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dict | scores
sequence | avg_score
float64 0
1
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int64 1
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[
"Q:\n\nPython, not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str' error\n\nhere is my function\ndef find_short(s):\n s = s.split()\n max = len(s[0])\n for i in s:\n if len(i) <= max:\n max = i\n return max\n\n print(find_short(\"bitcoin take over the world maybe who knows perhaps\"))\n\nWhat is incorrect here?",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou've forgotten to add some len to i in your for loop. ",
"See my anser that corrects this error.",
"\ndef find_short(s):\n s = s.split()\n if not s:\n return 0,\"\"\n max = len(s[0])\n argmax = s[0]\n for i in s:\n if len(i) <= max:\n max = len(i)\n argmax = i\n return max,argmax\n\nprint(find_short(\"bitcoin take over the world maybe who knows perhaps\"))\n(3, 'who')\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.000984237645752728,
0.0021806787699460983,
0.002951115369796753,
0.002019144594669342
] | 0.002034 | 4 |
[
"December 25\nAlphabetize all the Christmas gifts for family and friends and cross-reference by color and size.",
"\n\nDecember 26\nWrite and mail Christmas thank-you notes. ",
"Order cards for next Christmas. ",
"Estimate number of cards needed by allowing for making new friends and actuarially appropriate death rates for current friends and relatives.",
"\n\nDecember 27\nOrganize spice racks by genus and phylum.",
"\n\nDecember 28\nBuild snowman in exact likeness of God.",
"\n\nDecember 29\nHand sew 365 quilts, each using 365 material squares I weaved myself used to represent the 365 days of the year. ",
"Donate to local orphanages.",
"\n\nDecember 30\nRelease flock of white doves, each individually decorated with olive branches, to signify desire of world peace.",
"\n\nDecember 31\nNew Year’s Eve! ",
"Give staff their resolutions. ",
"Call a friend in each time zone of the world as the clock strikes midnight in that time zone.",
"\n\nUnlike some of the products I review, everyone can afford this one…it’s FREE!",
"\n\nTheAmerican Heritage Education Foundation “is a non-profit, non-partisan educational foundation dedicated to the understanding and teaching of America’s factual and philosophical heritage to promote constructive citizenship and Freedom, Unity, Progress, and Responsibility among our students and citizens.”",
"\n\nThey have lesson plans for elementary, middle school, and high school. ",
"This curriculum seems geared more for a classroom, but I think most everyone can find something useful here. ",
"There are some good units on the symbols of our country like the Statue of Liberty and the Star Spangled Banner. ",
"We will be doing an activity next week from The History of Thanksgiving.",
"\n\nThe Nitty Gritty:\n\nDownload FREE\n\nLesson Plan CD FREE\n\nPrinted Binder $19.95\n\nThings I Like:\n\nThere are interesting topics for all ages.",
"\n\nThe lesson plans are broken up into themes, which makes it easy to just do a short unit."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
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0.0006078154547140002,
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0.0006488742656074464,
0.0009584831423126161,
0.0006536819273605943,
0.0069673447869718075,
0.0006131001282483339,
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0.0005811077426187694,
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] | 0.001359 | 20 |
[
"The present invention relates to cyclohexadiene derivatives having the formula: ##STR3## wherein R is one of C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, R.sub.1 is methyl when R.sub.2 is hydrogen, and R.sub.1 is hydrogen when R.sub.2 is methyl, produced by the processes of our invention and novel compositions using one or more of such cyclohexadiene derivatives to augment or enhance the flavor and/or aroma of consumable materials or impart flavor and/or aroma to consumable materials.",
"\nThere has been considerable work performed relating to substances which can be used to impart (modify, augment or enhance) flavors and fragrances to (or in) various consumable materials. ",
"These substances are used to diminish the use of natural materials, some of which may be in short supply, and to provide more uniform properties in the finished product.",
"\nSweet, hay-like, heliotropine-like, black pepper-like, woody, tobacco-like and \"Oriental\" aroma characteristics with sweet, hay-like, heliotropine-like, black pepper-like, woody, tobacco, \"Oriental\" flavor characteristics are particularly desirable for many uses in foodstuff flavorings, chewing gum flavors, toothpaste flavors, and medicinal product flavors.",
"\nWarm, sweet, slightly minty, woody, natural green, herbaceous, Jasmine-like, fruity aromas are desirable in several types of perfume compositions, perfumed articles, and colognes.",
"\n\"Dry black tobacco-like\" notes, spicey notes, celery-like notes, black pepper-like notes, sweet notes and Virginia tobacco-like notes prior to and on smoking in both the main stream and side stream, are desirable in tobaccos and tobacco flavors.",
"\nIn the paper by Demole and Enggist, Helv. ",
"Chim. ",
"Acta. ",
"57(Fasc. ",
"7):2087-2091 (1974), compounds having the following structures have been found to be present in Burley tobacco flavor: ##STR4## None of the compounds of Demole and Enggist have properties bearing any relationship to the properties of the cyclohexadiene derivatives of the instant application."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.0006661164225079119,
0.0005386125994846225,
0.0006293361657299101,
0.0008639386505819857,
0.0006105463253334165,
0.0008804639801383018,
0.0007095939945429564,
0.001379527384415269,
0.0010027101961895823,
0.003582495730370283,
0.0006575367879122496
] | 0.001047 | 11 |
[
"Q:\n\nInline ifelse assignment in data.table\n\nLet the following data set be given:\nlibrary('data.table')\n\nset.seed(1234)\nDT <- data.table(x = LETTERS[1:10], y =sample(10))\nmy.rows <- sample(1:dim(DT)[1], 3)\n\nI want to add a new column to the data set such that, whenever the rows of the data set match the row numbers given by my.rows the entry is populated with, say, true, or false otherwise.",
"\nI have got DT[my.rows, z:= \"true\"], which gives\nhead(DT)\n x y z\n1: A 2 NA\n2: B 6 NA\n3: C 5 true \n4: D 8 NA\n5: E 9 true \n6: F 4 NA\n\nbut I do not know how to automatically populate the else condition as well, at the same time. ",
"I guess I should make use of some sort of inline ifelse but I am lacking the correct syntax.",
"\n\nA:\n\nWe can compare the 'my.rows' with the sequence of row using %in% to create a logical vector and assign (:=) it to create 'z' column.",
"\n DT[, z:= 1:.N %in% my.rows ]\n\nOr another option would be to create 'z' as a column of 'FALSE', using 'my.rows' as 'i', we assign the elements in 'z' that correspond to 'i' as 'TRUE'.",
"\n DT[, z:= FALSE][my.rows, z:= TRUE]\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0006657682824879885,
0.0011984623270109296,
0.0006749391322955489,
0.0007730540819466114,
0.0008713490096852183,
0.0011576948454603553
] | 0.00089 | 6 |
[
"/*\nCopyright 2017 The Kubernetes Authors.",
"\n\nLicensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\nyou may not use this file except in compliance with the License.",
"\nYou may obtain a copy of the License at\n\n http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n\nUnless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\ndistributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\nWITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.",
"\nSee the License for the specific language governing permissions and\nlimitations under the License.",
"\n*/\n\npackage csi\n\nimport (\n\t\"errors\"\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"time\"\n\n\t\"github.com/golang/glog\"\n\tapi \"k8s.io/api/core/v1\"\n\tmeta \"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1\"\n\t\"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/types\"\n\t\"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/util/mount\"\n\t\"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/volume\"\n)\n\nconst (\n\tcsiPluginName = \"kubernetes.io/csi\"\n\n\t// TODO (vladimirvivien) implement a more dynamic way to discover\n\t// the unix domain socket path for each installed csi driver.",
"\n\t// TODO (vladimirvivien) would be nice to name socket with a .sock extension\n\t// for consistency.",
"\n\tcsiAddrTemplate = \"/var/lib/kubelet/plugins/%v/csi.sock\"\n\tcsiTimeout = 15 * time.",
"Second\n\tvolNameSep = \"^\"\n\tvolDataFileName = \"vol_data.json\"\n)\n\ntype csiPlugin struct {\n\thost volume.",
"VolumeHost\n}\n\n// ProbeVolumePlugins returns implemented plugins\nfunc ProbeVolumePlugins() []volume.",
"VolumePlugin {\n\tp := &csiPlugin{\n\t\thost: nil,\n\t}\n\treturn []volume.",
"VolumePlugin{p}\n}\n\n// volume.",
"VolumePlugin methods\nvar _ volume.",
"VolumePlugin = &csiPlugin{}\n\nfunc (p *csiPlugin) Init(host volume.",
"VolumeHost) error {\n\tglog.",
"Info(log(\"plugin initializing...\"))\n\tp.host = host\n\treturn nil\n}\n\nfunc (p *csiPlugin) GetPluginName() string {\n\treturn csiPluginName\n}\n\n// GetvolumeName returns a concatenated string of CSIVolumeSource.",
"Driver<volNameSe>CSIVolumeSource.",
"VolumeHandle\n// That string value is used in Detach() to extract driver name and volumeName.",
"\nfunc (p *csiPlugin) GetVolumeName(spec *volume.",
"Spec) (string, error) {\n\tcsi, err := getCSISourceFromSpec(spec)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\tglog.",
"Error(log(\"plugin.",
"GetVolumeName failed to extract volume source from spec: %v\", err))\n\t\treturn \"\", err\n\t}\n\n\t// return driverName<separator>volumeHandle\n\treturn fmt.",
"Sprintf(\"%s%s%s\", csi.",
"Driver, volNameSep, csi.",
"VolumeHandle), nil\n}\n\nfunc (p *csiPlugin) CanSupport(spec *volume.",
"Spec) bool {\n\t// TODO (vladimirvivien) CanSupport should also take into account\n\t// the availability/registration of specified Driver in the volume source\n\treturn spec.",
"PersistentVolume !",
"= nil && spec.",
"PersistentVolume.",
"Spec.",
"CSI !",
"= nil\n}\n\nfunc (p *csiPlugin) RequiresRemount() bool {\n\treturn false\n}\n\nfunc (p *csiPlugin) NewMounter(\n\tspec *volume.",
"Spec,\n\tpod *api.",
"Pod,\n\t_ volume.",
"VolumeOptions) (volume.",
"Mounter, error) {\n\tpvSource, err := getCSISourceFromSpec(spec)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, err\n\t}\n\treadOnly, err := getReadOnlyFromSpec(spec)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, err\n\t}\n\n\t// before it is used in any paths such as socket etc\n\taddr := fmt.",
"Sprintf(csiAddrTemplate, pvSource.",
"Driver)\n\tglog.",
"V(4).Infof(log(\"setting up mounter for [volume=%v,driver=%v]\", pvSource.",
"VolumeHandle, pvSource.",
"Driver))\n\tclient := newCsiDriverClient(\"unix\", addr)\n\n\tk8s := p.host.",
"GetKubeClient()\n\tif k8s == nil {\n\t\tglog.",
"Error(log(\"failed to get a kubernetes client\"))\n\t\treturn nil, errors.",
"New(\"failed to get a Kubernetes client\")\n\t}\n\n\tmounter := &csiMountMgr{\n\t\tplugin: p,\n\t\tk8s: k8s,\n\t\tspec: spec,\n\t\tpod: pod,\n\t\tpodUID: pod.",
"UID,\n\t\tdriverName: pvSource.",
"Driver,\n\t\tvolumeID: pvSource.",
"VolumeHandle,\n\t\tspecVolumeID: spec.",
"Name(),\n\t\tcsiClient: client,\n\t\treadOnly: readOnly,\n\t}\n\treturn mounter, nil\n}\n\nfunc (p *csiPlugin) NewUnmounter(specName string, podUID types.",
"UID) (volume.",
"Unmounter, error) {\n\tglog.",
"V(4).Infof(log(\"setting up unmounter for [name=%v, podUID=%v]\", specName, podUID))\n\tunmounter := &csiMountMgr{\n\t\tplugin: p,\n\t\tpodUID: podUID,\n\t\tspecVolumeID: specName,\n\t}\n\treturn unmounter, nil\n}\n\nfunc (p *csiPlugin) ConstructVolumeSpec(volumeName, mountPath string) (*volume.",
"Spec, error) {\n\tglog.",
"V(4).Info(log(\"plugin.",
"ConstructVolumeSpec [pv.",
"Name=%v, path=%v]\", volumeName, mountPath))\n\n\tvolData, err := loadVolumeData(mountPath, volDataFileName)\n\tif err !",
"= nil {\n\t\tglog.",
"Error(log(\"plugin.",
"ConstructVolumeSpec failed loading volume data using [%s]: %v\", mountPath, err))\n\t\treturn nil, err\n\t}\n\n\tglog.",
"V(4).Info(log(\"plugin.",
"ConstructVolumeSpec extracted [%#v]\", volData))\n\n\tpv := &api.",
"PersistentVolume{\n\t\tObjectMeta: meta.",
"ObjectMeta{\n\t\t\tName: volData[volDataKey.specVolID],\n\t\t},\n\t\tSpec: api.",
"PersistentVolumeSpec{\n\t\t\tPersistentVolumeSource: api.",
"PersistentVolumeSource{\n\t\t\t\tCSI: &api.",
"CSIPersistentVolumeSource{\n\t\t\t\t\tDriver: volData[volDataKey.driverName],\n\t\t\t\t\tVolumeHandle: volData[volDataKey.volHandle],\n\t\t\t\t},\n\t\t\t},\n\t\t},\n\t}\n\n\treturn volume.",
"NewSpecFromPersistentVolume(pv, false), nil\n}\n\nfunc (p *csiPlugin) SupportsMountOption() bool {\n\t// TODO (vladimirvivien) use CSI VolumeCapability.",
"MountVolume.mount_flags\n\t// to probe for the result for this method:w\n\treturn false\n}\n\nfunc (p *csiPlugin) SupportsBulkVolumeVerification() bool {\n\treturn false\n}\n\n// volume.",
"AttachableVolumePlugin methods\nvar _ volume.",
"AttachableVolumePlugin = &csiPlugin{}\n\nfunc (p *csiPlugin) NewAttacher() (volume.",
"Attacher, error) {\n\tk8s := p.host.",
"GetKubeClient()\n\tif k8s == nil {\n\t\tglog.",
"Error(log(\"unable to get kubernetes client from host\"))\n\t\treturn nil, errors.",
"New(\"unable to get Kubernetes client\")\n\t}\n\n\treturn &csiAttacher{\n\t\tplugin: p,\n\t\tk8s: k8s,\n\t\twaitSleepTime: 1 * time.",
"Second,\n\t}, nil\n}\n\nfunc (p *csiPlugin) NewDetacher() (volume.",
"Detacher, error) {\n\tk8s := p.host.",
"GetKubeClient()\n\tif k8s == nil {\n\t\tglog.",
"Error(log(\"unable to get kubernetes client from host\"))\n\t\treturn nil, errors.",
"New(\"unable to get Kubernetes client\")\n\t}\n\n\treturn &csiAttacher{\n\t\tplugin: p,\n\t\tk8s: k8s,\n\t\twaitSleepTime: 1 * time.",
"Second,\n\t}, nil\n}\n\nfunc (p *csiPlugin) GetDeviceMountRefs(deviceMountPath string) ([]string, error) {\n\tm := p.host.",
"GetMounter(p.",
"GetPluginName())\n\treturn mount.",
"GetMountRefs(m, deviceMountPath)\n}\n\nfunc getCSISourceFromSpec(spec *volume.",
"Spec) (*api.",
"CSIPersistentVolumeSource, error) {\n\tif spec.",
"PersistentVolume !",
"= nil &&\n\t\tspec.",
"PersistentVolume.",
"Spec.",
"CSI !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn spec.",
"PersistentVolume.",
"Spec.",
"CSI, nil\n\t}\n\n\treturn nil, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"CSIPersistentVolumeSource not defined in spec\")\n}\n\nfunc getReadOnlyFromSpec(spec *volume.",
"Spec) (bool, error) {\n\tif spec.",
"PersistentVolume !",
"= nil &&\n\t\tspec.",
"PersistentVolume.",
"Spec.",
"CSI !",
"= nil {\n\t\treturn spec.",
"ReadOnly, nil\n\t}\n\n\treturn false, fmt.",
"Errorf(\"CSIPersistentVolumeSource not defined in spec\")\n}\n\n// log prepends log string with `kubernetes.io/csi`\nfunc log(msg string, parts ...interface{}) string {\n\treturn fmt.",
"Sprintf(fmt.",
"Sprintf(\"%s: %s\", csiPluginName, msg), parts...)\n}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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[
"---\nabstract: |\n In the process of molecular dynamics simulation studies of gold nanowires an interesting structure is discovered. ",
"This is a finite double-wall nanowire with a large empty core similar to single-wall and double-wall carbon nanotubes. ",
"The structure of the $16-10$ gold nanotube is studied at the room temperature. ",
"An investigation of the high-temperature stability has also been carried out. ",
"An unusual inward evaporation of atoms from cylindrical liquid walls is found at $T \\geq 1200$ K.\n\n [*Keywords:*]{} Gold nanowires; Nanotechnology; Molecular dynamics computer simulation; High resolution transmission electron microscopy\n\n $^{*}$This paper is the part of the invited talk ”Gold nanowires” presented at JVC-9, June 16-20, 2002, Schloss Seggau by Graz, Austria, to appear in Vacuum.",
"\naddress: |\n Department of Physics, University of Rijeka, Omladinska 14, 51000 Rijeka,\\\n Croatia\nauthor:\n- 'G. Bilalbegović$^{*}$'\ntitle: 'Gold nanotube: structure and melting'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nStudies of nanoparticles are very important for advances in various fields of technology. ",
"Carbon nanotubes are a topic of experimental and theoretical research in an attractive and already well developed area of condensed matter science [@CNT]. ",
"Single-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes, as well as their bundles, are synthesized and their structural, thermal, vibrational, mechanical, electronic and transport properties are investigated. ",
"Cylindrical nanostructures made of other materials are also the subject of research. ",
"For example, $Si$, $BN$, $SiSe_{2}$, $WS_{2}$, $%\nMoS_{2}$, $NiCl_{2} $, and various metallic nanowires are studied [@CNT].",
"\n\nMetallic nanowires are interesting from fundamental point of view. ",
"They are also important for applications in nanomechanical and nanoelectronic devices. ",
"Recently an extensive molecular dynamics (MD) study of unsupported finite and infinite gold nanowires has been carried out [@PRB; @Fizika; @MolSim; @SSC; @CompMatSci; @JPCM; @Tosatti; @Baolin]. ",
"The systems analyzed in simulations [@PRB; @Fizika; @MolSim; @SSC; @CompMatSci; @JPCM] are in the range of radii $R = (0.5 -1.5)$ nm, the lengths of finite nanowires are $L = (4 -\n12)$ nm, and the numbers of particles are $N = (300 - 2100)$. It was found that multi-wall nanowires of lasting stability often form. ",
"These gold nanostructures consist of coaxial cylindrical sheets and resemble multi-wall carbon nanotubes. ",
"Similar structures are imaged by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [@Kondo; @Kizuka; @Ugarte; @Takai]. ",
"The string tension of thinnest gold nanowires found in the TEM experiment [@Kondo] was calculated by a MD simulation method [@Tosatti]. ",
"Changes of physical properties in a transition from helical and multi-wall gold nanostructures toward face-centered cubic (fcc) ones were analyzed by a genetic algorithm and MD simulations [@Baolin].",
"\n\nMulti-shell cylindrical nanostructures found in simulations [@PRB; @Fizika; @MolSim; @SSC; @CompMatSci; @JPCM] are preserved after a long simulation time of $7$ ns. ",
"Nanowires whose initial diameters are larger than their lenghts evolve toward an icosahedral shape, a well known structure in cluster physics. ",
"Vibrational properties of several multi-wall nanowires are investigated by diagonalization of the dynamical matrix [@PRB]. ",
"The averaged coordinates of particles from MD simulations are taken as an input. ",
"The results show that the maximal frequencies calculated for cylindrical multi-wall nanowires are higher than for the fcc bulk gold lattice. ",
"The capacitance of finite nanometer-scale cylindrical capacitors is also calculated and the values of the order of $0.5$ aF are found for length scales where multi-wall nanowires appear in simulations [@Fizika]. ",
"Solid multi-wall structures are stable up to rather high temperatures $T\\sim 900$ K [@SSC]. ",
"Nanowires melt much below the bulk melting temperature of gold ($\\sim 1350$ K for the potential used in simulations). ",
"Melting proceeds by simultaneous disordering of all shells. ",
"Deformation properties of multi-wall nanowires under axial compressive loading are studied at $T=300$ K [@JPCM]. ",
"Several types of deformation are observed, for example large buckling distortions and progressive crushing. ",
"It is found that compressed nanowires recover their initial lengths and radii even after large structural deformations. ",
"In contrast to the case of carbon nanotubes, in gold nanowires irreversible local atomic rearrangements occur even under small compressions. ",
"Multi-wall gold nanowires are able to sustain a large compressive stress and to store mechanical energy. ",
"Structural and melting properties of an unusual finite double-wall gold nanowire are described in this work.",
"\n\nComputational method\n====================\n\nIn a MD simulation method the equations of motion for the system of particles in a required configuration are solved numerically using suitable algorithms. ",
"Simulations of gold nanowires are based on a well-tested embedded atom potential [@Furio]. ",
"This potential has been shown to accurately reproduce experimental values for a wide range of physical properties of bulk gold, its surfaces and nanoparticles. ",
"A time step of $%\n7.14\\times 10^{-15}$ s is used. ",
"The temperature is controlled by rescaling particle velocities. ",
"The MD box of a nanotube consists of 540 atoms. ",
"The length of the box is $L=5$ nm, and the radius is $0.5$ nm. ",
"A finite nanowire is constructed, i.e., the periodic boundary conditions are not used along the wire axis. ",
"First, a nanowire with an ideal fcc structure and the (111)-oriented cross section is prepared at $T=0$ K. This is done by including all atoms whose distance from the wire axis is smaller than a chosen radius. ",
"In previous simulations it was found that an (111) initial orientation of cross sections produces better multi-wall structures than (110) and (100) [@SSC]. ",
"An ideal sample is first relaxed at $T=0$ K. Then, an annealing/quenching procedure is applied. ",
"The MD box is heated to $%\nT=1000$ K. The resulting structure is a double-wall nanotube described in this work. ",
"Cylindrical gold nanoparticles with the same radius and the lengths of $2L$ and $3L$ are also simulated. ",
"Similar double-wall structures with large empty cores are obtained.",
"\n\nResults and discussion\n======================\n\nLow-temperature structure\n-------------------------\n\nA double-wall nanotube is shown in Fig. ",
"1. ",
"The notation $n_1-n_2-n_3$..., where $n_1>n_2>n_3$..., was introduced to label coaxial cylindrical shells in multi-wall metallic nanowires [@Kondo]. ",
"Figure 1(a) presents a $16-10$ nanowire. ",
"As shown in Fig. ",
"1(b), the nanotube is terminated by rounded caps similar to capped carbon nanotubes. ",
"Figure 2 shows the central fragment of a nanotube which proves that its walls are made of the triangular lattice of gold atoms. ",
"The distance between the neighboring atoms is in the range $%\n(0.25-0.29)$ nm. ",
"This should be compared with the bulk interatomic spacing of fcc gold, $0.29$ nm. ",
"In TEM studies of suspended gold nanowires the distance $d$ between dots on the images was measured [@Kondo]. ",
"These dots represent positions of gold atoms projected on the image plane. ",
"It was found that the distance between dots is in the range $d=(0.25-0.3)$ nm for nanowires with diameters from $0.6$ nm to $1.5$ nm, and lengths from $3$ nm to $15$ nm. ",
"The average value of this distance for $30$ nanowires is $d=0.288\n$ nm [@Kondo]. ",
"These TEM studies of gold nanowires have shown that the outer and inner tubes have the difference of the number of atom rows $%\nn_1-n_2=7$. The exception is the finest studied nanowire $7-1$. However, Kondo and Takayanagi have chosen to treat a single atom chain as “0”. ",
"The simulation presented here shows that a difference in the number of atom rows is $6$, as in the nanowire $7-1$. A similarity between a simulated here $%\n16-10$ nanowire and experimental $7-1$ is in their small radii.",
"\n\nMelting\n-------\n\nThe cross section of a nanotube at several temperatures is shown in Figs. ",
"3 and 4. ",
"Close to the room temperature it is possible to distinguish atoms in the trajectories plot. ",
"At higher temperatures atoms vibrate more strongly, as shown in Fig. ",
"3(a). ",
"At $T=900$ K diffusion in the walls is intensive, but atoms do not move from the walls (see Fig. ",
"3(b)). ",
"At $T=1200$ K, as shown in Fig. ",
"4(a), atoms in the liquid walls vibrate very strongly. ",
"Several atoms evaporate into the empty core. ",
"Figure 4(b) shows that atoms evaporate into the core, even when the walls begin to disarrange. ",
"Cylindrical liquid walls exist before an evaporation starts. ",
"The opposite scenario of the high-temperature disordering (not realized for multi-wall gold nanowires) is a transition from a finite solid cylindrical structure to a solid and liquid blob. ",
"The internal energy as a function of temperature is shown in Fig. ",
"5(a). ",
"As in other simulated small nanowires [@SSC], the jump in $E(T)$ as a clear sign of the first order phase transition in three-dimensional systems is absent. ",
"Nanowires whose radii are of the order of $1$ nm are close to one-dimensional systems for which the strict phase transitions do not exist [@SSC]. ",
"The average mean-square displacement is shown in Fig. ",
"5(b). ",
"The particle displacements sharply increase at $900$ K. Therefore, in this nanotube melting starts much below the bulk melting temperature.",
"\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nRecently an evidence of a single-wall platinum nanotube was reported [@Oshima]. ",
"This structure was obtained from a suspended platinum nanowire by electron-beam thinning method and was imaged in ultrahigh-resolution electron microscope. ",
"The outer shell of a $13-6$ double-wall platinum nanowire was stripped and inner shell was exposed. ",
"The results presented here show the existence of an unsupported double-wall gold nanotube.",
"\n\nGold nanowires are very promising for applications in nanodevices, for example as interconnections in integrated circuits. ",
"Experimental results [@Kondo; @Kizuka; @Ugarte; @Takai], as well as simulations presented here and in Refs. [",
"@PRB; @Fizika; @MolSim; @SSC; @CompMatSci; @JPCM; @Tosatti; @Baolin], show that the smallest gold nanowires are strong and stable even at high temperatures. ",
"These nanowires exist in various exotic forms, from monatomic chains to multi-wall cylindrical structures [@PRB; @Fizika; @MolSim; @SSC; @CompMatSci; @JPCM; @Tosatti; @Baolin; @Kondo; @Kizuka; @Ugarte; @Takai]. ",
"Transport properties of gold nanowires may also make them very useful [@Friedrich]. ",
"In preparation and investigation of metallic nanowires results obtained by molecular dynamics simulations are important.",
"\n\nThis work has been carried under the HR-MZT project 119206 “Dynamical Properties of Surfaces and Nanostructures” and the EC Research Action COST P3 “Simulation of Physical Phenomena in Technological Applications”.",
"\n\nDresselhaus MS, Dresselhaus G, Avouris Ph, editors. ",
"Carbon Nanotubes. ",
"Berlin:Springer, 2001.",
"\n\nBilalbegovi[ć]{} G. Phys Rev B 1998;58:15412-15415.",
"\n\nStepani[ć]{} J, Bilalbegovi[ć]{} G. Fizika A (Zagreb) 1999;8:261-266.",
"\n\nBilalbegovi[ć]{} G. Mol Simulation 2000;24:87-93.",
"\n\nBilalbegovi[ć]{} G. Solid State Commun 2000;115:73-76.",
"\n\nBilalbegovi[ć]{} G. Comput Mater Sci 2000;18:333-338.",
"\n\nBilalbegovi[ć]{} G. J Phys: Condens Matter 2001;13:11531-11539.",
"\n\nTosatti E, Prestipino S, Kostlmeier S, Dal Corso A, Di Tolla FD. ",
"Science 2001;291:288-290.",
"\n\nWang B, Yin S, Wang G, Buldum A, Zhao J. Phys Rev Lett 2001;86:2046-2049.",
"\n\nKondo Y, Takayanagi K. Science 2000;289:606-608.",
"\n\nKizuka T. Phys Rev Lett 1998;81:4448-4451.",
"\n\nRodrigues V, Fuhrer T, Ugarte D. Phys Rev Lett 2000:85:4124-4127.",
"\n\nTakai Y, Kawasaki T, Kimura Y, Ikuta T, Shimizu R. Phys Rev Lett 2001:87:106105-1-106105-4.",
"\n\nErcolessi F, Parrinello M, Tosatti E. Philos Mag A 1988;58:213-226.",
"\n\nOshima Y, Koizumi H, Mouri K, Hirayama H, Takayanagi K. Phys Rev B 2002;65:121401-121404(R).",
"\n\nFriedrichowski S, Dumpich G. Phys Rev B 1998;58:9689-9692.",
"\n"
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[
"Anglo-Spanish rivalries and the U.S.-Mexican borderlands. ",
"The aim of this panelis to examine the ways in which U.S., Mexican, and other authors have employedthe historical rivalry between England and Spain to substantiate rhetoricalclaims to North American territories. ",
"For example, New England writer EdwardEverett Hale deploys throughout his novel Philip Nolan’s Friends the literarytraditions of England and Spain in the manner of a cultural duel for regionalsupremacy. ",
"Alexander Hewatt loads his history of South Carolina withpropaganda against the colony’s international neighbor, Spanish Florida. ",
"Howcan we trace the development of U.S. racial Anglo-Saxonism through theseretrospective references to European contexts and contemporaneous deploymentsof the European race for the continent of North America? ",
"How do European,creole, and mestizo identities and associations shift, form, and reform in thecenturies-long economic projects for domination of lands, products, and tradewith Indian nations in the Louisiana, Florida, Texas and other Anglo-Spanishborderlands. ",
"Please send your CV and a 500-word abstract to Hsuan Hsu athsuan.hsu_at_yale.edu or Susan Kalter at smkalte_at_ilstu.edu by January 12, 2007."
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[
"Boys basketball preview: Marino takes trip down memory lane\n\nRyan Marino got his first taste of coaching a boys varsity basketball team at Monroe High.",
"\n\nHe took over the Trojans in 2007 at the age of 25.",
"\n\nAfter going 15-48 at Monroe, Marino left to take over Airport’s boys team in 2010. ",
"The move gave him the opportunity to coach in the school district where he teaches.",
"\n\nMarino will get a chance to revisit his past when Monroe visits Airport to play the Jets Thursday night.",
"\n\nThe game was born on the golf course.",
"\n\nMonroe coach Frank Scheuer coached the eighth grade team at Monroe when Marino was the Trojans’ varsity coach. ",
"The two remain friends and often play golf together during the summer.",
"\n\nDuring one of their rounds of golf, the two basketball coaches decided that their teams should meet.",
"\n\nScheuer once lived in Carleton, so he has followed Airport’s athletic teams for a long time. ",
"When he was an assistant coach at Siena Heights, he coached former Jet star Luke Baker.",
"\n\nThe game comes at a time when both teams need a win.",
"\n\nAirport is off to a 1-3 start and Monroe is winless through its first four games.",
"\n\nAirport has been struggling to learn how to pull out the close games.",
"\n\nMarino has not seen Monroe play in person but has watched tapes of two of the Trojans games.",
"\n\nScheuer says he is very impressed with Airport standouts Scott McCormick and Brandon Potcova.",
"\n\nThe Airport-Monroe game highlights a light slate of games in the Monroe County Region this week.",
"\n\nThere will be an interesting matchup Friday as Erie Mason travels to Summerfield. ",
"Also on that night it will be Tecumseh at Ida, Milan at Adrian and Faith Davison at State Line Christian. ",
"Bedford makes a short trip to Whitmer Saturday.",
"\n\nOn the girls side, Jefferson visits Erie Mason and Ida hosts East Jackson Thursday and Bedford pays a call on Whitmer Saturday.",
"\n\nMonroe Events\nclick to expand\n\nAbout\n\nWe're an afternoon daily with morning weekend editions. ",
"Monroe County is our specialty. ",
"The Monroe News is your only source for local news, high school sports, photos, events, crime and more in Monroe County, MI."
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[
"Q:\n\nSimplifying a logical equivalence\n\nhttp://www2.ift.ulaval.ca/~dadub100/cours/H09/22257/ntsLogique.pdf\nIf you look in Annex B, I am allowed to use all laws from chapter 3 and below.",
"\nhttps://imgur.com/a/vf2do\nThis is the problem itself. ",
"I did not rewrite this. ",
"If there are any missing brackets, this is how the problem was given to me. ",
"I do not know how to prove this. ",
"I can't use a truth table, I have to simplify it to an existing theorem to prove its validity.",
"\nAny help is greatly appreciated!",
"\n\nA:\n\nHINT\nStart out observing that:\n$$S \\equiv [\\neg (Q \\land R) \\land (R \\rightarrow Q)] \\equiv S \\Leftrightarrow$$\n$$S \\equiv S \\equiv [\\neg (Q \\land R) \\land (R \\rightarrow Q)] \\Leftrightarrow$$\n$$vrai \\equiv [\\neg (Q \\land R) \\land (R \\rightarrow Q)] \\Leftrightarrow$$\n$$[\\neg (Q \\land R) \\land (R \\rightarrow Q)]$$\nNow do a DeMorgan and an Implication to simplify this even further, and you're almost there!",
"\n\n"
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[
"In the NO Podcast Episode 130: Post-Mortum and Guests, Part 1!",
"\n\nIn this, the first of a three part season Moratorium, Ryan and Michael wrap up the last week of games, talk CP3 and Anthony Davis’s sprained MCL, take calls about AD playing center and Eric Gordon taking more jumpshots, and then bring on Hornets247 writers James Grayson and Chris Trew to talk trade values and the Rebrand.",
"\n\nPart two rolls out Tuesday, but today’s podcast is special. ",
"Because it’s yours.",
"\n\nThanks, Jason. ",
"I asked the question because I remember around the time of the CP3 trade fodder Bill Simmons had something up on Grantland where he was saying he didn’t think they should trade Gordon and he had a video I remember watching where it showed how fundamentally sound EJ’s jumpshot was even down to the way he landed in the same spot but I couldn’t find it Lol. ",
"I did find this http://www.tigerdroppings.com/rant/p/34616490/Bill-Simmons-on-Eric-Gordons-Jumpshot-circa-2008-a.aspx and I also found this footnote to be ironic, funny and depressing in so many ways while searching for said column http://prntscr.com/10tppv Funny and sad are obvious but it’s ironic because he says “when you factor in the part where the team with the tortured history is giving up the farm for a superstar with a possible knee problem” and now it’s almost the opposite Lol. ",
"WE HAVE BEEN CURSED BY THE CLIPPERS TROJAN HORSE!!! ",
"On the brightside I think the name change from Hornets to Pelicans should stop the curse so prepare for Eric Gordon to become a rich man’s James Harden next year! #",
"GeauxPels\n\nI’m no Gordon fan, and wished that we could have worked a sign and trade with Phoenix when it was possible, but do you really think we can trade Gordon for someone who has as much talent and ability, and who can win as many games as he can? ",
"Don’t we owe it to fans to put the best team on the floor next year talent wise, after having suffered through the last two years. ",
"That is my only concern – trading him will reduce the overall quality of the team. ",
"Maybe we should stick with him another year, make playoffs, maybe win a round, and then look to move him once we see what the first Pelican team has."
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[
"The War Toad friction folder is the first knife Geoff of TuffKnives ever made. ",
"Geoff began his knife career by customizing production knives for others. ",
"Word of his skills spread quickly and in no time, Geoff had a full time gig. ",
"The natural progression was for him to eventually design and make his own knives, and that brings us to the War Toad from Boker! ",
"With the break-out success of his custom versions, Boker presents the production War Toad at a fraction of the price with custom styling.",
"\n\nThe Boker War Toad features a fantastic looking satin finished blade with complex grinds rarely seen in a production knife. ",
"The true chisel-ground blade sports a hollow-ground primary, flat secondary grind and a detail grind along the spine. ",
"This blade needs to be seen in person to comprehend how beautiful these grinds are!",
"\n\nThe handle is comprised of a textured black G10 front, titanium back and titanium spacer. ",
"Geoff wanted to keep the handles simple, allowing the end user to customize the knife if they wish. ",
"A nod to his roots.",
"\n\nFor those not familiar with friction folders, this is a non-locking knife. ",
"Once opened, the extended tang of the blade nestles between the two handle slabs. ",
"The hand then acts as a lock, not allowing the blade to close."
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[
"The new iPhone wasn’t the only hot thing on sale on Friday. ",
"At this point it may take a miracle to score coveted “Book of Mormon” tickets.",
"\n\nTickets sold out within 90 minutes of the 10 a.m. release for the hotly anticipated San Francisco run of the insanely popular Broadway musical from the creators of “South Park.” ",
"An outrageous satire of religion devised by the devilish and witty Trey Parker and Matt Stone, the Tony winner runs Nov. 27-Dec. 30 at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco.",
"\n\nHowever, legions of devout Bay Area theater fans can take comfort in the fact that the musical will have a limited number of tickets available through a daily lottery. ",
"Exactly how the lottery will work was not disclosed by presenter SHN. ",
"Call 888-746-1799 or go to www.shnsf.com.",
"\n\nSeats also vanished quickly during the launch of the national touring production in Denver, where Parker and Stone grew up. ",
"And the blockbuster show remains a hot ticket on Broadway, where seats are hard to come by, although they often set you back as much as $500.",
"\n\n“The show does more than just poke fun at religion,” says hard-core fan Darren Kevin Velasco. “",
"It takes you on an unexpected journey with music that is absolutely extraordinary.”",
"\n\nVelasco was among the blessed today. ",
"The Santa Clara University student couldn’t believe his luck landing the holy grail of theater tickets.",
"\n\n“I got the wretched Row M corner balcony seat, but who am I to complain?” ",
"he gushed. “",
"Christmas came early.”",
"\n\nMany of those scrambling for seats during today’s online frenzy had seen the show before, sometimes more than a dozen times.",
"\n\nLeanna Yip, a copy editor from New York, snapped up tickets so she could see the show with family who live in San Francisco. ",
"Although she has seen the musical many times before, she said she would not part with the tickets for any amount of money.",
"\n\nIndeed, she was so elated today, she had “heart palpitations.”",
"\n\n“I just love it,” she said. ",
"It’s “smart, funny, well-executed.”",
"\n\nSan Francisco playwright Marisela Treviño Orta was not among the chosen. ",
"Though she tried to land seats both during the earlier American Express pre-sale and today’s release, she still came up empty-handed.",
"\n\n“I have to say trying to buy tickets was like some sort of bad joke,” she said. ",
"The “entire experience was exercise in futility.”",
"\n\n“Book of Mormon” has been a pop culture juggernaut since it opened on Broadway in March 2011. ",
"An R-rated lampoon of two bumbling but lovable Mormon missionaries in Uganda, the musical almost instantly captured the zeitgeist. ",
"The tuner nabbed nine Tony Awards, including best musical, best score and best book. ",
"Critics from New York to Los Angeles have hailed it as a “heavenly” night of theater.",
"\n\nFor the record, it’s not just theater buffs who have embraced the megahit. “",
"Book of Mormon” has been the first theatrical experience for many fans of “South Park” who had never imagined that Broadway could be so raunchy and irreverent.",
"\n\nEven the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which is vigorously spoofed in the musical, has gotten into the act. ",
"The Mormon church has taken out several ads in programs for the musical suggesting fans of the piece check out the original book because “the book is always better.”",
"\n\nVelasco, for one, is not all surprised by the furor the musical has caused, even among the college crowd.",
"\n\n“If any musical can bring in a new audience,” he said, “it would be ‘The Book of Mormon.’ “",
"\n\nKaren D'Souza is the theater critic for the Mercury News and the Bay Area News Group papers. ",
"She is a three-time Pulitzer juror, a former USC/Getty Arts Journalism Fellow and a longtime member of the Glickman Drama Jury and the American Theatre Critics Association. ",
"She has a Master's Degree in Journalism from UC Berkeley. ",
"She is a Twitter addict (@KarenDSouza4), a fangirl and a mommy and her writings have appeared in the Los Angeles Times, Miami Herald, the San Francisco Chronicle and American Theatre Magazine.",
"\n\nIn a video clip recorded by a student, a psychology instructor at Orange Coast College told her class that the election of Donald Trump was “an act of terrorism” – prompting an official complaint from the school’s Republican Club."
