor besides thoSenator making a speech, sitting near thatSenator, apparently In rapt attention andhelping him with his data nnd memoranda.", "Smoot Sils at tho HeadI onco hoard a beautiful woman say In reply to tho question why sho liked a ccrtulnman who seemed to lack likable qualifications, \"How can I help liking him? ", "Ho hasbeen telling mo that I am beautiful, and thatho loves me, for five years \"I never saw tho man referred to, but howould go a long way in politics by merelyworking that Httlo plan with men uponwhom ho depended for prominence. ", "It wnsnot many years after Senntor Smoot showedthat ho liked all Republican Senators andconsidered them beautiful, that ho began tooxerclso tho powers and privileges of aleader. ", "Today no matter of Republican policyIn tho Senato is considered without ReedSmoot sitting at tho head of tho conferencetablo; no partisan debate Intended for campaign purposes Is conducted without ReedSmoot making tho keynote speech; no Republican Steering Commltteo Is formed without Reed Smoot being named Its chairman.", "Ho Is not a brilliant speaker, but he Is thoroughly Informed on all leglslatlvo matters,and ho discusses them In n vigorous, businesslike way, and that air of certainty whichcomes from tho possession of ample and nccurato Information.", "Here's tho ListHero Is that list of Senators who servedIn tho Houso, tho figures following theirnames Indicating the years of tholr serviceas Representatives before thoy became Senators In Congress. ", "Mark Smith, of Arizona,of course, was not a Representative from tho\"Stato of Arizona, but a delogato from thoTerritory of Arizona:John Hollls Bankhead, Alabama, 20 years;Marcus A. Smith, Arizona, 10 years; JosephTaylor Robinson, Arkansas, 10 years; JohnF. Shafroth, Colorado, 8 years; Frank Bosworth Brandegee, Connecticut, 6 years;Thomas William Hardwick, Georgia, 12years; James II, Lewis, Illinois, 2 years;.Benjamin F. Shtvely, Indiana, 6 years; OtlloM. James, Kentucky, 10 years; Joseph Eugene Ransdell, Louisiana, 14 years; EdwinChick Burleigh, Maine, 14 years; John Walter Smith, Maryland, 2 years; Henry CabotLodge, Massachusetts, 8 years; John Wingato Weeks, Massachusetts, 10 years; William Alden Smith, Michigan, 14 years; CharlesE. Townsend, Michigan, 8 years; Knute Nelson, Minnesota, 0 years; John Sharp Williams, Mississippi, 10 years; William JoelStone, Missouri, 6 years; Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska, 6 years; Georgo W. Norris,Nebraska, 10 years; Francis Q, Newlands,Novada, 10 years; Jacob II. ", "Galllnger, NowHampshire, 4 years; William. ", "Hughes, NewJersey, 8 years; F. M, Simons, North Carolina, 2 years; Asle J. Grona, North Dakota,6 years; Theodore El Burton, Ohio, 16 years;Morris Sheppnrd, Texas, 10 years; GeorgeSutherland, Utah, 2 years; Claude A. Swanson, Virginia, 14 years; Miles Polndexter,Washington, 2 years; Wesley L. Jones,Washington, 10 years; Nathan Goff, WestVirginia, 6 years; Robert M. La Follette,Wisconsin, 6 years; Isaao Stephenson, Wisconsin, 6 years; Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming. ", "4 years.", "The Illiteracy TestFrom tl Pltteburgh Poat.", "According to caiefully, compiled statistics thahighest percentage of illiteracy pniong Suropean nations la In Russia, Austrla-Hunfary andItaly. ", "That the original bill Ik aimed againstImmigration from these countries, dealgayi tobar out these \"undlrabls,\" m apparant ThePresident's opposition to the bill la worthy ofmore than ordinary consideration in view ofthe facta. ", "Inasmuch aa most of the unskilledlabor which tho country needs is recruited fromamong these illiterate races, the literacy teatla objected to on economic grounds. ", "Manifestlytho country cannot get along- without this clasaof labor, and to exclude this Immigration would,it ia believed, be detrimental to Ita growth anddevelopmentWellington on BattleNothing except a battle lot can be half sonieanbul u a buttle won -Wellington.", "NOT ASLEEP THIS TIMEDARTMOUTH'S COURSE IN HIRING HELP JNew Profession of Employment Manager \"Will LTclp to Eliminate Business!Waste and to Keep Workers Out of Blind Alleys.", "By HENRYWE HAVE had tho science of methods, ofmaterials and of machinery, and In allthoso things Philadelphia, through Its staffof management exports, has been foremost;now wo aro to havo tho science of men. ", "Atlast tho employe, tho human clement, Is tocomo Into his own as a factor In industrialand commercial progress. ", "Tho developmentmay require months, ovon years, but thoroscorns to bo general agreoment that Dartmouth, In inaugurating a courso In cmploymqnt as a function of management, is decidedly on tho right track. ", "It's about time torecognlzo tho fact that tho hiring of largonumbers of workets for a plant or store lanot a slniplo process to bo loft In tho handsof an ordinary subordinate. ", "Tho task la onothat demands unusual Judgment and discretion and calls for a specific training a training nkln to that exacted In any professionwhich concerns tho wclfaro of human soulsand bodies.", "Dartmouth College, then, In Its school ofadministration and finance, will glvo a special consideration to all problems relating toemployes. ", "Tho sources of supply, propermethods of securing help, classification according to aptitude training, guidance, promotion, labor exchange, and tho organizationand functions of tho employment staff willall bo treated In detail. ", "As n leading featuroof tho courso, students will bo given the opportunity to secure actual exporlcnco andmake Investigations along tho right lines Inrepresentative commercial and industrial concerns. ", "A Unique PropositionTho proposition from every point of viewIs unique. ", "Thero nro almost any number ofbusiness men who feel tho need of bettertrained omploymcnt managers but no college,heretofore, has offered to help them solvotheir problems. ", "The plan has tho distinctapproval of tho Employment Managers' Association of Boston and tho courso Itself hasbeen outlined by tho Boston VocationBureau. ", "In tho opinion of A. Lincoln Flleno,himself a largo employer of skilled labor,thero Is no question moro vital to tho business man of the present than that whichinvolves tho securing of tho right kind ofhelp, tho right men and women for tho rightJobs, and providing the basis for right rotations. ", "In tho average business houso today thonumber of different persons employed duringtho courso of a year is anywhere from oneand a half to three timOs as large as thonumber of places on the permanent payroll.", "Plainly there Is here an economic waste,a financial leak. ", "Tha causo is largely a poorselection of employes In tho first place, nndthe remedy, which Dartmouth proposes toBupply, consists in having employment managers who, on tho ono hand, aro acquaintedwith the necda and traditions of their firmsnnd, on the other, aro trained to know wheroto seek, how to obtain, develop and distributetho employes.", "Dealing in FuturesFrom the foci that big Boston employersare lending their assistance to Dartmouth inthis now undertaking, it must not bo inferredthat here is another attempt to exploit thahuman worker. ", "The purely material side oftholr several businesses has about reachedthe limit of efficient management. ", "Withthem It Is no longer a question of how to gettho most out of their men, but how to arrange affairs so that the men themselvesmay best grow and receive tho full rewardof their ability. ", "If the employe la to be contented and\" his work satisfactory to himselfand his employer, he must never, bo In theposition where ha seea ahead of hlra a atonowall, a professional deadline beyond whichhe must not and cannot go. ", "Much of our industrial unhapplness Is tho result of a wrong'distribution of employes. ", "In their preaentJobs niany men and women ara really up ablind alley. ", "Shift them to other depart-'ments, give them moro congenial work todo, and they are Immediately transformedfrom sullen, dejected help to willing andenergetic ejnployea. ", "To arrange affaire aothat fcveryjr nyorlw whj j,avo a future la thusone of tfijI'djMes of the trained employmentmanager. ", "wHere Is a situation which every bo 'oftenconfronts all department atorea: A girl, neatin her personal habits, normally Intelligentand with flrst-claaa recommendations In respect to honesty and Integrity, applies for aJob. ", "At onco it la evident that her schoolinghas been neglected and that her social attainments are conspicuous by their absence.", "Ia aha to be rejected because of her deftcienclea or is she to be hired In the hopethat contact Yith people will smooth therough spots? ", "Right hero la where the trainedJudg 9 help come into the squatton. ", "He.neither turns her down nor leaves her to ac-T. CLAUSqulro polish by practicing on tho firm's cusJluiuvtB iiu oviiua iioi lu u tumiuuillioilschool at tho cxpenso of tho company's time.", "Thoro sho obtains Just exactly what sh\",needs to becomo an Ideal employe, and thefirm regards tho expenditure ns Justified.", "'\"Laboratory\" Studies1All such cases as this and the question!,';growing out of them will bo taken up In ths'vnnrr TlfiWrvirtut V. pnitvao T\"ll-n.t,. ", "T7aM !", "tho Tuck School, will bo assisted by a staff ohwell-known business mon who will contribute.as their sharo tho story of tholr long experience. ", "From a strictly utilitarian standpoint,students will piobnbly get the best part 6ftheir education through tho medium of part- jtime work In factories and stores. ", "All ar-i3rnngemonts aro not yet made, but very soon,i'It Is expected, agreements will be completedwhereby concerns In many and widely varying fields will allow tho college men to comejinto tneir organizations tor a nrsi-nana siuayof employment problems.", "That the vonturo will bo a distinct successand thnt the results will profoundly affectAmerican business Is tho conviction of MrFilenc, Meyer Bloomfleld and others eon-nected with tho Vocation uuroau, wnose recent longthy conferonco with the college iauthorities was the causo of the action whica'tresulted In tho new course. ", "These men Tventto Hanover on tho Invitation of PresidentiNichols and as tho envoys of tho Employment Managers' Association, an organizationof about 50 Boston business men who dojtho hiring of employes for largo concernsnnd who nro dally feeling a greater rejponjl'blllty for tho vocational guidance of the wennnd women who work for thorn. ", "These manngcrs In every case stand high In the coun:ells of their firm. ", "They aro Important cogiIn tho executive machines, are making aclose study of tho hiring problem In alj Itsphnses and aro a unit In declaring that the.employment manager must bo a trained sptoclalist and that tho sclenco of securing tMright sort of help is founded on certain vltjnnd fundamental principles. ", "Dartmouth's!task will bo to unfold these principles to theyoung men who como to its halls in searcaof business learning.", "Socrates in PhiladelphiaFrom the Kanaas City Star. \"", ".;Not long ago two gontlemen happened tmoet In the street of an Important city. ", "Onewas d Standpatter, tho other a ProBreMlve. ", "i\"Whv Is it.\" ", "Inaulred the Standpatter, \"thMwe nre sensible enough to pay no attention tojjthe opinion of men on certain subjects, Ii\"imedicine or shipbuilding, unless tney are pperts7 And yet we let everybody nave a .learned or unlearned, highbrow or lowbrow, n,the matter under consideration Is an affair orState? ", "i\"It Isn't rjxatnnnhls \" nrtrlurl tha Standpatter.", "\"Don't be too hasty,\" replied the other. \"", "WhJJdo we punish criminals? ", "Isn't It became Wbelieve all men havo the capacity to I' J'nhnv tho Inwa? ", "Vnn Irnnw tha tradition tBStHermes put the question to Zeus whether Mj.. .. .,.-,..... ,...- j ..vA- trt nnirffa few men or to alt. ", "To all,' Zeus replied. ", "J-X.a.", ",1 lllf. ", "t,-m oil tft hava n nhftr. ", "OthtMlMcities could not exist, and the race of men 'wW;perish.' \" ; ", "-So It waa the conclusion of tha ProjTtMlthat the reason for giving all men a snare tthe Government waa tha belief that politicalvirtuo Instead of being, like an art, a prlTlWof a few, was an obligation or an.", "Tha conversation Bounda comparatively tawern. ", "But It happenB that It was reporitoAthens nearly 2509 yeara ago in one oi ialoguea of Bocratea.", "Freedom of the SeasUa ,k (a. -.la-a-a. I Yw.m.1fUII, IU, LIUMUH.H 4M4U.W.. . . ", ".Th freedom of tha aeaa la an Issua Tlt-w ;should cause all neutral nations to unite la ?", "atlon to secure and defend It. ", "-tThji i.nlta.1 i.-niil.ll.ci nt th AttlnriCSn CCS?.tlnenta cannot accept any nation aa ruler of thuwaves.", "THE IUGIIT KIND OF MANThe kind of a man for you and melHe facea the world unflinchingly,And uniltes aa long aa the wrong resists,With a knuckled faith and force like flats,He Uvea the life he la preaching of.", "And lovea where moat la the need of love;tii. ", "vniM la Hour ta ths deaf man's ears,And his face sublime through tha blindTho lUjfht ehlnea out whera the clouds Sy0lrn' .. ... . ", "1And the widow's nrayer goea up for nun, ,?", "sThe latch la allnked at the hovel doorAnd the alck roan sees tha aun onco more,And out o'er the barren field he seeaSpringing blossoms and waving trees,TAllnc- nnlv Ihft rivlrlfir mayThat God's own servant haa come tpat wayen .... ,i. M.u n It atltl tulnrliilcnomuguiuis ui twin hi - \"-; \"7, haveThrough the golden gate where his loved wyKne. ", "James Whltcbmb \"1\"'AN EVENING TilOUGlfO that I could a aln once see.", "We Paint the devil fwl-y heTruth noma s-ood ta him. ", "all agreeSin ia Hat OWMWlU Ui U\" Almlght)it wants tho cood of virtue andMM.Oeerja!U\"WH- -m" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to make the top of candy mountain from Kirby super star\n\nFirst post (yay) i know this may sound dumb but, in kirby super star theres a backround with mountains called \"candy mountain\" i was wondering how do you make that \"spiky cone\" of the mountains\nhttp://kirby.wikia.com/wiki/Candy_Mountain\nNot the base of the mountain just the tops, the \"spiked\" white area\nthanks!", "\n\nA:\n\nCreate a cylinder with 24 vertices for a 12 spike object. ", "Set the Cap Fill Type to nothing.", "\n\nTab into edit mode and select the bottom ring of vertices. ", "From the Select menu select Checker Deselect. ", "Now use g to grab the vertices and z to constrain the movement to the Z axis. ", "Drag down to set the length of the spikes. ", "In the following image I have hidden the top ring of vertices with h\n\nThen extrude the top ring twice, once to create the ridge and the second time to create the top. ", "Close this with alt+m and Merge to Center.", "\nNow Tab out of edit mode. ", "Set Smooth and add the Subdivision Surface modifier and ensure the Subdivision for both Preview and Render are 1.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Latest Laws stories on ABC Online\n\nThe New South Wales Government has announced plans to relax some of its controversial lockout laws in Sydney's CBD. ", "The changes come after a review from a former High Court judge who found that the laws were effective in reducing violence, but at a cost to the city's vibrancy. ...", "\n\nOne of the issues on the agenda for this week's COAG meeting of state and territory leaders is how to classify the controversial Adler shotgun. ", "Most of the states and territories want the weapon to be put in Category D, which means only professional shooters can access it. ", "But several Nationals MPs ...\n\nPeople with life-limiting illnesses and with disabilities fear being left out of a debate about euthanasia. ", "The Victorian Parliament is heading for a conscience vote on the issue, after the state's government endorsed legalising assisted suicide.", "\n..." ]

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[ "[Changes in factors associated with the nutrition transition in Mexico].", "\nTo describe the demographic and socioeconomic changes, food availability and food expense in Mexico during 1980-2000. ", "From official statistics (Population Census, FAO Food Balance Sheets, Family Income and Expense National Survey and Economic Census) we estimated the evolution of population distribution according to locality size, occupational structure, woman participation in the wage-earning labor force, minimum wage, availability of food establishments and expense in food. ", "The percentage of the population that lives in urban areas has increased, they are employed in the tertiary sector, womens participation in the labor market has increased but real minimum wages have decreased. ", "Vegetables, oleaginous, oils, fish and seafood availability have decreased whereas animal fat, vegetables, fruits, softdrinks, meats and egg availability have increased. ", "The number of inexpensive restaurants (cocinas económicas and fondas) has also increased. ", "Food expenses have decreased while amount of money spent in food consumed away from home has increased. ", "In Mexico, the growth in urban areas and the tertiary job sector shows a parallel growth in the availability of high fat and protein food, a greater diet variety and more opportunities to consume food not prepared in the home. ", "On the other hand, the sale of equipment and places designed for recreational physical activity have increased. ", "By reducing employment in the primary sector it is foreseeable that labor intensive physical activity will become less important overtime." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Social attitudes, self-description and perceived reasons for using drugs: a survey of the secondary school population in Malaysia.", "\nThe present paper is the third and concluding part of a study of the secondary school population of two of Malaysia's thirteen states, Penang and Selangor. ", "Since completion of the two earlier papers, the research team has investigated the pattern and nature of drug use among the equivalent population in a third state, Kelantan, and has again found essentially the same pattern of results: youthful drug use is most clearly related to precocious self-assertion, and a set of beliefs and attitudes about drugs and drug taking, and is largely unrelated to indicators of social deprivation or personal problems. ", "The significance of this repeated finding in Kelantan is that, in this much more rural and traditional state, adult and established patterns of drug use had historically differed considerably from those found in the two more urban and cosmopolitan states of Penang and Selangor. ", "Our findings indicate that the new pattern of drug use by youth has transcended the older cultural differences between the states, and is in turn explained by a more universally familiar set of characteristics in adolescent development." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Radical Recreation: All fun and games\n\nThe Super Smash Bros. Melee scene in Alaska has been becoming popular over the years, beginning with only 10 individuals in a tournament to as many as 50 entrants. ", "Jordan Campbell, history major, has been playing Melee competitively for three years and is in the top five best active players in Alaska.", "\n\nMelee, created by Nintendo for the GameCube, is a multiplayer game that draws in players with its competitiveness and unlimited techniques.", "\n\n“Melee is different from other games because it is a game anyone can pick up and play and have fun with, yet has so much depth to it that you can spend years practicing and learning about the game, [and] there will still be even more things to learn,” Campbell said.", "\n\nChoosing a main and secondary character on Melee, depending on the technique and style a player uses is crucial for highlighting their strengths. ", "Campbell’s main is Samus because they are a defensive character with high survivability. ", "His secondary is Marth, because of the fun combinations.", "\n\n“What makes Jordan’s technique different is how he chooses to approach his matches, the character he plays is typically played in a very defensive style where you are more waiting to capitalize on your opponent’s mistakes as opposed to trying to rush them down,” Brandon Meiners, a close friend of Campbell, said.” ", "Jordan doesn’t play like that, he decides to play his character aggressively, relying heavily on [predictions based on player habits and conditioning].”", "\n\nThis complex game has many options and characters to choose from depending on a player’s style. ", "Campbell is described to put his own personal play style on the character he chooses, leading him to be very successful.", "\n\n“Every match with [Jordan] feels like an uphill mental battle because of how many steps he’s already thought ahead,” Patrick Sauve-Brown, a close friend and competitor, said.", "\n\n- Advertisement -\n\nThe Alaska Smash scene is welcoming, while also containing trash talking and money matches, often leading to lifelong friendships.", "\n\n“Without Melee, I never would have met many of my closest friends and life would be a lot more boring without them. ", "Melee has also given me a hobby I have a lot of passion for and something I know I will always enjoy,” Campbell said.", "\n\nThrough Melee matches and tournaments, Campbell has been able to travel the country, meeting new people with the same interests.", "\n\n“Melee is an incredible game that has helped me meet a bunch of awesome people locally and across the country,” Campbell said. “", "I have traveled to many events across the U.S. and have had wonderful experiences at these events meeting new people and playing against them.”", "\n\nCampbell’s positive outlook differentiates his sportsmanship from others. ", "When most Melee players tend to become frustrated after being defeated, Campbell finds something positive to joke about.", "\n\n“Melee is an incredible game, and if you have any interest in it, it is never too late to start and I think you would have a ton of fun playing it,” Campbell said.", "\n\nPlayers meet up on Wednesdays at the local card shop, Tier 1 Cards and Games, where tournaments are also hosted once a month. ", "They hope to form a club at UAA in the near future." ]

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[ "/*\n * pqR : A pretty quick version of R\n * Copyright (C) 2013, 2014 by Radford M. Neal\n *\n * Based on R : A Computer Language for Statistical Data Analysis\n * Copyright (C) 2003-11 The R Core Team\n *\n * The changes in pqR from R-2.15.0 distributed by the R Core Team are\n * documented in the NEWS and MODS files in the top-level source directory.", "\n *\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or\n * (at your option) any later version.", "\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n * GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n * along with this program; if not, a copy is available at\n * http://www.r-project.org/Licenses/\n *\n */\n#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H\n# include <config.h>\n#endif\n\n#define USE_FAST_PROTECT_MACROS\n#include <Defn.h>\n\n\nSEXP attribute_hidden do_mapply(SEXP f, SEXP varyingArgs, SEXP constantArgs, SEXP rho)\n{\n\n int i, j, m, *lengths, *counters, named, longest = 0, zero = 0;\n SEXP vnames, fcall = R_NilValue, mindex, nindex, tmp1, tmp2, ans;\n\n m = length(varyingArgs);\n PROTECT(vnames = getAttrib(varyingArgs, R_NamesSymbol));\n\n named = vnames !", "= R_NilValue;\n\n lengths = (int *) R_alloc(m, sizeof(int));\n for(i = 0; i < m; i++){\n\tlengths[i] = length(VECTOR_ELT(varyingArgs, i));\n\tif(lengths[i] == 0) zero++;\n\tif (lengths[i] > longest) longest = lengths[i];\n }\n if (zero && longest)\n\terror(_(\"Zero-length inputs cannot be mixed with those of non-zero length\"));\n\n counters = (int *) R_alloc(m, sizeof(int));\n for(i = 0; i < m; counters[i++] = 0);\n\n PROTECT(mindex = allocVector(VECSXP, m));\n PROTECT(nindex = allocVector(VECSXP, m));\n\n /* build a call like\n f(dots[[1]][[4]], dots[[2]][[4]], dots[[3]][[4]], d=7)\n */\n\n if (constantArgs == R_NilValue)\n\tPROTECT(fcall = R_NilValue);\n else if(isVectorList(constantArgs))\n\tPROTECT(fcall = VectorToPairList(constantArgs));\n else\n\terror(_(\"argument 'MoreArgs' of 'mapply' is not a list\"));\n\n for(j = m - 1; j >= 0; j--) {\n\tSET_VECTOR_ELT(mindex, j, ScalarIntegerMaybeConst(j + 1));\n\tSET_VECTOR_ELT(nindex, j, allocVector1INT());\n\tPROTECT(tmp1 = lang3(R_Bracket2Symbol,\n\t\t\t install(\"dots\"),\n\t\t\t VECTOR_ELT(mindex, j)));\n\tPROTECT(tmp2 = lang3(R_Bracket2Symbol,\n\t\t\t tmp1,\n\t\t\t VECTOR_ELT(nindex, j)));\n\tUNPROTECT(3);\n\tPROTECT(fcall = LCONS(tmp2, fcall));\n\tif (named && CHAR(STRING_ELT(vnames, j))[0] !", "= '\\0')\n\t SET_TAG(fcall, install_translated (STRING_ELT(vnames,j)));\n }\n\n UNPROTECT(1);\n PROTECT(fcall = LCONS(f, fcall));\n\n PROTECT(ans = allocVector(VECSXP, longest));\n\n for(i = 0; i < longest; i++) {\n\tfor(j = 0; j < m; j++) {\n\t counters[j] = (++counters[j] > lengths[j]) ? ", "1 : counters[j];\n\t INTEGER(VECTOR_ELT(nindex, j))[0] = counters[j];\n\t}\n SET_VECTOR_ELEMENT_TO_VALUE (ans, i, eval(fcall, rho));\n }\n\n for(j = 0; j < m; j++) {\n\tif (counters[j] !", "= lengths[j])\n\t warning(_(\"longer argument not a multiple of length of shorter\"));\n }\n\n UNPROTECT(5);\n\n return(ans);\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ " = 2*h, -2*h - 2*r = -3*h + 166. ", "What is the remainder when h is divided by 53?", "\n50\nSuppose -6*g = 3*y - g - 11, -4*y = 2*g - 10. ", "Suppose 3*r = -y*r + 45. ", "What is the remainder when 25 is divided by r?", "\n7\nLet n be (3/(-12) - 1)*-4. ", "Suppose z - 14 = 4*v, n*v + 0*v = -2*z + 28. ", "What is the remainder when 41 is divided by z?", "\n13\nSuppose 65 = 5*l + 2*a - 111, 2*a = 6. ", "Calculate the remainder when l is divided by 12.", "\n10\nLet j = 8 + -6. ", "Suppose -n + 78 = 2*t, -2*n + j*t + 0*t = -132. ", "What is the remainder when n is divided by 24?", "\n22\nSuppose -3*q + q + 8 = 0, -14 = -w - q. What is the remainder when 19 is divided by w?", "\n9\nSuppose -t + 5*w = -73, 0*t + 2*t - 159 = -3*w. ", "Calculate the remainder when (-3 - (-2)/1) + t is divided by 20.", "\n17\nCalculate the remainder when 57 is divided by 58*3/12*2.", "\n28\nLet g(u) = u**3 + 10*u**2 - 3*u - 15. ", "Let s be (12 + 3 + -5)*-1. ", "Calculate the remainder when 29 is divided by g(s).", "\n14\nLet s(d) = -d**2 + d + 1. ", "Let f be s(-2). ", "Let h = f + 11. ", "Calculate the remainder when 16 is divided by h.\n4\nLet y(s) = -12*s - 1. ", "Let f(w) = 6*w + 1. ", "Let m(l) = 7*f(l) + 3*y(l). ", "Let i be m(-3). ", "Calculate the remainder when 18 is divided by 4/i - 72/(-7).", "\n8\nLet a(u) = u**3 + 5*u**2 + u - 1. ", "Let v = 11 - 15. ", "Suppose 0 = -3*x - 0*x + 3*p + 111, -x + 17 = 3*p. ", "Calculate the remainder when x is divided by a(v).", "\n10\nLet t = 151 + -125. ", "Let p be (0/(1*-2))/2. ", "Suppose -28 = -2*v - p*v. ", "Calculate the remainder when t is divided by v.\n12\nSuppose 0*v - 5*v = -5, 0 = 2*q - 3*v - 3. ", "Suppose q*m = 13 + 44. ", "Calculate the remainder when 54 is divided by m.\n16\nSuppose 0 = 5*v + 5*c - 0 - 40, -c + 36 = 5*v. ", "Calculate the remainder when 25 is divided by v.\n4\nLet u(s) = s**3 - 17*s**2 + s - 23. ", "Let w be u(17). ", "Let r(c) = 3*c**2 + 7*c + 4. ", "What is the remainder when r(w) is divided by 18?", "\n16\nLet z(g) be the first derivative of 11*g**2 + g - 1. ", "What is the remainder when z(1) is divided by ((-5 - -4) + -12)*(1 - 2)?", "\n10\nSuppose 5*a = 10 + 10. ", "Suppose -3*f = w - 1 - 1, a*f = -4*w. ", "Calculate the remainder when (-44)/10*(-5)/f is divided by 8.", "\n6\nCalculate the remainder when 68 is divided by 39 + (-2 - 10)/3.", "\n33\nCalculate the remainder when 29 is divided by (-2)/((-52)/16 + 3).", "\n5\nSuppose 2*x + 0*x = 36. ", "What is the remainder when 28 is divided by x?", "\n10\nLet i(m) = -m**3 - 21*m**2 - m - 2. ", "What is the remainder when 70 is divided by i(-21)?", "\n13\nSuppose 0 = -2*t - b + 4*b + 17, 3*b - 63 = -3*t. ", "What is the remainder when 30 is divided by t?", "\n14\nLet t = 2 - -9. ", "Let g = 15 + 6. ", "Calculate the remainder when g is divided by t.\n10\nSuppose 15*f - 328 = 7*f. ", "What is the remainder when f is divided by 11?", "\n8\nSuppose -2*k + 4 = t, 2*k - 16 = -3*t - 4. ", "What is the remainder when 7 is divided by t?", "\n3\nLet r(z) be the second derivative of -z**5/20 - z**4/6 + z**3/2 + 2*z**2 - z. Suppose -2*d + 5*d + 12 = 0. ", "Calculate the remainder when r(d) is divided by 13.", "\n11\nLet o(h) = 3*h**2 - h + 2. ", "Let k be 7 - 3/((-5)/(-5)). ", "Let s(q) = 6*q - 10. ", "What is the remainder when o(-4) is divided by s(k)?", "\n12\nLet b be (-1 + 1)/(0 - 2). ", "Suppose 4*d + 3*v - 9 = b, -v + 3*v = -10. ", "What is the remainder when d is divided by (-6)/5*(-10)/3?", "\n2\nCalculate the remainder when (-2710)/(-20) - 6/4 is divided by 15.", "\n14\nSuppose c - 3 = 1. ", "Let v = 12 + -3. ", "Calculate the remainder when v is divided by c.\n1\nSuppose v + 1 = 2. ", "Calculate the remainder when (21/(-12))/(v/(-32)) is divided by 19.", "\n18\nSuppose -3*z = -5*s + 3 + 10, -4*s - 5*z = -3. ", "Suppose -k = -s*k + 6. ", "Let b(a) = a**2 + 3*a + 6. ", "Calculate the remainder when b(-4) is divided by k.\n4\nSuppose 3*n - 6 = 0, n + 478 = 2*o - 2*n. ", "What is the remainder when o is divided by 9?", "\n8\nLet r be (-22)/12*-3*2. ", "Let g = 17 - r. What is the remainder when (3 - 2/1)*21 is divided by g?", "\n3\nLet l = 27 - 18. ", "Let t(a) = -a - 8. ", "Let q(n) = 2*n + 7. ", "Let p(y) = 6*q(y) + 5*t(y). ", "Calculate the remainder when p(l) is divided by 22.", "\n21\nLet q(a) = -2 + 0*a**2 + a**2 - 2*a**2 + 6*a. ", "Let x be q(4). ", "What is the remainder when x*1 - (1 + 1) is divided by 2?", "\n0\nSuppose 0*g + 7*g - 98 = 0. ", "Suppose 32 = 6*u - 2*u. ", "Calculate the remainder when g is divided by u.\n6\nLet n(p) = 11*p - 2. ", "Let b be n(2). ", "Let o = -12 + b. Let i(l) = -l**2 - 8*l + 2. ", "Calculate the remainder when i(-6) is divided by o.\n6\nLet w(j) = -j**3 - j**2. ", "Let n be w(-2). ", "Suppose 6*g - p - 9 = g, 0 = 5*g - n*p - 6. ", "Suppose 5 = -3*y + 4*y. ", "What is the remainder when y is divided by g?", "\n1\nLet s = 11 + -18. ", "Let k be (2/(-7))/(1/s). ", "Calculate the remainder when 2/(k + 56/(-29)) is divided by 10.", "\n9\nSuppose -2*q = q - 180. ", "Let b = q - 42. ", "Let n = b - 8. ", "Calculate the remainder when n is divided by 6.", "\n4\nSuppose -4*c = -3*o - 80, -6*c + 3*o = -3*c - 63. ", "Calculate the remainder when 50 is divided by c.\n16\nSuppose 0 = 4*v - 3 - 25. ", "Suppose 0 = -2*l - 13 - 27. ", "Calculate the remainder when v is divided by (6/(-5))/(6/l).", "\n3\nSuppose 0 = m - 3*h + 7, h = -4*m - 1 + 12. ", "What is the remainder when 6 is divided by m?", "\n0\nLet u(t) = -t + 6. ", "Let r be u(9). ", "Let d(o) = -2*o**3 - 4*o**2 - 3*o - 3. ", "Let x be d(r). ", "Suppose 3*v - x = -3. ", "Calculate the remainder when 19 is divided by v.\n5\nSuppose -11 = -3*q + 7. ", "Calculate the remainder when 17 is divided by q.\n5\nLet t be -6*(-2)/((-8)/14). ", "Let n = 40 + t. Calculate the remainder when 37 is divided by n.\n18\nSuppose 5*t - 46 - 29 = 0. ", "Let a be (-2 - (-7)/5)*-15. ", "What is the remainder when 0 + a/3 + 26 is divided by t?", "\n14\nLet g(i) = -8*i**2 + 10*i**2 - i**3 + 5*i**2 + 8*i - 3. ", "Calculate the remainder when g(7) is divided by 384/28 + (-4)/(-14).", "\n11\nSuppose -318 + 84 = -3*l. ", "Let d = l - 47. ", "What is the remainder when 61 is divided by d?", "\n30\nLet s = -27 - -15. ", "Suppose -4*c - 5*m = -0*c - 101, c + m - 24 = 0. ", "Let h = s + c. What is the remainder when 12 is divided by h?", "\n5\nLet m(h) = -h**2 - 6*h - 5. ", "Let t be m(-5). ", "Suppose 4*l + p = 179 - 8, t = 2*l - 5*p - 113. ", "Calculate the remainder when l is divided by 15.", "\n14\nSuppose 0*n + 8 = -2*n, -2*z + 4*n = -46. ", "Suppose -2 - 50 = -2*y. ", "Let f = y - z. Calculate the remainder when 31 is divided by f.\n9\nSuppose 0*o - 2*o - 4*n = -48, -5*o - 5*n + 95 = 0. ", "Calculate the remainder when 2 - ((-275)/5 - -3) is divided by o.\n12\nLet x be ((-3 - -1) + 1)*0. ", "Suppose x = 3*p + 6*r - 2*r - 54, 0 = 2*p + r - 41. ", "Let b(g) = -2*g. ", "Calculate the remainder when p is divided by b(-4).", "\n6\nLet w(l) = 28*l**2. ", "Calculate the remainder when w(1) is divided by (-1)/(-2 - (-19)/10).", "\n8\nLet p be (-19)/(-2) - (-2)/4. ", "Suppose 3*n = -2*n + p. What is the remainder when 3 is divided by n?", "\n1\nSuppose 115 = 3*t + k, 2*t + 0*k - 84 = 3*k. ", "Calculate the remainder when t is divided by 10.", "\n9\nSuppose 4*q = 8*q - 552. ", "Suppose -2*x + q = 4*b, -24 = -2*b + 5*x + 15. ", "What is the remainder when b is divided by 11?", "\n10\nLet h = 4 - 2. ", "Suppose -4*g + 6 = h. Calculate the remainder when 1 is divided by g.\n0\nLet o(j) = j**2 + 7*j + 1. ", "Let u = -1 + -7. ", "Let t(l) = l + 17. ", "Calculate the remainder when t(8) is divided by o(u).", "\n7\nLet d = 0 - -2. ", "Suppose 0 = -4*m + d + 2. ", "Let u(t) = t - 4. ", "What is the remainder when u(5) is divided by m?", "\n0\nLet d(n) = 39*n**2 + 2*n + 2. ", "Calculate the remainder when d(-1) is divided by 23.", "\n16\nLet d be -1 + (-2 - (-4 - 0)). ", "Let h = 11 - d. Calculate the remainder when h is divided by (2*-1)/((-2)/4).", "\n2\nSuppose 2*i - 108 = 76. ", "What is the remainder when i is divided by 32?", "\n28\nLet k = -11 - -27. ", "What is the remainder when 29 is divided by k?", "\n13\nSuppose z = -3*p + 132, -3*p + z - 37 = -175. ", "Let d = -45 + 61. ", "What is the remainder when p is divided by d?", "\n13\nSuppose 0*u + 2*u + 4 = 0. ", "Calculate the remainder when 17 is divided by -1 + u - -6 - -2.", "\n2\nSuppose -c - 5 = -m - 0*m, -12 = 3*m. ", "Let s = -4 - c. Calculate the remainder when 14 is divided by s.\n4\nSuppose -4*s = -5*a - 76 - 16, -2*a = 0. ", "Calculate the remainder when 42 is divided by s.\n19\nLet m(x) = -2*x + 12. ", "Calculate the remainder when m(-11) is divided by 7.", "\n6\nLet n = 9 + -6. ", "What is the remainder when 10 is divided by n?", "\n1\nLet q(s) = -35*s + 1. ", "Let j = 105 - 92. ", "Calculate the remainder when q(-1) is divided by j.\n10\nSuppose a + 169 = 5*g, -4 = 2*a - 6*a. ", "Suppose 1 = h - v - 4, 0 = 5*h - v - 37. ", "Suppose 4 + h = q. What is the remainder when g is divided by q?", "\n10\nWhat is the remainder when -5*((-1)/2)/((-2)/(-76)) is divided by 25?", "\n20\nLet l = -132 + 46. ", "Let " ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Adverse prognostic value of persistent office blood pressure elevation in white coat hypertension.", "\nStratification of cardiovascular risk is of fundamental importance in white coat hypertension (WCH) to identify individuals in need of closer follow-up and perhaps antihypertensive drug treatment. ", "In subjects representative of the general population of Monza (Italy), the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality was assessed >16 years in stable and unstable WCH individuals, that is, those in whom ambulatory blood pressure (BP) normality was associated with a persistent or nonpersistent office BP elevation at 2 consecutive visits, respectively. ", "Data were compared with those from an entirely normotensive group, that is, ambulatory and persistent office BP normality. ", "Compared with the normotensive group, the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause death was not significantly different in unstable WCH, whereas in stable WCH the risk was increased also when data were adjusted for baseline confounders, including ambulatory BP (hazard ratio, 16; P=0.001 for cardiovascular death and 1.92; P=0.02 for all-cause death). ", "At a multivariable analysis, office BP was among the factors independently predicting death, and results were superimposable with use of Monza population-derived and guidelines-derived cutoff values for ambulatory BP normality (125/79 and 130/80 mm Hg, respectively). ", "Thus, only when office BP is persistently elevated does WCH reflect the existence of an abnormal long-term mortality risk. ", "This means that in WCH office BP is prognostically relevant and that repeated collection of its values is clinically important to better define patient risk." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Primary peripheral nerve sheath tumors of the thyroid gland.", "\nPrimary peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) of the thyroid gland are exceptionally rare tumors that usually present as asymptomatic neck nodules in adults. ", "This article presents a literature review of these tumors. ", "PNSTs of the thyroid can be classified into benign and malignant. ", "Only three cases of malignant PNSTs have been reported. ", "Benign PNSTs of the thyroid include neurofibromas and schwannomas. ", "Only two cases of isolated neurofibroma of the thyroid have been reported. ", "Schwannomas are typically benign, slow-growing tumors that originate from neuronal schwann cells, with a clinical picture depending on the anatomic size and site. ", "Pathologically, schwannomas are classified into Antoni A and Antoni B. Only 17 cases of schwannomas of the thyroid exist in literature to date. ", "Schwannomas of the thyroid gland are extremely rare and usually asymptomatic. ", "Complete surgical resection is mandatory for care." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Otto Chikan!", "\n\nis the 4th single by the Japanese idol girl group Onyanko Club. ", "It was released in Japan on April 21, 1986.", "\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Onyanko Club \"Otto Chikan!\" (", "7\" single) at Discogs\n\nCategory:Onyanko Club songs\nCategory:1986 songs\nCategory:1986 singles\nCategory:Songs with lyrics by Yasushi Akimoto\nCategory:Pony Canyon singles\nCategory:Oricon Weekly number-one singles" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Urea\n\nThe place of production : China and Russia\nQuantity : 1000-25000's ton X84's boat\nType of payment : 100% immediate guarantor exchanges and can make over , and cannot remove the letter of credit that disappears .", "\nSetting a limit at date of delivery : Please China and Russia port ( CNF ) 30--45 day delivery 2%PB has a mind to purchase person contacting in my corporation" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Musings and reflections on contemporary and not-so-contemporary psychoanalysis.", "\n\nThis is a chapter in the recently published book, Pedro Almodóvar: A Cinema of Desire, Passion and Compulsion edited by Arlene Kramer Richards and Lucille Spira with Merle Molofsky. (", "IP Books) \"... say whatever goes through your mind. ", "Act as though, for instance, you were a traveler sitting next to the window of a railway carriage and describing to..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.003170718438923359, 0.0005969660123810172, 0.0008194709080271423, 0.0011274015996605158 ]

[ "26 F.3d 573\n63 USLW 2116, 16 O.S.H. Cas. (", "BNA) 1900,1994 O.S.H.D. (CCH) P 30,488\nPETERSON BROTHERS STEEL ERECTION COMPANY, Petitioner,v.Robert B. REICH, Secretary of Labor and Occupational Safetyand Health Review Commission, Respondents.", "\nNo. ", "93-4913.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit.", "\nJuly 21, 1994.", "\n\n1\nDavid M. Ward, Wilson, Grosenheider & Burns, Austin, TX, for appellant.", "\n\n\n2\nBarbara A.W. McConnell, Barbara Werthmann, Office of Sol., ", "U.S. Dept. ", "of Labor, Ray H. Darling, Jr., OSHRC, Executive Sec., ", "Washington, DC, for appellee.", "\n\n\n3\nPetition for Review of an Order of the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission.", "\n\n\n4\nBefore GARWOOD and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges, and HEAD*, District Judge.", "\n\nHAYDEN W. HEAD, Jr., District Judge:\n\n5\nPeterson Brothers Steel Erection Company (\"Peterson Brothers\") petitions for review from a final order of the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (the \"Commission\") affirming a citation issued under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, 29 U.S.C. Sec. ", "651 et seq. ", " This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 29 U.S.C. Sec. ", "660(a).", "\n\n\n6\nThe citation was issued for a violation of 29 C.F.R. Sec. ", "1926.105(a) after a Peterson Brothers employee, a \"connector,\" was killed from a fall on the job.1 Peterson Brothers was hired to erect the structural steel framework for a seven-building IBM complex in Austin, Texas in July, 1990. ", " The construction was performed two stories at a time. ", " Connectors would install the upright columns first. ", " Crane operators would then raise the horizontal beams for both floors being constructed in a Christmas tree formation and hold them in position to be attached. ", " Connectors would temporarily secure each beam with two bolts. ", " Other employees, called \"bolters,\" then followed to install the remainder of the bolts.", "\n\n\n7\nThough the connectors wore safety belts while they worked, they did not attach any safety lines, or lanyards, to their belts in order to maintain the necessary mobility to perform their jobs. ", " The bolters used safety belts and lanyards to secure themselves to the beams while they worked. ", " After the bolts were tightened, temporary floors were installed on every other level to protect employees from falling into the interior of the structure. ", " In addition, a cable was installed around the edge of the floor to protect the employees from perimeter falls. ", " However, Peterson Brothers did not install safety nets on the outside of the building to protect against falls to the outside of the building. ", " Accordingly, all employees were protected against falling while they worked, except the connectors were not protected from an exterior fall.", "\n\n\n8\nDuring the process of securing the horizontal beams, a beam suspended from a crane fell a short distance. ", " Kevin Dean, one of the connectors, was straddling a beam at the perimeter of the building when the beam struck him. ", " The beam knocked Dean from his perch, and he fell 70 feet to the ground. ", " After the accident, a compliance officer conducted an investigation. ", " As a result of the investigation, a serious citation was issued to Peterson Brothers for failing to install safety nets to protect connectors working on perimeter beams as required by 29 C.F.R. Sec. ", "1926.105(a).", "\n\n\n9\nPeterson Brothers contested the citation. ", " After a hearing, an administrative law judge found Peterson Brothers committed a serious violation of Sec. ", "1926.105(a), and affirmed the citation. ", " On April 27, 1993, the Commission affirmed the administrative law judge's finding and assessed a penalty of $400.00. ", " The Commission held (1) Peterson Brothers had fair notice that Sec. ", "1926.105(a) applied to the steel erection industry, (2) the prima facie requirements for establishing a violation of Sec. ", "1926.105(a) were satisfied, and (3) the use of safety nets was not infeasible due either to impossibility of compliance or to the economic infeasibility of using nets. ", " On June 10, 1993, Peterson Brothers petitioned this Court for review of the Commission's order and challenges here each holding of the Commission.", "\n\n\n10\nI. Whether the Application of Sec. ", "1926.105(a) Violated Peterson Brothers' Due Process Rights\n\n\n11\nPeterson Brothers contends it had no notice that it was required to install safety nets, and thus a citation based on a failure to do so violates the company's due process rights. ", " The citation against Peterson Brothers would violate \"the due process clause of the [F]ifth [A]mendment if a reasonable employer in [Peterson Brothers'] position would not have known that section 1926.105(a) required it to install safety nets.\" ", " Corbesco, Inc. v. Dole, 926 F.2d 422, 427 (5th Cir.1991). ", " In other words, the Secretary of Labor must prove that the company had actual or constructive notice that Sec. ", "1926.105(a) required it to install safety nets. ", " Id. The wording of a regulation establishing \"explicit, unambiguous safety precautions that employers must take in specific situations\" would satisfy the \"reasonableness\" test without requiring the consideration of additional factors. ", " Id. (citing Faultless Div., ", "Bliss & Laughlin Indus., ", "Inc. v. Secretary of Labor, 674 F.2d 1177, 1186-87 (7th Cir.1982)). ", " However, if the language is not specific enough, other sources, such as industry custom and practice, the injury rate for that particular type of construction work, the obviousness of the hazard, and the interpretation of the regulation by the Commission, may provide adequate constructive notice. ", " Id. (citations omitted).", "\n\n\n12\nThe Secretary argues Peterson Brothers had adequate notice of the safety net requirement. ", " The Secretary points to Peterson Brothers' contention that prior to the inspection in this case, it read, and was familiar with, the decision in Peterson Brothers Steel Erection Co., 13 O.S.H.Cas. ", " (BNA) 1936 (Rev. Comm'n J. 1988) (digest) (\"Peterson Brothers I \"). ", " In Peterson Brothers I, the Administrative Law Judge held that only the specific steel erection standards, embodied in Subpart R of the regulations, applied to the steel erection industry. ", " In reaching that holding, the Administrative Law Judge relied on two Commission decisions, which were reversed on appeal to the Third and Eleventh Circuits. ", " See Brock v. Williams Enters. ", "of Georgia, Inc., 832 F.2d 567, 573 (11th Cir.1987); Donovan v. Adams Steel Erection, Inc., 766 F.2d 804 (3d Cir.1985). ", " The Secretary argues that because the Administrative Law Judge cited that subsequent history of reversal in Peterson Brothers I, Peterson Brothers had notice the Commission's position was not reliable. ", " The Secretary also contends that several appellate cases holding that Sec. ", "1926.105(a) applies to the steel erection industry, which pre-dated the OSHA inspection of Peterson Brothers' worksite, gave further notice that Peterson Brothers could not reasonably rely upon the Commission's position. ", " See, e.g., L. R. Willson & Sons, Inc. v. Donovan, 685 F.2d 664 (D.C.Cir.1982); Donovan v. Daniel Marr & Son, 763 F.2d 477 (1st Cir.1985).", "\n\n\n13\nPeterson Brothers relies heavily on the Fifth Circuit's decision in Corbesco to support its argument that a reasonable employer in the steel erection industry would not have known it was required to install safety nets pursuant to Sec. ", "1926.105(a). ", " In that case, one of Corbesco's employees was blown off the flat roof of an aircraft hangar and killed. ", " As a result of the accident, the compliance officer cited Corbesco for failing to install safety nets. ", " Corbesco contested the citation, arguing Sec. ", "1926.105(a), as a general regulation, \"fails to give an employer notice that it must use a safety net when its employees are working on the flat roof of a large building, like an aircraft\" hangar. ", " Corbesco, 926 F.2d at 424. ", " The Fifth Circuit expressed doubts as to whether the wording of Sec. ", "1926.105(a) is specific enough to give notice of its requirements on its own. ", " Corbesco, 926 F.2d at 428. ", " However, the Court ultimately held Corbesco had constructive notice of the requirement to use safety nets because of other circumstances in the case. ", " Specifically, the Court held the Commission's frequent holdings that the regulation requires an employer to provide a safety net or one of the other enumerated safety devices in circumstances like those at issue in Corbesco gave rise to a duty to at least inquire whether the employer had to install safety nets. ", " Because the employer had constructive notice of the duties imposed upon it, its constitutional rights were not violated.", "\n\n\n14\nCorbesco does not provide support for Peterson Brothers' argument that a reasonable employer in the steel erection industry would not know that Sec. ", "1926.105(a) applies. ", " The Court did not address the issue of whether that general standard is preempted by the specific steel erection industry standards, nor did it address whether an employer in Peterson Brothers' position had sufficient notice that Sec. ", "1926.105(a) applied. ", " In fact, the applicability of Sec. ", "1926.105(a) was not in issue in Corbesco--the Court addressed only whether Sec. ", "1926.105(a), when applicable, gave adequate notice that safety nets were required when working on a flat roof.", "\n\n\n15\nPeterson Brothers argues the following factors would lead a reasonable employer to believe the installation of safety nets was not necessary. ", " First, until several months after the accident at issue, the Commission maintained the position that the specific steel erection standards were the only ones applicable to the steel erection industry, see Secretary of Labor v. Bratton Corp., 1990 WL 201595 (O.S.H.R.C.1990), and that the general construction industry standards were preempted by those specific standards. ", " Second, the industry custom was not to use perimeter safety nets and Peterson Brothers was never cited for failing to use the nets, nor for violating Sec. ", "1926.105(a). ", " Third, no connector working for Peterson Brothers had ever fallen to the perimeter of a building being erected. ", " Finally, Peterson Brothers contends the Secretary selectively enforced the standard, thus making it less likely a reasonable employer would know of its applicability.", "\n\n\n16\nThough we acknowledge that, at the time the citation was issued to Peterson Brothers, the Commission's position was unclear as to whether the specific steel erection standards preempted the general construction industry standards, we hold that other surrounding circumstances gave Peterson Brothers adequate notice that Sec. ", "1926.105(a) applied. ", " First, by the time the citation was issued, several circuit courts had addressed the issue, holding that the specific steel erection standards do not preempt the general construction standards where the steel erection standards provide no protection. ", " See, e.g., L. R. Willson & Sons, Inc. v. Donovan, 685 F.2d 664 (D.C.Cir.1982) (Sec. ", "1926.750(b)(1)(ii), the specific steel erection standard, does not preempt Sec. ", "1026.105(a), the general construction industry standard, because Sec. ", ".750(b)(1)(ii) specifies only measures for interior fall protection; Sec. . ", " 105(a) provides the only standard for exterior fall protection); Bristol Steel & Iron Works, Inc. v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, 601 F.2d 717, 721 (4th Cir.1979) (\"The general safety standard dealing with personal protective equipment found in 29 C.F.R. Sec. ", "1926.28(a) complements the Subpart R specific standards dealing with steel erection ...\"); Brock v. Williams Enterprises of Georgia, Inc., 832 F.2d 567, 571 (11th Cir.1987) (because \"Subpart R is not specifically applicable to exterior falls from perimeter beams, it does not preempt Section 1926.105(a). ", " Therefore, Section 1926.105(a) applies to the steel erector industry\"); Donovan v. Adams Steel Erection, Inc., 766 F.2d 804, 807-10 (3d Cir.1985) (the steel erection standards do not deal with the particular hazard of an exterior fall from a perimeter beam; accordingly, the specific standards do not preempt the general requirement of safety nets found in Sec. ", "1926.105(a)).", "\n\n\n17\nSecond, as the Secretary pointed out, the opinion in Peterson Brothers I should have put Peterson Brothers on notice that the Commission's rulings in Williams Enterprises of Georgia and Adams Steel Erection had been reversed. ", " Finally, in 1981, the Fifth Circuit applied Sec. ", "1926.105(a)'s safety nets requirement to the steel erection industry. ", " See Cleveland Consolidated, Inc. v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, 649 F.2d 1160 (5th Cir. ", " Unit B July, 1981). ", " Accordingly, a reasonable employer in the steel erection industry would have had adequate notice that Sec. ", "1926.105(a) applied to the steel erection industry, and the citation based on a violation of that regulation does not violate Peterson Brothers' due process rights.", "\n\n\n18\nII. ", "Whether 29 C.F.R. Sec. ", "1926.105(a) Was Violated in This Case\n\n\n19\nPeterson Brothers argues substantial evidence does not support a finding of a violation of Sec. ", "1926.105(a) in this case. ", " Section 1926.105(a) provides:\n\n\n20\nSafety nets shall be provided when work places are more than twenty-five feet above the ground or water surface, or other surfaces where the use of ladders, scaffolds, catch platforms, temporary floors, safety lines, or safety belts are impractical.", "\n\n\n21\nBecause the company used safety belts and temporary flooring, Peterson Brothers contends, safety nets are not required. ", " The company cites as support Brennan v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, 488 F.2d 337 (5th Cir.1973) and Brennan v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, 513 F.2d 713 (8th Cir.1975).", "\n\n\n22\nThe company misses the point of the citation. ", " The citation was directed at the hazard of an exterior fall facing connectors working on perimeter beams. ", " Though it is true that Peterson Brothers installed temporary flooring and perimeter railing, and that some employees used safety belts, the connectors preferred not to use, and did not use, their safety belts with lanyards in order to maintain their mobility. ", " Transcript from O.S.H.R.C. hearing at 86. ", " The company was aware of this preference and did not require the connectors to use their belts, nor did the company use exterior nets. ", " Finally, one of the company's own witnesses, Bill Landfair, testified that the connectors had no protection from exterior falls while working on beams at the perimeter of the building. ", " Transcript at 127. ", " Accordingly, the record clearly demonstrates the company provided no protection against exterior falls for the connectors. ", " These facts establish a violation of Sec. ", "1926.105(a). ", " See Williams Enterprises of Georgia, 832 F.2d at 572-73; see also Marshall v. Southwestern Industrial Contractors and Riggers, Inc., 576 F.2d 42, 45 (5th Cir.1978) (\"Where the safety belts were not 'used' in any meaningful sense for a substantial portion of the workday, and the employees were afforded no protection from a dangerous fall, we are compelled by our holding in Southwestern Contractors to defer to the Secretary's reasonable interpretation that [Sec. ", "1926.105(a) ] requires the use of some means of reasonably continuous fall protection\").", "\n\n\n23\nFurther, neither case cited by Peterson Brothers supports the company's contention that its use of temporary floors and safety belts by other employees provided the necessary protection from exterior falls for the connectors. ", " In Brennan v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, 488 F.2d 337 (5th Cir.1973), the Fifth Circuit held Sec. ", "1926.105(a) was not violated, despite the failure to use safety nets, when a welder was working on a mobile scaffold, and a hoist operator was attached to the hoist by a rope tied around his waist. ", " Clearly, that case does not support Peterson Brothers' argument because the company in Brennan used other safety measures listed as alternatives to safety nets in the regulation to protect against the danger at issue in the citation. ", " In Brennan v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, 513 F.2d 713 (8th Cir.1975), the Commission held the employees, who were working on the roof and on scaffolding, were working on temporary flooring and scaffolding within the terms of Sec. ", "1926.105(a), and no safety nets were required. ", " The Eighth Circuit affirmed that interpretation as reasonable. ", " Again, the employer provided other safety devices enumerated in the regulation for the employees at issue, thus making safety nets unnecessary under the terms of the regulation. ", " Both cases are distinguishable from the facts at hand because the evidence clearly shows that Peterson Brothers provided no alternative safety devices for the connectors. ", " The record contained sufficient evidence to hold Peterson Brothers violated 29 C.F.R. Sec. ", "1926.105(a).", "\n\n\n24\nIII. ", "Whether Peterson Brothers Established the Defense of Infeasibility of Compliance\n\n\n25\nPeterson Brothers argues the evidence raised the defenses of impossibility and economic infeasibility. ", " The Secretary argues the Commission's ruling that Peterson Brothers failed to prove a valid affirmative defense is supported by the record and the applicable caselaw. ", " We may reverse the Commission's decision only if its conclusions are \"arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.\" ", " Corbesco, 926 F.2d at 425 (citations omitted).", "\n\n\n26\nAt the hearing before the administrative law judge, Peterson Brothers introduced evidence that it would be technically impossible to comply with the requirement that the nets be no more than 25 feet below the work area. ", " Specifically, an expert witness, the former president of another large steel erection company, testified that it would be impossible to erect the nets within two stories of where the employees are working because the nets must be supported from two stories above the nets. ", " Because the connectors were just beginning the construction on the level where the supports would be attached, he testified, there would be nothing to which the supports could be attached in order to protect the connectors while they worked. ", " Accordingly, the nets cannot be erected closer than three stories below where the connectors worked.", "\n\n\n27\nA compliance officer testified that because personnel safety nets would not need to be as large as material nets used to catch debris, personnel nets would not require the same amount of support. ", " The supports for personnel nets could be welded to the edge of the temporary floor and extend straight out from that level without support from above.", "\n\n\n28\nThe Commission acknowledged that the testimony of those two witnesses created a fact dispute as to whether it was impossible for Peterson Brothers to comply with the requirement that the nets be within 25 feet of where the connectors were working. ", " However, the Commission declined to resolve the issue because \"Peterson Brothers must comply to the extent it can even if complete compliance is not possible.\" ", " Commission Decision at 14 (citations omitted). ", " That conclusion is supported by the caselaw: \"A technical defense, where some means of protection is available, is not an excuse for disregarding safety precautions. ", " The Secretary's view, shared by the Commission, requires limited compliance where it furnishes some protection, even if exact compliance is not possible.\" ", " Cleveland Consolidated, Inc. v. O.S.H.R.C., 649 F.2d 1160, 1167 (5th Cir.1981). ", " According to even Peterson Brothers' position, it would have been possible to erect nets three stories below where the connectors were working, thus affording them some protection from exterior falls. ", " The Commission's conclusion that Peterson Brothers did not establish the defense of technical impossibility was not an abuse of discretion.", "\n\n\n29\nPeterson Brothers also introduced evidence that it would be economically infeasible to use perimeter safety nets. ", " Specifically, Peterson Brothers' president testified that using perimeter nets would have greatly increased the cost of performing the steel erection. ", " He testified to an inexact estimate of what nets would have cost on this steel erection. ", " Despite the fact that the sum was substantial, he testified his company had the resources to absorb the costs on this project if required to do so. ", " However, he testified to his concern that the company would lose future business because he would have to increase his bids to incorporate the costs of using the nets, and his competitors, who do not use the nets, would not have to increase their bids accordingly.", "\n\n\n30\nA standard is economically infeasible where \"increased costs would make the proposed substitute technology impracticable.\" ", " A. E. Burgess Leather Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Commission, 576 F.2d 948, 951 n. 2 (1st Cir.1978) (citing Industrial Union Dept., ", "AFL-CIO v. Hodgson, 499 F.2d 467, 477 (D.C.Cir.1974)). ", " The president of the company testified that Peterson Brothers could have absorbed the costs on the project in question. ", " The company did not, however, introduce evidence of the effect the use of the nets would have on the existence of the company other than the assertion that the company could not maintain competitive bidding because of the non-compliance of other companies. ", " An employer cannot be excused from non-compliance on the assumption that everyone else will ignore the law. ", " A. E. Burgess Leather Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Commission, o. 12501, 1977 WL 6961, at * 3 n. 2 (O.S.H.R.C. Feb. 24, 1977), aff'd, 576 F.2d 948 (1st Cir.1978). ", " The Commission's conclusion that Peterson Brothers did not present sufficient evidence to find the installation of nets to be economically infeasible is not an abuse of discretion.", "\n\n\n31\nAccordingly, the decision of the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission is AFFIRMED.", "\n\n\n\n*\n District Judge of the Southern District of Texas sitting by designation\n\n\n1\n 29 C.F.R. Sec. ", "1926.105(a) provides:\nSafety nets shall be provided when workplaces are more than 25 feet above the ground or water surface, or other surfaces where the use of ladders, scaffolds, catch platforms, temporary floors, safety lines, or safety belts is impractical.", "\n\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.", "\n\nIntroduction {#sec004}\n============\n\nInfection with any of the four types of dengue virus (DENV-1-4) can lead to a range of outcomes, from asymptomatic or subclinical infection to classical dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), or, the most severe outcome, dengue shock syndrome (DSS). ", "The majority of DENV infections have been shown to result in subclinical outcomes \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref001], [@pntd.0006975.ref002]\\]. ", "Patients with DHF/DSS are most often infants born to DENV-immune mothers or individuals experiencing a secondary DENV infection, indicating a role for pre-existing DENV immunity in exacerbating dengue disease \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref003]\\]. ", "A major challenge for researchers has been identifying the specific immunologic factor(s) that contribute individually or in concert to dengue pathology or protection from disease.", "\n\nAmongst the immune markers studied, higher levels of particular cytokines and chemokines have been found in the sera of subjects with severe dengue compared to mild disease. ", "A number of pro-inflammatory cytokines in particular have been implicated in severe dengue, including TNFα, IFNγ, IL-18, IL-1β, and IL-6 \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref004]--[@pntd.0006975.ref006]\\]. ", "In most of those studies, sera or PBMC obtained during or after secondary DENV infection were tested. ", "PBMC obtained prior to infection have typically not been available to determine whether pre-existing immune profiles could predict whether an individual developed subsequent subclinical infection or severe dengue.", "\n\nThrough a unique cohort study in Thailand, school-age children were subjected to active, school absence-based surveillance, and routine blood samples were obtained before and after the peak DENV transmission season \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref001], [@pntd.0006975.ref007], [@pntd.0006975.ref008]\\]. ", "The study design allowed detection of DENV seroconversions, i.e., a four-fold or greater increase in anti-DENV antibody titer between pre- and post-season blood draws, in the presence or absence of overt, clinically relevant illness (referred to hereafter as symptomatic and subclinical infections, respectively). ", "In previously published studies of this school-based cohort, memory T cell responses in pre-exposure PBMC were evaluated. ", "Higher frequencies of DENV--specific IFNγ- and IL-2-producing T cells were reported among schoolchildren who subsequently developed subclinical infection, compared with those who developed symptomatic secondary DENV infection \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref009]\\]. ", "Those data suggested a link between cytokine-producing T cells and subsequent mild or subclinical illness. ", "In the current study, we extended our analysis of cytokine production associated with the clinical outcome of subsequent DENV infection by stimulating pre-infection PBMC samples with live virus and evaluating cytokine profiles in cell supernatants using a multiplexed cytokine immunoassay.", "\n\nMethods {#sec005}\n=======\n\nEthics statement {#sec006}\n----------------\n\nWritten informed consent was obtained from the parents/guardians of all subjects, and the clinical investigation was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. ", "These studies were approved by the institutional review boards at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, the Ministry of Public Health in Thailand, and the Human Subjects Research Review Board for the Commanding General of the US Army Medical Research and Material Command.", "\n\nSpecimens {#sec007}\n---------\n\nBlood specimens were obtained from a prospective cohort of school-aged children in Kamphaeng Phet, Thailand, which has been described previously \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref001], [@pntd.0006975.ref007], [@pntd.0006975.ref008]\\]. ", "Briefly, plasma samples were collected from enrolled subjects in January, June, August, and November and tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. ", "A ≥4-fold increase in anti-DENV HI titer between the January sample (pre) and any of the subsequent routine samples (post) was used to identify seroconversions. ", "Study participants were also monitored for school absences associated with fever from June to November. ", "Seroconversions which occurred without school-related absenteeism were defined as subclinical infections, and those which occurred with school-related absenteeism and which were associated with symptomatic laboratory-confirmed DENV infections during the corresponding period were defined as symptomatic infections. ", "Clinical illnesses were classified according to the 1997 WHO guidelines \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref010]\\]. ", "DENV infection was defined by virus isolation and/or detection of virus by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in acute serum samples and dengue IgM/IgG enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or HI assays against all 4 DENV types, as previously described \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref007]\\]. ", "Primary infection was defined by an IgM-to-IgG ratio of ≥1.8 by EIA in the early convalescent sera obtained from symptomatic individuals \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref007]\\]. ", "Plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) assays were performed as previously described \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref011]\\] on all subjects with positive HI titers.", "\n\n*In vitro* stimulation and culture {#sec008}\n----------------------------------\n\nCryopreserved PBMC were shipped from Thailand on dry ice to the US and stored in liquid nitrogen until testing. ", "Vials of PBMC were thawed and counted. ", "PBMC (100,000 cells/well) were seeded into a 96-well plate in 200 μL/well RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma Immunochemicals, St. Louis, MO, USA), 200 mM L-glutamine (Gibco), and 100 U/mL penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco) and stimulated with 1:1000 anti-CD3 (clone 12F6; a gift generously provided by Dr. Johnson Wang), 1.2 μL/well uninfected Vero cell supernatant (negative control), or live DENV-1, live DENV-2, live DENV-3, or live DENV-4, each at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1. ", "The viruses used for stimulation were DENV-1 strain WP-74 (titer, 6.96 x 10^6^ plaque-forming units \\[PFU\\]/mL), DENV-2 strain S16803 (titer, 1.4 x 10^9^ PFU/mL), DENV-3 strain CH53489 (titer, 8.6 x 10^7^ PFU/mL), and DENV-4 strain 341750 (titer, 5.8 x 10^8^ PFU/mL), all of which were propagated in Vero cells. ", "Each stimulation condition was performed in triplicate. ", "The stimulated PBMC were maintained in culture for 6--7 days, at which time the supernatants were harvested, spun down to clear debris, and frozen at -20°C until analysis.", "\n\nCytokine analysis {#sec009}\n-----------------\n\nThe Human Cytokine 30-plex Panel kit (LHC6003, Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA) was used to determine the concentration of 30 different cytokines and chemokines present in the tissue culture supernatant samples, including EGF, Eotaxin, FGF-basic, G-CSF, GM-CSF, HGF, IFNα, IFNγ, IL-1RA, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 (p40/p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IP-10, MCP-1, MIG, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, TNFα, and VEGF. ", "The kit was used according to the manufacturer's instructions. ", "Briefly, the frozen tissue culture samples were thawed, plated undiluted (in duplicate) onto 96-well MultiScreen HTS filter plates (MSBVS1210; EMD Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA, USA) containing 30-plex, antibody-coated beads, and incubated on a shaker platform (MixMate; Eppendorf, Hauppauge, NY, USA) at 550 rpm for 2 hours. ", "The wells were then washed using a MultiScreen HTS Vacuum Manifold (Millipore), and the analyte-bound beads were tagged with biotin-conjugated antibodies, washed, and visualized with streptavidin-conjugated phycoerythrin (PE). ", "The data were acquired on a Luminex 200 instrument (Luminex Corp., Austin, TX, USA) and analyzed using Luminex 100 Integrated System 2.3 software (Luminex Corp.). ", "Protein standards were provided in the kit, and standard curves were generated with eight standard dilutions (undiluted, 1:3, 1:9, 1:27, 1:81, 1:243, 1:729, 1:2187) in RPMI/10% FBS.", "\n\nIntracellular cytokine staining (ICS) {#sec010}\n-------------------------------------\n\nICS assays were performed in parallel with the *in vitro* stimulation and culture assays described above. ", "Cryopreserved PBMC were thawed, counted, and approximately 0.2-1x10^6^ viable cells (median, 0.5x10^6^; the number of cells varied from subject-to-subject but were the same for all stimulation conditions for a given subject) were plated into each well of a 96-well plate. ", "Cells were stimulated with a 1:40 dilution of inactivated antigen (supernatant from glutaraldehyde-treated and lysed Vero cells uninfected \\[negative control\\] or infected with DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, or DENV-4, as previously described \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref012]\\]) in complete RPMI/10% FBS medium at 37°C. ", "After overnight incubation (approximately 12 hours), protein transport inhibitors (Golgi Plug/Stop, BD Biosciences) were added and the cells incubated at 37°C for an additional 6 hours. ", "The cells were then washed and stained with LIVE/DEAD Aqua (Invitrogen) before fixing and permeabilizing in CytoFix/CytoPerm (BD Biosciences), resuspending in Perm Wash Buffer (BD Biosciences), and adding the cells to a BD Lyoplate (623668; BD Biosciences). ", "The Lyoplate contained a pre-mixed cocktail of antibodies: anti-CD3-V450, anti-IFNγ-Alexa Fluor 488, anti-IL-2-PE, anti-CD4-PerCP-Cy5.5, anti-TNFα-PE-Cy7, and anti-CD8-APC-H7. ", "The cells were incubated with the antibody cocktail at room temperature for 30 minutes. ", "Data were acquired on an LSR II flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and analyzed using FlowJo v9 software (Tree Star, Inc.).", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#sec011}\n--------------------\n\nStandard curves were generated for each of the 30 analytes using a five-parameter logistic curve fit and 1/y^2^ weighted function by the Luminex 100 Integrated System 2.3 software. ", "The data were then exported and statistically analyzed using SAS 9.4 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). ", "The non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare cytokine production between subjects with subclinical and symptomatic infections. ", "A *P* value \\<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.", "\n\nResults {#sec012}\n=======\n\nWe identified 51 subjects who had DENV seroconversions during 1998 for this study, as determined by a 4-fold rise in HI titer to at least one DENV type ([Table 1](#pntd.0006975.t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Of these, 29 subjects experienced no overt clinical illness (subclinical infections) and 22 had illnesses that resulted in school absenteeism (symptomatic infections), 3 of which were hospitalized. ", "No significant differences were found between subjects who experienced subclinical versus symptomatic infections with regard to age (mean \\[range\\], 10.2 \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref008]--[@pntd.0006975.ref013]\\] years and 9.5 \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref007]--[@pntd.0006975.ref012]\\] years, respectively) or sex (M:F ratio, 1.07 and 1.75, respectively). ", "While no blood samples were available from subjects with subclinical infections at the time of exposure, acute samples from those with symptomatic infections showed a predominance of infection with DENV-3 followed by DENV-1; a single DENV-2 infection was detected and no DENV-4 infections. ", "Five samples were negative by PCR, therefore the infecting DENV type is not known for those subjects.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pntd.0006975.t001\n\n###### Characteristics of the study population.", "\n\n![](", "pntd.0006975.t001){#pntd.0006975.t001g}\n\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Subject No. ", " HI Titer (pre)[^a^](#t001fn001){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} HI Titer (post)[^b^](#t001fn002){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} Clinical Outcome DV Type\\ \n (PCR) \n ------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ---------- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------------- ------\n 1 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 40 40 80 80 Subclinical \\--\n\n 2 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 20 40 40 40 Subclinical \\--\n\n 3 \\<10 \\<10 10 \\<10 1280 1280 1280 2560 Subclinical \\--\n\n 4 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 320 640 320 20481 Subclinical \\--\n\n 5 10 \\<10 10 10 40 20 40 40 Subclinical \\--\n\n 6 10 20 10 10 20 40 40 40 Subclinical \\--\n\n 7 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 10 20 80 20 Subclinical \\--\n\n 8 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 320 320 640 640 Subclinical \\--\n\n 9 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 1280 640 1280 640 Subclinical \\--\n\n 10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 80 80 80 80 Subclinical \\--\n\n 11 \\<10 \\<10 10 \\<10 320 640 1280 1280 Subclinical \\--\n\n 12 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 80 80 80 320 Subclinical \\--\n\n 13 10 10 20 10 1280 640 640 640 Subclinical \\--\n\n 14 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 640 1280 2560 1280 Subclinical \\--\n\n 15 20 20 \\<10 \\<10 160 320 320 80 Subclinical \\--\n\n 16 \\<10 \\<10 10 10 40 40 40 40 Subclinical \\--\n\n 17 \\<10 \\<10 10 \\<10 320 320 320 320 Subclinical \\--\n\n 18 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 640 320 640 640 Subclinical \\--\n\n 19 \\<10 10 \\<10 \\<10 160 320 320 320 Subclinical \\--\n\n 20 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 1280 2560 2560 5120 Subclinical \\--\n\n 21 10 40 10 10 160 320 320 320 Subclinical \\--\n\n 22 \\<10 20 10 10 40 40 80 80 Subclinical \\--\n\n 23 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 20 \\<10 40 20 Subclinical \\--\n\n 24 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 10 160 160 640 640 Subclinical \\--\n\n 25 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 40 20 40 80 Subclinical \\--\n\n 26 \\<10 \\<10 10 10 10 \\<10 20 40 Subclinical \\--\n\n 27 \\<10 10 20 20 \\<10 \\<10 80 160 Subclinical \\--\n\n 28 10 \\<10 10 10 10 10 20 40 Subclinical \\--\n\n 29 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 20 20 40 40 Subclinical \\--\n\n 30 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 80 80 160 160 DF DV-1\n\n 31 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 640 320 640 320 DF DV-1\n\n 32 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 640 1280 1280 1280 DF Neg\n\n 33 \\<10 \\<10 10 10 1280 1280 640 1280 DF DV-3\n\n 34 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 320 320 640 1280 DF DV-3\n\n 35 10 \\<10 10 \\<10 1280 640 640 320 DF Neg\n\n 36 20 10 \\<10 10 2560 1280 2560 1280 DF Neg\n\n 37 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 160 320 640 320 DF DV-1\n\n 38 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 160 160 1280 640 DF Neg\n\n 39 \\<10 \\<10 10 10 320 320 1280 1280 DF DV-3\n\n 40 \\<10 \\<10 20 \\<10 80 80 640 160 DF DV-3\n\n 41 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 320 640 640 640 DF DV-3\n\n 42 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 640 1280 1280 1280 DF DV-2\n\n 43 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 80 20 40 40 DF DV-1\n\n 44 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 640 320 640 640 DF DV-3\n\n 45 \\<10 20 \\<10 \\<10 1280 1280 2560 1280 DF DV-3\n\n 46 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 1280 1280 1280 1280 DF DV-3\n\n 47 \\<10 10 \\<10 \\<10 1280 1280 2560 1280 DF DV-3\n\n 48 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 160 160 320 320 DF Neg\n\n 49 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 640 640 1280 2560 DHFIII DV-3\n\n 50 20 20 10 10 640 1280 2560 640 hDF DV-3\n\n 51 \\<10 \\<10 \\<10 10 640 320 1280 1280 hDF DV-1\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n^a^Prior to the 1998 season (January sample)\n\n^b^First sample from a scheduled visit (June, August, or November) that showed a 4-fold rise in HI titer relative to the January sample\n\nAbbreviations: DF, dengue fever; DHFIII, dengue hemorrhagic fever grade 3; DV-1-4, dengue virus types 1--4; hDF, hospitalized DF; HI, hemagglutination inhibition; Neg, negative\n\nDENV-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were undetectable in 22 subjects prior to the 1998 dengue season ([S1 Table](#pntd.0006975.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "However, NAb profiles assessed after the dengue season were predominantly multi-typic, characteristic of a secondary-type antibody response. ", "In symptomatic subjects, IgM/IgG EIA titers also indicated the occurrence of secondary infections in all but one case, despite some of the subjects having no anti-DENV NAb titers at the beginning of the year. ", "These results indicate that most subjects had prior exposure to DENV.", "\n\nPBMC were collected from all subjects in January, prior to the dengue season, and cryopreserved. ", "The time interval between the pre-exposure sample and DENV infection varied from subject-to-subject, but on average was 163 (range, 121--207) days to the first day of illness for symptomatic subjects. ", "The time interval between the pre-exposure sample and the first sample with a positive HI titer was on average 218 (range, 106--306) days for subclinical subjects and 189 (range, 119--280) days for symptomatic subjects. ", "This suggests subclinical infections occurred on a similar timescale as symptomatic infections.", "\n\nFor this study, we wanted to compare the cell-derived cytokine profiles elicited from those who went on to experience subclinical versus symptomatic DENV infections to determine whether particular profiles could predict subsequent clinical outcome. ", "To do this, the pre-exposure PBMC samples were thawed and placed in separate cultures with each of the four types of (live) DENV. ", "The tissue culture supernatants were collected after 1 week and subjected to a multiplexed analysis of 30 different cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors ([Fig 1](#pntd.0006975.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [S1 Fig](#pntd.0006975.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\n{#pntd.0006975.g001}\n\nUsing this assay format we found undetectable or very low levels of EGF, Eotaxin, FGF-basic, G-CSF, IL-1β, and IL-4 overall, and minimal DENV-specific production (detected in five or fewer subjects, \\<10% of the study cohort) of HGF, IFNα, IL-7, IL-10, IL-13, and IL-17 ([S1 Fig](#pntd.0006975.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "IL-2 was also only detectable in a handful of subjects ([Fig 1](#pntd.0006975.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}), but this may reflect its consumption during the culture by cells responding to DENV stimulation. ", "While PBMC from many subjects responded to DENV stimulation with production of IL-5, IL-8, IL-1RA, IP-10, and MIG, no correlations were observed with respect to clinical outcome ([Fig 1](#pntd.0006975.g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The remaining 12 cytokines showed patterns that appeared to differ by clinical outcome.", "\n\nIncreased production of cytokines in subjects with subclinical versus symptomatic infections {#sec013}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAnalyzing absolute concentrations of select cytokines, we found that levels of GM-CSF, IL-12, IL-2R, MIP-1α, RANTES, and TNFα were significantly higher in DENV-stimulated culture supernatants from subjects with subclinical versus symptomatic infections ([Fig 2](#pntd.0006975.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "While overall levels were low, GM-CSF and TNFα were significantly elevated after stimulation with DENV-4 by subjects who later experienced subclinical DENV infections. ", "Those subjects also produced more IL-12 and IL-2R than symptomatic subjects, which was significant for DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 stimulations. ", "RANTES showed a similar pattern, except that subjects with symptomatic infections appeared to down-regulate its expression relative to the negative control. ", "MIP-1α levels appeared naturally higher in subclinical subjects (in the absence of stimulation) and remained so in the presence of DENV-2 and DENV-4 stimulation.", "\n\n{#pntd.0006975.g002}\n\nAdditional cytokine responses indicated higher levels of DENV-specific expression in subjects with subclinical infection compared to subjects with symptomatic infection, including MIP-1β and VEGF ([Fig 2B](#pntd.0006975.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}), although these observations did not reach statistical significance. ", "IFNγ responses were relatively modest in culture supernatants following DENV stimulation; of the responders, however, the majority experienced subclinical infections ([Fig 2C](#pntd.0006975.g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nPrevious data from our laboratory indicated significantly higher IFNγ responses in subjects with subclinical infections \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref009]\\]. ", "As that study used a different assay format, we set up parallel ICS assays using PBMC from the same subjects as used for the cytokine analysis above for comparison. ", "For these experiments, we stimulated PBMC with inactivated antigen overnight and stained for the production of IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2. ", "Consistent with both the previous study and the trends in cytokine levels noted above, we found higher frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell producing IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2 in response to DENV antigen stimulation in the subjects with subclinical infections ([Fig 3](#pntd.0006975.g003){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [S2 Fig](#pntd.0006975.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}).", "\n\n{#pntd.0006975.g003}\n\nIncreased production of IL-6, IL-15, and MCP-1 in subjects who experienced symptomatic DENV infections {#sec014}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nLevels of IL-6, IL-15, and MCP-1 were higher in response to DENV stimulation in subjects who experienced DF/DHF versus those with subclinical infections ([Fig 4](#pntd.0006975.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Most striking was IL-6 expression after DENV-1 stimulation. ", "IL-6 production was highly up-regulated in DENV-1 stimulated cultures from all but one symptomatic subject, as compared to 17/29 (58.6%) subjects with subclinical infections ([Fig 4](#pntd.0006975.g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "One subject with symptomatic infection and four subjects with subclinical infections who did not produce IL-6 in response to DENV-1 did have a response to DENV-4, and one additional symptomatic subject produced IL-6 in response to both DENV-1 and DENV-4. ", "Neither DENV-2 nor DENV-3 stimulation resulted in substantial up-regulation of IL-6 production, although DENV-3-stimulated wells showed a non-significant trend toward higher levels of IL-6 in subjects with symptomatic infection (p = 0.061).", "\n\n{#pntd.0006975.g004}\n\nDiscussion {#sec015}\n==========\n\nThrough a prospective study in Thailand we identified schoolchildren who experienced subclinical DENV infections, and we compared their pre-existing cytokine profiles to peers who experienced symptomatic infections. ", "Using PBMC samples from approximately 4--7 months prior to DENV exposure, we evaluated the production of 30 different cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in response to DENV stimulation *in vitro*, modeling interactions that might occur *in vivo* during the subsequent DENV infection. ", "Our analysis revealed that stimulation of PBMC with all four types of DENV induced the production of cytokines, nine of which significantly differed according to the clinical outcome of DENV infection. ", "Six cytokines/chemokines were more highly produced in PBMC of subjects who had subclinical infections, and three cytokines/chemokines were elevated in PBMC of subjects with symptomatic infections. ", "These data identified increased *in vitro* production of IL-12, IL-2R, MIP-1α, RANTES, GM-CSF, and TNFα (possibly along with IFNγ, MIP-1β, and VEGF) as a \"protective\" immune profile and increased *in vitro* production of IL-6, IL-15, and MCP-1 as a \"pathologic\" immune profile.", "\n\nThe \"protective\" profile suggested by our data indicates roles for a robust innate anti-viral response as well as activation of DENV-specific T cells. ", "While we do not know which cell types are responsible for production of these cytokines, the results of the ICS assay indicated that at least some of the TNFα and IFNγ is secreted by T cells. ", "DENV infection of dendritic cells has been demonstrated *in vitro* to induce IL-12 production \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref013], [@pntd.0006975.ref014]\\], which presumably contributes to T cell activation. ", "Additionally, the CC chemokines MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES are known to recruit monocytes/macrophages as well as lymphocytes, supporting a protective role for T cell effectors. ", "These data are in agreement with a study of experimentally DENV-challenged volunteers, which demonstrated higher frequencies of IFNγ-producing T cells in subjects who were protected from disease versus those who were not \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref015]\\].", "\n\nOur group previously found increased TNFα production measured by ELISA in response to stimulation with DENV antigen by PBMC collected before infection in children who were hospitalized versus not hospitalized during the subsequent secondary DENV infection \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref016]\\]. ", "In a later study involving a separate group of subjects, we found higher frequencies of IFNγ- and IL-2--producing T cells measured by ICS staining after overnight stimulation with DENV antigen among schoolchildren who subsequently developed subclinical infection, compared with those who developed symptomatic, secondary DENV infection \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref009]\\]. ", "In both of the previous studies, we stimulated PBMC *in vitro* with inactivated, DENV-infected Vero cell lysates that was shown to predominantly stimulate CD4+ T cells. ", "In the current study we set up both ICS and 7-day culture assays, the latter using infectious DENV and expanding the number of cytokines/chemokines tested. ", "We found additional chemokines whose production was associated with either subclinical or symptomatic DENV infections. ", "Comparison of data from the two different assays is complicated by the differences in stimulation conditions (infectious virus versus inactivated DENV-infected Vero cell lysate), length of incubation time following stimulation (overnight versus 1 week), and assay method (intracellular cytokine staining versus cytokine analysis of cell culture supernatants); however, compiling the results from this and previous studies suggests anti-viral cytokine production is generally beneficial.", "\n\nIn a human challenge model of influenza, IL-6, IL-15, and MCP-1, among others, were highly upregulated in the first several days post-challenge in subjects who later developed symptoms; while serum samples from subjects with no symptoms post-challenge did not have elevations of these cytokines \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref017]\\]. ", "Those results are similar to our findings here in the context of natural DENV infection. ", "IL-15 is important for maintaining memory CD8+ T cells and NK cells and is being used in cancer treatments to increase NK cell-mediated anti-tumor activity. ", "In hantavirus infection, however, IL-15-mediated activation of NK cells was shown to circumvent self-tolerance mechanisms leading to targeting of uninfected endothelial cells, demonstrating a potential role in pathogenesis \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref018]\\]. ", "MCP-1 is involved in recruitment of monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes and has been implicated in diverting T cell responses from a Th1 toward a Th2 type response \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref019]\\]. ", "Such a shift in responses would be consistent with the lack of IFNγ production we saw in the current study in symptomatic subjects. ", "Further study of these cytokines and of the role of NK cells in particular in DENV infection is warranted.", "\n\nThe production of IL-6 in PBMC from all symptomatic individuals compared with only a subset of subclinical individuals was a particularly striking finding in this study and suggests its potential role in dengue disease pathogenesis. ", "IL-6 levels have been shown to be elevated in the sera of dengue patients and in several studies were significantly associated with more severe disease \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref004], [@pntd.0006975.ref005]\\] IL-6 has various roles in immunity; it has been shown to increase the production of anti-platelet or anti-endothelial cell auto-antibodies and tissue plasminogen activator \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref020], [@pntd.0006975.ref021]\\]. *", "In vitro*, DENV has been shown to induce the upregulation of TLR-2 and TLR-6 which stimulated the production of IL-6 and TNFα in PBMC \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref022]\\] Recombinant DENV NS1 protein was also shown to stimulate IL-6 production *in vitro* \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref023]\\]; however, this may not explain completely our finding, as we saw type-specific differences in the induction of IL-6. ", "Identification of the cell subsets responsible for IL-6 production would be an important extension of our study and would further clarify the immunological pathways responsible.", "\n\nSeveral limitations of the present study should be noted. ", "We measured cytokine levels at a single time point post-stimulation; assessing protein concentration at earlier and/or later time points to create a kinetic profile of these cytokines might yield additional information. ", "Although we tested a wider array of cytokines compared to our earlier studies, most did not show significant associations with clinical outcome, and many other cytokines were not included in the panel. ", "We also used a single representative virus strain for each DENV type; thus, differences in cytokine production observed between the four types may reflect characteristics of the specific strains used rather than apply generally to that type. ", "Cytokine levels were measured in the cell culture supernatants, and therefore we are not able to identify the cell types responsible for their production. ", "It is possible that some cytokines were secreted in response to initial cytokine secretion by other cells, for example antigen-specific T cells, highlighting the dynamic inter-cellular relationship of cytokine secretion and the resulting complexity underlying interpretation of these data. ", "Additionally, as our study population included very few subjects who were hospitalized, we cannot determine if the \"pathologic\" immune profile we observed is associated with more severe presentations of dengue. ", "Finally, our cohort study design limited us to PBMC samples from approximately 4--7 months prior to DENV infection. ", "Any changes in immune profiles during that time due to other, related infections or the process of waning immunity are therefore unknown. ", "Future study designs will attempt to close that temporal gap in order to address the influence of an individual's current immune profile on an incoming infection.", "\n\nOur results suggest that the type of DENV used for stimulation has a strong influence on cytokine secretion. ", "Although it is difficult to standardize the virus inocula across types, stimulation with DENV-1 appeared to induce a different immune profile compared to stimulation with DENV-2, -3, and -4. ", "In symptomatic individuals, DENV-2, DENV-3, and in some cases DENV-4 appeared to induce down-regulation of chemokine responses while stimulation with DENV-1 increased IL-15, IL-6 and MCP-1 levels significantly. ", "It should be noted that all of the subjects included in the present study experienced DENV infection in 1998 and were in primary school during that year. ", "Thus, the history of prior DENV infections in this study population may be relatively uniform. ", "We do not have data on previously infecting types for these children, and as mentioned above extrapolating such information based on NAb titers is not straightforward. ", "This therefore limits our ability to analyze type-specific results in the context of previous infection history. ", "In other studies using PBMC collected from Thai children with DENV infection we found preferential recognition of the DENV-1 variant of an epitope on the NS3 protein by CD8+ T cells \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref024]\\], and of DENV-1 virus by B cells \\[[@pntd.0006975.ref025]\\]. ", "Further studies will therefore be needed to determine if these differences reflect an inherent quality of DENV-1, genetic factors in the Thai population, or the immune history specific to this geographic region and year.", "\n\nIn summary, our analysis of cytokine production by PBMC collected prior to DENV infection in response to DENV stimulation revealed a number of cytokines/chemokines whose production was associated with the clinical outcome of infection. ", "Our findings suggest that profiles of \"protective\" or \"pathologic\" cytokines might contribute to an individual having a subsequent subclinical or clinically apparent secondary DENV infection.", "\n\nSupporting information {#sec016}\n======================\n\n###### Cytokines at low or undetectable levels in most subjects.", "\n\nPBMC from subjects who went on to experience subclinical (n = 29) or symptomatic (n = 22) DENV infections were stimulated *in vitro* with anti-CD3 antibody (positive control), live DENV-1, live DENV-2, live DENV-3, live DENV-4, or uninfected Vero cell supernatant (negative control). ", "After 6--7 days, culture supernatants were assessed by a multiplexed, bead-based array for quantification of 30 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors. ", "Shown are three- and five-fold changes up (light and dark blue, respectively) or down (grey and pink, respectively), relative to the negative control, of each listed analyte. ", "Each row represents responses from a single individual.", "\n\n(PDF)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### Example of ICS flow plots.", "\n\nThe flow cytometry gating strategy to identify cytokine-secreting T cells started with selecting lymphocytes, based on forward and side scatter profiles, followed by singlet cells, dead cell dye exclusion (live cell gate), CD3+ cells, and finally CD4+ or CD8+ T cell subsets. ", "The bottom three rows of plots show CD4+ T cells expressing IFN-gamma, IL-2, or TNF-alpha after no stimulation (negative control) or stimulation with DENV-1 antigen (DENV-1 Ag) or PMA+ionomycin (positive control). ", "Shown are plots from a single representative subject.", "\n\n(PDF)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### Additional serological data on the cohort.", "\n\n(PDF)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nThe authors would like to thank Omely Marte for her technical assistance with the Luminex assays. ", "Material has been reviewed by the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. ", "There is no objection to its presentation and/or publication. ", "The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author, and are not to be construed as official, or as reflecting true views of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the National Institutes of Health. ", "The investigators have adhered to the policies for protection of human subjects as prescribed in AR 70--25.", "\n\n[^1]: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n[^2]: Current address: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America\n\n[^3]: Current address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America\n\n[^4]: Current address: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Dal Bahadur Gurung\n\nDal Bahadur Gurung, popularly known as Hum Jayega (हम जाएगा) (1922–1992) is a legendary person often cited as a funny character in folklore and jokes in Nepal, Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Sikkim, Assam and Manipur. ", "Because of several unrealistic jokes and tales about him, many people still considered him to be an imaginary person.", "\n\nBirth\nHe was born in Marebong Tea Estate of Darjeeling, India in March 1922. ", "His ancestors were from Makluwa, a hamlet in Panchthar district of Nepal. ", "Hum Jayega's great grandfather Dhaujbeer Gurung migrated along with his family in 1814 AD.", "\n\nEarly life\n\nIn 1936, he ran away to Calcutta to become a pilot, but it was not possible due to his poor academic background. ", "With hurdles and economic hardships, he hanged around an engineering college and learned driving with a professor who was fond of his jokes. ", "In 1948, he returned to Darjeeling. ", "With his driving skills, he became cab driver with a post second world war short-chassis Land Rover. ", "He was the first driver ever to take a vehicle to the summit of Tiger Hill, Darjeeling and Tumling. ", "In this new circle of friends he was popular by his nickname Hum Jayega. ", "Whenever the tourists asked who will go on the muddy underdeveloped roads to the hills, he used to answer \"hum jayega\" (meaning \"I'll go\" in Hindi) and this is how he got his nickname.", "\n\nCareer\n\nHis famous jokes were available as three booklets but some pirated versions were also published. ", "Currently, his jokes are popular over the Internet and several facebook pages. ", "Most of these jokes are in Nepali, lingua franca of Darjeeling, Nepal and surrounding areas but many of them have been translated to English. ", "In 1985 he was screened for about two minutes in a popular Nepali movie Kusume Rumal and it cleared that he is not just an imaginary character.", "\n\nHe continued working as a driver until he was 53 and engaged in publishing booklets of his jokes. ", "His daughter remembers him as a responsible father who looked after the children even after his wife's death. ", "He was concerned about the good education and future of the children and grandchildren. ", "He was a father of four daughters and one son. ", "However it is also said that Hum Jayega lost all his wealth due to his drinking habit, leaving his family to live in poverty. ", "But the misery was never able to estrange Hum Jayega from laughing and making others laugh. ", "He died in April 1992.", "\n\nIn popular culture \nThe first collection of jokes based on the escapades of Hum Jayega was published by Bijoy Kumar Rai as 'Humjayegako Diary' in 1982, which consisted of two volumes. ", "It was published under the banner of Sajha Pustak Prakashan (publishers) in Darjeeling.", "\n\nReferences\n\nHum Jayega Original Video\n\nCategory:Indian male comedians\nCategory:1922 births\nCategory:1992 deaths\nCategory:Humour and wit characters of India\nCategory:Indian people of Nepalese descent\nCategory:People from Darjeeling\nCategory:20th-century comedians" ]