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"Updated 19/04/2014 : One of the common issues facing Ubuntu users after installing or upgrading Ubuntu is the no sound problem, there are many reason for this issue, sometime is related to a volume setting configuration, misconfiguration or can be that you have a new hardware that is not supported. ",
"In this post will try to list some solutions to no-sound issue on Ubuntu.",
"\n\nThe following solution should work on Ubuntu 14.04, 13.10, 13.04 Raring Ringtail, 12.10 and any older release of Ubuntu.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Check the volume\n\nFirst thing you need to check is the volume settings, Go to top menu and click sound settings (see screenshot bellow):\n\nCheck output volume if muted or not, if not muted then go further with the steps bellow, if is muted then is your problem should be resolved just you have to uncheck mute.",
"\n\n2. ",
"Check Alsa Mixer\n\nPulseAudio controls underlying ALSA-level volume controls. ",
"To change the ALSA-level volume controls directly, you can do the following:\n\nOpen a terminal. (",
"The quickest way is the Ctrl-Alt-T shortcut)\n\nEnter “alsamixer” and press the Enter key.",
"\n\nYou will now see a user interface like below.",
"\n\nIn this user interface, you can do the following:\n\nSelect your correct sound card using F6 and select F5 to see recording controls as well Move around with left and right arrow keys. ",
"Increase and decrease volume with up and down arrow keys. ",
"Mute/Unmute with the “M” key. ",
"An “MM” means muted, and “OO” means unmuted. ",
"Exit from alsamixer with the Esc key.",
"\n\nA caveat here: When you mute or unmute something, pulseaudio might pick it up and mute and unmute other controls, as well as PulseAudio’s main mute.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Reinstall Alsa and Pulse Audio\n\nTry to reinstall pulse audio and Alsa, open terminal and enter the following commands:\n\nPurge Alsa and Pulse audio using the command:\n\nsudo apt-get remove --purge alsa-base pulseaudio\n\nNow install again Alsa and Pulse Audio:\n\nsudo apt-get install alsa-base pulseaudio\n\nThen, reload Alsa:\n\nsudo alsa force-reload\n\nDone. ",
"Check now the sound if it is working, if not, try step 4.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Install Ubuntu Audio Development Team Driver\n\nNote: This PPA is not updated to 14.04 yet.",
"\n\nUpgrading your sound drivers may fix the nosound issue, you will need to make sure to uninstall the previous override before trying a new one.",
"\n\nOpen terminal and enter the following PPA:\n\nsudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-audio-dev sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get dist-upgrade\n\nAll done. ",
"Cheers!",
"\n\nVia Ubuntu Wiki"
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[
"\nAn Analysis of Anonymity and Ephemerality in 4chan /b/ (2011) [pdf] - lainon\nhttps://projects.csail.mit.edu/chanthropology/4chan.pdf\n======\nnether\nFor me, the most eye opening connection to humanity:\n\n> Through our investigation of /b/, we hope to contribute to scholarly\n> conversations about data permanence. ",
"For example, Grudin (2002) suggests\n> that we evolved to live in an ephemeral world, yet our technology takes us\n> from the “here and now” to the “everywhere and forever.” ",
"Similarly, Mayer-\n> Schonberger (2009) emphasizes the value of “societal forgetting,” where “the\n> limits of human memory ensure that people’s sins are eventually forgotten.”",
"\n\nAs a long time 4channer, there's some \"naturalness\" I feel in the off-the-cuff\ndiscussions on the site where I know my stupidity won't be saved forever. ",
"The\nephemerality taps into FOMO, requiring that you _be there_ for a thread event\nthat is unfolding, and that is addicting to some.",
"\n\n~~~\nrtpg\nAs another person who spent a long time on there, I now feel like the opposite\neffect ends up happening.",
"\n\nSure, it's anonymous. ",
"But the short-term nature means that the prime objective\nwhen posting something is to _get replies_. ",
"So you get some troll bait or\nother things sure to get replies.",
"\n\nEveryone else is doing the same, so you develop a vocabulary based primarily\naround saying and responding to memes.",
"\n\nIf the communication were natural, why is 80% of it memes?",
"\n\nBecause of the FOMO, you get an effect similar to many MMOs. ",
"In order to\nparticipate, you must spend a lot of time on the image board, on IRC, making\nsure that you're doing your thing.",
"\n\nSo you end up with a bunch of people who spend their (usually teenage) lives\nonline absorbing as much image board culture as possible to \"get good\" at it.",
"\nIt's the ultimate clique. ",
"Everyone wants to be part of the secret club\n(sometimes quite literal: the IRC channels like #/v/ would spend their time\ncreating private sub-channels to have \"real talk\").",
"\n\nI know on some of the lower-traffic boards you'll find some \"real talk\"\nhappening, but even then it's usually layered underneath snarky \"contrarian\ntrueisms\".",
"\n\nIt's the ultimate secret club for people who think they get the internet, and\ngets pretty close to a religion. ",
"Remember: don't say you came from reddit.",
"\n\n~~~\nsnerbles\n> Sure, it's anonymous. ",
"But the short-term nature means that the prime\n> objective when posting something is to get replies. ",
"So you get some troll\n> bait or other things sure to get replies.",
"\n\nThis can be traced to updates to 4chan's post linking system that highlight\nreplies to your post with a (You). ",
"Like upvotes, (You)s are a feedback signal\nof attention.",
"\n\n~~~\nkrapp\nI'm certain it goes back much further than that. ",
"Replace that feedback with\nthe feedback of bumping up threads - it's the same thing, only slightly less\nconvenient.",
"\n\n~~~\nrtpg\ndefinitely. ",
"I'd always keep track of my post IDs so I can see who replied to\nmy posts\n\n------\nkahrkunne\nWhy always /b/, though? ",
"I get that it's the most popular board, but its\nculture is so different from the rest of 4chan that it might as well be its\nown website.",
"\n\nI'd like to see an analysis of multiple boards, comparing culture differences\nbetween them and why they're so different between being on the same website\nwith a lot of crossover. ",
"Someone here (I assume jokingly) suggested analyzing\n/jp/, but I feel as if there's actually a lot that can be learned from\nstudying the jay.",
"\n\n~~~\nsnerbles\n/b/ is still the most infamous board, nearly a decade after one Fox affiliate\nstation called it the \"Internet Hate Machine\" in response to its antics. ",
"Even\nthough the days of \"old /b/\" have long past, its memes live on.",
"\n\nThe election certainly brought more attention to /pol/ in recent months, given\ntime we'll all be grumbling about how all the other boards are ignored.",
"\n\n------\nulucs\nIf anyone has not seen this masterpiece, here's a bachelor thesis about /fit/,\nits persona and its memes.",
"\n\n[https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/53595/SHED...](https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/53595/SHEDD-\nTHESIS-2015.pdf)\n\n~~~\nansgri\nIt says something about a paper when a _list of abbreviations_ can hold your\nattention.",
"\n\n~~~\nlaichzeit0\nSince I'm a long time /fit shitposter and lurker when I read that list of\nacronyms I laughed a bit, but then it dawned on me \"that's a pretty good bunch\nof definitions, but still it doesn't really truly convey the whole meaning of\nthe words\". ",
"You actually have to experience those things to completely \"get\"\nthe meaning of some of those words.",
"\n\nThis makes me sad because one of my other hobbies is classical literature and\nI don't think I will ever properly understand Plato either no matter how well\nI read the definition of an Attic Greek word or see it appear in 10 different\ncontexts. ",
"Something is irretrievably missing and unconveyable. ",
"I find the same\nproblem when I try and translate words from my second language to English.",
"\n\n------\neptgrant\nPersonally I'd be more interested in a report on /pol/.\n\n~~~\nastrange\nThere is one. ",
"Sadly nobody has studied the most important and cultural board,\n/jp/.\n\n[https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.03452](https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.03452)\n\n~~~\nelliotpage\n/jp/ was made expressly so it could be forgotten about, which works out for\nboth sides.",
"\n\n------\njack9\nThe conclusion section illustrated, indeed, nothing of value was learned. ",
"From\na dataset of 2 the conclusion is that they are different for each context.",
"\n\n~~~\nkriro\nThat's pretty much grounded theory in a nutshell ;P\n\n------\nProdSangi\nHonestly,/b/ might seems mild when you compare it to /pol/ which is little\nless anonymous\n\n------\nlibeclipse\nI wonder how /b/ would react to this. ",
"Has anyone posted it there?",
"\n\n------\nreilly3000\nWhen trolls go to grad school.",
"\n\n"
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[
"The woodchuck model of HDV infection.",
"\nThe Eastern woodchuck, Marmota monax, has been a useful model system for the study of the natural history of hepadnavirus infection and for the development and preclinical testing of antiviral therapies. ",
"The model has also been used for hepatitis delta virus (HDV). ",
"In this chapter several new applications of the woodchuck model of HDV infection are presented and discussed. ",
"The development of a woodchuck HDV inoculum derived from a molecular clone has facilitated the analysis of viral genetic changes occurring during acute and chronic infection. ",
"This analysis has provided insights into one of the more important aspects of the natural history of HDV infection-whether a superinfection becomes chronic. ",
"These results could renew interest in further vaccine development. ",
"An effective therapy for chronic HDV infection remains an important clinical goal for this agent, particularly because of the severity of the disease and the inability of current hepadnaviral therapies to ameliorate it. ",
"The recent application of the woodchuck model of chronic HDV infection to therapeutic development has yielded promising results which indicate that targeting the hepadnavirus surface protein may be a successful therapeutic strategy for HDV."
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[
"Earlier in the month, Pornhub extended the offer to Italian users after COVID-19 forced many in the country into self-isolation. ",
"Italy went on to surpass China with the highest death toll due to the virus.",
"\n\nNow, access to free Pornhub Premium is available to everyone on Earth, as multiple countries around the planet including Aotearoa enforce lockdown procedures to limit the spread of the disease.",
"\n\n\"With nearly one billion people in lockdown across the world because of the coronavirus pandemic, it’s important that we lend a hand and provide them with an enjoyable way to pass the time,\" said Corey Price of Pornhub in a press release.",
"\n\n\"We hope by expanding our offer of free Pornhub Premium worldwide, people have an extra incentive to stay home and flatten the curve.\"",
"\n\nSarah Templeton and Monika Barton navigate the weird and wonderful world of online porn in this episode of The Snack:"
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[
"Q:\n\nIs there anyway to count how many keys an array has in Php?",
"\n\nArray\n (\n [0] => 'hello'\n [1] => 'there'\n [2] => \n [3] => \n [4] => 3\n )\n\n// how to get the number 5?",
"\n\nA:\n\ncount\n$arr = Array\n (\n 0 => 'hello',\n 1 => 'there',\n 2 => null,\n 3 => null,\n 4 => 3,\n );\nvar_dump(count($arr));\n\nOutput:\n\nint(5)\n\nA:\n\ncount() or sizeof\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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[
"By submitting this form, I understand and agree that Walden University may contact me via email, text, telephone, and prerecorded message regarding furthering my education and that calls may be generated using automated technology. ",
"You may opt out at any time. ",
"Please view our privacy policy or contact us for more details.",
"\n\nThe Walden University Catalog and Student Handbook can be found at http://catalog.waldenu.edu. ",
"Simply select the desired document from the pull-down menus in the upper right-hand corner of the Web page.",
"\n\nCurrent Articulation Agreements\n\nThe articulation agreements listed below are signed by both institutions. ",
"On our Walden Transfer page, http://www.waldenu.edu/admissions/degree-acceleration/transfer-agreements, we have articulation guides in place that reflect the courses and/or credentials Walden will accept in transfer from these institutions and often how they will be applied to specific degree requirements. ",
"For further information, please contact an enrollment advisor by calling 1-866-492-5336.",
"\n\nThe National Student Loan Data System (NSLDS) is the U.S. Department of Education’s (ED) central database for student aid. ",
"NSLDS receives data from schools, guaranty agencies, the Direct Loan program, and other ED programs. ",
"NSLDS Student Access provides a centralized, integrated view of Title IV loans and grants so that recipients of Title IV aid can access and inquire about their Title IV loans and/or grant data. ",
"Visit NSLDS at www.nslds.ed.gov/nslds_SA/. In compliance with federal regulations under HEOA Sec. ",
"489 amended Sec. ",
"485B (d) (4) (20 U.S.C. 1092b), the university is required to notify you that approved loans will be submitted to NSLDS by the U.S. Department of Education and will be accessible by guaranty agencies, lenders, and institutions determined to be authorized users of the data system as determined by the U.S. Department of Education.",
"\n\nPlease note that enrollment in a program with a study abroad component approved for credit may be considered enrollment in the home institution for purposes of applying for federal aid.",
"\n\nStudent Outcomes and Student Characteristics\n\nDiversity\nInformation on student body diversity is available at www.WaldenU.edu/about/who-we-are/data/students under “Total Student Population and Demographics,” “Graduate Student Population and Demographics,” and “Undergraduate Student Population and Demographics.” ",
"Walden University serves an ethnically diverse, older, and first-generation student body from all 50 U.S. states and more than 150 countries. ",
"The average student is 39 years old, three-quarters (76%) of the students are female, and 56% are minorities (as reported in the IPEDS Fall Enrollment Survey, 2015-2016).",
"\n\nEmployment\nEighty percent of Walden’s students who responded to the 2015 Student Satisfaction Survey are working full time or are self-employed. ",
"Another 10.0% are working part time.",
"\n\nFurther, 75.8% of Walden’s alumni who responded to the 2015 Alumni Satisfaction Survey are employed in the field in which they obtained their degree from Walden.",
"\n\nLifelong Learning Almost half (45.5%) of Walden’s undergraduate alumni who responded to the 2015 Alumni Satisfaction Survey have taken additional coursework since graduating from Walden. ",
"The types of additional coursework include enrolling in another degree program (67.3%), professional development workshops (27.5%), and seminars/lectures (17.0%).",
"\n\nFirst-Year Undergraduate Retention\nThe first-year retention rate of first-time, full-time undergraduates is 0% based upon students who enrolled in fall 2014 and returned in fall 2015, as reported to the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). ",
"Please note this is based on a cohort of 2 first-time, full-time students. ",
"The first-year retention rate of first-time, part-time undergraduates is 18% based upon students who enrolled in fall 2014 and returned in fall 2015, as reported to IPEDS. ",
"Please note this is based on a cohort of 357 part-time, first-time students.",
"\n\nWalden University is primarily a graduate institution, with more than 80% of its students enrolled at the master’s and doctoral degree levels. ",
"Additionally, the first-time degree/certificate seeking undergraduates included in the retention figures above represent only 15% of the undergraduates entering Walden in the fall of 2014, and just 4% of Walden’s total fall 2014 undergraduate enrollment.",
"\n\nFirst-Time, Full-Time, Degree-Seeking Undergraduate Graduation Rate\nThe graduation rate for first-time, full-time, degree-seeking undergraduates is 0%, based upon students who enrolled in fall 2009 and completed a program within 150% of the normal time to completion, as reported to the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). ",
"As noted above, Walden University is primarily a graduate institution, and undergraduate students enrolled at Walden do not typically fall into the category of first-time, full-time students. ",
"The reported rate is based on a cohort of 14 students, and should therefore be interpreted cautiously, as it reflects less than 1% of the total undergraduate students entering Walden University in the fall of 2009.",
"\n\nDue to the small cohort size, and to preserve the privacy of personally identifiable information, disaggregated graduation rates by gender, major racial and ethnic subgroup, and Federal Student Aid recipient status are not disclosed.",
"\n\nFederal Pell Grants\nFor degree-seeking undergraduate students enrolled in fall 2015, 42% received a Pell Grant.",
"\n\nStudent Rights Under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)\n\nAmericans With Disabilities Act\n\nWalden University follows the guidelines of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) and provides reasonable accommodations to individuals who provide appropriate documentation of disabilities. ",
"If you are interested in applying to Walden University and require accommodations during the admission process, an enrollment advisor will be happy to facilitate your ability to speak with Walden’s director of disability services to discuss your specific needs.",
"\n\nVaccination Policy\n\nWalden students are encouraged to gather immunization records and a tuberculosis (TB) clearance, as they may be required to show proof of that health information to prospective employers or for fieldwork. ",
"Immunization and TB clearance records do not need to be submitted to Walden, but Walden recommends that students consult a physician for vaccination and other health-related recommendations.",
"\n\nCopyright Infringement and Illegal Downloads\n\nUnauthorized distribution of copyrighted material may subject students to civil and criminal liabilities as well as institutional sanctions. ",
"The Walden University policy for copyright infringement and illegal downloads is available near the bottom of the “Legal and Consumer Information” page of the Walden University website: www.WaldenU.edu/legal. ",
"Hard copies of the policy are available in the Walden University Student Handbook.",
"\n\nVoter Registration\n\nThe National Mail Voter Registration Form is the one document that allows you to register to vote from anywhere in the United States. ",
"Visit https://www.usa.gov/register-to-vote for the form and additional information.",
"\n\nDrug Violations\n\nWalden University must provide each student with written notice advising of the penalties for drug violations under The Higher Education Act (Title IV, Section 484(r)). ",
"Suspension of eligibility applies only for offenses that occur while the student is enrolled at the university and receiving Title IV federal financial aid. ",
"The suspension applies only to federal aid, and all other aid is subject to policies of the university or other fund source.",
"\n\nSection 484(r) SUSPENSION OF ELIGIBILITY FOR DRUG-RELATED OFFENSES\n\n(1) IN GENERAL. ",
"A student who has been convicted of any offense under any federal or state law involving the possession or sale of a controlled substance shall not be eligible to receive any grant, loan, or work assistance under this title during the period beginning on the date of such conviction and ending after the interval specified in the following table:\n\nIf convicted of an offense involving the possession of a controlled substance, the ineligibility period is:\n\nFirst offense ................................... 1 year\n\nSecond offense ................................ 2 years\n\nThird offense .................................. Indefinite\n\nFor the sale of a controlled substance, the ineligibility period is:\n\nFirst offense ................................... 2 years\n\nSecond offense ................................ Indefinite\n\n(2) REGAINING ELIGIBILITY. ",
"A student may regain eligibility for federal financial aid after the required period of time has elapsed since the conviction, or if the conviction is reversed or set aside, or if the student can certify completion of a qualified drug rehabilitation program.",
"\n\nA qualified drug rehabilitation program must include at least two unannounced drug tests and must also satisfy at least one of the following requirements:\n\nBe qualified to receive funds either directly or indirectly from a federal, state, or local government program\n\nBe qualified to receive payment either directly or indirectly from a federally or state-licensed insurance program\n\nBe administered or recognized by a federal, state, or local government agency or court\n\nBe administered or recognized by a federally or state-licensed hospital, health clinic, or medical doctor\n\nAlcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention Program\n\nThe Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act Amendments of 1989, as articulated in the Education Department General Regulations (EDGAR) Part 86, the “Drug-Free Schools and Campuses Regulations,” require institutions of higher education (IHEs) to develop and implement programs to prevent the abuse of alcohol and the use of illicit drugs by students and employees. ",
"In addition, IHEs are required to provide annual notification of the provisions of their alcohol and drug abuse prevention programs to students, faculty, and employees and to conduct biennial reviews of the programs and their effectiveness.",
"\n\nWalden University has developed this Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention Program (the “Walden ADAP Program”) to meet the requirements of the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act Amendments of 1989, as articulated in the Education Department General Regulations (EDGAR) Part 86, the “Drug-Free Schools and Campuses Regulations.”",
"\n\nWalden University maintains a drug-free university. ",
"Students, faculty, and employees are strictly prohibited from misusing controlled substances, intoxicants, alcohol, and prescription drugs while working, participating in the online classroom, or attending residencies or other university-sponsored activities.",
"\n\nDisciplinary Sanctions\n\nWalden University will not excuse misconduct by students whose judgment is impaired due to substance abuse. ",
"Students found in violation of Walden’s Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention policy shall be subject to the provisions of the student code of conduct set forth in the Walden University Student Handbook and Walden University Catalog.",
"\n\nBy submitting this form, I understand and agree that Walden University may contact me via email, text, telephone, and prerecorded message regarding furthering my education and that calls may be generated using automated technology. ",
"You may opt out at any time. ",
"Please view our privacy policy or contact us for more details."
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[
"Mohammad Hassan Mirza II\n\nPrince Mohammad Hassan Mirza II Qajar (also known as Mickey Kadjar) (born July 18, 1949) is the son of Hamid Mirza and a grandson of Mohammad Hassan Mirza, the last Crown Prince of Iran from the rule of the Qajar dynasty. ",
"As heir apparent, he is considered the Qajar pretender to the Sun Throne. ",
"He currently lives in Dallas, Texas, in the United States.",
"\n\nHe married Shahnaz Khanum (née Sokhansanj; born in 1954).",
"\n\nThey have one son and two daughters:\nPrince Arsalan Mirza Qajar (born in 1980 in Tehran).",
"\nPrincess Laleh Qajar (born in 1988 in Kerman).",
"\nPrincess Negar \"Nina\" Qajar (born in 1989 in Kerman).",
"\n\nAncestry\n\nSee also\nAhmad Shah Qajar\nReza Pahlavi – Pahlavi\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nQajar pages\n\nCategory:Qajar princes\nCategory:1949 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Iranian royalty\nCategory:Iranian emigrants to the United States\nCategory:Qajar pretenders to the Iranian throne\nCategory:American people of Iranian descent\nCategory:American Muslims\nCategory:People from Dallas"
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[
"Wow! ",
"Amazing wear on the 701s IIIrd! ",
"Did you do an initial soak before wearing?",
"\n\nI read a post on a different forum that if you don't pre-soak to get a lot of the starch out, you could increase the chances of having the stitching rip by wearing them since it's a lot of stress. ",
"Truth in that?",
"\n\nI know Ryan from Context didn't do an initial soak and I like the contrast he got, which I'm assuming is due to how stiff the denim was with the starch in it initially?",
"\n\nWow! ",
"Amazing wear on the 701s IIIrd! ",
"Did you do an initial soak before wearing?",
"\n\nI read a post on a different forum that if you don't pre-soak to get a lot of the starch out, you could increase the chances of having the stitching rip by wearing them since it's a lot of stress. ",
"Truth in that?",
"\n\nI know Ryan from Context didn't do an initial soak and I like the contrast he got, which I'm assuming is due to how stiff the denim was with the starch in it initially?",
"\n\nThanks in advance, hoping to pick up my first pair of Japanese denim!",
"\n\ni've always believed in \"soak before wear', which goes back to the very 1st 501 STFs i ever had. ",
"nowadays, i triple soak__ [hot soak + hang dry] x2 + warm soak after a couple of wears. ",
"then, periodic soaks [when needed] until the time is ripe for a wash. ",
"as for the right time, it is determined by factors such as personal preference; frequency + intensity of use; & nature/behavior of denim [ie, fast, medium, or slow fader].",
"\n\nno-soak means sharper creasing & more dramatic contrast, but [in my personal experience] makes the jeans prone to tears & thread breakage. ",
"putting into consideration the amount of $$ + effort + time i put in on each investment, i'd like to have a return in terms of years of enjoying them\n\nCan anyone shed any light as to the benefits of the quoted above? ",
"Looking to purchase the 701 based on this entire thread. ",
"Any help would be appreciated, thanks!",
"\n\n- 15.7oz shrink-to-fit raw selvedge\n\nThis specifies the weight of the denim in oz. ",
"per square yard as well as the fact that it is shrink-to-fit denim rather than preshrunk denim. ",
"Denim weight is a matter of personal preference, but heavier weight denims tend to have more character to their weave and tend to be more durable than lighter weight denims. ",
"15.7 oz. ",
"is considered to be on the heavier side of denim, but there are certainly heavier denims than that as well.",
"\n\nShrink-to-fit vs. preshrunk denim is also a matter of personal preference, but the best jeans makers tend to favor shrink-to-fit denim over preshrunk denim.",
"\n\nThis specifies the size of the yarns used to weave the denim and states that the denim is dyed with natural indigo rather than synthetic indigo. ",
"6 is considered to be a thick yarn for denim, and denims woven with thicker yarns tend to have more character to their weave and tend to be more durable as well.",
"\n\nJeans dyed with natural indigo tend to hold their color longer and fade slower than those dyed with synthetic indigo, but AFAIK, this statement is incorrect in reference to the Momotaro 701. ",
"The 701 is dyed with synthetic indigo, not natural indigo, to my knowledge.",
"\n\n- 100% Zimbabwe cotton\n\nZimbabwe cotton is considered by most to be the finest quality in the world.",
"\n\nYou'll notice that I used the phrase \"tend to\" a lot above. ",
"This is because even though what I stated will apply to the overwhelming majority of cases, there are certainly exceptions to my generalizations.",
"\n\nAre the Grand Indigo worth the price? ",
"These are some serious jeans, but I already have both a raw indigo, and a raw black that i have to fade. ",
"Not sure if this is blue or black.",
"\n\nThe Grand Indigos are both blue and black. ",
"The warp threads (vertical threads) of the denim are blue, while the weft yarns (horizontal threads) are black.",
"\n\nI would definitely say that they are worth the price, at least in comparison to other denim in their price range. ",
"The cost is similar to Momotaro's regular models, maybe up to $25 more at most, and the denim color is pretty rare.",
"\n\ni've put about 7.5 hard months into these and gave them a break for the summer as the crotch was wearing thin this spring. ",
"i just wore them for a week straight while on vaction in nyc boston and cape cod. ",
"the clerk at BIG was impressed which made my denim ego swell as i already was very pleased with how these are shaping up.",
"\n\ni bought them true to size (32) but i definitely had trouble buttoning them at first assuming they would give a bit. ",
"they have stretched about an inch in the waist but i'm a little nervous about washing them for the first time even though they are filthy as they are pretty snug still. ",
"sturdiest denim i've come across.",
"\n\ni'll get back to you guys on the washing.",
"\n\nthe color is definitely washed out a little in the pictures and the pictures make them look a little grimier than they are. ",
"but they are still pretty grimy. ",
"enjoy."
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[
"Lena Lunsford was taken into custody by authorities in Pinellas County, Fla., where she is awaiting extradition on a charge of death of a child by a parent by child abuse, Lewis County, WV, Sheriff Adam Gissy told The Exponent Telegram.",
"\n\nLena Lunsford was taken into custody by authorities in Pinellas County, Fla., where she is awaiting extradition on a charge of death of a child by a parent by child abuse, Lewis County, WV, Sheriff Adam Gissy told The Exponent Telegram.",
"\n\nIf the flood of prescription painkillers in West Virginia fueled the state’s opioid crisis, new prescribing guidelines being taught to medical students, future pharmacists and nurses are seen as critical to stemming the tide. ",
"Earlier this year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released new guidelines to ensure patients have access to safer, more effective pain treatments while reducing the risk of opioid abuse.",
"\n\nIf the flood of prescription painkillers in West Virginia fueled the state’s opioid crisis, new prescribing guidelines being taught to medical students, future pharmacists and nurses are seen as critical to stemming the tide. ",
"Earlier this year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released new guidelines to ensure patients have access to safer, more effective pain treatments while reducing the risk of opioid abuse.",
"\n\nFive years into her sobriety, Elly Donahue is more than willing to give credit where it’s due. “",
"Drug court was my first step to recovery,” said Donahue, who graduated from drug court in 2013. “",
"It’s what pushed me in that direction. ",
"I’d been in and out of rehab numerous times before, but drug court makes you accountable and responsible for your actions. ",
"It’s what I needed.”",
"\n\nFive years into her sobriety, Elly Donahue is more than willing to give credit where it’s due. “",
"Drug court was my first step to recovery,” said Donahue, who graduated from drug court in 2013. “",
"It’s what pushed me in that direction. ",
"I’d been in and out of rehab numerous times before, but drug court makes you accountable and responsible for your actions. ",
"It’s what I needed.”",
"\n\nFormer Clay County Sheriff Miles J. Slack pleaded guilty Sept. 17 to illegal wiretapping after he placed a keystroke logging device on his then-wife's work computer at the Clay County Magistrate's office.",
"\n\nSlack, 47, appeared before U.S. District Judge John Copenhaver, where Slack admitted he attempted to monitor his ex wife's conversations.",
"\n\nHe also wanted to get his ex wife's usernames and passwords, according to a release from the U.S. Attorney's office.",
"\n\nAt the time of this monitoring, Slack and his wife were going through a divorce.",
"\n\nSlack, who resigned as sheriff last week after serving 16 years at the Clay County Sheriff's Department, faces up to five years in prison when he is sentenced at 1:30 p.m. Dec. 19.",
"\n\n\"I do apologize to them and you know I have a lot of friends there,\" Slack told reporters after the hearing. \"",
"And I do apologize to them. ",
"They had -- they entrusted me with that unfortunately I went through a bad time.\"",
"\n\nAfter the hearing, U.S. Attorney Booth Goodwin said he thought it was a shame the former sheriff violated the law.",
"\n\n\"Elected officials and law enforcement are no different,\" Goodwin said. \"",
"They need to respect and follow the law and when they don't, there are consequences.\"",
"\n\nSlack's ex wife also released a statement after the plea hearing through her attorney, Daniel Armstrong. ",
"In the release, Armstrong asked that Slack's ex wife be referred to as L.S.\n\nAccording to the statement, L.S. said she knew Slack would take responsibility for his actions but hopes he doesn't go to jail because resigning and living with the loss of respect would be enough punishment.",
"\n\n\"I am relieved that Miles has taken responsibility for his actions today,\" the statement says. \"",
"I am saddened that Mile's wrongdoing has cost him the job as sheriff that he has wanted for years.\""
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[
"I’m a huge advocate of blockchain. ",
"I also like money, making it, and using technology to do so. ",
"As the CEO of a high-tech company, and veteran programmer I want to tell you: don’t launch products on Ethereum and don’t invest in companies that do so.",
"\n\nThe headline of this post is worded strongly for a reason. ",
"I was somewhat inspired by this Tweet by @APompliano:\n\nFirst off, this statement is true. ",
"I have made some friends recently with companies such as NEM and Tendermint — finding talented blockchain engineers is incredibly difficult for them.",
"\n\nAlso, I have been personally coding on various blockchains for about 6 months now and I can say that blockchain is one of the hardest technologies to learn and utilize — and I’ve been a programmer for 10+ years.",
"\n\nYet one ICO after the other is raising millions of dollars proposing to build their new platform on Ethereum with their own ERC20 token — do they have magical expert blockchain and banking developers hidden in their closet somewhere?",
"\n\nBeing in high-tech as long as I have been, I can tell you with confidence that these founders have never built a blockchain app and have not performed the proper research on their technology stack.",
"\n\nWhy Ethereum Won’t Work For These ICOs\n\nSo enough preaching and on to the facts.",
"\n\nEthereum is a public blockchain.",
"\n\nThis is an incredibly important thing to understand. ",
"A public blockchain is a blockchain where every transaction is made publicly available to… um the public. ",
"Using blockchain explorer tools like Etherscan one can look at every transaction made on Ethereum — who it came from and where it went.",
"\n\nThis is pretty cool right? ",
"Full transparency. ",
"Maybe you are super excited that this product you believe in is decentralized — using ERC20 and Ethereum. ",
"Great! ",
"We’ll maybe not so great.",
"\n\nIs The Product Really Even Using Ethereum?",
"\n\nLet’s take a look at SALT.",
"\n\nSALT — Blockchain Backed Loans\n\nICO Raised: $48 million\n\nThis product sounds exciting right? ",
"Blockchain backed loans? ",
"Wow — and all on Ethereum. ",
"Actually not so.",
"\n\nFrom the whitepaper:\n\nSALT Membership is an Ethereum-based Erc20 smart contract representing levels of access to the SALT Lending Platform. ",
"It can be redeemed for products and services and other rewards offered through the platform.",
"\n\nand there is this too:\n\nSALT Memberships exist on the Ethereum Blockchain and loan collateral is recorded on its native blockchain.",
"\n\nSo what the media portrayed as amazing new decentralized ICO/product actually has 99.9% of its functionality on a private blockchain and likely private servers — all of which is not public (you don’t get to see what they do with your money/assets). ",
"Only membership fees are paid in Ethereum (which also isn’t a great idea IMO).",
"\n\nI’m not against private blockchains, but they didn’t even specify what technology they are using. ",
"They didn’t tell us where the developers are coming from. ",
"They DID tell us all about Ethereum to get us excited — but it is only for their payment system. ",
"Is there really any value in a blockchain application here at all? ",
"There’s nothing in the white paper except magical rainbows and unicorns and $48 million dollars.",
"\n\nCan Ethereum Do What The ICO is Proposing?",
"\n\nWhat about the big ICOs that say they are building a fully decentralized platform — all on Ethereum? ",
"Wow FULLY decentralized — all code living on thousands of nodes and no central database. ",
"The future is HERE!",
"\n\nOf all the ICOs you should worry about it’s these kind. ",
"They have no idea what they are talking about — no technical expertise. ",
"Let’s look at an example:\n\nLoomia\n\nCurrently in private token sale. ",
"Obviously backed by big investors etc. ",
"And they have a pretty cool angle:\n\nIn a world where personal data has become a precious commodity, sold behind closed doors by large corporations, the LOOMIA TILE gives individuals the right to own their personal data, along with the freedom to choose how to share or sell it.",
"\n\nWhile wearing a tile in your clothing that identifies you sounds a little strange to me — I do think its cool to take my digital identity away from companies like Facebook and Google — selling me to whomever they will. ",
"Ok so im ready to invest in Loomia — this is amazing!! ",
"Wait — we had probably better look at the whitepaper first right?",
"\n\nThe Tile Platform is the P2P software that collects and manages data from the LOOMIA TILE and exchanges information with the network of LOOMIA users. ",
"The Tile Platform is serverless; it is designed so that at no point does the app need to offload data or connect to a central server. ",
"Each instance of the app connects to other user instances.",
"\n\nOk this is sounding pretty dang sweet. ",
"Let’s see how they are going to do this. ",
"There is a 3 fold stack:\n\n1. ",
"The decentralized app for user interactions and data collection 2. ",
"The decentralized data storage for longterm housing and and retrieval of data 3. ",
"The blockchain for distributed, verifiable, universal record keeping\n\nThe whitepaper mentions they will use Blockstack Atlas for their website/apps (user facing stuff) — Blockstack is pretty cool, check them out.",
"\n\nBut Blockstack is its own Blockchain — so Loomia is going to take the Atlas portion of Blockstack.",
"\n\nSo let’s check it out https://github.com/blockstack/atlas\n\nAt time of writing this repo has 35 commits and no documentation. ",
"So this begs the question — how is Loomia going to find Developers that can work with this brand new blockchain technology? ",
"But there’s more:\n\nWhen we move to run Atlas on Ethereum, we will use the ENS (Ethereum Name Service), which like BNS has the ability to provide human-meaningful names.",
"\n\nSo apparently they want to use Ethereuem as the blockchain (not Blockstack) for Atlas.",
"\n\nWhat will go on the Ethereum blockchain? ",
"Looks like User ID Registry, SKU Registry, DATA HASH IDS, Token Contracts. ",
"This is all fine, but has anyone thought of the Ethereum fees that will need to be paid by users and/or Loomia for each of those pieces of data to be stored? ",
"Also WHY does this data need to be on the Ethereum network?",
"\n\nWhy couldn’t Loomia launch their own public blockchain and their own token without any outrageous Ethereum gas fees? ",
"Also why does my digital identity need to even be on a public blockchain — Ethereum is open to millions of people, developers, and hackers. ",
"What if your poorly written smart contract compromises my digital identity? ",
"Remember when recently a core developer on Parity wrote a bad smart contract on Ethereum that caused $31 million worth of Ether to be stolen???",
"\n\nLoomia mentions they will use Storj for hard data storage which is a cool blockchain based storage system.",
"\n\nThis is cool, but now we have Loomia using Storj, a 3rd party for profit company with their own architecture, depending on Blockstack, promising to use a small new framework called Atlas, will somehow convert/repurpose it for Ethereum, and somehow they are going to find the people to build this.",
"\n\nIt’s really clear to me they are making guesses. ",
"Educated, but still guesswork. ",
"We all have to do guesswork at some point, but the problem is companies are raising millions of dollars and promising the world when they can’t deliver the world.",
"\n\nConsider this:\n\nDo you know any developers who have integrated Storj? ",
"Do you know any developers who are experts at Blockstack? ",
"Go talk to an Ethereum developer — can you help me get Blockstack working with Ethereum? (",
"if you can find an Ethereum developer)\n\nWhat SHOULD ICOs Be Doing?",
"\n\nSo I’m not hating on Loomia or SALT. ",
"They are using their right to capitalism and industry and I admire that — the problem is they aren’t spending the time to build out their product before they raise the money. ",
"And what will happen is many ICOs will fail and run out of money — others will change their entire technology stack. ",
"You as an investor will reap nothing in return.",
"\n\nUse Anything Else Except The Ethereum Public Blockchain\n\nICOs really should just stop using Ethereum. ",
"There are HUGE security vulnerabilities with the public smart contracts. ",
"Solidity is a fledgling programming language with many issues.",
"\n\nHyperledger\n\nHyperledger is led by IBM and the Linux Foundation and is quite fantastic.",
"\n\nIt has a full suite of tools to make developing secure, scalable, blockchains super easy. ",
"ICOs should launch their own blockchains — they don’t need Ethereum.",
"\n\nYou can create public, private, and permissioned blockchains. ",
"You can create cryptocurrencies on top of it, and you can do this with well tested programming languages you are already familiar with.",
"\n\nHyperledger has amazing documentation and tutorials.",
"\n\nNEM\n\nIf an ICO really just needs to launch on a big public network then they should absolutely choose NEM over Ethereum.",
"\n\nSimilar to Hyperledger NEM allows developers to write to the blockchain in any programming language. ",
"There are no crazy variable feels like Ethereum and your smart contracts aren’t exposed for the whole world to hack. ",
"You can launch your own cryptocurrency without writing any code.",
"\n\nNEM also has amazing documentation and tutorials.",
"\n\nFinal Thoughts\n\nIf an ICO chooses Ethereum they have A LOT of roadblocks to overcome, including the BIG change to Proof of Stake this year. ",
"Fees are also a huge issue with Ethereum — what will you tell your users when Ethereum gas prices go up to $2 per transaction? “",
"Everyone, PLEASE don’t use our app today, you will be charged too much money”\n\nICOs should think about Ethereum fees — they don’t seem to ever think about this. ",
"They should be honest about what they don’t know. ",
"Ethereum has huge security flaws. ",
"Unless you are an expert banking developer who writes perfect code, you should not be writing smart contracts for $45 million dollar ICOs.",
"\n\nWhy not write transactional code off of the blockchain, then open source it? ",
"Much more secure because hackers can’t attack your contracts.",
"\n\nWhy not create your own blockchain network on NEM or Hyperledger? ",
"Can be public or private. ",
"Why would different industries want to share a giant database? ",
"Why can’t you launch your cryptocurrency on your own blockchain? ",
"You’ll still have to fight to get it listed on exchanges no different than an ERC20.",
"\n\nWhen choosing an ICO to support, look deeply into the tech behind the white papers. ",
"Be leery of Ethereum and don’t waste your money!",
"\n\nI’m aiming to train the world on realistic blockchain development — coding and launching blockchains, ICOs, Ethereum development, and more. ",
"Check out my company Devslopes here."
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"On The Line: Sophomore defensive end Lamarr Houston (6-2, 275) has been creating havoc this season, recording nine tackles behind the line of scrimmage, including four quarterback sacks. ",
"Senior nose tackle Derek Lokey (6-2, 280) has recorded 30 tackles, including four behind the line of scrimmage. ",
"Senior tackle Frank Okam (6-5, 320) has 28 stops this season, six behind the line of scrimmage with 3.5 sacks."
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"#Mon Mar 08 12:30:31 PST 2010\ngetLocations()=\\ list of all configured svn locations\\n\\n @since 1.91\\n\n"
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"Calling all AoE II: HD Steam Workshop content creators!",
"\n\nStarting today, the weekly Monday stream (1-3 PM PDT (GMT-7)) at twitch.tv/ageofempires will be all about featuring community-made content! ",
"If you have a favorite map, texture pack, custom scenario, or anything else on the Steam Workshop, post the links in this thread and we will feature them live on stream.",
"On Tuesdays, I post a recap of the mods highlighted on previous day's stream, which you can find here: http://www.ageofempires.com/blog/?cat=43"
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"Argentine federation chief: We have asked Messi to play less for Barcelona LaLiga - Barcelona Claudio Tapia wants him fresh for the World Cup\n\nArgentine football federation president Claudio Tapia said he has asked Lionel Messi to play less for Barcelona and be fresher for the World Cup.",
"\n\nMessi has been in blistering form for the Catalan side that have raced clear at the top of LaLiga but in Argentina they are hoping that he doesn't burn out before the summer.",
"\n\n\"I hope that all the players will have the same form that they are in at the moment,\" Tapia explained.",
"\n\n\"Sergio Aguero is playing fantastically and Lionel Messi is always strong.",
"\n\n\"This is important for the coaches and directors, we spoke with Messi for him to look after himself and play less at Barcelona.\"",
"\n\nHe also revealed that they had received an offer to play a friendly game against Catalonia in Barcelona on Juen 4th and they are discussing the possibility.",
"\n\n\"Jorge (Sampaoli) said that it would be a good idea on a football level and for us it would also be important economically,\" he added."
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"Effects of an internet support system to assist cancer patients in reducing symptom distress: a randomized controlled trial.",
"\nCancer patients experience many physical and psychosocial problems for which they need support. ",
"WebChoice is an Internet-based, interactive health communication application that allows cancer patients to monitor their symptoms and problems, provides individually tailored information and self-management support, e-communication with expert cancer nurses, and an e-forum for group discussion with other patients. ",
"The objective of this study was to examine the effects of WebChoice on symptom distress (primary outcome), depression, self-efficacy, health-related quality of life, and social support (secondary outcomes). ",
"In this 1-year repeated-measures randomized controlled trial, 325 breast and prostate cancer patients were randomized into 1 experimental group with access to WebChoice and 1 control group who received URLs of publicly available cancer Web sites. ",
"Group differences on symptom distress were significant only for the global symptom distress index on the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (slope estimate, -0.052 [95% confidence interval, -0.101 to -0.004]; t = 4.42; P = .037). ",
"There were no significant group differences on secondary outcomes. ",
"Additional analyses showed significant within-group improvements in depression in the experimental group only. ",
"In the control group, self-efficacy and health-related quality of life deteriorated significantly over time. ",
"This randomized controlled trial is one of the first to evaluate effects of an interactive health communication application to support cancer patients in illness management on symptoms. ",
"Although only 1 hypothesis was partially supported, the combined results show a clear trend toward better scores in the intervention group on most outcome measures. ",
"If findings can be supported with additional research, WebChoice may become an important tool to support nursing care that can equip cancer patients to better manage their illness."
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a self-retaining endoscope which can relieve a patient to be examined from pain even if the endoscope is retained in the patient\"\"s body for long time.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nIn an endoscopy examination, in general, an endoscope has a body insertion portion and an operation portion connected thereto via a flexible tube. ",
"The body insertion portion is introduced into a patient\"\"s body through his or her mouth to view a target inner part of the body. ",
"The body insertion portion of the endoscope must be sometimes inserted and retained in the body for a long time to observe the progress of a diseased part within the body or obtain and/or record somatoscopic information of a patient under ordinary every-day living conditions. ",
"However, the insertion and retainment of the endoscope in the body through the patient\"\"s mouth causes the patient to suffer from significant pain.",
"\nTo relieve the pain from the patient, it is known to use a capsule type endoscope which is provided at an intermediate portion of a flexible continuous member, as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. ",
"64-76822. ",
"A patient to be examined swallows a soft ball formed at a tip end of the flexible continuous member in the evening of the day before an examination, so that the soft ball will be discharged from the patient\"\"s anus the next day. ",
"An operator pulls or moves the tip end and the tail end of the flexible continuous member to thereby move or guide the capsule connected to the intermediate portion of the flexible continuous member.",
"\nIn the endoscope which is in the form of a capsule as mentioned above, the pain that the patient suffers can be eased in comparison with conventional endoscopes. ",
"However, the patient must always carry the flexible continuous member whose one end extends out of his or her mouth for more than 12 hours. ",
"Consequently, it is impossible for the patient to take a meal or speak. ",
"Under these circumstances, no substantial pain relieving effect can be expected. ",
"Moreover, it is difficult to control the position of the endoscope in the form of a capsule.",
"\nIt is an object of the present invention to provide a self-retaining endoscope which can relieve a patient to be examined from pain.",
"\nTo achieve the object mentioned above, according to the present invention, a self-retaining endoscope is provided which includes an observation base portion adapted to be inserted into a body cavity through a mouth of a patient to be examined, the observation base portion being provided with an objective optical system and an illumination window; a catheter portion connected to the observation base portion, adapted to be inserted from inside the body of the patient through a nasal cavity of the patient, the catheter portion including an image transmission system for transmitting an image formed by the objective optical system and a light transmission system for causing the illumination window to emit illumination light; and an external device adapted to be detachably attached to a distal end of the catheter portion, the external device including a monitor portion adapted to view the image through the image transmission system, and a lighting device which provides light energy to the light transmission system.",
"\nPreferably, the observation base portion is provided with a bending portion, the catheter portion is provided therein with bending operation wires, and the external device includes a bending device which operates the bending operation wires to bend the bending portion.",
"\nPreferably, the bending operation wires are made of a shape memory alloy, and the self-retaining endoscope further includes a power supply/heat selection device for selectively heating the bending operation wires to bend the bending portion.",
"\nPreferably, the observation base portion includes a rigid portion having an objective optical system and an illumination window, a bending portion which is bendable, and a flexible portion which is deformed when an external force is applied thereto, in this order from the front end of the observation base portion.",
"\nIn an embodiment, the light transmission system is a light guide fiber, and the lighting device is a light source.",
"\nIn an embodiment, the illumination window is provided with an LED, wherein the light transmission system and the lighting device are a power supply line and a power supply, respectively.",
"\nIn an embodiment, the image transmission system is an image guide fiber.",
"\nIn an embodiment, the objective optical system includes a CCD and the image transmission system is a signal line.",
"\nPreferably, the observation base portion is provided with an endoscope element (such as an air supply port), and the catheter portion is provided therein with a supply tube connected at the front end thereof to the endoscope element; wherein the external device is provided with an endoscope element actuating device, which is detachably attached to the distal end of the supply tube, for utilizing the endoscope element.",
"\nIn an embodiment, the endoscope element is an air supply port, the supply tube is an air supply tube, and the endoscope element actuating device is an air supplier.",
"\nIn an embodiment, the endoscope element is an air supply port and a water supply port, the supply tube is an air supply tube and a water supply tube, and the endoscope element actuating device is an air supplier and a water supplier.",
"\nAccording to another aspect of the present invention, a self-retaining endoscope includes an observation base portion adapted to be inserted into a body cavity through a mouth of a patient to be examined; a catheter portion connected to the observation base portion, adapted to be inserted from inside the body of the patient through a nasal cavity of the patient; and an external device adapted to be detachably attached to a distal end of the catheter portion.",
"\nThe external device is connected to the distal end of the catheter portion after the catheter portion is inserted through the nasal cavity of the patient. ",
"The observation base portion is provided with an objective optical system and an illumination window. ",
"The external device is provided with a monitor portion and a lighting device. ",
"The catheter portion is provided with an image transmission system for transmitting an image formed by the objective optical system to the monitor portion, and a light transmission system for transmitting a light from the lighting device to the illumination window.",
"\nThe present disclosure relates to subject matter contained in Japanese Patent Application No. ",
"11-104795 (filed on Apr. 13, 1999) which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety."
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"Q:\n\nHow to implement Custom listview text animation\n\nI am creating shopping application in android. ",
"In my app, I show list of items from custom list view.",
"\nIf customer select an item, Selected item text moves from listview into shopping cart image. ",
"Like below image,\nThis type of animation is my requirement.",
"\n\nBut my animated view stopped at end of custom row.. like this image.",
"\n\nMy animation.xml code,\n<?",
"xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?",
">\n <set\nxmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\nandroid:interpolator=\"@android:anim/linear_interpolator\"\nandroid:fillAfter=\"true\"\n>\n\n<translate\n android:fromYDelta=\"0%p\"\n android:toYDelta=\"100%p\"\n android:fromXDelta=\"0%p\"\n android:toXDelta=\"100%p\"\n android:duration=\"1000\"\n\n />\n\n<alpha\n android:duration=\"500\"\n android:fromAlpha=\"1.0\"\n android:interpolator=\"@android:anim/accelerate_interpolator\"\n android:toAlpha=\"0.0\" />\n\n <scale\n xmlns:android=\"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android\"\n android:duration=\"3500\"\n android:fromXScale=\"1.0\"\n android:fromYScale=\"1.0\"\n android:toXScale=\"0.0\"\n android:toYScale=\"0.2\" >\n</scale>\n\n</set>\n\nNote: If anybody want more code I post later.. because already this qtn take more length..\nMy question,\nMy animated textview cannot exceeds bound of custom row.",
"\nso How to move custom row textview into end of the image(Shopping cart image)?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe goal is to animate the view from one location to another location so first we need to get the two points. ",
"You can do the following:\nint[] screenLocation = new int[2];\ntextView.getLocationOnScreen(screenLocation);\nint startX = screenLocation[0];\nint startY = screenLocation[1];\n\nint[] screenLocationB = new int[2];\ncartView.getLocationOnScreen(screenLocationB);\nint endX = screenLocationB[0];\nint endY = screenLocationB[1];\n\nOnce you have both the starting location of the textview and the location you want it to end at (location of the cartview), we need to animate from one point two the next. ",
"We can do this by placing a NEW textview on either the window layer or a framelayout above your listview.",
"\nHere we add to the window layer:\nWindowManager.",
"LayoutParams layoutParams = new WindowManager.",
"LayoutParams();\nlayoutParams.width = view.getMeasuredWidth();\nlayoutParams.height = view.getMeasuredHeight();\nactivity.addContentView(newTextView, layoutParams);\n\nNext we set the starting position.",
"\n newTextView.setTranslationX(startX);\n newTextView.setTranslationY(startY);\n\nFinally we animate.",
"\n newTextView.animate().setDuration(300)\n .translationX(endX).translationY(endX).start()\n\nA:\n\nSet android:clipChildren=\"false\" on the TextView's parent view as well as any grandparent view that covers the range you want to animate inside.",
"\n\nA:\n\nI believe this is what you are looking after. ",
"You can use something called View Overlay. ",
"What you require is similar to the first animation where the button is falling from its frame to bottom of the screen.",
"\nThe summary is as below\n final Button button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);\n\n button.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {\n\n @Override\n public void onClick(View arg0) {\n // Our button is added to the parent of its parent, the most top-level layout\n final ViewGroup container = (ViewGroup) button.getParent().getParent();\n container.getOverlay().add(button);\n\n ObjectAnimator anim = ObjectAnimator.ofFloat(button, \"translationY\", container.getHeight());\n\n //You dont need rotation\n ObjectAnimator rotate = ObjectAnimator.ofFloat(button, \"rotation\", 0, 360);\n rotate.setRepeatCount(Animation.",
"INFINITE);\n rotate.setRepeatMode(Animation.",
"REVERSE);\n rotate.setDuration(350);\n\n /*\n * Button needs to be removed after animation ending\n * When we have added the view to the ViewOverlay, \n * it was removed from its original parent.",
"\n */\n anim.addListener(new AnimatorListener() {\n\n @Override\n public void onAnimationStart(Animator arg0) {\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onAnimationRepeat(Animator arg0) {\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onAnimationEnd(Animator arg0) {\n container.getOverlay().remove(button);\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onAnimationCancel(Animator arg0) {\n container.getOverlay().remove(button);\n }\n });\n\n anim.setDuration(2000);\n\n AnimatorSet set = new AnimatorSet();\n set.playTogether(anim, rotate);\n set.start();\n }\n });\n\nIn your case you need to identify the container properly. ",
"It should be the root view of activity. ",
"Also the button in the example is view you will be animating (Song name). ",
"Finally do the translation according to your requirement. ",
"\n\n"
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[
"Carl Schäfer\n\nCarl Wilhelm Ernst Schäfer (born 18 January 1844 in Kassel - 5 May 1908 in Carlsfeld, district of Brehna in the former district of Bitterfeld) was a German architect and university professor.",
"\n\nSchäfer became the most important representative of the late Gothic Revival in Germany. ",
"He created several churches: Modification of the Catholic Propsteikirche St. Gertrude of Brabant in Wattenscheid (1869-1872), Catholic parish church of St. Nikolai in Lippstadt (1873-1875), Protestant church in Bralitz (1889-1890), Catholic parish church of St. John Baptist in Birkung (1885-1893), Old Catholic Church in Karlsruhe (1895-1897).",
"\n\nAs a monument conservator, he led the reconstruction of the Friedrichsbaues of Heidelberg Castle (1890-1900), the Romanesque monastery church of St. Gangolf in Münchenlohra in Nordhausen (1882-1885) and the Church of Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune in Strasbourg (1897-1901). ",
"He added the pair of 81 metre spires to the Meissen Cathedral in a highly convincing neo-Gothic style from 1903 to 1908. ",
"This now forms a critical part of the Meissen World Heritage Site.",
"\n\nIn 1871, he had built a fountain on the property of his lawyer Carl Grimm in Marburg.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1844 births\nCategory:1908 deaths\nCategory:German architects"
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"August 21, 2013\n\nDatta presents workshop at SENCER Summer Institute 2013 Aug. 1-5\n\nSaugata Datta and colleagues from Barnard College, Lafayette College, Hofstra University, New York University, presented the workshop \"Brownfield Action: Dissemination of a Successful SENCER Model Curriculum and the Creation of a Collaborative STEM Education Network\" at the Science Education for New Civic Engagements and Responsibilities Summer Institute 2013.",
"\n\nThe institute was Aug. 1-5 at Santa Clara University in San Jose, Calif."
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[
" IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO\n\n Docket No. ",
"45900\n\nSTATE OF IDAHO, )\n ) Filed: December 21, 2018\n Plaintiff-Respondent, )\n ) Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk\nv. )\n ) THIS IS AN UNPUBLISHED\nKENNETH ALLEN GREENWOOD, ) OPINION AND SHALL NOT\n ) BE CITED AS AUTHORITY\n Defendant-Appellant. ",
" )\n )\n\n Appeal from the District Court of the Fifth Judicial District, State of Idaho,\n Minidoka County. ",
"Hon. ",
"Jonathan Brody, District Judge.",
"\n\n Order denying Idaho Criminal Rule 35 motion for reduction of\n sentence, affirmed.",
"\n\n Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender; Elizabeth A. Allred,\n Deputy Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.",
"\n\n Hon. ",
"Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Lori A. Fleming, Deputy Attorney\n General, Boise, for respondent.",
"\n ________________________________________________\n\n Before GUTIERREZ, Judge; HUSKEY, Judge;\n and LORELLO, Judge\n ________________________________________________\n\nPER CURIAM\n Kenneth Allen Greenwood pled guilty to grand theft by possession of stolen property,\nIdaho Code §§ 18-2403, 18-2407(1)(b)(1). ",
"The district court imposed a unified sentence of five\nyears, with a minimum period of confinement of two years, suspended the sentence and placed\nGreenwood on probation. ",
"Greenwood subsequently violated his probation, and the district court\nrevoked probation and retained jurisdiction. ",
"Greenwood filed an Idaho Criminal Rule 35 motion\nfor reduction of sentence, which the district court denied. ",
"Greenwood appeals.",
"\n A motion for reduction of sentence under I.C.R. 35 is essentially a plea for leniency,\naddressed to the sound discretion of the court. ",
"State v. Knighton, 143 Idaho 318, 319, 144 P.3d\n\n 1\n\f23, 24 (2006); State v. Allbee, 115 Idaho 845, 846, 771 P.2d 66, 67 (Ct. ",
"App. ",
"1989). ",
"In\npresenting a Rule 35 motion, the defendant must show that the sentence is excessive in light of\nnew or additional information subsequently provided to the district court in support of the\nmotion. ",
"State v. Huffman, 144 Idaho 201, 203, 159 P.3d 838, 840 (2007). ",
"An appeal from the\ndenial of a Rule 35 motion cannot be used as a vehicle to review the underlying sentence absent\nthe presentation of new information. ",
"Id. Because no new or additional information in support of\nGreenwood’s Rule 35 motion was presented, the district court did not abuse its discretion. ",
"For\nthe foregoing reasons, the district court’s order denying Greenwood’s Rule 35 motion is\naffirmed.",
"\n\n\n\n\n 2\n\f"
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"Elmore County, Idaho is a beautiful place where the Snake River flows and host of the Mountain Home Air Force Base. ",
"It’s a peaceful place where one can live and, hopefully, die in peace.",
"\n\nIn the early summer of 2019, Elmore County’s coroner Jerry Rost decided he wanted to retire. ",
"He had trained his assistant and deputy coroner of 13 years, Nickie Campbell to replace him. ",
"Elmore, like many Idaho counties, elects its coroner during regular election cycles. ",
"Rost’s retirement outside an election cycle meant that the Elmore County Republican Central Committee (ECRCC) needed to submit 3 names for consideration to the county commissioners to pick his successor. ",
"Rost, a Republican, had recommended Campbell to succeed him and she would go on to work as the director at his funeral home.",
"\n\nCampbell, the obvious choice for the job, attended the ECRCC meeting to get the nomination.",
"\n\nThe ECRCC nominated Barry Petersen (former Idaho GOP and ECRCC chairman), Mark Rhatigan (Current ECRCC Chairman), and Gayle ReMine. ",
"Campbell’s name was noticeably absent from the list. ",
"Whether the fundamentalist leadership of the ECRCC felt Campbell was a RINO (Republican In Name Only) or did she not fit their vision of what a good Conservative Republican should look like to fill a job opening that has nothing to do with politics is beyond me. ",
"Either way, she was ignored because she may have been deemed not politically worthy to perform a job she was trained to do.",
"\n\nAfter ReMine declined the job, Petersen was sworn in as the new Elmore County coroner.",
"\n\nThe county coroner really has one job – declare the deceased legally dead and sign the death certificate. ",
"The dead can’t really die until the county coroner’s signature says so.",
"\n\nShortly after Petersen was sworn in, someone in the county passed away. ",
"Petersen was called and was unavailable to do his job.",
"\n\nMeanwhile, the recently deceased laid up in the funeral home in legal uncertainty while the county attorney and local judge scrambled to find a law on the books on how to handle a death when the county coroner is not present to sign the certificate. ",
"Eventually, they found a way to get Campbell to fill in and declare the deceased dead.",
"\n\nThen another poor soul passed and Petersen could not be reached.",
"\n\nA sheriff’s deputy was called out to Petersen’s home to drag him to do his job to avoid another potential legal zombie outbreak situation.",
"\n\nPetersen resigned after this embarrassing mess.",
"\n\nFrustrated with how the ECRCC selection process went down, members of the Elmore Republican party staged a recall vote to replace Rhatigan and Campbell was picked to be the new coroner. ",
"Rhatigan was so furious at being recalled, he stormed off with the gavel in a show of defiance.",
"\n\nAs far as we know, Elmore County is safe from zombie outbreaks for the time being. ",
"Hopefully, the ECRCC has learned its lesson that fundamentalist party loyalty should never trump common sense."
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[
"Ezy Ryder\n\n\"Ezy Ryder\" (sometimes written as \"Easy Ryder\" and \"Ezee Ryeder\"; also known as \"Slow\" and \"Lullaby for the Summer\") is a song by American rock musician Jimi Hendrix, featured on his 1971 first posthumous studio album The Cry of Love. ",
"Written and produced by vocalist and guitarist Hendrix, the song's lyrics are said to be inspired by the 1969 film of the same title; the Jimi Hendrix Experience had previously contributed \"If 6 Was 9\" to the film's soundtrack.",
"\n\nHistory\n\nEarly performances\nAn early version of \"Ezy Ryder\" was first recorded, under the name \"Slow\", on February 16, 1969 at Olympic Studios, in a session which also featured the debuts of \"Room Full of Mirrors\", \"In from the Storm\" (under the name \"Crying Blue Rain\") and \"Here He Comes (Lover Man)\", an extended version of \"Lover Man\". ",
"The basic track for the song was not recorded until December 18, 1969 (at New York's Record Plant Studios), on the same day as the rehearsal at Baggy's Studios for the upcoming performances at the Fillmore East (from which the live album Band of Gypsys was produced). \"",
"Ezy Ryder\" was also performed at aforementioned rehearsal session at Baggy's.",
"\n\nProgression and completion\nHendrix debuted \"Ezy Ryder\" at the Fillmore East during the first show on December 31, 1969. ",
"Later that night, the group played the song during the second show, but they did not perform it during either of the January 1, 1970, shows. ",
"Back in the studio, \"Ezy Ryder\" was rehearsed, recorded and mixed a number of times during early 1970, at Olympic, Olmstead and Record Plant Studios. ",
"Hendrix added the song to the set list for The Cry of Love Tour between April and June (and subsequently between July and September). ",
"The first recording session at newly built Electric Lady Studios on June 15 was focused on advancing the studio version of \"Easy Ryder or Ezee Ryeder\". ",
"This work-in-progress, for which backing vocals by Traffic musicians Steve Winwood and Chris Wood were recorded during said session, was released on the compilation box set The Jimi Hendrix Experience in 2000. ",
"Another recording session three days later was also dedicated to \"Ezy Ryder\", \"additional overdubs and mix attempts\" were completed on July 2, and mixes were produced on August 20 and 22 along with the majority of the songs intended for Hendrix's next album. ",
"The mix of August 22 was regarded as the final mix and presented on the opening party for Electric Lady Studios on August 26. \"",
"Ezy Ryder\" was subsequently performed at most of the final concerts at which Hendrix played, including the final date at the Open Air Love & Peace Festival in Fehmarn, Germany on September 6.",
"\n\nPosthumous releases\nThe completed song was originally released on the 1971 album The Cry of Lovethe first posthumous album of original material compiled by the Jimi Hendrix Experience drummer Mitch Mitchell and engineer Eddie Kramer. ",
"This version appears on several Hendrix compilations as well at later attempts to present a more complete album of his last recordings, such as Voodoo Soup (1995) and First Rays of the New Rising Sun (1997). ",
" Several posthumous live albums include the song: Band of Gypsys 2 (1986, recorded May 30, 1970, with Mitchell and Billy Cox at the Berkeley Community Theatre), Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight (2002), Live at the Isle of Fehmarn (2005), and Machine Gun: The Fillmore East First Show (2016).",
"\n\nPersonnel\n\nBand members\nJimi Hendrix – vocals, guitars, production\nBilly Cox – bass\nBuddy Miles – drums, backing vocals\nJuma Sultan – percussion\n\nGuest musicians\nSteve Winwood – backing vocals\nChris Wood – backing vocals\nAdditional personnel\nTony Bongiovi – engineering\n\nNotes\nCitations\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Jimi Hendrix songs\nCategory:1971 songs\nCategory:Funk rock songs\nCategory:Songs written by Jimi Hendrix"
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention:\nThe present invention relates to a controller for sensing the presence and absence of a fluid and particularly relates to a controller for sensing the level of a containerized fluid.",
"\nLevel controllers for sensing the level of a fluid are well known in the prior art. ",
"The prior art utilizes metallic sheathed electric heating elements with a bi-metallic thermal switch either embedded within or attached to the electric heating element. ",
"The bi-metal switch is heated by the electric heating element. ",
"When the unit including the switch and heating element is immersed in a fluid, the fluid cools the bi-metallic switch sufficiently to prevent actuation thereof. ",
"When the level of the fluid drops to a predetermined level, at which the bi-metallic switch is no longer immersed in the fluid, the fluid no longer cools the bi-metallic heating element and the element is then heated by the heater thereby actuating the bi-metallic switch. ",
"Bi-metallic thermal switches, due to their inherent design, have a limited temperature switching range, and due to their relative mass, are restricted to predetermined positions. ",
"Preferably bi-metallic switches are mounted horizontally along their axis. ",
"The metallic construction of the bi-metallic switch also limits its application in corrosive fluids. ",
"Additionally, failure of a bi-metallic switch is not fail safe due to the fact that the switch can fail in its open or closed condition or the heater can fail without actuation of the bi-metallic switch. ",
"Such a failure can go undetected and can have catastrophic consequences when utilized to sense the level of a fluid in a container.",
"\nIt is also known in the prior art to utilize a heater element and two matched resistance temperature detectors which are disposed in a bridge circuit. ",
"If the temperature sensors are unevenly heated, such uneven heating is sensed by the bridge circuit. ",
"The resistance temperature detectors can be utilized for flow detection or liquid level/interface detection."
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"AFL Players In Quarantine After Deadly Outbreak In Sydney Swans Camp\n\nJetta’s peculiar, almost tribal, behaviour has rocked the Southern Football League to it’s core.",
"\n\nThe greater AFL community is in damage control today after another Sydney Swans player has shown symptons of a deadly outbreak at Subiaco Oval on Sunday.",
"\n\nThe West Coast Eagles fans remain in shock after witnessing Lewis Jetta throw a make-believe spear at the crowd in an aggressive manner. ",
"As a result, all Indigenous players in the Australian Football League have been placed in quarantine for fear that the deadliness might spread.",
"\n\n“The Southern Football League (AFL) is very familiar with this behaviour… and it would be naive for us to think that this isn’t a concern,” says outspoken media personality and unofficial authority on race relations in the AFL, Eddie Mcguire.",
"\n\nEddie McGuire’s call-to-arms after the first example of imaginary spear throwing\n\n“Either [Jetta] is forgetting his place as a black guest in a white game… or it is something much deadlier”\n\nJetta, however, says he was very well aware of what he was doing. ",
"The 26-year-old Nyoongar star has stated he was simply sticking up for good friend, Adam Goodes, when he directed a war dance at West Coast fans who were booing his mate for being “too deadly”.",
"\n\nFIRST CASE: Adam Goodes scares “the greater AFL community with his “deadly” war dance\n\nTwo-time premiership player and dual Brownlow medallist, Adam Goodes was booed every time he touched the ball by the Eagles’ crowd during Sydney’s 52-point loss at Subiaco Oval on Sunday.",
"\n\nIt was early in the final term when Jetta kicked Sydney’s sixth goal of the match and copied Goodes’s now famous Indigenous war cry from earlier in the season.",
"\n\nA supporter was reportedly evicted from block 117 at Subiaco Oval after being reported to security by nearby spectators for allegedly racially taunting Goodes.",
"\n\nHowever, in what can only be described as a massive inconvenience for the AFL, local Indigenous leaders have urged professional Indigenous footballers, from all codes, to continue throwing as many imaginary spears at racist fans as possible – as both the AFL and NRL head into their respective final rounds.",
"\n\n“Who remembers when Wendell pretended to play the didgeridoo on the corner-post during the inaugural NRL All Stars match? ",
"That’s how deadly we want this weekend to be” says a well-known Indigenous agitator.",
"\n\n“Throw as many spears as possible, shake a leg, play the didge… let’s make them boo”\n\nIt is not yet known how Australian audiences will be able handle any hysteria that may arise if this deadly outbreak can not be contained.",
"\n\nWendell celebrates his last ever NRL try by playing an imaginary didgeridoo, surrounded by the best players in the NRL\n\nOne Response to \"AFL Players In Quarantine After Deadly Outbreak In Sydney Swans Camp\"\n\nMitch August 25, 2015 at 9:22 pm\n\nThey will blame it all on racism, but at the end of the day they are playing an Australian game not a Aboriginal one, in my words i think they are being racist towards us white Australians and think they can do what ever they want, david akaminis was booed his whole carrier and He’s white and doesn’t blame it on racism, goodes is a sook and needs to worry about the ball, because all he’s thinking about is something that happend ages ago and doesn’t effect him, it’s like someone sprikled some milo in a 2L milk container, he’ll say he’s aboriginal but hang on buddy most of you is white, this is an australian game don’t sit down and not speak up because think your being racist have some pride Australians in our game."
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"Quelle station\n\nQuelle is a railway station located in Bielefeld, Germany. ",
"The station is on the Osnabrück–Bielefeld railway. ",
"The train services are operated by NordWestBahn.",
"\n\nTrain services\nThe following services currently call at Quelle:\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Railway stations in North Rhine-Westphalia\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Bielefeld\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1896"
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[
"Q:\n\nFloating table left and right same container\n\nI tried to make a footer for a Website im doing for shool. ",
"I want to have something like the Impressum on the right and little images for social media on the left. ",
"I made it work for the right side but I dont know why the images arent on the right side. ",
"I already googled but the things they said didnt worked for me. ",
" \nJSfiddle demo :\n<ul>\n <li><a>Irgendwas</a>\n </li>\n <li><a>Impressum</a>\n </li>\n <li><a><address>Erstellt von</address></a>\n </li>\n</ul>\n<ul id=\"socialmediaicons\">\n <li><a><img src=\"bilder/icons/facebook.svg\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\"></img></a>\n </li>\n <li><a><img src=\"bilder/icons/google+-with-circle.svg\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\"></img></a>\n </li>\n</ul>\n\nMy suggestion is to just place them outside the footer but I need to have them in there. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nIf you want the pictures on the left as you mentioned first, add a class to the list items for the socialmedia icons and give it a display: inline-block that should do what you need. ",
" If you want them on the right they are there.",
"\n\n \r\n.leftFoot {\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n }\n<footer id=\"footer-wrapper\">\r\n <ul>\r\n <li><a>Irgendwas</a>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><a>Impressum</a>\r\n </li>\r\n <li><a><address>Erstellt von</address></a>\r\n </li>\r\n </ul>\r\n <ul id=\"socialmediaicons\">\r\n <li class=\"leftFoot\"><a><img src=\"bilder/icons/facebook.svg\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\"></img></a>\r\n </li>\r\n <li class=\"leftFoot\"><a><img src=\"bilder/icons/google+-with-circle.svg\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\"></img></a>\r\n </li>\r\n </ul>\r\n</footer>\n\n"
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[
"/* if require fn is available, it means we are in Node.js Land i.e. testing! */",
"\n/* istanbul ignore next */\nif (typeof require !",
"== 'undefined' && this.window !",
"== this) {\n var { a, button, div, empty, footer, input, h1, header, label, li, mount,\n route, section, span, strong, text, ul } = require('./elmish.js');\n}\n\nvar initial_model = {\n todos: [],\n hash: \"#/\"\n}\n\n/**\n * `update` transforms the `model` based on the `action`.",
"\n * @param {String} action - the desired action to perform on the model.",
"\n * @param {String} data - the data we want to \"apply\" to the item.",
"\n * @param {Object} model - the App's (current) model (or \"state\").",
"\n * @return {Object} new_model - the transformed model.",
"\n */\nfunction update(action, model, data) {\n var new_model = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(model)) // \"clone\" the model\n\n switch(action) {\n case 'ADD':\n var last = (typeof model.todos !",
"== 'undefined' && model.todos.length > 0)\n ? ",
"model.todos[model.todos.length - 1] : null;\n var id = last ? ",
"last.id + 1 : 1;\n var input = document.getElementById('new-todo');\n new_model.todos = (new_model.todos && new_model.todos.length > 0)\n ? ",
"new_model.todos : [];\n new_model.todos.push({\n id: id,\n title: data || input.value.trim(),\n done: false\n });\n break;\n case 'TOGGLE':\n new_model.todos.forEach(function (item) { // takes 1ms on a \"slow mobile\"\n if(item.id === data) { // this should only \"match\" one item.",
"\n item.done = !",
"item.done; // invert state of \"done\" e.g false >> true\n }\n });\n // if all todos are done=true then \"check\" the \"toggle-all\" checkbox:\n var all_done = new_model.todos.filter(function(item) {\n return item.done === false; // only care about items that are NOT done\n }).length;\n new_model.all_done = all_done === 0 ? ",
"true : false;\n break;\n case 'TOGGLE_ALL':\n new_model.all_done = new_model.all_done ? ",
"false : true;\n new_model.todos.forEach(function (item) { // takes 1ms on a \"slow mobile\"\n item.done = new_model.all_done;\n });\n break;\n case 'DELETE':\n // console.log('DELETE', data);\n new_model.todos = new_model.todos.filter(function (item) {\n return item.id !",
"== data;\n });\n break;\n case 'EDIT':\n // this code is inspired by: https://stackoverflow.com/a/16033129/1148249\n // simplified as we are not altering the DOM!",
"\n if (new_model.clicked && new_model.clicked === data &&\n Date.now() - 300 < new_model.click_time ) { // DOUBLE-CLICK < 300ms\n new_model.editing = data;\n }\n else { // first click\n new_model.clicked = data; // so we can check if same item clicked twice!",
"\n new_model.click_time = Date.now(); // timer to detect double-click 300ms\n new_model.editing = false; // reset\n }\n break;\n case 'SAVE':\n var edit = document.getElementsByClassName('edit')[0];\n var value = edit.value;\n var id = parseInt(edit.id, 10);\n // End Editing\n new_model.clicked = false;\n new_model.editing = false;\n\n if (!",
"value || value.length === 0) { // delete item if title is blank:\n return update('DELETE', new_model, id);\n }\n // update the value of the item.title that has been edited:\n new_model.todos = new_model.todos.map(function (item) {\n if (item.id === id && value && value.length > 0) {\n item.title = value.trim();\n }\n return item; // return all todo items.",
"\n });\n break;\n case 'CANCEL':\n new_model.clicked = false;\n new_model.editing = false;\n break;\n case 'CLEAR_COMPLETED':\n new_model.todos = new_model.todos.filter(function (item) {\n return !",
"item.done; // only return items which are item.done = false\n });\n break;\n case 'ROUTE':\n new_model.hash = // (window && window.location && window.location.hash) ?",
"\n window.location.hash // : '#/';\n break;\n default: // if action unrecognised or undefined,\n return model; // return model unmodified\n } // see: https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/a/201786/211301\n return new_model;\n}\n\n/**\n * `render_item` creates an DOM \"tree\" with a single Todo List Item\n * using the \"elmish\" DOM functions (`li`, `div`, `input`, `label` and `button`)\n * returns an `<li>` HTML element with a nested `<div>` which in turn has the:\n * + `<input type=checkbox>` which lets users to \"Toggle\" the status of the item\n * + `<label>` which displays the Todo item text (`title`) in a `<text>` node\n * + `<button class=\"destroy\">` lets people \"delete\" a todo item.",
"\n * see: https://github.com/dwyl/learn-elm-architecture-in-javascript/issues/52\n * @param {Object} item the todo item object\n * @param {Object} model - the App's (current) model (or \"state\").",
"\n * @param {Function} singal - the Elm Architicture \"dispacher\" which will run\n * @return {Object} <li> DOM Tree which is nested in the <ul>.",
"\n * @example\n * // returns <li> DOM element with <div>, <input>. ",
"<label> & <button> nested\n * var DOM = render_item({id: 1, title: \"Build Todo List App\", done: false});\n */\nfunction render_item (item, model, signal) {\n return (\n li([\n \"data-id=\" + item.id,\n \"id=\" + item.id,\n item.done ? \"",
"class=completed\" : \"\",\n model && model.editing && model.editing === item.id ? \"",
"class=editing\" : \"\"\n ], [\n div([\"class=view\"], [\n input([\n item.done ? \"",
"checked=true\" : \"\",\n \"class=toggle\",\n \"type=checkbox\",\n typeof signal === 'function' ? ",
"signal('TOGGLE', item.id) : ''\n ], []), // <input> does not have any nested elements\n label([ typeof signal === 'function' ? ",
"signal('EDIT', item.id) : '' ],\n [text(item.title)]),\n button([\"class=destroy\",\n typeof signal === 'function' ? ",
"signal('DELETE', item.id) : ''])\n ]\n ), // </div>\n\n ].concat(model && model.editing && model.editing === item.id ? [ // ",
"editing?",
"\n input([\"class=edit\", \"id=\" + item.id, \"value=\" + item.title, \"autofocus\"])\n ] : []) // end concat()\n ) // </li>\n )\n}\n\n/**\n * `render_main` renders the `<section class=\"main\">` of the Todo List App\n * which contains all the \"main\" controls and the `<ul>` with the todo items.",
"\n * @param {Object} model - the App's (current) model (or \"state\").",
"\n * @param {Function} singal - the Elm Architicture \"dispacher\" which will run\n * @return {Object} <section> DOM Tree which containing the todo list <ul>, etc.",
"\n */\nfunction render_main (model, signal) {\n // Requirement #1 - No Todos, should hide #footer and #main\n var display = \"style=display:\"\n + (model.todos && model.todos.length > 0 ? \"",
"block\" : \"none\");\n\n return (\n section([\"class=main\", \"id=main\", display], [ // hide if no todo items.",
"\n input([\"id=toggle-all\", \"type=checkbox\",\n typeof signal === 'function' ? ",
"signal('TOGGLE_ALL') : '',\n (model.all_done ? \"",
"checked=checked\" : \"\"),\n \"class=toggle-all\"\n ], []),\n label([\"for=toggle-all\"], [ text(\"Mark all as complete\") ]),\n ul([\"class=todo-list\"],\n (model.todos && model.todos.length > 0) ?",
"\n model.todos\n .filter(function (item) {\n switch(model.hash) {\n case '#/active':\n return !",
"item.done;\n case '#/completed':\n return item.done;\n default: // if hash doesn't match Active/Completed render ALL todos:\n return item;\n }\n })\n .map(function (item) {\n return render_item(item, model, signal)\n }) : null\n ) // </ul>\n ]) // </section>\n )\n}\n\n/**\n * `render_footer` renders the `<footer class=\"footer\">` of the Todo List App\n * which contains count of items to (still) to be done and a `<ul>` \"menu\"\n * with links to filter which todo items appear in the list view.",
"\n * @param {Object} model - the App's (current) model (or \"state\").",
"\n * @param {Function} singal - the Elm Architicture \"dispacher\" which will run\n * @return {Object} <section> DOM Tree which containing the <footer> element.",
"\n * @example\n * // returns <footer> DOM element with other DOM elements nested:\n * var DOM = render_footer(model);\n */\nfunction render_footer (model, signal) {\n\n // count how many \"active\" (not yet done) items by filtering done === false:\n var done = (model.todos && model.todos.length > 0) ?",
"\n model.todos.filter( function (i) { return i.done; }).length : 0;\n var count = (model.todos && model.todos.length > 0) ?",
"\n model.todos.filter( function (i) { return !",
"i.done; }).length : 0;\n\n // Requirement #1 - No Todos, should hide #footer and #main\n var display = (count > 0 || done > 0) ? \"",
"block\" : \"none\";\n\n // number of completed items:\n var done = (model.todos && model.todos.length > 0) ?",
"\n (model.todos.length - count) : 0;\n var display_clear = (done > 0) ? \"",
"block;\" : \"none;\";\n\n // pluarisation of number of items:\n var left = (\" item\" + ( count > 1 || count === 0 ? ",
"'s' : '') + \" left\");\n\n return (\n footer([\"class=footer\", \"id=footer\", \"style=display:\" + display], [\n span([\"class=todo-count\", \"id=count\"], [\n strong(count),\n text(left)\n ]),\n ul([\"class=filters\"], [\n li([], [\n a([\n \"href=#/\", \"id=all\", \"class=\" +\n (model.hash === '#/' ? \"",
"selected\" : '')\n ],\n [text(\"All\")])\n ]),\n li([], [\n a([\n \"href=#/active\", \"id=active\", \"class=\" +\n (model.hash === '#/active' ? \"",
"selected\" : '')\n ],\n [text(\"Active\")])\n ]),\n li([], [\n a([\n \"href=#/completed\", \"id=completed\", \"class=\" +\n (model.hash === '#/completed' ? \"",
"selected\" : '')\n ],\n [text(\"Completed\")])\n ])\n ]), // </ul>\n button([\"class=clear-completed\", \"style=display:\" + display_clear,\n typeof signal === 'function' ? ",
"signal('CLEAR_COMPLETED') : ''\n ],\n [\n text(\"Clear completed [\"),\n span([\"id=completed-count\"], [\n text(done)\n ]),\n text(\"]\")\n ]\n )\n ])\n )\n}\n\n/**\n * `view` renders the entire Todo List App\n * which contains count of items to (still) to be done and a `<ul>` \"menu\"\n * with links to filter which todo items appear in the list view.",
"\n * @param {Object} model - the App's (current) model (or \"state\").",
"\n * @param {Function} singal - the Elm Architicture \"dispacher\" which will run\n * @return {Object} <section> DOM Tree which containing all other DOM elements.",
"\n * @example\n * // returns <section class=\"todo-app\"> DOM element with other DOM els nested:\n * var DOM = view(model);\n */\nfunction view (model, signal) {\n\n return (\n section([\"class=todoapp\"], [ // array of \"child\" elements\n header([\"class=header\"], [\n h1([], [\n text(\"todos\")\n ]), // </h1>\n input([\n \"id=new-todo\",\n \"class=new-todo\",\n \"placeholder=What needs to be done?\",",
"\n \"autofocus\"\n ], []) // <input> is \"self-closing\"\n ]), // </header>\n render_main(model, signal),\n render_footer(model, signal)\n ]) // <section>\n );\n}\n\n/**\n * `subscriptions` let us \"listen\" for events such as \"key press\" or \"click\".",
"\n * and respond according to a pre-defined update/action.",
"\n * @param {Function} singal - the Elm Architicture \"dispacher\" which will run\n * both the \"update\" and \"render\" functions when invoked with singal(action)\n */\nfunction subscriptions (signal) {\n\tvar ENTER_KEY = 13; // add a new todo item when [Enter] key is pressed\n\tvar ESCAPE_KEY = 27; // used for \"escaping\" when editing a Todo item\n\n document.addEventListener('keyup', function handler (e) {\n // console.log('e.keyCode:', e.keyCode, '| key:', e.key);\n\n switch(e.keyCode) {\n case ENTER_KEY:\n var editing = document.getElementsByClassName('editing');\n if (editing && editing.length > 0) {\n signal('SAVE')(); // invoke singal inner callback\n }\n\n var new_todo = document.getElementById('new-todo');\n if(new_todo.value.length > 0) {\n signal('ADD')(); // invoke singal inner callback\n new_todo.value = ''; // reset <input> so we can add another todo\n document.getElementById('new-todo').focus();\n }\n break;\n case ESCAPE_KEY:\n signal('CANCEL')();\n break;\n }\n });\n\n window.onhashchange = function route () {\n signal('ROUTE')();\n }\n}\n\n/* module.exports is needed to run the functions using Node.js for testing! */",
"\n/* istanbul ignore next */\nif (typeof module !",
"== 'undefined' && module.exports) {\n module.exports = {\n model: initial_model,\n update: update,\n render_item: render_item, // export so that we can unit test\n render_main: render_main, // export for unit testing\n render_footer: render_footer, // export for unit testing\n subscriptions: subscriptions,\n view: view\n }\n}\n"
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[
"Migraine affects one in four women, and one in ten men, over a lifetime. ",
"It also causes considerable suffering. ",
"Like many diseases that mainly affect women, it is poorly understood. ",
"But the very fact that migraine is more frequent in women can yield clues to its origins. ",
"Migraine is more severe during the reproductive years, but improves after menopause. ",
"It worsens around menstruation, but improves during pregnancy. ",
"This suggests a hormonal role in its origins. ",
"We propose to study the role of the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone in cortical spreading depression (CSD), the event thought to underlie certain forms of migraine. ",
"The goal is to understand the process specifically in women, as they suffer most from this disease. ",
"Using a technique called optical intrinsic signal imaging (OIS), we can directly image CSD in mice. ",
"We can use this mouse model to study the role of estrogen and progesterone in CSD. ",
"Our preliminary data suggests an inhibitory effect of progesterone on CSD, and estrogen is known to be excitatory to neuronal preparations, thus there is a rational basis for this study. ",
"We propose that the different levels of these hormones over the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause cause changes in the susceptibility to CSD. ",
"We will test this by measuring threshold for and response to CSD at these different stages in female mice. ",
"Next, we will evaluate the effect of these hormones on CSD in male and ovariectomized female mice, in order to isolate their roles without the effect of endogenous hormones. ",
"We will also examine the effects of estrogen and progesterone on the surface vessels of the brain during CSD. ",
"These vessels are thought to respond to CSD in such a way that they generate the pain felt by the migraine sufferer. ",
"A hormonal role is possible in these changes, as estrogen is a potent vasodilator. ",
"Finally, we will evaluate the effects of estrogen and progesterone on astrocyte calcium waves, which propagate in a manner remarkably similar to CSD. ",
"As astrocytes respond to both estrogen and progesterone, it is possible that they participate in the hormonal modulation of migraine. ",
"We will test the effects of estrogen and progesterone in brain slices and in culture. ",
"It is hoped that these experiments will shed light on the basic mechanisms of migraine, in particular the question of why migraine affects women so much more than men."