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[ "Lens actin: purification and localization.", "\nActin was purified from the chick lens using DEAE-52 column chromatography followed by hydroxylapatite chromatography. ", "The antibody produced against the purified actin cross-reacted specifically with lens actin from other species in addition to smooth and skeletal muscle actin and labelled the stress bundles of cultured fibroblasts. ", "Actin was localized, using immunological methods, primarily to the plasma membrane of the epithelial and fiber cells of the chick and human lens. ", "Actin filaments were also identified by HMM S-1 labeling in bovine cortical fiber cells. ", "Using this procedure, the actin filaments were found throughout the fiber cell but were mainly concentrated near the plasma membrane and in cell processes. ", "They formed a population distinct from the beaded filaments. ", "The initial DEAE-52 column chromatography was also useful in the initial purification of lens fiber cell intermediate filament protein and two species of beta-crystallins." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "GoPro Hero 7 camera films smooth videos without gimbal By Leo Kelion\n\nTechnology desk editor Published duration 20 September 2018\n\nmedia caption WATCH: GoPro's new stabilisation put to the test\n\nGoPro hopes it can tempt film-makers to try its latest camera with the promise of smooth videos without the need for stabilisation equipment.", "\n\nIts Hero 7 Black records \"Hypersmooth\" steadied clips in real-time.", "\n\nGoPro has posted a loss in all but one of its past 11 quarters, leading to speculation it might be taken over.", "\n\nThe company's founder told the BBC he hoped the latest camera line-up would help turn around its fortunes but did not rule out a sale.", "\n\n\"I have a responsibility as GoPro's [chief executive] to be looking for the best return in value creation for our investors and also to realise the best product experience for our customers,\" Nick Woodman said.", "\n\n\"And if there's a way to do that more effectively with a strategic partner, then of course that's something we are going to look at.", "\n\n\"But to be candid, my focus and our leadership team's focus is not on trying to sell the business.", "\n\n\"We don't have an active process going on. ", "We're focused on restoring GoPro to growth and profitability.\"", "\n\nimage copyright GoPro image caption The camera now detects when it is being used in vertical mode\n\nMr Woodman added that his company believed about half its active customers were using Hero 4 or older cameras, presenting it with a \"huge opportunity\".", "\n\nBut one company-watcher has doubts.", "\n\n\"As much as they have improved a lot of stuff in the new cameras, there's still a real question as to whether there's enough to convince existing GoPro owners to upgrade,\" said Cam Bunton, contributing editor at the gadget review site Pocket-lint.", "\n\n\"At £379.99 the Hero 7 Black is still not a casual purchase.\"", "\n\nAnti-shake\n\nimage copyright GoPro image caption The White and Silver models lack some of the Black's features including its Hypersmooth mode, and take 10 megapixel rather than 12MP photos\n\nThe White, Silver and Black models all look alike and feature a new touchscreen user interface meant to simplify their use.", "\n\nThere are no improvements to frame rates or resolution - the maximum setting is still 4K at 60 frames per second on the Black edition and lower on the other cameras.", "\n\nInstead, the flagship feature for the top-end model is its new Hypersmooth facility, which Mr Woodman said had been GoPro customers' \"number one feature request\".", "\n\nThe effect is achieved digitally rather than by physically moving the camera sensor internally to compensate for shake. ", "Software slightly crops the picture and then uses the extra leeway to compensate for shakes and bumps while warping parts of the footage if necessary.", "\n\nimage caption The new GoPro Hero Black (right) features a new user interface\n\nAlthough the previous generation of camera did something similar, GoPro says the results are far superior this time round.", "\n\nIt says they even exceed what was possible with its own Karma Grip gimbal, an accessory that used to effectively double the cost of a camera.", "\n\n\"It can be used underwater... Hypersmooth is wind resistant at any speed,\" said Mr Woodman.", "\n\n\"And it is capable of correcting for high frequency vibrations that would usually result in rolling shutter,\" he added, referring to a jello-motion-like effect caused by a camera sensor being moved as it scans a scene.", "\n\nimage copyright GoPro image caption GoPro suggests the in-body stabilisation can produce better results than a gimbal in many circumstances\n\nUsers who record videos from cameras strapped on to helmets or the sides or vehicles should be among those that benefit.", "\n\nHowever, in some situations the warping involved can make images look unnatural.", "\n\nThe effect cannot be removed in post-production, so some users may prefer to switch it off and use specialist software to stabilise footage in a more controlled manner.", "\n\nDoing it in-camera, however, is quicker.", "\n\nMoreover, the Hero 7 Black offers a Timewarp feature that marries the stabilising effect to time-lapses.", "\n\nThis allows the users to move about as they film, to create sped-up footage that does not look shaky.", "\n\nThe result is similar to a Hyperlapse - a process that usually requires a user to take hundreds of still images and then laboriously edit them together.", "\n\nThe company is also making it easier to livestream footage to Facebook and other social media platforms.", "\n\nMr Woodman said his company's use of its GP1 chip, which debuted last year, had helped make this possible.", "\n\n\"If we were still relying on open-market available processor and were developing cameras the way some of our competitors do, I don't think it would be possible to have made this breakthrough,\" he said.", "\n\nSocial streaming\n\nOther improvements include:\n\na redesigned microphone membrane to reduce noise caused by vibrations that pass through the mount\n\na SuperPhoto mode, which automatically decides when to deploy noise reduction and high dynamic range (HDR) facilities\n\nauto-detection of when the camera is turned on its side for vertical videos, to avoid the user having to rotate the images in the edit\n\nimage copyright GoPro image caption The Hero Black 7 can livestream footage when paired to a smartphone\n\nGoPro's own app can now livestream footage to Facebook without the need for additional third-party software.", "\n\nThis is limited to 720p resolution. ", "It intends to add support for YouTube and Instagram later.", "\n\nSqueezed out?", "\n\nMr Woodman said GoPro expected to sell about 16% more cameras this year than in 2017.", "\n\nBut with smartphones becoming more robust and mirrorless cameras offering a more travel-friendly alternative to digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs), GoPro risks getting squeezed.", "\n\nimage caption GoPro expects the Hero 7 Black will help it perform better than last year\n\n\"Smartphone cameras are getting really good stabilisation, really good slow-motion video and are now waterproof,\" said Mr Bunton.", "\n\n\"So, the actioncam market is niche and if that's the only thing you do, things could get tough.\"" ]

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[ "There’s a new teaser for Netflix’s THE DEFENDERS which teams Marvel’s street heroes Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, Iron Fist — but don’t get too excited. ", "Nothing really happens in the teaser. ", "It’s just surveillance footage of the four heroes in an elevator — much like the infamous Solange-Jay Z elevator footage, except not as explosive.", "\n\nIn any case, the 16 seconds will probably garner tons of analysis from super fanboys and fangirls, but when it comes down to it, all the teaser does is announce the premiere date: 08.18.2017.", "\n\nThe Tracking Board\n\nHollywood's premiere source for insider news and exclusives, tracking, analysis and coverage on all things film, television and entertainment. ", "Home to the most robust spec market tracking, in development coverage, annual best lists, reviews, reports, opinions and daily news as it happens." ]

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[ "McNeil’s crimes include sexual offense with a child by adult offender, first-degree kidnapping, human trafficking of a minor, sexual servitude of a minor, and indecent liberties with a child. ", "McNeill previously pleaded guilty to felony assault for shooting three people in 2001.", "\n\nA Cumberland County jury deliberated for less than an hour in 2013 before recommending that McNeill be sentenced to death for Davis’ murder.", "\n\nThe little girl’s body was found south of Sanford in a remote kudzu patch near a place where deer hunters gut their kills, six days after her mother reported her missing from their Fayetteville mobile home. ", "Searchers and their dogs had passed by the area without finding the girl’s body until McNeill’s lawyers told police where to look.", "\n\nDavis’ mother was sentenced to serve least 17 years in prison for second-degree murder, human trafficking of a minor, and other charges after investigators learned she traded her daughter to McNeill to pay off a $200 debt.", "\n\nDuring his trial, McNeill offered no evidence, did not want anyone to testify on his behalf before sentencing and prevented his lawyers from offering any closing arguments to jurors.", "\n\n“My goal was freedom. ", "I lost my freedom. ", "What does it matter after that?” ", "McNeill said in 2013.", "\n\nNorth Carolina is rare among southern states in that it hasn’t had an execution in more than a decade because of various legal challenges. ", "Condemned killers get an automatic review of their case by the state Supreme Court, bypassing the lower-level appeals court. ", "About a half-dozen are in various stages of appeal to the high court.", "\n\nThere are 150 killers on North Carolina’s Death Row, including McNeil. ", "He’s been one of the most recent additions to the line waiting for their execution day. ", "The longest has been on Death Row for 31 years. ", "The latest was added in April 2016." ]

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[ "Kinetics of serum HBsAg in Chinese patients with chronic HBV infection with long-term adefovir dipivoxil treatment.", "\nKnowledge on Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) kinetics in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with long-term adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) treatment is limited. ", "The aims of this study were to investigate HBsAg kinetics in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection treated with long-term ADV and to evaluate different characteristics between patients with and without HBsAg loss. ", "We retrospectively evaluated HBsAg kinetics in 24 Chinese patients with chronic HBV infection who achieved continuous virologic suppression during ADV therapy. ", "HBV genotype was determined at baseline. ", "Liver biochemistry, hepatitis B e antigen status, serum HBV DNA, and HBsAg levels were measured at baseline, 6 months, and once every year thereafter. ", "Of these 24 patients, 3, 1, and 20 patients were followed up for 3, 5, and 6 years, respectively. ", "Baseline serum HBsAg level had a moderate correlation with baseline HBV DNA level (r = 0.52, P = 0.01). ", "The median rate of HBsAg reduction during the therapy period was 0.08 lg IU × ml(-1) × y(-1). ", "Baseline serum HBsAg level was significantly higher than other time points (P ranges from 0.046 to 0.002). ", "The HBsAg reduction rate during the first year was similar to that in other years (P > 0.05). ", "The HBsAg reduction rate during the first year in patients with eventual HBsAg loss was significantly faster than that in patients without HBsAg loss (P = 0.005). ", "Serum HBsAg levels in Chinese CHB patients receiving long-term ADV demonstrated a gradual reduction. ", "Patients with eventual HBsAg loss had a significantly faster HBsAg reduction rate during the first year than those without HBsAg loss." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Asteroids that follow similar orbits may have a dynamical connection as their current paths could be the result of a past interaction with a massive perturber. ", "The pair of extreme trans-Neptunian objects or ETNOs (474640) 2004 VN$_{112}$–2013 RF$_{98}$ exhibits peculiar relative orbital properties, including a difference in longitude of the ascending node of just 161 and 399 in inclination. ", "In addition, their reflectance spectra are similar in the visible portion of the spectrum. ", "The origin of these similarities remains unclear. ", "Neglecting observational bias, viable scenarios that could explain this level of coincidence include fragmentation and binary dissociation. ", "Here, we present results of extensive direct $N$-body simulations of close encounters between wide binary ETNOs and one trans-Plutonian planet. ", "We find that wide binary ETNOs can dissociate during such interactions and the relative orbital properties of the resulting unbound couples match reasonably well those of several pairs of known ETNOs, including 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$. The possible presence of former binaries among the known ETNOs has strong implications for the interpretation of the observed anisotropies in the distributions of the directions of their orbital poles and perihelia.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'C. de la Fuente Marcos'\n- 'R. de la Fuente Marcos'\n- 'S. J. Aarseth'\ntitle: 'Binary stripping as a plausible origin of correlated pairs of extreme trans-Neptunian objects'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe commissioning of large telescopes with wide fields of view equipped with sizeable mosaics of detectors has led to uncovering the presence of a group of extraordinary asteroids whose orbits are larger than those of any other previously known trans-Neptunian object (TNO) and have perihelion distances well outside the range defined by highly-eccentric, already catalogued asteroids and comets. ", "The first member of this fascinating dynamical class was found in 2000, (148209) 2000 CR$_{105}$, and its discovery was soon acknowledged as an important milestone in the study of the outer Solar System because its current path cannot be explained within the standard eight-planets-only Solar System paradigm (e.g. Gladman et al. ", "2002; Morbidelli and Levison 2004). ", "Sometimes labelled as distant Kuiper belt or inner Oort Cloud objects, Trujillo and Sheppard (2014) called these asteroids extreme TNOs or ETNOs if their semi-major axis, $a$, is greater than 150 AU and their perihelion distance —$q=a\\ (1-e)$, eccentricity, $e$— is greater than 30 AU.", "\n\nThe number of ETNOs included in the database of the Minor Planet Center[^1] (MPC) stands at 28 (as of 2017 August 29), but at least one additional candidate object has already been announced (V774104 by Sheppard et al. ", "2015). ", "The orbits of the ETNOs do not fit within an eight-planets-only Solar System, but the presence of one or more yet-to-be-discovered planetary bodies orbiting the Sun well beyond Neptune may be able to explain most, if not all, of the unexpected orbital characteristics displayed by the known ETNOs (de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos 2014, 2016a, 2016b, 2016c; Trujillo and Sheppard 2014; de la Fuente Marcos et al. ", "2015, 2016; Gomes et al. ", "2015; Batygin and Brown 2016; Brown and Batygin 2016; Malhotra et al. ", "2016; Sheppard and Trujillo 2016; Millholland and Laughlin 2017). ", "This scenario is often referred to as the trans-Plutonian planets paradigm. ", "As the subject of the possible existence of planets beyond Pluto is far from new, the term trans-Plutonian planet has already been used in the past (see e.g. Seidelmann 1971; Brady 1972; Radzievskij et al. ", "1994; Kuz’Michev and Tomanov 2006; Lykawka and Mukai 2008); in order to clearly separate TNOs from such planets, hereafter we use trans-Plutonian planet(s) instead of trans-Neptunian planet(s) even if the latter is certainly more usual.", "\n\nPerhaps the most popular variant of the trans-Plutonian planets paradigm is the so-called Planet Nine hypothesis (Batygin and Brown 2016; Brown and Batygin 2016) that predicts the existence of one $\\sim$10 $M_{\\oplus}$ planet at about $a=700$ AU based on the analysis of the observed clustering in physical space of the perihelia and the positions of the orbital poles of seven ETNOs —Sedna, 148209, (474640) 2004 VN$_{112}$, 2007 TG$_{422}$, 2010 GB$_{174}$, 2012 VP$_{113}$ and 2013 RF$_{98}$— and subsequent analytical and numerical work. ", "Such anisotropies are the by-products of primary clusterings in inclination, $i$, longitude of the ascending node, $\\Omega$, and argument of perihelion, $\\omega$, as pointed out by de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos (2016c) and, in principle, cannot be attributed to a selection effect (e.g. de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos 2014). ", "However, Shankman et al. (", "2017a) have claimed that the Planet Nine hypothesis cannot reproduce the overall level of orbital clustering displayed by the known ETNOs and Shankman et al. (", "2017b) have recently argued that any clustering present among the known ETNOs is probably more apparent than real.", "\n\nThe existence of groupings in $\\Omega$ and $\\omega$ is indicative of some external perturbation only if it can be assumed that there is no detection bias. ", "On the one hand, absence of detection bias is advocated by Trujillo and Sheppard (2014), and by Batygin and Brown (2016), Brown and Batygin (2016) and Brown (2017), while Bannister et al. (", "2017), Lawler et al. (", "2017) and Shankman et al. (", "2017a, 2017b) argue that strong detection biases may actually exist. ", "De la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos (2014) showed that there is indeed an intrinsic bias in declination, $\\delta$, induced by our observing point on Earth; when observed at perihelion or very near it (see their fig. ", "2), most ETNOs will be discovered at $|\\delta|<24$ no matter how complete and extensive the surveys are. ", "This intrinsic detection bias affects the distribution of observed orbital elements (see their fig. ", "3); in particular, most discoveries should show low orbital inclinations, but this is not what is observed. ", "At this point, the presence or absence of harmful detection biases in the current ETNO sample are both plausible hypotheses until proven otherwise, but investigating this subject is beyond the scope of this paper.", "\n\nRecent observational work has shown that, among the known ETNOs, the pair 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ stands out in terms of both dynamical and spectroscopic properties, suggesting that these two objects may have had a common physical origin (de León et al. ", "2017). ", "The hypothesis of the existence of a genetic link for this pair is reasonably well supported by the currently available evidence. ", "If a chance alignment is discarded, viable scenarios that could lead to a pair of closely related minor bodies include fragmentation and binary dissociation. ", "Preliminary calculations show that binary dissociation after an encounter with a trans-Plutonian planet at very large heliocentric distance might be able to explain the origin of this pair of ETNOs (de León et al. ", "2017). ", "Here, we present the results of a large number of direct $N$-body simulations of close encounters between wide binary ETNOs and one trans-Plutonian planet aimed at providing a detailed account of the binary dissociation process and its outcome. ", "The goal of this research is not estimating the odds of a binary stripping event happening at hundreds of astronomical units from the Sun for which we do not have enough data yet, but its plausibility; therefore, our numerical exploration is mostly a theoretical exercise with potentially interesting practical applications. ", "This paper is organized as follows. ", "Some relevant properties of the ETNO pair 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ are summarized in Sect. ", "2 that also delves into the context of this research. ", "Our $N$-body methodology is briefly outlined in Sect. ", "3. ", "Section 4 describes an extensive exploration of the disruption mechanism and the orbital properties of the resulting unbound couples. ", "The transition from newly disrupted couple to ETNO pair is studied in Sect. ", "5. ", "Results are discussed in Sect. ", "6 and conclusions summarized in Sect.", " 7.", "\n\nThe pair (474640) 2004 VN$_\\mathbf{112}$–2013 RF$_\\mathbf{98}$: relevant data and context\n=========================================================================================\n\nThe state of the art for the pair (474640) 2004 VN$_{112}$–2013 RF$_{98}$ has been reviewed by de León et al. (", "2017). ", "Within the standard eight-planets-only Solar System paradigm and after performing extensive numerical simulations, Sheppard and Trujillo (2016) have classified 474640 as a long-term stable, extreme detached object; this conclusion is consistent with results from an independent analysis carried out by Brown and Batygin (2016). ", "As for the other member of the pair, Sheppard and Trujillo (2016) have classified 2013 RF$_{98}$ as an extreme scattered object after finding that it becomes dynamically unstable within the standard paradigm over 10 Myr time-scales as a result of the influence of Neptune. ", "In contrast, within the Planet Nine hypothesis (Batygin and Brown 2016; Brown and Batygin 2016) both objects are assumed to be long-term stable although some incarnations of the Planet Nine hypothesis make this pair very unstable on time-scales of order of dozens of Myr, being eventually ejected from the Solar System (see fig. ", "2 in de la Fuente Marcos et al. ", "2016). ", "The resonant secular dynamics beyond Neptune in the absence of any significant external perturbers has been systematically explored by Saillenfest et al. (", "2017); their analysis suggests that the criteria used to consider TNOs as detached from the planets must be revised.", "\n\nPrior to 2016 September, the available orbital solutions for this pair of ETNOs gave an angular separation between the directions of their perihelia (those of the vector going from the Sun to the respective perihelion point) of 98, very similar to the one between the directions of their velocities at perihelion/aphelion (95); however, their orbital poles were much closer at 41 and they had similar aphelion distances (589 AU versus 577 AU) as well. ", "Following Öpik (1971), minor bodies with both similar directions of the orbital poles and perihelia could be part of a group of common physical origin. ", "In an attempt to explore this scenario, astrometry, photometry and visible spectroscopy of the two targets were obtained on 2016 September using the OSIRIS camera-spectrograph at the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) telescope (de León et al. ", "2017).", "\n\nUpdated data and their impact\n-----------------------------\n\nThe results in de León et al. (", "2017) show that the spectral slopes of 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ are very close matches, similar to those of (148209) 2000 CR$_{105}$ and 2012 VP$_{113}$, and compatible with the ones of 2002 GB$_{32}$ and 2003 HB$_{57}$ (two other members of the ETNO category not linked to the Planet Nine hypothesis). ", "However, they are very different from that of Sedna, which was discovered in 2003 by Brown et al. (", "2004a) and is often regarded as the key object of this dynamical class (sometimes these objects are called Sednoids). ", "Such spectral differences suggest that Sedna and the other objects do not share the same region of origin (see e.g. Sheppard 2010). ", "This robust observational evidence may be at odds with the Sednitos theory (J[í]{}lkov[á]{} et al. ", "2015) that argues that Sedna and the other ETNOs were captured from the planetesimal disk of another star early in the history of the Solar System. ", "Sedna may also be a statistical outlier among the ETNOs in terms of some other orbital and physical parameters (de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos 2016c).", "\n\nThanks to the new GTC observations, the orbital solution of 2013 RF$_{98}$ was considerably improved (de León et al. ", "2016). ", "Using the new orbits in Table \\[elements\\], the relative differences in (heliocentric) $a$, $e$, $i$, $\\Omega$, $\\omega$ and time of perihelion passage, $\\tau_q$, are respectively 32.6 AU, 0.0465, 399, 161, 1526 and 56 days; the associated angular separation between the directions of the perihelia of this pair of ETNOs is now 141 (141$\\pm$07) and between the directions of their velocities at perihelion/aphelion is 141, but their orbital poles still remain at 41 (4059$\\pm$0003) from each other. ", "Having relatively well-aligned orbital poles is indicative of a nearly common direction of orbital angular momentum which is often linked to the products of the break-up of a parent body. ", "For this type of analysis, it may be claimed that when considering objects as distant as the ETNOs, it is perhaps better to use orbital elements that do not vary on very short time-scales, i.e. barycentric instead of heliocentric ones (see e.g. de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos 2016b; Malhotra et al. ", "2016). ", "However, the positions of orbital poles and perihelia of the ETNOs are fairly insensitive to the differences between heliocentric and barycentric coordinates (de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos 2016c) because these differences are very small (well under 1%) for the particular case of the angular elements as Table \\[elements\\] shows.", "\n\n0.08truecm\n\n ---------------------------------------------- --- -------------------- ------------- ------------------ -------------\n \n heliocentric barycentric heliocentric barycentric\n Semi-major axis, $a$ (AU) = 316.4$\\pm$1.0 327.3 349$\\pm$11 364\n Eccentricity, $e$ = 0.8505$\\pm$0.0005 0.8554 0.897$\\pm$0.003 0.901\n Inclination, $i$ () = 25.5848$\\pm$0.0002 25.5479 29.572$\\pm$0.003 29.538\n Longitude of the ascending node, $\\Omega$ () = 65.9893$\\pm$0.0003 66.0223 67.596$\\pm$0.005 67.636\n Argument of perihelion, $\\omega$ () = 327.061$\\pm$0.007 326.990 311.8$\\pm$0.6 311.7\n Mean anomaly, $M$ () = 0.478$\\pm$0.002 0.456 0.404$\\pm$0.004 0.379\n Time of perihelion passage, $\\tau_q$ (JED) = 2455069$\\pm$2 2455064 2455125$\\pm$95 2455131\n = 2009-Aug-25.8 2009-Aug-20 2009-Oct-20.7 2009-Oct-26\n Perihelion, $q$ (AU) = 47.321$\\pm$0.004 47.322 36.09$\\pm$0.03 36.10\n Aphelion, $Q$ (AU) = 586$\\pm$2 607 662$\\pm$20 692\n Absolute magnitude, $H$ (mag) = 6.5 8.7 \n ---------------------------------------------- --- -------------------- ------------- ------------------ -------------\n\n\\[elements\\]\n\nAt this point it may be argued that a genetic link for the pair of ETNOs 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ is not sufficiently substantiated, that there is a strong observational bias to detecting objects with similar perihelia and poles if discovery surveys are conducted at a similar epoch. ", "It is indeed true that the two ETNOs subject of this investigation have been discovered by the same telescope; however, the instrument was significantly upgraded between 2004 and 2013, and the detector was replaced. ", "The system used in 2013 is not similar to the one used in 2004, and the two surveys were independent, with different pointing strategies (see sect. ", "2 in de León et al. ", "2017). ", "In addition and even if the ETNOs are currently discovered when they are near or at perihelion, their orbital periods are longer than a few thousand years and they spend several decades close to perihelion; therefore, no particularly strong bias towards small relative differences (a few months) in $\\tau_q$ is expected. ", "It may also be claimed that no metric is used to confirm that the orbits of the pair of ETNOs 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ are dynamically similar. ", "These metrics are customarily applied when defining asteroid family links within the main asteroid belt (see e.g. Milani et al. ", "2014; Nesvorn[ý]{} et al. ", "2015), but these asteroid families are mostly collisional in origin while the pair studied here could be the result of tidal stripping induced during a planetary encounter. ", "In any case, if such metrics are applied to the current sample of known ETNOs the values obtained are all well above the thresholds used to define asteroid families in the main belt.", "\n\nPole and perihelion separations: out of the ordinary or not?", "\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWithin the context of the standard eight-planets-only Solar System paradigm, the distributions of the orbital parameters of minor bodies following orbits similar to the ones of the ETNOs should be statistically compatible with those of an unperturbed asteroid population moving in heliocentric Keplerian orbits (particularly in the case of objects like Sedna or 2012 VP$_{113}$). ", "Assuming such an unperturbed scenario and using a model similar to the one described by de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos (2014), the probability of finding values of the angular separations of the pertinent directions as low as those of the pair of ETNOs 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ (see above) by chance is less than 0.0019.", "\n\nThis value of the probability has been computed using a Monte Carlo approach that generates a synthetic population of ETNOs with $a\\in$ (150, 800) AU, $e\\in$ (0.70, 0.95), $i\\in$ (0, 55), $\\Omega\\in$ (0, 360), and $\\omega\\in$ (0, 360), assuming that the orbits are uniformly distributed in orbital parameter space. ", "These ranges are the same ones used in the recent ETNO detectability study carried out by Shankman et al. (", "2017b). ", "Although out of the scope of this paper, our approach can reproduce reasonably well most of the features present in figs. ", "1 and 2 of Shankman et al. (", "2017b). ", "We restrict the analysis to virtual objects with perigee $<90$ AU. ", "From this synthetic population, we single out those objects with $q>$ 30 AU and $|\\delta|<24$, about 20% out of 10$^{7}$ pairs. ", "For two such random orbits, the probability of the perihelion directions being within 15 of each other and, concurrently, the pole directions being closer than 5 has been evaluated in the usual way, counting the number of relevant pairs and dividing by the total number (see e.g. Wall and Jenkins 2012). ", "If $q>$ 40 AU is selected instead of $q>$ 30 AU, the value of the probability is still less than 0.0019. ", "Although the input distributions in $\\Omega$ and $\\omega$ are uniform in the interval (0, 360), the resulting output distributions —obtained after imposing the various constraints— used to compute the angular separations are very different from the input ones (see fig. ", "3 in de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos 2014).", "\n\nIn this analysis, the probabilities associated with perihelia and poles are not independent as the location of these points is computed using expressions that share one or more orbital parameters (de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos 2016c). ", "Our Monte Carlo analysis shows that the probability of two objects having an angular separation between the directions of their perihelia $<15$ is 0.030; a similar calculation performed to find the probability of having an orbital pole separation $<5$ gives a value of 0.023. ", "The incorrect assumption of treating them as independent would lead us to evaluate the probability of interest here as simply the product of probabilities (or less than 0.0007), which is wrong. ", "In Batygin and Brown (2016), when studying the issue of clustered perihelia and orbital pole positions, it is assumed that the two measurements are statistically uncorrelated and the joint probability of observing both clustering in perihelion position and in pole orientation concurrently is found multiplying the probabilities together.", "\n\nA somewhat similar study, but focusing on the putative clustering of poles and perihelia of the orbits of long-period comets, was carried out by Bogart and Noerdlinger (1982). ", "Their investigation was limited to the three elements that specify the spatial orientation of an orbit ($i$, $\\Omega$ and $\\omega$); in contrast, our Monte Carlo approach includes all the orbital parameters. ", "If we apply eq. (", "1b) in Bogart and Noerdlinger (1982) considering ($N=$) 28 random orbits, a separation in orbital plane normals ($X=$) of 5, and a separation in perihelion directions ($Y=$) of 15, we obtain an average number of pairs expected within those ranges of relevant angular separations of 0.061 or a probability of 0.00016. ", "Therefore, finding one pair like 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ is unlikely assuming that the ETNOs constitute an unperturbed asteroid population, but we do not know whether this pair is a true outlier or the ETNOs are indeed a perturbed population.", "\n\nThe value obtained when we apply eq. (", "1b) in Bogart and Noerdlinger (1982) is lower than our own, which indicates that using the entire orbit and restricting the values of $q$ plays a role, as the size and shape of the orbits were neglected in their work. ", "However, it still conveys the same message, that the existence of the ETNO pair 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ is probably not compatible with an unperturbed scenario or chance. ", "As the visible spectra of the members of the pair are also close matches, a putative common physical origin is likely. ", "As of the time of writing, only Sedna, 474640 and 2013 RF$_{98}$ have spectroscopic results published. ", "Without compositional information it is not possible to argue for a common genetic origin, no matter how similar the orbits of the objects involved are. ", "In this respect, the pair 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ is unique at the moment. ", "Viable scenarios that could explain these results include fragmentation and binary dissociation. ", "In both cases, the presence of an unseen massive perturber, i.e. a trans-Plutonian planet, may be required.", "\n\nFragmentation versus binary dissociation: where are the binaries?", "\n-----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nClose encounters between minor bodies and planets can induce fragmentation (e.g. Scheeres et al. ", "2000; Sharma et al. ", "2006; Ortiz et al. ", "2012), but the minimum approach distance associated with such events (about 20 planetary radii, see e.g. Keane and Matsuyama 2015) is far shorter than the one required for binary dissociation in the case of wide binaries whose binding energies are rather small (Agnor and Hamilton 2006; Vokrouhlický et al. ", "2008; Parker and Kavelaars 2010). ", "The simplest formation mechanism for dynamically-related asteroid pairs is binary disruption during planetary flybys, but it requires the presence of binary asteroids moving on planet crossing orbits (e.g. Jacobson 2016). ", "How likely is this possibility in our case?", "\n\nThe existence of wide binaries among the asteroid populations orbiting beyond Neptune is a well-documented fact (e.g. Parker et al. ", "2011); the widest known binary is 2001 QW$_{322}$ with a binary semi-major axis of 102100 km (Petit et al. ", "2008; Parker et al. ", "2011). ", "They have been found preferentially among the dynamically cold, classical TNOs, but they are present within the scattered TNO population as well.[^2] Dysnomia, the satellite of the dwarf planet Eris, revolves about its host with a binary semi-major axis of 37400 km (Brown et al. ", "2005, 2006). ", "The moon of (225088) 2007 OR$_{10}$ may have a binary semi-major axis of 29300 km (Kiss et al. ", "2017). ", "The only known satellite of the dwarf planet Makemake has a binary semi-major axis of over 21000 km (Parker et al. ", "2016). ", "The satellite of 2004 PB$_{108}$ has a binary semi-major axis of 10400 km (Grundy et al. ", "2009).", "\n\nAll TNOs larger than about 1000 km are known to harbour one or more moons (Barr and Schwamb 2016; Kiss et al. ", "2017). ", "Fraser et al. (", "2017a, 2017b) have found that the blue-coloured (spectral slope $<17$%), cold TNOs are predominantly in tenuously bound binaries and proposed that they were all born as binaries at $\\sim$38 AU. ", "Previous studies had estimated that the binary fraction among the dynamically cold TNOs could be about 30% (Grundy et al. ", "2011) and it might reach $\\sim$10% for the dynamically excited populations (Noll et al. ", "2008). ", "It is thought that 10% to 20% of all TNOs could host one or more gravitationally bound companions (Brown et al. ", "2006), but see the detailed discussion in Petit and Mousis (2004).", "\n\nBinary ETNOs have not yet been discovered, but Sedna (Brown et al. ", "2004b) and 474640 (Fraser and Brown 2012) have been observed with the Hubble Space Telescope and no close companions have been reported yet. ", "In addition, most ETNOs are perhaps too faint to be observed by adaptive optics on even the largest existing ground-based telescopes, although detection biases favour the discovery of wide binaries.", "\n\nSummary: a reasonably sound scientific case\n-------------------------------------------\n\nAlthough the hypothesis of production of dynamically coherent pairs of ETNOs by binary dissociation induced by close encounters with a massive planetary perturber is interesting in its own right, it may be argued that this scenario appears to be very unlikely, as it requires a number of concurrent, low-probability ingredients in order to make it work.", "\n\nFirst, one may argue that the ETNO pair 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ is just one out of many similar pairs of ETNOs. ", "However, this statement is far from true. ", "With 28 known ETNOs, we now have 378 different pairs. ", "The pair studied in this work is one of only two with a separation between orbital poles $<5$ and a gap between directions of perihelia $<15$; its associated $p$-value is therefore equal to 0.00529. ", "If 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ is an ordinary pair of ETNOs (from the point of view of the orientations in space of the orbits of both components), the probability of observing another pair of ETNOs with relevant angular separations as small or smaller than those of this pair should be relatively large. ", "In striking contrast, a low value of the probability is found that we interpret as strong evidence against 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ being a regular pair of ETNOs. ", "It can still be argued that the orbital elements of the ETNOs are affected by uncertainties that a simple computation of probabilities like the previous one cannot take into account; therefore, its results cannot be relied upon at all. ", "Following the ideas discussed by e.g. Fisher (1935), Basu (1980) and Welch (1990), we have used the available data provided by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)’s Solar System Dynamics Group Small-Body Database (Giorgini 2011, 2015)[^3] to generate 10$^{7}$ random pairs of virtual ETNOs and computed the angular separation between orbital poles, $\\alpha_{\\rm p}$, and perihelia, $\\alpha_q$, of each of them. ", "The angles have been calculated as described by de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos (2016c). ", "Regarding the computation of the individual random orbits and focusing e.g. on the inclination parameter, a new value has been found using the expression $i_{\\rm r} = \\langle{i}\\rangle + \\sigma_{i}\\,r_{\\rm i}$, where $i_{\\rm r}$ is the inclination of the random orbit, $\\langle{i}\\rangle$ is the mean value of the inclination of one of the real ETNOs, $\\sigma_{i}$ is its associated standard deviation, and $r_{\\rm i}$ is a (pseudo) random number with normal distribution in the range $-$1 to 1. ", "The resulting distributions of possible relevant angular separations of the ETNOs are plotted in Fig.", " \\[angdistri\\]; the actual dispersion in the values of the observed angles for the ETNO pair 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ is represented by vertical lines. ", "From this analysis, the probability of finding a pair of ETNOs with values of $\\alpha_{\\rm p}$ and $\\alpha_q$ both below those of the pair 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ (41 and 141, respectively) is 0.00449$\\pm$0.00002 (average and standard deviation from 10 sets of experiments). ", "This value is independent of any assumptions made regarding the distributions and ranges of the various orbital elements (as we did in Sect.", " 2.2) and it is far too small to make this pair of ETNOs representative of the typical behaviour, in terms of relative orbital orientation in space, of the pairs present in the sample of known ETNOs.", "\n\n![", "Possible distributions (the bin size is 05) of the angular separations between orbital poles, $\\alpha_{\\rm p}$, and perihelia, $\\alpha_q$, for the known ETNOs. ", "These are the result of the analysis of 10$^{7}$ random pairs of ETNOs with synthetic orbits based on the mean values and dispersions of the orbital elements of real ETNOs (see the text for details). ", "The observed dispersion (1$\\sigma$) of the values for the ETNO pair 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ is represented by vertical lines; this is clearly not an ordinary pair of ETNOs. []{", "data-label=\"angdistri\"}](Marcos_fig0.eps){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nSecond, it can be claimed that there are no scientific grounds to argue for the presence of an unknown perturber, massive enough to cause binary dissociations and orbiting the Sun at hundreds of astronomical units. ", "On the one hand, any unknown planet located between the trans-Neptunian belt (see e.g. Fernández 1980; Jewitt and Luu 1993) and the Oort Cloud (see e.g. Oort 1950) must have a mass less than that of Saturn ($5.68319 \\times 10^{26}$ kg or over 95 Earth masses) to have escaped detection by the all-sky [*WISE*]{} survey (Luhman 2014); on the other hand, Larsen et al. (", "2007) have shown that their Spacewatch results obtained within 10 of the ecliptic exclude the presence of any Mars-sized objects out to 300 AU and Jupiter-sized planets out to 1,200 AU. ", "While the [*WISE*]{} survey was all-sky, the Spacewatch project covered 8,000 square degrees, avoiding the regions towards the Galactic centre (the clouds of Sagittarius and their neighbourhood), but focusing on low inclinations. ", "Lykawka and Mukai (2008) have suggested that a planetary body smaller than the Earth could be following an eccentric and inclined orbit between 100 and 200 AU from the Sun, and cause the so-called Kuiper Cliff (see e.g. Chiang and Brown 1999). ", "Holman and Payne (2016a) studied the available astrometry of Pluto and other TNOs to conclude that the presence of a planet at 60–100 AU with a mass as low as 0.6–3 Earth masses —from their eq. (", "5)— could not be ruled out. ", "Volk and Malhotra (2017) have found robust statistical evidence that the mean plane of the trans-Neptunian belt is warped in such a way that an inclined, low-mass (probably Mars-sized), unseen planet could be responsible for the warping. ", "In any case and although it may have an apparent magnitude in excess of 18, the presence of such a perturber (up to a few Earth masses) has not been effectively rejected by past or present surveys, particularly if it moves in a moderately inclined orbit (above 10) and/or close to the Galactic plane (see e.g. Larsen et al. ", "2007; Brown et al. ", "2015). ", "The possible perturber considered in our work is more distant and more massive than the one thought to be sculpting the Kuiper Cliff, but its existence has not been ruled out by recent analyses carried out by e.g. Brown and Batygin (2016), Fienga et al. (", "2016), Holman and Payne (2016a, 2016b), Sheppard and Trujillo (2016), and Brown (2017). ", "In addition, the study of exo-planetary systems shows that planets moving in very wide orbits indeed exist (see e.g. Bailey et al. ", "2014; Naud et al. ", "2014) and that most exo-planets have values of their masses below those of Uranus and Neptune but above that of the Earth (see e.g. Howard et al. ", "2010; Malhotra 2015; Silburt et al. ", "2015).", "\n\nThird, if the pair of ETNOs is indeed unusual and (at least) one yet-to-be-detected distant planetary-mass perturber goes around the Sun between the trans-Neptunian belt and the Oort Cloud, how a wide binary asteroid may have survived as a bound pair until the relatively recent past? ", "The answer to this legitimate question is not an easy and straightforward one, mainly because we do not know yet the actual source or sources of this population. ", "If the source of the ETNOs is in the Oort Cloud, it is unclear what is the binary fraction there because no binary comets have ever been observed, although some can be considered as contact-binary comets —see e.g. 8P/Tuttle that has a strongly bifurcated nucleus (Harmon et al. ", "2010) or 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (Sierks et al. ", "2015); the same can be said about a source within the inner Oort Cloud (Hills 1981). ", "An origin in the region of the Giant planets early in the history of the Solar System can be readily discarded because a loosely-bound pair could not possibly survive recurrent gravitational encounters with the Jovian planets. ", "As pointed out above, a possible source for tenuously bound TNO binaries has been identified by Fraser et al. (", "2017a, 2017b) at $\\sim$38 AU and one may speculate that a similar source may exist well beyond the trans-Neptunian belt. ", "In any case, if planets can form at 125–750 AU from the Sun (Kenyon and Bromley 2015, 2016), it is difficult to argue that minor bodies (and perhaps binaries) cannot.", "\n\nFourth, the frequency of such encounters, assuming that the perturber (the trans-Plutonian planet) and the target (the wide binary asteroid) do exist, is also a matter of concern. ", "The classical method of Öpik (1951) and Wetherill (1967) has been recently revisited by JeongAhn and Malhotra (2017). ", "An application of this theory results in an average value of the collision probability per year and pair of objects of the order of $10^{-10}$. Considering the age of the Solar System, 4,500 Myr, and that the inner Oort Cloud may have millions of members (Hills 1981; Levison et al. ", "2001), the existence of a non-negligible number of pairs of present-day ETNOs resulting from the dissociation of wide binaries is entirely possible.", "\n\nIn conclusion, based on our probabilistic argument, it is rather difficult to argue that the ETNO pair 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ is just a standard couple of ETNOs; this pair is a true outlier. ", "The orientations of their orbits are simply too well correlated to be the result of chance alone. ", "Having correlated orientations implies a level of dynamical coherence only attainable as a result of fragmentation processes or binary dissociation. ", "Fission could be the result of fast rotation, internal processes, or tidal encounters with massive perturbers. ", "There are no currently known candidate mechanisms able to induce fast rotation or spontaneous fragmentation of minor bodies at hundreds of astronomical units from the Sun. ", "In addition, fragmentation via tidal encounters is far less probable than binary dissociation as the encounters must take place at a much closer range in the first case. ", "Therefore, we arrive at our proposed scenario by discarding other options that, in principle, appear to be far less probable and much more speculative. ", "But, within the trans-Plutonian planets paradigm and assuming that wide binaries are also present among the ETNO population, how are they affected by interactions with a planet?", "\n\nDissociation of wide binary ETNOs: an *N*-body approach\n=======================================================\n\nIn order to study the dissociation of wide binary ETNOs during close encounters with hypothetical trans-Plutonian planets, we use direct $N$-body simulations performed with a modified version of a code written by Aarseth (2003) that implements the Hermite integration scheme described by Makino (1991) as a fourth-order method. ", "The standard version of this code is publicly available from the IoA website;[^4] the version used in this research includes purpose-specific input/output modifications. ", "The value of the dimensionless time-step factor [*ETA*]{} was very conservative, leading to very low typical relative energy errors; the total relative error in the value of the energy at the end of our integrations was always $\\leq10^{-12}$ and often as low as $5\\times10^{-14}$. The quality of the results obtained with this software applied to Solar System calculations has been positively and extensively assessed by de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos (2012); in particular, fig. ", "3 in de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos (2012) shows that the results of long-term integrations performed with the program used in this study are similar to those obtained with other, well-tested codes.", "\n\nFollowing the analysis by de la Fuente Marcos et al. (", "2016), our physical model includes the perturbations by the Jovian planets (Jupiter to Neptune) and one trans-Plutonian planet. ", "Initial positions and velocities of both known planets and ETNOs are based on the DE405 planetary orbital ephemerides (Standish 1998) referred to the barycentre of the Solar System and to the epoch JD TDB 2457800.5 (2017-February-16.0), which is the $t$ = 0 instant in our calculations. ", "Heliocentric and barycentric Keplerian orbital elements of the pair (474640) 2004 VN$_{112}$–2013 RF$_{98}$ (see Table \\[elements\\]) were provided by JPL’s On-line Solar System Data Service[^5] (Giorgini et al. ", "1996). ", "Orbital elements are transformed into barycentric initial positions and velocities as needed. ", "Two types of numerical experiments have been performed using the same software and physical model.", "\n\nThe first one (Sect. ", "4) is designed to explore the binary dissociation process itself as wide binary ETNOs experience encounters with one trans-Plutonian planet. ", "Binary destruction could be the result of the total energy of the system becoming greater than zero, but also of enlargement of the binary semi-major axis beyond one Hill radius with respect to the Sun or even a collision. ", "Due to the large size and high eccentricity of the orbits of the ETNOs, in this work we focus on physically unbound systems (energy condition) but (binary semi-major axis) enlargement-driven dissociations are also identified. ", "The second type (Sect. ", "5) applies integrations backwards in time (see also de León et al. ", "2017), beginning with the present-day orbits of the unbound pair 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ (see Table \\[elements\\]), to investigate what properties a perturber should have to induce the observed tilt between the orbital planes of these ETNOs (41) starting from the values characteristic of newly disrupted pairs found from the analysis of the first set of numerical experiments.", "\n\nFor those experiments involving binaries and in order to compute the test orbit of the centre of masses of the binary, we consider how the elements influence each other and their associated uncertainties, applying the implementation of the Monte Carlo using the Covariance Matrix (MCCM) method discussed by de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos (2015). ", "The binary orbits studied here have initial parameters drawn from a nominal orbit adding random noise to each initial orbital element as described by the covariance matrix. ", "The covariance matrices used here were provided by JPL’s Small-Body Database[^6] and the vector including the mean values of the orbital parameters at the given epoch is of the form $\\textit{\\textbf{v}} = (e, q, \n \\tau_{q}, \\Omega, \\omega, i)$. Suitable initial conditions for the trans-Plutonian planet included in the simulations that result in binary dissociation events (Sect. ", "4) were identified by performing a preliminary experiment to single out candidate solutions of perturbers that may pass close enough to the binary ($<2$ AU) for an integrated time of 8000 yr. ", "The minimum separations between binary and planet during the simulated close encounters resulting from this experiment are plotted in Fig. ", "\\[close\\]. ", "The input ranges for the parameters of the perturber (orbital elements and mass) were obtained from the set of experiments discussed in Sect. ", "5.", "\n\n![", "Orbital elements and mass of a sample of trans-Plutonian planets (TPPs) undergoing close encounters with a wide binary ETNO moving in an orbit compatible with that of (474640) 2004 VN$_{112}$. The x-axis shows the minimum separation between binary and planet during the simulated close encounter. ", "The solution associated with the closest approach was further refined to perform the experiments whose results are reported in Sect. ", "4. ", "The results of 10$^{6}$ experiments are plotted. []{", "data-label=\"close\"}](Marcos_fig1.eps){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nFrom wide binary ETNO to the newly disrupted state\n==================================================\n\nThe numerical experiments described in this section include a binary that follows a heliocentric orbit consistent with that of the present-day ETNO (474640) 2004 VN$_{112}$ (see Table \\[elements\\]); the binary experiences a flyby with a planetary perturber at hundreds of astronomical units from the Sun. ", "This is a somewhat arbitrary but reasonable choice because the main objective of this study is neither reconstructing in detail the past dynamical history of the pair of ETNOs 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ nor making an exhaustive exploration of the dynamical pathways leading to present-day pairs of ETNOs, but showing the feasibility of the binary-planet interaction scenario as a source of related pairs of ETNOs.", "\n\nThe heliocentric orbit of the binary at the beginning of each experiment is computed using the MCCM method (see above). ", "The masses of the binary components are assumed to be 2.1$\\times$10$^{19}$ kg for the primary and 1.0$\\times$10$^{18}$ kg for the secondary; these values are consistent with results obtained by Parker et al. (", "2011) and de León et al. (", "2017). ", "The orbital elements of the binary are drawn from uniform distributions with ranges $a_{\\rm b}\\in(10\\,000, 400\\,000$) km, $e_{\\rm b}\\in(0.1, 0.9)$ but imposing a starting value of the binary apocentre $<600\\,000$ km to ensure initial stability, $i_{\\rm b}\\in(0, 180)$, $\\Omega_{\\rm b}\\in(0, 360)$, and $\\omega_{\\rm b}\\in(0, 360)$. For computational convenience, the binaries are always started at apocentre. ", "The initialization of the binary components is carried out as described in sect. ", "8.3 of Aarseth (2003).", "\n\nThe upper limit in $a_{\\rm b}$ is somewhat arbitrary as no binary ETNOs have been detected yet, but the widest binary TNOs have average separations in units of the radius of the primary of the system $\\leq1\\,000$, with 2001 QW$_{322}$ being an outlier at 2200 (Petit et al. ", "2008). ", "Although most separations are $\\leq$600, 2000 CF$_{105}$ (Noll et al. ", "2002; Parker et al. ", "2011), 2003 UN$_{284}$ (Millis and Clancy 2003; Parker et al. ", "2011) and 2005 EO$_{304}$ (Kern et al. ", "2006; Parker et al. ", "2011) have values close to or slightly above 1000. ", "All these objects are cubewanos. ", "Within this context and assuming primaries with sizes in the range 300–400 km, a value of the binary semi-major axis under 400000 km does not seem implausible.", "\n\nThe orbit of the perturber —$a=399.61\\pm0.06$ AU, $e=0.307\\pm0.002$, $i=23.86\\pm0.03$, $\\Omega=77.76\\pm0.05$, $\\omega=35.06\\pm0.05$, and true anomaly, $f=19.07\\pm0.07$— is based on a refinement of the optimal candidate orbits resulting from the experiment plotted in Fig. ", "\\[close\\]; its randomized mass is assumed to be in the range 2–20 $M_{\\oplus}$. With such orbit and range of masses, the value of the Hill radius of the perturber is in the range 3.49–7.52 AU; relevant minimum separations between binary and perturber during close encounters are well below this range of values. ", "The encounters take place at 327.5$\\pm$0.9 AU from the Sun. ", "For each experiment, the orbit of the perturber is drawn from uniform distributions defined by the assumed ranges. ", "In order to minimize the chances of a physical collision at the binary ETNO or a capture as satellite by the planet, we perform hundreds of thousands of short (8000 yr or nearly one orbital period of the perturber) eight-body simulations. ", "The results of these short numerical experiments are fully consistent with those of longer ones (24000 yr, compare Figs. ", "\\[BiDi\\] and \\[BiDi++\\]) for the relevant section of the relative orbital parameter space ($\\Delta{a}>10$ AU, see below); however, the overall fraction of unbound pairs increases by 1% when the time interval is tripled. ", "This arbitrary choice for the duration (24000 yr) of this second set of control calculations has nothing to do with the existence of a time window of observability of the members of the pair after disruption. ", "The sole purpose of this additional set of control calculations is gaining a better understanding of the border-line cases of binary dissociation, but these cases are not central to our study.", "\n\nFigure \\[BiDi\\] shows the differences between the values of the heliocentric orbital elements of the members of the initially bound binary at the end of the simulation for 500000 experiments (differences for angular elements $\\leq180$). ", "Pairs that are still bound (energy condition) at the end of the simulation are plotted in green, unbound couples in red if the total energy of the system is greater than zero or orange if the binary semi-major axis is greater than one Hill radius of the primary (which is of order of 10$^{6}$ km or about 0.007 AU in our case) but the relative energy is still negative; the pairs of ETNOs 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$, 2002 GB$_{32}$–2003 HB$_{57}$, (82158) 2001 FP$_{185}$–2013 UH$_{15}$, and (148209) 2000 CR$_{105}$–2010 GB$_{174}$ (sorted by increasing $\\Delta{a}$), are plotted in blue for comparison. ", "These pairs are the ones with the lowest values of the angular separation of the orbital poles of their components ($<10$, de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos 2016c) and, therefore, the most probable by-products of the dynamical scenario under study here.", "\n\nOut of 500000 experiments, 22.3% (111307) produced a newly disrupted couple. ", "Out of these unbound pairs, 87.9% (97851) were physically unbound systems, the remaining 12.1% (13456) experienced mutual orbit expansion beyond one Hill radius. ", "The fraction of collisions and captures was 1.3% (6490). ", "Nearly 1.3% (6427) of the experiments performed resulted in the hyperbolic ejection of at least one member of the pair, i.e. one or both components escaped from the Solar System to become interstellar minor bodies.[^7] Out of the full pairs that left the Solar System, about 29.6% (1869) were still bound as binaries. ", "Over 0.03% of the experiments produced a disrupted couple with just one member being ejected from the Solar System. ", "Figures \\[BiDi\\] and \\[BiDi++\\] show that the fraction of disrupted couples with total energy of the system still negative decreases significantly over time (from 12.1% to 5% as they become physically unbound) and also that the most sensitive parameter regarding time evolution is $\\tau_q$ (compare top panels). ", "The fraction of unbound pairs with $\\Delta{a}>10$ AU and difference in $\\tau_q$ shorter than one year becomes practically negligible after 24000 yr of evolution; i.e. if $\\Delta\\tau_q$ is very short (weeks to months), the unbound pair must be dynamically very young or the short $\\Delta\\tau_q$ must be due to chance.", "\n\nOur results show that, within the scenario discussed here, wide binary ETNOs can fully dissociate during close encounters with hypothetical trans-Plutonian planets and most binaries are destroyed when the system becomes physically unbound. ", "However, the majority of unbound pairs with $\\Delta{a}<10$ AU are borderline cases where the total energy of the binary system is positive, but only by a slight margin. ", "The total energy of these systems may become marginally negative at a later time. ", "The fraction of these systems is somewhat reduced in longer integrations as they become more tightly bound (or the components recede further from each other) over time (see Fig. ", "\\[BiDi++\\]). ", "Unbound pairs with larger $\\Delta{a}$ are [*bona fide*]{} newly disrupted couples; these are the ones of interest here and their relative numbers do not change significantly between Figs. ", "\\[BiDi\\] and \\[BiDi++\\] (1.8% versus 2.2%).", "\n\n![", "Differences between the values of the heliocentric orbital elements of the members of the initially bound binary at the end of the simulation (8000 yr). ", "Bound pairs are plotted in green, unbound couples in red (energy condition) and orange (separation condition); the blue points show the actual values for the pairs of ETNOs (474640) 2004 VN$_{112}$–2013 RF$_{98}$ ($\\Delta{a}=32.6$ AU), 2002 GB$_{32}$–2003 HB$_{57}$ ($\\Delta{a}=51.9$ AU), (82158) 2001 FP$_{185}$–2013 UH$_{15}$ ($\\Delta{a}=54.8$ AU), and (148209) 2000 CR$_{105}$–2010 GB$_{174}$ ($\\Delta{a}=143.1$ AU). ", "These pairs have angular separations of the orbital poles $<10$. The results of 500000 experiments are plotted, excluding hyperbolic ejections and collisions/captures. []{", "data-label=\"BiDi\"}](Marcos_fig2.eps){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nFigure \\[disini\\] shows the frequency distribution of the initial orbital elements of the binaries that became unbound pairs. ", "Wider pairs ($a_{\\rm b}>0.0015$ AU, see Fig. ", "\\[disini\\], top panel) are far more likely to suffer dissociation (about 5 times) than tighter ones, but the role of the eccentricity, inclination, longitude of the ascending node, and argument of pericentre of the binary on the overall disruption results is minor (see Fig. ", "\\[disini\\], second panel and below). ", "More eccentric binaries are a bit more vulnerable to disruption, as are those with $i_{\\rm b}>40$; binaries with $\\Omega_{\\rm b}$ close to 140 or 320 appear to a certain extent less prone to become disrupted couples. ", "If $a_{\\rm b}\\geq0.002$ AU, the fraction of binary disruptions is close to 50%. ", "For $a_{\\rm b}\\sim$0.0015 AU, nearly 25% of the initially bound binaries are disrupted. ", "If we focus on binaries with $a_{\\rm b}<150\\,000$ km (or 0.001 AU), the fraction of unbound couples at the end of the simulation is $<15$%. ", "For this tighter group, the role of the binary orbital elements (other than $a_{\\rm b}$) on the disruption outcome is in every way negligible.", "\n\nFigure \\[approdis\\], top panel, shows that most binary dissociation events are the result of close encounters at minimum approach distances smaller than about 0.25 AU. ", "For encounters under 1 AU over 20% of the binaries become unbound pairs; however, nearly 75% of the binaries reaching separations from the perturber below 0.1 AU are disrupted. ", "This is to be expected because if the planetocentric trajectory of the binary is hyperbolic, the deeper the encounter, the stronger its effects on the orbital parameters of the binary. ", "For a given minimum approach distance, the binary destruction fraction depends on the value of $a_{\\rm b}$. However, the outcome of close encounters under 0.01 AU is virtually insensitive to the value of the binary semi-major axis. ", "If we consider binaries with $a_{\\rm b}<150\\,000$ km that approach the perturber inside 0.01 AU, nearly 75% of them are disrupted; in stark contrast, just about 6% of them become unbound if the encounter is below 1 AU. ", "Nearly 10% of the unbound pairs (11442 out of 111307) had $a_{\\rm b}<150\\,000$ km. ", "In general, most unbound pairs with $\\Delta{a}>10$ AU are the result of close encounters inside 0.1 AU that is about 25 times the value of the maximum initial binary apocentre ($600\\,000$ km).", "\n\n![", "As Fig. ", "\\[BiDi\\] but for integrations lasting 24000 yr instead of 8000 yr. ", "The results of 500000 experiments are plotted, excluding hyperbolic ejections and collisions/captures. []{", "data-label=\"BiDi++\"}](Marcos_fig3.eps){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n![", "Frequency distribution of the initial orbital elements of the binaries that became disrupted couples after interacting with a trans-Plutonian planet (experiments as in Fig. ", "\\[BiDi\\]). ", "The number of bins is 2 $n^{1/3}$ where $n=111\\,307$. The dashed line shows the results of an equivalent uniform distribution. ", "In this and subsequent histogram figures, the cumulative frequency is plotted as a black curve. []{", "data-label=\"disini\"}](Marcos_fig4.eps){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n![", "Frequency distribution of the separation during close encounter of the binaries analysed in Fig. ", "\\[disini\\] (top panel). ", "Frequency distribution of the difference in heliocentric semi-major axes of the unbound couples (ejections/collisions/captures excluded) at the end of the simulation for encounters under 1 AU (second to top panel), 0.5 AU (second to bottom panel), and 0.1 AU (bottom panel). ", "The number of bins is 2 $n^{1/3}$ where $n$ is equal to 111307, 106744, 105794 and 16489, respectively. []{", "data-label=\"approdis\"}](Marcos_fig5.eps){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nBoth Figs. ", "\\[BiDi\\] and \\[BiDi++\\] show that newly disrupted couples may have relatively different values of the semi-major axis and eccentricity but very similar values of the orbital inclination, longitude of the ascending node, and argument of perihelion parameters. ", "The difference in time of perihelion passage can range from weeks to centuries. ", "This implies that unbound pairs are expected to move initially along paths featuring similar directions of the perihelia, orbital poles, and perihelion/aphelion velocities. ", "Figure \\[BiDi\\] shows the differences between the values of the orbital parameters, but in the case of the semi-major axes, the actual values for many of the unbound pairs are very different from that of the parent binary. ", "Figure \\[closeR\\], bottom panel, shows that most disrupted pairs are scattered inwards. ", "The orbital inclination tends to increase (Fig. ", "\\[closeR\\], third panel from bottom) and the value of the argument of perihelion decreases (Fig. ", "\\[closeR\\], second panel). ", "As for the statistical significance of these results, let us consider as reference an isotropic distribution for the ratio of values (i.e. ratios $>1$ and $<1$ are equally probable), where $\\sigma=\\sqrt{n}/2$ is the standard deviation of binomial statistics. ", "The semi-major axes of the unbound couples tend to be smaller than that of the parent binary; there is a 44$\\sigma$ departure from an isotropic distribution in $a_{\\rm f}/a_{0}$. The resulting eccentricities tend to be smaller at the 9$\\sigma$ level. ", "However, the orbital inclinations of the members of the unbound pair do not show any statistically significant preference as they tend to increase at the 1$\\sigma$ level. ", "In stark contrast, the longitude of the ascending node increases at the 90$\\sigma$ level, the argument of perihelion decreases at the 185$\\sigma$ level, and the time of perihelion passage increases at the 164$\\sigma$ level. ", "Figure \\[closeR\\] shows that closer encounters tend to increase significantly the dispersion in the relative values of the orbital parameters; this trend seems to ease for very close encounters ($<0.1$ AU), but the number of points is too low to arrive at solid conclusions.", "\n\nFigure \\[massR\\] shows the ratio between the values of the orbital elements of the members of the unbound pair at the end of the simulation and the initial ones as a function of the mass of the perturbing trans-Plutonian planet. ", "The dispersion increases with the mass of the perturber. ", "The effect of the mass of the perturber is unclear from Fig. ", "\\[BiDi\\], but it is important as we can see in Fig. ", "\\[massdis\\]. ", "The dashed line shows the results of the effectiveness of the binary dissociation process when the effect of the mass of the perturber is negligible, in sharp contrast the actual distribution is far from uniform. ", "Heavier perturbers are more effective at disrupting binaries, all the other parameters being nearly the same. ", "The mass of the putative perturber that triggered the dissociation of the original binary may have been $>10$ $M_{\\oplus}$ (see Fig. ", "\\[massdis\\]).", "\n\n![", "Ratio between the values of the orbital elements of the members of the unbound pair at the end of the simulation and the initial ones as a function of the separation during close encounter of the binaries (data as in Figs. ", "\\[disini\\] and \\[approdis\\], top panel, but excluding hyperbolic ejections and collisions/captures, 213488 unbound ETNOs). []{", "data-label=\"closeR\"}](Marcos_fig6.eps){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n![", "Same as Fig. ", "\\[closeR\\] but as a function of the mass of the trans-Plutonian planet. []{", "data-label=\"massR\"}](Marcos_fig7.eps){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n![", "Frequency distribution of the mass of the perturber ($M_{\\rm TPP}$) responsible for the binary dissociation events. ", "The dashed line shows the results of a uniform distribution. ", "Data as in Fig. ", "\\[approdis\\], top panel. []{", "data-label=\"massdis\"}](Marcos_fig8.eps){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nRegarding the similarity in absolute terms between the parameters of the unbound pairs and those of the pair of ETNOs 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$, only a few unbound couples have values of their semi-major axes similar ($\\pm$50 AU) to those of the ETNO pair of interest here (see Table \\[elements\\]). ", "This suggests that, in this case, the hypothetical parent binary may have followed an orbit somewhat exterior to those of the current pair of ETNOs. ", "The orbit would have been more eccentric and perhaps slightly less inclined.", "\n\nFrom the newly disrupted state to ETNO pair\n===========================================\n\nThe results obtained in the previous section show that newly disrupted couples resulting from binary dissociation events may have relatively different values of $a$ and $e$ but very similar values of $i$, $\\Omega$ and $\\omega$; therefore, the unbound pairs move initially along paths featuring similar directions of the orbital poles. ", "Figure \\[angdis\\], top panel, shows the frequency distribution of the angular separation between the orbital poles of the unbound pairs at the end of the simulation; focusing on the 8670 unbound pairs with $\\Delta{a}>10$ AU (Fig. ", "\\[angdis\\], bottom panel) does not change the frequency distribution too significantly, but there is indeed a trend to have larger polar separations.", "\n\nThe vast majority of newly disrupted couples start their dynamical lives with their orbital planes mutually tilted by an angle $<1$. Finding newly disrupted couples with their orbital planes mutually tilted by a wider angle is certainly not impossible (Fig. ", "\\[angdis\\], bottom panel), but it is indeed far less probable. ", "Although the angular separations between the orbital poles of known ETNO pairs that might have been former binaries are small, none of them are below 1 (see sect.", " 2 and fig.", " 2 in de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos 2016c); therefore and in order to explain the observational values, we must assume that the initially very small separation increases over time due to some external force. ", "The natural choice for the source of such secular perturbation is the planet responsible for the binary dissociation event if the unbound pair experiences additional, more distant encounters with it over an extended period of time. ", "In this scenario, recurrent close approaches take place at regular intervals so we can speak of resonant returns (Milani et al. ", "1999). ", "Unfortunately, the perturbations from the very planet that caused the disruption of the binary also make the determination of the past dynamical history of present-day unbound couples quite difficult.", "\n\n![", "Frequency distribution of the angular separation between the orbital poles of the unbound pairs at the end of the simulation: all pairs (top panel) and pairs with $\\Delta{a}>10$ AU (bottom panel). ", "Data as in Fig. ", "\\[closeR\\]. []{", "data-label=\"angdis\"}](Marcos_fig9t.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"} ![", "Frequency distribution of the angular separation between the orbital poles of the unbound pairs at the end of the simulation: all pairs (top panel) and pairs with $\\Delta{a}>10$ AU (bottom panel). ", "Data as in Fig. ", "\\[closeR\\]. []{", "data-label=\"angdis\"}](Marcos_fig9b.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nIn order to explore further the feasibility of this hypothesis, the numerical experiments carried out in this section do not involve binaries but the actual ETNOs whose orbits are integrated backwards in time to study the evolution of the value of the angular separation between their orbital poles when the ETNOs are subjected to the action of a sample of perturbers. ", "This approach aims at finding the most probable orbital parameters of a hypothetical planet able to tilt the orbital plane of the pair (474640) 2004 VN$_{112}$–2013 RF$_{98}$ from an initial angular separation close to zero at dissociation (see Fig. ", "\\[angdis\\]) to the current value of slightly over 4. ", "Such experiments involve $N$-body integrations backwards in time under the influence of an unseen perturber with varying orbital and physical parameters (assuming uniform distributions) so the relevant volume of parameter space is reasonably well sampled. ", "For these experiments, the ranges of the parameters of the perturber are the ones in Fig. ", "\\[anglesb\\] and coincide with those in Fig. ", "\\[close\\]; the input orbits of the ETNO pair are based on the orbital elements in Table \\[elements\\] and computed using the MCCM method (see above) as in the case of the binaries in Sect. ", "4. ", "The software applied and the physical model assumed are also the same.", "\n\n![", "Orbital elements and mass of a sample of trans-Plutonian planets (TPPs) undergoing close encounters with the pair (474640) 2004 VN$_{112}$–2013 RF$_{98}$. The x-axis shows the angular separation between the orbital poles of the pair at the end of a simulation backwards in time for 8 Myr. ", "The results of 11000 experiments are plotted. []{", "data-label=\"anglesb\"}](Marcos_fig10.eps){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nFigure \\[anglesb\\] shows the results of 11000 eight-body experiments where the orbits of the pair of ETNOs were integrated backwards in time for 8 Myr, subjected to the perturbation of a sample of trans-Plutonian planets. ", "The impact of the properties of the perturber on the final value of the angular separation between the orbital poles of the pair shows some interesting trends. ", "Perturbers with large values of the semi-major axis are somewhat disfavoured (see Fig. ", "\\[anglesb\\], bottom panel); the best value could be $\\sim$350 AU. ", "Eccentricities around 0.2–0.4 are preferred as well as orbital inclinations above 20 (see Fig. ", "\\[anglesb\\], third and second last panels). ", "The longitude of the ascending node of the orbit of the perturber must be in the neighbourhood of 70 (see Fig. ", "\\[anglesb\\], third panel) and the value of its argument of perihelion is left relatively unconstrained (see Fig. ", "\\[anglesb\\], second panel) although values in the neighbourhood of 60 and 280 seem to be preferred. ", "The mass of an effective putative perturber must be $>9$ $M_{\\oplus}$ (see Fig. ", "\\[anglesb\\], top panel) which is consistent with the results in Sect. ", "4. ", "Some representative examples of individual experiments are shown in Fig. ", "\\[examples\\] (see also fig. ", "5 in de León et al. ", "2017).", "\n\nThe results of this set of experiments are only slightly different from those in Fig. ", "\\[close\\]; the largest differences appear in the case of the values of eccentricity and argument of perihelion. ", "However, being able to increase the tilt between two given orbital planes and capable of triggering binary dissociation are not necessarily concurrent outcomes for a given set of initial conditions. ", "Although the process of disruption of wide ETNO binaries can only be effectively accomplished during binary-planet encounters at close range (under about 0.25 AU, see above), smooth and progressive increase of the relative tilt does not require such level of proximity. ", "An unbound pair resulting from a close encounter may be inserted in new orbits that preclude further approaches at close range to the planetary body that triggered the dissociation of the parent binary. ", "In sharp contrast, our two sets of experiments use as input data consistent orbits (with that of 474640) for both binaries and unbound pairs.", "\n\n![", "Three representative examples of the evolution of the angular separation between the orbital poles of the pair (474640) 2004 VN$_{112}$–2013 RF$_{98}$ subjected to different perturbers. ", "Red: $a$ = 348 AU, $e$ = 0.12, $i$ = 49, $m$ = 20 $M_{\\oplus}$. Blue: $a$ = 510 AU, $e$ = 0.17, $i$ = 34, $m$ = 19 $M_{\\oplus}$. Green: $a$ = 410 AU, $e$ = 0.09, $i$ = 49, $m$ = 19 $M_{\\oplus}$. []{data-label=\"examples\"}](Marcos_fig11.eps){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe topic of the destruction of binaries by scattering encounters with a planet in the outer Solar System has been studied previously by Parker and Kavelaars (2010). ", "As ours, their work focuses on the end states of binary asteroids after binary-planet encounters, but they simulate the effects of interactions between binary TNOs and Neptune. ", "They used the <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\">Mercury 6</span> $N$-body code (Chambers 1999) to integrate a population of 15000 particles for 1 Myr, performing 7500 integrations of the binary-TNO-Neptune interactions; their binaries have binary semi-major axes uniformly distributed in the range 2000–120000 km, but the other binary orbital parameters are similar to those in our experiments. ", "In our longer integrations (24000 yr), nearly 95% of the binary dissociations correspond to unbound systems. ", "Almost 99% of the binary dissociations observed in their calculations were due to the binary semi-major axis being enlarged to more than one Hill radius, not because the total energy of the system became greater than zero as in our case. ", "Such a sharp difference could be the result of using orbits of very different sizes; our ETNOs have $a\\sim$328 AU, their TNOs have $a$ in the range 20–34 AU. ", "The fraction of collisions in both studies is about the same. ", "Up to 80% of binaries with binary semi-major axis in units of the Hill radius $\\sim$0.1 are disrupted in their simulations. ", "In spite of the different scenarios implied, our results are somewhat consistent with theirs; we find that binaries with $a_{\\rm b}$ in units of the Hill radius $>0.14$ are preferentially disrupted, although our disruption rates are lower than theirs probably because our integrations are much shorter. ", "They found that the probability of binary dissociation depends weakly ($<10$%) on the initial eccentricity and inclination of the binary pair which is consistent with our own findings, but we also find a weak dependency on the value of the mutual longitude of the ascending node and argument of perihelion (see Fig. ", "\\[disini\\]).", "\n\nThe results in Sect. ", "4 are based on a single representative orbit of the putative perturber; this orbit is only marginally compatible with the orbital solution favoured in Sect. ", "5. ", "But these results, how do they compare with those from a perturber moving in other orbits? ", "Figure \\[HiIn\\] is similar to Fig. ", "\\[BiDi\\] but now the orbital parameters of the perturber are more consistent with the results in Sect. ", "5 (see Fig. ", "\\[anglesb\\]). ", "The orbit of the perturber —$a=478.92\\pm0.03$ AU, $e=0.338\\pm0.003$, $i=26.46\\pm0.04$, $\\Omega=65.98\\pm0.03$, $\\omega=273.853\\pm0.013$, and $f=148.41\\pm0.06$— has been obtained after performing a Monte Carlo-powered search analogous to the one producing the orbit of the perturber used in Sect. ", "4; its mass is assumed to be in the range 2–20 $M_{\\oplus}$. Each numerical experiment runs for 10500 yr or nearly one orbital period of the perturber. ", "The encounters now take place at about 474 AU from the Sun. ", "For identical target binary population, this perturber is significantly less efficient in triggering binary dissociations; only 1.9% of the binaries were disrupted and out of them 91.2% had positive relative energy. ", "The relative orbital elements of the resulting unbound pairs also exhibit distinctive features; in particular, unbound pairs with differences in their times of perihelion passage below 1 yr are very scarce in the new simulations.", "\n\nWe also tested a more inclined orbit for the perturber —$a=462.43\\pm0.03$ AU, $e=0.1489\\pm0.0009$, $i=51.08\\pm0.02$, $\\Omega=173.36\\pm0.04$, $\\omega=78.26\\pm0.03$, and $f=75.24\\pm0.04$— with each numerical experiment running for 10000 yr or nearly one orbital period of the perturber and encounters taking place at about 417 AU from the Sun. ", "This particular perturber is precisely the one producing the smallest separation in Fig. ", "\\[close\\]. ", "This set of calculations yielded a fraction of destroyed binaries of nearly 0.9%; over 88% of them had positive relative energy. ", "An additional set of experiments —$a=384.15\\pm0.02$ AU, $e=0.528\\pm0.002$, $i=27.31\\pm0.03$, $\\Omega=100.52\\pm0.03$, $\\omega=119.91\\pm0.03$, and $f=67.27\\pm0.02$— running for 8000 yr and producing encounters at about 209 AU from the Sun gave a binary disruption rate of 9.2% with 99.7% of the disrupted binaries having positive relative energy at the end of the simulation. ", "All these variations are the result of the different geometry associated with the close encounters. ", "The new perturbers require closer encounters to induce effects comparable to those of the original one because the relative velocity during approaches at close range is now higher. ", "In general, fast binary-planet encounters are only disruptive if very deep; slower encounters can be effective even if they are relatively shallow, but slow encounters are more sensitive to initial conditions.", "\n\n![", "As Fig. ", "\\[BiDi\\] but for a different perturber (see the text for details). ", "The results of 500000 experiments are plotted. []{", "data-label=\"HiIn\"}](Marcos_fig12.eps){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nIt may be argued that there are a host of other processes able to dissociate a binary system such as small impacts or solar tides; on the other hand, dynamically-related pairs of asteroids can be the result of fragmentation at perihelion, strong mean motion or secular resonances as well. ", "Binary dissociation induced by asteroidal impacts requires a significant amount of debris to make it a viable mechanism; it is unclear whether the outer Solar System between the trans-Neptunian belt and the Oort Cloud has the required amount of mass orbiting at the right inclination. ", "Solar tides are negligible unless the binary asteroid has a perihelion within a few tenths of an astronomical unit (see e.g. Scheeres 2006). ", "Fragmentation at perihelion is possible, but the absence of an obvious triggering mechanism makes it unlikely.", "\n\nThe possible presence of former binaries among the known ETNOs has strong implications for the interpretation of the observed anisotropies in the distributions of the directions of their orbital poles and perihelia. ", "Figures \\[BiDi\\] and \\[BiDi++\\] suggest that a non-negligible fraction (perhaps higher than 25%) of the known ETNOs might have had its origin in dissociated binaries. ", "This implies that their current orbital elements may correlate not just because of the secular perturbation of a putative trans-Plutonian planet but as a result of a pre-existing dynamical link as well. ", "This scenario also adds weight to the characterization of some of the ETNOs as part of a transient population. ", "A transitional nature, perhaps similar to that of the comets with $a<1\\,000$ AU that are interacting with Jupiter, appears to be consistent with the possible existence of a correlation between nodal distance and orbital inclination in the case of both ETNOs and extreme Centaurs ($a>150$ AU but $q<30$ AU) as pointed out by de la Fuente Marcos and de la Fuente Marcos (2017). ", "In sharp contrast, many of the studies aimed at explaining the orbital architecture of the ETNO realm assume that they are a long-term stable population. ", "However, if they are a transient population, seeking dynamical mechanisms capable of making them long-term dynamically stable may not be necessary. ", "On the other hand, it is unclear whether the orbital diffussion scenario recently proposed by Bannister et al. (", "2017) can produce pairs of orbitally correlated ETNOs, or not.", "\n\nOur results indicate that a planet with a mass in the range 10–20 $M_{\\oplus}$ moving in a moderately eccentric (0.1–0.4) and inclined (20–50) orbit with semi-major axis of 300–600 AU, may be able to trigger the dissociation of a binary ETNO following an orbit like the ones assumed here and induce a tilt similar to those observed on a time-scale of 5–10 Myr. ", "Perturbers with $M_{\\rm TPP}<10\\ M_{\\oplus}$ or $a_{\\rm TPP}>600$ AU are unable to produce the desired effects. ", "Such a perturber should be currently located well away from perihelion in order to have eluded detection by past surveys; this is to be expected in dynamical terms as well, due to its eccentric orbit. ", "On the other hand, the orbital solution that is most effective in triggering binary stripping events actually reaches aphelion towards the Galactic plane, not far from the regions that surround the clouds of Sagittarius, where the stellar density is the highest and outer Solar System surveys refuse to observe, to avoid a fog of false positives. ", "This probable coincidence reminds us that such perturber may be hidden in plain sight if it is currently moving projected towards those regions of the sky customarily avoided by surveys. ", "Regarding its origin, planets similar to Uranus or Neptune (super-Earths) may form at 125–750 AU from the Sun (Kenyon and Bromley 2015, 2016). ", "Within this hypothetical context, smaller bodies can also form in the same region prior to the actual planets —perhaps even wide binaries. ", "This scenario is however inconsistent with the one proposed by Levison et al. (", "2008) that argues that most TNOs may have formed in the region interior to $\\sim$35 AU and subsequently scattered outwards by interactions with Neptune. ", "Alternatively, such planet may have been scattered out of the region of the Giant planets early in the history of the Solar System (Bromley and Kenyon 2016) or even captured from another planetary system (Li and Adams 2016; Mustill et al. ", "2016) when the Sun was still a member of the open star cluster where it was likely formed.", "\n\nAlthough binary ETNOs have not yet been discovered, mechanisms capable of forming binaries in the outer Solar System have been discussed in the literature (see e.g. Goldreich et al. ", "2002; Weidenschilling 2002; Astakhov et al. ", "2005; Schlichting and Sari 2008; Nesvorn[ý]{} et al. ", "2010). ", "In fact and as pointed out above, Fraser et al. (", "2017a, 2017b) have found that the blue-coloured (spectral slope $<17$%), cold TNOs are predominantly in tenuously bound binaries and proposed that they were all born as binaries at $\\sim$38 AU. ", "The pair of ETNOs discussed here are blue-coloured; the spectral slope of (474640) 2004 VN$_{112}$ is 12$\\pm$2% and that of 2013 RF$_{98}$ is 15$\\pm$2% (de León et al. ", "2017). ", "However, it is certainly too early to reach a final conclusion on the actual place or places of origin of the ETNOs.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nIn this paper, we explore a dynamical pathway that may lead to the present-day pair of ETNOs (474640) 2004 VN$_{112}$–2013 RF$_{98}$ and find that close encounters between extremely wide binary ETNOs and a trans-Plutonian planet can trigger binary dissociation. ", "The relative orbital properties of the unbound pairs resulting from these interactions resemble those of some documented ETNO pairs, including the peculiar 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$. The presence of possible former binaries among the known ETNOs has profound implications regarding the interpretation of the observed anisotropies in the distributions of the directions of the orbital poles and perihelia of the ETNOs. ", "Summarizing:\n\n(i) We confirm that the pair of ETNOs 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$ is an outlier in terms of relative orbital orientation within the currently known sample of ETNOs.", "\n\n(ii) Wide binary ETNOs can dissociate during close encounters with putative trans-Plutonian planets. ", "Most binary dissociation events are the result of close encounters at minimum approach distances inside 0.25 AU. ", "For encounters below 1 AU over 20% of the binaries become unbound pairs; nearly 75% of all the binaries reaching separations from the perturber under 0.01 AU are disrupted.", "\n\n(iii) Unbound pairs resulting from binary dissociation events may have relatively different values of the semi-major axis and eccentricity but very similar values of the orbital inclination, longitude of the ascending node, and argument of perihelion parameters. ", "The difference in time of perihelion passage ranges from weeks to centuries, but grows rapidly over time.", "\n\n(iv) The unbound pairs are expected to move initially along paths featuring similar directions of the perihelia, orbital poles, and perihelion/aphelion velocities.", "\n\n(v) The unbound pairs can experience further, longer-range interactions with the perturber that may steadily increase their relative inclination, longitude of the ascending node, and argument of perihelion. ", "These changes will make the angular separation between their orbital poles and perihelia progressively greater.", "\n\n(vi) The existence of former binaries among the ETNOs may signal the transient nature of many or all of them. ", "If they are a transient population, seeking dynamical mechanisms able to make them long-term dynamically stable may not be necessary.", "\n\nThe research presented here must be understood as a proof-of-concept numerical exploration, not as an attempt at identifying the actual parameters of the trans-Plutonian planet that probably triggered the formation of the unbound pair of ETNOs 474640–2013 RF$_{98}$. Multiple versions of the perturber (see Fig. ", "\\[close\\]) can lead to binary dissociation events similar to the ones described here, but the actual probability of disruption depends strongly on the geometry of the encounter. ", "Very precise orbital solutions of the unbound pair under study are required to pursue a high-precision investigation in which the backwards integration of their orbits subjected to the action of a perturber leads to a bound couple (assuming that they were originally bound).", "\n\nAlthough the strength of disruptive encounters and the properties of the unbound couples depend on the choice of parameters and the time interval, our full $N$-body investigation captures the essence of the binary dissociation mechanism and firmly establishes its relevance within the ETNO context. ", "As pointed out above, binary ETNOs have not yet been discovered and the known ETNOs have not been thoroughly studied regarding binarity so they are assumed to be singles. ", "Thus hypothetical wide, faint companions of ETNOs could be challenging targets for the future.", "\n\nWe thank the referee, J. A. Fernández, for a critical, constructive and helpful review, an anonymous referee for another review, and J. de León, J.-M. Petit, M. T. Bannister, D. P. Whitmire, G. Carraro, D. Fabrycky, A. V. Tutukov, S. Mashchenko, S. Deen and J. Higley for comments on ETNOs and trans-Plutonian planets. ", "This work was partially supported by the Spanish ‘Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad’ (MINECO) under grant ESP2014-54243-R. CdlFM and RdlFM thank A. I. Gómez de Castro, I. Lizasoain and L. Hernández Yáñez of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) for providing access to computing facilities. ", "Part of the calculations and the data analysis were completed on the EOLO cluster of the UCM, and CdlFM and RdlFM thank S. Cano Alsúa for his help during this stage. ", "EOLO, the HPC of Climate Change of the International Campus of Excellence of Moncloa, is funded by the MECD and MICINN. ", "This is a contribution to the CEI Moncloa. 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", "Assoc.", " [**85**]{}, 693 (1990) Wetherill, G.W.:  [**72**]{}, 2429 (1967)\n\n[^1]: <http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search>\n\n[^2]: <http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/tnbs/status.html>\n\n[^3]: <https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi>\n\n[^4]: <http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~sverre/web/pages/nbody.htm>\n\n[^5]: <http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?planet_pos>\n\n[^6]: <http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi>\n\n[^7]: For the numerical experiments lasting 24000 yr, Fig. ", "\\[BiDi++\\], 23.3% (116561) resulted in binary dissociation, out of these, 95.0% (110752) had positive relative energy; the fraction of ejections/collisions/captures was 1.3%.", "\n" ]