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[
"With the tablet market slowing and vendors competing harder for tablet sales, Korean technology giant Samsung Electronics Corp. is tweaking the size on its new flagship tablet to take it head-to-head with Apple’s iPad Air 2.",
"\n\nAccording to IDC’s Worldwide Quarterly Tablet Tracker, worldwide tablet shipments for the first quarter of 2015 was 47.1 million shipments, a 5.9 per cent decline over the same quarter one year ago. ",
"Cellular-enabled tablets remained a bright spot. ",
"Apple was on top with 26.8 per cent of the market, followed by Samsung at 19.1 per cent.",
"\n\nIt’s into this environment that Samsung is launching its latest tablet, the Galaxy Tab S2. ",
"It boasts a Super AMOLED display with a thin, lightweight metal frame and runs Android 5.0 Lollipop.",
"\n\n“The Galaxy Tab S2 is not only our thinnest and lightest tablet of its size ever, it also gives users quick, easy access to a wealth of superior viewing and productivity features,” said JK Shin, CEO and president of the IT and mobile division at Samsung, in a statement. “",
"We believe the Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 is the most complete personal visual device designed for consumers to carry and use anywhere.”",
"\n\nTwo new models are being launched; one with a 9.7” display and the other with an 8” display. ",
"The 9.7” model measures 169 x 237.3 x 5.6 mm; the Wi-Fi model weighs 389g and the LTE model weighs 392g. That’s thinner and lighter than the iPad Air 2, which also has a 9.7” display, and measures 240 x 169.5 x 6.1 mm, with the Wi-Fi model weighing 437g and the cellular model 444g. Samsung’s 8” model is also 5.6 mm thin and weighs 2.65g/272g.\n\nBoth models feature a 2048×1536 QXGA Super AMOLED display that Samsung said tries to recreate the print media viewing experience to make it more comfortable to read digital content such as e-books and magazines. ",
"It also uses adaptive display technology to intelligently the display based on factors such as the application you’re using, as well as the viewing environment and ambient lighting. ",
"There’s also a reading mode that adjusts the brightness level to reduce eye strain during extended periods of use.",
"\n\nSamsung tends to put more of a focus on productivity than Apple, and the Tab S2 will come pre-loaded with several Microsoft Office applications, as well as up to 100GB of OneDrive cloud storage for two years. ",
"Like the iPad Air 2, the Tab S2 comes with a touch-enabled fingerprint scanner for biometric authentication.",
"\n\nBoth models come with 3GB of RAM, and users can choose between 32 or 64GB of internal storage, with microSD up to 128GB also supported.",
"\n\nJeff Jedras is a technology journalist with IT World Canada and a member of the IT Business team. ",
"He began his career in technology journalism in the late 1990s, covering the Ottawa technology sector for Silicon Valley North and the Ottawa Business Journal. ",
"He later covered the technology scene in Vancouver before joining IT World Canada in Toronto in 2005, covering enterprise IT for ComputerWorld Canada and the channel for Computer Dealer News. ",
"His writing has also appeared in the Vancouver Sun & the Ottawa Citizen."
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"Manifesto\n\nBusiness card for a small architect's studio. ",
"The office moved location according to circumstances so the card was designed with blank lines so that the relevant address could be filled in later. ",
"The mixture of handwritten and printed text also reflects the personal and informal style of the architect and his way of working."
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"my harley has so much chrome the sunshine hurts my eyes when I ride\n\n831 shares"
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"Sunday Draft\n\nEvent Navigation\n\nEvery Sunday evening, we host a Magic: the Gathering booster draft at our Powelton Village location. ",
"Players are separated into pods of as close to eight players each as possible, and are provided with the boosters necessary to play as part of their admission. ",
"The Sunday draft has a Planeswalker Points multiplier of x1.",
"\n\nThis event uses two boosters of Aether Revolt and one booster of Kaladesh."
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[
"Belles\n\nBelles is a small village in the Caribbean island nation of Dominica. ",
" It is located at and is a part of the country's St. Joseph administrative division. ",
" Its population is 500. ",
"Belles is a historical site for a few reasons. ",
"It is a major part of the highway system to the northern part of the island. ",
"The roads were blocked many years ago by Rastafarians who were not happy with the government. ",
"Many of them escaped to Jaco Flats and used it for refuge. ",
"This is a site that was used by the Maroons hundreds of years ago. ",
"As of 2016, the Esprit and Benjamin families own and control a majority of the private land.",
"\n\nHistory\n\nName \nThe Creole name for the town is Norway (pronounced as \"nor-way\". ",
" Belles previously named Bassinville got its modern name from Henry Hesketh Bell. ",
"This village is located near the center of the island. ",
"The main highway Nicholas Liverpool Highway runs north to Marigot. ",
"If the road is taken south, it ends up in Roseau, the capital of the island. ",
"There is a Catholic church in the village. ",
"It is dedicated to Saint Peter Donders (constructed 1929). ",
"The feast of Belles 'fete Belles' is celebrated yearly in the village. ",
"People come from near and far to celebrate. ",
"In recent years, the community, which was heavily dependent on agriculture, remains a significant contributor towards agricultural development on the island.",
"\n\nThe Road \n\nAn excerpt from Lenox Honychurch, the islands most notable historian states that; By early 1947 the road cutting had only reached the hill at DLeau Gommier and all of the money had disappeared. ",
"In three years of work the road had only progressed about a mile and a half. ",
"The project closed down and it was not resurrected for almost a decade. ",
"People spoke of \"bobol\" and they sang about it in two famous \"chantè mas\" during the masquerade of 1947: \"Sa ki twavai Norway!\" ",
"and \"Si ou té Norway sa ou téké fè?",
"\n\nLocal School \n\nBelles houses a small government school. ",
"It is government sponsored and a majority of local residents attend. ",
"Many years ago, students walked many miles to school. ",
"This is no longer the case. ",
"The school department chatters local buses for the transportation of teachers and students. ",
" The primary school got a donation of refurbished computers in 2013.",
"\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Dominica\nCategory:Saint Joseph Parish, Dominica"
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"A 29-year-old Massachusetts woman is in critical condition after she got out of a moving Uber vehicle in Boston's O'Neill Tunnel Monday morning and was struck by a car, police said.",
"\n\nThe woman was taking an Uber from Logan International Airport to her home in Mattapan when she exited the SUV on I-93 southbound just before Exit 23 sometime before 7:39 a.m., Massachusetts State Police said.",
"\n\nWhile police said the vehicle was being used as for Uber, the ridesharing company said it has no record of this trip on their platform and are reaching out to state police.",
"\n\nThe woman suffered life-threatening injuries and was taken to Tufts Medical Center. ",
"Police had earlier reported the woman was taken to Massachusetts General Hospital.",
"\n\nThe rideshare driver, who was only identified as a 27-year-old woman driving a 2012 Mazda CX9, stayed at the scene, as did the male driver of the Jeep Cherokee that hit the pedestrian, police said. ",
"They interviewed both drivers and are still investigating why the woman exited the vehicle in the tunnel.",
"\n\nThere are no traffic cameras where the incident took place.",
"\n\nThe incident caused traffic to snarl on Interstate 93 southbound and two middle lanes were temporarily closed.",
"\n\nThe investigation is ongoing."
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[
"Wenxiang\n\nWenxiang (, ; born October 16, 1818 in Liaoyang, died May 26, 1876). ",
"Manchu statesman during the late Qing dynasty. ",
"Wenxiang hailed from the Gūwalgiya clan and belonged to the Plain Red Banner in the Eight Banners in Mukden. ",
"In 1845, he obtained the highest degree (jinshi) in the imperial examination and four years later he was appointed to the Board of Works. ",
"He advanced through the ranks and in 1858, he was appointed vice president to the Board of Rites and also became a member of the Grand Council, the highest policy-making organ in the Empire. ",
"He subsequently held a number of prominent posts in the central government and became a key player in court politics.",
"\n\nAs foreign troops invaded Beijing during the Second Opium War and the Xianfeng Emperor fled to Chengde, Wenxiang remained in the capital and took part in negotiating with the British and French. ",
"Following the peace settlement, he became one of the founders of the new Qing foreign office, the Zongli Yamen. ",
"He was one of the architects behind the Self-strengthening movement and was instrumental in devising the Qing government's cooperative policy towards the Western powers in the period 1861-76.",
"\n\nReferences\n\n Crossley, Pamela Kyle, ''Orphan Warriors' (1990), 141-146..\n\nCategory:1818 births\nCategory:1876 deaths\nCategory:Manchu politicians\nCategory:Politicians from Liaoyang\nCategory:Qing dynasty politicians from Liaoning\nCategory:Ministers of Zongli Yamen"
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"Conformer selection of protein ions by ion mobility in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.",
"\nElectrospray mass spectra of multiply charged protein molecules show two distinct charge state distributions proposed to correspond to a more highly charged, open conformational form and a lower charged, folded form. ",
"Elastic collisions carried out in the radiofrequency-only collision cell of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer have dramatic effects on the appearance of the mass spectra. ",
"The different cross sectional areas of the conformers allow preferential selection of one charge state distribution over the other on the basis of ion mobility. ",
"Preferential selection is dependent on the nature and pressure of the target gas as well as the nature of the protein. ",
"In the case of positively charged horse heart apomyoglobin (MW 16,951 da), a high charge state distribution centered around (M + 20H)(20+) predominates at low target gas pressures and a second distribution centered around (M + 10H)(10+) predominates at high target gas pressures. ",
"Bimodal distributions are observed at intermediate pressures and, remarkably, charge states between the two distributions are not effectively populated under most of the conditions examined. ",
"Hard sphere collision calculations show large differences in collision frequencies and in the corresponding kinetic energy losses for the two conformational states and they demonstrate that the observed charge state selectivity can be explained through elastic collisions."
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[
"Anthony Ballantoni\n\nMid-Pack Attack\n\nMid-Pack: Camping World RV 301\n\nTrack history:New Hampshire International Speedway (original name), the first superspeedway started in the U.S. since 1969, broke ground on August 13, 1989 and was ready for racing the next year. ",
"It is a 1.058-mile asphalt oval with 12-degree banking in the turns. ",
"The 1,500-foot frontstretch and backstretch are banked two degrees. ",
"The seating for 55,000 fans in the grandstands on opening day has been increased to its current 95,000 capacity.",
"\n\nThe NASCAR Nationwide Series held its first race, the Budweiser 300, on July 15, 1990. ",
"Tommy Ellis drove the No. ",
"99 Goo Goo Clusters Buick to the victory in that event. ",
"For the next three years, the Nationwide Series was joined by CART and IRL at the Loudon track. ",
"The speedway hosted its first NASCAR Cup race in July 1993.",
"\n\nIn the mid-to-late 1990’s, several improvements were made at the facility. ",
"A 1.6 mile road course was added for motorcycles and sports cars. ",
"Four helipads, an expanded Corporate Hospitality area, VIP suites, an additional 52 bay garage and more grandstands were built. ",
"More parking and a five-lane access road were constructed.",
"\n\nIn early 2008, Speedway Motorsports, Inc. acquired the track and officially changed the name to New Hampshire Motor Speedway.",
"\n\nJuly 11, 1993: After driving the No. ",
"6 Valvoline Ford to a 126.871 mph qualifying lap, Mark Martin started on the pole for the first Loudon NASCAR Cup race, the Slick 50 300. ",
"He led 29 of the 300 laps and finished second. ",
"Rusty Wallace started the No. ",
"2 Miller Genuine Draft Pontiac 33rd in the lineup, got to the front to lead 106 laps and earned the victory.",
"\n\nJuly 15, 2012:Kasey Kahne won the Lenox Industrial Tools 301 from second in the lineup. ",
"It was the No. ",
"5 Chevrolet driver’s second victory in 2012 and his first in 17 starts at Loudon. ",
"Drivers leading five or more laps: No. ",
"24 Jeff Gordon 5 laps, finished sixth; Winner Kahne led 66 laps; Pole-sitter No. ",
"18 Kyle Busch led 72 laps, finished 16th and No. ",
"11 Denny Hamlin led the most laps (150 of 301) and finished second.",
"\n\nFantasy games won’t allow you to pick all track favorites so Mid-Pack Attack is here to help. ",
"A mid-packer may not win the race but has as good a shot at a top 20 finish as track favorites Jeff Gordon, Denny Hamlin, Jimmie Johnson, Brad Keselowski and Tony Stewart. ",
"There were 43 cars on the preliminary entry list for this weekend’s Cup race. ",
"Here are our picks for Sunday’s Camping World RV Sales 301 in Loudon, New Hampshire.",
"\n\nMid-Pack picks\n\nBrian Vickers' career statistics at Loudon are not impressive. ",
"In 15 Sprint Cup starts at the track he has a 20.3 average finish. ",
"But, since he started his part-time ride with Michael Waltrip Racing in 2012, he finished 15th and ninth at NHMS. ",
"He spent about 2/3 of the time running in the top 15 in those races. ",
"In 2013, aside from his wreck at Kentucky (credited with a 31st place), Vickers has been holding up his share in the No. ",
"55 Toyota with good runs. ",
"He scored an eighth at Bristol, an 11th at Martinsville and a 13th at Sonoma. ",
"We think Vickers is a good choice for another 15th or better on Sunday.",
"\n\nAs noted above in Track Facts, Jeff Burton made his Sprint Cup Series debut at Loudon on July 11, 1993. ",
"One of only four drivers entered this week who have started all 36 NSCS races at the track, he leads the series with four NHMS wins. ",
"During his most recent win (September 2000), Burton led all 300 laps. ",
"No driver has led 100% of the laps in a Cup race at any track since. ",
"That was over a dozen years ago, but the No. ",
"31 Chevrolet SS driver's worst finish in the last seven races here was a 21st place last July. ",
"The other six resulted in a 16th place or better. ",
"You could say Burton has a decent shot at a top-20 on Sunday.",
"\n\nOur border-line \"cheesy pick\" of the week (he's 16th in the points) goes to Ryan Newman. ",
"In the last 10 races at the \"Magic Mile\", he had a few finishes south of 25th place but he also scored one win, two poles and six top-10 finishes. ",
"After the Dover race (five races ago) Newman was 20th in the points. ",
"He finished fifth at Pocono, 18th at Michigan, 15th at Sonoma, 14th at Kentucky and a 10th place last week in the Daytona night race. ",
"He's on a mission to claim a spot in the 12-driver Chase for the Sprint Cup. ",
"A repeat of his two 10th place finishes scored here in 2012 will bring the No. ",
"39 Chevrolet SS driver a lot closer to that goal.",
"\n\nIn his first five starts at New Hampshire Motor Speedway, AJ Allmendinger couldn't buy a good finish. ",
"His best was a 25th. ",
"The last four finishes were just the opposite; 10th, 10th, 12th and 21st. ",
"It looks like he figured out the flat track. ",
"AJ made only eight starts so far this season. ",
"Aside from getting caught up a Big One last week at Daytona and a mechanical problem at Pocono, he finished in the top-20 in five of the other six races. ",
"We're expecting him to bring the No. ",
"51 Chevrolet SS home somewhere in that range this week as well.",
"\n\nTrack history:New Hampshire International Speedway (original name), the first superspeedway started in the U.S. since 1969, broke ground on August 13, 1989 and was ready for racing the next year. ",
"It is a 1.058-mile asphalt oval with 12-degree banking in the turns. ",
"The 1,500-foot frontstretch and backstretch are banked two degrees. ",
"The seating for 55,000 fans in the grandstands on opening day has been increased to its current 95,000 capacity.",
"\n\nThe NASCAR Nationwide Series held its first race, the Budweiser 300, on July 15, 1990. ",
"Tommy Ellis drove the No. ",
"99 Goo Goo Clusters Buick to the victory in that event. ",
"For the next three years, the Nationwide Series was joined by CART and IRL at the Loudon track. ",
"The speedway hosted its first NASCAR Cup race in July 1993.",
"\n\nIn the mid-to-late 1990’s, several improvements were made at the facility. ",
"A 1.6 mile road course was added for motorcycles and sports cars. ",
"Four helipads, an expanded Corporate Hospitality area, VIP suites, an additional 52 bay garage and more grandstands were built. ",
"More parking and a five-lane access road were constructed.",
"\n\nIn early 2008, Speedway Motorsports, Inc. acquired the track and officially changed the name to New Hampshire Motor Speedway.",
"\n\nJuly 11, 1993: After driving the No. ",
"6 Valvoline Ford to a 126.871 mph qualifying lap, Mark Martin started on the pole for the first Loudon NASCAR Cup race, the Slick 50 300. ",
"He led 29 of the 300 laps and finished second. ",
"Rusty Wallace started the No. ",
"2 Miller Genuine Draft Pontiac 33rd in the lineup, got to the front to lead 106 laps and earned the victory.",
"\n\nJuly 15, 2012:Kasey Kahne won the Lenox Industrial Tools 301 from second in the lineup. ",
"It was the No. ",
"5 Chevrolet driver’s second victory in 2012 and his first in 17 starts at Loudon. ",
"Drivers leading five or more laps: No. ",
"24 Jeff Gordon 5 laps, finished sixth; Winner Kahne led 66 laps; Pole-sitter No. ",
"18 Kyle Busch led 72 laps, finished 16th and No. ",
"11 Denny Hamlin led the most laps (150 of 301) and finished second.",
"\n\nFantasy games won’t allow you to pick all track favorites so Mid-Pack Attack is here to help. ",
"A mid-packer may not win the race but has as good a shot at a top 20 finish as track favorites Jeff Gordon, Denny Hamlin, Jimmie Johnson, Brad Keselowski and Tony Stewart. ",
"There were 43 cars on the preliminary entry list for this weekend’s Cup race. ",
"Here are our picks for Sunday’s Camping World RV Sales 301 in Loudon, New Hampshire.",
"\n\nMid-Pack picks\n\nBrian Vickers' career statistics at Loudon are not impressive. ",
"In 15 Sprint Cup starts at the track he has a 20.3 average finish. ",
"But, since he started his part-time ride with Michael Waltrip Racing in 2012, he finished 15th and ninth at NHMS. ",
"He spent about 2/3 of the time running in the top 15 in those races. ",
"In 2013, aside from his wreck at Kentucky (credited with a 31st place), Vickers has been holding up his share in the No. ",
"55 Toyota with good runs. ",
"He scored an eighth at Bristol, an 11th at Martinsville and a 13th at Sonoma. ",
"We think Vickers is a good choice for another 15th or better on Sunday.",
"\n\nAs noted above in Track Facts, Jeff Burton made his Sprint Cup Series debut at Loudon on July 11, 1993. ",
"One of only four drivers entered this week who have started all 36 NSCS races at the track, he leads the series with four NHMS wins. ",
"During his most recent win (September 2000), Burton led all 300 laps. ",
"No driver has led 100% of the laps in a Cup race at any track since. ",
"That was over a dozen years ago, but the No. ",
"31 Chevrolet SS driver's worst finish in the last seven races here was a 21st place last July. ",
"The other six resulted in a 16th place or better. ",
"You could say Burton has a decent shot at a top-20 on Sunday.",
"\n\nOur border-line \"cheesy pick\" of the week (he's 16th in the points) goes to Ryan Newman. ",
"In the last 10 races at the \"Magic Mile\", he had a few finishes south of 25th place but he also scored one win, two poles and six top-10 finishes. ",
"After the Dover race (five races ago) Newman was 20th in the points. ",
"He finished fifth at Pocono, 18th at Michigan, 15th at Sonoma, 14th at Kentucky and a 10th place last week in the Daytona night race. ",
"He's on a mission to claim a spot in the 12-driver Chase for the Sprint Cup. ",
"A repeat of his two 10th place finishes scored here in 2012 will bring the No. ",
"39 Chevrolet SS driver a lot closer to that goal.",
"\n\nIn his first five starts at New Hampshire Motor Speedway, AJ Allmendinger couldn't buy a good finish. ",
"His best was a 25th. ",
"The last four finishes were just the opposite; 10th, 10th, 12th and 21st. ",
"It looks like he figured out the flat track. ",
"AJ made only eight starts so far this season. ",
"Aside from getting caught up a Big One last week at Daytona and a mechanical problem at Pocono, he finished in the top-20 in five of the other six races. ",
"We're expecting him to bring the No. ",
"51 Chevrolet SS home somewhere in that range this week as well."
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[
"Auburn Tigers women's gymnastics\n\nThe Auburn Tigers women's gymnastics team represents Auburn University in the sport of gymnastics. ",
"The team competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) and the Southeastern Conference (SEC). ",
"The Tigers host their home meets at the Auburn Arena on the school's main Auburn campus. ",
"The team is currently led by head coach Jeff Graba. ",
"In their four decades of history, the Tigers have made four appearances at the National Championships; making the Super Six twice.",
"\n\nHistory \nAuburn Gymnastics history dates back to the late 1890s but the Auburn Tigers gymnastics program wasn't founded until 1965 by Edwin Bengston; a kinesiology lecturer at the University and weightlifter. ",
"After a successful few years of competition, the program was discontinued. ",
"In 1974, the program was reinstated by Bengston; Title IX providing the first form of financial aid of $150 to Jeanne Denoon-Amos.",
"\n\nRoster\n\nHead Coach: Jeff Graba\nAssistant Coach: Kurt Hettinger\nAssistant Coach: Ashley Johnston\n\nReferences \n\n \nCategory:1974 establishments in Alabama\nCategory:Sports clubs established in 1974"
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[
"Title: Submachines\n\nAfter attending a presentation about the QP state machine tool, we decided that\nit would be helpful to allow for sub-state machines, which can not only improve\na machine's modularity but also guarantee the impossibility of undesirable\nstate changes, as well as allow the possibility of minor code reuse.",
"\n\nThe proposed syntax follows:\n\nM {\n _ [ ... ],\n *A [ ... ],\n B [ ... ],\n C [\n a --> A,\n b --> B,\n d ~(@become)~> M' --> D\n ],\n D [ ... ],\n\n M' {\n *A' [ b --> B' ],\n B' [\n a --> A',\n d ~~>\n ],\n _ [ ... ]\n }\n}\n\nThe key syntax additions are: 1) to permit state machine declarators as peers\nto state declarators, 2) the ~(...)~> \"become\" operator (alternate syntax ~~>),\nwhich invokes a submachine when supplied inline or by name, and 3) which when\nnone is supplied is called \"unbecome\", and marks an accepting state in a\nsubmachine, and an exit to the proximate state of the supermachine.",
"\n\nThe semantics allow for submachine access only from supermachines; no peer\naccess nor supermachine access is permitted. ",
" A submachine is equivalent to a\ntransformer on its supermachine's type, so any cross-machine access would be\nequivalent to a type error. ",
" The submachine must be a subtype, such that it\nmust accept the events of its supermachine, but can declare additional events\nwhose scope is restricted to tho supermachine. ",
" This makes the submachine\nan isolated subgraph connected to the overall state graph.",
"\n\nThe become operator should be able to take optional side effects in the usual\nform, e.g. ~(M'.b)~>, to facilitate initialization of submachines.",
"\n\nThe become operation can have a trailing dash or arrow, indicating side effects\nto perform after an unbecome, and a destination state.",
"\n\nThere is a tradeoff with multi-use submachines. ",
" Because of the deterministic\nnature, while multiple source events can enter the same submachine, their\nsupermachine destination states must be stored somewhere. ",
" There are two\nalternative implementations: a word of RAM for each submachine (unneeded for a\nsingle instance), or total code duplication for every use. ",
" Both of these\npreserve the semantics, so in general simpler is better - the tradeoff comes\nfrom the use of CSR 8670, which has 1024 words of code for every word of RAM.",
"\nAs such, from a resource tradeoff standpoint it actually makes more sense to\nduplicate the code until more than 1024 words are used, at which point RAM\nwould be preferred. ",
" As a data point, two example state machines consume the\nfollowing amount of resources:\n\n160 code words for simplest (8 states x 7 events)\n719 code words for largest (18 states x 20 events)\n\nAs such, the first could be used 6 times before it would make sense to use RAM\ninstead, whereas the second could be used twice before RAM would be better.",
"\n\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nNote: This addresses 14 by giving a good solution to the problem. ",
"With\nthis, we can choose the precedence order:\n\nstate|event\n-----|-----\nnamed|named\n _ |named\nnamed| _\n _ | _\n\n"
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[
"JACKSON COUTY, Ore. — A woman who has performed hundreds of on-camera interviews and appeared on billboards representing Jackson County Fire District 3 has filed a civil-rights complaint with the state claiming that local officials took away her spokesperson duties as retaliation for complaining of sexual harassment and taking a medical leave earlier this year.",
"\n\nAshley Blakely alleges that a deputy chief who was her direct supervisor pursued her in “a very direct and inappropriate way,” and sexually harassed and intimidated her for several months in 2015. ",
"The deputy chief then began a pattern of micromanaging and disciplinary actions after she complained to the board, according to the Oct. 1 complaint filed with the Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries.",
"\n\nBlakely, who has worked as a fire and life safety specialist since April 2015, claims workplace stress caused by her immediate supervisor led to a three-month leave of absence for anxiety and depression early last summer. ",
"When she returned to work, her supervisors largely stripped her of her role as a media liaison for the fire department, costing her an estimated $5,000 in lost overtime, according to the complaint.",
"\n\nBlakely alleges more than a dozen incidents of sexual harassment involving her immediate supervisor, Deputy Chief John Patterson.",
"\n\nThe complaint claims that the harassment began in 2015 when Blakely, then known as Ashley Lara, told her boss she was going through a divorce. ",
"Between the summer and fall of that year, Patterson allegedly told her he “wanted to push her head into a pillow and pull her hair,” called her a “dirty b–,” and slid his hand down her back and rubbed her shoulders. ",
"Patterson also confessed to Blakely that he liked her as “more than a friend” and that he was “more than a supervisor” and invited her to feel his jeans and examine his belt buckle, the complaint alleges.",
"\n\n“Blakely asked at one point if she could get a ride with him to a wildfire, and he responded with a smirk, 'Oh yeah, I'll give you a ride,'” Blakely's complaint alleges.",
"\n\nBureau of Labor and Industries legislative and communications director Christine Lewis described Blakely's complaint as open and under investigation.",
"\n\nUpdate: Fire District 3 Chief Robert Horton issued the following statement Thursday afternoon:\n\n“The men and women of Fire District 3 provide excellent service to this community with pride and distinction. ",
"As an organization, we investigation allegations of misconduct thoroughly and to resolution. ",
"It is not uncommon in an organization for employees to have disagreement on resolutions and we have processes to deal with such disagreements. ",
"We support and comply with the processes that are in place for our employees. ",
"Fire District 3 has received a complaint filed with BOLI and is compliant with their investigation. ",
"It is the policy of the Fire District that we do not comment publicly on personnel matters. ",
"This is an open and ongoing investigation.”",
"\n\nBlakely's complaint claims that Patterson dramatically changed how he behaved with her by fall 2015, after she disclosed that she had started a relationship with Division Chief David Blakely, to whom she's now married. ",
"Ashley Blakely was known as Ashley Lara until June 2017.",
"\n\n“This changes things between us,” Patterson allegedly said.",
"\n\nBlakely alleges Patterson began micromanaging her and refused to speak with her when addressing others.",
"\n\nBlakely complained to the district managers in October and November 2015, she says, and the fire district removed Patterson as her direct supervisor for a period lasting 10 months. ",
"A disciplinary action Patterson had written against her was withdrawn from her file, according to the complaint.",
"\n\nIn August 2016, Blakely was moved back under Patterson's authority, and Blakely claim of retaliation resumed.",
"\n\nIn December 2017, Patterson issued a memo accusing Blakely of untruthful behavior and making misrepresentations that could be interpreted as self-serving because she apparently left Patterson out of the loop in appointing a staff assistant to run a CPR Anytime training event in Blakely's absence.",
"\n\n“I found a number of conflicting stories and inconsistent versions while reviewing the comments and claims made,” Patterson writes in the memo dated Dec. 7, 2017, concluding with a key point in bold, “Getting to the actual truth was difficult due to conflicting accounts. ",
"Be wary of misrepresentations, they can be interpreted as self-serving. ",
"Follow the chain of command.”",
"\n\nBlakely states that she believed the written document was a precursor to added disciplinary action, causing her to become “extremely anxious and depressed by the stress she was experiencing at work.” ",
"Blakely was granted a 12-week leave of absence this year from late April to the middle of July.",
"\n\nWhen she returned July 16, she found her duties as media liaison had been “taken off her plate.” ",
"The district told a union representative that the reallocation of her time was so Blakely could focus on fire safety inspections, but said she would still be expected to perform public information officer duties in the event of major fire events.",
"\n\n“The very next day, there was a major four-alarm fire in Jackson County (the Peninger fire), and Blakely was not called upon to perform PIO duties,” Blakely's complaint states.",
"\n\nBlakely states that the department told her it would return the media relations duties at a later date, but as of October the agency had not yet done so.",
"\n\nBlakely most recently served as PIO Sept. 13, at the scene of a two-alarm apartment fire."
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[
"Optimal kinematics and morphologies for spermatozoa.",
"\nWe investigate the role of hydrodynamics in the evolution of the morphology and the selection of kinematics in simple uniflagellated microorganisms. ",
"We find that the most efficient swimming strategies are characterized by symmetrical, nonsinusoidal bending waves propagating from the base of the head to the tip of the tail. ",
"In addition, we show that the ideal tail-to-head length ratio for such a swimmer is ≈12 and that this predicted ratio is consistent with data collected from over 400 species of mammalian sperm."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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[
"Description\n\nAs is common among his kin, Viktor is a portrait of well chiseled and angular features that border the line between pretty and handsome. ",
"His slanted eyes and slightly pointed ears hint at his mixed heritage, though it is the crimson hue of his eyes that is the most striking feature about him. ",
"At first glance Viktor has one of those faces that tends to illicit trust and ease, but he frequently emits a faint aura of enigma as well.",
"\n\nViktors strengths lie in the power of domination and mental fortitude. ",
"Though he is gifted with all the traditional benefits of the Lessard line including enhanced strength, speed, reflexes, senses and the ability to shapeshift - his talents in such matters are average at best. ",
"His mental prowess would seem to be a strongly evolved form of Sanina's domination abilities, and within this field his powers have surpassed that of even his sire.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\n“Well if you weren't just standing there,” bit off Kyle as he grunted with exertion, straining against a chain.",
"\n\nSituated around a crouched woman were Christian and Varia as well, the latter seeming almost as feral as the shuddering form of Maria, and the former was picking himself up off the ground to seize up the chain that had been torn from his grasp.",
"\n\nAt the border of the cursed woods the sun could be seen setting in the distance, casting its last few rays of light across the lands.",
"\n\nA low rippling snarl tore free from the throat of Maria as Viktor stepped back from the group, waving for the others to join him.",
"\n\n“Let's go,” he called loudly.",
"\n\nLetting out a woop and a howl of excitement Varia released the chain in her hands, followed quickly by a grinning Christian and a coy grin from Kyle. ",
"However, with Maria now freed, the group fell back quickly.",
"\n\nLeaving the woman to her torment, the group of young vampires vacated the premises.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\nStrolling down the street was a third man, his head down in thought. ",
"The sounds of the commotion had reached him, but he disregarded them. ",
"Such violence and crime occurred nightly in a city of this nature, and it was no concern of his.",
"\n\nNo, he had other matters to attend to. ",
"Word had reached him that their ploy with Maria was proving far more successful than they had anticipated. ",
"Too successful. ",
"The spike in werewolf activity was a concern for the Lessard family as much as it was for the Vankoryth Detente. ",
"It would have to be monitored very carefully.",
"\n\nDistantly he heard the sound of tendons tearing and bones popping as a mans arm was dislocated. ",
"The following shout of pain preceded a thunk as the would be mugger's head hit concrete wall. ",
"It would seem that the nights prey had bite.",
"\n\nHis stride didn't change though and he simply passed by on his way down the street.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\nThe echo of the gunshot brought Viktor's footsteps to a halt. ",
"The scent of the woman's blood was thick in the air, as was the labored sound of her breathing. ",
"He took another step as if to continue on his way before halting again. ",
"Turning his head he gazed upon the fallen woman briefly.",
"\n\nA strange evening this was, when the hunters become the hunted, and the victors fled into the night like prey. ",
"The woman was a fighter, and yet it was her blood that stained the streets. ",
"At last he turned and approached the woman\n\nStanding over Kaelin he looking down at her with impassive eyes. ",
"Each struggle to draw oxygen, each pump of heart to keep her blood circulating he keenly noted. ",
"He should leave her there. ",
"Taking home strays was always a risky prospect and their loyalty a matter of question.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\nThe impassive look in the woman's eyes, even as she bled out in the street was an odd thing. ",
"Unafraid. ",
"It was that look that made his decision for him. ",
"However, distantly the sounds of sirens could be heard. ",
"Someone must have called in the gunshot.",
"\n\n“Slow your breathing. ",
"Everything is fine,” he said carefully as he stared into her eyes. ",
"His voice was low, soothing even, and despite the seemingly ludicrous nature of his words a gentle calm would settle over Kaelin, lulling her into a sort of dazed haze.",
"\n\nKneeling down he moved to lift her up. ",
"She didn't have long and the hypnotic state would buy her minutes at most, but it would be time enough to get her off the street before the authorities arrived.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\n“My name is Viktor,” he replied to her first inquiry. ",
"He didn't continue though, letting the woman orient herself. ",
"Questions would come, and it was best to let her progress at her own pace for now. ",
"Fledglings were largely unpredictable and it was hard to say how any one individual would take to such a traumatic experience.",
"\n\n“Survive? ",
"Your survival is a matter of perspective I am afraid,” he offered, trying to pick his words carefully.",
"\n\nHe offered no apology for his actions though. ",
"He had elevated her above the rabble that walked the street. ",
"Unchained her from the bindings of mortality and given her a new life.",
"\n\n“It will take some getting used to,” he explained. ",
"Though it was stating the obvious, he found it good to talk under such circumstances. ",
"His voice was the sort of voice that just oozed 'trust me'. ",
"Gentle, and patient. “",
"How are you feeling?” ",
"he asked. ",
"Even if she hadn't yet realized it, many physical changes to her form and senses would be immediately apparent.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\n“You will likely find that those senses are enhanced as well,” Viktor explained. ",
"Though her following words brought a shake to his head.",
"\n\n“I did not save your life, I gave you life. ",
"What you had before... it was not living. ",
"As for where you go now, that is largely up to you. ",
"I would like to take you someplace safe. ",
"You will need assistance and guidance with learning to utilize your talents to their fullest potential. ",
"I can give you that, and the security of my home,” he offered.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\nKaelin's rapid acceptance of her situation was startling. ",
"He had known few to adjust so readily. ",
"At least not those turned under such strenuous circumstances. ",
"Perhaps he had chosen well. ",
"Some were simply suited for this life.",
"\n\n“Very well, then let us be on our way. ",
"The sun will be up soon,” Viktor replied.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\nViktor strode into Gambit's, his head lowered in thought and his hands shoved into his pockets. ",
"His posture seemed hardened, despite his downcast eyes and beneath the fringe of hair lay a steely gaze. ",
"His features softened his face though, giving him an aura of intensity rather than coldness.",
"\n\nHe was not expecting company this day, but he didn't need to look up to realize that he would have it regardless of his intentions. ",
"He paused next to Sanina's table as if in greeting, but he knew this was more than a casual encounter.",
"\n\n“Sanina,” he said.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\n“I apologize, but you know how fledglings are. ",
"You can't leave them alone for long,” Viktor explained. ",
"Much of his time had been absorbed in Kaelin's education. ",
"Though it was more than that also, and despite Sanina's vacant expression he could feel that she knew it also.",
"\n\nNo words were exchanged on the matter for the time being.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\n“She learns quickly and her mental prowess is formidable,” Viktor offered. ",
"He was hesitant to speak in too great of detail and risk exposing his attachment to the fledgling. ",
"Compassion had always been his failing in Sanina's eyes.",
"\n\n“She's difficult to read and I can't ascertain her loyalties yet - that is why I haven't brought her to the manor.”",
"\n\nAt Nevan's words, his brow raised in an almost mirror gesture to Kyle's own.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\nViktor nodded. “",
"I'll bring her by the manor tomorrow evening. ",
"If that will be all, I must be off.” ",
"He spared Allucard a glance, but nothing more as he rose and offered Sanina a humble bow. “",
"Excuse me,” he offered to them both before turning to leave the premise.",
"\n\nConcern was etched his mind. ",
"Sanina could be unpredictably unforgiving and he did not yet know how Kaelin would respond to the rest of the family.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\nThe Lessard Manor was an impressive structure of Victorian design characterized by expensive glass windows, tall steeples, stone gargoyles and extravagant gardens intersected by winding stone pathways. ",
"The entrance to the manor grounds was barred by an impressive wrought iron fence patrolled by two human guards. ",
"Small lanterns lined the pathways leading up to the manor house casting a warm glow through the dark. ",
"The gardens to either side were a stunning spectacle of well landscaped flora that had been well chosen to accentuate evening viewing and even the flowers bloomed beneath the silvery moonlight overhead.",
"\n\nHowever should one take a closer look, it would reveal that the gardens were merely an outward facade of beauty, overlaying a backdrop of decay where little could survive for long. ",
"Beneath the surface of the foliage and dazzling array of flowers, spots of mold and wilt could be seen cropping up here and there. ",
"The signs were subtle, but given a few months the picture of beauty would be rotted away beneath the taint that was beginning to infect it. ",
"It was a full time task to keep anything living within the manor grounds and everything that was planted eventually withered and died. ",
"It was only through meticulous care that the the facade was maintained.",
"\n\nMaria had led Riaze back to the city, it's nighttime lights glittering like starlight for as far as the eye could see. ",
"It was a place she was loath to tread, but her vehemence drove her on. ",
"Cautious and wary, she led them through shadow and back alleys to avoid the main routes until eventually they left the din and commotion of the city behind in favor of the pleasant gardens that lay at its heart. ",
"A few evening strollers passed by their position beneath the boughs of a tree, but none sparred them a second glance. ",
"Clad in the remnants of wolf furs and leathers she had acquired from her abandoned campsite on the way, Maria was at least passably modest enough to not draw too much unwanted attention.",
"\n\nRaising a hand Maria extended her finger to point to the manor beyond.",
"\n\n\"Draugr,\" she explained. ",
"The pounding of her heart filled her ears as her chest heaved heavily from the run that had brought them here. ",
"The physical exertion had done little to stem the unquenchable fire that lay within her eyes and she shook with the anticipation of the damage she and Riaze could unleash upon the unsuspecting family within. ",
"Believing themselves safe within their city and behind their walls, their arrogance would be their undoing.",
"\n\nTurning to look at Riaze the fire burned hot in her gaze. \"",
"Draugr,\" she reiterated. ",
"He would come, he would share in the carnage with her. ",
"She did not need ask to know it would be so.",
"\n\nby Cryovizard on Mon May 28, 2012 2:00 pmRiaze looked on the manor that Maria had led him to, studying the structure. ",
"He had deduced what she meant by draugr, the place reeked of vampires to his nose. ",
"Slowly, a smile crept upon his face, a thing to inspire terror. ",
"Fangs gleamed dully in the night lights, and his lone eye seemed to burn brighter. ",
"The fingers of his left hand danced, and shadows drew upwards around the pair of them, etheric shrouds to cloak their coming. ",
"He gestured to Maria, as if saying, \"After you.\"",
"\n\nThe slaying of vampires in any form was retribution to him, penance to their kind for a wrong that would never be righted. ",
"He would see them all ash and bones, and only then would he hope for the release of the torments that plagued him. ",
"He would follow in this woman's wake, the consuming fires of hatred that trailed the blazing spear of anger.",
"\n\nAnd more fall for you, Marcia. ",
"May you rest easier for every one laid to rest.",
"\n\nby Tiko on Mon May 28, 2012 3:51 pmWith shadows to cloak their movements, scaling the fence that surrounded the manor grounds was a simple task. ",
"Once inside the perimeter, Maria stole through the gardens with all the poise of a seasoned hunter. ",
"Her reckless disregard at castle Vankoryth Detante had faded to a dull simmer. ",
"Her years were beginning to show beyond the raging beast that lay in wait.",
"\n\nThe human guards at the entrance were bypassed without event, neither harmed for the time being. ",
"They were not why she was here, and some spark of humanity that still glimmered within her feral state left her taking little pleasure from the killing of mortals.",
"\n\nAs she and Riaze neared the front entrance, the polished flagstones of the walkway led to a set of impressive oaken doors with intricate scrollwork etched into their surface. ",
"A pair of life sized marble lions sat sentinel at the base of the stairs. ",
"Pausing to rest her hands upon the oaken frames Maria inhaled the distant stench of decay that lingered on the night air.",
"\n\nThe reek of it filled her nostrils and flooded her senses with disjointed and chaotic memories. ",
"She could feel the cold touch of dead hands upon her skin, desecrating her flesh as it rotted and decayed beneath their touch. ",
"The screams that tore from her had left her throat bloodied and raw until her voice had become little more than a ragged growl. ",
"Bound in manacles, the bones within her wrist were snapped like kindling each time the beast within her sought to free itself from the torment. ",
"Days had seemed like months, and months like years. ",
"Time had ceased to have meaning.",
"\n\nCurling her fingers against the bronze door handles, Maria quelled the shudder that ran through her. ",
"With a heave she pulled the doors open to stride forward. ",
"The stench of vampire was all around, permeating the air with its foul stench and the sound of voices drew her onward through the vestibule and towards the dining hall beyond. ",
"It was there that she would feed the flames of retributions.",
"\n\n“Sleep my child and peace attend thee, all through the night, Guardian angels God will send thee,” Sanina sang softly. ",
"The gentle melody held an eerie chill to it, despite the seemingly pleasant nature of the lullaby. ",
"Cradled within her arms was the small skeletal remains of an infant, held with all the care and dutifulness of a mother with her child. ",
"Her free hand rose to lightly finger the silver cross at her neck as she gently rocked the chair she and the dead infant were seated upon.",
"\n\nAt the dining table itself another woman, Bri, was placing plates of food before two young children of the ages of five and seven. ",
"The two girls though human seemed unpurturbed by the nature of their environment, or their caregivers. ",
"The youngest even clutched a small doll that appeared to have been hand made from bits of animals.",
"\n\n“'Nina?” ",
"the youngest of the girls asked. “'",
"Nina when will we see momma again?”",
"\n\nSanina's melody died down to a soft humming as she doted over the morbid remains within her arms. “",
"Now now my dear Jezebelle, don't fuss. ",
"You must rest, or you will not get healthy again,” she crooned lightly.",
"\n\n“My lady, that boy of yours has been terrorizing the girls again,” Bri began, but before Sanina could respond, the double doors leading to the dining hall burst open and a fiery haired woman clad in wolf furs and leather strode inside. ",
"The shadows receded from her form as she left Riaze's cover of darkness.",
"\n\n“Is that...” Bri began.",
"\n\n“Get the children out!” ",
"Sanina gasped. ",
"Rising from her chair she pass the dead infants remains to Bri. ",
"Not waiting to be told twice, Bri took up the hand of the youngest of the girls and began leading them out the back.",
"\n\nThe little girl pulled free and tried to run back. “'",
"Nina! '",
"Nina!” ",
"the frightened child yelled before Alice caught her and pulled her away and back to Bri. ",
"Ushering both girls out the door, Bri followed after them.",
"\n\nSanina herself in a moment of uncharacteristic boldness moved to meet the werewolf and the shadow at her back. ",
"Her eyes locked on Maria's as she crooned a low eerie melody. ",
"The hypnotic weight of her eyes would have stopped a human in their tracks, but Maria simply swatted her aside with a backhanded blow. ",
"Colliding with an antique grandfather clock, Sanina fell to the floor, shards of glass cutting into the palms of her hands and her forearms. ",
"Shouts were beginning to ring out through the manor as a man appeared at the top of the stairwell leading upstairs.",
"\n\n“Guards! ",
"Get the guards into the dining hall! ",
"We have intruders!” ",
"Kyle yelled loudly into his ear piece. ",
"Drawing a handgun free from its holster, he checked the safety before descending down the stairs towards the fight.",
"\n\nby Cryovizard on Mon May 28, 2012 4:15 pmFollowing in the wake of his companion, Riaze paused for a barest moment, bonding with the guards shadows and turning them to him. ",
"Satisfied with the precaution, he was as Maria's shadow, ever present, silent, and a step behind her. ",
"Even as they stalked into the manor, a change was settling over the lycan, a lightness in his step, his ever present cruel smile. ",
"This was his life, his enjoyment. ",
"His high.",
"\n\nThe expressions on the vampires' faces as Maria burst into the room was priceless, though he himself hung just without the room. ",
"His shadows flowed as a smog within, but he held a moment to listen to the house, to those within. ",
"After a moments consideration, he smiled. ",
"It seems the sheep were gathered ahead, their dogs few and far between. ",
"He nearly clapped as his companion struck one of them, hurtling her into a clock to lie among debris. ",
"But then the calls of help sounded, and he shook his head in disappointment. ",
"Uninvited guests were after all, so rude.",
"\n\nThe first pair of them sought to brave his shadows to answer, and for that Riaze made them pay. ",
"Muffled screams as darkness enveloped them, pummeling them without remorse. ",
"He held back bare moments from killing them, flinging them from the shadows instead. ",
"Their battered and broken flesh would serve as warnings to the others who dared intrude. ",
"With the insects crushed, then did the lycan finally step forward from the black.",
"\n\nHis eye was a ball of hellfire in his skull, his grin was that of a demon. ",
"Shadows wrapped around his hands, making of them nightmare claws. ",
"A cigarette hung askance between his teeth, forgotten in the moment. ",
"He spoke to strike fear.",
"\n\n\"Ware for the end arrives, and it bares fangs.\"",
"\n\nHe swung towards the man with the gun, claws held to his sides in fatal promise.",
"\n\nby Tiko on Mon May 28, 2012 4:47 pmKyle leveled his gun upon Riaze, but his view was quickly marred.",
"\n\nSanina's bloody fingers closed around the candelabra resting upon the small stand she had fallen beside. ",
"Throwing it at the floor before Riaze's feet, the flames flickered at the carpet before erupting into a blazing inferno. ",
"Within the depths of the flames a pair of feline eyes peered out, before with a bone rattling roar the sleek form of a muscled panther leaped free of the fire to barrel forward into Riaze. ",
"With claws and maw twisted by the demonic taint within its undead form, there was no mistaking the animal as ordinary. ",
"The tendrils of smoke that curled and leaked from its maw and its smoldering eyes further betrayed its nature. ",
"For all of its ferocity though, it was what Riaze couldn't see that would be the biggest threat. ",
"The cat's current path of trajectory seemed set to carry the beast past him, but the displacement over the creature always left the animal appearing a few paces left of where it actually stood. ",
"On a collision course with Riaze, the animals jaws had the strength to crush bone if it got ahold of its target.",
"\n\nPicking herself back up, Sanina struck the wall again, this time as Maria slammed into her, a hand closing around her throat to hold her firm against the wall. ",
"Eyes locked on Sanina's, a low growl bubbled up from within Maria and she began to close her fingers around the vampire's throat. ",
"Though Sanina did not require oxygen to survive, the act of having ones throat torn out was still far from a pleasant experience, and it was an experience Maria intended to return to her in painfully slow detail.",
"\n\nEven Sanina's hands grasping at Maria's forearm causing the flesh to blacken and rot did nothing to abate Maria's grip. ",
"It was only in that moment that Maria understood why Riaze had let Torrential go. ",
"The fear, the pain, it was intoxicating. ",
"She would not let Sanina go, but she would make the vampire suffer every minute of her dwindling life.",
"\n\nA gunshot rang out and with an oomph of pain, Maria dropped Sanina to the floor, the vampire's blood dripping from her fingers as to turned about to face Kyle. ",
"The young vampire wasn't even a year into his unlife yet and the stench of his humanity still clung to him. ",
"It would not deter Maria though.",
"\n\n\"Varia! ",
"Christian! ",
"where are you!\" ",
"Kyle demanded as he backed up a step. ",
"His gun was held levelly in both hands but he needed to make each shot count.",
"\n\nby Cryovizard on Mon May 28, 2012 5:03 pmRiaze snarled as the candelbra seemingly exploded ahead of him, eye narrowing on the creature that grew from the flames. ",
"Lifting his claws, he roared in answer as he struck.",
"\n\nBlack claws swept wide arcs before him, but as they sung through the air they dissolved. ",
"Whips of shadow crisscrossed the space before him, a net of dark tendrils that could strip flesh from bone. ",
"Launching himself in their wake, he veered into his true form, the immense wolf sprinting nearly to charge in their wake. ",
"Turning his head, he waited until the last possible moment before dropping his head and hurling his shoulder forward, not half a pace behind the whips.",
"\n\nRiaze hated cats.",
"\n\nby Tiko on Mon May 28, 2012 5:22 pmShadow was met with hellfire as the tendrils of smoke and stench of sulfur filled the air. ",
"Though some of the tendrils found their mark, where flesh was rend, hellfire rushed forth burning away the shadowy obstacle. ",
"Its position momentarily revealed by the destruction of the shadows, Riaze would have the span of a moment to realize his error and reposition himself for the collision that took the pair to the floor with the impact of flesh against flesh. ",
"Scamp was a formidable foe and where claw and tooth rend flesh, gouts of hellfire would follow in their wake.",
"\n\nMaria meanwhile side stepped the fire that burned at the carpet so she could get at Kyle who backed up another step. ",
"For a moment the pair stared one another down before Maria lunged for the vampire. ",
"Shots rang out, one, two, three. ",
"The first one struck its mark, blood blossoming from Maria's chest while the other two struck the wall as Maria's hand knocked Kyle's gun wide.",
"\n\nThe beast within Maria was like a caged animal trying to claw its way to the surface. ",
"Each drop of humanity lost left Maria's strength and ferocity increased ten fold. ",
"Sweeping her right hand forward the sickening crunch of bone filled the air followed by the clatter of Kyle's gun upon the steps of the stairs.",
"\n\n“Kyle!” ",
"a woman's voice yelled from the top of the stairwell.",
"\n\nTurning her eyes upon Varia, Maria's lips cracked into a wolfish grin before with a jerk, she tore Kyle's heart from his chest and left the man to crumple and tumble down the steps to land in a lifeless heap at its base.",
"\n\nVaria wisely turned and fled deeper into the manor with Maria hot on her heels.",
"\n\nby Cryovizard on Mon May 28, 2012 5:47 pmUsing the collision with the hellcat, Riaze twisted his lupine body and kicked off the animal, landing with surprising grace and skidding back. ",
"Fires in his coat burned away as shadows swept over him, settling into place as a cloak. ",
"Etherial winds blew the darkness back and forth, as parts of the shadows hardened into a formidable armor. ",
"The lycan was pushing the boundaries of both his natures without crossing them together, for he wished direly not to reveal the shadow wolf yet.",
"\n\nOnyx claws clicked on the floor as he padded forwards, his maw of fangs nearly as large as daggers coming into view as his lips peeled back. ",
"Muscles bunched unseen beneath shadow, and with a thunderclap of a roar he launched himself forward in a charge, crossing the gap with blinding speed. ",
"But this time Riaze kept his head straight, jaws opening wide as he struck for the feline's throat. ",
"Smoky darkness lashed on his hide, like oil over him.",
"\n\nby Tiko on Tue May 29, 2012 9:33 amThe blood curdling shriek of the hellcat split the air as Riaze drove the pair to the floor, jaws rending into its throat. ",
"However rather than blood, Riaze would be met with gouts of hellfire flooding his mouth and throat, searing all it could come into contact with. ",
"More fire licked along the pairs forms until they had become a flaming, writhing mass of tooth, claw and fur.",
"\n\nSanina meanwhile had one hand clamped to her bloody throat, her eyes wild and near crazed as human guards began to spill into the room. “",
"Kill them! ",
"Kill them! ",
"Kill them!” ",
"she began to shriek. ",
"All semblance of dignity and restraint was lost to the woman.",
"\n\nLeveling guns upon Riaze and Scamp, the humans opened fire recklessly at the pair.",
"\n\nby Cryovizard on Tue May 29, 2012 9:51 amRiaze was willing to ignore the burning, the claws, even the first couple of bullets. ",
"They simply carved pain into him, magnifying his rage a hundredfold. ",
"But in the face of the bulletstorm and the inferno, the lycan felt a trill of fear. ",
"This was punishment he could simply shrug off, couldn't ignore. ",
"Much more of this and he'd be helpless on the floor, awaiting death at the hands of these foul monsters.",
"\n\nRiaze refused to die.",
"\n\nWithout warning, the shadow cloak that he'd wrapped around him exploded violently, tendrils flinging the hellcat from him, bullets vanishing in the dark or ricocheting wildly. ",
"A mass of seething darkness stood where the wounded wolf lay, pulsing for moments before he howled. ",
"This was no warcry however, but a bone chilling dirge, the sound warbling and distorting as though it were a hundred lycans, and not just one.",
"\n\nAs if in answer, the shadows imploded, rushing to the center where they poured into Riaze' very flesh. ",
"The line between creature and darkness blurred, often vanishing altogether. ",
"Slowly, with soft thuds as bullets rejected from flesh and black, he rose from the floor. ",
"Rising, his front paws coming off the ground and forming into wicked claws. ",
"Rear legs growing, sickening sounds of bone cracking. ",
"His entire body altered, a shifting state of lycan and mirage, reality and illusion. ",
"When he growled, he sounded like a demon.",
"\n\nAnd then he plunged into the humans, death incarnate. ",
"Talons ripped through flesh, blood painted walls, ceilings, floor. ",
"Screams cut off into mangled cries, gurgles, silence. ",
"Gunshots pass through dark body without effect, or ping wildly and unpredictably. ",
"All the while, Riaze not making a single sound.",
"\n\nAnd when he had butchered them all, barely a minute later, he swung to face Scamp, his eyes literally twin hellfires into the darkness of his face.",
"\n\nby Tiko on Tue May 29, 2012 10:20 amBy the time Scamp had regained his footing, the massacre was completed. ",
"Blood painted the room like some macabre painting and broken bodies littered the room. ",
"As Riaze turned about to face the hellcat next, Scamp's ears flattened against his head and he backed up a step with another earsplitting shriek. ",
"Flames flickered within the depths of his wounds, the rend in his throat and the bullet holes that adorned his body seemingly burning up from the inside out. ",
"Growing in heat and intensity, the inner fire seemed to just engulf the feline in its entirety until it was gone.",
"\n\nBy this point the earlier fire upon the carpet was beginning to spread, licking its way up the leg of the dining room table. ",
"A fact not gone unnoticed by Sanina. ",
"There were doorways on either end of the room, but outrunning a werewolf was easier said than done.",
"\n\nRiaze's momentary distraction with Scamp before the hellcat's rather abrupt departure afforded her perhaps a moments advantage though. ",
"Choking down her outrage, Sanina picked herself up from the broken glass and began humming lowly. ",
"The eerie tune permeated the room over the crackle of the flames, and despite their chilling weight, the notes were soothing and held a hypnotic influence to them.",
"\n\n“My poor dear, what have they done to you?” ",
"she crooned lyrically. ",
"Spinning her web of deception would take time, but Sanina wasn't a warrior and fighting the werebeast wasn't a viable option. “",
"But it's okay now... everything is okay. ",
"You kept me safe, as I knew you would...” Her words were soft and caressing. “",
"You killed them all for me, my dear child.” ",
"The story was rushed, and the hypnotic web flimsy at best, but she needed only confuse the werewolf long enough to make for the doorway. “",
"They came to kill me, but you wouldn't let anyone hurt me... isn't that right?” ",
"She even went so far as to offer a bloodied hand out, as if an invitation for him to take it. ",
"The thought of the disgusting beast touching her brought vile thoughts to mind, but survival was first and foremost on Sanina's mind.",
"\n\nby Cryovizard on Wed May 30, 2012 9:23 amHellfire eyes stared until the hellcat vanished. ",
"Shadowy flesh writhed like serpents, as Riaze slowly turned to face Sanina as she spoke. ",
"The siren's call of her words lulled him, trapping him in its coils. ",
"Unaware, he had begun to believe, to fall into the web with willingness, even eagerness. ",
"But a scrap of his mind remained untouched, one of instinct. ",
"But not for her, for the peril he'd placed himself into.",
"\n\nToo long, get out, too long, get out, too long, get OUT!",
"\n\nWith a snarl mixed with scream the lycan wrenched the shadows from him, hurling the darkness away like a snake shed his skin. ",
"Between the battle and the vampire's crooning, Riaze had come dangerously close to the limit he could maintain that form. ",
"Standing sembled in human flesh again, he fell to his knees, freed unwittingly from the siren song. ",
"But for several moments it was all he could do to stay conscious.",
"\n\nBlood covered him, much of it his own. ",
"That long in the shadow wolf and he began to bleed for his pores. ",
"His clothes were a torn and tattered mess, barely hanging from his body. ",
"Chest heaving with deep, shuddering breaths, the lycan fought to calm himself, to throw off the allure of chaos the form foisted on him. ",
"It was times like this where he understood his clan's disdain for his weaving of magic that way. ",
"It was much easier to see the abomination for what it was when it harmed the wielder. ",
"With a final, body-wracking breath, he rose.",
"\n\nHis lone eye cast around, trying to recall how the fires had started, why gore splattered everything like a carnal madhouse. ",
"His gaze slid over Sanina several times before he finally remembered, and then it settled on her with a final sort of resolve. ",
"Vampiric stain on the earth, and his vow to cleanse it.",
"\n\nHe saw her hand outstretched, and instinct told him to take it. ",
"His fingers intertwined with her, the touch sickening intimate. ",
"Riaze knew not what had occurred, but trusted in what his subconscious told him. ",
"This close, he would strike, once and once only. ",
"When the moment was right, when her guard fell.",
"\n\nWhen the hunter never realized she was prey.",
"\n\nby Tiko on Wed May 30, 2012 9:32 amRiaze's hand in her own, Sanina drew him closer, her free hand reaching up to caress down the side of his face ever so gently as the crooning of her melody filled the room. ",
"Smoke and ash were beginning to choke the air, but for Sanina, such matters were of no consequence.",
"\n\n“There there...” she purred softly. ",
"At his back she could see the eyes of Scamp opening within the depths of the flames that were spreading across the dining room table. ",
"The hellcat coiled it's muscles, silent as it readied to attack.",
"\n\nThe front door of the Manor banged open and a man's voice was calling loudly.",
"\n\n“Sanina? ",
"Varia?”",
"\n\nSanina put it all from her mind as she tried to use her hand upon Riaze's face to guide his eyes to hers where she could solidify the hypnotic state she was trying to lull him into.",
"\n\nby Cryovizard on Wed May 30, 2012 9:41 amA tug on his mind drew his eye to her's. ",
"Riaze looked into that eye and ice grabbed his heart. ",
"Hypnosis. ",
"A split second to react before he was trapped, he did the only thing he could. ",
"Shadows burst from his free hand, blasting straight towards Sanina's chest, the tip spearing even as the hilt of Abyss solidified in his hand. ",
"A moment's remorse for her, for death by his sword was a curse. ",
"Even a vampire did not deserve having its essence pulled within the blade, to feed the spirits that gave it power.",
"\n\nRiaze closed his eye, so sure of what was about to happen, his lips moving without sound. ",
"Even for him, killing her with the sword was cruel.",
"\n\n\"Forgive me.\"",
"\n\nby Tiko on Thu May 31, 2012 9:45 amSanina felt it before she saw it, her eyes widening in shock. ",
"Everything happened so quickly that it was a blur of action, the sword piercing her chest, Scamp erupting from the flames towards Riaze's exposed back, Viktor reaching the room as he shouted her name.",
"\n\nIt was all so fast that it was difficult to say in what order things happened in, but for Sanina it slowed down to a crawl. ",
"It was surreal, viewing her death in such an abstract manner, to realize the piercing scream in her ears was her own. ",
"Then the moment was past and the noise, the chaos of the unfolding scene rushed back in, as did the agony of her essence being rend and torn asunder. ",
"Black shadows engulfed her before they were swiftly soaked up by the fell blade. ",
"Nothing remained of Sanina.",
"\n\nAnger and something almost akin to regret touched on Viktor's eyes before it was gone. ",
"He was a hard man, and even Sanina's death at Riaze's hand did little to change that. ",
"Leaving Riaze to Scamp, Viktor made his way past the flames which were licking their way up the walls now. ",
"Once through, he made for the upstairs in search of Varia, drawn by the gunfire echoing through the manor and the screams that filled the night. ",
"He spared the dead body of Kyle only a passing glance as a grimness settled over him.",
"\n\nby Cryovizard on Thu May 31, 2012 10:07 amA moment's death felt like a small eternity. ",
"Abyss devoured Sanina, absorbing her within. ",
"Where she would be consumed by the vampire spirit. ",
"Riaze felt sick, for death by his sword was cruel. ",
"He closed his eyes for a moment of silence, when the sound of claws catching as they launched its owner struck his ears.",
"\n\nRiaze threw himself back and down, skidding on the floor and stabbing upwards with the black blade. ",
"He saw a blur of fire and hellcat flash by over him, but still shaking off the deathblow he couldn't be sure he'd struck anything. ",
"Rolling to his feet, he seized the hilt with his free hand, bringing it into a diagonal guard in front of him, point angled down and to the right a few paces ahead of him. ",
"He bared fangs at Scamp, infuriated that he would be so interrupted.",
"\n\nThe lycan bellowed a challenge in rage. \"",
"Come then, you fucking cat. ",
"I'll chop you to fucking pieces!\"",
"\n\nby Tiko on Thu May 31, 2012 10:23 amRiaze's sword sliced deep as Scamp flashed overhead. ",
"Missing his mark, the hellcat struck the wall, coiled his muscles and leaped back to the floor where he began to pace back and forth before Riaze. ",
"The rend in his ribs was spouting flickers of flame, but the beast seemed impervious to pain.",
"\n\nA low keening wail was issued forth from Scamp's maw as the feline moved to and fro, looking for all the world like an oversized cat, its tail lashing the air angrily as it watched for an opening with which to attack through.",
"\n\nThe moment would come in the form of a potential distraction. ",
"The flames that were working their way up the ceiling had begun to burn through the electrical wires and support beams. ",
"With a spray of sparks the chandelier overhead fell free to crash down upon the dining room table in a shower of broken glass. ",
"Feigning to the left, Scamp swiftly leaped back to the right, barreling straight for Riaze's chest.",
"\n\nby Cryovizard on Thu May 31, 2012 8:04 pmNo such luck for Scamp. ",
"Riaze was outraged, his moment of remembrance defiled by the violence the hellcat had wrought. ",
"He lowered his sword only a fraction, his eye on the damage but his focus on the feline. ",
"His reaction to the cat's move was an even more elegant feint, stumbling back while Abyss swung high above him, out of guard...\n\nThe moment Scamp drew within five paces, the lycan banished his blade and seized the shadows falling away, forming a sword of darkness. ",
"Clamping both hands on the hilt he brought the dark sword down and flung every shadow that would answer his call into the stroke, concentrating everything he had on the edge. ",
"Lycan strength and more, born of fury and hatred, all directed towards the one thing close enough to be the unfortunate target, Scamp.",
"\n\nRiaze hadn't lied. ",
"He planned to cut the bastard in half.",
"\n\nby Tiko on Thu May 31, 2012 8:20 pmAs the blade struck its target, the keening wail of the hellcat could be likened to the shriek of a banshee. ",
"Hellfire spilled forth from the deep rend in a geyser of flame as the beast simply burned away. ",
"By the time the sword had cleaved its deadly path, nothing remained but the acrid stench of sulfur and a scattering of embers across the floor at Riaze's feet.",
"\n\nMeanwhile, the shouts and gunfire from upstairs had fallen silent. ",
"The creak of the wood overhead gave warning to the weakening support beams as the heat and flames continued its destructive path.",
"\n\nby Cryovizard on Thu May 31, 2012 8:28 pmRiaze wasted no time on disbelief that it was so suddenly over, for he was not a stupid lycan. ",
"This burning building was about to come down over his head, and it was time to get the hell out. ",
"Veering on the run, urgency lent wings to his legs, as he sailed upstairs with long bounds. ",
"He searched frantically with his eyes, ears, and what little he could smell. ",
"Hurtling along the burning manor with two goals. ",
"Find Maria, and get out.",
"\n\nNothing else mattered. ",
"Even if something still lived in the house other than them, they were in the same predicament. ",
"Leave, or die in debris and fire.",
"\n\nby Tiko on Thu May 31, 2012 8:42 pmIt didn't take him long to find the target of his search. ",
"There at the top of the stairs stood Maria. ",
"Blood spattered her form, both hers and those of her victims, and there was a wildness to her as the flames from below flickered in her silver irises. ",
"It was in moments like these that it was clear just how loose of a grasp the woman had on the remaining shreds of her humanity. ",
"There was no remorse, no regret, no sympathy in her.",
"\n\n“Óttalauss.”",
"\n\nThe single word was spoken boldly, though her nostrils flared at the stench of smoke and sulfur making its way up from downstairs. ",
"Growling lowly, the sound that came from her throat did not belong from that of a human woman.",
"\n\nby Cryovizard on Fri Jun 01, 2012 9:39 amBarely slowing his pace, Riaze leapt for Maria, eyes not on her but the window behind her. ",
"Midleap he sembled, spreading his arms in a tackle that he planned to grab the woman and carry her along with him back and out. ",
"Succeeding in this, he'd semble again and tuck himself around her, for the impact waiting them below was not going to be kind.",
"\n\nHuman he could survive the jump, though it would take some time to heal with all the other injuries this night. ",
"Wolf, a few bruises, deep ones for sure. ",
"Better than broken bones.",
"\n\nRiaze was going to have words with Maria for this. ",
"Even if it took him half the night, he was going to have words. ",
"Abyss, what a goddamned mess. ",
"Maria, you got some serious explaining to do, neglecting to mention all the shit about these fucking leeches.",
"\n\nby Tiko on Sun Jun 03, 2012 9:12 amEven with Riaze to adsorb most of the fall, the impact with the ground was jarring for Maria. ",
"Tumbling free of his grasp they both rolled across the ground to a stop. ",
"Taking but a moment to orient herself, Maria rolled over and rose up into a guarded crouch, bits of broken glass falling free of her hair and clothes. ",
"Her expression was unreadable as she stared at Riaze behind her wolfish eyes.",
"\n\n“Hvers vegna?” ",
"she demanded.",
"\n\nIn the distance the sounds of sirens could be heard drawing closer. ",
"The gunfire and the burning manor had drawn the attention of the local authorities and soon the place would be crawling with humans.",
"\n\nby Cryovizard on Wed Jun 06, 2012 9:16 amThe shock of impact jarred his veered body, stunning him for a moment. ",
"Through faint stars Riaze watched the side of the manor they'd just left come crashing down in fire and debris. ",
"A shiver went through his lupine body, and then he sembled. ",
"Looking down at himself, he cursed, simply ripping the tattered shreds of his shirt away and flinging them into the fire.",
"\n\nGlaring at Maria as she snarled at him, he tilted his head pointedly at the burning ruins, raising an eyebrow. ",
"Like you wanted to be in there when it did that? ",
"The lycan snorted at his own thought, sobering as the sound of sirens finally seeped into his consciousness. ",
"Muttering an oath under his breath, he swept his eye around. ",
"Looking towards the back of the property, he started loping towards it, glancing back at the lycaness and beckoning her away.",
"\n\n\"Time to go. ",
"Unless you want to end up in another cage?\"",
"\n\nby Tiko on Wed Jun 06, 2012 9:32 amMaria spared a glance back at the burning manner before she followed reluctantly after Riaze. ",
"There were more vampires that yet lived, always more, but the sounds of the approaching sirens was loud and blaring; it had her uneasy, as did Riaze's words.",
"\n\nThe property seemed to spill into the outskirts of the city, leaving one to make their way east or west back into the city, or north into dark woods that bordered the city. ",
"The stench of decay was on the night air though, wafting in from the woods to the north. ",
"No sounds of life permeated its dense foliage, only death lay beyond. ",
"The pair skirted the location though as they made their way east and back into the city.",
"\n\nMaria couldn't help but spare a look back at the woodland border they had left behind though. ",
"She did not understand cities, the noise, the people. ",
"The woods were what she knew. ",
"But even she was loath to tread within those unhallowed grounds and so she trailed after Riaze, trusting in him to know his way where she did not.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\nThe Lessard manor was aflame, the flickering orange glow blazoning in the night. ",
"The stench of ash and sulfur was thick on the air and the once magnificent splendor was rapidly succumbing to the consuming fire. ",
"In the distance the sounds of sirens could be heard making their way through the city. ",
"The gunfire and burning building had draw the attention of the local authorities. ",
"It had also drawn the attention of the inhabitants of the manors, those that weren't caught in the fire itself.",
"\n\nOut front stood Viktor with Varia in his arms. ",
"The woman was motionless, her body rend and torn with the deep gashes of claw marks. ",
"Laying her down upon the flagstones, Viktor made to approach the building again, but with a crash a support beam snapped and crashed down to bar the doorway. ",
"The heat of the flames was too much even for a vampire to brave. ",
"Shielding his face, he caught sight of Kyle's form still sprawled at the base of the stairs with a bloody gaping wound in his chest before the flames overtook him.",
"\n\nThe sirens were growing closer all the while, and with a grim resignation he turned away to return to Varia. ",
"Hoisting her back up into his arms, he started his way towards the front gates.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\n“Kyle's dead,” Viktor replied grimly. ",
"He was a hard man, and his eyes betrayed none of what lay beneath his next words. “",
"So is Sanina.” ",
"Such simple words spoken, but their weight would shake the family to its core. “",
"Werewolves, there were two of them.”",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\nViktor simply turned and walked away, the flashing of lights could be seen through the trees and the place would be crawling with authorities soon. ",
"Viktor had always been a bit of an enigma to the family, always lurking on the fringes, rarely speaking to anyone. ",
"His place in the family had remained a mystery even to Vincent and Parson, and it seemed with Sanina's death the mystery would fade into obscurity, along with Viktor. ",
"He didn't spare even a look back as he left with Varia.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\nVincent and Christian's brief return to the manor had proven unfruitful. ",
"The destructive fires had destroyed much of the manor and any possessions it had contained. ",
"With Bri and the human children still missing, the pair had turned their attentions to the defected member of the family. ",
"Unlike most of the Lessard line, Viktor had maintained his own place of residence apart from the family. ",
"It wasn't the sprawling piece of elegance that the manor had been, but the townhouse was in a higher class region of the city and spoke of his ties to the wealthy Lessard family. ",
"As Vincent and Christian arrived at the front door the sounds of shouting could be heard.",
"\n\n“No, you listen to me. ",
"That bitch killed Kyle. ",
"She gutted him like a fucking animal, and fuck you if you think I'm going to sit around here and not do anything about it,” Varia's voice rang out vehemently.",
"\n\nGrabbing her leather jacket up, Varia jerked the front door open in time to come face to face with Vincent and Christian. ",
"Sparing them little more than a scowl, Varia brushed past them without a look back.",
"\n\n“Uh, I'll-” Christian began as he pointed after Varia. ",
"Without waiting for an answer from Vincent he turned and headed off after her at a jog to catch up.",
"\n\nMeanwhile, as the interior of the townhouse came into view for Vincent, it held an almost obsessive spotlessness to it. ",
"Even the white carpet had no sign of stain or discoloration to it. ",
"There wasn't a lot in the way of possessions, but what few there were seemed almost artistic in nature. ",
"The only thing that marred the perfection of the room was the glass coffee table that lay in disarray, an antique end table having been smashed through it. ",
"Bits of broken glass were scattered across the carpet.",
"\n\nPicking a longsword up from the broken glass, Viktor returned the weapon to its display stand on a nearby shelf.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\n“I intend to leave the city. ” ",
"Viktor replied. “",
"Take this as a termination of our arrangement, but my expenses are paid up until the end of next month. ",
"My services to your family will continue until then.”",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\nIt wasn't long before another figure entered the room, a vaguely familiar one to Kaitlynn. ",
"His hands were shoved into his coat pockets, as he strode through the doorway. ",
"His eyes locating her swiftly upon entry and his footsteps carried him towards her table. ",
"Had he been following her? ",
"Probably.",
"\n\nThey had never spoken, though Viktor had often not spoken with many of the Lessard family, preferring to remain on the fringes. ",
"Not many had really understood his part in the family, or his relation to Sanina, but they had for the most part accepted his presence.",
"\n\nWith Sanina's passing, Viktor had faded from the scene for months without sight or word as to his movements, that is until this evening.",
"\n\nAs he stopped at Kaitlynn's table, he nodded to a vacant chair across from her.",
"\n\n\"May I?\" ",
"he asked.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\nViktor took the vacant seat, keeping a watchful eye on the rest of the room as he sat. ",
"He had seen the edicts around the city, had heard of the fights and the rising death toll. ",
"Sanina's failing had always been her arrogance, her belief that she was beyond reach, beyond reproach. ",
"Viktor knew caution though, and this was not a good time for a lone vampire to be wandering the city. ",
"Caution should not be mistaken for fear though, and he seemed at ease in the surroundings.",
"\n\n\"This city isn't safe for you any longer,\" Viktor began simply.",
"\n\nCharacters Present\n\nOOC Notes\n\n\"You are the last living heir to the family,\" Viktor reminded her firmly. \"",
"You may not have wanted it, nor acknowledged it, but your sister protected you. ",
"She's gone now and her enemies will be your enemies in time. ",
"You have seen these edicts for yourself. ",
"Your innocence in these matters will not outweigh the blood you two shared.\"",
"\n\nOur Sponsors\n\nRolePlayGateway is proudly powered by obscene amounts of caffeine, duct tape, and support from people like you. ",
"It operates under a \"don't like it, suggest an improvement\" platform, and we gladly take suggestions for improvements or changes."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[
"Tag: seawolves\n\nWhat is there to say about this Anchorage team that other pundints haven’t said? ",
"According to the current Pairwise rankings, UA-A are dead last in the whole of the NCAA.",
"\n\nTheir points leader has 6 total points, with 4 being goals, is Nicolas Erb-Ekholm, followed by Nils Rygaard with 3 goals, 2 assists for 5 goals. ",
"They’ve also utilized three goalies t his year, but the only one has their two wins, and that is Brody Claeys.",
"\n\nFormer head coach Matt Thomas certainly didn’t leave any real help to first year head coach Matt Curley, and Mr. Curley has a lot of work cut out for him to get the program on the right track after dwelling in the cellar for a number of years, which is not that unlike Lake State.",
"\n\nLakers Sailing the High Seas After Tournament Win\n\nWhat can I say about these Lakers that hasn’t already been said on both this site & others? ",
"Overall they’ve been playing good hockey, though the games they’ve played bad in were very noticeable on the ice.",
"\n\nBut after winning the Great Lakes Invitational, having captain Diego Cuglietta named MVP of the tournament, having three (!) ",
"players named to Player of the Week in the WCHA last week, they’ve got to be flying high, albeit not nearly as high following news of the death of Max Humitz’ father on January 1st.",
"\n\nAnchorage is hard place to play as they have an Olympic ice sheet, and of course the long flight. ",
"But they’ll be playing for more than themselves this weekend.",
"\n\nCatch the action on 99.5 YESFm, or on TuneIn, where it will likely feature the Alaska feed. ",
"You can watch the game using FloHockey.",
"\n\nThere are two things each of these two teams have in common this season: their record and starting goalie. ",
"Alaska Anchorage has started senior Olivier Mantha in all six of their games this season where he has faced 216 shots in 356:05 minutes in net, which is good for #13 in the country for shots faced (Nick Kossoff of the Lakers sits at #15, with 211 shots faced in 321:43 minutes in net). ",
"Despite the scores and records, Mantha is having a pretty good year with such a tough schedule. ",
"They opened up at home against NCHC powerhouse North Dakota, forcing a 1-1 tie. ",
"The Sea Wolves lost in overtime the next night 3-2, allowing 4 goals in 78 shots. ",
"The next weekend they travelled to Colorado College to take on the Tigers. ",
"They lost 6-1 and 3-2 on the weekend, that Saturday night score is impressive, considering that the Tigers are now 5-2 on the season, splitting games with some really good teams. ",
"If Mantha was backstopping a more competitive team in the conference, like a Michigan Tech or Mankato (I would say Bemidji, but trying to decide between Bitzer and Mantha would be an impossible decision), I think that the WCHA could bring home a national championship.",
"\n\nBut the rest of the team is another story. ",
"They have not allowed as many goals or shots on goal, but as a team they are sitting with the lowest Corsi For % in even strength & “close” , and for the overall totals. ",
"Lake State does sit right above them, however.",
"\n\n(Lake) Superior State of Sorrow\n\nThis season has not lived up to our expectations. ",
"They have been outshot 195 to 70 in the last two weekends, with two periods (one each weekend) only having a single shot on net. ",
"There seems to be a few injuries on the blue line, but that doesn’t really excuse the excessive shots on net.",
"\n\nThe Lakers lead the nation on shots on goal against, with 332 (UAA had 219). ",
"This is dead last in the nation, ahead of Arizona State by 45 SOG. ",
"In contrast they only shot the puck on net 166 times (UAA has 150). ",
"In case you didn’t notice it, that is 2:1 SOGA:SOGF.",
"\n\nWe’ve talked about it as a group here at Laker Hockey Blog but despite it only being the 9th and 10th game of the year for the Lakers, and 7th & 8th games of the year for UAA, it feels like a must win series for both teams if they want to 1) make the playoffs and 2) build momentum to turn their seasons around since the rest of the season will not get any easier for both teams.",
"\n\nI think it’s pretty obvious what the key to success is this weekend for the Lakers: Get shots on net and limit shot attempts from the Sea Wolves. ",
"Basic hockey. ",
"This is the time for fundamentals, not fancy drop passes, zone entries or clears.",
"\n\nLook for this game to be one of:\n\nHigh scoring\n\nHigh SOG\n\nA exercise in futility\n\nNo matter which team you will be rooting for this weekend, I think we may all agree that copious amounts of alcohol will be required to get through it.",
"\n\nThis slugfest can be seen locally at the Taffy Abel Arena, with both Friday and Saturday night games starting at 7:07pm. ",
"They can be heard locally on 99.5 YesFM, online at www.yesfm.net, or on the TuneIn app. ",
"For those fans not in the area, or cannot make it to the arena but still want to watch the action, both games will be available on www.WCHA.tv."