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[ "List of Wild Adapter chapters\n\nThis is a list of chapters of the manga Wild Adapter, written by Kayuza Minekura and published by Tokuma Shoten in the Chara bimonthly magazine. ", "The first chapter appeared in April, 2000 and it is an ongoing series. ", "There are currently six volumes released. ", "The bimonthly release of new chapters as well as the author's various health-related hiatus have led to the relatively slow release rate of the manga. ", "Other companies have been slow to pick up Wild Adapter, such as Taiwan's Sharp Point Press in February 2006, Singapore's Chuang Yi in April 2004, and America's Tokyopop in January 2007, leading to accelerated release of subsequent volumes to catch up with Japan.", "\n\n__TOC__\n\nVolume list\n\nReferences\n\nWild Adapter" ]

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[ "[MRI pathology of the globus pallidus in a patient with oculogyric crisis and tremor].", "\nA 24-year-old woman developed occasional attacks of oculogyric crisis at the age of 18. ", "She also suffered from postural tremor, dystonic gait, pyramidal tract signs, and peripheral nerve damages. ", "No history of encephalitis was elicited. ", "Nerve conduction velocity revealed decreased velocity and amplitude. ", "Needle electromyography showed a neurogenic pattern. ", "Sural nerve biopsy showed marked Wallerian degenerations. ", "Muscle biopsy revealed small grouped atrophies. ", "It was unlikely that she suffered from juvenile Parkinsonism, and we failed to obtain an evidence of neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease. ", "Recently, Furumoto et al. ", "reported a similar case who developed oculogyric crisis at the age of 12. ", "So far, some authors have reported about changes of MRI image in the putamen and the substantia nigra in extrapyramidal movement disorders. ", "However, few have paid attention to the changes of the pallidum. ", "The most characteristic finding in the present case was the restoration of signal intensity of the globus pallidus on T2 weighted high-field MRI. ", "It is known that pallidal damages produce dystonic disorders. ", "However, the exact role which the pallidum played in pathogenesis of our patient's signs and symptoms is unknown at now." ]

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[ "I decided to see if EpicGames has like a suggestion box or something and then maybe they would go headhunt for Gigantic like how they acquired Dauntless and some other stuff. ", "But I didn't know where to start asking. ", "So instead, I went to the site and just..." ]

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[ "The objective continues to be an understanding of the basic biological and biochemical mechanisms for local regulation of adrenergic neurosecretion in the eye. ", "Drugs that alter sympathetic neurotransmitter release in the anterior uvea have potential utility for treatment of glaucoma. ", "We have demonstrated that several types of presynaptic receptors (alpha2 adrenergic, muscarinic cholinergic, dopaminergic, prostaglandin, angiotensin II) and second messenger systems (cAMP, cGMP) modulate norepinephrine release in the rabbit iris-ciliary body in vitro. ", "To determine which of these control mechanisms act at the neuroeffector junctions associated with aqueous humor formation, we will investigate presynaptic regulation of adrenergic neurosecretion in isolated ciliary processes. ", "We will determine whether adaptive changes in presynaptic receptor responsiveness occur as the result of long-term topical in vivo administration of selected receptor agonists. ", "Explant cultures of neurons from the superior cervical ganglia will be utilized to study the cellular and biochemical aspects of presynaptic receptor function, including sites of modulation (calcium channels vs. distal steps in exocytosis), the role of second messengers and correlative effects on protein phosphorylation at release sites. ", "An important goal of these studies is the identification of key regulatory steps in the sympathetic neurosecretory pathway that could serve as targets for new and effective ocular hypotensive drugs." ]

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[ "PITTSBURGH -- Dick LeBeau is a Pro Football Hall of Fame player, one of the great innovators in NFL history, and a scratch golfer who regularly shoots south of his age.", "\n\nAs with football, he probably has forgotten more about history and music than most people will ever know, and the Renaissance man with the folksy touch displayed Tuesday morning his considerable skills as a storyteller.", "\n\nWith family, friends and two of his former players packed into the stately wood-paneled room where Pittsburgh City Council meets, LeBeau bid a poignant farewell, even if he stopped short of calling it that, right before he was presented with a symbolic key to the city.", "\n\nLongtime Steelers defensive coordinator Dick LeBeau was presented with a symbolic key to the city on Tuesday, and City Council proclaimed February Dick LeBeau Month in Pittsburgh. ", "AP Photo/Gene Puskar\n\nThe longtime Pittsburgh Steelers defensive coordinator, who parted ways with the organization last month, paid tribute to the defense that might be the nearest and dearest to his heart. ", "He did a Myron Cope imitation so spot on that the late Steelers broadcaster had to be waving a \"Terrible Towel\" somewhere.", "\n\nAnd after City Council had officially proclaimed February Dick LeBeau Month in Pittsburgh, he neatly summed up the ceremony in four words.", "\n\n\"Pretty cool day, huh?\" ", "LeBeau said.", "\n\nYes, yes it was.", "\n\nLeBeau added another honor to a lifetime that is full of them -- and one that is rarely bestowed upon an assistant coach.", "\n\nThen again, LeBeau was much more than that during his two coaching stints in Pittsburgh.", "\n\nHe is the only coach or player to take part in all four Steelers' Super Bowls post 1970s. ", "And his famed zone-blitz concepts helped make the Steelers’ defense one of the nastiest ones in the NFL for almost a decade.", "\n\nIndeed, LeBeau compared the 2008 defense that allowed the fewest yards (237.2 per game) and points (13.9 per game) in the NFL -- and led the Steelers to their sixth Super Bowl title -- to the Steel Curtain units that owned the 1970s.", "\n\nIn typical LeBeau fashion he downplayed his role in the success of the defenses that were the foundation of the teams that played in three Super Bowls from 2005-10 and won two.", "\n\n\"I got to ride along and I enjoyed it and I certainly enjoyed today,\" said LeBeau, 77, who coached the Steelers from 1992-96 and 2004-2014 and was their defensive coordinator for all but three of those seasons.", "\n\nHis players know better, which is why outside linebacker James Harrison and defensive end Brett Keisel attended the ceremony that officially honored LeBeau’s contributions to Pittsburgh.", "\n\n\"Football-wise he’ll go down as one of the greatest ever, but why James is here and why I am here is because of what he did for us off the field,\" Keisel said when the floor was opened for remarks following the proclamation of Dick LeBeau Month in Pittsburgh. \"", "It was much-needed for a group of guys who were wild and crazy and could have easily went the other way. ", "I’ll forever be grateful for his influence in my life. ", "I love you to death, coach.\"", "\n\nBill Priatko, who formed an enduring friendship with LeBeau when the two were rookie roommates at Cleveland Browns training camp in the late 1950s, said LeBeau has never changed despite his success.", "\n\n\"Everybody knows what he is as a coach, but many, many people have found out what kind of man he is,\" said Priatko, one of LeBeau’s closest friends. \"", "His loyalty, his love for people, his integrity. ", "He made everybody feel like he was the most important person in the world. ", "Like Brett and James and all of the guys who have played for him, I say the same thing: Coach, I love ya.\"", "\n\nOne of LeBeau’s signatures while with the Steelers was his stirring reading of \"'Twas The Night Before Christmas\" every year at the team Christmas party. ", "He borrowed from the last line of that timeless poem to close his 10-minute speech Tuesday morning.", "\n\n\"God bless you all, people of Pittsburgh,\" LeBeau said, \"and to all a good night.\"" ]

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[ "#\n# Cookbook Name:: user\n# Provider:: account\n#\n# Author:: Fletcher Nichol <fnichol@nichol.ca>\n#\n# Copyright 2011, Fletcher Nichol\n#\n# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n#\n# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n#\n# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n# limitations under the License.", "\n#\nrequire \"chef/resource\"\n\nuse_inline_resources\n\ndef whyrun_supported?", "\n true\nend\n\ndef load_current_resource\n @my_home = new_resource.home ||\n \"#{node['user']['home_root']}/#{new_resource.username}\"\n @my_shell = new_resource.shell || node['user']['default_shell']\n @manage_home = bool(new_resource.manage_home, node['user']['manage_home'])\n @non_unique = bool(new_resource.non_unique, node['user']['non_unique'])\n @create_group = bool(new_resource.create_group, node['user']['create_group'])\n @ssh_keygen = bool(new_resource.ssh_keygen, node['user']['ssh_keygen'])\nend\n\naction :create do # ~FC017: LWRP does not notify when updated\n user_resource :create\n home_dir_resource :create\n authorized_keys_resource :create\n keygen_resource :create\nend\n\naction :remove do # ~FC017: LWRP does not notify when updated\n # Removing a user will also remove all the other file based resources.", "\n # By only removing the user it will make this action idempotent.", "\n user_resource :remove\nend\n\naction :modify do # ~FC017: LWRP does not notify when updated\n user_resource :modify\n home_dir_resource :create\n authorized_keys_resource :create\n keygen_resource :create\nend\n\naction :manage do # ~FC017: LWRP does not notify when updated\n user_resource :manage\n home_dir_resource :create\n authorized_keys_resource :create\n keygen_resource :create\nend\n\naction :lock do # ~FC017: LWRP does not notify when updated\n user_resource :lock\n home_dir_resource :create\n authorized_keys_resource :create\n keygen_resource :create\nend\n\naction :unlock do # ~FC017: LWRP does not notify when updated\n user_resource :unlock\n home_dir_resource :create\n authorized_keys_resource :create\n keygen_resource :create\nend\n\nprivate\n\ndef bool(resource_val, default_val)\n if resource_val.nil?", "\n normalize_bool(default_val)\n else\n normalize_bool(resource_val)\n end\nend\n\ndef normalize_bool(val)\n case val\n when 'no','false',false then false\n else true\n end\nend\n\ndef user_resource(exec_action)\n # avoid variable scoping issues in resource block\n my_home, my_shell, manage_home, non_unique = @my_home, @my_shell, @manage_home, @non_unique\n my_dir = ::File.dirname(my_home)\n\n r = directory \"#{my_home} parent directory\" do\n path my_dir\n recursive true\n action :nothing\n end\n r.run_action(:create) unless exec_action == :delete\n new_resource.updated_by_last_action(true) if r.updated_by_last_action?", "\n\n r = user new_resource.username do\n comment new_resource.comment if new_resource.comment\n uid new_resource.uid if new_resource.uid\n gid new_resource.gid if new_resource.gid\n home my_home if my_home\n shell my_shell if my_shell\n password new_resource.password if new_resource.password\n system new_resource.system_user # ~FC048: Prefer Mixlib::ShellOut\n supports :manage_home => manage_home, :non_unique => non_unique\n action :nothing\n end\n r.run_action(exec_action)\n new_resource.updated_by_last_action(true) if r.updated_by_last_action?", "\n\n # fixes CHEF-1699\n Etc.endgrent\nend\n\ndef home_dir_resource(exec_action)\n # avoid variable scoping issues in resource block\n my_home = @my_home\n r = directory my_home do\n path my_home\n owner new_resource.username\n group Etc.getpwnam(new_resource.username).gid\n mode node['user']['home_dir_mode']\n recursive true\n action :nothing\n end\n r.run_action(exec_action)\n new_resource.updated_by_last_action(true) if r.updated_by_last_action?", "\nend\n\ndef home_ssh_dir_resource(exec_action)\n # avoid variable scoping issues in resource block\n my_home = @my_home\n r = directory \"#{my_home}/.ssh\" do\n path \"#{my_home}/.ssh\"\n owner new_resource.username\n group Etc.getpwnam(new_resource.username).gid\n mode '0700'\n recursive true\n action :nothing\n end\n r.run_action(exec_action)\n new_resource.updated_by_last_action(true) if r.updated_by_last_action?", "\nend\n\n\ndef authorized_keys_resource(exec_action)\n # avoid variable scoping issues in resource block\n ssh_keys = Array(new_resource.ssh_keys)\n unless ssh_keys.empty?", "\n home_ssh_dir_resource(exec_action)\n\n r = template \"#{@my_home}/.ssh/authorized_keys\" do\n cookbook 'user'\n source 'authorized_keys.erb'\n owner new_resource.username\n group Etc.getpwnam(new_resource.username).gid\n mode '0600'\n variables :user => new_resource.username,\n :ssh_keys => ssh_keys,\n :fqdn => node['fqdn']\n action :nothing\n end\n\n r.run_action(exec_action)\n new_resource.updated_by_last_action(true) if r.updated_by_last_action?", "\n end\nend\n\ndef keygen_resource(exec_action)\n # avoid variable scoping issues in resource block\n fqdn, my_home = node['fqdn'], @my_home\n\n e = execute \"create ssh keypair for #{new_resource.username}\" do\n cwd my_home\n user new_resource.username\n command <<-KEYGEN.gsub(/^ +/, '')\n ssh-keygen -t rsa -f #{my_home}/.ssh/id_rsa -N '' \\\n -C '#{new_resource.username}@#{fqdn}-#{Time.now.strftime('%FT%T%z')}'\n chmod 0600 #{my_home}/.ssh/id_rsa\n chmod 0644 #{my_home}/.ssh/id_rsa.pub\n KEYGEN\n action :nothing\n\n creates \"#{my_home}/.ssh/id_rsa\"\n end\n home_ssh_dir_resource(exec_action)\n e.run_action(:run) if @ssh_keygen && exec_action == :create\n new_resource.updated_by_last_action(true) if e.updated_by_last_action?", "\n\n if exec_action == :delete then\n [\"#{@my_home}/.ssh/id_rsa\", \"#{@my_home}/.ssh/id_rsa.pub\"].each do |keyfile|\n r = file keyfile do\n backup false\n action :delete\n end\n new_resource.updated_by_last_action(true) if r.updated_by_last_action?", "\n end\n end\nend\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Zofiówka, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship\n\nZofiówka () is a former settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Susz, within Iława County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Iława County" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "1. ", "Field\nThe present disclosure relates to a differential pressure water electrolysis apparatus.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nFor example, hydrogen gas is used as fuel gas for generating electric power in a fuel cell. ", "In general, a water electrolysis apparatus is used to produce hydrogen. ", "This water electrolysis apparatus uses a solid polymer electrolyte membrane (ion-exchange membrane) to decompose water to generate hydrogen (and oxygen). ", "Electrode catalyst layers are provided on both sides of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane to form an electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly, and current collectors are provided on both sides of the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly to form a unit cell.", "\nA plurality of unit cells are stacked to form a cell unit. ", "A voltage is applied to both ends in the stacking direction of the cell unit while water is supplied to the current collectors on the anode side. ", "Thus, on the anode side of the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly, the water is decomposed to produce hydrogen ions (protons). ", "The hydrogen ions move through the solid polymer electrolyte membrane to the cathode side and combine with electrons to produce hydrogen. ", "On the anode side, oxygen produced together with hydrogen is discharged with excess water from the cell unit.", "\nIn this equipment, stable electrolysis performance needs to be maintained by applying a constant clamping pressure to the cell unit in the stacking direction. ", "So, for example, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. ", "2003-160891, as shown in FIG. ", "5, a clamping apparatus 4 for clamping a stack of an anode main electrode 1, a plurality of unit cells 2, and a cathode main electrode 3 in the stacking direction is provided. ", "The clamping apparatus 4 includes a cylinder 6 having an inlet nozzle 5a and an outlet nozzle 5b for compression fluid, and a piston 8 slidably disposed in a cylinder chamber 6a of the cylinder 6 with O-rings 7 therebetween.", "\nThe clamping apparatus 4 applies a pressure higher than the pressure of hydrogen produced during the operation of the water electrolysis cell by a constant clamping pressure, with the piston 8. ", "That is, by adjusting regulating valves (not shown) connected to the inlet nozzle 5a and the outlet nozzle 5b for compression fluid, a constant clamping pressure is secured." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nConfigure IntelliJ to understand Gradle?", "\n\nIntelliJ (12.1.6) has Gradle support, but it seems to only extend to running the scripts. ", "It doesn't seem to understand the Gradle code itself like it does with something like Ant. ", "For instance, any \"task\" or \"apply\" or other Gradle-ism keywords are unknown.", "\nCan IntelliJ be configured to understand Gradle code? ", "Again, not to run it, but to actually parse the file and present it intelligently with things like auto-completion. ", "I know Gradle uses Groovy, which IntelliJ supports very well, but I can't seem to find what I'd need to configure/import to get it to understand Gradle.", "\n\nA:\n\nGradle support in IntelliJ 12 is very limited, and there is nothing you can do about it. ", "IntelliJ 13 (EAP) vastly improves on this and already offers some auto-completion.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Square Enix’s 1st Production Department opened up an official Twitter account today. ", "The 1st Production Department is Square Enix’s biggest division, developer of the company’s Final Fantasy and Kingdom Hearts titles.", "\n\nThe Twitter account will not feature staff from the team, such as The 3rd Birthday Twitter account did, but will instead share event information and updates regarding the team and its titles.", "\n\nFollow it @1stPD_PR." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "[maxscale]\nthreads=###threads###\nlog_warning=1\nlog_info=1\nlog_notice=1\n\n[Galera-Monitor]\ntype=monitor\nmodule=galeramon\nservers=server1,server2,server3,server4\nuser=maxskysql\npassword=skysql\nuse_priority=true\nmonitor_interval=1000\nroot_node_as_master=false\n\n[RW-Split-Router]\ntype=service\nrouter=readwritesplit\nservers=server1,server2,server3,server4\nuser=maxskysql\npassword=skysql\n\n[RW-Split-Listener]\ntype=listener\nservice=RW-Split-Router\nprotocol=MySQLClient\nport=4006\n\n[server1]\ntype=server\naddress=###galera_server_IP_1###\nport=###galera_server_port_1###\nprotocol=MySQLBackend\npriority=2\n\n[server2]\ntype=server\naddress=###galera_server_IP_2###\nport=###galera_server_port_2###\nprotocol=MySQLBackend\npriority=4\n\n[server3]\ntype=server\naddress=###galera_server_IP_3###\nport=###galera_server_port_3###\nprotocol=MySQLBackend\npriority=1\n\n[server4]\ntype=server\naddress=###galera_server_IP_4###\nport=###galera_server_port_4###\nprotocol=MySQLBackend\npriority=3\n\n[CLI]\ntype=service\nrouter=cli\n\n[CLI-Listener]\ntype=listener\nservice=CLI\nprotocol=maxscaled\nsocket=default\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Cluster-like headache secondary to idiopathic intracranial hypertension.", "\nFew cluster-like headaches have been described. ", "Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) presents with headaches in more than 90% of patients. ", "We describe a male patient with new onset cluster-like headache secondary or related to IIH." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Gabapentin and vigabatrin increase GABA in the human neocortical slice.", "\nThe effects of antiepileptic drugs, gabapentin and vigabatrin, on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations were studied in human (n=14) and rat (n=6) neocortical slice preparations. ", "In this study, neocortical slices were incubated with gabapentin, vigabatrin or no drugs for 3 h in an oxygenated environment. ", "Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of perchloric acid (PCA) extracts was used to measure GABA concentrations. ", "Vigabatrin increased cellular GABA concentrations in both human and rat neocortical slices by 62% (P<0.001) and 88% (P<0.03), respectively. ", "Gabapentin significantly increased GABA concentrations by 13% (P<0.02) in human neocortical slices made from tissue resected during epilepsy surgery. ", "However, in the rat neocortical slice exposed to the same conditions as the human tissue, gabapentin did not increase GABA significantly. ", "These results confirm our MRS studies in vivo that gabapentin increases GABA levels in epileptic patients, but has minimal or no effect in a healthy rodent model. ", "Caution must be used in extrapolating negative results obtained in rodent models to the human condition." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Vestibular schwannoma and the only hearing ear.", "\nWith the recent advances in the management of vestibular schwannomas, it is possible not only to save the facial nerve function but also preserve hearing in a small percentage of cases. ", "Difficulties arise while managing patients with vestibular schwannoma in their only hearing ear. ", "In this article we summarize our experience in managing seven of these patients. ", "We recommended a watch and wait policy with a regular follow-up with audiometric testing and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ", "Gamma knife radiosurgery is advised in cases with deterioration of hearing or increase in tumour size. ", "Surgery is usually avoided unless there are brainstem compression symptoms." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Dear Friends,\n\nYear 2012 has been an eventful year for IJO with the introduction of several exciting features, the iPad app, the mobile downloads, author institute mapping and so on. ", "Year 2013 promises to be even better as the Diamond Jubilee kicks off to a great start. ", "Team IJO has several offerings for you starting with the monthly issues, a new look cover and an academic feast for your benefit.", "\n\nAs you can see, IJO has a brand new look for the Diamond Jubilee celebrations. ", "I would like to invite you for a special session in APAO -AIOS 2013 in association with BJO and APJO to give insights into the world of research and publications. ", "For the first time in the history of Ophthalmology, a special postage stamp is planned to be released by the IJO AIOS to commemorate 60 years of IJO! ", "A truly magnificent feat indeed.", "\n\nIn this issue, I draw your attention to two diseases which are on the upswing in India and are threatening the health of the average Indian - Diabetes and Hypertension. ", "An uninterrupted quest is on to delve deeper into the basic pathophysiology of these disorders and their complications. ", "Evolving insight into the biochemical and molecular basis of these diseases is set to turn our present perception of diseases and their management upside down in coming years. ", "This cannot be more obvious than in the management of retinal vascular diseases where the use of anti vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and interferons is now commonplace. ", "This is a direct consequence of our better understanding of the biochemical mechanisms involved in these disorders.", "\n\nEvolution of management of retinal venous occlusions (RVO) also reminds us of the importance of better understanding of the fine biochemical and molecular mechanisms which are at the core of every living system.", "\n\nOnce steroids were the only useful choice in the treatment of macular edema (ME) secondary to RVO, which was gradually replaced by anti-VEGF agents in a hope to address the underlying upregulation of VEGF\\'s in retina and vitreous.\\[[@ref1]--[@ref4]\\]\n\nHowever, newer insights into the biochemistry and molecular biology has again tilted the balance the other way and intravitreal steroids are now more preferred for the treatment of ME in RVO.", "\n\nThough upregulation of VEGFs occur post venous occlusion, it is only a small piece in the big pathogenetic web of ME. ", "Not only VEGF\\'s but a number of cytokines and growth factors play their role in the breakdown of blood retinal barrier, evolution of ME and retinal neovascularization following retinal venous occlusions.\\[[@ref5][@ref6]\\] Presence of low grade inflammation in retina is also well documented in RVO.", "\n\nSince anti-VEGF\\'s target only VEGF isoforms, it could not be hailed as an appropriate treatment for ME following RVO. ", "Also, VEGF\\'s have been shown to have a protective role in retinal hemodynamics and have a neuroprotective role in hypoxic conditions. ", "VEGF\\'s also promote collateral vessels to overcome the effects of ischemic injuries and establish reperfusion of the retina. ", "Anti-VEGF\\'s are believed to induce vasoconstriction in macular capillary bed in hypoxic retina thereby perpetuating further hypoxic damage and macular ischemia.\\[[@ref7]--[@ref10]\\] Clinically anti-VEGF\\'s are contraindicated in patients with macular or foveal ischemia. ", "Shorter duration of stay of anti-VEGF\\'s inside eyes may also necessitate repeated monthly injections of these agents.", "\n\nIt has been demonstrated that steroids are as effective in the management of ME by virtue of their broad spectrum anti-inflammatory property. ", "Longer duration of action obviating the need for reinjection at short intervals is also a great advantage with intravitreal steroids.\\[[@ref11]\\] Steroids also suppress VEGF\\'s and in this way target a wider part of the pathophysiology involved in ME.", "\n\nIntraocular pressure (IOP) rise following the injection of steroids may be a concern for some, although in a majority of patients rise is mild and easily controlled by topical antiglaucoma medications.\\[[@ref11]\\]\n\nAgain, in this regard newer biochemical and molecular insights in the local regulation of glucocorticoid (GC) actions at the level of ocular tissues by 11 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (11 beta HSD 1 and 2) and the role of GC in the regulation of aqueous formation and drainage through 11 beta HSD 1 (thus IOP regulation) offer fresh hope. ", "This understanding might help us come up with novel steroid preparations which would be free of the IOP increasing property.\\[[@ref12]--[@ref14]\\]\n\nIntravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) is the most commonly used intraocular steroid. ", "Recently, sustained release intravitreal dexamethasone implants have been introduced. ", "Incidence of ocular hypertension and cataract progression have been claimed to be lower than IVTA.\\[[@ref15][@ref16]\\] Clinical studies are awaited for the further evaluation of the role of these newer modalities in retinal vascular disorders.", "\n\nIn this issue Senturk *et al*., ", "has evaluated the role of IVTA on retinal sensitivity as evaluated by microperimetry, in cases of ME secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). ", "This is definitely a better approach than only assessing visual acuity, which is a foveal function, to judge the effectiveness of a treatment in these cases. ", "Authors approach will help in better assessment of the entire visual function, which is of more importance from the patient point of view, in response to the treatment. ", "First time microperimetry of the macular area has been simultaneously used with objective assessment of morphological changes at macula by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in cases of ME associated with BRVO in this study.", "\n\nI hope further advances anticipated in the understanding of biochemical and molecular processes of the living systems will help patients in a better way.", "\n\nI will keep you updated on the upcoming events in this very special Diamond Jubilee year!", "\n" ]

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[ "Have you made this pattern?", "\n\nAbout the designer\n\nI am the mother of two adult children and grandmother of the cutest little boy ever! ", "I am a CPA with 25+ years of experience. ", "I have recently been blessed (although it didn't feel like it at the ...\n\nI am the mother of two adult children and grandmother of the cutest little boy ever! ", "I am a CPA with 25+ years of experience. ", "I have recently been blessed (although it didn't feel like it at the time) to make a mid-life career change so now I am doing what I most enjoy in life: designing awesome accessories and original works of art. ", "I have loved fabric and sewing for as long as I can remember. ", "My goal is to learn something new every day, to enjoy the life that I have been given, and to make the world a little brighter, one stitch at a time. ", "If you have any questions about my patterns, you can email me at stitchesofsunshine@aol.com.", "\n\nFeatherweight Table Mate\n\nBasic Skills Necessary:\n\nUsing a sewing machine\n\nPattern Description:\n\nI recently began a love affair with the Singer Featherweight Sewing Machine. ", "It is lightweight and portable which makes it ideal for taking to classes and it sews like a dream. ", "Best of all, it is just so darn cute!", "\n\nEveryone with a Featherweight needs an extension table. ", "And every extension table needs to be protected. ", "I designed this bag for storing and carrying your extension table. ", "It even has an outside zippered pocket for the legs. ", "You will realize how important this is the first time you show up for a workshop with the table but no legs.(Don't ask me how I know!)", "\n\nSo after you finish a Featherweight Mate for your machine , you will definitely want to make a matching Table Mate for your extension table. ", "You will be the cutest in the class when you show up with matching Featherweight accessories!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "\n\nBillionaire Zuckerberg left no tip after Rome lunch - sparknlaunch\nhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/mark-zuckerberg/9297450/Facebook-founder-Mark-Zuckerberg-left-no-tip-after-Rome-lunch.html\n\n======\njbigelow76\nNot that I care one way or another about Zuck getting a reputation for being\ncheap, but when my own wife and I were planning out honeymoon to Florence and\nRome we inquired about tipping habits overseas and were told it wasn't usual\nthere and it really came about due to American tourists habitually tipping. ", "We\nwere told if we we're really happy with the service to leave a Euro or two at\nthe most, which is what we usually did.", "\n\nTip in the wrong context and you risk offending the service provider. ", "I've\nbeen told never to tip a British pub keep, offer to buy him/her a drink\ninstead. ", "Not sure if times have changed though.", "\n\n------\nDonito\nWent to Italy last December, and in fact it's no common practice to tip. ", "The\nreason is most of the time the tip is already included in the bill.", "\n\n------\npaulhauggis\nwho cares?", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

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[ "/*\n * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more\n * contributor license agreements. ", " See the NOTICE file distributed with\n * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.", "\n * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0\n * (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance with\n * the License. ", " You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n\npackage org.apache.ignite.ml.util.generators.primitives.vector;\n\nimport org.apache.ignite.internal.util.typedef.internal.", "A;\nimport org.apache.ignite.ml.math.primitives.vector.", "Vector;\nimport org.apache.ignite.ml.math.primitives.vector.", "VectorUtils;\nimport org.apache.ignite.ml.util.generators.primitives.scalar.", "GaussRandomProducer;\nimport org.apache.ignite.ml.util.generators.primitives.scalar.", "RandomProducer;\nimport org.apache.ignite.ml.util.generators.primitives.scalar.", "UniformRandomProducer;\n\n/**\n * Collection of predefined vector generators.", "\n */\npublic class VectorGeneratorPrimitives {\n /**\n * Returns vector generator of vectors from multidimensional gauss distribution.", "\n *\n * @param means Mean values per dimension.", "\n * @param variances Variance values per dimension.", "\n * @param seed Seed.", "\n * @return Generator.", "\n */\n public static VectorGenerator gauss(Vector means, Vector variances, Long seed) {\n A.notEmpty(means.asArray(), \"mean.size() !", "= 0\");\n A.ensure(means.size() == variances.size(), \"mean.size() == variances.size()\");\n\n RandomProducer[] producers = new RandomProducer[means.size()];\n for (int i = 0; i < producers.length; i++)\n producers[i] = new GaussRandomProducer(means.get(i), variances.get(i), seed *= 2);\n return RandomProducer.vectorize(producers);\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns vector generator of vectors from multidimensional gauss distribution.", "\n *\n * @param means Mean values per dimension.", "\n * @param variances Variance values per dimension.", "\n * @return Generator.", "\n */\n public static VectorGenerator gauss(Vector means, Vector variances) {\n return gauss(means, variances, System.currentTimeMillis());\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns vector generator of 2D-vectors from ring-like distribution.", "\n *\n * @param radius Ring radius.", "\n * @param fromAngle From angle.", "\n * @param toAngle To angle.", "\n * @return Generator.", "\n */\n public static VectorGenerator ring(double radius, double fromAngle, double toAngle) {\n return ring(radius, fromAngle, toAngle, System.currentTimeMillis());\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns vector generator of 2D-vectors from ring-like distribution around zero.", "\n *\n * @param radius Ring radius.", "\n * @param fromAngle From angle.", "\n * @param toAngle To angle.", "\n * @param seed Seed.", "\n * @return Generator.", "\n */\n public static VectorGenerator ring(double radius, double fromAngle, double toAngle, long seed) {\n return new ParametricVectorGenerator(\n new UniformRandomProducer(fromAngle, toAngle, seed),\n t -> radius * Math.sin(t),\n t -> radius * Math.cos(t)\n );\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns vector generator of vectors from multidimensional uniform distribution around zero.", "\n *\n * @param bounds Parallelogram bounds.", "\n * @return Generator.", "\n */\n public static VectorGenerator parallelogram(Vector bounds) {\n return parallelogram(bounds, System.currentTimeMillis());\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns vector generator of vectors from multidimensional uniform distribution around zero.", "\n *\n * @param bounds Parallelogram bounds.", "\n * @param seed Seed.", "\n * @return Generator.", "\n */\n public static VectorGenerator parallelogram(Vector bounds, long seed) {\n A.ensure(bounds.size() !", "= 0, \"bounds.size() !", "= 0\");\n\n UniformRandomProducer[] producers = new UniformRandomProducer[bounds.size()];\n for (int i = 0; i < producers.length; i++)\n producers[i] = new UniformRandomProducer(-bounds.get(i), bounds.get(i), seed *= 2);\n\n return RandomProducer.vectorize(producers);\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns vector generator of 2D-vectors from circle-like distribution around zero.", "\n *\n * @param radius Circle radius.", "\n * @return Generator.", "\n */\n public static VectorGenerator circle(double radius) {\n return circle(radius, System.currentTimeMillis());\n }\n\n /**\n * Returns vector generator of 2D-vectors from circle-like distribution around zero.", "\n *\n * @param radius Circle radius.", "\n * @param seed Seed.", "\n * @return Generator.", "\n */\n public static VectorGenerator circle(double radius, long seed) {\n return new UniformRandomProducer(-radius, radius, seed)\n .vectorize(2)\n .filter(v -> Math.sqrt(v.getLengthSquared()) <= radius);\n }\n\n /**\n * @param size Vector size.", "\n * @return Generator of constant vector = zero.", "\n */\n public static VectorGenerator zero(int size) {\n return constant(VectorUtils.zeroes(size));\n }\n\n /**\n * @param v Constant.", "\n * @return Generator of constant vector.", "\n */\n public static VectorGenerator constant(Vector v) {\n return () -> v;\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "The experimental antitumor agents Phortress and doxorubicin are equiactive against human-derived breast carcinoma xenograft models.", "\nPhortress (the dihydrochloride salt of the lysylamide prodrug of 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluoro-benzothiazole (5F 203)) is an experimental antitumor agent with potent and selective activity against human-derived carcinomas of breast, ovarian and renal origin. ", "UK clinical trials of Phortress are scheduled to begin in 2004. ", "The mechanism of action of Phortress is distinct from all classes of chemotherapeutic agents currently in the clinic, and involves metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 to electrophilic species, which generate DNA adducts in sensitive tumors only. ", "In the present study, the antitumor efficacy of Phortress has been compared with that of doxorubicin (Dox) in nine human-derived mammary carcinoma xenograft models, cultivated subcutaneously in the flanks of nude mice. ", "In addition, cyp1a1 mRNA expression was measured in tumors of control and treated animals. ", "Phortress compared favorably with Dox: significant activity, independent of estrogen receptor (ER) status, was established in 7/9 xenografts; in one xenograft model, Phortress elicited superior antitumor activity; no model demonstrated complete resistance to Phortress. ", "In accordance with this observation, all xenografts available for examination (8) displayed clear induction of cyp1a1 expression upon treatment of mice with Phortress whereas Dox failed to induce cyp1a1 expression in all models. ", "Prolonged viability of tumor fragments, recovered for treatment ex vivo could not be sustained; thus correlations between tumor cells' response to Phortress and cyp1a1 or cyp1b1 inducibility following 5F 203 treatment could not be determined with confidence." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.0012735376367345452, 0.0015291942982003093 ]

[ "United Press International\n\nUnited Press International (UPI) is an international news agency whose newswires, photo, news film, and audio services provided news material to thousands of newspapers, magazines, radio and television stations for most of the 20th century. ", "At its peak, it had more than 6,000 media subscribers. ", "Since the first of several sales and staff cutbacks in 1982, and the 1999 sale of its broadcast client list to its rival, the Associated Press, UPI has concentrated on smaller information-market niches.", "\n\nHistory\n\nFormally named United Press Associations for incorporation and legal purposes, but publicly known and identified as United Press or UP, the news agency was created by the 1907 uniting of three smaller news syndicates by the Midwest newspaper publisher E. W. Scripps. ", "It was headed by Hugh Baillie (1890–1966) from 1935 to 1955. ", "At the time of his retirement, UP had 2,900 clients in the United States, and 1,500 abroad.", "\n\nIn 1958, it became United Press International after absorbing the International News Service (INS) As either UP or UPI, the agency was among the largest newswire services in the world, competing domestically for about 90 years with the Associated Press and internationally with AP, Reuters and Agence France-Presse.", "\n\nAt its peak, UPI had more than 2,000 full-time employees; and 200 news bureaus in 92 countries; it had more than 6,000 media subscribers. ", "With the rising popularity of television news, the business of UPI began to decline as the circulation of afternoon newspapers, its chief client category, began to fall. ", "Its decline accelerated after the 1982 sale of UPI by the Scripps company.", "\n\nThe E.W. Scripps Company controlled United Press until its absorption of William Randolph Hearst's smaller competing agency, INS, in 1958 to form UPI. ", "With the Hearst Corporation as a minority partner, UPI continued under Scripps management until 1982.", "\n\nSince its sale in 1982, UPI has changed ownership several times and was twice in Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization. ", "With each change in ownership came deeper service and staff cutbacks and changes of focus and a corresponding shrinkage of its traditional media customer base. ", "Since the 1999 sale of its broadcast client list to its one-time major rival, the AP, UPI has concentrated on smaller information market niches. ", "It no longer services media organizations in a major way.", "\n\nIn 2000, UPI was purchased by News World Communications, an international news media company founded in 1976 by Unification Church leader Sun Myung Moon.", "\n\nIt now maintains a news website and photo service and electronically publishes several information product packages. ", "Based mostly on aggregation from other sources on the Web and gathered by a small editorial staff and stringers, UPI's daily content consists of a newsbrief summary service called \"NewsTrack,\" which includes general, business, sports, science, health and entertainment reports, and \"Quirks in the News.\" ", "It also sells a premium service, which has deeper coverage and analysis of emerging threats, the security industry, and energy resources. ", "UPI's content is presented in text, video and photo formats, in English, Spanish, and Arabic.", "\n\nUPI's main office is in the Miami metropolitan area and it maintains office locations in five other countries and uses freelance journalists in other major cities.", "\n\nUnited Press Associations\n\nBeginning with the Cleveland Press, publisher E. W. Scripps (1854–1926) created the first chain of newspapers in the United States. ", "Because the then recently reorganized Associated Press refused to sell its services to several of his papers, most of them evening dailies in competition with existing AP franchise holders, in 1907 Scripps merged three smaller syndicates under his ownership or control, the Publishers Press Association, the Scripps-McRae Press Association, and the Scripps News Association, to form United Press Associations, with headquarters in New York City.", "\n\nScripps had been a subscriber to an earlier news agency, also named United Press, that existed in the late 1800s, partly in cooperation with management of the original New York-based AP and partly in existential competition with two Chicago-based organizations also using the AP name (as detailed at Associated Press and in AP's 2007 history, Breaking News: How the Associated Press Has Covered War, Peace, and Everything Else, cited below).", "\n\nDrawing lessons from the battles between the earlier United Press and the various AP's, Scripps required that there be no restrictions on who could buy news from his news service, and he made the new UP service available to anyone, including his competitors. ", "Scripps also hoped to make a profit from selling that news to papers owned by others. ", "At that time and until World War II, most newspapers relied on news agencies for stories outside their immediate geographic areas.", "\n\nDespite strong newspaper industry opposition, UP started to sell news to the new and competitive radio medium in 1935, years before competitor AP, controlled by the newspaper industry, did likewise.", "\n\nScripps' United Press was considered \"a scrappy alternative\" news source to the AP. ", "UP reporters were called \"Unipressers\" and were noted for their fiercely aggressive and competitive streak. ", "Another hallmark of the company's culture was little formal training of reporters; new hires were often thrust into a \"sink-or-swim\" situation of reporting on an unfamiliar subject. ", "They were weaned on UP's famous and well-documented (though frequently misappropriated and misquoted) slogan of \"Get it first, but FIRST, get it RIGHT.\" ", "Despite controversy, UP (and later UPI) became a common training ground for generations of journalists.", "\n\nWalter Cronkite, who started with United Press in Kansas City, gained fame for his coverage of World War II in Europe and turned down Edward R. Murrow's first offer of a CBS job to stay with UP, but who later went on to anchor the CBS Evening News, once said, \"I felt every Unipresser got up in the morning saying, 'This is the day I'm going to beat the hell out of AP.' ", "That was part of the spirit. ", "We knew we were undermanned. ", "But we knew we could do a darn good job despite that, and so many times, we did.\"", "\n\t\nDespite that, like all agencies that deal with huge volumes of timely information, UP and later UPI had its share of remembered mistakes. ", "As recounted in the various printed histories of UPI cited below, the most famous one came early in its history. ", "UP's president, Roy W. Howard, then traveling in France, telegraphed that the 1918 armistice ending World War I had been declared four days before it happened. ", "Howard's reputation survived and he later became a Scripps partner, whose name appeared in one of the Scripps subsidiary companies, Scripps-Howard. ", "But the mistake dogged UP/UPI for generations. ", "Still, the agency's reporters were often able to tell stories more quickly and accurately although they were usually outnumbered by the competition. ", "In 1950, for example, UP reported the invasion of South Korea by North Korea two hours and forty minutes before its archrival, the AP. ", "The New York Times later apologized to UP for refusing to print information on the invasion until the AP had confirmed it.", "\n\nUnited Press International\nFrank Bartholomew, the last UP president to ascend to the agency's top job directly from its news, rather than sales ranks, took over in 1955, and according to his cited autobiography, was obsessed with merging UP with the International News Service, a news agency that had been founded by William Randolph Hearst in 1909 following Scripps' lead.", "\n\nBartholomew succeeded in putting the \"I\" in UPI in 1958 when UP and INS merged to become United Press International The new UPI now had 6,000 employees and 5,000 subscribers, about a thousand of them newspapers.", "\n\nThe merger was aimed at creating a stronger competitor for the Associated Press and a stronger economic entity than either UP or INS. ", "The newly formed United Press International (UPI) had 950 client newspapers. ", "Fearing possible antitrust issues with the Eisenhower Administration Justice Department, Scripps and Hearst rushed the merger through with unusual speed and secrecy.", "\n\nAlthough all UP employees were retained, most INS employees lost their jobs with practically no warning. ", "A relative few did join the new UPI and the columns of popular INS writers, such as Bob Considine, Louella Parsons and Ruth Montgomery, were carried by UPI.", "\n\nRival AP was a publishers' cooperative and could assess its members to help pay the extraordinary costs of covering major news—wars, the Olympic Games, national political conventions. ", "UPI clients, in contrast, paid a fixed annual rate; depending on individual contracts, UPI could not always ask them to help shoulder the extraordinary coverage costs. ", "In its heyday, newspapers typically paid UPI about half what they paid AP in the same cities for the same services: At one point, for example, the Chicago Sun-Times paid AP $12,500 a week, but UPI only $5,000; the Wall Street Journal paid AP $36,000 a week, but UPI only $19,300. ", "The AP, which serviced 1,243 newspapers at the time, remained UPI's main competitor. ", "In 1959, UPI had 6,208 clients in 92 countries and territories, 234 news and picture bureaus, and an annual payroll of $34,000,000, ($) in today's dollars.", "\n\nBut the UP-INS merger involved another business component that was to hurt the new UPI company badly in later years. ", "Because INS had been a subsidiary of Hearst's King Features Syndicate and Scripps controlled several other newspaper syndicates, both companies feared possible antitrust issues. ", "So they deliberately kept their respective syndicates out of the combined UPI company. ", "That move cost UPI the revenues of its previous United Feature Syndicate subsidiary, which in later years made large profits on the syndication of Peanuts and other popular comic strips and columns.", "\n\nUPI had an advantage of independence over the AP in reporting on the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. ", "Because the AP was a cooperative essentially owned by the newspapers, those in the South influenced its coverage of the racial unrest and protests, often ignoring, minimizing, or slanting the reporting. ", "UPI did not have that sort of pressure, and management, according to UPI reporters and photographers of the day, allowed them much freedom in chronicling the events of the civil rights struggle.", "\n\nWhite House reporter Helen Thomas became the public face of UPI, as she was seen at televised press conferences beginning in the early 1960s. ", "UPI famously scooped the AP in reporting the assassination of US President John Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. ", "UPI White House reporter Merriman Smith was an eyewitness, and he commandeered the press car's only phone to dictate the story to UPI as AP reporter Jack Bell tried—without success—to wrest the phone away so he could call his office. ", "Smith and UPI won a Pulitzer Prize for this reporting.", "\n\nUP/UPI Newspictures, Newsfilm and Audio/Radio Network\n\nUnited Press had no direct wirephoto service until 1952, when it absorbed co-owned ACME Newspictures, under pressure from parent company Scripps to better compete with AP's news and photo services.", "\n\nBy that time, UP was also deeply involved with the newer visual medium of television. ", "In 1948, it entered into a partnership with 20th Century Fox subsidiary Fox Movietone News to shoot newsfilm for television stations. ", "That service, United Press Movietone, or UPMT, was a pioneer in newsfilm syndication and numbered among its clients major US and foreign networks and local stations, including for many years the early TV operation of ABC News. ", "In subsequent decades, it underwent several changes in partnerships and names, becoming best known as United Press International Television News (UPITN). ", "Senior UPITN executives later helped Ted Turner create CNN, with its first two presidents, Reese Schonfeld and Burt Reinhardt, coming from UPITN ranks.", "\n\nThe UPI Audio actuality service for radio stations, created in 1958 and later renamed the United Press International Radio Network, was a spinoff from the newsfilm service and eventually provided news material to more than a thousand radio stations and US and foreign networks, including NPR.", "\n\nDecline\nUPI came close to equaling the size of the AP in the early 1960s, but as publishing companies began to pare their evening newspapers, it was dropped by papers that could no longer afford to subscribe to both UPI and the AP. ", "UPI's failure to develop a television presence or subsidiary television news service has also been cited as one of the causes of its decline. ", "By the early 1980s, the number of staffers was down to 1,800 and there were just 100 news bureaus.", "\n\nUnder pressure from some of E. W. Scripps' heirs, the Scripps company, which had been underwriting UPI's expenses at a loss for at least two decades, began trying to transfer control of UPI in the early 1980s. ", "It tried to bring in additional newspaper industry partners and when that failed, engaged in serious negotiations with British competitor Reuters, which wanted to increase its US presence. ", "As detailed in \"Down to the Wire\", by Gordon and Cohen, cited below, Reuters did extensive due diligence and expressed an interest in parts of the UPI service, but did not wish to maintain it in full.", "\n\nScripps wound up giving the agency away to two inexperienced businessmen, Douglas Ruhe (son of David Ruhe, a member of the Universal House of Justice, the supreme governing body of the Bahá'í Faith) and William Geissler, originally associated with two better-known partners, who soon departed. ", "Ruhe and Geissler obtained UPI for $1. ", "Under the terms of the purchase agreement, Scripps first injected UPI with a $5 million cash balance, in acknowledgement of the $1.0 – $1.5 million per month that UPI was already losing. ", "Facing news industry skepticism about their background and qualifications to run an international news agency, Ruhe and Geissler watched an increase in contract cancellations. ", "Despite serious cash flow problems, they moved UPI's headquarters from New York City to Washington, DC, incurring significant additional costs due to construction cost overruns.", "\n\nDuring this period, UPI's 25-year-old audio news actuality service for radio stations was renamed the United Press International Radio Network. ", "But faced with recurring cash shortages and difficulty meeting payroll, the Ruhe-Geissler management sold UPI's foreign photo service and some rights to its US and foreign photos to the Reuters news agency. ", "It also sold UPI's U.S. photo library, which included the archives of predecessor Scripps photo agency Acme and the pictures and negatives of International News Photos, the picture component of Hearst's INS to the Bettman Archive. ", "Bettman was later sold to Microsoft founder Bill Gates's separate Corbis Corporation, storing them underground in Pennsylvania and digitizing them for licensing, frequently without any notation of their UPI origins. ", "In August 2011 Corbis announced a deal with AP to distribute each other's photos to their clients, effectively combining the pre-1983 UPI library with that of its former main rival for some marketing purposes. ", "In 2016 Corbis sold to the Visual China Group.", "\n\nThe London office of UPI, it first base in the United Kingdom, was created during the merger with INP in 1958. ", "The UPI London office was an early casualty in the UPI decline and the assets, including the photo archives, were sold off around 1970. ", "TopFoto is the current owner of the remaining photo archive and copyright of the UPI London photo agency.", "\n\nUPI's remaining minority stake in UPITN was also sold and the agency was renamed Worldwide Television News (WTN). ", "As with its photographs, UPI thereby lost all control of its newsfilm and video library, which is now held by WTN-successor Associated Press Television News, which entered the video news field long after UPI left it.", "\n\nYears of mismanagement, missed opportunities and continual wage and staff cuts followed. ", "By 1984, UPI had descended into the first of two Chapter 11 Mario Vázquez Raña, a Mexican media magnate, with a nominal American minority partner, Houston real estate developer Joseph Russo, purchased UPI out of bankruptcy for $40 million, losing millions during his short tenure, and firing numerous high level staff.", "\n\nIn 1988, Vázquez Raña sold UPI to Infotechnology, Inc., an information technology and venture capital company and parent company of cable TV's Financial News Network, both headed by Earl Brian, who also became UPI chairman. ", "In early 1991, Infotechnology itself filed for bankruptcy, announced layoffs at UPI and sought to terminate certain employee benefits in an attempt to keep UPI afloat. ", "At that point, UPI was down to 585 employees. ", "Later that year, UPI filed for bankruptcy for the second time, asking for relief from $50 million in debt so that it could be sale-able. ", "In 1992, a group of Saudi investors, ARA Group International (AGI), bought the bankrupt UPI for $4 million.", "\n\nBy 1998, UPI had fewer than 250 employees and 12 offices. ", "Although the Saudi-based investors claimed to have poured more than $120 million into UPI, it had failed to turn a profit. ", "The company had begun to sell Internet-adapted products to such websites as Excite and Yahoo. ", "At that point, UPI CEO Arnaud de Borchgrave orchestrated UPI's exit from its last major media niche, the broadcast news business that United Press had initiated in the 1930s. ", "De Borchgrave maintained that \"what was brilliant pioneering work on the part of UPI prior to World War II, with radio news, is now a static quantity and so far as I'm concerned, certainly doesn't fit into my plans for the future\". ", "He sought to shift UPI's dwindling resources into Internet-based delivery of newsletter services, focusing more on technical and diplomatic specialties than on general news. ", "The rump UPI thus sold the client list of its still-significant radio network and broadcast wire to its former rival, the AP.", "\n\nCurrent ownership\n\n\t\nUPI was purchased in May 2000 by News World Communications, a media conglomerate founded by Unification movement founder Sun Myung Moon, which also owned The Washington Times and various newspapers in South Korea, Japan, and South America. ", "The next day, UPI's White House correspondent, Helen Thomas, resigned her position, after working for UPI for 57 years.", "\n\nIn 2007 as part of a restructuring to keep UPI in business and profitable, management cut 11 staff from its Washington, D.C. office and no longer has a reporter in the White House press corps or a bureau covering the United Nations. ", "UPI spokespersons and press releases said the company would be focusing instead on expanding operations in the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa, and reporting on security threats, intelligence and energy issues. ", "In 2008, UPI began UPIU, a journalism mentoring platform for students and journalism schools, that allows recent college graduates to post their work on the site, but does not pay for stories.", "\n\nUPI sports awards\n\nUnited Press International conferred sports awards annually until 1996. ", "The awards were given to basketball players, basketball coaches, football players and athletes in general. ", "The different awards were:\n\nUPI Athlete of the Year\n\nBasketball\nUPI College Basketball Coach of the Year\nUPI College Basketball Player of the Year\n\nFootball\nUPI College Football Player of the Year\nUPI College Lineman of the Year\nUPI NFC Player of the Year\nUPI AFL-AFC Player of the Year\nUPI NFL Rookie of the Year\nUPI NFL Player of the Year\n\nNotable alumni\n\nWhile much of normal news agency work is little publicized, many UP/UPI news staffers have gained fame, either while with the agency or in later careers. ", "They include journalists, news executives, novelists and high government officials.", "\n\nAmong them:\nDavid Belnap, UPI Latin American Bureau Chief and later Foreign Desk Editor for the Los Angeles Times\nArnaud de Borchgrave, veteran foreign correspondent and UPI executive\nMyram Borders, longtime Las Vegas bureau manager who broke the story of Elvis Presley's marriage\nDavid Brinkley, co-anchor of NBC's Huntley-Brinkley Report and anchor of ABC's This Week\nLucien Carr, contemporary of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac in the Beat Generation movement\nRaymond Clapper, originator of the term \"smoked-filled room\"\nRichard Cohen, Washington Post columnist\nCharles Collingwood, CBS News anchor, host of A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy\nGail Collins, New York Times columnist\nMarie Colvin, long-time war correspondent for The Sunday Times\nBob Considine, author of Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo and ABC and CBS radio anchor\nKent Cooper, who later became the longtime GM of rival Associated Press\nWalter Cronkite, long-time anchor of the CBS Evening News\nBill Downs, CBS and ABC reporter, first to deliver a live broadcast from Normandy after D-Day\nAllen Drury, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist\nStephen Early, White House Press Secretary for Franklin D. Roosevelt\nMarc S. Ellenbogen, President, The Prague Society for International Cooperation; Chair, Global Panel Foundation\nOscar Fraley, Untouchables co-author\nThomas Friedman, Three-time Pulitzer Prize-winning New York Times columnist\nJoseph L. Galloway, military author\nMartha Gellhorn, legendary war correspondent\nHenry Tilton Gorrell, filed first report on D-Day\nRichard Helms, onetime CIA Director, who interviewed Adolf Hitler for United Press during the 1936 Olympics\nSeymour Hersh, Pulitzer-Prize winning reporter for The New York Times, the AP and The New Yorker\nDon Hewitt, 60 Minutes creator and producer; worked for UP Newspictures predecessor Acme Newsphotos\nTony Hillerman, novelist\nLes Hinton, ex-Dow Jones CEO\nRichard C. Hottelet, CBS News United Nations correspondent, last-surviving of the Murrow Boys\nBrit Hume, ABC News White House Correspondent and Fox News anchor\nDavid Hume Kennerly, 1970s White House photographer\nEdward M. Korry, U.S. Ambassador to Ethiopia and Chile\nBrian Lamb, C-SPAN founder\nLarry LeSueur, CBS News and Voice of America White House Correspondent, two-time Peabody Award winner\nElmer Lower, early ABC News president\nEugene Lyons, former UP correspondent to Moscow, first Western journalist to interview Joseph Stalin\nJim McGlincy, reporter for the New York Post, New York Daily News, Newsweek and CBS News\nKnowlton Nash, Canadian journalist, senior anchor of CBC Television's flagship news program, The National\nRon Nessen, White House Press Secretary for Gerald Ford\nEdwin Newman, CBS and NBC anchor, moderator of 1976 and 1984 presidential debates\nKeith Olbermann, correspondent and host for CNN, ESPN, MSNBC, Current TV, and GQ magazine\nEugene Patterson, Pulitzer Prize–winning newspaper editor and columnist\nMarjorie Paxson, influential women's page editor\nDoc Quigg, journalist\nGeorge Reedy, White House Press Secretary for Lyndon Johnson\nHarrison Salisbury, Pulitzer-Prize winner, creator of The New York Times op-ed page\nReese Schonfeld, co-founder of CNN\nRobert J. Serling, novelist and brother of Rod Serling\nEric Sevareid, CBS News reporter, three-time Peabody Award winner\nNeil Sheehan, reporter who broke the Pentagon Papers story for The New York Times\nLewis Shollenberger, CBS News reporter, ABC News, Director of Radio Liberty\nDaniel Silva, novelist and former CNN producer\nH. Allen Smith, best-selling author\nHoward K. Smith, ABC Evening News anchor\nStan Stearns, photographer, known for picture of John F. Kennedy Jr. saluting his father's casket\nCyrus Leo Sulzberger II, Pulitzer-Prize winning reporter for The New York Times\nHelen Thomas, UPI reporter from 1943 until 2000 - UPI White House Correspondent from 1961 until 2000\nStanley Tretick, founding photographer, People magazine\nHubert van Es, Saigon evacuation photographer\nKate Webb, war correspondent, first to reach Saigon during Tet Offensive\nWee Kim Wee, 4th President of Singapore\nWeegee, Naked City photographer\nPaul White, the founding director of CBS News\nSteve Wilstein, who later broke the steroids scandals in baseball for the AP\n\nUPI reporters and photographers have won ten Pulitzer Prizes:\nRussell Jones (International Reporting, 1957)\nAndrew Lopez (News Photography, 1960)\nYasushi Nagao (News Photography, 1961)\nMerriman Smith (National Reporting, 1964)\nKyoichi Sawada (News Photography, 1966)\nToshio Sakai (Feature Photography, 1968)\nLucinda Franks and Thomas Powers (National Reporting, 1971)\nDavid Hume Kennerly (Feature Photography, 1972)\nJohn H. Blair (Spot News Photography, 1978)\nJahangir Razmi, (Spot News Photography, 1980)\n\nKey UP/UPI product and technical innovation dates\n In 1908, UP began offering feature stories and using reporter bylines.", "\n In 1915 UP begins to use teleprinters, more recently known as Teletype machines.", "\n In the 1930s and 1940s, UP Newspictures predecessor agency Acme developed the International Unifax machine, the first automatic picture receiver.", "\n The \"Ocean Press\", a news service for ocean liners, was founded in the 1930s, as a corporate subsidiary of Scripps. ", "It used copy from United Press and later United Press International. ", "By 1959, it had 125 subscriber ships.", "\n In 1935, UP was the first major news service to offer news to broadcasters.", "\n In 1945 UP offered the first all-sports wire.", "\n In 1948 UP started the first international television news film service. ", "Originally named \"UP Movietone\", in view of a partnership with the Movietone News service of 20th Century Fox, it went through several partnerships and name changes and was known as United Press International Television News or simply as UPITN, a name which also credited UPI's film and video service partner at the time, Britain's ITN television news service.", "\n In 1951 UP offered the first teletypesetter (TTS) service, enabling newspapers to automatically set and justify type from wire transmissions.", "\n In 1952 UP absorbed the Scripps-owned Acme photo service to form UP Newspictures\n In 1958 United Press absorbed Hearst's INS to create UPI\n In 1958 UPI created the first wire service audio network, an offshoot of the film service above. ", "UPI Audio provided news material to radio stations. ", "It was renamed United Press International Radio Network in 1983.", "\n In 1974, UPI launched the first \"high-speed\" data newswire—operating at 1,200 WPM.", "\n In 1978, UPI launched the first cable TV news network, UPI Newstime, using SSTV technology via satellite to relay the channel to cable TV companies nationwide in the USA.", "\n In 1979, UPI along with Telecomputing Corp. of America began making the UPI world news report available to owners of home computers.", "\n In 1982, UPI pioneered a coding system allowing clients to choose stories based on topic, subtopic and location.", "\n\nSee also\n\n List of UPI reporters\n List of online image archives\n List of news agencies\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Helms, Richard, with William Hood. ", "A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency. ", "New York: Random House, 2003.", "\n \n \n \n Powers, Thomas. ", "The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms and the CIA. ", "New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.", "\n Read, Donald (1992). ", "The Power of News. ", "The History of Reuters 1849–1989. ", "Oxford: Oxford University Press. .", "\n\nExternal links\nCurrent\n \n Spanish-language website\n UPIU, UPI's multimedia platform for journalism education\n\nHistory\n Downhold.", "Org—UPI Alum site\n UPI's Trail of Tears—subset of above: UPI history and memories\n The Downhold Project—collaborative UPI history project site\n Dead Microphone Club—UPI Radio Network Alum site\n\n \nCategory:1907 establishments in New York (state)\nCategory:American journalism organizations\nCategory:News agencies based in the United States\nCategory:Organizations established in 1907\nCategory:Unification Church affiliated organizations\nCategory:College football awards organizations\nCategory:Photo agencies" ]