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[
"Articles Tagged fifth park\n\nDisney World’s Master Plan: More Parks, More Monorails Master plans don’t HAVE to come true. ",
"They aren’t blueprints, they aren’t set in stone, and the items contained on them aren’t yet pitched to top executives,…"
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[
"This invention relates broadly to an exercise machine and, more particularly, pertains to a seated abdominal exercise machine for performing an abdominal \"crunching\" motion, in which one's abdominal muscles are exercised as the spine is flexed.",
"\nHuman abdominal muscles are chiefly comprised of the rectus abdominus. ",
"The rectus abdominus muscles are a pair of elongated, planar muscles, on either side of the navel, which extend along the entire length at the front of the abdomen from the lower rib cage to the pelvis. ",
"The rectus abdominus muscles are interconnected by a band of fibrous connective tissue which creates a greater abdominal region beneath the sternum.",
"\nThe upper section of the rectus abdominus is known to be effectively exercised by performing repetitions of sit-ups using the \"crunch\" technique. ",
"In its classic context, \"crunch\" relates to the motion in which the human torso is raised from a lying down or supine position, that is, flexed in a curling motion, while the spine is bent and the legs are held straight or bent.",
"\nDamage to the spine can occur when the vertebrae region is subjected to stresses or forces which are inconsistent with the function of that region. ",
"Unless care is taken to completely and properly support one's back, neck and head, dangerous stress is placed on the vertebrae and discs.",
"\nTo minimize the risk of injury and provide a greater level of comfort and control than that achieved from traditional free hand exercises, various devices have been proposed whereby an exerciser can perform or simulate a crunch motion while performing repetition of exercises equivalent to sit-ups or crunches, but remaining within the safe limits of stress to the back, neck and abdominal muscles.",
"\nVarious resistance-type exercise devices for exercising abdominal muscles have been developed over the years. ",
"One type of device is known as a seated abdominal exercise machine. ",
"Generally, this type of machine places an exerciser in a sedentary position raised off the ground in a framework, including a rotary-type, upper torso engaging structure which allows the exerciser to bend forwardly into a simulated crunch position against a variable resistance.",
"\nAlthough various attempts have been made to perfect these machines, there remains several disadvantages to their design. ",
"Some of these machines emphasize motions which work the hip flexors more than the abdominal region. ",
"Other machines concentrate on moving about a particular axis or axes without fully supporting the neck, head and back. ",
"Still other versions are limited by other factors such as a limited range of movement, improper backrest and/or seat cushion design. ",
"With such predecessor designs, it was entirely possible to work the machine's mechanism with incorrect and incomplete motion because proper torso extension and contraction was not completely studied.",
"\nAccordingly, it is desirable to provide an exercise device for doing \"crunches\" that allows for a full range of abdominal muscle involvement while continuously supporting the neck, head and back of the exerciser. ",
"It is also desirable to provide a seated abdominal exercise machine which does not impose undue stress on the exerciser's spine and allows an effective abdominal exercising apparatus which is safe, comfortable and easy to use. ",
"It is also desirable to provide an exercise apparatus employing a motion translation arrangement for providing a true crunching motion which will strengthen and develop the entire abdominal region.",
"\nIt is one object of the present invention to provide an improved apparatus for full range exercise of the abdominal muscles.",
"\nIt is a further object of the present invention to provide an exercise machine for isolating and strengthening the abdominal muscles that requires the exerciser to perform correct torso extension and contraction.",
"\nIt is also an object of the present invention to provide a seated exercise abdominal machine for guiding the human body through proper trunk flexion by continuous support of the head, neck and back.",
"\nA further object of the present invention is to provide an abdominal exercise machine which acts about several axes of motion to enable the proper flexing of one's spine.",
"\nYet another object of the present invention is to provide an abdominal exercise device having a seat and a backrest located at favorable dispositions, so as to maximize the effect of the crunching motion.",
"\nIn one aspect of the invention, a seated abdominal exercise machine includes a frame, a seat mounted to the frame and a backrest attached to the frame rearwardly of the seat. ",
"An arm and head support assembly is mounted for rotary movement to the frame and provides a resistance adapted to be moved by an exerciser occupied in the seat. ",
"A motion translation arrangement is pivotally mounted between the frame and the arm and head support assembly for providing an unrestricted, full range abdominal crunching motion for the seated exerciser. ",
"The motion translation arrangement includes a transfer tube having a lower end pivotally connected to the frame about a first fixed horizontal axis passing through the back rest, and an upper end pivotally mounted to the upper arm and head support assembly about a first moving horizontal axis. ",
"The motion translation arrangement further includes a transfer link having a lower end pivotally mounted to the arm and head support assembly about a second moving horizontal axis, and an upper end pivotally attached to the frame about a second fixed horizontal axis which is offset relative to the first fixed horizontal axis. ",
"The motion translation arrangement further includes a movable vertical leg extending downwardly between the arm and head support assembly and the frame, the leg providing additional resistance during the crunching motion. ",
"A structure is pivotally mounted about a third movable horizontal axis on the arm and head support assembly adapted for continuously engaging and supporting the head and neck of the exerciser throughout the full range of the exercise motion. ",
"The seat is independently adjustable and is generally declined rearwardly relative to the frame at about 35.degree. ",
"from a horizontal plane. ",
"The backrest is fixed and is generally angularly disposed relative to the frame at about 45.degree. ",
"from a vertical plane. ",
"The offset relationship between the first fixed horizontal axis and the second fixed horizontal axis enables the motion translation arrangement to pivot at a greater speed at the second movable horizontal axis than at the first movable horizontal axis. ",
"The arm and head support assembly includes a carriage superstructure including a horizontal cross beam having opposite ends to which are fixedly attached a pair of downwardly depending parallel arms, a pair of support braces extending forwardly from the arms for supporting a pair of cushions adapted to be engaged by the elbows of the exerciser. ",
"The cross beam includes a pair of handlebars having handle grips adapted to be grasped by the hands of the exerciser during exercise. ",
"A U-shaped bracket is pivotally mounted on the handle bars and a head support cushion is attached to the U-shaped bracket and adapted to continuously engage the head of an exerciser during the crunching motion.",
"\nThe invention further relates to a seated abdominal exercise machine having a frame, a seat mounted on the frame, a back rest attached to the frame and an arm and head support assembly mounted for rotary movement to the frame. ",
"The improvement resides in a motion translation arrangement including a series of transfer members pivotally interconnected together between the frame and the arm and head support assembly and moving about a first fixed horizontal axis passing through the backrest, a first movable horizontal axis passing through the arm and head support assembly, a second fixed horizontal axis passing through the frame at a location offset from the first fixed horizontal axis, and a second movable horizontal axis which moves rearwardly and upwardly relative to the frame when a downward force is exerted on the arm and head support assembly. ",
"The second fixed horizontal axis is offset above and to the rear of the first fixed horizontal axis. ",
"The machine includes a one-piece, flat back rest adapted for continuously supporting the back of an exerciser. ",
"A head support is pivotally mounted on the arm and head support assembly and adapted for continuously supporting and adjusting the head of an exerciser during use of the exercise machine.",
"\nIn another aspect of the invention, an abdominal exercise machine is provided in which the torso of an exerciser is adapted to be flexed. ",
"The exercise machine includes a frame, a seat adjustably mounted on the frame, and a backrest mounted to the frame and adapted for continuously supporting the back of an exerciser occupied in seat of the machine. ",
"A carriage superstructure is pivotally mounted on the frame and includes a pair of pads adapted to be engaged by the elbows of the exerciser. ",
"A motion translation arrangement is pivotally mounted between the frame and the carriage superstructure for enabling unlimited range of abdominal motion. ",
"A mechanism is pivotally mounted on the carriage superstructure and adapted to continuously support and adjust an exerciser's head throughout the range of abdominal motion, so that the head will move in a manner consistent with the flexing of the torso.",
"\nVarious other features, objects and advantages of the invention will be made apparent from the following description taken together with the drawings."
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[
" \nTotality Beliefs and the Religious Imagination\n\nAnthony Campbell\n\nSmashwords Edition\n\nCopyright 2009 Anthony Campbell\n\nSmashwords Edition: Licence Notes\n\nThis ebook is licensed for your personal use only. ",
"It may not be re-sold or given away to other people. ",
"If you would like to share it with someone else, please purchase an additional copy for each person you share it with. ",
"If you're reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then you should return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy. ",
"Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.",
"\n\nAbout the author\n\nAnthony Campbell was a consultant physician at The Royal London Homeopathic Hospital (now The Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine) for over twenty years. ",
"He retired in 1998. ",
"He has published books and articles on homeopathy, medical acupuncture, and complementary medicine as well as three books on back pain for patients. ",
"He has many interests outside medicine and has published a novel as well as several books on non-medical topics, including two on Transcendental Meditation, which are discussed in this book.",
"\n\nFor M-C, who profoundly disagrees with me but respects my right to have a different opinion.",
"\n\nReviewers' comments\n\nI especially like Campbell's autobiographical approach to religion, where he explains his religious journey throughout his life. ",
"This gives him an opportunity to present some arguments, but more importantly, to put these into context and tell the reader why those arguments moved him. ",
"The result is not so much a philosophical meditation as a story. ",
"And such a story is powerful in its own way. ",
"Reading it is like listening to the wisdom of a thoughtful person who has had interesting experiences in a long life. ",
"Because this wisdom is based on an individual's experience, it is to a certain degree personal. ",
"It may not always be easy to generalize and make into an abstract argument. ",
"But I find it fascinating and valuable nonetheless. [",
"Taner Edis]\n\nAnthony Campbell gave the rather challenging title of \"Totality Beliefs and the Religious Imagination\" to what is really a most readable autobiography, a story, during which he shares a remarkable depth and breadth of knowledge and a distillation of his personal philosophy. ",
"We read biographies not just as non-fiction \"stories\", but also in hopes of finding something about ourselves as much as the subject of the biography, and Campbell's story is one in which many will find a mirror, reflecting, and perhaps rendering more clear, their own thoughts about this life. [",
"John Floyd]\n\n**Contents**\n\nPreface\n\nChapter 1. ",
"The Casaubon Delusion\n\nChapter 2. ",
"Roman Catholicism\n\nChapter 3. ",
"Starting TM\n\nChapter 4. ",
"Doubts and Difficulties\n\nChapter 5. ",
"Moving On\n\nChapter 6. ",
"Mysticism\n\nChapter 7. ",
"The Religious Imagination\n\nChapter 8. ",
"Buddhism\n\nChapter 9. ",
"Miracles\n\nChapter 10. ",
"The Soul\n\nChapter 11. ",
"Letting Go\n\nAppendix: References for Chapter 9\n\nBibliography\n\nPreface\n\nThere are many motives for writing, but one is to clarify one's ideas to oneself. ",
"The result is more a voyage of exploration than a formal setting out of views. ",
"This book is in that category – written in the first instance for myself, though I hope it may be useful to at least some readers. ",
"The ideas I look at here have been in my mind for more than fifty years, so it seems that now is the time to put them down on paper if I am ever going to do so.",
"\n\nMany books criticising religion have appeared in recent years, but most have been written by people who never had a religious belief or lost it early in life. ",
"This one is different, in that it offers an inside view of what it feels like to be immersed in two quite different religious belief systems and then to leave them. ",
"At various times in my life I have been involved in Roman Catholicism and in Transcendental Meditation (TM), which is based on Indian (Advaita – non-dualist) metaphysics. ",
"Many years ago I wrote a book on TM called _Seven States of Consciousness._ ",
"Occasionally someone who has come across my website sends me an email to ask if I am the Anthony Campbell who wrote the book and, if so, do I still agree with what I wrote there and do I still practise TM? ",
"The answers I give to such people are usually greeted with silence; I never hear any more from them.",
"\n\nI don't much like having to reply to these correspondents because simple yes or no answers to their questions would be misleading and to reply in more detail would require more time and space than an email could easily accommodate. ",
"In a way, this book is a reply to questioners of this kind but its relevance is, I hope, not at all confined to people who practise TM or have given it up. ",
"I am writing here for people who question the need to adhere to any totality belief system. ",
"The book may be useful to anyone who thinks they are reaching a similar position but wonders what it will feel like if they let go. ",
"I want to show that letting go can actually yield a great sense of freedom.",
"\n\nWhatever I may have been in the past, today I regard myself as a fully paid-up supporter of the values of the Enlightenment – the intellectual movement which began in France, Germany and Britain in the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries (historians argue about the exact chronology) and advocated reason as the primary basis of authority rather than revelation.",
"\n\nThese values are under attack today in all kinds of ways. ",
"I may even have contributed to this myself in the past, by using \"enlightenment\" in a different sense, to mean almost the opposite – to refer to a mystical form of illumination that is non-rational. ",
"So this book is, in a sense, a recantation of former views, but no matter. ",
"I have always believed that we should be prepared to change our minds when the evidence demands it.",
"\n\nIt hardly needs saying that a book of this kind must be deeply indebted to the ideas of others. ",
"There are few original ideas, particularly in religion. ",
"The Bibliography lists all the books referred to in the text and also others that I have found useful in helping to shape my thoughts.",
"\n\nChapter 1. ",
"The Casaubon Delusion\n\n_It is perhaps surprising that men come to regard the happiness which a religious belief affords as a proof of its truth. ",
"If a creed makes a man feel happy, he almost inevitably adopts it. ",
"Such a belief ought to be true; therefore it is true._ – ",
"William James (The Varieties of Religious Experience).",
"\n\nIt is said that when the writer Gertrude Stein was dying, her companion, Alice B. Toklas, asked her urgently: \"Gertrude, Gertrude, what is the answer?\" ",
"To which Gertrude replied, very reasonably: \"What is the question?\"",
"\n\nAlice's question was about the Meaning of Life, the Universe, and Everything. ",
"In Douglas Adams's _The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy_ the supercomputer Deep Thought gives us the answer to such a question, which is \"Forty-two\". ",
"This may be about as far as we are likely to get with all-embracing questions about ultimate meaning, but many of us find it hard to accept. ",
"There seems to be something in the human mind that is always searching for totality answers, for all-encompassing solutions. ",
"But it is a perilous quest. ",
"It can even degenerate into a kind of madness.",
"\n\nThe Casaubon delusion\n\nIn George Eliot's Middlemarch Edward Casaubon spends his life in a futile attempt to find a comprehensive explanatory framework for the whole of mythology. ",
"He is writing a book which he calls the Key to all Mythologies. ",
"This is intended to show that all the mythologies of the world are corrupt fragments of an ancient corpus of knowledge, to which he alone has the key. ",
"He is, of course, deluded. ",
"His young wife Dorothea is at first dazzled by what she takes to be his brilliance and erudition, only to find, by the time he is on his deathbed, that the whole plan was absurd and she can do nothing with the fragments of the book that she is supposed to put into order for publication.",
"\n\nIn memory of Mr Casaubon, such attempts to find all-encompassing explanations might be called the Casaubon delusion. ",
"It is due to an almost pathological overgrowth of pattern-seeking behaviour, which pushes a normal function of the mind beyond its limits. ",
"Sometimes it takes the form of believing that the universe is constructed like a giant cipher, a cosmic intelligence test set for us by God which it is our business to puzzle out. ",
"Complete esoteric systems have been founded on this belief. ",
"Mr Casaubon was part of a long tradition.",
"\n\nFor an example of a real-life Mr Casaubon one might take the late John G. Bennett (1897–1974). ",
"He was a man of great ability and intelligence, first chairman of the British Coal Utilisation Association, who spent most of his life pursuing enlightenment in one form after another, always hopeful but always more or less disappointed. ",
"His quest began when he was blown off his motorcycle by a shell in France in 1918 and spent six days in a coma, during which he had an out-of-body experience. ",
"This convinced him that we survive our bodily death.",
"\n\nAfter the war he served as an intelligence office in Turkey, which stimulated his interest in Sufism. ",
"There he also met G.I. Gurdjieff, the Greek–Armenian teacher and mystagogue, and his pupil P.D Ouspenksy. ",
"He became convinced that Gurdjieff knew many secrets and had the key to enlightenment, and he worked intensively with both these teachers between the wars.",
"\n\nFor much of his life Bennett was affected by the belief that there is a secret organization of initiates, Masters of Wisdom based in Central Asia, which guides human affairs. ",
"He was convinced that Gurdjieff had made contact with these people and was in some sense their representative, and it was his ruling ambition to reach them himself. ",
"In 1945 he set up an establishment at Coombe Springs in Surrey, where he taught his own version of Gurdjieff's \"System\".",
"\n\nIn 1962 he met Idries Shah, who was claiming to have made contact with the Guardians of the Tradition or what Bennett called the Hidden Directorate, the source of Gurdjieff's knowledge. ",
"Bennett was at first wary of Shah but soon became convinced that he was genuine. ",
"After some hesitation he prevailed on the Council which acted as trustees to give Coombe Springs to Shah outright, believing that Shah would use it to establish a Sufi centre. ",
"Shah promptly sold it at profit to a housing developer.",
"\n\nAt various times in his life Bennett became involved not only with Gurdjieff and Ouspensky but also with Subud, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Sufism, and Transcendental Meditation. ",
"In fact, one gets the impression that there was hardly any major twentieth-century religious or esoteric movement that Bennett did _not_ try. ",
"Towards the end of his life he decided that it was finally time for him to be a teacher in his own right, and he set up the International Academy for Continuous Education at Sherborne, in Dorset. ",
"It seems that in his last year he was trying to create a way of worship that would be suitable for people without a formal religious orientation. ",
"His followers tried to continue with his ideas at the Academy after his death but within a few years things fell apart.",
"\n\nWhether you choose to call extreme spiritual \"seeking\" of this kind delusional is, I suppose, a value judgement. ",
"Much hinges on whether you think there is something to be found. ",
"But even if it is delusional, it is merely an exaggeration of the inbuilt pattern-seeking tendency we all have, without which there would be no science or art.",
"\n\nThe same pattern-making tendency can be seen at work if you are listening to people speaking an unknown language, especially if you are not attending closely. ",
"You may be startled by apparently hearing a word or phrase in your own language. ",
"It was not really there, of course. ",
"Your brain picked out certain sounds and mistakenly interpreted them as meaningful. ",
"A few years ago there was a vogue for claiming that the voices of the dead could be heard in the static picked up on the radio between stations. ",
"The same phenomenon was at work there.",
"\n\nAt a still more abstract level we instinctively seek for meaning in the events that happen to us, and the more important the events, the more we want to find meaning in them. ",
"It is difficult, for many people impossible, to accept that there is no ultimate meaning in our lives, our illnesses, our deaths. ",
"The search for meaning is what gives rise to religions.",
"\n\nThis pattern-seeking capacity must certainly go far back in evolutionary prehistory. ",
"Whether as hunter or hunted, animals need to be able to pick out and identify meaningful patterns in their environment. ",
"The tiger looking for an antelope amid the leaves of the jungle, the antelope watching out for the tiger, or a bird trying to pick out a moth camouflaged against the bark of a tree – all these are seeking for visual patterns. ",
"We have to do the same thing when we cross a busy road; we won't last long if we fail to spot the pattern of an oncoming bus.",
"\n\nI lived at one time in a house which contained a lot of abstract paintings, many made with the artist's hands instead of a brush. ",
"I happened to be in a room where one of these works hung on the wall when a visitor arrived and stared at the painting. \"",
"I can't make anything out of this,\" he said. \"",
"Oh, it's easy,\" I said; \"look, it's a garden in sunlight; there's the pattern of the leaves, there's a summerhouse ...\" and I went on to describe various things you could make out in the painting if you looked at it closely. ",
"The visitor was convinced and went away quite impressed. ",
"I myself was sure that these things were there to be seen, in a sort of pointilliste representation. ",
"But, talking later to the artist's wife, I discovered that the painting was purely abstract and none of the things I thought it represented were supposed to be there at all.",
"\n\nReligion and the Casaubon delusion\n\nMany people tell you that their religion is the most important thing in their lives, yet if you accept some of the criticism of religion that has appeared in recent years you would undoubtedly have to conclude that all of it is an example of the Casaubon delusion. ",
"Writers including Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, Sam Harris, and Daniel Dennett have all, in one way or another, told us that religion is a delusion. ",
"In fact the title of Dawkins's most recent book on the subject is The God Delusion. ",
"If they are right, it follows that most of the world's population is deluded, since the majority believes in one religion or another. ",
"And even in a secular society like that of Britain today there are plenty of educated people, including scientists, who say they are Christians. ",
"Are we to conclude that they are all deluded?",
"\n\nIt may be helpful to put the matter in a slightly less emotional light by looking away from religion and thinking instead about some philosophical ersions of totality beliefs. ",
"The great metaphysicians such as Plato and Spinoza have produced thought systems that are not religions but answer similar questions to those addressed by religions. ",
"As Stuart Hampshire acknowledges, the construction of such systems approaches and may even exceed the limits of human reason.",
"\n\n\"But one must also understand the motives of those who overstep these limits in pursuit of complete and final explanations [my italics], since these are the perpetual motives from which philosophy itself arises; and even the most critical may respect and enjoy the extravagant extension of pure reason in its furthest ambition.\"",
"\n\nSpinoza is particularly interesting because he occupies an equivocal position between philosophy and religion. ",
"In his own day he was reviled as an atheist; today he is often called a pantheist. ",
"He rejected revealed religion as superstition yet in his writing he frequently mentions God. ",
"But Spinoza's God is not personal, and you certainly don't pray to him. ",
"He is also not transcendent, not distinct from the universe. ",
"In fact, he is the universe. ",
"The phrase Spinoza uses to describe him (or it) is \"God or Nature\". ",
"From some points of view Spinoza might be called totally irreligious, which is what he seemed to his contemporaries, but from another he could be said to have isolated the true core of religious belief from its irrelevant superstitious encumbrances. ",
"That seems to have been what he thought himself.",
"\n\nIt would surely be wrong to call Spinoza's system an example of the Casaubon delusion, yet great metaphysical systems do, as Hampshire says, go beyond the limits of our reason. ",
"But rather than label them delusive perhaps we could call them totality beliefs, a more neutral term, which I think can also be legitimately applied to religion.",
"\n\nThis emerged in a debate about the existence of God between Bertrand Russell and the Jesuit Father F.C. Copleston which was broadcast in 1948. ",
"Copleston said: \"An adequate explanation must ultimately be a total explanation, to which nothing further can be added.\" ",
"To which Russell replied: \"Then I can only say that you're looking for something which can't be got, and which one ought not to expect to get.",
"\"The difference between Russell and Copleston could not be resolved by argument, because it came from a difference in temperament. ",
"As Hampshire says:\n\n\"But perhaps, in the last resort, no one will fully understand and enjoy Spinoza who has never to some degree shared the metaphysical temper, which is the desire to have a unitary view of the world and of man's place within it.\" [",
"Hampshire, 1956]\n\nWe could say the same, I think, of religion. ",
"To appreciate it requires the \"religious temper\". [",
"See Chapter 11.] ",
"It seems that some people demand totality explanations while others, while they may recognize and even feel the need for such explanations, will never be able to accept them. ",
"Most of us, I think, have both these tendencies within us to varying extents, and the argument is therefore internal as well as external. ",
"We may debate the pros and cons of religion in our own minds as well as, sometimes even more than, with other people. ",
"I know I have done so, and this book is largely an account of where that debate has brought me – a different destination from what I expected at the outset.",
"\n\nOf course, even religious believers don't usually regard all religions as equal and do think that some belief systems exemplify the Casaubon delusion. ",
"Undesirable belief systems of this kind are often labelled cults.",
"\n\nThe notion of cults is an interesting one. ",
"Cult is a four-letter word. ",
"There is no agreed definition of what constitutes a cult. ",
"I think myself that a cult is any religious or quasi-religious group that you disapprove of, which is why sociologists often prefer to use neutral terms such as \"new religious movement\" or \"alternative religion\". ",
"We have a religion, other people have cults. ",
"As David Barrett remarks in _T_ _he NeTw Believers_ _,_ all religions begin life as cults. ",
"If you doubt what I have just written, ask yourself how you think about Scientology. ",
"Is it a cult or a religion? ",
"The chances are that if you are not a Scientologist you describe it as a cult; if you are, you describe it as a religion. ",
"Religion, like beauty, is in the eye of the beholder.",
"\n\nWhat you cannot do is use the strangeness of their beliefs as the criterion for deciding which groups are cults. ",
"Anthony Storr refuses to label anyone as insane simply because of the bizarre beliefs they may hold. ",
"Almost all human beings, he finds, have unjustified beliefs of one kind or another, so what matters is not what they believe but how they function in the world and in society. ",
"He cites here the strange story of the late Dr John Mack, a professor of psychiatry at Harvard who shocked his colleagues by publishing a book in which he revealed that he took seriously the stories of his patients who claimed they had been abducted by aliens and subjected to unpleasant experiments, usually with a sexual element. ",
"Most of his colleagues thought he was himself deluded and he nearly lost his tenure as a result. ",
"But Storr does not regard him as psychotic, given the absence of other symptoms of mental disorder. ",
"It seems that Mack's willingness to take these ideas seriously was part of a wider attitude of acceptance of the unorthodox and the spiritual. ",
"He said: \"We are spiritual beings connected with other life forms and the cosmos in a profound way, and the cosmos itself contains a numinous intelligence. ",
"It's not just dead matter and energy.\"",
"\n\nThis way of thinking was linked with his experimentation with psychedelic drugs and with \"holotropic breathwork\", which was the brainchild of another psychiatrist, Stanislav Grof, and his wife. ",
"It is described as \"a safe and simple way to trigger experiences of non-ordinary consciousness that open us to psychic depths and spiritual understanding. ",
"Lost memories from our personal history, experiences from our birth, and archetypal and cosmic phenomena that become available to us in holotropic awareness, helping us transcend the constraints of our ordinary thoughts and habits.",
"\n\nThe training for teachers of holotropic breathwork sounds like a perfect recipe for the acquisition of totality beliefs. ",
"To become a certified teacher requires about 600 hours' residential training and takes at least two years, during which instruction is provided not only in abnormal psychology but also in numerous esoteric matters including world cosmologies, theologies, shamanism, astrology, alchemy, imagery in nonordinary states of consciousness, perinatal and transpersonal themes in art and culture, the psychological and philosophical meaning of death, psychic phenomena, and meditation.",
"\n\nMack's adoption of the beliefs of his patients was no doubt influenced by such ideas, as he said himself, but this does not mean that he was insane. \"",
"One man's faith is another man's delusion.\" [",
"Storr, 1996]\n\nNot all religions or cults are equal, of course. ",
"A few are like black holes, totally destructive for those who have the misfortune to be captured by them. ",
"Once you come within their event horizon you are drawn inexorably inwards until you are torn to pieces by the overwhelming strength of their belief system. ",
"The Jonestown massacre, the Waco siege, and the Aum Shinrikyo sarin attack in the Tokyo Underground are just some examples of how this can end.",
"\n\nMost of us find no difficulty in saying that these belief systems are dangerous, but surely the same is not true of the mainstream religions? ",
"Yet some critics, such as Richard Dawkins, unequivocally condemn all religions. ",
"Dawkins says that to indoctrinate a child with any of them is equivalent to child abuse! ",
"Having myself had such an indoctrination and come out the other side without, as far as I know, suffering any long-term adverse effects I think this may be a bit excessive. ",
"But I understand why he says it.",
"\n\nI enjoy reading the books of Dawkins and similar critics of religion and agree with much of what they say, but I am drawn temperamentally towards the somewhat more measured critical approach of atheists such as Marghanita Laski, Iris Murdoch, and Taner Edis. ",
"These writers reject the truth claims of religion but still recognize that to dismiss all of it out of hand as a delusion is too sweeping and misses out much that is important. ",
"As Murdoch has written: \"God does not and cannot exist. ",
"But what led us to conceive of him does exist and is constantly experienced and pictured.\" [",
"Murdoch, 1992] I think this is correct. ",
"It seems to be hard to escape from religion.",
"\n\nThe persistence of religion\n\nFor quite a few years I have been publishing book reviews on my website. ",
"There are well over 300 of them now and they are useful, at least to me, as a kind of mental travel journal, a diary of my reading and therefore of my thinking over many years. ",
"What surprises me about this is the large number of books about religion that I have read. ",
"Currently there are over 60, which is more than in any other category. ",
"I should not have expected this, because for many years now I have not thought of myself as a believer. ",
"But evidently I am not indifferent to religion.",
"\n\nThere has in any case been a shift in public attitudes. ",
"For much of the last century it was reasonable to think that religion was on the decline, at least in most modern technologically-based societies. ",
"True, it was still active in the USA, but in Europe ever fewer people went to church and population surveys showed most people to be only mildly interested in religious questions. ",
"Some still believe this trend will continue. ",
"Steve Bruce, for example, is a sociologist who thinks that the decline of religion in Western liberal democracies is irreversible. [",
"Bruce, 2002] But many people still describe themselves as \"spiritual\", whatever they may mean by this, and I am less confident than Bruce that the progress towards secularism is irreversible.",
"\n\nThe Theos website currently (March 2008) has a discussion about this, based on a survey they carried out. ",
"While this may not be a neutral source of information, some of their findings are intriguing. ",
"They found that 57 per cent of those surveyed thought that Jesus had been raised from the dead, with over half of these believing it was a bodily resurrection. ",
"Forty per cent thought Jesus was the Son of God, and bizarrely this included 7 per cent of the 250 atheists interviewed! ",
"But if the atheists were confused, so, too, were quite a few of the church-going Christians; most (79 per cent) believed that Jesus had been bodily resurrected but only 42 per cent of these believed that they themselves would be resurrected, though this is what the Church teaches. [",
"http://theosthinktank.co.uk/]\n\nAbandoning all belief systems feels risky, like deciding to do without a safety net if you are a trapeze artist. ",
"Most people don't want to do it. ",
"In a BBC programme called Beyond Belief the psychologist Susan Blackmore said she had practised Zen meditation for over thirty years though she does not call herself a Buddhist. ",
"Another of the speakers remarked that it was difficult to keep up the practice of meditation if it was not done in a religious context, and that the function of religion was to provide a sense of purpose in life on the basis of belief . ",
"Susan profoundly disagreed. ",
"She said:\n\n\"I don't know if I am different from everybody else, but when I get to a point where something awful has happened – when I'm asking: \"what's the point of it all?\" – ",
"I find it so reassuring to say \"there is no point\" ... But it's diametrically opposed to what you get in the major religions.\"",
"\n\nThe other speakers found this nihilistic and depressing, but I am with Susan here. ",
"All the same, she is right in thinking she is unusual in not wanting to immerse herself in a belief system. ",
"There seems to be a widespread idea, particularly in the USA, that religious belief is, in principle, a good thing, and the more firmly held, the better. ",
"I am unpersuaded. ",
"Politicians are often accused of lacking beliefs, yet when they do act in accordance with deeply-held beliefs the results are not always happy. ",
"Pragmatists probably do less harm.",
"\n\nSome time ago I heard a discussion on the radio about cults. ",
"Those taking part were generally rather dismissive of them, but one made a remark that has stayed in my mind ever since. ",
"Speaking of some fairly innocent if irrational cult, he said that those who believed in it might be deluded but \"at least they believe in something\". ",
"This struck me as a curious position to adopt. ",
"Is it really preferable to believe in something, anything, rather than to suspend judgement? ",
"Shall we not then find ourselves in the situation of the White Queen in Through the Looking Glass, forced to believe as many as six impossible things before breakfast?",
"\n\nThe psychology of totality beliefs\n\nMany people remain quite happily enclosed in their totality belief and find indeed that it gives them a sense of security. ",
"But others experience doubt in varying degrees, usually because of what has been called cognitive dissonance. ",
"The term was introduced by Leon Festinger in 1957, to describe the psychological discomfort we experience when there is a conflict between two sets of beliefs. ",
"Festinger's original example concerned a UFO doomsday cult. ",
"When the prophesied destruction of the earth failed to occur the members of the group experienced dissonance between their belief in the prophecy and the fact of its non-fulfilment. ",
"Many of them resolved this by accepting a new revelation – that the earth had been spared by the aliens for their sake.",
"\n\nCognitive dissonance does not occur only in a religious context but it may become particularly acute in that setting because of the importance of the issues involved. ",
"Not everyone seems to feel it, but those who do will naturally try to reduce or eliminate it, because it is uncomfortable. ",
"There are three main ways of doing this.",
"\n\n1. _",
"Denial– try to ignore the dissonance_. ",
"This is usually the first solution tried and it will work for a time. ",
"How long it does so will depend on how great is your tolerance for dissonance and on the degree of mutual support you get from fellow-believers. ",
"If everyone round you seems to be untroubled by apparent discrepancies in the belief system you may decide there is nothing to worry about. ",
"Sooner or later, however, you will probably find that you move on to one of the other solutions.",
"\n\n2. _",
"Reinterpret parts of the belief system_. ",
"It is often possible to decide that some of the components of the belief system don't mean what they seem to mean, or perhaps there is a hidden meaning below the surface which can modify or even completely contradict the surface meaning. ",
"This is a very useful recourse. ",
"It reduces the cognitive dissonance, certainly, but it does more than that. ",
"Because you are able to discern the hidden meaning you feel superior to those who fail to do so. ",
"You become part of an in-group within an in-group. ",
"This provides an extra level of privileged esotericism. ",
"The process can go further, with successive layers of esoteric belief or initiation.",
"\n\nSemi-secret societies such as Freemasonry exhibit this behaviour. ",
"Within some versions of Islam we find the same idea: each verse of the Qu'ran is said to have four levels of significance. ",
"Sometimes the exoteric or surface meaning is compared to the shell of an egg, which protects the delicate yolk (the esoteric meaning) from the eyes of the uninitiated. ",
"This kind of esoteric interpretation reached its greatest intensity in the mediaeval Ismaili Caliphate in Cairo.",
"\n\n3. _",
"Abandon the belief system_. ",
"If none of these solutions work you may have to call it a day and give up the belief system completely. ",
"Ceasing to believe does resolve the dissonance but it has its own cost. ",
"You have to admit that you have been fooled – or have fooled yourself, which is probably worse. ",
"And there are other costs too, including loss of friendships among fellow-believers and possibly financial loss as well, if you have been a member of an esoteric group that demands contributions from its members. ",
"Ceasing to believe in a comprehensive belief system can feel like the end of a love affair or a marriage, and can take equally long to get over. ",
"Some people never do get over it fully and continue to feel a sense of loss and betrayal for years after the end of the affair. ",
"So perhaps becoming involved in such belief systems is something to avoid at all costs?",
"\n\nChapter 2. ",
"Roman Catholicism\n\n_It is worth of remark that a belief constantly inculcated during the early years of life, whilst the brain is impressible, appears to acquire almost the nature of an instinct; and the very essence of an instinct is that it is followed independently of thought._ – ",
"Charles Darwin.",
"\n\nRoman Catholicism is perhaps one of the best examples of a totality belief system. ",
"As a Catholic you are told pretty firmly what is true and what is untrue, and though the Church has become a lot less autocratic in recent times it still seeks to be as authoritarian as it can.",
"\n\nI was a cradle Roman Catholic, but ours was not one of the old Catholic families. ",
"My grandfather was a convert so my father was brought up as a Catholic. ",
"His religion was completely central to his life. ",
"My mother, who was Swiss, converted to Catholicism, I suppose from Calvinism, after her marriage. ",
"We went to Mass every Sunday and I made my First Communion when I was six. ",
"This was quite exciting, though I have to say that for the most part I found church pretty boring. ",
"The Mass was in Latin at this time, which didn't help. ",
"I used to look forward to the sernon, which was at least in English.",
"\n\nRoman Catholicism was then very different from what it is now. ",
"Not only was the Mass in Latin; the priest had his back to the congregation and faced the altar, communing with God. ",
"The new arrangement, with the priest facing the congregation and celebrating the Mass in the vernacular, is supposed to make religion more approachable. ",
"No doubt it does, but there is also a loss. ",
"The old arrangement lent the proceedings an air of mystery and numinousness which they now no longer have.",
"\n\nIt is interesting that many religions have a sacerdotal language which they use on ceremonial and ritual occasions and which is largely unintelligible to most of the laity. ",
"The modern tendency to do away with such things in the interest of 'relevance' seems generally to weaken the emotional impact of religion. ",
"Many Anglicans lament the abandonment of the Book of Common Prayer, with its seventeenth-century language. ",