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[ "News\n\nChristmas Craft Morning will be Saturday, December 5 from 10AM to noon at the church. ", "Kids and women are welcome (guys, you know you want to join us, so come on over) for a morning of crafting and snacking. ", "This was a HUGE hit last year; we’re looking forward to seeing you there\n\nLadies, save the date! ", "Instead of our planned Shopping Outing, we will be going for a relaxing Sunday stroll. ", "Come and join us as we fellowship together and enjoy God’s wonderful creation. ", "We will be meeting Sunday, November 15. ", "More information in the newsletter.", "\n\nWe are once again preparing for our Annual FallBreadBowlLunch. ", "On November 1st, bring your favorite hearty soup or chili, we’ll supply the breadbowls and dessert. ", "We’ll all eat together after the worship service\n\nThe next gathering of men for lively banter (ranging from the Buckeyes to men’s events at Walnut Creek), food, and adult beverages will be at Pigskin Brewing Company at Gahanna’s Creekside on October 27th at 8:00pm\n\nFor the past week, Tami and I have enjoyed listening to a taped lecture series entitled, The Power of Vulnerability, by Dr. Brene Brown. ", "As a professor in Social Work who employs Grounded Theory Research on the subject of shame, Brown has brilliantly tapped into why people feel shame and how that drives their thinking and behaving. ", "Her shame research has led her to address the subjects of guilt, compassion, empathy, and vulnerability. ", "A major component of vulnerability is authenticity. ", "Here’s what Brown says about authenticity.", "\n\nAuthenticity is the daily practice of letting go of who we’re supposed to be [or who we think people want us to be] and embracing who we actually are.", "Choosing authenticity involves the following:\n\nCultivating the courage to be imperfect, to set boundaries, and to allow ourselves to be vulnerable.", "\n\nExpressing compassion that comes from knowing that we’re all made of strength and struggle.", "\n\nNurturing the connection and sense of belonging that can only happen when we believe that we’re enough.", "\n\nAuthenticity demands wholehearted living and loving even when it’s hard… even when we’re wrestling with the shame and fear of not being good enough… and especially when the joy is so intense that we aren’t afraid to let ourselves feel it.", "\n\nPracticing authenticity during our most soul-searching struggles is how we invite grace, joy, and gratitude into our lives.", "\n\nAuthenticity is a popular buzzword today in organizations, businesses, and churches. ", "As you can see from Brown’s extended definition, it’s one thing to claim authenticity and it’s another (hard) thing to actually live authentically.", "\n\nHere’s where the Gospel comes in and allows us to live authentically. ", "We are born with both dignity and depravity. ", "We are created in God’s image, yet we’re sinful to the core. ", "Jesus Christ willingly embraced all our depravity on the cross – we are pardoned slaves of sin. ", "Not only that, but he grants us a more dignified status – we are adopted children of God and heirs with Jesus Christ.", "\n\n“Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation” (2 Cor. ", "5:17). ", "We are new creatures… free to be authentic, honest, compassionate, filled with gratitude and joy. ", "The ‘shame-voices’ in our mind lose their grip and power as we live authentically in our new identity as redeemed children of God.", "\n\nWhen your loved one shares a painful experience, do you try to lighten the moment?", "\n\nWhen your loved one says they are upset with you, have you found yourself justifying your words or actions, only to have your partner or friend become more upset?", "\n\nDespite your best intentions, you may be suffering from a lack of empathy. ", "The following cartoon short from University of Houston researcher and Daring Greatly (2012) author Brené Brown’s RSA talk in 2013 explains the difference: Click to watch\n\nOur brains are wired to run from pain—including emotional pain—whether it is ours or someone else’s. ", "Brown points out in this video that empathy rarely starts with the words, “At least…” and that oftentimes, the best response is, “I don’t know what to say, but I am really glad you told me.” ", "Fixing your loved one’s problem is not often what is needed, nor is it necessarily your job or even within your ability to do so. ", "Sharing a listening, caring ear is something most people can do. ", "When we feel heard, cared about, and understood, we also feel loved, accepted, and as if we belong.", "\n\nIn I Thought it Was Just Me (But It Isn’t) (2008), Brown references nursing scholar Theresa Wiseman’s four attributes of empathy:\n\nTo be able to see the world as others see it—This requires putting your own “stuff” aside to see the situation through your loved one’s eyes.", "\n\nTo be nonjudgmental—Judgment of another person’s situation discounts the experience and is an attempt to protect ourselves from the pain of the situation.", "\n\nTo understand another person’s feelings—We have to be in touch with our own feelings in order to understand someone else’s. ", "Again, this requires putting your own “stuff” aside to focus on your loved one.", "\n\nTo communicate your understanding of that person’s feelings—Rather than saying, “At least you…” or “It could be worse…” try, “I’ve been there, and that really hurts,” or (to quote an example from Brown) “It sounds like you are in a hard place now. ", "Tell me more about it.”", "\n\nBrown explains that empathy is a skill that strengthens with practice and encourages people to both give and receive it often. ", "By receiving empathy, not only do we understand how good it feels to be heard and accepted, we also come to better understand the strength and courage it takes to be vulnerable and share that need for empathy in the first place.", "\n\nIn short, empathy is different and better than sympathy because “empathy fuels connection; sympathy drives disconnection.”", "\n\nEmpathy… You’re going to have an opportunity to exercise it today. ", "Give it your best shot!", "\n\nThe next gathering of men for lively banter (ranging from the Buckeyes to men’s events at Walnut Creek), food, and adult beverages will be at the Uptown Brewery in Westerville on Thursday September 17 at @ 8:00pm.", "\n\nOn Saturday, September 12th from 6:00p-8:00p, we will be hosting an open house in the foyer/cafe to preview all of the upcoming women’s events for the fall. ", "Please drop by, have a bite to eat and a drink while catching up with friends and touring our display booths. ", "Each booth will offer you an opportunity to preview materials, sign up for various opportunities, and familiarize yourself with our upcoming events. ", "We look forward to seeing you there!", "\n\nEllis Potter, an influential Christian Missionary in Europe encourages his congregants to ask 10 people who are not followers of Jesus these two questions.", "\n\nIf you converted to Christianity today, do you think your life would be larger, fuller, richer, more attractive and creative, more involved with the people, circumstances, art, & culture around you?", "\n\nOr do you think your life would be smaller, narrower, more withdrawn, judgmental, and negative, less winsome and creative, less involved with the people, art, circumstances, & culture around you?", "\n\nWere you to ask your neighbors these questions, your family or your friends, how do you think they would answer? ", "Why would they answer that way? ", "Who taught it to them? ", "Francis Schaeffer once said,\n\nAs evangelical Christians we have tended to relegate art to the very fringe of life. ", "The rest of human life we feel is more important. ", "Despite our constant talk about the Lordship of Christ, we have narrowed its scope to a very small area of reality. ", "We have misunderstood the concept of the Lordship of Christ over the whole of man and the whole of the universe and have not taken to us the riches that the Bible gives us for ourselves, for our lives, and for our culture. ", "The Christian is the one whose imagination should fly beyond the stars.", "\n\nIt seems that in our culture today many Christians are known for what they hate, rather than for what they love, for talking about what is evil, rather than celebrating what is good and praiseworthy.", "\n\nThe Bible makes clear that Jesus Christ is Lord over all aspects of life, including pop culture and art, and it is my belief that not only can we celebrate our partaking of art as entertainment, but that we can use it as a means of sharing the gospel with our family, friends, and neighbors." ]

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[ "Robert Lawrenson\n\nRobert Lawrenson (born 12 November 1971) is a British actor known for his role of Declan MacRae on the SyFy show Sanctuary. ", "Appearances include Coronation Street and Smallville. ", "He also works as a film editor and director.", "\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1971 births\nCategory:English male television actors\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Blackpool" ]

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[ "Top 5 PA Senate Races\n\nThe Pa. Senate has been a place where conservative legislation goes to simmer and moderate. ", "Will Democratic gains make the chamber even more centrist? ", "Here are the top 5 seats in play this year.", "\n\nThe GOP has controlled the state Senate for two decades, pushing, compressing and redrawing Democrats into a smaller and smaller share of the chamber. ", "But the Pa. Supreme Court tossed a proposed map that would have preserved the party’s 30 to 20 majority. ", "Add that to a much more aggressive and professional campaign operation than the caucus has seen in awhile, and operatives on both sides acknowledge that 2012 the Dems’ year.", "\n\nThey won’t gain the majority, but they could change Republicans’ math on a host of legislative initiatives like vouchers, tort reform and state budgets.", "\n\nSeats are ranked by likeliness to switch party control.", "\n\nEditor’s note: this is our first list of the fall; keep an eye out for regular updates on the state of the campaign for Pa. House and Senate. ", "And in case you missed it, here is yesterday’s list of the top 10 Pa. House races.", "\n\nSD-49. ", "Open seat, Republican, most of Erie County\n\nSen. Jane Earll is Erie’s kind of Republican. ", "Moderate, dispassionate and likeable, she’s managed to hold a Democratic-leaning seat for 16 years. ", "Republicans are hoping that Janet Anderson can fill her shoes (almost literally, if you watch her latest TV ad). ", "She’s got a resume that would make most candidates jealous: a former staffer for Earll and Tom Ridge, she spent years working on economic development issues in the region. ", "But the Democratic candidate, Sean Wiley, is no slouch. ", "An executive on the business side of St. Vincent Hospital and former county government employee, his profile is strong, too.", "\n\nThe math here is rough for the GOP. ", "The President won this district by a healthy margin in 2008 and figures to do so again this year, and the district favors a Democrat in a generic race by double digits. ", "Both candidates are on cable TV with positive ads; Anderson is also on broadcast. ", "The latest proposed redistricting map doesn’t change this seat much.", "\n\nSD-37. ", "Open seat, southern Allegheny County and Peters Township, Washington County\n\nD. Raja is one win away from being a rising star in the GOP. ", "He defeated state Rep. Mark Mustio in a nasty three-way primary when Sen. John Pippy (R-Allegheny) announced his intent not to run again. ", "An immigrant from India to Pittsburgh, Raja started a business that now employs 300. ", "But he has baggage. ", "He badly lost his 2011 race for Allegheny County Executive – including the Allegheny portion of SD-37, which comprises about 91 percent of the senate district. ", "His business acumen are tainted by the fact that his company helps other businesses outsource jobs. ", "But he has been personally successful, and he’s has hinted that he’ll spend whatever it takes to win this seat. ", "The presidential race in this part of the world will boost the Republican.", "\n\nThe Democratic candidate, State Rep. Matt Smith, is popular in the Mt. Lebanon district where he was elected in 2006 (defeating Raja’s consultant Mark Harris, then a candidate). ", "A talented campaigner long seen as having potential for higher office, he had initially declined to run for this seat because he expected Mustio to win the primary. ", "But thanks to some grade-A shenanigans by Democrats, he subbed in to the ballot spot in addition to running for re-election to his House seat. ", "Both candidates are on TV – Smith with apositive spot, Raja with a negative one. ", "The latest proposed redistricting map doesn’t change this district much.", "\n\nSD-15. ", "Open seat, Republican, most of Dauphin County including the city of Harrisburg, parts of northern York County\n\nThis race is a clash of the insiders. ", "Both candidates are well connected in Harrisburg and were the picks of the state’s party leaders to run for the seat of retiring Sen. Jeff Piccola (R-Dauphin). ", "Rob Teplitz, the Democrat, is Chief Counsel and Policy Director in the Pa. Auditor General’s office. ", "He faces Republican John McNally, the former chairman of the Dauphin County Republican Committee and a partner at a local law firm.", "\n\nThe district came 3.8 points away from ousting Piccola in 2008, and Dems think the diminished presidential year turnout won’t hurt them as much as the absence of incumbency will hurt the GOP. ", "Both candidates are on local cable. ", "However, there’s a potential X factor for Dems: Alvin Q. Taylor, the man Teplitz barely defeated in the Democratic primary. ", "Citing what he said was foul play, Taylor said in June that he would wage a write-in campaign. ", "If he goes through with it, he could siphon key votes from Teplitz in what is likely to be a narrow race. ", "Redistricting may help McNally, too, if indirectly. ", "After this cycle the district changes drastically, dropping Dem-friendly Harrisburg areas in exchange for rural Perry County – so its value could shrink in the eyes of Democratic stakeholders who see limited long term possibility of keeping the seat.", "\n\nSD-47, Elder Vogel, Republican, most of Beaver and Lawrence counties\n\nIf this were an open seat, it would be closer to the top of the list. ", "Vogel won election in 2008 after incumbent Democratic Sen. Gerald J. LaValle resignedretired amid ethics concerns. ", "The district retains a 27 point advantage for Democrats in voter registration (in western Pa., so that’s to be taken with a grain of salt). ", "Democrat Kim Villella is a good candidate with a big family network and an impressive resume. ", "She started a salon as a young woman and now she and her husband own several businesses in the district.", "\n\nExpect the Democrats to lean heavily on the Corbett budget/Harrisburg Republicans angle in this race, because it would be tough to raise his negatives otherwise. ", "That’s because Vogel, a farmer, has all the advantages of an incumbent plus he’s well-liked in the district. ", "So far, Villella is on TV and Vogel is not. ", "The proposed redistricting map would make this seat more Republican, but not prohibitively so.", "\n\nSD-29. ", "Dave Argall, Republican, all of Schuylkill County and parts of Berks, Carbon, Monroe, and Northampton counties.", "\n\nArgall, who’s running for his first full term in the Senate, faced his toughest test in the primary. ", "But he’s not out of the woods yet. ", "Former Democratic State Rep. Tim Seip is a solid candidate and he has the ability to contest Argall’s home county. ", "Argall was first elected to state House in 1985, ascended to the Senate after the passing of Sen. Jim Rhoades in 2009, and ran for Congress against Tim Holden in 2010. ", "He was challenged from the right in April’s primary by businessman Brian Rich who, like Holden, hammered Argall with his vote for the midnight pay raise.", "\n\nSeip is a social worker by trade and he represented southern Schuylkill County in the state House from 2006 until his defeat by Rep. Mike Tobash in 2010. ", "If he’s able to get some momentum going and demonstrate credible fundraising, he will move this contest into the same conversation as the four races above. ", "He’s not there yet. ", "Registered Republicans outnumber Democrats here 45 percent to 43. ", "The proposed map would keep all of Schuylkill in the district, but become more GOP-friendly as it sheds its three eastern counties to pick up more of Berks.", "\n\n9 thoughts on “Top 5 PA Senate Races”\n\nIt sure seems like a “bait and switch” in the Matt Smith vs. Raja race. ", "The voters voted for Greg Parks, not Matt Smith. ", "How is it that they can just put someone in that was not even part of the vote? ", "Isn’t it time to give Raja a chance? ", "He has proven he can do good things in the real world. ", "It seems like it is time to give him a chance to make a difference in the State Legislature. ", "Politics should be a commitment of duty not a cradle to grave career.", "\n\nSean Ramaley was and is a decent and ethical man and leader. ", "In his case “not guilty” most certainly meant “innocent”. ", "Any suggestion to the contrary is unfounded character assassination, similar to the politically motivated prosecution that unjustly targeted him." ]

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[ "Percutaneous triple-valve balloon valvulotomy in a pregnant woman using intracardiac echocardiography: case report.", "\nThe management of multivalvular heart disease during pregnancy is difficult, as no guidelines currently exist. ", "Herein is reported the first case of percutaneous triple-valve balloon valvulotomy guided by intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) in a pregnant woman with multivalvular rheumatic heart disease. ", "ICE provided excellent imaging and guidance, which resulted in a low radiation exposure to the mother and fetus." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Anti-NSP4 antibody can block rotavirus-induced diarrhea in mice.", "\nRotavirus infection is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea and gastroenteritis among children worldwide. ", "The viral proteins (VP), especially VP4- and VP7-induced neutralizing antibodies, were considered to be critical in protective immunity to rotavirus disease. ", "However, whether the antibody to rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) protects against rotavirus-induced diarrhea directly is not completely clear, especially for the protective time course. ", "To obtain direct evidence, 12-day-old ICR mice were treated with NSP4 and entire rotavirus to induce diarrhea. ", "Both NSP4 and rotavirus-treated mice developed diarrhea, which was accompanied by histological changes in the small intestine compared to age-matched control mice. ", "Anti-NSP4 antibody demonstrated protection against both entire rotavirus-induced diarrhea and NSP4-induced diarrhea. ", "The histological changes in the small intestinal were reversible. ", "These data show that early intervention with anti-NSP4 antibody can prevent rotavirus-induced diarrhea in mice; late intervention with anti-NSP4 antibody could halt diarrhea progression in mice. ", "Our findings demonstrate for the first time that administration of anti-NSP4 antibody is effective both prior to and during the time course of rotavirus infection. ", "These observations extend our knowledge of rotavirus infection and its therapeutic options." ]

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[ "Ireland’s West Cork Islands: Cows, Seals and Whiskey, Oh My!", "\n\nView of Lonehort Harbour from the top of Bere Island in Ireland. ", "Photo by Rondi Adamson\n\nEditor’s Note: While none of us can travel right now, we can still bring your inspiring stories from around the globe. ", "We hope you’ll soon be able to visit in person. #", "DreamNowTravelLater\n\nIreland offers an island getaway for those of us who would rather not fly to a foreign destination only to lie on the beach and read a mediocre bestseller.", "\n\nIreland’s southwest peninsula, and the allure of Sherkin, Whiddy, Garnish and Bere Islands, are especially appealing.", "\n\nWest Cork Islands\n\nLocated off the coast of County Cork and accessible by short ferry rides from the mainland are the West Cork Islands.", "\n\nA string of seven islands that feature artists, military history, flowers to make your senses sing, local animals – both domestic and wild – and those Irish staples of good food, good drink and good, chatty company.", "\n\nForgive the cliche, but the Irish have been blessed by that Blarney Stone. ", "Other than Italy, I can’t remember being to a country where people so revel in talking.", "\n\nI was lucky enough to visit these islands for a few days this summer, delighting in part of the route the Irish call the Wild Atlantic Way, one of the longest defined coastal routes in the world.", "\n\nHow you get to Ireland’s southern coast is up to you: I went by coach from Dublin. ", "Trains are an option, but tend to take longer, and car rentals are the most popular choice.", "\n\nThat said, the Irish don’t share a North American’s view of distance, so I was warned about the long trip ahead, “long” meaning four to five hours.", "\n\nI didn’t have the heart to explain that I used to make a longer trip (both ways!) ", "every other weekend years ago to visit my mother.", "\n\nThe late Maureen O’Hara’s home, seen from Bantry Bay. ", "Photo by Rondi Adamson\n\nThough it didn’t happen to me, you might spot a celebrity or two once you get there: Maureen O’Hara (Google her, young people.", "\n\nShe was a cinema goddess) owned a house in West Cork, and Jeremy Irons owns a castle in the area; Matt Damon has waxed poetic about buying a local lighthouse and George Clooney?", "\n\nWell, let’s start with Sherkin Island, where local gossip says he apparently considered buying a home, I gather for those moments he gets bored with the one he has on Italy’s Lake Como.", "\n\nSherkin Island\n\nTo get to Sherkin, you take the ferry from Baltimore – a pretty port in and of itself and one of the southernmost cities in Ireland.", "\n\nAlong with nearby Skibbereen and Clonakilty, it’s a good spot from which to base your stay, and to take a whale-watching trip if the season is right.", "\n\nI did, with Whale Watch West Cork, and saw Minke whales, basking sharks and Risso dolphins.", "\n\nNone of the islands in question are home to many B&Bs or hotels, something which keeps them unspoiled and decidedly off the regular tourist run.", "\n\nMy trip coincided with perfect weather and yet I did not have to fight off crowds of fellow wanderers.", "\n\nOnce on Sherkin’s shores, you will be greeted by the ruins of the Sherkin Franciscan Friary, built in the 15th century.", "\n\nYou’ll also be met by the emerald greenery of Irish dreams, with roads rising to greet you and take you to the studio of artist Majella O’Neill Collins.", "\n\nGeorge Clooney never did buy a house on Sherkin, but he did buy one of Collins’ paintings.", "\n\nCollins isn’t the only artist on Sherkin; another prominent artist resident is Jo Ashby. ", "In fact, creative and hippie types (aging and neo) make up a good chunk of the island’s 100-something population.", "\n\nMany gravitate to Sherkin North Shore, a lovely retreat which includes a small restaurant, if restaurant has a very loose definition.", "\n\nSynchronized cows on Sherkin Island. ", "Photo by Rondi Adamson\n\nDon’t misunderstand – the food was excellent, but the options were basically “whatever the woman who runs it is making.", "\n\n”I was a happy vegetarian that day, because she was making a mint and vegetable soup, with mint grown from her garden – ‘twas heaven.", "\n\nWith such a tiny population, you are almost as likely to meet cows on the island as you are people, and some of the former might slow down your taxi a wee bit.", "\n\nInstead of fretting about your schedule, get into the island mode and relax – the cows might even approach for the visiting paparazzi, as they did for me.", "\n\nAs an animal-lover, I considered this highly fortuitous.", "\n\nWhiskey tasting on Whiddy Island in Ireland.", "\n\nWhiddy Island\n\nA short drive further west along the mainland will take you to Bantry Bay – famous for shellfish farming – from which you can reach wee Whiddy Island (5.6 kilometres long and 2.4 kilometres wide).", "\n\nWith a population of 22, Whiddy might make Sherkin seem like Shanghai, but it has its own charms.", "\n\nFirst among them – from the moment you step off the ferry and approach Bank House Pub, you will hear Irish Gaelic spoken. ", "Quite a delight.", "\n\nA donkey scratches an itch, on Whiddy Island in Ireland. ", "Photo by Rondi Adamson\n\nBankhouse Pub\n\nBankhouse is truly the island’s information hub, a spot where you can get a bite to eat (mussels are a specialty), or attend a whiskey tasting (the one I attended was run by Liquid Curiosity).", "\n\nHire a guide (which will likely be a local fellow happy to take you around and answer questions) or, if you’re feeling hale and hardy, rent a bike.", "\n\nYou can also walk the island and enjoy the lush views from the top. ", "It is almost impossible to get lost and along the way you’ll see the old schoolhouse – dated 1887 and now being renovated into a hostel.", "\n\nYou’ll meet a cornucopia of donkeys, horses, roosters and hens, dogs and cats. ", "I consider any trip where I don’t meet local animals a waste of my energy, so Whiddy was made to order for me.", "\n\nGarnish Island\n\nBack on the mainland, the harbour city of Glengarriff is home to several hotels, and the perfect place to leave for a visit to nearby Garnish Island and its magnificent gardens.", "\n\nThe latter are more than a panoply of lush flowers, beauteous botany and intoxicating scents, though they are that.", "\n\nThey are home to a Martello tower, an Italian villa, a Greek temple and the stately historic home (now a museum) of the wealthy Bryce family, who once owned Garnish and bequeathed it to Ireland over 60 years ago.", "\n\nI had a guided tour with Head Gardener Finbarr O’Sullivan, and I have to say that his name alone made my day.", "\n\nSeals in Glengarriff Harbour. ", "Photo by Rondi Adamson\n\nEnjoy the journey, they say, and worry less about the destination. ", "My time on the island was topped off with seeing a pair of eagles and a colony of harbour seals while on the journey back to the mainland.", "\n\nThe ferry conductor graciously stopped the boat for us to have a proper view and photo-op. ", "These smiling seals, lolling about on the rocks and humoring the ridiculous visitors, were everything for me.", "\n\nBere Island\n\nIt’s a short drive over to Castletownbere Harbour, the ferry dock for a visit to Bere Island, the most populous of the four, at approximately 220 residents (Garnish has no permanent residents).", "\n\nLike Whiddy, Bere offers bike rentals, for those fit enough to navigate the winding, often uphill roads. ", "Like Whiddy, it also has a strong and interesting military history, and views from the top which are stunning.", "\n\nRerrin is Bere’s main town, and the local convenience store, Murphy’s, has a bakehouse in back which offers delicious scones (and scone-making demonstrations, if your timing is good) and friendly gab.", "\n\nI was there shortly after the abortion referendum, which was a hot topic, as were the English, midges (mosquito-like biters in Ireland’s summer months) and rugby.", "\n\nWhen I told people I was from Toronto, the relative cuteness of my prime minister was up for debate, as well.", "\n\nIt was outside Murphy’s that I met some lovely young Irish soldiers on a training exercise; Bere’s steep climbs are good for team-building.", "\n\nThe lads flattered my Canadian soul by telling me how much they enjoyed working with Canadian soldiers abroad.", "\n\nWhile it may not have been a standard beach holiday, I am glad I brought sunblock – the days are wonderfully long in an Irish summer and the sun is powerful even when hidden.", "\n\nFor the record, there are plenty of beaches to be found on all four islands and on the mainland, if you are so inclined, though you’ll have to supply your own mediocre bestseller.", "\n\nIf You Travel to Ireland:\n\nBIO: Rondi Adamson is a writer in Toronto, Canada. ", "She has lived in Japan, France, Italy and Turkey and traveled to many other countries. ", "A former columnist at the Toronto Star, she has been published most recently in the Wall Street Journal, the Christian Science Monitor and Huffington Post. ", "She is an animal-lover and a big fan of Indian food.", "\n\nWe will use the information you provided to email our newsletter as requested. ", "Unsubscribe at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link in any email. ", "By subscribing, you agree to our Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy.", "\n\nFor World Travelers & Adventurers\n\nGet our latest stories on travel around the world delivered once a month to your inbox. ", "Happy travels!", "\n\nWe will use the information you provided to email our newsletter as requested. ", "Unsubscribe at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link in any email. ", "By subscribing, you agree to our Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy.", "\n\nWorld Travel Magazine for Travelers, Adventurers & Explorers\n\nGet our latest stories on travel around the world delivered once a month to your inbox. ", "Happy travels!", "\n\nWe will use the information you provided to email our newsletter as requested. ", "Unsubscribe at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link in any email. ", "By subscribing, you agree to our Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy." ]

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[ "Culture and self-presentation as predictors of shyness among Japanese and American female college students.", "\nSelf-presentation theories of shyness have been supported in North American samples but have not been evaluated cross-culturally. ", "This study examined the relative influence of cultural and psychological variables on self-reported shyness among Japanese and American college students. ", "35 female Japanese-born and 47 United States-born Euro-American female students completed the Shyness Scale, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire, Sensitivity to Rejection Scale, and Individualism-Collectivism Scale, and a demographic data sheet. ", "After statistically controlling for Individualism-Collectivism, psychological measures, especially perceived interpersonal competence and sensitivity to rejection, combined for Adjusted R2 = .32 in shyness. ", "Findings suggest that similar factors are central to experiences of shyness for both samples. ", "Researchers should assess the stability of such findings in larger, heterogeneous samples and evaluate whether treatment strategies that reduce expectations of rejection and increase perceived interpersonal competence have comparable efficacy in reducing shyness across cultures." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nUsing Lambert's W Function to solve this equation\n\nI'm attempting to solve the following equation (eventually with Lambert's W Function having checked the solution on Wolfram Alpha):\n$$100n^2 = 2^n$$\nI got as far as follows but I am unsure how to progress:\n$$\\ln100 + 2\\ln(n) = n\\ln2$$\nAny suggestions would be much appreciated.", "\n\nA:\n\nTo use Lambert W you may proceed this way :\n\\begin{align}\n100\\,n^2 &= 2^n\\\\\n(10\\,n)^2 &= e^{n\\log 2}\\\\\n10\\,n &= \\pm e^{n\\log 2/2}\\\\\n\\left(-\\,n \\log 2/2\\right) e^{-n\\log 2/2}&= \\mp (\\log 2)/{20}\\\\\n-\\,n \\log 2/2&=W\\left(\\mp (\\log 2)/20\\right)\\\\\n\\end{align}\nThe negative argument (see wikipedia) will be between $-\\dfrac 1e$ and $0$ and return you two solutions :\n\n$-\\frac{2}{\\log 2}W_{-1}\\left(-\\frac{\\log 2}{20}\\right)\\approx 14.324727837\\quad$ and \n$-\\frac{2}{\\log 2}W\\left(-\\frac{\\log 2}{20}\\right)\\approx 0.1036578164$\nwhile the positive argument will return simply \n$-\\frac{2}{\\log 2}W\\left(\\frac{\\log 2}{20}\\right)\\approx -0.0967040343267$ \n\nA:\n\n$$2^n=100n^2$$\n$$2^n n^{-2}=100$$\nRaising to the power of $-1/2$:\n$$2^{-n/2} n= \\pm\\frac{1}{10}$$\n$$e^{- 1/2 \\log (2) \\cdot n } n= \\pm\\frac{1}{10}$$\n$$e^{- 1/2 \\log (2) \\cdot n } (- 1/2 \\log (2) n)=\\pm\\frac{1/2 \\log (2) }{10}$$\n$$e^{- 1/2 \\log (2) \\cdot n } (- 1/2 \\log (2) n)=\\pm\\frac{\\log (2) }{20}$$\n$$n = \\frac{W\\left(\\pm\\frac{\\log (2) }{20}\\right)}{-1/2 \\log(2)}$$\n$$n = -\\frac{2W\\left(\\pm\\frac{\\log (2) }{20}\\right)}{\\log(2)}$$\nNow we must consider the $\\pm$ sign and the different branches of W to obtain the answers in Dr. Sonnhard Graubner's answer.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Exercise can hurt healthy people\n\nThursday\n\nMay 31, 2012 at 6:00 AMMay 31, 2012 at 8:37 AM\n\nBy Gina Kolata THE NEW YORK TIMES\n\nCould exercise actually be bad for some healthy people? ", "A well-known group of researchers, including one who helped write the scientific paper justifying national guidelines that promote exercise for all, say the answer may be a qualified yes.", "\n\nBy analyzing data from six rigorous exercise studies involving 1,687 people, the group found that about 10 percent actually got worse on at least one of the measures related to heart disease: blood pressure and levels of insulin, HDL cholesterol or triglycerides. ", "About 7 percent got worse on at least two measures. ", "And the researchers say they do not know why.", "\n\n“It is bizarre,” said Claude Bouchard, lead author of the paper, published Wednesday in PLoS One, and a professor of genetics and nutrition at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, part of the Louisiana State University system.", "\n\nDr. Michael Lauer, director of the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the lead federal research institute on heart disease and strokes, was among the experts not involved in the provocative study who applauded it. “", "It is an interesting and well done study,” he said.", "\n\nOthers worried about its consequences.", "\n\n“There are a lot of people out there looking for any excuse not to exercise,” said William Haskell, emeritus professor of medicine at the Stanford Prevention Research Center. “", "This might be an excuse for them to say, `Oh, I must be one of those 10 percent.’ ”", "\n\n“That should make folks happy,” said Dr. William E. Kraus, a co-author of the study who is a professor of medicine and director of clinical research at Duke. ", "He was a member of the committee providing the scientific overview for the Department of Health and Human Services’ national exercise guidelines, which advise moderate exercise for at least 150 minutes a week.", "\n\nAuthors of the study say people should continue to exercise as before, but, might also consider getting their heart disease risk factors checked on a regular basis. ", "No intervention, including drugs, works for everyone, Kraus said. ", "So it should not be surprising that exercise does not work for some.", "\n\n“I am an exercise guy — I believe in exercise for health,” Kraus said. “", "I would rather have everyone exercise. ", "But you can’t ignore the data.”", "\n\nStill, he added, there are other reasons to exercise — for mental health and to improve physical functioning." ]

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[ "SRAM Quarq RIKEN 10R Power Meter 50/34T GXP Compact Crankset\n\nStaying focused on intensity is easy with the SRAM Quarq RIKEN 10R GXP Compact Power Meter. ", "It maintains accuracy to +/- 1.5%, its visible ANT+ ID streamlines installation and operation, plus its OmniCal technology lets you swap chainrings without needing to recalibrate. ", "CR2032 battery gives you 300 hours of ride time and LED indicator verifies that your ANT+ compatible computer is paired with the power meter. ", "Carbon fiber crankarms are lightweight, deliver a strong and powerful pedal stroke, and integrate with the CNC machined aluminum spider for maximum performance. ", "The SRAM Quarq RIKEN 10R GXP Compact Power Meter will help you become a fitter, faster cyclist than ever before." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat did the Philippian jailer mean by \"saved\"?", "\n\nIn Acts 16:30, after the earthquake and the loosing of the chains of Paul and Silas, the Philippian jailer asks them (NA28):\n\nκύριοι, τί με δεῖ ποιεῖν ἵνα σωθῶ;\n Sirs, what must I do to be saved?", "\n\nI'm wondering what he meant by “saved.” ", "My understanding is that the jailer was likely a pagan Roman with little exposure to the Christian notion of salvation. ", "Was he referring to something within the framework of Roman mythology? ", "Or is this a reference to “the way of salvation” proclaimed by the demon-possessed girl whose exorcism had landed them in jail?* ", "Or simply a request for rescue from the worldly dangers he faced? ", "Or is there reason to suspect that he had heard the preaching of Paul and Silas and was specifically asking for more information about their message?", "\n\n*With the duly noted caveat that demons are unreliable and misleading witnesses.", "\n\nA:\n\nMay I suggest a slightly different approach? ", "Rather than viewing the passage primarily as an historical record and thus exploring the jailor's original meaning behind his original words, I would suggest viewing this first and foremost as part of the story that Luke is telling and thus exploring Luke's usage of the word \"saved\" in the book of Acts. ", "This methodology will allow you to get at the jailor's original meaning -- though not necessarily his original words -- through (what I would consider) sound interpretive methodology.", "\nBy saying this I am not in any way suggesting that the event was un-historical; rather, I am suggesting that the human authors of Scripture wrote intentionally, with specific purposes in mind, and they crafted their writings to these ends. ", "So the author, Luke, used the language which best conveyed his intent to his readers. ", "Luke's story most likely does not exactly reproduce the jailor's original verbiage.", "\nTo offer some support for this claim, consider NT \"quotations\" in Greek of OT passages which were originally in Hebrew. ", "The \"quote\" is not the exact words used, but it does nevertheless accurately convey the meaning. ", "Similarly, \"quotes\" from the Septuagint are not always verbatim. ", "We see this also (I think) in the Gospels, where multiple authors record Jesus' words slightly differently. ", "Each author's representation is faithful and accurate to Jesus' meaning, but it is not necessary for it to be a verbatim quote. (", "The idea that quotes need to be verbatim, in the original language, with [sic's] and all is a very modern standard. ", "Keep in mind, too, that the quotation marks you sometimes see in your English translation were not there in the autographs.)", "\nSo in following this methodology, we need to first and foremost ask what is Luke communicating here? ", "When viewed in this light, against the backdrop of his language throughout the book of Acts, it is clear that Luke meant this as a plea for spiritual salvation. ", "It simply cannot mean anything else when approached from this angle.", "\nThe jailer wanted to get saved, made an inquiry to this effect, and the answer was no doubt \"Jesus\". ", "What his exact words were -- or what language they were spoken in -- is irrelevant to the interpretation of this part of Luke's narrative.", "\n\nQ&A\n\"My understanding is that the jailor was likely a pagan Roman with little exposure to the Christian notion of salvation.\" ", "I would imagine he had exposure to the Christian notion of salvation through Paul during his imprisonment.", "\n\"Was he referring to something within the framework of Roman mythology?\" ", "This is unlikely, given Luke's presentation of the inquiry and Paul & Silas' response.", "\n\"Or is this a reference to 'the way of salvation' proclaimed by the demon-possessed girl whose exorcism had landed them in jail?\" ", "In a manner of speaking, yes, as Luke presents them each independently as referring to spiritual salvation through Christ, though we cannot be sure that this was the jailor's point of reference.", "\n\"Or simply a request for rescue from the worldly dangers he faced?\" ", "This is unlikely, given Luke's presentation of the inquiry and Paul & Silas' response. ", "\n\"Or is there reason to suspect that he had heard the preaching of Paul and Silas and was specifically asking for more information about their message?\" ", "This seems to be the most likely scenario. ", "Additional evidence would be that Luke presents Paul as one sent by the Son of God to spread His message in new places, and the story of the jailer is presented as an example of Paul carrying out this work even amidst extreme difficulties.", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is no need to assume that a Roman prison guard would not have known both the circumstances of the city riot, as well as the conditions for which the new prisoners were in stocks.", "\nYou said, My understanding is that the jailer was likely a pagan Roman with little exposure to the Christian notion of salvation. ", " There is no reason to assume this.", "\nSpecifically, the passage says,\n\nAbout midnight Paul and Silas were praying and singing hymns to God, and the other prisoners were listening to them.", "\nActs 16:25\n\nIt is sufficient to understand that even if the jailer had not heard about it by other means, he would have had plenty of opportunity to heard the witness of the Gospel through this, or other un-recorded activities. ", " The two may have specifically evangelized both the jailer and the other prisoners without it having been recorded.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Effect of liver transplant on pulmonary functions in adult patients with alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency: 7 cases.", "\nAlpha 1 antitrypsin (A1A) is a 52 kD glycoprotein that is mainly synthesized in the liver. ", "As a major protease inhibitor, it binds to and neutralizes neutrophil elastase, thereby limiting the damage to the normal tissues after an inflammatory response. ", "A deficiency in A1A leads to end-stage liver disease, both in children and in adults. ", "In addition, the deficiency also has a detrimental effect in the lungs of the adult population. ", "Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency is corrected with hepatic replacement; however, the changes in pulmonary functions have not been studied before and after liver transplant. ", "The purpose of this study was to observe the changes in the pulmonary functions of patients who underwent liver transplant for the treatment of A1A deficiency. ", "Nine patients underwent liver transplant for A1A deficiency. ", "Seven patients (5 men, 2 women; mean age, 49.95 -/+ 7.09 years) had their pulmonary function tests available before the liver transplant (mean, 5.6 -/+ 3.4; range, 0.9-10.1 months) and after the liver transplant (mean, 30.3 -/+ 18.4, range 7.8-48.1 months) for analysis. ", "The mean, preliver, transplant, FEV1 was 2.69 -/+ 0.9 L, which was nearly unchanged after the liver transplant to a mean of 2.7 -/+ 1.2 L. During the mean total interval of nearly 3 years, an estimated decline of 250 mL in FEV1 was expected. ", "It appears from the results of our study that liver transplant probably prevented the progression of pulmonary disease in A1A-deficient patients. ", "Further study and close, postliver, transplant follow-up is warranted to support our initial findings." ]

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[ "Vehicles such as battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs), mild hybrid-electric vehicles (MHEVs), or full hybrid-electric vehicles (FHEVs) contain an energy storage device, such as a high voltage (HV) battery, to act as a propulsion source for the vehicle. ", "An inductor system includes an inductor and assists the HV battery in managing vehicle performance and operations. ", "The inductor system may include a thermal management system to assist in managing thermal conditions of the inductor." ]

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[ "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nROIO of the Week [Recordings of Indeterminate Origin]\n\n\n\nBlack Flag's Last Show\n\n\n\nClick on the panels for a better view or to download artwork\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBlack Flag\n\nLast Show [no label, 1CD]\n\nLive at Graystone Hall, Detroit, MI, June 27, 1986 To paraphase a common saying, if Black Flag weren't there, someone else would have come along to invent it. ", "This is what the wikipedia said: \"Black Flag was a hardcore punk band formed in 1977 in southern California, largely as the brainchild of Greg Ginn... They are widely considered the first hardcore punk band. ", "Black Flag forged a unique sound early on that mixed the raw simplicity of the Ramones with atonal and microtonal guitar solos and frequent tempo shifts. ", "Most of the band's material was released on Ginn's independent label, SST Records.\" ", "Well, that hardly tells the whole story. ", "There was a time when the only decent way to access the US indie hardcore scene (where the music was harder, faster and louder) was through SST Records, Alternative Tentacles, Dischord Records, Touch And Go Records and the Sub Pop Singles Club. ", "After all, beside Black Flag, groups such as Bad Brains, Descendents, fIREHOSE, Husker Du, Leaving Trains, Minutemen, Screaming Trees and Soundgarden all have appeared on SST Records. ", "If SST Records was a way to spread the music, the band, through its many personel changes, always reflected that do-it-yourself ethos before that turned into an ATTITUDE, especially from the late-'90s onwards and before hardcore punk splintered into straight edge (often seen as led by Minor Threat and later Fugazi and Youth Of Today) and other sub-genres such as skate punk, thrash metal, grindcore and emo. ", "According to the wiki, in the book, Get In The Van, vocalist Henry Rollins wrote that Ginn telephoned him in August 1986: \"He told me he was quitting the band. ", "I thought that was strange considering it was his band and all. ", "So in one short phone call, it was all over.\" ", "Just before that fateful call, Black Flag played their last concent at the Greystone Hall in Detroit on June 27, 1986. ", "A recording of the show has been circulating among the fans and a word of thanks to bydwuori for sharing this soundboard recording, with Rollins' vocals forceful and upfront, on the Dime site. ", "The wiki said: \"By this point the band had become increasingly talented at performing improvised 'jams', with Rollins screaming out lyrics quite literally as they came to him (as is evident on this recording), turning some songs like Louie, Louie into frenetic, almost unrecognizable blasts of intensity.\" ", "Later hardcore releases might have been even more frenetic but that's not what Black Flag were about. ", "Fronted by Rollins' tight vocals, growls and dynamic showmanship, a stage presence which he would finely-hone through the years, listening to this, one would have thought that this was a Rollins show, rather than a Black Flag gig. ", "Featuring many songs from In My Head, Ginn's guitar is quite exquisite - his is not blazing shards of noize - there is a controlled frenzy as on Kickin And Stickin and there is even a swinging groove between the guitar and Anthony Martinez's drumming on Society's Tease. ", "Apart from Ginn (and even then), it's likely no one else in the band had any inkling that this would be the final gig. ", "But that seemed an apropo way for the band to go. ", "Work every gig like it was their last, and one day they would be right! ", "And they did go out with a passion - the restless pull of Gimme Gimme Gimme which segues into a Louie Louie jam not only showed the musical history of the band but the ways in which musical ideas can stretch. ", "It must have been hard to imagine fans who grew up with the band reflecting today on tracks as such Retired At 21 (\"You're retired at 21/Your mind is gone/ Your race is run\") or Annihilate This Week (\"You annihilated this week/Now it's Sunday and you weep/A future of fun/Or a guilt loaded run\"). ", "But as gregsolo commented on the internet: \"If a new band today had performed this version of White Hot, they would be hailed as gods. ", "Unreal and must have.\" ", "Click on the highlighted tracks to download the MP3s (these are high quality, stereo MP3s - sample rate of 192 kibit/s). ", "As far as we can ascertain, this recording has never been officially released.", "\n\n\n\nNote: Due to the size of some of the files, please be patient when downloading the tracks. ", "Kindly email us at mybigo@bigozine.com if you encounter problems downloading the files.", "\n\nTrack 01 Retired At 21 (5.7MB) Track 02 Annihilate This Week (5.8MB) Track 03 Bastard In Love (3.6MB) Track 04 Drinking And Driving (4.5MB) Track 05 Paralyzed (3.2MB) Track 06 In My Head (7.0MB) Track 07 White Hot (9.3MB) Track 08 Black Love (2.8MB) Track 09 Kickin And Stickin (12.5MB) Track 10 Society’s Tease (7.8MB) Track 11 This Is Good (4.8MB) Track 12 I Can See You (3.6MB) Track 13 Nothing Left Inside (12.7MB) Track 14 Gimme Gimme Gimme (2.5MB) Track 15 Louie Louie (8.8MB)\n\nLineup:\n\nGreg Ginn - guitar\n\nHenry Rollins - vocals\n\nC'el Revuelta - bass\n\nAnthony Martinez - drums\n\n\n\nClick here to order Black Flag records.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFor more... email mybigo@bigozine.com with the message, \"Put me on your mailing list.\"", "\n\n\n\nMarch 5, 2008\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "Did you know #Japan has the highest density of #vending machines per capita? ", "There's 1 vending machine for every 23 #Japanese! ", "Thanks to @IvendPay, every vending machine in #Japan (5.5 million units) will be able to integrate Groestlcoin $GRS payments." ]