"The attempt to take away the mysterious element from religion may seem like a good idea, but the practical results are often not what was intended.",
"\n\nA Catholic upbringing\n\nI went to a faith school. ",
"My father was educated at Downside, a Catholic public school, and it was taken for granted that I would go there too. ",
"At the age of nine I was sent to Worth, which was then a preparatory school for Downside though it is now a public school in its own right. ",
"I went on to Downside when I was 13. ",
"Both Worth and Downside are run by Benedictine monks.",
"\n\nWe sometimes read horrific accounts of Catholic upbringing, with vivid reports of hell-fire sermons and sadistic floggings. ",
"Downside was not at all like that (though there were of course beatings, as at any public school at that time). ",
"The monks were mostly urbane and cultured and the approach to religion was intelligent, even intellectual. (",
"And sometimes worldly and almost irreverent. ",
"I remember one monk, whom I liked, telling us that the Church had to make provision for mixed marriages because \"most Catholic girls have faces like the back of a bus\".)",
"\n\nThis is not to say that religion wasn't important and indeed central to our lives, for it was. ",
"We used to go to Mass in the Abbey on most weekdays and on Sunday there was a High Mass (sung Mass). ",
"We sang hymns, often in Latin, but we also heard the monks' choir performing the mediaeval religious music known as plainchant. ",
"All this was so much part of our lives that it was common for boys to sing Latin hymns in the shower. ",
"When we learnt Latin in class we always used the Church pronunciation, and to this day I can't get used to hearing Latin pronounced in the modern way (\"v\" as \"w\", \"c\" as \"k\") which is supposed to be more authentic.",
"\n\nThe headmaster, a stout and rather intimidating monk with thick glasses who suffered, it was said, from diabetes and who was nicknamed The Bear, was particularly anxious to make sure that we had a thorough grounding in our religion. ",
"We were expected to learn the Catechism by heart. ",
"This was a small grey book with questions and answers about the Faith. ",
"It began, I remember, like this:\n\nQ. Who made me?",
"\n\nA. God made me.",
"\n\nQ. Why did God make me?",
"\n\nA. God made me to know him, love him, and serve him in this life and to be happy with him for ever in the next.",
"\n\nThe Catechism was supposed to answer all the questions about life that one might be expected to ask. ",
"This was certainly the view of The Bear, who used to say: \"Some people talk about searching for the meaning of life. ",
"You don't have to do that; you already know what the meaning of life is.\" ",
"I found this rather depressing. ",
"The romantic notion of looking for meaning in life attracted me, and later I was to spend a good deal of time doing just that.",
"\n\nThe Bear was keen to emphasize the difference between a Catholic public school and the rest. \"",
"I have no wish to clothe Catholicism in the robes of Dr Arnold of Rugby\" was one of his sayings. ",
"He used to attend the annual Headmasters' Conference, and he claimed that when asked what he was preparing his boys for he replied \"death\". ",
"I believe that this remark was not original to him, and perhaps he never really made it, but it does express an important truth about the way religion was understood at Downside.",
"\n\nI had no real doubts about the truth of my religion while I was at school. ",
"This was to be expected, because, as The Bear used to tell us, we never would have Doubts, only Difficulties, though he never explained exactly what the difference between them was. ",
"However, he was probably right about me at this time, because I never asked myself really difficult questions.",
"\n\nI do remember encountering a Difficulty when I was reading Matthew's Gospel, which I took as a minor subject for the Higher Certificate (forerunner of GCE \"A\" Levels). ",
"I was puzzled by Jesus's repeated assurances to his disciples that they would see the Second Coming in their own lifetimes. ",
"Obviously they had not seen it, so what could these statements mean? ",
"To suppose that Jesus might have been mistaken was unthinkable. ",
"After all, he was God as well as man, therefore infallible and omniscient, so why did he say these things? ",
"Perhaps he turned off his omniscience when he was in human form? ",
"It was all rather difficult to understand. ",
"I suppose I must have asked the monk who was teaching us for clarification, but I can't remember what answer I got. ",
"In any case, questions of this kind didn't bother me for very long, and I soon forgot about them.",
"\n\nAnother puzzle concerned the Last Judgement. ",
"At the end of the world, the Gospel informed us, Jesus would arrive to judge the living and the dead, one lot being sent to Hell, the rest to Heaven. ",
"But what happened when you died? ",
"The Church taught that there was a judgement then as well. ",
"You might go straight to heaven if you were lucky, otherwise you would probably go to Purgatory. ",
"There you would be punished and purified for some time, though the actual period of penance could be reduced by doing certain things that carried an indulgence, such as repeating particular prayers – a sort of remission of sentence for good behaviour.",
"\n\nBut surely it was unnecessary to have two judgements? ",
"It was reasonable to have a collective judgement for everyone who was alive when the world came to its end, perhaps, but if you were already in Heaven would you have come back to earth for a passing-out parade? ",
"And presumably something of the same sort would apply to people who were in Hell. ",
"This seemed a little vindictive, rather like gloating over their misery.",
"\n\nQuestions of this kind, although perplexing, were not serious obstacles to faith. ",
"We were, in fact, smugly convinced that we possessed the Truth. ",
"It all fitted together very nicely and logically. ",
"Jesus, who was of course also God, had chosen Peter as his successor and told him to found his Church. ",
"Ever since that time a succession of Popes had maintained the tradition. ",
"They were divinely guided so whenever they spoke \"ex cathedra\" (admittedly it wasn't always easy to decide when they were doing this) they were guaranteed to be infallible, so we knew what to believe. ",
"In this respect we were much better off than the Protestants, who seemed to lack any kind of guidance and in consequence were liable to believe almost anything. (",
"The doctrine of papal infallibility was defined by the pope himself, Pius IX. ",
"at the First Vatican Council in 1870. ",
"Not all the nearly 800 church leaders who attended the Council agreed with the doctrine and about 60 members left before the vote was taken.)",
"\n\nCatholics at that time were not supposed to attend Protestant services and certainly receiving Communion in a Protestant church was prohibited. ",
"It was possible to do this by mistake, because High Church Anglicans conducted services that were almost indistinguishable from Catholic ones. ",
"We were told the story of an Irish girl who inadvertently received the wrong sort of Communion on a visit to London.",
"\n\nWe knew we were a religious minority in the country, but sooner or later most people with any sense would come to see that we were right. ",
"The general tone was set by one monk, a man of great charm, with teeth which protruded from his mouth in a remarkable fashion. ",
"He was universally known as Tusky.",
"\n\nTusky used to travel outside the monastery a good deal and thus frequently found himself sharing a train compartment with strangers. ",
"Outside the monastery the monks didn't wear their habits but they did wear clerical garb, so they were readily identifiable as clerics. ",
"Being so sociable, Tusky would get into conversation with the people he met and the topic of religion would naturally crop up.",
"\n\nTusky used to relate these dialogues to us with gusto, no doubt editing them suitably in order to make it abundantly clear how effectively he had dealt with hostile arguments. ",
"But probably not too much editing was required: he was, as I have said, a most charming man and it would have been difficult to disagree with him too forcibly.",
"\n\nIt is quite difficult to convey an accurate impression of what it was like to be brought up as a middle-class Catholic in the 1940s, so different are things today. ",
"In many ways we were educated in just the same way as our contemporaries at other public schools, but always there was this extra dimension in our lives.",
"\n\nPerhaps I can best explain it by saying that we had a \"primitive\" sense of magic. ",
"After all, the boundary between religion and magic is a hazy one, if it exists at all. ",
"Protestants often play down the supernatural element in Christianity but for Catholics it is always there. ",
"Catholics are supposed to believe that the host and wine are literally transformed into the body and blood of Christ. ",
"Rather like the Virgin Birth, in which we also believed, this is an idea that perhaps made sense in the Aristotelian philosophy on which Thomas Aquinas based his theology. ",
"It makes little sense in the modern understanding of physics and chemistry, but given our ignorance of these matters we were not troubled. (",
"Although it seems nearly unbelievable today, hardly any boys studied science. ",
"There was a small science class, with about a dozen pupils, but they were looked on as somewhat eccentric. ",
"I don't suppose Downside was unusual among public schools of the time in this respect.)",
"\n\nThere was a huge sense of the numinous attached to all of this, centred on the consecrated host and wine. ",
"We boys used to tell each other the no doubt apocryphal story of the priest who was saying Mass when a large spider fell into the chalice just after he had consecrated the wine. ",
"To let the creature run away after this was unthinkable, so the priest duly swallowed the spider.",
"\n\nNone of this awe or reverence, however, prevented us from taking the opportunity to drink the dregs of the unconsecrated left-over wine after we had \"served\" a priest at his private Mass. This was regarded by us as one of the perks of the job. ",
"It was fairly unpleasant to swallow (I presume it was cheap.",
"\n\nTransubstantiation is major magic, but we also experienced minor magic. ",
"For example, on St Blaise's feast day we had our throats touched with crossed candles to ward off sore throats, though I have a suspicion that some of the more intellectual monks were not too happy about this one. ",
"We believed, naturally, in the efficacy of prayer. ",
"We were far removed from the imaginative world of a Spanish or Irish countryman of the time but we didn't belong wholly to the modern world either. ",
"We had an easy instinctive acceptance of the magical or supernatural which probably almost everyone had in earlier times but which has largely been lost by modern city dwellers, though it does emerge in a bastardized form as a belief in astrology and suchlike nonsense.",
"\n\nDevotion to the Virgin Mary is characteristic of Roman Catholicism and we were not backward in that regard. ",
"As has often been said, especially by C.G. Jung, the role of the Virgin within Catholicism goes some way towards modifying the exclusively male attributes of the Old Testament God.",
"\n\nTo be brought up in such an environment may have benefits for one's emotional and imaginative life. ",
"It may not be an accident that a number of writers and artists, such as Evelyn Waugh, Graham Greene, and Eric Gill, have been Catholics. ",
"It probably also does something for one's historical consciousness, making it easier to think oneself back into the mindset of the Middle Ages. ",
"A hymn I used to enjoy singing was the Salve Regina. ",
"This was originally a Cistercian prayer to the Blessed Virgin, first recorded in 1140. ",
"Marina Warner says that the crusaders may have sung it in the field, when \"its delicate sadness would have made it one of history's strangest battle cries\". [",
"Warner, 1976]\n\nBut from a psychological point of view an Eastern Orthodox background may be even better to grow up in than a Roman Catholic one. ",
"Roman Catholicism has, or at least had, a rather restrictive Roman legalistic framework of practice and belief which the Eastern Church largely escaped (or so I am reliably informed by my wife, who is Greek and therefore Orthodox).",
"\n\nThe understanding of religion that I formed in these years was largely a legalistic one. ",
"I was clear about what you were allowed to do and were forbidden to do and what you were supposed to believe and not allowed to believe. ",
"We avoided eating meat on Friday, we went to Mass every Sunday, and we went fairly regularly to confession and communion. ",
"You could believe that humans were descended from apes but you had to accept that at some time in the past a human soul was infused into one of these ape-men.",
"\n\nI find it curious in retrospect that the word \"mysticism\" was unknown to me at this time. ",
"When I first heard it used, in my twenties, I had to look it up in a dictionary. ",
"This is not to say that such deeper issues had no place at Downside. ",
"There was and is a very sophisticated theological and philosophical magazine called The Downside Review, and the monk who edited this publication, Illtyd Trethowan, held a small discussion group to which some boys belonged. ",
"I was not one of these. ",
"On the whole, like many of my contemporaries, I accepted Catholicism unquestioningly and without thinking a great deal about it. ",
"We swam in our religion as a fish swims in the sea. ",
"It was our natural environment and we took it completely for granted.",
"\n\nSchool was more influential in forming my religious outlook than was home, which is hardly surprising, given that more of my time was spent in school than at home. ",
"My father was in the Army and had been abroad throughout much of the war and for some years after that, so that I saw more of my mother than of him. ",
"She was, as I have said, a convert to Catholicism, and certainly she practised regularly, but I think that for her religion always had a strong social component that it lacked for my father. ",
"As a young man he had seriously considered becoming a priest. ",
"Later in life he did become a member of a religious \"Third Order\" (a kind of religious-in-the-world), and later still, after my mother's death, he became a \"monk\" (more correctly, a Canon Regular) and a priest in the Order of the Praemonstratentians or White Canons, thus fulfilling his early ambition.",
"\n\nAt Easter we used to go on retreat for a few days before the end of term. ",
"During this time we attended church more frequently, we were supposed to read appropriate books, and we listened to talks from a retreat leader. ",
"This would sometimes be someone brought in from outside, perhaps a Dominican or a Jesuit. ",
"The boys were divided into groups according to age and the different groups had their own retreat leaders. ",
"Even for the younger boys, however, the question of death was not shirked. ",
"Catholics are supposed to reflect, each night before going to sleep, on the Four Last Things: Death, Judgement, Hell, and Heaven. ",
"This certainly made an impression on me, for I can still remember it after more than sixty years, but I can't say that death was very vivid to my young mind.",
"\n\nSome Downside boys did have profound religious experiences, I believe. ",
"At any rate, some of my contemporaries went on to join the monastery as monks later on and another has become a quite well-known theologian. ",
"But for almost the whole time I was at school I continued to find attendance in church mostly boring, as I had as a small boy.",
"\n\nThe main exception was the evening candle-lit service of Benediction, at which we used to sing a hymn to the Virgin (Mary Immaculate, Star of the Morning ...) which I always enjoyed. ",
"In retrospect, I think this was rather sentimental. ",
"I am ashamed to admit I was largely unmoved by the plainchant, which now seems to me to be musically far preferable, like the difference between milk chocolate and dark chocolate. (",
"One exception: the Tenebrae service in Holy Week, which took place in complete darkness, always produced a strong impression on me.)",
"\n\nMy attitude to religion changed in my last year at school. ",
"In most years I found retreats, though a welcome break from school, something of a bore, but that year it was different. ",
"The priest leading the retreat for us older boys was a Jesuit, and the theme he took for his talks was preparation for the outer world.",
"\n\nWe knew little about this world, having spent our formative years in the isolated and rather unreal environment of a single-sex public school attached to a monastery, but most of us, certainly including me, were eager to find ourselves at large in it. ",
"And, inspired by the Jesuit, I saw myself going out into that world equipped with the priceless gift of the Faith. ",
"There was nothing apologetic about the role we were encouraged to take on. ",
"We would not be defending the Faith against attack by unbelievers, we would be acting as beacons of light in a sea of darkness. ",
"Not for the last time in my life, I felt myself to be the proud bearer of a message of enlightenment that the benighted world outside sorely needed.",
"\n\nFor the first few years after I left school my belief in Catholicism continued much as before. ",
"It survived my period of National Service, which I spent as a sergeant in the Royal Army Educational Corps, mostly in Malta. ",
"About the only serious Difficulty that occurred to me in these years concerned free will.",
"\n\nAs Catholics, we were taught that we sinned because we chose, of our own free will, to disobey God. ",
"Well, all right, but what did that really mean? ",
"The Devil (I still believed in him at this time) was able to tempt us to sin, presumably by a sort of telepathy (you had to believe in extra-sensory perception for this to work). ",
"Either you yielded to the temptation or you didn't, but what gave you the final push? ",
"This was where free will came into it. ",
"But surely the choice you made would be influenced by the kind of person you were, over which you had no control? ",
"It might also be influenced by your circumstances – perhaps you were brought up in poverty and ignorance. ",
"No doubt God would allow for this, but even if your circumstances were better, it was difficult to see how a choice could be absolutely free. ",
"Yet what was the alternative? ",
"Chance? ",
"But randomness hardly constituted free will either.",
"\n\nThe conventional Catholic answer, which I had heard frequently in religious talks at school, was that each time you yielded to temptation, that made it harder to resist the next time. ",
"I could see the force of the argument, but what seemed to follow was that once you slipped at all, even to the smallest extent, you were less likely to resist temptation next time. ",
"This seemed to mean that you were on a permanent downhill slope to perdition. ",
"How were you supposed to stop your slide?",
"\n\nIt almost seemed as if the very first moral decision you took, probably before you could remember, would determine the rest of your life. ",
"But what decided that very first moral choice? ",
"Some people brought up the doctrine of Original Sin at this point, but I couldn't see that it helped much. ",
"If you said that our present moral weakness was due to a wrong decision by Adam and Eve, that just displaced the problem into the past without solving it. ",
"It was difficult to avoid the conclusion that one's moral choices must ultimately be determined by God, but that was a difficult one too. ",
"A conclusion of that kind must lead to Calvinism – to the theory that your ultimate destiny in heaven or hell is decided arbitrarily by God before you are born and that nothing you do can alter this. ",
"I did not become a Calvinist but I did continue to read everything I could find on the free will question, though without gaining a great deal of illumination.",
"\n\nLosing the faith\n\nIt was after I had left the Army and was living in Madrid that I lost my faith. ",
"It seemed to happen quite suddenly. ",
"By chance I had met another former Downside boy, Christopher, who was also living there. ",
"I had not known him well at school, for he was a year older than I and was in a different House, so that our paths had hardly crossed. ",
"But now we had much in common. ",
"We both were hispanophils and both were deeply engrossed in getting to know the country and its people.",
"\n\nAt this time Christopher was undergoing a period of religious doubt, or perhaps Difficulty, and we used to spend long hours sitting in bars arguing about religion. ",
"He would raise objections to the faith and I would confidently trot out my stock answers. ",
"At first I entered into these discussions with cocksure enthusiasm, but this soon began to change when I discovered that my arguments were not merely failing to convince Christopher, they were not even convincing me. ",
"Before very long I found that I had effectively argued myself out of believing in Catholicism.",
"\n\nCatholic doctrine is like knitwear: if you unpick one piece of it the whole thing starts to unravel. ",
"Our discussions started, I seem to remember, with Papal infallibility, and we went on from there. ",
"Once that was doubted the authority of the Church seemed to go with it, and soon other dogmas – the divinity of Christ, the Trinity – quickly followed. ",
"Before long I was wondering about the existence of God.",
"\n\nFrom this distance in time the suddenness of my loss of faith seems to me surprising. ",
"I can only assume that it arose from a profound lack of self-knowledge. ",
"My faith must have been draining away without my realizing it over a number of years, but not until I was called on to articulate my belief did I discover that it was no longer there. ",
"But what is perhaps equally surprising is that my initial reaction to my loss of faith was not despair or angst but rather a sense of freedom and relief. ",
"Now I realized that Catholicism had been for me a mental straitjacket. ",
"No longer was \"the meaning of life\" presented to me in a small grey book which I must perforce accept. ",
"Instead the whole of life lay before me and it was up to me to discover its meaning.",
"\n\nI now think that many of our beliefs arise for reasons that we are not aware of.. Oddly enough the Catholic Church seems to agree with this. ",
"According to the Catholic Encyclopaedia there are things we can know only by Divine faith. ",
"These are \"mysteries hidden in God, but which we have to believe and which can only be known to us by Divine revelation.\" [",
"My italics.]",
"\n\nI would wish to substitute unconscious brain processes for Divine revelation but the final result seems to be much the same. ",
"Both are outside your control: \"this Divine light and this Divine grace are pure gifts of God, and are consequently only bestowed at His good pleasure.\"",
"\n\nSo what happens when, like me, you lose your faith? ",
"God just takes it away, apparently. \"",
"God's gift is simply withdrawn.\" ",
"So it isn't your fault, or is it? ",
"The withdrawal of faith is \"punitive\". ",
"God may have taken your faith away but you will almost certainly go to hell as a result. ",
"Too bad.",
"\n\nAlthough I felt an immediate access of freedom when I ceased to believe in Catholicism, a Catholic upbringing is seldom as easy to shake off as that. ",
"In the years that followed I quite frequently had nightmares associated with a sense of a crime committed or a betrayal, and there was still an underlying sense of fear about death. ",
"Was it possible that there would be an afterlife, in which I should no doubt go to Hell? ",
"These ideas persisted throughout the time I spent as a medical student in Dublin and for a number of years afterwards, fading away only gradually. ",
"Nearly ten years after I ceased to consider myself a Catholic I told my first wife that if ever I were seriously ill she should send for a priest, though what I would have said to him in those circumstances I have no idea.",
"\n\nChristopher was interested in mysticism, which I knew nothing about, and in Hinduism, which I also knew nothing about. ",
"And he told me about the ancient Near Eastern religions and their theme of the dying god who is resurrected. ",
"Did such mythologies, with their obvious parallel with Christianity, invalidate Christ's resurrection as just another myth or did these prefigurations make it on the contrary more authentic? ",
"You could look at the matter in either way. ",
"Ten or fifteen years later we might have thought of going to the East in search of enlightenment but it was too soon for that; the hippy migrations of the sixties still lay in the future.",
"\n\nRetrospective\n\nFor a long time after I ceased to believe in Catholicism I largely lost interest in Christianity, though I certainly hadn't lost interest in the kinds of questions that religion is supposed to answer. ",
"But recently I became curious about the origins of Christianity, wanting to discover where the ideas I had been familiar with as a boy had come from. ",
"If you think about it, Christianity, especially Roman Catholic Christianity, is a very strange affair. ",
"If you had never heard of it before and encountered it in the writings of an anthropologist about a hitherto unknown culture you would be incredulous. ",
"A dying and resurrected God, a God who is simultaneously one and three, a ritual in which the participants believe they are literally eating the flesh and drinking the blood of this God ... And the symbols we take for granted: God as a pigeon, Jesus as a lamb or with his heart exposed in his chest. ",
"And then we find it odd when the Hindus represent God with an elephant's head!",
"\n\nFor the last two centuries scholars have been studying the origins of Christianity in the same way as they study other religions. ",
"Although there is naturally a huge variety of opinions about what this work tells us, one thing at least seems to be clear: Jesus was – obviously – not a Christian! ",
"He was a first-century Jew bringing a message to his co-religionists and he had no intention of founding a world religion. ",
"His message was that the Kingdom of God was at hand.",
"\n\nThis much is fairly well established, but now the problems really begin. ",
"Exactly what Jesus himself understood by the Kingdom is something that has exercised and perplexed generations of scholars for the last two hundred years, but the consensus of opinion, apparently, is that he saw the immediate future in apocalyptic terms. ",
"So my boyhood puzzlement about the sayings in the Gospels which seem to expect a quick end to the world was justified. ",
"That is exactly what Jesus himself expected. ",
"This idea has been well set out for the non-specialist reader by Bart D. Ehrman. [",
"Ehrman, 1999] Other writers I have found helpful here are Paula Fredriksen [Fredriksen, 1998, 2000] and E.P. Saunders. [",
"Saunders, 1993]\n\nApocalyptic ideas like those that Jesus believed in were current in first-century Judaism, for a variety of historical reasons, especially the Roman occupation. ",
"They were probably linked with Zoroastrian religious concepts, which included a Saviour who would appear at the end of time to destroy evil. ",
"Apocalyptically minded Jews believed that God would shortly intervene to overthrow the forces of evil, personified in Jesus's time by the Romans, after which the Kingdom of God would be instituted to usher in a new order of peace and harmony. ",
"This would be done by a Saviour called the Son of Man. ",
"Although Christians now think this title is simply an alternative way of referring to Jesus himself, Ehrman holds that, at least in the early parts of Mark's Gospel, it really refers to someone other than Jesus – the coming Saviour from Heaven.",
"\n\nAll this was supposed to happen within the lifetime of Jesus himself, or at least the lifetimes of his disciples. ",
"As time went by after Jesus's death and the Kingdom did not arrive, some readjustments became necessary, especially when those who had known Jesus began to die off. ",
"We find Paul tackling this problem in his first Letter to the Thessalonians, where he says that the dead Christians will rise from their graves and then join with the living to greet the Lord in the air before returning with him to his kingdom on earth. ",
"But later many Christians began to interpret Jesus's words in a figurative sense. ",
"Perhaps they referred to a judgement that people faced at the time of death, or the Kingdom might be the community of the faithful living in peace and harmony with one another. ",
"And Jesus himself was transformed from a Jewish teacher and miracle-worker into a divine incarnation.",
"\n\nThis was a gradual process, beginning with the writings of Paul, who has almost nothing to say about the historical Jesus. ",
"There were numerous different views of Jesus in the first few hundred years of Christianity, but the religion was codified at the Council of Nicea in the fourth century, when Christianity became the state religion of the Roman empire under Constantine and his successors. ",
"Augustine of Hippo (354-430) is a central figure at this time, especially in the Western (Catholic) Church, which attaches a lot of importance to his formulation of the doctrine of Original Sin.",
"\n\nSo Christianity today is a complex belief structure that originated with Jesus of Nazareth but bears only an indirect relation to what he taught. ",
"Many people want to project their own social and ethical preoccupations on Jesus but, as Fredriksen says, \"the more facile the ethical or political relevance that a particular construct of Jesus presents, the more suspect its worth as history\". ",
"As Sanders puts it, \"Such views merely show the triumph of wishful thinking\".",
"\n\nIf you read the Gospels with the assumption that Jesus was an apocalypticist, many of the puzzles and inconsistencies that otherwise arise are resolved, but it also becomes plain that when Christianity developed into a religion in the modern sense of the word it became very different from anything that Jesus envisaged. ",
"It is often said that if Jesus could return today he would be astonished at the Church that has arisen in his name. ",
"This is true, but such statements don't go far enough. ",
"Jesus would not expect the world to be here at all.",
"\n\nIronically, those American Christians who expect to be taken up into heaven in the Rapture are probably nearer in spirit to Jesus than are most mainstream Christians!",
"\n\nChapter 3. ",
"Starting TM\n\n\"I have said it three times,\" said the Bellman\n\nAnd what I say three times is true.\"",
"\n\n– Lewis Carroll (The Hunting of the Snark).",
"\n\nWestern interest in Eastern religions is not new. ",
"At the end of the nineteenth century the Theosophical Movement was founded by Helena Blavatsky and \"Colonel\" Henry Olcott and became hugely popular under their successor Annie Besant. ",
"Though largely forgotten today, at its peak of popularity Theosophy attracted many thousands of adherents and did much to popularise ideas of Hinduism and Buddhism in the West.",
"\n\nIn the twentieth century this trend towards acceptance of oriental religions continued, influenced by writers such as Aldous Huxley and Christopher Isherwood. ",
"Christianity was being increasingly seen by many as a worn-out shell of a religion. ",
"It might have had real content in the past but now it was merely going through the motions. ",
"Eastern religions, in contrast, held out the promise of genuine spiritual experience. ",
"And in the 1960s they became linked in people's minds with the hippy movement, rebellion, and pot-smoking. ",
"They became, in other words, part of the New Age.",
"Not entirely by coincidence, the 1960s saw the arrival in the West of a number of Eastern gurus, among whom was Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the founder of the Transcendental Meditation movement. ",
"I was one of the many people who took up TM then. ",
"Transcendental Meditation movement. ",
"I was one of the many people who took up TM then.",
"\n\nI might have ceased to consider myself a Catholic or even a Christian by this time but that didn't mean I no longer had any interest in religion. ",
"I was still hoping to find a way of answering the kinds of existential questions that Catholicism had once seemed to answer. ",
"My wife, who was Iranian, was nominally a Muslim but her view of Islam was similar to my view of Catholicism. ",
"Although she was not a Sufi, she resembled many Sufis in regarding all religions as different paths to God. ",
"She had long had a desire to practise some form of meditation since, as she said, if the Buddha had found a way, a way there must be. ",
"Today the difficulty would be to choose from among the bewildering variety of meditation systems on offer, but in the 1960s there was still very little in London, where we were living; one simply didn't hear about such things.",
"\n\nI was not myself particularly enthusiastic about the idea of meditation, but my attitude changed when I heard a talk given on the radio by J.M. (Jack) Cohen, whose name was well known to me as a writer and translator. ",
"His talk was called The Spiral Path. ",
"In it he outlined some of his early experiences in the course of his spiritual quest, and then described how he had found what he was looking for in the message of an Indian monk, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, who was teaching something he called Transcendental Meditation.",
"\n\nNow, if I had heard of MMY from another source I might not have been so inclined to take him seriously, but Cohen was someone whose intellect and integrity as a writer I respected. ",
"If he said there was something important here I was prepared to listen. ",
"I was particularly struck by one thing he said: this meditation was meant for everyone. ",
"This was important for me, because I wanted to avoid anything that smacked of esotericism. ",
"My wife, naturally, was enthusiastic, so I wrote to Cohen to find out how we might learn the meditation. ",
"The information duly arrived and a few weeks later we found ourselves listening to an introductory talk given in lecture rooms in the Caxton Hall, almost opposite New Scotland Yard.",
"\n\nI can remember little of what was said that evening but one thing certainly startled me. ",
"This was the claim that meditation was easy. ",
"Everything I had ever read on the subject previously had indicated that it was a supremely difficult thing to do, requiring many years of dedication before one could begin to get anywhere. ",
"How could it possibly be easy? ",
"And yet the speakers themselves impressed me. ",
"It wasn't just that they sounded intelligent and sincere, though they did; they conveyed a sense of vitality and happiness that was impossible to disregard. ",
"I think it was mainly this that made us want to learn.",
"\n\nThere was one slight catch. ",
"Learning the meditation was quite an expensive business – we were asked to pay a week's wages for the privilege. ",
"This was rather more than I had expected, but we resolved to go ahead. ",
"So before long we found ourselves ringing the bell of a flat in Richmond and feeling, I have to say, remarkably foolish. ",
"We had been instructed to bring fruit, flowers, and a new white handkerchief each, to be used in a ceremony of some kind. ",
"I felt very much like turning tail, but I was prevented from doing so by a conviction that it was now or never. ",
"If I didn't see this thing through I would never have the courage to try again and would never know what might have happened.",
"\n\nInside the flat there was a smell of incense. ",
"We were greeted by helpers, who spoke in hushed tones, collected our fee, and introduced us to the instructor, or initiator, as he was called. ",
"He was a thickset man of middle height, balding and seemingly aged about 60, who was almost at once called to the telephone. ",
"A medical conversation ensued and I realized he was a doctor of some kind. ",
"In fact, as I learnt later, he was an orthopaedic surgeon. ",
"His name was Vincent Snell.",
"\n\nAfter a few questions he took us into a room with drawn curtains where a table had been set up as a small altar. ",
"Various items stood on the table, the most prominent of which was a coloured photograph of an Indian monk. ",
"He had saffron robes, long hair and beard and a band of whitish cooling sandal paste across his forehead. ",
"This was MMY's late guru, known as Guru Dev (Divine Guru). ",
"It was from him that MMY claimed to have obtained the meditation.",
"\n\nThe initiation ceremony was conducted in Sanskrit. ",
"Vincent spoke softly, repeating what I assumed were prayers or invocations of some kind. ",
"I felt a little as if I were \"serving\" a Catholic priest at Mass. The ceremony didn't take long. ",
"At the end we all knelt down and Vincent whispered in my ear the sacred syllable, or mantra, that I was to use in meditation. ",
"We then sat down on chairs and, following instructions, I closed my eyes and repeated the mantra mentally. ",
"Nothing happened, and after a few minutes I was dismissed to continue meditating by myself in another room.",
"\n\nWe were not supposed to compare notes about our experiences, but of course we did, and found that neither of us had experienced anything at all. ",
"We began to fear the worst. ",
"However, when we returned to see Vincent next day he explained what was wrong. ",
"The problem, in my case at least, was that I had preconceptions about what should happen and how I should be meditating. ",
"I was in effect trying to bludgeon myself into some kind of trance state by forcibly repeating the mantra to myself in a rhythmic way. ",
"This, I was told, was a mistake. ",
"Instead I was supposed to let it come and go as it would, without trying to hold on to it or keep it going. ",
"This worked much better and soon I found myself drifting into a dreamy state that felt quite pleasant. ",
"We returned for further instruction on subsequent days and continued, as instructed, to meditate for half an hour morning and evening.",
"\n\nAnd so we embarked on something which was to play a major role in our lives for the next eleven years. ",
"Shortly after we began to meditate, a residential course at which MMY was expected was held at Bangor in North Wales. ",
"You had to have been meditating for at least three months to be allowed to attend. ",
"Fortunately we just made the grade, so we decided to go.",
"\n\nThe Bangor course of 1967 was the occasion when MMY changed from being a rather obscure Indian teacher known only to a relatively small number of adherents to become an internationally famous figure whose name kept turning up all over the place. ",
"This development was thanks to his association with the Beatles, then at the peak of their own fame. ",
"They met MMY in London, were impressed, and started to meditate. ",
"MMY invited them to come with him to Bangor, so our rather sedate and tranquil meditation course was transformed overnight into a media circus. ",
"I will describe that episode in a moment, but first I need to say something about MMY and TM as they were at that time, for there are considerable differences between the Spiritual Regeneration Movement, as it was then known, and TM as it is today.",
"\n\nMMY was an Indian monk who first arrived in the West in the late 1950s. ",
"His name was probably Mahesh Prasad Varma. ",
"Maharishi is an honorific title meaning Great Seer. ",
"He had been a disciple of a renowned Indian teacher called Swami Brahmananda Sarasvati, who lived from 1869 to 1953. ",
"For most of his life the Swami was a strict reclusive, but for the last thirteen years or so he was prevailed upon to ssaccept the post of Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math in the Himalayas. (",
"Jyotir Math is one of four monasteries, or seats of learning, founded by the original Shankaracharya, who is thought by most modern scholars to have lived about 800 CE.)",
"\n\nAccording to his own account, after his master's death MMY remained for a time in solitude in the Himalayas and then began to teach. ",
"He inaugurated the Spiritual Regeneration Movement (SRM) in Madras in 1958. ",
"Soon afterwards he came to the West. ",
"He established the SRM in Los Angeles in 1959 and in Britain in 1960.",
"\n\nIn America, as might be expected, growth was rapid at first. ",
"For some years MMY travelled round the world, starting branches of his organization in many countries. ",
"In Britain many of the original meditators were members of the Study Society, which had been founded by former students of P.D. Ouspensky after his death to continue his ideas. ",
"Ouspensky had been a prominent student of a strange Armenian–Greek mystic called G.I. Gurdjieff, who first appeared in Russia just before the revolution. ",
"Many intellectuals had been disciples of Gurdjieff between the wars, spending time at his establishment at Fontainebleau, near Paris. ",
"But Ouspensky had broken with Gurdjieff and had set up his own organization in England, where he taught what he called the System, based on his understanding of Gurdjieff's ideas.",
"\n\nShortly before his death Ouspensky, by then a sick man, disavowed the methods that he had been teaching for so long, but the Study Society members continued to believe that a new teacher would eventually appear, and MMY was at first seen as the answer to that expectation. ",
"Jack Cohen, whom we later got to know well, had been a member of the Study Society, and so had our teacher Vincent Snell. ",
"But by the time we became involved with TM MMY had severed all links with the Society, probably because they wished to integrate TM with their own ideas rather than maintain its \"purity\" as MMY insisted they should. ",
"Nevertheless the Ouspensky–Gurdjieff methods tended to leave strong traces on those who had been conditioned by them and not all the older members who had stayed with MMY had been able wholly to shake off their former ideas.",
"\n\nTM today is associated with a good many activities which were not part of the scene in the 1960s, and I shall look at these later, but in 1967 it was, at least superficially, fairly simple and pragmatic. ",
"When MMY first came to the West he described his teaching in religious terms, but quickly realizing that many Westerners were suspicious of religious and mystical language he changed his mode of presentation and recast the meditation as a technique for improving people's material happiness and fulfilment. ",
"He also created a new organization, the International Meditation Society, which existed alongside the original Spiritual Regeneration hMovement. ",
"Newcomers could join this rather than the SRM. ",
"The content of the material was the same but MMY thought it would sound less off-putting to secular people.",
"\n\nBut the religious aspect was never really abandoned, only temporarily de-emphasized. ",
"Newcomers to TM were told, quite truthfully, that they could learn the technique as a practical tool to use in their lives without troubling about any deeper philosophical issues, but those who became more closely involved soon found that they were expected to become familiar with Indian metaphysical ideas. ",
"MMY talked about these at length in the residential courses which were very much a feature of the Movement in those days.",
"\n\nThe essential claim of TM at this time was that all you needed to do to achieve fulfilment was to meditate twice a day. ",
"Half an hour was the recommended time for meditation; later this was reduced to twenty minutes. \"",
"Fulfilment\" in this context could mean various things. ",
"It could mean simply becoming more energetic, more successful in your activities, and generally happier in a mundane sense, or it could mean spiritual enlightenment. ",
"The general idea was that people would begin by seeking whatever they understood by a more fulfilled and enriched life, but gradually, as their consciousness expanded, they would begin to see that the real purpose of meditating was to attain those higher states of consciousness that the great religions, especially the Eastern religions, describe as the goal. ",
"Thus TM had something for everyone. ",
"Whether your ambitions were mundane or spiritual, TM would lead you to achieve them.",
"\n\nThis may sound simplistic, stated baldly like that, but MMY had an elaborate and sophisticated philosophical system to impart. ",
"He did not, of course, invent all this. ",