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[ "As the solar eclipse approached the U.S. on Monday, Americans across the country got out their special eclipse glasses to safely view the rare occurrence. ", "But not everyone heeded scientists' warnings that viewing the eclipse with the naked eye could cause vision damage, and even temporary blindness." ]

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[ "Vroon\n\nVroon is a surname. ", "Notable people with the surname include:\n\nDonald Vroon (born 1942), American musicologist\nPeter Vroon (1917–1997), American politician" ]

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[ "One method for comparing different nursing models.", "\nTo have diverse nursing models is well and good, but how does one select among them or even understand their differences? ", "Sohn devises a simple method for comparing nursing models that will be of use to teachers, students, and practitioners alike." ]

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[ "#!", "/usr/bin/env ruby1.8\n#\n# Copyright (c) 2008 Sascha Steinbiss <steinbiss@zbh.uni-hamburg.de>\n# Copyright (c) 2008 Center for Bioinformatics, University of Hamburg\n#\n# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any\n# purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above\n# copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.", "\n#\n# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES\n# WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF\n# MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR\n# ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES\n# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN\n# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF\n# OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.", "\n#\n\nGENOMETOOLS_PATH = \"/home/satta/genometools_for_web\"\nGTRUBY_PATH = \"#{GENOMETOOLS_PATH}/gtruby\"\n# the LD_LIBRARY_PATH has to be set externally to \"#{GENOMETOOLS_PATH}/lib\"!", "\nSTYLE_FILE = \"#{GENOMETOOLS_PATH}/gtdata/sketch/default.style\"\nDEFAULT_ANNOTATION_FILE = \"#{GENOMETOOLS_PATH}/testdata/standard_gene_as_tree.gff3\"\nSCRIPT_PATH = \"/var/www/servers/genometools.org/htdocs/cgi-bin\"\nUPLOAD_PATH = \"/tmp\"\nIMAGE_DIR = \"imgs\" # relative paths from SCRIPT_PATH please\nMAXSIZE = 2097152\n\n$: << (GTRUBY_PATH)\nrequire \"gtruby\"\nrequire \"cgi\"\n\nputs \"Content-type: text/html\"\nputs \"\"\n\ncgi = CGI.new(\"html4\")\n\nclass String\n# String#strip_html - Removes HTML tags from a string.", "\n# Author:: Rob Pitt\n# Removes HTML tags from a string. ", "Allows you to specify some tags to be kept.", "\n def strip_html( allowed = [] )\n re = if allowed.any?", "\n Regexp.new(\n %(<(?!(", "\\\\s|\\\\/)*(#{\n allowed.map {|tag| Regexp.escape( tag )}.join( \"|\" )\n })( |>|\\\\/|'|\"|<|\\\\s*\\\\z))[^>]*(>+|\\\\s*\\\\z)),\n Regexp::IGNORECASE | Regexp::MULTILINE, 'u'\n )\n else\n /<[^>]*(>+|\\s*\\z)/m\n end\n gsub(re,'')\n end\nend\n\nHTML_HEADER = <<END\n<!", "DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd\">\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=iso-8859-1\">\n<title>The AnnotationSketch module</title>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"../style.css\">\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n function disable(field) {\n field.disabled = true;\n field.readonly = true;\n }\n\n function enable(field) {\n field.disabled = false;\n field.readonly = false;\n }\n</script>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div id=\"menu\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"../index.html\">Overview</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"../pub/\">Download</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"https://github.com/genometools/genometools\">Browse source</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"http://github.com/genometools/genometools/issues/\">Issue tracker</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"../documentation.html\">Documentation</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"../annotationsketch.html\"><tt>AnnotationSketch</tt></a></li>\n <ul class=\"submenu\">\n <li><a href=\"../annotationsketch.html#collapsing\">Collapsing</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"../annotationsketch.html#styles\">Styles</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"../trackselectors.html\">Track assignment</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"../customtracks.html\">Custom tracks</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"../annotationsketch.html#gtsketch\">The <tt>gt sketch</tt> tool</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"../examples.html\">Code examples</a></li>\n <li><a id=\"current\" href=\"cgi-bin/annotationsketch_demo.cgi\">Try it online</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"../libgenometools.html\">API reference</a></li>\n </ul>\n<li><a href=\"/cgi-bin/gff3validator.cgi\">GFF3 validator</a></li>\n<li><a href=\"../license.html\">License</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n<div id=\"main\">\n <h1><em>AnnotationSketch</em> online demo</h1>\n <p>Use this form to upload a GFF3 annotation file (up to 2MB) which is then\n drawn using an <em>AnnotationSketch</em>-based Ruby script and output to\n your browser. ", "Some basic options, such as displayed sequence region and\n range, or the generated image width, can be set. ", "For more options, the\n stand-alone <tt>gt sketch</tt> tool can be used.</p>\nEND\n\nHTML_FOOTER = <<END\n<div id=\"footer\">\nCopyright &copy; 2007-2011 Sascha Steinbiss. ", "Last update: 2011-02-11\n</div>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\nEND\n\nUPLOAD_FORM = <<END\n <form action=\"annotationsketch_demo.cgi\" method=\"POST\" enctype=\"multipart/form-data\">\n <table>\n <tr><td>Annotation file:</td>\n <td>\n <input type=\"radio\" name=\"example\" value=\"example\" onclick=\"disable(this.form.file);\" %s>Example file<br>\n <input type=\"radio\" name=\"example\" value=\"file\" onclick=\"enable(this.form.file);\" %s>Custom file: <input name=\"file\" type=\"file\" %s>\n <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"submitted\" value=\"true\">\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Sequence region:</td>\n <td><input name=\"seqid\" type=\"text\" value=\"%s\"></td>\n </tr>\n <tr><td></td><td style=\"font-size:small;\">\n (leave blank to use first sequence region in file)</td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Range to display:</td>\n <td><input name=\"rangestart\" size=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"%s\">bp\n &ndash;\n <input name=\"rangeend\" size=\"10\" type=\"text\" value=\"%s\">bp</td>\n <tr><td></td><td style=\"font-size:small;\">\n (leave blank to show complete sequence region)</td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Image width:</td>\n <td><input name=\"width\" type=\"text\" value=\"%s\"> pixels</td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td colspan=2><input value=\"Sketch this file!\" ", "type=\"submit\"></td>\n </tr>\n </table>\n </form>\nEND\n\nHTML_IMAGE = <<END\n <h2><em>AnnotationSketch</em> diagram of %s</h2>\n <div>\n <p><img src=\"%s\" alt=\"AnnotationSketch diagram\"></p>\n </div>\nEND\n\nputs HTML_HEADER\n\nif cgi.params.has_key?('submitted') then\n # CGI parameters behave differently with uploaded file size.", "\n # StringIO.read does not seem to work right either.", "\n # account for that by checking for the type of the parameters\n if cgi[\"example\"].kind_of?(StringIO) then\n read_method = :string\n else\n read_method = :read\n end\n begin\n if cgi[\"example\"].nil? ", "or cgi[\"example\"].send(read_method) == \"example\" then\n e_str = 'checked=\"checked\"'\n d_str1 = \"\"\n d_str2 = 'disabled=\"disabled\"'\n else\n e_str = \"\"\n d_str1 = 'checked=\"checked\"'\n d_str2 = \"\"\n end\n puts UPLOAD_FORM % [e_str, \\\n d_str1, \\\n d_str2, \\\n cgi['seqid'].string.strip_html, \\\n cgi['rangestart'].string.strip_html, \\\n cgi['rangeend'].string.strip_html, \\\n cgi['width'].string.strip_html]\n\n if cgi[\"example\"].nil? ", "or cgi[\"example\"].send(read_method) == \"example\" then\n targetfilename = DEFAULT_ANNOTATION_FILE\n originalfilename = File.basename(DEFAULT_ANNOTATION_FILE)\n else\n ufile = cgi.params['file']\n if ufile.first.length == 0 then\n GT::gterror(\"No file was uploaded!\")", "\n elsif ufile.first.length > MAXSIZE then\n GT::gterror(\"Your uploaded file was too large! ", "This demo service\n supports annotation files up to #{(MAXSIZE/1024)}KB. ", "Please\n upload a smaller file.\")", "\n end\n # mangle file path to avoid directory traversal attacks\n originalfilename = ufile.first.original_filename\n truncated_filename = File.basename(File.expand_path(originalfilename))\n targetfilename = \"#{UPLOAD_PATH}/#{truncated_filename}\"\n File.open(targetfilename, \"w+\") do |file|\n file.write(ufile.first.read)\n end\n end\n feature_index = GT::FeatureIndexMemory.new()\n feature_index.add_gff3file(targetfilename)\n\n if cgi['width'].string !", "= \"\" then\n width = cgi['width'].send(read_method).to_i\n if width < 70 then\n GT::gterror(\"Please set a width of more than 70 pixels!\")", "\n end\n else\n width = 800\n end\n\n if cgi['seqid'].string.to_s !", "= \"\" then\n seqid = cgi['seqid'].string\n seqids = feature_index.get_seqids\n if !", "seqids.include?(seqid) then\n if not cgi[\"example\"].send(read_method) == \"example\" then\n File.unlink(targetfilename)\n end\n GT::gterror(\"Invalid sequence region '#{seqid}':\n must be #{\"one of\" unless seqids.length == 1}\n #{seqids.collect{|v|\"&quot;#{v}&quot;\"}.join(\" or \")}!\")", "\n end\n else\n seqid = feature_index.get_first_seqid\n end\n\n if cgi['rangestart'] and cgi['rangestart'].string !", "= \"\" \\\n and cgi['rangeend'] and cgi['rangeend'].string !", "= \"\" then\n range = GT::Range.malloc\n range.start = cgi['rangestart'].string.to_i\n range.end = cgi['rangeend'].string.to_i\n if range.start >= range.end then\n GT::gterror(\"Invalid range, must be numeric and\n <i>start</i> must be &lt; <i>end</i>!\")", "\n end\n else\n range = feature_index.get_range_for_seqid(seqid)\n end\n\n style = GT::Style.new()\n style.load_file(STYLE_FILE)\n d = GT::Diagram.from_index(feature_index, seqid, range, style)\n l = GT::Layout.new(d, width, style)\n c = GT::CanvasCairoFile.new(style, width, l.get_height())\n l.sketch(c)\n c.to_file(\"#{SCRIPT_PATH}/#{IMAGE_DIR}/#{originalfilename}.png\")\n puts HTML_IMAGE % [originalfilename.strip_html, \\\n \"#{IMAGE_DIR}/#{originalfilename}.png\"]\n if not cgi[\"example\"].send(read_method) == \"example\" then\n File.unlink(targetfilename)\n end\n rescue Exception => err:\n puts \"<h2>An error has occurred</h2><p>#{err}</p>\"\n end\nelse\n puts UPLOAD_FORM % ['checked=\"checked\"', '', 'disabled=\"disabled\"', '', '', \\\n '', 800]\nend\n\nprint HTML_FOOTER\n" ]

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[ "Credit cards at the ready — there’s a massive sale on 4K TVs to celebrate Memorial Day, and with pricing starting as low as $230 for a 40-inch and $330 for a 55-inch, there’s bound to be something for everyone.", "\n\nGoogle’s Android TV might not be a household name yet, but with growing support from brands like Sony, it will be soon. ", "But what exactly is Android TV, how do you get it, and what are the benefits? ", "We explain it all.", "\n\n]]>LG’s 2019 TVs slide Alexa next to Google Assistant, with Siri on the wayhttp://electronics.cooltreats4all.com/2019/05/25/lgs-2019-tvs-slide-alexa-next-to-google-assistant-with-siri-on-the-way/\nSat, 25 May 2019 03:05:53 +0000http://electronics.cooltreats4all.com/2019/05/25/lgs-2019-tvs-slide-alexa-next-to-google-assistant-with-siri-on-the-way/\n\nLG announced that Alexa will be coming to its 2019 lineup of ThinQ A.I. TVs, joining Google Assistant. ", "Users will be able to control their TVs and smart home devices with their remote, no extra speaker required.", "\n\nWhether you prefer the twisted world of True Detective or the lovable techies that have quickly come to define Silicon Valley, you’ll love our picks for the best HBO series now available on HBO Now and HBO Go.", "\n\n]]>The best movies on HBO right now (May 2019)http://electronics.cooltreats4all.com/2019/05/24/the-best-movies-on-hbo-right-now-may-2019/\nFri, 24 May 2019 03:11:55 +0000http://electronics.cooltreats4all.com/2019/05/24/the-best-movies-on-hbo-right-now-may-2019/\n\nFrom The Hangover to Dawn of the Dead and everything in between, we’ve compiled a list of the best movies currently available on HBO, whether you’re looking for something thrilling, or fun to watch with the entire family.", "\n\n]]>Game of Thrones revisited: 7 storylines set in motion in season 1http://electronics.cooltreats4all.com/2019/05/24/game-of-thrones-revisited-7-storylines-set-in-motion-in-season-1/\nFri, 24 May 2019 03:11:53 +0000http://electronics.cooltreats4all.com/2019/05/24/game-of-thrones-revisited-7-storylines-set-in-motion-in-season-1/\n\nIf you paid close attention in the first season of Game of Thrones, you’ll realize that many arcs that seemed odd in the final moments were seeded all the way from the beginning, foreshadowing much of what eventually happened.", "\n\nLooking to splash out on a 4K TV to sit at the center of your home entertainment setup? ", "You’ve come to the right place. ", "That’s because Walmart has wiped $315 off one of Sony’s best 65-inch Bravia models.", "\n\n]]>Terminator: Dark Fate: Everything we know about the new movie so farhttp://electronics.cooltreats4all.com/2019/05/24/terminator-dark-fate-everything-we-know-about-the-new-movie-so-far/\nFri, 24 May 2019 03:11:51 +0000http://electronics.cooltreats4all.com/2019/05/24/terminator-dark-fate-everything-we-know-about-the-new-movie-so-far/\n\nThe most recent Terminator films didn’t do so well, but now James Cameron has returned to reinvigorate the franchise. ", "Here’s everything we know about the cast, crew, and story of the upcoming Terminator: Dark Fate movie." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "1) No, I think they are maintained differently - not sure if this was done on purpose, but grub's menu.lst is easier to update by yourself.2) I thought this was a syslinux restriction... ?", "3) The scripts should prompt you to format.4) Forum pm? ", "Don't quote me :P\n\nOther notes:- the fault I usually do is forgetting to reboot after repartitioning (can cause lots of problems)- \"tohd=/dev/hda\" - you need to specify the partition, not the device. (", "see wiki for more info)- note that there is only one mbr per hd device... although you may install chainloaded bootloaders onto each other separate partition" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I supply configuration to elastic beanstalk tomcat\n\nwhen deploying locally to tomcat, I make this change (below) to server.xml, is there a way I can supply this to Elastic Beanstalk?", "\n<Connector connectionTimeout=\"20000\" port=\"8080\" \n protocol=\"org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol\" \n redirectPort=\"8443\"/>'\n\nthanks\n'\n\nA:\n\nYou can do it now without providing custom AMI. ", "Follow instructions in: http://aws.typepad.com/aws/2012/10/customize-elastic-beanstalk-using-configuration-files.html\nIn order to provide custom server xml create .ebextensions folder in webapp, put there custom server.xml file and add one more file: server-update.config with content:\ncontainer_commands:\n replace-config:\n command: cp .ebextensions/server.xml /etc/tomcat7/server.xml\n\nA:\n\nAnother way to implement this without replacing the entire Tomcat server.xml file is using the following in your .ebextensions folder (e.g. tomcat.config)\nfiles:\n \"/tmp/update_tomcat_server_xml.sh\":\n owner: root\n group: root\n mode: \"000755\"\n content: |\n #! ", "/bin/bash\n CONFIGURED=`grep -c '<Connector port=\"8080\" URIEncoding=\"UTF-8\"' /etc/tomcat7/server.xml`\n if [ $CONFIGURED = 0 ]\n then\n sed -i 's/Connector port=\"8080\"/Connector port=\"8080\" URIEncoding=\"UTF-8\"/' /etc/tomcat7/server.xml\n logger -t tomcat_conf \"/etc/tomcat7/server.xml updated successfully\"\n exit 0\n else\n logger -t tomcat_conf \"/etc/tomcat7/server.xml already updated\"\n exit 0\n fi\n\ncontainer_commands:\n 00_update_tomcat_server_xml:\n command: sh /tmp/update_tomcat_server_xml.sh\n\nThis config creates a script (files) and then runs it (container_command). ", " The script checks the server.xml for the UIREncoding=\"UTF8\" string and if it doesn't find it, it then adds it in using the sed command.", "\nThe nice thing about this solution is that if you upgrade your version of Tomcat (e.g. from 7 to 8) then you don't have to worry about updating the server.xml in your various WAR files.", "\nAlso, this example is for adding the UIREncoding parameter but the script is very easily adapted to add <Connector ... />' property from the original question.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "The present invention relates to a tool for stripping the insulation from electrical conductors, comprising two blades which are movable toward each other for cutting the insulation of the conductor.", "\nTools for stripping the insulation from electrical conductors are known, but the design of such tools is usually rather complicated, and therefore the production of the tools is expensive. ", "The tools, which are usually operated with compressed air, are suitable only for certain serial operations in large production plants in which full use is made of the capacity of the tools and in which more than 1000 stripping operations are to be performed per hour. ", "The purchase of a tool of this type is usually not advantageous for small shops in view of economic considerations.", "\nThe goal of the present invention is to create a stripping tool of simple design so that the tool can be produced at low cost and hence can be employed also by small shops or in do-it-yourself work." ]

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[ "Wells Fargo foreclosure manual\n\nThe manual instructs Wells Fargo lawyers how to process foreclosures when a key document, known as an endorsement, is missing." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "A Study in Emerald\n\n\"A Study in Emerald\" is a short story written by British fantasy and graphic novel author Neil Gaiman. ", "The story is a Sherlock Holmes pastiche transferred to the Cthulhu Mythos universe of horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. ", "Gaiman describes it as \"Lovecraft/Holmes fan fiction\". ", "It won the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Short Story. ", "The title is a reference to the Sherlock Holmes novel A Study in Scarlet.", "\n\n\"A Study in Emerald\" first appeared in the anthology Shadows Over Baker Street, a collection of stories combining the worlds of Arthur Conan Doyle and H. P. Lovecraft; it has subsequently been available as part of Gaiman's short story collection Fragile Things, in the collection New Cthulhu: The Recent Weird, and is available online. ", "The online version takes the form of a Victorian periodical or newspaper, which includes various advertisements that reference characters such as Vlad Tepes, Victor Frankenstein, Spring Heeled Jack, and Dr. Jekyll.", "\n\nIn the introduction to Fragile Things, Gaiman cites Philip José Farmer's Wold Newton Universe, Kim Newman's Anno Dracula series (which Gaiman helped create), and Alan Moore's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen as being the major influences of \"A Study in Emerald\".", "\n\nWhen asked if Gaiman had any plans to make a followup set in the world of the story, Gaiman said: \"I hope so. ", "I know the title and the protagonist of the next story in it.\"", "\n\nPlot summary\nThe story begins with its (as yet) unnamed narrator, a veteran of a bloody war against the \"gods and men of Afghanistan\", where he has been brutally tortured and his arm injured, setting the scene for things to come. ", "Seeking lodgings upon his return to England (or \"Albion\", as it is referred to throughout the story), he meets and strikes up a friendship with a man who possesses extraordinary insight and deductive skill, and who puts this ability to use in the service of the police as a 'consulting detective'. ", "Early on in their acquaintance, Inspector Lestrade of Scotland Yard arrives at their lodgings in Baker Street with a matter of extreme and delicate urgency regarding a brutal murder in a Whitechapel slum, and the detective is to be hired to solve the case. ", "After investigating the murder scene (where the detective correctly deduces that the victim is an alien noble from Germany, owing to his inhuman appearance and number of limbs), and puzzling over the word Rache scrawled onto the wall in the victim's blood (echoing a scene from A Study in Scarlet), they are taken to the Palace. ", "The Queen, one of the Great Old Ones who defeated humanity 700 years ago and now rule the world, consults with them about the affair. ", "As payment for his services, the Queen heals the veteran's withered shoulder with a touch.", "\n\nThe investigation takes the detective and the veteran to a music hall show, starring a noted actor called Sherry Vernet. ", "A \"tall, languid\" man, Vernet stars in three productions, including a historical narrative depicting the war between humanity and the Great Old Ones. ", "Posing as a theatrical agent offering to take the show to the New World, the detective meets Vernet and quickly determines that he and another, a man with a limp and skill with surgical equipment, were present in the room where the German noble died. ", "Agreeing to meet the detective in his rooms, Vernet seemingly does not suspect a thing; the detective promptly summons Lestrade, intending to have Vernet arrested. ", "He reveals what he has deduced: that Vernet is a seditionary \"Restorationist\", an anarchist who believes that the Great Old Ones are not the benevolent rulers that they claim to be, but vicious, soul-destroying monsters from whom humanity must be freed. ", "Vernet lured the German noble to the Whitechapel rooms and turned the noble over to his accomplice, who committed the actual murder.", "\n\nBut when the detective and his allies try to spring their trap, they find that their quarry has eluded them, leaving behind only a letter that confirms the detective's suspicions; Vernet also possesses considerable deductive abilities and has deduced that the detective was not who he claimed to be. ", "Vernet reveals that he had briefly corresponded with the detective posing as a man named \"Sigerson\", offers suggestions for future undercover work and compliments several papers that the detective had written, including \"The Dynamics of an Asteroid\". ", "Vernet, who also uses the alias \"Rache\", also details horrors that he has witnessed being committed by the Great Old Ones as justification for the crime. ", "As Lestrade rushes off to search for Vernet and the limping accomplice (tentatively identified as a former military surgeon named John (or maybe James) Watson), the detective admits that it is unlikely that Vernet has left the city, having probably elected (as the detective would) to hide in the lawless depths of the rookery of St. Giles until the search is abandoned. ", "He requests that the veteran burn Vernet's letter, dismissing it as \"seditionary nonsense\". ", "The veteran does not do so, instead adding a copy of the letter and an account of the investigation to his bank deposit box, not to be opened until everyone involved in the case is dead. ", "He supposes that, due to undisclosed current events in Russia, this will likely be an imminent occurrence.", "\n\nThe story is signed \"S_________ M______, Major (Ret'd)\".", "\n\nOverview \nThe reader, from the beginning of the story, is misled to believe that the detective and his veteran friend, the narrator, are Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, by means of what information about them is provided and what concealed, and the fact that their roles in the story are parallel to those of Holmes and Watson in Conan Doyle's original Holmes stories. ", "Indeed, the story strongly mirrors the opening chapters of the original Holmes novel, A Study in Scarlet, from which it takes its name.", "\n\nWhilst almost none of the characters are explicitly identified in the text, it is strongly hinted by the twist ending that 'Rache' is Holmes, and the detective and his veteran friend are Professor James Moriarty and Colonel Sebastian Moran (who, in Doyle's original stories, are the criminal mastermind enemy of Sherlock Holmes and his right-hand man and accomplice, respectively). ", "The 'Limping Doctor', meanwhile, is identified explicitly as \"John (or perhaps James) Watson\".", "\n\nIn particular:\nThe 'detective' character has written a paper on 'The Dynamics of an Asteroid', which \"Rache\" comments on. ", "In the Conan Doyle books, Moriarty is the author of this paper.", "\nThe narrator signs his name at the end of his story. ", "Although the name is obscured, he possesses the initials 'S.M.', indicating that he is Sebastian Moran.", "\nThe narrator, when introduced to Vernet, is called Sebastian.", "\nThe 'detective' character is described to have a 'thin smile,' a physical characteristic Doyle repeatedly used to describe villainous characters in his stories.", "\nThe narrator repeatedly mentions what a crack-shot he was before being wounded. ", "In \"The Adventure of the Empty House\", Moran is described as an expert marksman.", "\nConan Doyle's drafts show he originally intended to call Sherlock Holmes \"Sherrinford\" (which some Sherlockians consider was actually the name of Sherlock's oldest brother). ", "Holmes' grandmother was a relative of the French artist Vernet. \"", "Sherry Vernet\" is therefore an obvious stage name for Sherlock Holmes.", "\nIn this story, Sherlock is a gifted actor. ", "In the story \"A Scandal in Bohemia\", Sherlock is said to be a master of disguise. ", "In the same story Watson laments on how \"The stage lost a fine actor, even as science lost an acute reasoner, when he became a specialist in crime.\"", "\nSimilarly to the above, the \"Limping Doctor\" is revealed by \"Rache\" to possess creative writing skills on top of his medical abilities and writes the plays performed by the theatrical troupe. ", "Watson was the narrator of almost all of the Conan Doyle stories, which were presented as his published accounts of the investigations.", "\n\"Sigerson\" is an alias used by Sherlock Holmes during the period when he is believed to be dead after he escapes Moriarty.", "\n\nConan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes is extremely selective about which fields of science he studies, with deep – indeed peerless – insight into matters such as chemistry, botanical poisons, and the soil types encountered in various parts of London, but a studied ignorance about matters less relevant to crime-solving such as basic astronomy. ", "The Holmes of this story, however, has chosen to pursue researches in advanced theoretical physics. ", "The detective reveals to the narrator that his correspondence with \"Rache\" involved the latter's \"wild theories\" concerning “the relationship between mass, energy and the hypothetical speed of light,” which he calls “nonsense, of course…but inspired and dangerous nonsense nonetheless.”", "\n\nWhile not explicitly stated at the conclusion of the story, based on the date that accompanies the \"signature\", the recent events in Russia most likely refer to the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, i.e. an assassination of a Great Old One of extreme importance.", "\n\nSpin-off media\nBritish game designer Martin Wallace created boardgame based on \"A Study in Emerald\", that was released in October 2013.", "\n\nIn June 2018, Dark Horse Comics published a graphic novel adaptation of the short story by Rafael Scavone, Rafael Albuquerque and Dave Stewart.", "\n\nAwards\n\"A Study in Emerald\" won the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Short Story, and the 2005 Locus Award for Best Novelette. ", "It was nominated for the 2006 Seiun Award for Translated Short Form.", "\n\nSee also\n All-Consuming Fire\n\nFootnotes\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Short stories by Neil Gaiman\nCategory:Hugo Award for Best Short Story winning works\nCategory:Sherlock Holmes short stories\nCategory:Cthulhu Mythos short stories\nCategory:Fantasy short stories\nCategory:Alternate history short stories\nCategory:Crossover fiction\nCategory:2003 short stories\nCategory:Fan fiction works" ]

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[ "Samsung is withdrawing a countersuit against Apple in the ongoing patent infringement battle between the two. ", "It is not surrendering, but seems to be falling back and regrouping--consolidating its legal position and business operations.", "\n\nDon't confuse Samsung withdrawing one patent countersuit as a sign of surrender, though. ", "The move is meant to streamline Samsung's legal battle, freeing Samsung's legal team to focus on the vast array of suits and countersuits Samsung is engaged in with Apple around the world. ", "Even after dropping the countersuit in California, Samsung is still suing Apple in eight different courts, six countries, and three continents.", "\n\nFlorian Mueller, a patent litigation and intellectual property expert, explains in a recent post on his FOSS Patents blog that the tech industry in general is a game of tug-of-war between protecting intellectual property, and fostering healthy competition. ", "Mueller says, \"If all copying is allowed, there's probably a lot of competition, but investment in innovation and the introduction of new products won't be sufficiently incentivized. ", "Innovators need a certain \"breathing space\"--but there must also be room for (fair) competition.\"", "\n\nThe challenge is defining that breathing space. ", "Most smartphones today have the same basic form factor--some sort of roughly rectangular, thin, flat device where the front is mostly comprised of a touchscreen, along with a button or two. ", "The same goes for tablets. ", "There are only so many ways you can make a device that--by definition--is a flat LCD display with a touchscreen interface. ", "Apple claims that Samsung crosses the line in \"slavishly\" imitating the design of the iPhone and iPad.", "\n\nIn spite of Samsung dropping the one countersuit, things are quickly heating up between the two. ", "Samsung added two new patents to the mix (bringing the total to 17) just this week, and raised the stakes by filing a complaint with the United States International Trade Commission to attempt to block imports of Apple iPhones and iPads. ", "Samsung also responded to a suit from Apple essentially taking the position that Apple is only resorting to legal bullying because it can't handle the heat of real competition.", "\n\nMeanwhile, Apple filed for a preliminary injunction against three Samsung smartphones, and the Galaxy Tab 10.1 Android tablet. ", "If it works, Apple could quickly force Samsung's hand to reach a settlement. ", "If it fails, Apple could weaken its position and reduce its chances of winning the various disputes. ", "The patent suits will still go on even if the preliminary injunction is denied, but Apple filing for the preliminary injunction is like an all-the-marbles gamble that could help bring the whole debacle to an end much quicker.", "\n\nThe outcome of the legal war with Apple could be crucial to Samsung. ", "With two consecutive quarters of losses looming, Samsung is consolidating its LCD display and semiconductor operations. ", "Ironically, Apple is Samsung's biggest customer, but the tension between the two has caused Apple to find new partners, which will add insult to crippling injury if Apple also prevails in court." ]

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[ "By Eurasia Review\n\nStatement Introducing Repeal of Sec. ", "1021 of National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, 18 January 2012\n\nMr. Speaker, I rise today to introduce a very simple piece of legislation to repeal the infamous Section 1021 of the National Defense Authorization Act, quietly signed into law by the president on New Year’s Day.", "\n\nSection 1021 essentially codifies into law the very dubious claim of presidential authority under the 2001 Authorization for the Use of Military Force to indefinitely detain American citizens without access to legal representation or due process of law. ", "Section 1021 provides for the possibility of the US military acting as a kind of police force on US soil, apprehending terror suspects – including Americans — and whisking them off to an undisclosed location indefinitely. ", "No right to attorney, no right to trial, no day in court.", "\n\nThis is precisely the kind of egregious distortion of justice that Americans have always ridiculed in so many dictatorships overseas. ", "A great man named Solzhenitsyn became the hero of so many of us when he exposed the Soviet Union’s extensive gulag system. ", "Is this really the kind of United States we want to create in the name of fighting terrorism?", "\n\nSome have argued that nothing in Section 1021 explicitly mandates holding Americans without trial, but it employs vague language radically expanding the detention authority to include anyone who has “substantially supported” certain terrorist groups or “associated forces.” ", "No one has defined what those two terms mean. ", "What is an “associated force”?", "\n\nSadly, too many of my colleagues are too willing to undermine our Constitution to support such outrageous legislation. ", "One senator even said about American citizens picked up under this section of the NDAA, “When they say, ‘I want my lawyer,’ you tell them, ‘Shut up. ", "You don’t get a lawyer.’” ", "Is this acceptable in someone one who has taken an oath to uphold the Constitution?", "\n\nMr. Speaker, of course I recognize how critical it is that we identify and apprehend those who are suspected of plotting attacks against Americans. ", "But why do we have so little faith in our justice system? ", "Have we not tried in civilian court and won convictions of hundreds of individuals for terrorist or related activities? ", "I fully support our continuing to do so, but let us not abandon what is so unique and special about our system of government in the process.", "\n\nI hope my colleagues will join my effort to overturn the shameful Section 1021." ]

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[ "あの有名人・林下清志氏こと“ビッグダディ”がAV界にやってきた!!", "\n\n超人気テレビ番組に出演し、独特な感性と鮮烈な生き様で我々の心を鷲掴みにした“ビッグダディ”。", "\n\nそんな彼がAV業界への進出する、そんな情報が流れたのは今年のエイプリルフールでした。そう、元々はエイプリルフールのネタとして今回の企画はスタートしたのです。多くの人を驚かせたい、楽しんでもらいたい。私たちAVメーカーの希望を、“ビッグダディ”は快く受け止めてくれました。そして迎えたエイプリルフール当日。世間の反響は非常に大きいものでした。", "\n\nあのエイプリルフールから約4ヶ月。皆様、お待たせいたしました。今度こそ本当に、あの“ビッグダディ”がAVに登場します。今回は正真正銘、真実です。 ", "AVデビューするビッグダディは主演、脚本、監修と大活躍。これぞ“ビッグダディ”という内容となっております。その作品の名は【教えてビッグダディ!! ", "林下清志のHow to SEX!!】。“ビッグダディ”は作中でどんな言葉を、姿を見せてくれるのか。老若男女問わず、この作品は必見です!!" ]

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[ "MUMBAI/NEW DELHI -- A smartphone shop in Mumbai, India's commercial center, displays an array of phones made by Indian manufacturers, as well as locally made products with Chinese brands. ", "A sales clerk proudly called them domestic rather than Chinese.", "\n\nSales of smartphones in India exceeded 100 million units in 2016 for the second year in a row, according to data released by U.S. research specialist IDC in mid-February.", "\n\nWhile the market used to consist mainly of finished smartphones imported from abroad, over the past year or two, the share of handsets assembled in India has grown to more than 60%, helped by high tariffs imposed by the government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. ", "The policy has encouraged foreign smartphone makers, such as Hon Hai Precision Industry of Taiwan, to set up manufacturing operations in India.", "\n\nPlans in the making\n\nSmartphones are just the beginning. ", "India will push ahead with economic reforms and promote investment to lift growth, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley said in February as he announced the national budget for the fiscal year through March 2018. ", "The government, which has eased restrictions on foreign investment in the defense and insurance industries, looks likely to liberalize further, following a big win by Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party in local election results tallied Saturday.", "\n\nForeign direct investment in India rose 23% in fiscal 2015 from the previous year to an all-time high of $55.4 billion, and is expected to set a new high in fiscal 2016.", "\n\nLast year, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry said India would reach Modi's target of putting the country in the top 50 of the World Bank's ease of doing business ranking within three years. ", "The target is aimed at accelerating the liberalization of the Indian economy, helping it catch up with China and Southeast Asia.", "\n\nThat will be a tall order. ", "India currently ranks 130th out of 190 economies in the survey, prompting Commerce and Industry Minister Nirmala Sitharaman to play down the target and scrap the three-year time limit.", "\n\nChina and Southeast Asia have achieved high growth by inviting in multinational companies to jump-start export industries. ", "In contrast, the Indian economy grew nearly 10% in the second half of the 2000s, led by higher domestic demand and the development of globally competitive domestic industries in information technology, pharmaceuticals and other fields.", "\n\nIndia rules\n\nBut India, which touts itself as the largest democracy in the world, has a highly decentralized government. ", "Potential foreign investors must deal with regulatory inconsistencies, difficulties acquiring land and a complicated tax system.", "\n\nRaghuram Rajan, a well-known Indian economist and former head of the central bank has said the world cannot \"accommodate another export-led China.\" ", "Rajan rejects the growth model followed by China and other countries, stressing that India needs to develop its own approach.", "\n\nRecently, India's gross domestic product growth has held steady at around 7% a year. ", "Meanwhile, the overseas operations of Indian companies, including those of its biggest conglomerate, Tata Group, have stalled.", "\n\nDomestic demand and IT hold the key to India's next phase of growth. ", "Attention is increasingly centered on the internet of things -- a network of web-enabled devices -- as a way to use the country's IT skills to strengthen manufacturing. ", "The country's growing population represents vast real and potential demand.", "\n\nA farmer in the western state of Maharashtra was surprised to learn about the cutting-edge features of his new tractor. ", "Designed for rice farmers with seven to eight workers, the tractor has a sensor that automatically diagnoses mechanical problems and sends the data to the manufacturer so that it can be promptly repaired. ", "The tractor has helped the farmer boost his yield, he said.", "\n\nJapanese farm equipment makers such as Kubota have long had such advanced technology. ", "But the Maharashtra farmer's machine was manufactured by a big Indian conglomerate, Mahindra Group.", "\n\nAnand Mahindra, chairman of the group, whose businesses include IT as well as farm machinery, sees both as key to the future. ", "The internet of things allows Indian companies to take advantage of their strengths, he said.", "\n\nCritics of Modi's industrial policy say it lacks focus. ", "The government has named 25 key areas in manufacturing alone. ", "India's unique growth model remains a work in progress." ]

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[ "In vivo binding of N-n-propylnorapomorphine in the rat striatum: quantification after lesions produced by kainate, 6-hydroxydopamine and decortication.", "\nThe neuronal localization of in vivo N-n-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) binding in the rat striatum was studied using 3 types of lesions. ", "Striatal dopamine (DA) receptor densities (Bmax) were estimated from the relationships between total striatal and cerebellar NPA accumulation. ", "A Bmax of 26.9 +/- 1.6 fmol X mg-1 wet weight tissue was found in the striata of non-lesioned (unoperated) rats. ", "Similar values were obtained for striata with 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned dopaminergic fibres. ", "Kainate (KA)-lesioned striata contained 4.6 +/- 0.5 fmol X mg-1 saturable NPA binding sites. ", "After unilateral decortication the receptor densities were in both striata resulting in ipsi- and contralateral Bmax values of 23 and 36 fmol X mg-1 respectively. ", "With a tracer dose of [3H]NPA less radioactivity accumulated in the KA-lesioned striatum, while after unilateral destruction of the dopaminergic pathway more radioactivity was found in the ipsilateral striatum and no bilateral differences in striatal radioactivity concentration were found after unilateral cortical ablation. ", "These observations show that all in vivo saturable striatal NPA binding sites are situated on striatal neurons and cortico-striatal afferents and that the effects of lesions on striatal DA receptor densities cannot be predicted from bilateral differences in the accumulation of tracer doses of [3H]NPA." ]

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[ "SA: …recovery will require a concerted effort — even a special session of the state Legislature is a distinct possibility.", "\n\nState Sen. Russell Ruderman, whose district encompasses Puna and Pahala in Ka‘u, said there are discussions for a convening in early July. ", "This likely would be oriented around providing resources, and making any changes in law that recovery plans might make necessary.", "\n\nIn particular, he said, there is concern for providing some relief to the farmers and homeowners who have lost everything. ", "And there seems to be at least the statutory basis for disposition of public land for this purpose.", "\n\nChapter 171-93 allows the state Board of Land and Natural Resources to dispose of public land by sale, lease or lease with option to purchase, through drawing of lots to persons “dispossessed or displaced as a result of a natural disaster, as determined by proclamation of the governor.”", "\n\nThese losses would seem to qualify, Ruderman said, but the issue is open to discussion.", "\n\nAnd there are many more issues to decide, implications that could affect the county government. ", "Would property in a high-risk zone be made available for residential development again, or any use at all?", "\n\nThat, said Puna state Rep. Joy San Buenaventura, is another open question, for another time.", "\n\nI think that is a discussion that needs to take place,” she said, “but the likelihood is, as a practical matter, people are going to move away, anyway.”…", "\n\nHindsight is 20/20, as the saying goes, but some critics assert that the state should not have enabled housing subdivisions to sprawl here in any case.", "\n\nResidents whose houses are in mortgage were required by the lenders to get insurance, but the types of coverage are wide-ranging, said state Insurance Commissioner Gordon Ito. ", "Homeowners have been instructed to contact their agent to verify whether their coverage includes loss due to lava, to fire caused by lava, or to neither.", "\n\nCarriers have come and gone in this particular market, he said, but in 1991 the Legislature authorized the creation of the Hawaii Property Insurance Association, which he called an “insurer of last resort.” ", "If the general insurance market ceases writing policies for properties in volcano risk zones, Ito said, the HPIA steps in to offer one.", "\n\nIn 2015 a state amendment allowed the insurance commissioner to issue a declaration directing HPIA to write new policies. ", "Ito said he now has issued that declaration, although the law allows a six-month waiting period to elapse first.", "\n\nHPIA, according to its website, is “a nonprofit unincorporated association of all licensed insurers that write property and casualty insurance in Hawaii. ", "Each insurer is required to be a member of the HPIA as a condition of their authority to transact business in the state.”", "\n\nBut Keli‘i Akina, president and CEO of the libertarian think tank Grassroot Institute of Hawaii, said establishing the association was unwarranted encouragement of development.", "\n\nKHON: At 6:00 p.m., Hawaii County Civil Defense confirmed that lava was covering one of Puna Geothermal Ventures (map) wells that was successfully plugged.", "\n\nThat well, along with a second well 100 feet away, are stable and secured, and are being monitored.", "\n\nNeither well is expected to release any hydrogen sulfide….County, State and Federal agencies continue to monitor hydrogen sulfide levels and no hydrogen sulfide has been detected….", "\n\nHTH: Concern has previously been expressed about the potential release of hydrogen sulfide from lava reaching PGV’s production wells. ", "The power plant has been taken offline, but KS-14 is still considered active. ", "Travis said it would be “difficult … to imagine” a hydrogen sulfide leak “as a result of the intrusion of the lava.” “", "That doesn’t mean that there may not be a case that I haven’t anticipated. (", "But) I can give you no example of how that might happen right now,” he said.", "\n\nCB: … Hanabusa said the main differences between her and Ige are her leadership abilities and record….", "\n\nShe said she essentially has the support of the Hawaii Legislature, suggesting without directly saying that the governor does not.", "\n\nIn March, the top leaders of the state House and Senate held a joint fundraiser for Hanabusa in the middle of the 2018 session. ", "Ige said the fundraiser illustrated his opponent’s desire to “return to the old days of doing things and the attendant backroom dealings.”…", "\n\nParty delegates chose a new party chair, denying Tim Vandeveer a second two-year term.", "\n\nAfter the vote, Lopez, a Native Hawaiian, told the convention she hoped delegates would work to advance the causes of the state’s indigenous people….", "\n\nA subtext to the fight for chair was whether the party would move in the direction of more progressive Democrats (read: Bernie Sanders) like Vandeveer, or more establishment Democrats (read: backed by labor and lobbyists) like Lopez….", "\n\nThe election came after the party certified that the official roll of credentialed delegates, alternates, guests and observers as of Sunday midday totaled more than 600 people. ", "That was many more than Saturday’s count and was at the core of a dispute over exactly how many people were on hand to deal with party business — especially the vote for chair….", "\n\nOne of the most well-received speeches came from U.S. Rep. Tulsi Gabbard….she reminded Democrats that Akaka never descended to “talk stink” about others, regardless of their party….", "\n\nGabbard’s primary opponent, Sherry Alu Campagna, was one of the few candidates to criticize an opponent directly from the podium at the convention.", "\n\nA total of 147 Democrats have pulled papers to run for office, compared with 54 Republicans and a handful of Greens and Libertarians…..\n\nSA: …Hawaii’s Democrats elected lobbyist Kealii Lopez as their new chairwoman for the next two years Sunday, dealing a blow to the more liberal or “progressive” wing of the party.", "\n\nThe election of Lopez was in part a reflection of continuing party tensions that date back to the 2016 split between supporters of Hillary Clinton and the more liberal backers of U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders.", "\n\nLopez, 57, served as director of the Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs under former Gov. Neil Abercrombie. ", "She defeated current party Chairman Tim Vandeveer, a Sanders supporter….", "\n\nThis year’s convention in Waikoloa was well attended by the more liberal wing of the party, which is particularly well represented in the ranks of Hawaii island delegates, but Lopez defeated Vandeveer by a vote of 529-472. ", "A third candidate, Gloria Borland, received 38 votes.", "\n\nThe convention at the Hilton Waikoloa Resort was actually attended by only 605 delegates, but the vote count was weighted to give more votes to off-island delegates to compensate for party members who were unable to manage the interisland travel trip to attend….", "\n\n“I will be very upfront with you. ", "The Hawaiian community and the Hawaiian agenda, I hope, is going to be very important to this family,” she said referring to the state Democratic Party.", "\n\nVandeveer supporters, including Democratic National Committeeman Bart Dame and former state Sen. Gary Hooser, said they were satisfied the election process was fair, but some delegates expressed concern privately that the party had just elected a “corporate lobbyist” as its chairwoman.", "\n\nLopez is director of government affairs for the law firm of Alston Hunt Floyd &Ing, and was registered to lobby this year for clients that include the American Resort Development Association, Expedia Inc., the Hawaii Association of Mortgage Bankers and the Western Plant Health Association, which represents biotechnology and fertilizer companies….", "\n\nSA: …Tian said DBEDT’s bullishness stems from the state’s most visitor arrivals ever for a quarter, with 2.4 million visitors coming by air in the January-March period; the lowest unemployment rate in the nation at an all-time Hawaii low of 2 percent; the state’s general excise tax receipts increasing 15.3 percent, the highest growth since the third quarter of 2002; and an 8.2 percent increase in air seats for 2018, which doesn’t even include possible flights from Southwest Airlines should the carrier begin service later this year.", "\n\nWith tourism on pace for its seventh straight year of record visitor arrivals and spending, DBEDT revised upward its visitor arrivals forecast to 6 percent from 2.7 percent in its previous forecast, and boosted its projection for visitor spending to 8.6 percent from 4.5 percent. ", "Both revisions largely were due to additional air seats coming into the market.", "\n\nTian said he doesn’t expect the April flooding damage on Kauai and the ongoing volcanic eruptions on Hawaii island to hurt tourism….", "\n\nSA: …A recent editorial addressed the proposed constitutional amendment to allow the Legislature to tax real property, a right currently unique to the counties (“Let public decide on tax for schools,” Star-Advertiser, Our View, April 6). ", "It’s being sold as a source of funding for the state Department of Education.", "\n\nThat’s a nice sales pitch, truly deceitful. ", "That tactic is known as the “bait and switch.”", "\n\nYou see, nothing in this proposed amendment you’ll be asked to vote on in the November election guarantees one additional dollar to the education of our keiki. ", "The power of the purse will not be given up by the Legislature.", "\n\nThe same tactic was used in selling the transient accommodations tax, now over 10 percent of the revenue of our core industry.", "\n\nMuch of the revenue from the TAT, sold as increased income to the counties, was eventually diverted to the state’s general fund.", "\n\nStar-Adv: With Wind and Geothermal Coming to an End, Give All Your Money to Elon Musk for batteries\n\nSA: …Wind exemplifies the challenge. ", "It’s a technology that has an appealing yield, capturing non-polluting energy from the prevailing winds, a resource that persists in optimal locations such as Kahuku. ", "That’s where Na Pua Makani will develop the farm on 707 acres.", "\n\nBut opponents cite the noise and aesthetic detraction of the massive windmills among its demerits.", "\n\nIn this case, it was the protection of the endangered Hawaiian hoary bat and other wildlife that led the company to produce a habitat conservation plan.", "\n\nThat document was approved by the state Board of Land and Natural Resources following a contested-case process a year ago. ", "It outlines how Na Pua Makani would follow the lead of an adjacent windfarm. ", "It aims to reduce bat deaths by adjusting the blades of its eight turbines when they’re spinning at slower speeds.", "\n\nThat was a needed adjustment. ", "And while this company may have threaded the needle with sufficient care to get through the environmental reviews, there is still need for oversight by the state.", "\n\nOfficials must see that Na Pua Makani fulfills its pledge to provide a community benefit fund of $10,000 per turbine per year, for the life of the project, or $2 million over its anticipated 25-year term.", "\n\nAnd the state Public Utilities Commission must ride herd on this utility and others to see that some of the technology’s cost savings are passed on to ratepayers. ", "Na Pua Makani is touted as capable to deliver electricity at about half the cost of oil-fired generators, and as being the lowest-cost wind project in the state. ", "The public deserves at least a cut of that….", "\n\nNow that advantage is threatened. ", "The eruption of Kilauea is a slow-moving disaster, one that has forced Puna Geothermal Venture to quench its wells, even as lava has entered its property.", "\n\nThe ongoing risk has hung a question mark over future prospects for geothermal energy. ", "At the very least, it will propel the stakeholders to re-evaluate how to insulate the plant against such hazards.", "\n\nThe public and private sectors must work toward further gains in the use of solar energy, which has been the predominant success in Hawaii thus far. ", "Innovations that could advance solar battery storage are encouraging developments and may enable consumers to reap the benefits without too much of a dent in household budgets….", "\n\nDire need for truly affordable housing must be met with action, not just political promises\n\nBorreca: …If there are secret orders for Hawaii’s governors, they must include the admonishment that every four years you shall call for a $100 million housing program.", "\n\nAs long as 48 years ago, now-retired Honolulu Star-Advertiser reporter Helen Altonn wrote in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that when the administration of Gov. John A. Burns faced a tough campaign against his lieutenant governor, Tom Gill, he came out with his own $100 million project….", "\n\nIge says he’s “on track to build 10,000 units by 2020.”", "\n\nOf the 5,300 units that Ige said have been built since taking office, 40 percent are affordable.", "\n\nWhat is not said is that the definition for affordable would be a stretch for many. ", "For instance, included in the list is Kaneohe Elderly Apartments, which rents a 588-square-foot, one-bedroom, one-bath unit for $1,895. ", "Another rental, Keahou Lane in Kakaako, starts out with studios ranging from 298 to 368 square feet for between $1,319 to $1,550 a month.", "\n\nAlso included in Ige’s tally of new housing construction are 1,914 “market-priced” units in Kakaako. ", "Those aren’t market-priced — they are sky-high priced and even if you have a million dollars in your checking account, you probably can’t afford to be looking at them….", "\n\nLast week the U.S. Census Bureau released its latest housing numbers. ", "Since 2010 we have 4.5 percent more housing units. ", "But as we all know, that is not enough….", "\n\nSA: …Since establishment of the state’s first Drug Court in 1996, more than 2,000 people throughout Hawaii have graduated from the intensive court-based treatment program. ", "Equally important, but far more difficult to count, are the lives of the children, spouses, siblings and grandparents, who have been helped after suffering through significant emotional turmoil while trying to deal with the problems of substance disorder in their family. ", "Add to that our community members who have been spared the trauma and difficulties that come to victims of crimes committed by substance-addicted individuals.", "\n\nIn addition to rehabilitating individuals and reuniting families, Hawaii’s drug courts have helped reduce overcrowding in our prisons and eased the social costs that often follow incarceration, including a reduced quality of life for the children and extended family members of addicts, lost earnings while the offender is incarcerated, lost future earnings of the releasee, lost taxes to the state on those lost earnings, up-front criminal justice system costs, as well as other costs such as parole and foster care for children of prisoners….", "\n\nAP: Farmers on the Hawaiian island of Kauai say their state should brace for a shortage of its taro crop, a staple of the traditional Hawaiian diet, after record-breaking rains flooded their fields….", "\n\nThe state’s taro crop was valued at $2.5 million last year, according to the U.S. Agriculture Department.", "\n\nFarmers say last month’s floods smothered their taro patches with mud and silt, which turns their crop watery and spongey. ", "They suspect they’ll suffer from dramatically reduced yields for at least a year.", "\n\nThe downpour also destroyed seven Kauai homes and badly damaged 65, the state said in a preliminary assessment. ", "It triggered dozens of landslides, including more than 12 on a 2-mile (3-kilometer) stretch of the area’s main artery, a highway traveling through coastal communities.", "\n\nAgriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue has designated the entire island a disaster area, which makes local farmers eligible for federal assistance, including emergency loans….", "\n\nThe muck is packed with nitrogen, so it’s as though a big kick of fertilizer walloped taro patches. ", "It’s nourishing for the taro’s stalk and leaves but makes its corm, or underground bulb, watery and spongey. ", "The Hawaiian term for this is “loliloli.”", "\n\nSA: …The report, “Firearm Registrations in Hawaii, 2017,” says that conservative estimates in the late 1990s (before annual registration reports were compiled) put the number of privately owned firearms in Hawaii at “at least one million” and that another 561,257 firearms were registered from 2000 to 2017. ", "That would bring the total to roughly 1.56 million guns. ", "However, that number does not account for guns that have left the state, moving with their owners, for example. ", "There’s no way to track that and therefore no way to know the precise number of privately owned firearms in Hawaii, according to the report, which you can download at ag.hawaii.gov/cpja/rs….", "\n\nAP: …Amtrak said in a statement that it was \"deeply saddened by the significant injuries to one of our customers\" and that the Amtrak Police Department's investigation included reaching out to more than 300 customers, crew and friends.", "\n\n\"The individuals who noted interactions with Mr. Salazar shared that he had expressed to them a number of life concerns and challenges. ", "We are unable to comment on Mr. Salazar's medical condition, but note that a fall from a moving train would cause significant injury,\" the statement said. \"", "There is no evidence of a physical altercation occurring while Mr. Salazar was travelling on Amtrak.\"…" ]

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[ "Two subjects sought by Monroe County Sheriff Department apprehended\n\nABERDEEN – The Monroe County Sheriff Office now have in custody both subjects the department has sought for the past few weeks. ", "Kelby G. Carter, 28, of Amory and Justin F. Bell, 34, of Hamilton were arrested Tuesday in Monroe County by sheriff’s deputies.", "\n\nCarter and Bell are each charged with breaking and entering of a residence and uttering a forgery.", "\n\nBond has not been set for either of the two at this time and both are currently being held at Monroe County Detention Center. ", "It was through diligent work and numerous tips from the public that we were able to locate these two subjects in such a timely manner." ]

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[ "The portion in the District of Columbia lies in Ward 3, represented by ANCs 3E03 and 3E04. ", "It is often considered to be part of Chevy Chase, DC; The most substantial commercial aspects are the shopping plazas near the intersection of Wisconsin and Western Avenues. ", "Found here are many department stores, as well as numerous boutiques, day spas, a multiplex cinema and other services which cater to the residents as well as visitors to the area. ", "The area also features a variety of moderate and discount chains.", "\n\nThe neighborhood also supports a number of offices, including the corporate headquarters of insurance giant GEICO (originally Government Employees Insurance Company) and the Ritz-Carlton hotel chain, and a concentration of broadcast media including the studios of WMAL, WMAL-FM, and WTTG (Fox 5). ", "As a result, heavy traffic is not uncommon.", "\n\nSince the late 1990s, development has accelerated in the neighborhood, notably the construction of Chase Tower on Willard Avenue, a new Chevy Chase Center replacing the older 1980s-era complex of the same name, and new condominiums on the site of the former Washington Women’s Clinic." ]

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[ "Synchlora faseolaria\n\nSynchlora faseolaria is a species of emerald moth in the family Geometridae.", "\n\nThe MONA or Hodges number for Synchlora faseolaria is 7067.", "\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nCategory:Synchlorini\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Moths described in 1858" ]

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[ "Renal medullary \"rings\": possible CT manifestation of hypercalcemia.", "\nBilateral dense rings in the renal medulla were found on noncontrasted computed tomography in a patient with marked hypercalcemia and suspected primary hyperparathyroidism. ", "The rings were not present on plain radiographs and were obscured on contrasted scans, and may represent occult nephrocalcinosis. ", "Associated findings--renal insufficiency induced by hypercalcemia and interstitial nephritis--may be reversible with early recognition of this CT finding." ]

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[ "The Jackbox Party Pack 3 is coming this fall and, like The Jackbox Party Packs before it, this version will consist of five party games in one lovingly crafted box… er… digital download.", "\n\nWe’ve already announced that Drawful 2 won’t be one of the five games, so the whole pack is pretty wide open. ", "Well, today we are doing something about that and announcing that Guesspionage will be one of the games in The Jackbox Party Pack 3!", "\n\nWhat is Guesspionage? ", "Let’s see. ", "There’s a “Guess” and an “Espionage.” ", "That’s a good clue. ", "Or is it “pionage?” ", "Hmm. ", "What’s “pionage?” ", "No, it’s “espionage.”", "\n\nWe’ll explain how the game works soon. ", "I’m looking at one of the artist’s computer screens and it looks like there may be a dolphin involved.", "\n\nThis has been your vague announcement of the week. ", "Byeeee!" ]

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[ "An amount of information available by way of the World Wide Web has grown exponentially, such that billions of items are available by way of the World Wide Web. ", "This explosive growth of information available on the web has not only created a crucial challenge for search engine companies in connection with handling large scale data, but has also increased the difficulty for a user to manage his/her information needs. ", "For instance, it may be difficult for a user to compose a succinct and precise query to represent his/her information needs.", "\nInstead of pushing the burden of generating succinct search queries to the user, search engines have been configured to provide increasingly relevant search results. ", "More particularly, a search engine can be configured to retrieve documents relevant to a user query by comparing attributes of documents together with other features such as anchor text, and can return documents that best match the query. ", "Conventional search engines can also consider previous user searches, user location, and current events, amongst other information in connection with providing the most relevant search results to a query issued by a user. ", "The user is typically shown a ranked list of universal resource locators (URLs) in response to providing a query to the search engine.", "\nMoreover, at least some search engines are configured with functionality to provide a user with alternative queries to a query provided by the user. ", "Such alternative queries can be configured to correct possible spelling mistakes, may be configured to provide the user with information that is related but non-identical to information retrieved by way of the query provided by the user, etc. ", "These query suggestions typically include queries issued by users subsequent to the users issuing an initial query. ", "For instance, if a user types a query “msg” to a search engine, the user may be provided with quite a few alternative potential queries such as “Madison Square Garden,” “Monosodium Glutamate,” and others." ]

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[ "SECTION CCXXVIII\n\n\"Markandeya continued, 'Skanda was adorned with a golden amulet and wreath, and wore a crest and a crown of gold; his eyes were golden-coloured, and he had a set of sharp teeth; he was dressed in a red garment and looked very handsome; he had a comely appearance, and was endowed with all good characteristics and was the favourite of the three worlds. ", "He granted boons (to people who sought them) and was brave, youthful, and adorned with bright ear-rings. ", "Whilst he was reposing himself, the goddess of fortune, looking like a lotus and assuming a personal embodiment, rendered her allegiance to him. ", "When he became thus possessed of good fortune, that famous and delicate-looking creature appeared to all like the moon at its full. ", "And high-minded Brahmanas worshipped that mighty being, and the Maharshis (great rishis) then said as follows to Skanda, 'O thou born of the golden egg, mayst thou be prosperous and mayst thou become an instrument of good to the universe! ", "O best of the gods, although thou wast born only six nights (days) ago, the whole world has owned allegiance to thee (within this short time), and thou hast also allayed their fears. ", "Therefore do thou become the Indra (lord) of the three worlds and remove their cause of apprehension.' ", "Skanda replied, 'You gentlemen of great ascetic wealth (tell me) what Indra does with all three worlds and how that sovereign of the celestials protects the hosts of gods unremittingly.' ", "The Rishis replied, 'Indra is the giver of strength, power, children and happiness to all creatures and when propitiated, that Lord of the celestials bestows on all the objects of their desire. ", "He destroys the wicked\n\np. 461\n\nand fulfils the desires of the righteous; and that Destroyer of Vala assigns to all creatures their various duties. ", "He officiates for the sun and the moon in places where there is no sun or moon; he even when occasion requires it, acts for (serves the purposes of) fire, air, earth, and water. ", "These are the duties of Indra; his capacities are immense. ", "Thou too art mighty; therefore great hero, do thou become our Indra.'", "\n\nSakra said, 'O mighty being, do thou make us happy, by becoming our lord. ", "Excellent being, thou art worthy of the honour; therefore shall we anoint thee this very day.'", "\n\nSkanda replied, 'Do thou continue to rule the three worlds with self-possession, and with thy heart bent on conquest. ", "I shall remain thy humble servant. ", "I covet not thy sovereignty.'", "\n\nSakra replied, 'Thy prowess is unrivalled, O hero, do thou therefore vanquish the enemies of the gods. ", "People have been struck with wonder at thy prowess. ", "More specially as I have been bereft of my prowess, and defeated by thee, now if I were to act as Indra, I should not command the respect of all creatures, and they would be busy in bringing about dissensions between us; and then, my lord, they would become the partisans of one or other of us. ", "And when they formed themselves into two distinct factions, war as before would be the result of that defection. ", "And in that war, thou wouldst undoubtedly defeat me without difficulty and thyself become the lord of all worlds.'", "\n\nSkanda replied, 'Thou, O Sakra, art my sovereign, as also of the three worlds; mayst thou be prosperous! ", "Tell me if I can obey any commands of thine.'", "\n\nIndra replied, 'At thy bidding, O powerful being, I shall continue to act as Indra. ", "And if thou hast said this deliberately and in earnest, then hear me how thou canst gratify thy desire of serving me. ", "Do thou, O mighty being, take the leadership of the celestial forces accordingly.'", "\n\nSkanda replied, 'Do thou anoint me as leader, for the destruction of the Danavas, for the good of the celestials, and for the well-being of cows and Brahmanas.'", "\n\nMarkandeya continued, \"Thus anointed by Indra and all other gods, and honoured by the Maharshis, he looked grand at the moment. ", "The golden umbrella 1 held (over his head) looked like a halo of blazing fire. ", "That famous god, the Conqueror of Tripura, himself fastened the celestial wreath of gold, of Viswakarma's manufacture, round his neck. ", "And, O great man and conqueror of thine enemies, that worshipful god with the emblem of the bull, had gone there previously with Parvati. ", "He honoured him with a joyous heart. ", "The Fire-god is called Rudra by Brahmanas, and from this fact Skanda is called the son of Rudra. ", "The White Mountain was formed from discharges of Rudra's semen virile and the sensual indulgences of the Fire-god with the Krittikas took place on that same White Mountain. ", "And as Rudra was seen by all the dwellers of heaven to heap honours on the\n\np. 462\n\nexcellent Guha (Skanda), he was for that reason reputed as the son of Rudra. ", "This child had his being by the action of Rudra entering into the constitution of the Fire-god, and for this reason, Skanda came to be known as the son of Rudra. ", "And, O Bharata, as Rudra, the Fire-god, Swaha, and the six wives (of the seven Rishis) were instrumental to the birth of the great god Skanda, he was for that reason reputed as the son of Rudra.", "\n\n\"That son of Fire-god was clad in a pair of clean red cloths, and thus he looked grand and resplendent like the Sun peeping forth from behind a mass of red clouds. ", "And the red cock given to him by the Fire-god, formed his ensign; and when perched on the top of his chariot, it looked like the image of the all-destroying fire. ", "And the presiding deity of the power which conduces to the victory of the god, and which is the director of the exertions of all creatures, and constitutes their glory, prop and refuge, advanced before him. ", "And a mysterious charm entered into his constitution the charm which manifests its powers on the battlefield. ", "Beauty, strength, piety, power, might, truthfulness, rectitude, devotion to Brahmanas, freedom from illusion or perplexity, protection of followers, destruction of foes, and care of all creatures,--these, O lord of men, are the inborn virtues of Skanda. ", "Thus anointed by all the gods, he looked pleased and complacent; and dressed in his best style, he looked beautiful like the moon at its full. ", "The much-esteemed incantation of Vedic hymns, the music of the celestial band, and the songs of gods and Gandharvas then rang on all sides. ", "And surrounded by all the well-dressed Apsaras, and many other gay and happy-looking Pisachas and hosts of gods, that anointed (by gods) son of Pavaka disported himself in all his grandeur. ", "To the dwellers of heaven, the anointed Mahasena, appeared like the Sun rising after extinction of darkness. ", "And then the celestial forces looking upon him as their leader, surrounded him on all sides in thousands. ", "That adorable being followed by all creatures then assumed their commands, and praised and honoured by them, he encouraged them in return.", "\n\n\"The Performer of a thousand sacrifices then thought of Devasena, whom he has rescued before. ", "And considering that this being (Skanda) was undoubtedly destined to be the husband of this lady by Brahma himself, he had her brought there, dressed her with the best apparel. ", "And the vanquisher of Vala then said to Skanda, 'O foremost of gods, this lady was, even before thy birth, destined to be thy bride by that Self-existent Being. ", "1 Therefore do thou duly accept her lotus-like beautiful right hand with invocation of the (marital) hymns.' ", "Thus told, he duly married her. ", "And Vrihaspati learned in hymns performed the necessary prayers and oblations. ", "She who is called Shashthi, Lakshmi, Asa, Sukhaprada, Sinivali, Kuhu, Saivritti, and Aparajita, is known among men as Devasena, the wife of Skanda. ", "When Skanda became united to Devasena in indissoluble bonds of matrimony, then the gods of prosperity in her own personal embodiment began to serve him with diligence. ", "As Skanda attained celebrity on the fifth lunar day, that day is called Sripanchami (or the auspicious fifth day) and as he attained his\n\np. 463\n\nobject on the sixth, that lunar day is considered to be of great moment.\"", "\n\nFootnotes\n\n461:1 One of the ensigns of royalty in Hindustan.", "\n\n462:1 Brahma." ]

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[ "My in-progress novel, Kemono, will have illustrations very heavy with interesting symbolism. ", "Here's an in-progress dictionary of the symbols you'll see in my work and what they represent. ", "Please comment. ", ":3" ]

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[ "Boot up time\n\nI've read a few posts commenting on performance, or lack thereof, of the Pi. ", "I am using a SanDisk Extreme III (20MB/s) 4GB card in mine and have been pleasantly surprised by the performance of my Pi. ", "It boots Debian (debian6-19-04-2012) to the login prompt in 22 seconds and the GUI takes another 14 seconds after that. ", "Not too shabby.", "\n\nI am wondering what sort of boot times other folks are seeing and what SD cards are you using?", "\n\nI don't think anyone has reported anything close to 20 MB/sec on a SD card when used in the R-Pi. ", "It would be interesting to know what your actual R/W speeds are, if you'd care to post some benchmark results using dd or anything else.", "\n\njbeale wrote:I don't think anyone has reported anything close to 20 MB/sec on a SD card when used in the R-Pi. ", "It would be interesting to know what your actual R/W speeds are, if you'd care to post some benchmark results using dd or anything else.", "\n\njbeale wrote:I don't think anyone has reported anything close to 20 MB/sec on a SD card when used in the R-Pi. ", "It would be interesting to know what your actual R/W speeds are, if you'd care to post some benchmark results using dd or anything else.", "\n\nFirst login is slow. ", "But subsequent logins, with nothing plugged into USB, just HDMI, ethernet and power I get login prompt at about 24 seconds with Debian on a 2 gig Sandisk ultra. ", "What slowed it down a large amount (45s or more) was when I changed the keyboard settings from gb to us to go with my wireless us keyboard (changed it back now).", "\n\nI have a Sandisk ultra 8 gig card I bought recently (2 gig is an old one) which I haven't been able to get running with either Arch or Debian.", "\n\nAllegroMan wrote:I am wondering what sort of boot times other folks are seeing and what SD cards are you using?", "\n\nlogin prompt in 10 seconds from poweron. ", "Heavily modified version of Arch with all of the unnecesary starts-on-boot rubbish disabled.", "\n\nAt this point the Pi doesn't run it's sdcard interface at anywhere near maximum, the highest sequential read I've been able to get is around 5MB/s with a card that is capable of more in a different sdcard reader. ", "So unless you have a really slow card or one that's deliberately optimised for a different usage pattern then the card itself is unlikely to be the limiting factor. ", "It's way more likely to be the distro running all sorts of unnecessary bloat on boot.", "\n\nI don't think anyone has reported anything close to 20 MB/sec on a SD card when used in the R-Pi. ", "It would be interesting to know what your actual R/W speeds are, if you'd care to post some benchmark results using dd or anything else.", "\n\nI used:sudo dd bs=1M count=128 if=/dev/zero of=~/test conv=fdatasync\n\nand got 4.3 MB/sec, which is less than 25% of what the card is capable of.", "\n\nSwapping that last parameter for oflag=dsync, so it syncs every 1M block (eliminating all write-caching) gives 4.0 MB/sec.", "\n\nWhat is the limiting factor here; is it hardware level, or can optimisations be made at the OS level to speed up SD card I/O?", "\n\nI have now also got a 16GB SanDisk Extreme 45MB/sec card working in the Pi. ", "This required a firmware update as initially it gave interrupt timeout errors. ", "In the Pi however this card is slower than the 4GB card!", "\n\nAlso the latest firmware has issues with my display. ", "My monitor is actually a TV that has a 1680x1050 resolution but will accept a full 1080P signal and does a decent job of sampling it down to 1680x1050.", "\n\nThe Pi however was chopping off the leftmost and rightmost few characters of the display, so I had created a config.txt to put the display in 720p mode. ", "With the new firmware this no longer works - I get no video (although I can log in \"blind\" and type shutdown and restart with a composite cable connected instead). ", "With no config.txt the default 1080p mode works but is back to chopping off the characters.", "\n\nSeems I'm best off with the 4GB card, original firmware and 720p video.", "\n\n@dom thanks for that. ", "I did try that first with the original firmware but it didn't seem to move the display at all. ", "Your post prompted me to persevere and with the new firmware it does reposition the display.", "\n\nSo I can use the 16GB card now, but the only working mode is CEA mode 5 1920x1080 interlaced. ", "Other modes boot, but the display is blank. ", "Strangely, tvservice reports the only DMT mode supported is 640x480. ", "I would have liked to have selected the native panel res of 1680 x 1050.", "\n\nAllegroMan wrote:I've read a few posts commenting on performance, or lack thereof, of the Pi. ", "I am using a SanDisk Extreme III (20MB/s) 4GB card in mine and have been pleasantly surprised by the performance of my Pi. ", "It boots Debian (debian6-19-04-2012) to the login prompt in 22 seconds and the GUI takes another 14 seconds after that. ", "Not too shabby.", "\n\nI am wondering what sort of boot times other folks are seeing and what SD cards are you using?", "\n\nI get just under 20sec (19.8s after averaging the times for 5 power ups) with a SanDisk Ultra (30Mb/s) Class 6 8Gb card from Costco. ", "I'm using stock Debian (debian6-19-04-2012) but you do need the new kernal.img and start.elf files from github otherwise this particular card won't work.", "\n\nI get a Debian start-up time of 2 min 27 sec but the majority of that is 'Activating lvm and md swap'.", "\n\nBefore I set up a swapfile on the SD card, start-up was much faster (~ same kinds of time as others are reporting).", "\n\nI have a 1 GB swapfile. ", "I know swap is never fast and there is debate about whether it might shorten SD card life. ", "However, these seem generally less disastrous than running out of address space. ", "Just running a couple of simple things, a modest amount of swap space does occasionally get used, and I assume things would have got weird without it.", "\n\nIncidentally - what is the maximum sensible amount of swap, on this 32-bit system? ", "I assume either 1.5 GB or 3.5 GB? ", "Apologies, this is probably a fairly generic Linux question but I couldn't find the answer.", "\n\nDanielBarker wrote:I get a Debian start-up time of 2 min 27 sec but the majority of that is 'Activating lvm and md swap'.", "\n\nBefore I set up a swapfile on the SD card, start-up was much faster (~ same kinds of time as others are reporting).", "\n\nI have a 1 GB swapfile. ", "I know swap is never fast and there is debate about whether it might shorten SD card life. ", "However, these seem generally less disastrous than running out of address space. ", "Just running a couple of simple things, a modest amount of swap space does occasionally get used, and I assume things would have got weird without it.", "\n\nIncidentally - what is the maximum sensible amount of swap, on this 32-bit system? ", "I assume either 1.5 GB or 3.5 GB? ", "Apologies, this is probably a fairly generic Linux question but I couldn't find the answer.", "\n\nThanks,\n\nDaniel Barker\n\nI'm also getting a very slow \"Activiating Swap\"... It can take up to 115 seconds... Though on some occasions it can take 5seconds... Does anyone know the reason for the delay?", "\n\nI've been amazed at how fast my Pi boots up. ", "I'm running Debian with LXDE on a cheap 4-year-old Transcend 4gb SD card. ", "It doesn't say what class it is on the label, so I presume it's Class 4, but it does say \"133X\", implying it's fast. ", "Anyway, the total boot time (including loading LXDE) is 37 seconds. ", "Is this a record for Debian + LXDE?", "\n\nDanielBarker wrote:Incidentally - what is the maximum sensible amount of swap, on this 32-bit system? ", "I assume either 1.5 GB or 3.5 GB? ", "Apologies, this is probably a fairly generic Linux question but I couldn't find the answer.", "\n\nOptimum swap file size is entirely dependent on how the system is being used, memory usage over time of the applications/services running, file I/O sizes and usage patterns, etc. ", "Twice RAM size (512MB, in this case) is usually a good starting point, and swap size can be adjusted up or down to see what effect, if any, that has. ", "Generally, the larger the number and smaller the memory footprint of executables, the larger the swap file size should be, but, again, this is one of those things where knowledge about actual usage is key. ", "As with everything about the PI, feel free to experiment - you can't hurt anything!", "\n\nBTW, if you're really serious about using swap, you're much better off moving it to an external USB hard disk drive - the interface is faster than the SD card slot, the hard disk RAM buffer will help get reads/writes off the bus the fastest, and you won't have to worry about wearing out the SD card over the long run.", "\n\nThe best things in life aren't things ... but, a Pi comes pretty darned close! \"", "Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire.\" -- ", "W.B. YeatsIn theory, theory & practice are the same - in practice, they aren't!!!", "\n\nJim Manley wrote:BTW, if you're really serious about using swap, you're much better off moving it to an external USB hard disk drive - the interface is faster than the SD card slot, the hard disk RAM buffer will help get reads/writes off the bus the fastest, and you won't have to worry about wearing out the SD card over the long run.", "\n\nI get about 25MB/s on a USB disk (sequential). ", "With the latest changes at least higher end SD cards should be able to match that or come close." ]

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[ "/**\n * $Id$\n * Copyright (C) 2008 - 2014 Nils Asmussen\n *\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\n * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License\n * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2\n * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.", "\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", " See the\n * GNU General Public License for more details.", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software\n * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.", "\n */\n\n#pragma once\n\n#include <gui/radiobutton.h>\n#include <sys/common.h>\n#include <memory>\n#include <vector>\n\nnamespace gui {\n\tclass RadioGroup {\n\t\tfriend class RadioButton;\n\n\tpublic:\n\t\texplicit RadioGroup() : _selected(-1), _btns() {\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tRadioButton *getSelected() {\n\t\t\treturn _selected == -1 ? ", "NULL : _btns[_selected];\n\t\t}\n\t\tssize_t getSelectedIndex() const {\n\t\t\treturn _selected;\n\t\t}\n\t\tvoid setSelected(RadioButton *btn) {\n\t\t\tstd::vector<RadioButton*>::iterator it = std::find(_btns.begin(),_btns.end(),btn);\n\t\t\tif(it !", "= _btns.end())\n\t\t\t\tsetSelectedIndex(it - _btns.begin());\n\t\t}\n\t\tvoid setSelectedIndex(ssize_t idx) {\n\t\t\tssize_t old = _selected;\n\t\t\tif(idx >= 0 && (size_t)idx < _btns.size())\n\t\t\t\t_selected = idx;\n\t\t\telse\n\t\t\t\t_selected = -1;\n\t\t\tif(old !", "= _selected) {\n\t\t\t\tif(old !", "= -1)\n\t\t\t\t\t_btns[old]->select(false);\n\t\t\t\tif(_selected !", "= -1)\n\t\t\t\t\t_btns[_selected]->select(true);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\tprivate:\n\t\tvoid add(RadioButton *btn) {\n\t\t\t_btns.push_back(btn);\n\t\t}\n\t\tvoid remove(RadioButton *btn) {\n\t\t\tif(_selected !", "= -1 && _btns[_selected] == btn)\n\t\t\t\tsetSelectedIndex(-1);\n\t\t\t_btns.erase_first(btn);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tssize_t _selected;\n\t\tstd::vector<RadioButton*> _btns;\n\t};\n}\n" ]

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[ "Ethnic groups in Chad\n\n__NOTOC__\nThe population of Chad has numerous ethnic groups. ", "SIL Ethnologue reports more than 130 distinct languages spoken in Chad.", "\n\nHistory and demographics\nThe 14 million Chad people belong to some 200 ethnicities, who speak numerous languages. ", "The southern part of the country was historically the cross roads of the caravan routes below the Sahara, forming a link between West Africa and the Arabic region, as well as one between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. ", "The slave trade between sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East passed through the slave markets of Chad and Western Sudan, slave-trading was a key component of Chad's historic economy, and this brought people of various ethnicities into Chad. ", "The CIA Factbook estimates the largest ethnic groups in 2009 as:\n\nThe peoples of Chad carry significant ancestry from Eastern, Central, Western, and Northern Africa.", "\n\nSara (Ngambaye/Sara/Madjingaye/Mbaye) – 25.9%\nArab – 8.6%\nKanembu/Bornu/Buduma – 5.3%\nMasalit people (Wadai/Maba/Masalit/Mimi) – 7%\nGorane – 3.8%\nMasa, Musseye and Musgum – 4.7%\nNaba– 7.6%\nBidiyo/Migaama/Kenga/Dangleat – 3.6%\nMarba/Lele/Mesme – 2.9%\nDadjo/Kibet/Muro – 2.5%\nMundang – 2.5%\nGabri/Kabalaye/Nanchere/Somrai – 2.4%\nZaghawa (Zaghawa/Bideyat/Kobe) – 2.3%\nFulani/Fulbe/Bodore – 2%\nTupuri (Tupuri/Kera) – 2%\nTama (Tama/Assongori/Mararit) – 1.6%\nBaguirmi/Barma – 1.3%\nKaro/Zime/Peve – 1.3%\nMesmedje/Massalat/Kadjakse – 1%\nOther Chadian ethnicities – 2.5%\nSudanese refugees in Chad – 2.0%\nChadians of foreign ethnicity descent – 0.6%\nOther non-Chadian foreign nationals 0.5%\n\nOther little-known ethnic groups believed to be living in Chad include the Kujarke people.", "\n\nThe population can be broadly divided between those in the east, north and west who follow Islam, and the peoples of the south, by which is meant the five southernmost prefectures, who are mostly Christian or animist.", "\n\nMuslim groups\nIslamization began as early as the 8th century and was mostly complete by the 11th, when Islam became the official religion of the Kanem-Bornu Empire. ", "The Arab invaders established an economy of slave trade across the Sudan region, and in Chad there was a tradition of slave raids (ghazw) under the Ouaddai and Baguirmi which persisted well into the 20th century.", "\n\nThe Arabs of Chad form a relatively homogeneous group, localized in the regions of Chari Baguirmi and Ouaddai, but mostly seminomadic. ", "\nOther Muslim groups include the Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe/Fulani, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba. ", "\nSome indigenous groups, such as the Salamat and the Taundjor, were largely Arabized by intermarriage over the years.", "\n\nNon-Muslim groups\nAmong the non-Muslim indigenous peoples, the most important (and the largest single group in Chad) are the Sara, about 30 percent of the population. ", "They live in the valleys of the Chari and Logone rivers and are farmers of considerable skill. ", "Others include the Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, and Massa.", "\n\nLanguage and ethnic groups\nEthno-linguistically, the groups may be divided into:\nArabized groups, mostly Arabized Berber \nChadic: Marba, numerous minor groups\nNilo-Saharan: \n Maban (Ouaddai)\n Saharan: Kanembu, Kanuri, Zaghawa, Toubou\nEastern Sudanic: Daju\nCentral Sudanic: Baguirmi, Sinyar\nNiger-Congo: \nBua\nAtlantic-Congo: Fula people.", "\n\nSee also\nList of ethnic groups in Chad\nLanguages of Chad\nDemographics of Chad\n\nReferences\n\n*\nChad" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Crude oil is a popular source of energy for vehicles such as cars, trucks and motorcycles. ", "There are various other uses for crude oil and products refined therefrom.", "\nTypically, the crude oil is obtained from a well that is drilled beneath a surface of the ground. ", "In addition to the wells being drilled into the ground on one of the continents, it has also been recognized that wells can be drilled into the ground located beneath bodies of water.", "\nIt is generally desired to collect substantially all of the crude oil that is extracted from a well to maximize the income generated from the well as well as to minimize the negative effects that are experienced when the oil escapes into the region surrounding the well.", "\nWhile oil drilling technology enables drilling wells into very deep bodies of water such as having a depth of greater than about 5,000 feet, it becomes increasingly difficult to address issues that may develop at these depths. ", "For example, it is generally not possible for humans to be utilized to directly perform tasks at these depths. ", "Rather, the immense pressures at these depths necessitate that the work be done using robotically controlled devices.", "\nEven in situations where safety devices such as blowout preventers are utilized to address problems that may arise when drilling wells at these depths, it is possible that the safety devices may malfunction and that the crude oil may escape from the well and become intermixed with the body of water in which the well is located.", "\nThe presence of the crude oil in the water can be a health hazard to organisms that live in the body of water not only causing death to the organisms but also precluding the use of the organisms as a food source. ", "The crude oil can also contaminate the shore that surrounds the body of water and thereby preclude the use of the shore for recreational activities.", "\nIn view of the hazards associated with crude oil escaping into a body of water, it is desirable to utilize a system that provides the ability to contain the crude oil that escapes during the drilling process such that the escaped crude oil may be recovered.", "\nMost past efforts and equipment designed for these purposes were based upon the principal that you needed a large heavy mass (100 ton concrete dome with opening at the top) to capture the oil and withstand the pressure at more than 5,000 feet below sea level. ", "It has also been attempted to utilize methods that work above sea level. ", "However, such methods do not consistently work below sea level at the pressures experienced at those levels." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "A nasally applied cellulose powder in seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) in children and adolescents; reduction of symptoms and relation to pollen load.", "\nA nasally applied cellulose powder is increasingly used in many countries as a remedy for allergic rhinitis. ", "The absence of side effects makes the treatment particularly attractive in children. ", "The efficacy in pollen allergic children, however, is not studied, nor is the relation to various pollen exposures. ", "During the birch pollen season in 2009, a double blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 53 subjects, aged 8-18 yr, with allergic rhinitis attributed to birch pollen. ", "All children were on daily oral antihistamine. ", "Reminders and reporting of symptom scores were made by SMS on mobile phones. ", "Pollen was collected in a volumetric trap from which figures of pollen concentrations from 1979 to 2009 were available. ", "There was a significant reduction in total symptom scores from the nose (Placebo 7.29, Active 6.07, p = 0.033) and specifically for running nose (Placebo 2.56, Active 2.03, p = 0.017). ", "All symptoms from the nose, eyes and lower airways were lower in the active group but reached significance only as earlier. ", "The best effect was seen after days with low or moderate pollen counts (≤100/m(3)), the predominating pollen load over 31 yr in the area. ", "No clinically significant adverse effects were seen. ", "The product reduces symptoms of SAR in children and adolescents. ", "Original data on pollen concentrations over 31 yr are presented with levels mainly in the low range favouring the observed efficacy profile. ", "SMS communication on mobile phone for reminders and recording symptom scores was an excellent logistics tool." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "First-episode, recurrent, and asymptomatic herpes simplex infections.", "\nGenital herpes simplex virus infections should be classified into first-episode and recurrent infections. ", "First-episode infections include true primary infections in patients with seronegative results who have never been infected with any type of herpes and nonprimary first-episode infections in patients who have been infected before and have serum antibody and humoral immunity, an example being genital infection with type 2 in adolescence after orolabial infection with type 1 in childhood. ", "First-episode infections show more extensive disease, more systemic symptoms, and greater viral shedding than do recurrent infections. ", "Ten percent to 15% of patients with first-episode primary genital herpes have oropharyngeal infections with the same virus strain. ", "Herpesvirus can be isolated from the urethra in about 30% of male patients with first-episode infections. ", "In recurrent vulvar herpes, virus can be isolated from the cervix in 10% to 15% of patients. ", "Many genital lesions that clinically suggest something else turn out to be herpes; herpes may be diagnosed 5% of the time clinically but cultures are positive 14% of the time. ", "Primary genital herpes type 2 infections recur about 95% of the time whereas type 1 infections recur about 50% of the time. ", "Recurrences are highly unpredictable from patient to patient and time to time. ", "The role of asymptomatic shedding in the spread of herpes is a major area for future study. ", "Antiviral treatment is probably going to change the epidemiology of herpetic infections very little." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "[Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia].", "\nSince the past century, two groups of symptoms have been recognized in schizophrenia, assuming that they correspond with two types of pathogenic processes. ", "This article presents ideas of the foremost researchers on these two aspects, as well as neurochemical and brain imaging findings that support them." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to make separate button functions in Java/Android?", "\n\nI have a class called Menu and inside that class I want to place a menu of buttons such as buttonA, buttonB, buttonC, and so on. ", "However when I run the app on my phone I cant tap buttonB before I tap buttonA. If I tap buttonA first, I can choose buttonA or buttonB all I want. ", "The question is how do you separate the buttons in the Menu class to be able to tap any button at any time?", "\npackage com.emods.app1;\n\nimport android.app.", "Activity;\nimport android.content.", "Intent;\nimport android.os.", "Bundle;\nimport android.view.", "View;\nimport android.widget.", "Button;\n\npublic class Menu extends Activity {\n\n@Override\nprotected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {\n // TODO Auto-generated method stub\n super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);\n setContentView(R.layout.main);\n\n Button btnA = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button1);\n btnA.setOnClickListener(new View.", "OnClickListener() {\n\n public void onClick(View v) {\n // TODO Auto-generated method stub\n startActivity(new Intent (\"com.emods.app1.BUTTONA\"));\n\n Button btnB = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button2);\n btnB.setOnClickListener(new View.", "OnClickListener() {\n\n public void onClick(View v) {\n startActivity(new Intent (\"com.emods.app1.BUTTONB\"));\n }\n });\n }\n\n });\n}\n\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou need to take your btnB and place it outside your onClick event for btnA. Currently you have your declaration for btnB inside your onClick event for btnA.\nButton btnA = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button1); \nbtnA.setOnClickListener(new View.", "OnClickListener() { \n public void onClick(View v) { \n // TODO Auto-generated method stub \n startActivity(new Intent (\"com.emods.app1.BUTTONA\")); \n } \n}); \nButton btnB = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button2); \nbtnB.setOnClickListener(new View.", "OnClickListener() { \n public void onClick(View v) { \n startActivity(new Intent (\"com.emods.app1.BUTTONB\")); \n } \n}); \n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "A silly review of a bunch of tech stories from this past week, today featuring intelligent flatware at CES, John McAfee acting even crazier and the programming language of the year’s newest lady friend\n\nITworld/Phil JohnsonNo more missing a call because you're in the shower!", "\n\nDid we all enjoy the big CES show in Las Vegas this week and seeing what new consumer toys we’re all supposed to run out and buy? ", "There was so much there that I want that I would need a $1 trillion platinum coin to pay for it all. ", "Anyone know where I could get one of those?", "\n\nAnyway, believe it or not, there was some actual non-CES tech news, as well, this week, although most of it seemed to involve Google. ", "Whatever. ", "Let’s go ahead and celebrate Friday by poking fun at all of it..." ]

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[ "Welcome to la Dolce Vita! ", "Vintage Shopping in Rome\n\nI have always had a passion for vintage clothing, so when I first went to Rome I just had one thing on my mind: Leather jackets & shoes. ", "Italy is one of the main leather goods producers in the world and walking down its bohemian streets is, for us fashion lovers, a real paradise. ", "The Eternal City is one of those few places where a combination of fashion, food and history is enough for finding true happiness. ", "From outdoor and indoor clothing markets to small and bohemian boutiques, this is a city that knows about glamour and retro style. ", "Remember that here, vintage clothes don't necessarily have to be cheap - yes; it's true...but when you buy vintage items in Italy, you are also buying a piece of the lifestyle. ", "Here are some of my favourite retro shops in Rome. ", "Image Source\n\nCinzia's: Vintage on a budget This boutique is located in Piazza Navona, where all the street artists create the most beautiful pictures of the sunsets in Rome. ", "Run by the owner Cinzia, this place has a huge collection of jackets and dresses at reasonable prices. ", "There's nothing like having a strong espresso on a terrace, before immersing yourself at Cinzia's searching for the best deals. ", "Be careful though, because the mixture of tourists, locals and students will leave you fighting for the best purse!", "\n\n45, Via del Governo Vecchio, Rome\n\nMercato Monti: The coolest market in Rome The Monti neighbourhood is full of cool cafes & bars, fashion shops and home-made food restaurants. ", "But this part of Rome is especially loved by young people for its great indoor vintage market, Mercato Monti. ", "While you are here, you can check out a large number of retro shops such as Pulp (Via del Boschetto), Pifebo (Via dei Serpenti) or God Save the Look-Classy&Trendy style- (Via Panisperna) where they sell all kind of bags, jewellery, sunglasses and accessories. ", "The latest place to head? ", "Blue Goose, a vintage paradise opened in autumn 2012 at Via del Boschetto. ", "Its cute accessories and good service will encourage you to stay there for hours! ", "But vintage clothing is not the only thing you can find in this market, because here you're in the right place to discover emerging fashion designers too!", "\n\nSecond Chance: Luxury Vintage Just off Via Benetto, Second Chance sells only the most luxury vintage items from the likes of Chanel, Yves Saint Laurent and Tiffany and Co. - so don't be surprised by the prices. ", "Some of the items will make you swoon, but don't worry if you're not going to buy anything because you won't be the only one! ", "The beauty of Second Chance is its design and the atmosphere behind its doors, so don't hesitate to pop in and let your imagination go back to the fifties...\n\n57, Via Sardegna, Rome\n\nTwice: Retro items for her and him Based in Trastevere - probably the most charming area in Rome - Twice was born from the passion for vintage of two sisters. ", "This boutique offers female and male visitors a lovely collection of unique and rare original textile items and accessories, dating from the 1960s to the 1980s. ", "If you fancy a pair of 60s shoes, you will love this place! ", "Although it's all about vintage culture here, they still accept credit cards!", "\n\n105/A, Via di San Francesco a Ripa, Rome\n\nBohemienne: True Vintage Located in Campo dei Fiori, Bohemienne is a really cool little vintage shop with a good taste for colourful accessories. ", "This store looks like a boudoir from a 50s film; the pearl necklaces, gloves and leather handbags will easily make you think of all things retro. ", "Bohemienne features a huge collection of leather jackets, so if you're a fan, this is your place! ", "Without any doubt, this is one of the best vintage shops in Rome.", "\n\n96, Via dei Capellari, Rome\n\nI've suspected that Italy does vintage well for a long time, Audrey Hepburn's 1953 classic film \"Roman Holiday\" definitely made me believe so. ", "But it was Rome itself, with its antique streets and colourful vespas that showed me the real face of retro. ", "Honestly, here, all roads lead to vintage...\n\nExpedia Partners\n\n*Savings based on all holiday package bookings with Flight + Hotel on expedia.co.uk from July 2015 to June 2016, as compared to the price of the same components booked separately. ", "Savings will vary based on origin/destination, length of trip, stay dates and selected travel supplier(s). ", "Savings not available on all packages.", "\n\nFlight-inclusive holiday packages and Flight-Plus arrangements created on expedia.co.uk are financially protected by the Civil Aviation Authority (under Expedia, Inc.'s ATOL number 5788). ", "But ATOL protection does not apply to all holiday and travel services listed on this website. ", "Please ask us to confirm what protection may apply to your booking. ", "If you do not receive an ATOL Certificate then your booking will not be ATOL protected. ", "If you do receive an ATOL Certificate but all the parts of your trip are not listed on it, those parts will not be ATOL protected. ", "Please see our general terms and conditions for further details on ATOL or for more information about financial protection and the ATOL Certificate go to: www.atol.org.uk/ATOLCertificate.", "\n\nFor the sale of travel insurance Expedia Inc. is an Appointed Representative of AWP Assistance UK Limited trading as Allianz Global Assistance which is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). ", "AWP Assistance UK Limited's FCA registration number is 311909. ", "FCA authorisation can be checked at the FCA register at www.fsa.gov.uk/register/" ]

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