"It came from the vast storehouse of Indian philosophy and spirituality, but he had a remarkable gift for explaining these unfamiliar ideas to Westerners in a way that they could understand and relate to.",
"\n\nStates of consciousness\n\nAt the centre of his teaching was the idea of a number of \"states of consciousness\". ",
"The three everyone is familiar with are waking, deep sleep, and dreaming. ",
"The fourth state is that which we were supposed to attain during meditation: a state of \"restful alertness\", in which you are awake and conscious but not conscious of anything in particular, hence \"pure awareness\". ",
"The \"purity\" refers to the absence of content, not the virtuousness of being in this state, although that is implied as well. ",
"Meditation was supposed to make you more virtuous.",
"\n\nInitially this fourth state could be attained only during meditation, but with continued practice it was expected to spill over into the waking, sleeping, and dreaming states, at first intermittently but later permanently. ",
"Once it became permanent you had achieved the fifth state, known as Cosmic Consciousness. ",
"Once reached, Cosmic Consciousness, which we abbreviated to CC, was supposed to persist even while you were asleep. ",
"This sounded exciting enough but it was not the ultimate goal.",
"\n\nThe Buddhist nirvana was equated by MMY with Cosmic Consciousness and was rather disparagingly referred to as merely a staging post to the two higher states that would be achieved by practising TM, which he called God Consciousness and Unity Consciousness. ",
"By God Consciousness he did not mean what a Christian might understand by the term; he meant a God-like state of consciousness on the part of the meditator. ",
"This was obviously rather difficult for us to imagine, but MMY explained it by saying that in God Consciousness you saw everything transformed, as if in a golden light. ",
"I gained the impression that it was a form of divine intoxication.",
"\n\nBeyond God Consciousness lay Unity Consciousness. ",
"This was the state alluded to in the Upanishads, in which you saw that everything was simultaneously One and many. ",
"To achieve this was the ultimate aim of TM.",
"\n\nAnyone who has read a reasonable amount of the Western or Eastern mystical literature will certainly recognize parallels with what MMY is talking about here. ",
"What was special about MMY was not that he pointed to hitherto unheard-of experiences or states of mind but rather that he integrated them into a logical structure, and also, of course, that he offered a method whereby you could hope to attain them for yourself. ",
"This was heady stuff indeed for anyone who had spent a lifetime looking for spiritual fulfilment, as many meditators had.",
"\n\nMMY did not claim that he had discovered something new, quite the opposite. ",
"He insisted that he was reviving ancient knowledge that had been lost. ",
"Later, in collaboration with Western scholars, he produced a translation of part of the Indian classic known as the Bhagavad Gita, which he said was the book of this system of meditation.",
"\n\nThere was another aspect of his teaching which many people found harder to accept. ",
"This was his insistence that spiritual progress did not depend on following ethical precepts. ",
"He stood all this on its head. ",
"Whereas traditional teachers told you that you must first follow ethical guidelines and only then try to reach enlightenment through meditation, MMY said that all you needed to do was to meditate regularly; if you did that you would automatically become more moral. ",
"When in the course of a radio interview Malcolm Muggeridge asked whether meditating would make a thief into a super-thief, he laughed and said that a thief who meditated would no longer want to be a thief.",
"\n\nThese were the ideas that we were to begin to encounter at Bangor in the summer of 1967. ",
"On our arrival we found everyone in a state of intense excitement. ",
"Later we came to know this state of mind well, because it invariably characterized the courses at which MMY was expected to attend. ",
"Nor did it diminish once he arrived. ",
"On the contrary, courses of this kind were anything but tranquil, for everyone seemed to have their own particular expectations and agenda. ",
"Many people wanted to have personal meetings with MMY and there would be queues waiting outside his door for hours at a time, often late into the night. ",
"Long-standing meditators would be eligible for \"advanced techniques\" – modifications of the basic meditation instructions that were supposed to enhance the effectiveness of the process and speed up the gaining of Cosmic Consciousness. ",
"There was always a mood of anticipation, partly pleasurable, partly fearful, as one waited to know whether one would receive one of these so-called \"fertilizers\".",
"\n\nOn this occasion the excitement was even greater than usual, as the rumour flew about that MMY was to arrive accompanied by the Beatles. ",
"And indeed it proved to be not just a rumour. ",
"Scores of pressmen and photographers appeared, and soon there the Fab Four were, sitting up on the platform in the lecture hall alongside MMY. ",
"Reactions in the audience were, I think, rather mixed. ",
"There was a fair age range among meditators but most at this time were middle-aged and middle-class. ",
"They realized that the publicity engendered by the Beatles' \"conversion\" was a great opportunity for TM to gain a wider audience but they also saw that the situation needed to be handled carefully if it was not to get out of hand. ",
"But MMY himself had no such reservations. ",
"He evidently believed that there is a tide in the affairs of men and he fully intended to take it at the flood to be led on to fortune.",
"\n\nFor the next two days the Beatles monopolized MMY's time and attention and continued to appear with him on the platform. ",
"There was talk of a concert. ",
"Then came the catastrophic news of the death of their manager, Brian Epstein, and they had to leave. ",
"MMY was no doubt disappointed, but many of his audience were quietly relieved.",
"\n\nWith the Beatles gone the course took on a more normal character. ",
"We would meditate for several hours at a time and assemble a couple of times each day for MMY to talk to us. ",
"It was now that we began to form a clearer idea of what his teaching really was about. ",
"He described for us the way in which repeated meditation would allow us to become accustomed to the state of Pure Awareness (the fourth state, Transcendental Awareness), until by repeated exposure it at last became permanent in the form of Cosmic Consciousness.",
"\n\nThe analogy he used was that of the traditional Indian method of dyeing cloth. ",
"In rural India, it seems, the cloth is dipped in the dye and then allowed to fade in the sun. ",
"At last, after repeated fadings and dippings, the colour becomes permanent and no longer fades. ",
"This is how we were supposed to proceed on the path to CC: alternately meditating and acting in the world. ",
"Rather than try to hold on to the tranquil state of awareness that meditation produced, we should deliberately let it be swamped by activity. ",
"It was said to be a wholly automatic process. ",
"There was no need to do anything more or to think about it intellectually, although, paradoxically, MMY spent many hours explaining the details to us.",
"\n\nFrom this distance it is difficult to recapture exactly what I thought about it all at the time. ",
"My memories of that first course are overlaid by those of other courses and meetings with MMY that came later. ",
"I will therefore quote what I wrote about it in 1973.",
"\n\n\"[MMY] was at first sight a disappointment. ",
"I don't quite know what I expected a great spiritual teacher to be, but certainly I did not expect this tiny figure, constantly bubbling over with laughter. ",
"He was disconcerting; he made me think of a blob of mercury, bright and mobile, unpredictable, impossible to seize. ",
"The only thing I was sure about was that he was totally unlike anyone I had ever met. ",
"We soon realized, however, that all these superficial impressions were beside the point. ",
"It was contrary to all my instincts to admit such a thing, but I saw that Maharishi was so original a teacher that my normal standards of judgement were quite inappropriate. ",
"By the time he left we knew that he had changed our lives beyond recall. ",
"I don't mean that we were swept away by some great flood of emotion; we simply realized that we had crossed a watershed.\"",
"\n\nWhat was most important for me at this time was that I thought I had found in TM a way of recapturing a version of the religious outlook I had had as a youth. ",
"MMY told us that TM was a physiological technique. ",
"It depended, he said, on the functioning of the nervous system. ",
"At the same time it was also a spiritual path. ",
"Thus it seemed to offer a bridge between the material and the spiritual; we could have both at once. ",
"Science and spirituality were one.",
"\nTrue, there were some things he said which I found hard to accept, such as the claim that during the time you were in the state of restful alertness your heart would actually stop beating. ",
"This didn't make physiological sense. ",
"What evidence, I wondered, did he have for this? ",
"But it seemed to be permissible to leave these questions on one side, for it was a basic principle of TM, as of many kinds of Indian spirituality, that truth is different in different states of consciousness. ",
"For us, at our relatively \"unevolved\" level of awareness, many things might seem incomprehensible or impossible which at a more advanced level might be perfectly ordinary. ",
"A little humility was therefore advisable. ",
"Eventually all would be revealed. (",
"An example of coping with the early stages of cognitive dissonance.)",
"\n\nHow long, we wondered, was \"eventually\"? ",
"In other words, how long would it take an average meditator to reach Cosmic Consciousness? ",
"MMY was perhaps understandably a little reluctant to give a figure, though he insisted that it was not a lengthy process and would not, as most traditionalists asserted, require many lifetimes. ",
"We could expect to attain it in this life. ",
"When pressed, he named a figure of seven years. ",
"But it was important that meditators should not consciously strive for Cosmic Consciousness or try to imagine themselves into it. ",
"MMY called such deliberate striving \"mood-making\". ",
"Just as in meditation we were not supposed to try to achieve anything but simply to take things as they came, \"innocently\", so in life. ",
"We should just meditate regularly and take it for granted that we were on the path.",
"\n\nContinuing the practice\n\nThroughout the following years our lives were very much bound up with TM. ",
"We attended numerous courses both in Britain and abroad. ",
"Some were small and were headed by experienced meditators such as Vincent, but larger ones were also held at which MMY generally appeared. ",
"In Britain these mainly took place on university campuses during the vacations. ",
"Abroad, with an international gathering, the venue was generally a group of hotels in the mountains, for example at a ski resort in summer. ",
"There would usually be one or two hundred meditators there. ",
"The numbers increased as the years went by, but many were regulars so one made a lot of friends.",
"\n\nThe usual sequence of events was that we would arrive and settle in to await MMY, who would in turn arrive a few days later. ",
"The pattern of the course was much like that of a religious retreat. ",
"We meditated for several hours in the morning, interspersing the sittings with physical yoga. ",
"There was generally a talk at some time during the morning. ",
"After lunch we had free time in which we might go for a walk in the mountains, followed by more meditation and then another talk in the evening. ",
"Until MMY turned up the talks would be given by one of the senior meditators. ",
"These were relatively calm periods, but everyone was waiting for MMY with a sense of mounting excitement.",
"\n\nFinally he would arrive by car, and we would line up to greet him, which was customarily done by presenting a flower. ",
"Once MMY was on the scene the excitement remained at a high pitch pretty well continuously. ",
"Partly this was because many people were expecting or hoping to be given an \"advanced technique\", but also because the talks were exciting.",
"\n\nIn those years MMY seemed to be progressively revealing more and more of his teaching on each course. ",
"The seven states of consciousness which I described briefly a little while back were not given to us all at once, but in installments, so each course was like an opening into a vision of new possibilities. ",
"We sometimes asked ourselves whether this was a carefully thought-out plan on MMY's part or if he was himself discovering these things as his own experience deepened. ",
"All the lectures were recorded on tape – at first in sound only, but later on video, so that they could serve as teaching material for people on later courses when MMY was not present.",
"\n\nIn addition to these residential courses for meditators in the West, MMY also held longer courses in India at Rishikesh. ",
"It was a considerable cachet for a meditator to have attended one of these Indian courses, not least because it was there that MMY used to train initiators – teachers of meditation. ",
"There were still relatively few teachers in Britain or indeed in the world, but MMY's intention was to spread the knowledge of TM as fast as possible and he was about to embark on a period in which the number of teachers would be vastly increased. ",
"On more than one occasion he implied or openly stated that this was because the spread of TM was essential for world peace. ",
"There was not much time to avert (unspecified) disasters, he said, and TM was the only way that could be done, hence the need for hurry. ",
"If enough people meditated the \"atmosphere\" would improve and everything would get better. ",
"I had no possibility of going to India, much though I would have liked it, but after I had been meditating for 19 months I was asked if I would become an initiator by going on a training course in Switzerland. ",
"I was naturally delighted and, in view of the relatively short time I had been meditating, considerably flattered, so I accepted without hesitation.",
"\n\nA small group of us from different countries went to Nyon. ",
"We had already learnt the Sanskrit invocation and recital of names that were used in the ceremony and now we practised the various steps of the ritual. ",
"A few days later MMY arrived in a Rolls Royce owned by Henry Nyburg, a wealthy expatriate Englishman who was one of MMY's staunchest supporters. ",
"MMY announced that Henry would examine us on what we had been learning, but Henry, a charming but very shy man, demurred, so the exam didn't take place. ",
"A few days later MMY gave us the quiverful of mantras that we were to use for the various categories of initiates. ",
"And so we were authorized to go out into the world as ambassadors of TM.",
"\n\nChapter 4. ",
"Doubts and Difficulties\n\n_To have doubted one's own first principles is the mark of a civilised man._ – ",
"Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.\n\nI did a lot of teaching of TM in the first few years after becoming an initiator, especially to university students. ",
"I enjoyed this but certain problems did arise concerning the nature of the TM teacher's role. ",
"As a teacher, one was supposed to follow a carefully laid down set of instructions, without deviating from them in any way.",
"\n\nThe reason for this was self-evident. ",
"We were, after all, not \"enlightened\". ",
"I, indeed, was still a comparatively new meditator. ",
"Hence we knew only what we had been told by MMY and our practical ability to advise people derived entirely from this together with our own fairly limited range of experience in meditation.",
"\n\nOur expertise, such as it was, consisted in imparting the meditation itself in the standard manner and in \"checking\" people afterwards to make sure that they were doing it correctly. ",
"We were not supposed to advise them about their private lives, nor were we encouraged to offer explanations of the experiences that came up during meditation. ",
"MMY always insisted that \"experiences\" were not important; what did matter was the effects of meditation in everyday life, although this didn't prevent him from starting every meeting by asking if anyone had had any good experiences.",
"\n\nMeditators were supposed to beome happier, more energetic, more fulfilled and so on. ",
"Now, this was all very well in theory, if a bit simplistic, but in practice it was difficult to restrict oneself to just sorting out people's meditation technique and nothing else. ",
"Some meditators produced very bizarre experiences that had happened to them in meditation and demanded to know what they meant. ",
"We had a stock answer to such questions; we said they were due to \"unstressing\".",
"\n\nThis related to the theoretical framework of TM that MMY was using at the time. ",
"The idea was that the nervous system retained traces of many events that you had experienced, whether pleasant or unpleasant, and these traces, or \"stresses\", then clouded your perception and prevented you from being enlightened. ",
"Meditation was supposed to dissolve the stresses. ",
"In the process various experiences might occur but they were not significant in themselves, they were mere by-products. ",
"So if people reported visions, say, or strong emotional states, or whatever it might be, the explanation was that these things were due to \"unstressing\". ",
"But not all meditators found this satisfying. ",
"The experiences often seemed to have definite meaning in themselves and it simply was not enough to dismiss them as irrelevant accompaniments of \"normalization of the nervous system\".",
"\n\nOne thing that a number of us noticed was that meditation didn't seem to help much if you were feeling depressed or anxious; indeed it could be difficult to meditate at times like these. ",
"Meditation might help to prevent you from becoming unhappy, perhaps, but it was less useful once you were unhappy. ",
"This required explanation too.",
"\n\nMMY insisted that meditators should to enjoy \"the support of Nature\". ",
"If you meditated your life was supposed to run more smoothly. ",
"So if something disastrous happened to you, did that mean that meditation didn't work or that you weren't meditating properly? ",
"In practice, meditators might have accidents, illnesses, or bereavements just like anyone else, but this could prove a problem for their understanding of TM. ",
"One friend who was a very experienced and convinced meditator left the Movement when her son was killed in a traffic accident. ",
"She was unable to reconcile this with what she had been told to expect in her life as the result of meditating.",
"\n\nThe stock answer in such situations was \"karma\". ",
"Often represented as the \"law of cause and effect\", it was supposed to be scientific. ",
"It implied that whatever you experienced in your life, good or bad, was the consequence of some action you had performed previously either in this life or a previous one. (",
"The standard Indian belief in reincarnation was assumed in TM.) ",
"Meditation couldn't prevent these effects from taking their course although it could ensure that you built up good karma for the future.",
"\n\nMany meditators seemed to find the karma idea wholly satisfactory as an explanation for whatever happened to them but I couldn't help feeling that it wasn't really adequate. ",
"For one thing, it was so comprehensive that there was no way of disproving it. ",
"It was about as vacuous as the statement that whatever happened to you was the will of God. ",
"For another, it seemed merely to displace the problem into the past. ",
"It was really the same question I had long ago been puzzled by in my Catholic years in connection with sin. ",
"What was the first link in the chain?",
"\n\nI was constantly encountering questions like these in teaching. ",
"There was no way I could answer them wholly within a TM framework. ",
"Whether I liked it or not I had to rely to a considerable extent on my own knowledge of life and on reading. ",
"Indeed, I was more dependent on non-TM sources of knowledge than were most initiators, because I was a doctor. ",
"Many of the people I taught produced mental or physical symptoms that required medical knowledge for their evaluation. ",
"Increasingly I felt I was acting as a general practitioner as well as an initiator.",
"\n\nI found being a TM teacher difficult in another way. ",
"There was a disconcerting tendency for the people one taught to meditate to look up to one as a kind of mini-guru. ",
"They credited me with a degree of enlightenment that I was painfully aware I didn't possess. ",
"I think there is a potential risk here for teachers of any subject, but it is particularly serious in the case of someone who purports to be a spiritual guide. ",
"Some became taken in by the adulation they received from their own devotees and suffered disastrous ego inflations in consequence. ",
"Some broke away from the TM movement and set up as mini-gurus on their own account. ",
"This was emphatically not a temptation that affected me. ",
"In fact, I was uncomfortably aware that my own experience of meditation after several years was not progressing as rapidly as I had hoped in the beginning.",
"\n\nWhat, I wondered, had I actually achieved? ",
"There were two sets of criteria that one might use to assess one's progress. ",
"The first was the degree of change in one's life. ",
"I thought there probably had been something favourable here. ",
"When I first started to meditate I noticed a sudden diminution in the amount of background \"noise\" in my mind. ",
"It was as if a constant chatter of voices had fallen silent. ",
"This was agreeable, and so was another change: I found that I was less thrown off balance by sudden inputs from the outside world. ",
"For example, if an emergency occurred when I was driving, the speed-up in heart rate that ensued tended to die away more quickly than formerly, or so I supposed.",
"\n\nOf course, these changes, even if real, might have nothing to do with meditation. ",
"They might have happened anyway, perhaps just as an effect of age. ",
"But whether they were due to meditation or not, they seemed to have come to a stop. ",
"They had come about almost as soon as I started to meditate but there were few further changes in the following months and years. ",
"Other people noticed the same thing in themselves. ",
"One popular explanation was that when you started to meditate you moved at once from a \"stressed\" to a comparatively \"unstressed\" state, so the contrast was very noticeable. ",
"Later, after meditating for a time, you would be constantly on a more even keel so the differences would be smaller and more smoothly graded. ",
"This was a fairly persuasive argument but was it perhaps too much like special pleading?",
"\n\nThen there was the question of what actually happened, or didn't happen, within meditation itself. ",
"As I have said, \"experiences\" were not supposed to be important, but if I was going to stand any chance of reaching Cosmic Consciousness in seven years, or even in one lifetime, surely I ought to be reaching at least the Fourth State, Pure Awareness, from time to time during meditation? ",
"But I didn't seem to be.",
"\n\nThere had in fact been two occasions where something of the kind might have happened. ",
"Both occurred quite soon after I started meditation. ",
"On two successive days I found myself, while meditating, floating in a kind of empty space. ",
"I couldn't recall entering this space; I was just there. ",
"As soon as I realized what was happening a change began. ",
"Now it was as if I were looking down into a pool of still water. ",
"As I gazed at it the surface of the pool began to ripple and break up, and then I realized that I was looking at my own mind. ",
"The ripples increased until I was back in everyday consciousness.",
"\n\nThis was fascinating, but what did it mean? ",
"Was it pure awareness? ",
"Was it a true insight into the nature of reality? ",
"Or was it merely an interesting psychological experience, of no real significance? ",
"I didn't know. ",
"Later, I tried to describe it to MMY and asked him if there was anything beyond it. ",
"No, he said, there wasn't. ",
"But I was left with the feeling that he had not really understood what I was saying, or I had not really understood him.",
"\n\nThe experiences, whatever they were, impressed me a good deal at the time and made me feel that I was getting somewhere. ",
"Unfortunately, they never recurred. ",
"Most of the time in meditation I seemed to be simply going to sleep. ",
"This was not supposed to be a bad thing. ",
"MMY always said that one should not resist sleep in meditation and that one slept because one's nervous system needed it, but it did seem to be going on for a long time in my case.",
"\n\nAlmost the only other experience of note that I had during meditation occurred after I received one of the \"advanced techniques\". ",
"For perhaps a couple of months afterwards I found that meditation was genuinely blissful. ",
"This was reassuring because it resonated with something we always told new meditators about but which I, at least, didn't generally experience; I mean the blissful character of meditation. ",
"This was one of the chief claims MMY made on behalf of TM. ",
"It was supposed to bring us into contact with what MMY called Being.",
"\n\nBeing was said to be the very basis of our existence. ",
"MMY said that it had three qualities , which he described as Absolute Bliss Consciousness. ",
"This was a translation of the Sanskrit Sat–Chit–Ananda: Sat = Being, Chit = Consciousness, Ananda = Bliss. ",
"We were supposed to experience this in meditation. ",
"To describe how you got there MMY used the analogy of \"diving\".",
"\n\nThe mind, he said, was like a pond. ",
"In the ordinary way our attention is at the surface of the pond, but in TM we experience progressively deeper levels of awareness. ",
"We didn't have to make this happen, he insisted. ",
"It happened automatically because, as we went deeper, we experienced greater happiness. ",
"And the reason for this was that the nature of the Self is Being, and therefore blissful. ",
"We were drawn \"downwards\", as it were, by the Bliss-consciousness that lies at the bottom of the pond.",
"\n\nNow, if I were honest I would have to say that, for me, meditation was not as a rule particularly blissful.. It was generally more or less neutral, neither pleasant nor unpleasant. ",
"For this short period after I was given that advanced technique, however, it was quite different. ",
"I could stay in meditation for forty minutes or an hour, aware of where I was and what was happening but experiencing this state of intense happiness. ",
"And then, gradually, it ceased to occur, and meditation went back to what it had been before. ",
"Later I received other advanced techniques but the effect was never reproduced.",
"\n\nOther people told me they did find meditation blissful, so my own failure to experience it except very occasionally must be because my nervous system is not constituted in the correct way for this to occur. ",
"But it did mean that I was at something of a disadvantage when telling people what they were supposed to experience.",
"\n\nNew developments in TM\n\nThere had always been a strong American element in TM but in the early 1970s this was becoming increasingly apparent. ",
"More of the participants at TM courses in Europe were Americans and they were beginning to occupy positions of power in the hierarchy of the Movement internationally. ",
"Most were young, either still at university or only recently out of it. ",
"Some of the older British meditators found themselves side-lined and naturally resented it.",
"\n\nMMY seemed to feel most at home with Americans. (",
"A long-standing meditator who knew him better than most used to say he was a natural Californian.) ",
"The hippy values of the sixties were still in evidence, although it is a measure of MMY's authority that when he told the young teachers that they ought to wear suits, shave their beards, and cut their hair they obeyed without demur.",
"\n\nIn keeping with this West Coast environment there was a good deal of talk of \"negativity\" and \"positivity\". ",
"To have serious doubts about TM would certainly be \"negative\", but it was also \"negative\" to think or talk much about illness, death, war, famine, over-population, or any of the other individual or collective threats we might feel exposed to. ",
"Instead we were supposed to concentrate on the beneficial effects of TM. ",
"If the meditation were only practised widely enough, we insisted, all these problems would be solved. ",
"There was no need to go into the details of how this would come about, but everything would be taken care of automatically, thanks to the increased creativity of meditators on the one hand and the beneficial effects of TM on society at large on the other. \"",
"Support of Nature\" was the key.",
"\n\nPerhaps because of the increasing American element, a certain amount of Puritanism seemed to be creeping into the Movement. ",
"In the early 1970s I was one of the trustees of the SRM, the charity responsible for spreading the knowledge of TM in Britain. ",
"For some reason we felt it necessary to go to see MMY, who at that time was in Mallorca, and a group of us flew out there. ",
"Feeling hot on our arrival we went to the bar in the hotel where we were staying and ordered beers. ",
"As we sat drinking them a young American TMer came over and stared at our table incredulously. \"",
"Is that ... BEER?\" ",
"he ventured at last. ",
"We confirmed that it was. ",
"The young man was speechless; he just shook his head in disbelief and walked away.",
"\n\nMMY himself appeared to believe in all this \"positivity\", at least in public. ",
"He had taken to giving each new year a name; 1972 was the Year of the World Plan, 1973 was the Year of Action for the World Plan, 1974 was the Year of Achievement for the World Plan, for example.",
"\n\nIn 1974 he made his last public appearance in Britain, at an event staged in the Albert Hall. ",
"He spoke little himself, leaving most of the talking to prominent Movement figures, and he seemed uncharacteristically subdued. ",
"The event was not a great success but nevertheless MMY proclaimed the arrival of a Golden Age of Enlightenment – literally golden, for all the literature of the TM movement was now embellished by having the titles picked out in gold lettering, which tended to come off on one's fingers. ",
"In private, too, he was generally up-beat, although he continued to emphasize the need to hurry to get people to start meditating in order to counteract the harmful stresses of modern life, which he blamed for such things as civil disorder and war, and even earthquakes.",
"\n\nAn unkind critic might have said that the TM movement, if not its founder, was beginning to suffer from delusions of grandeur. ",
"One manifestation of this was seen in 1976, the Year of Government, in which MMY inaugurated the World Government for the Age of Enlightenment, complete with ten Ministers. ",
"They had titles such as Minister for Development and Consciousness, Minister for Natural Law and Order, Minister for Health and Immortality. ",
"There were also Governors of the Age of Enlightenment, who were supposed to form a kind of elite administrative corps like a celestial civil service. ",
"The TM movement was becoming a vast bureaucratic hierarchy. ",
"Partly for this reason, but also because of the sheer increase in numbers, ordinary meditators now had little chance of seeing MMY in person as opposed to on videotape, let alone of talking to him face to face.",
"\n\nBy now the theoretical basis for TM had also been given a facelift. ",
"For many years it had had a triple front. ",
"There was the original Spiritual Regeneration Movement (SRM), but there were also the International Meditation Society (IMS) and the Students' International Meditation Society (SIMS), which were supposed to present the teaching in a more secular form so as not to put off the less religiously inclined. ",
"In 1970, however, a decisive shift of emphasis occurred, when MMY launched what he called the Science of Creative Intelligence (SCI). ",
"Henceforth it was by this name that the ideas underlying TM were always to be known. ",
"It was not just a change in name. ",
"A large amount of teaching material was produced and was used to \"structure\" (a word MMY had become fond of using) lengthy \"SCI courses\", which meditators paid to attend.",
"\n\nIn 1971 a university, Maharishi International University (MIU), was founded at Goleta, California. ",
"The new university initially lacked a home but in 1974 one was acquired at the former site of Parson's College in Fairfield, Iowa. ",
"In 1995 MIU was rebranded as Maharishi University of Management. ",
"Its stated aims are:\n\n1. ",
"To develop the full potential of the individual.",
"\n\n2. ",
"To realize the highest ideal of education.",
"\n\n3. ",
"To improve governmental achievements.",
"\n\n4. ",
"To solve the age-old problem of crime and all behavior that brings unhappiness to our world family.",
"\n\n5. ",
"To bring fulfillment to the economic aspirations of individuals and society.",
"\n\n6. ",
"To maximize the intelligent use of the environment.",
"\n\n7. ",
"To achieve the spiritual goals of humanity in this generation.",
"\n\nAll this reflected a change in MMY's strategy. ",
"As well as promoting TM itself, which he continued to do, he was trying to make inroads into established areas such as education, health, and politics.",
"\n\nReactions to SCI among meditators varied a good deal. ",
"Some who took an SCI course thought it was wonderful; they welcomed what they saw as the separation of TM from religion and mysticism. ",
"Others, mainly those long-standing meditators who had originally joined the movement in the quest for spiritual fulfilment, regretted the change to the more intellectual language of SCI. ",
"And even some of those who were not religiously inclined thought that the content of SCI was pseudo-scientific.",
"\n\nFor my part, I took the coward's way out and avoided attending an SCI course altogether. ",
"But the new terminology couldn't be ignored entirely and I did read a lot of the SCI material to find out what it was about. ",
"I was frankly disappointed. ",
"There was nothing in it that was new; it was simply the same material that I was used to, presented (\"structured\") in a way that was supposed to make it teachable in the modular form used by courses in American universities. ",
"I found it wordy and dull, and I felt unhappy about using the new terminology.",
"\n\nBut the Movement was doing well. ",
"Large businesses were paying for their employees to learn to meditate to reduce stress and increase productivity, and big international symposia were being held at which speakers of repute were prepared to appear. ",
"At one of these which I attended, at Amherst, Massachusetts, the chief speaker was Buckminster Fuller, inventor of the geodesic dome and at the time a perhaps rather unlikely intellectual hero for American students. ",
"He was certainly a draw, and so were some of the other speakers, though not all were received as enthusiastically as Buckminster Fuller. ",
"A neuroscientist who described his vivisection experiments on monkeys didn't go down well, though MMY appeared untroubled by his presentation.",
"\n\nBut MMY took care not to let any of the speakers upstage him. ",
"After they had presented their piece, often to tumultuous applause, he would always follow up with a talk of his own. ",
"I had the distinct impression that the more enthusiastic the audience were about any of the speakers, the less MMY liked it. ",
"As for Buckminster Fuller, MMY's comments in private later made it clear that he thought the great man was just a comic turn (\"Buckminster Fuller and his little triangles, ha ha ha ...\"). ",
"Nevertheless he always listened with great attention to what was said by scientists, especially physicists, and turned their ideas to his own account by showing, or claiming to show, that the ideas of modern physics had all been anticipated by SCI, which was supposed to be an expression of timeless Indian wisdom.",
"\n\nThis was a popular idea at the time. ",
"Fritjhof Capra among others was preaching the doctrine that the languages of physics and of mysticism were virtually indistinguishable. ",
"There was in any case no need for MMY to depend on outside speakers to provide him with up-to-date knowledge of physics, for there were by now several physics PhDs among the senior meditators and they presented SCI in scientific or pseudo-scientific terms.",
"\n\nThere were other scientists in the movement too. ",
"One, Keith Wallace, carried out a study of EEG (electro-encephagraphic) changes in meditation that was the first of many such conducted later by others. ",
"These were taken to show that the state of \"restful alertness\" produced by meditation wasn't merely subjective but could be demonstrated to exist objectively, using the latest technology. ",
"MMY naturally was delighted and Keith became a prominent figure within the Movement, in spite of the pleas of his older collaborator, Dr Herbert Benson, that he should distance himself from it for the sake of his career. (",
"Benson, who was not a TMer, later went on to develop his own version of meditation, using the word \"One\" as a mantra.)",
"\n\nIt was clear to me, however, as to other meditators with a scientific background, that MMY's attitude to science was not that of a scientist. ",
"It was always said that he had studied physics at Allahabad University. ",
"I am not clear what the basis for this claim was – I never heard MMY himself allude to it – but if it was true, it was also true that respect for the scientific method hadn't rubbed off on him. ",
"He had no interest in research as such, which was for him simply means to an end. ",
"If he could use the results of a study for publicity and to support his claims for TM, fine; if the research didn't seem to show what he wanted it to show he would either ignore it or, if possible, put a different slant on it so that it appeared to favour his argument after all. ",
"This is uncomfortably suggestive of what the physicist Richard Feynman called \"cargo cult science\". ",
"It has the outward form of science but lacks its substance and critical spirit.",
"\n\nA few of us had a discussion with him about some research that had recently come out which showed that Zen meditators had produced tracings similar to those of TMers, though possibly more pronounced. ",
"MMY simply refused to accept that the research could be right.",
"\n\nMMY frequently spoke about \"evolution\". ",
"Many in his audience no doubt thought he was using a scientific concept, but this was far from the case. ",
"His version of evolution had nothing in common with Darwinian natural selection. ",
"What he had in mind was spiritual growth of the individual in this life and progress through various stages of existence, by reincarnation, in line with the Indian scriptures.",
"\n\n\"At the lowest end of evolution we find the inert stages of creation. ",
"From there, the life of the species begins, and the creation changes in its intelligence, power, and joyfulness. ",
"The progressive scale of evolution continues through the different species of the vegetable, the egg-born, the water-born, the animal kingdom and rises to the world of angels. ",
"Ultimately, on the top level of evolution, is He whose power is unlimited, whose joyfulness is unlimited, whose intelligence and energy are unlimited. [",
"Mahesh Yogi, 1968]\n\nThe affinity here is not with Darwinism, it is with the notion of the Great Chain of Being, the idea which began with Plato and continued down through the Middle Ages in Western thought. ",
"This is a very unscientific idea. ",
"Its association with Indian thought probably began with the Theosophists at the end of the nineteenth century but it has been continued since then in the writings of various Indian metaphysicians.",
"\n\nListening to MMY over the years I came to the conclusion that I, and probably many others in his audience, sometimes misinterpreted what he said or unconsciously altered his words in our minds to fit in with our own preconceptions. ",
"For example, he talked a good deal about the nervous system. ",
"He said that the various higher states of consciousness he described all depended for their existence on states of the nervous system. ",
"They were, in other words, physiological as well as psychological or spiritual. ",
"This meant, he said, that in principle it ought to be possible to attain illumination by taking a pill.",
"\n\nThis was a fascinating idea, but what did he understand by the nervous system? ",
"I automatically translated it to mean \"central nervous system\", or simply \"brain\", but I came to suspect that this was my interpretation and not what he had in mind. ",
"Probably he really was thinking about the \"subtle\" nervous system of chakras and so on that Indian yoga describes. ",
"This is not something you would encounter in the pages of Gray's Anatomy.",
"\n\nPerhaps this explained another thing he said about the nervous system, which seemed to me to contradict the claim that Cosmic Consciousness depended on a particular physiological state. ",
"He maintained that, once gained, this consciousness could never be lost, no matter what happened to the possessor of the state. ",
"How, I wondered, could that be true, given the known dependence of mental functioning on the brain? ",
"A small injury, a minor change in the chemical constitution of the blood, and consciousness would be altered or even lost. ",
"How then could Cosmic Consciousness be permanent no matter what happened? ",
"But presumably the subtle nervous system would be immune to these things.",
"\n\nOther meditators made their own interpretations of what he said and these were often quite different from mine. ",
"Indeed, it was not just a matter of interpretation. ",
"More than once I was told by someone who had been at the same talk as I that they had heard MMY say something which I not only had not heard myself but could not conceive him to have said under any circumstances. ",
"I could only conclude that some of us, at least, were hearing what we wanted to hear.",
"\n\nThe fact is that MMY always remained very Indian. ",
"He himself said this. ",
"He hadn't, he insisted, seen much of the West. ",
"Certainly he hadn't taken on Western ways of thought. ",
"One problem was his method of presenting a difficult or unfamiliar idea. \"",
"Let's take an example,\" he would say, and my hopes would rise. ",
"I thought we were going to be given a concrete instance of how the idea would work in practice, but what followed was never an example, it was always an analogy. ",
"He seemed to feel that analogies supported his case instead of merely illustrating it; a method of arguing that I found unsatisfactory.",
"\n\nWriting about TM\n\nThe question of how to understand MMY was particularly important for me in the 1970s because I was doing a fair amount of writing about his ideas. [",
"Campbell, 1973, 1975] My first TM book, _Seven States of Consciousness_ , was published in 1973 and it reflects how I thought at the peak of my enthusiasm for TM. ",
"In it I set forth MMY's description of the seven states and tried to relate these to certain ideas in Western philosophy, particularly the mind–body problem. ",
"It was the first serious book on TM to appear and it sold well, at least to meditators. ",
"It was published in the USA as well as in Britain and was translated into several languages.",
"\n\nThe second book, _The Mechanics of Enlightenment,_ was rather different. ",
"It was an attempt to connect Western accounts of the psychology of creativity with MMY's Science of Creative Intelligence. ",
"I thought myself that this was in some ways a better book than Seven States and so did some readers whose opinion I valued, but it didn't do as well. ",
"Partly this was because by the time it appeared in 1975 there were other books available on TM, but partly, I think, it was something in the writing. ",
"It lacked some of the fire and enthusiasm of the earlier book. ",
"I was aware of this even at the time I was writing.",
"\n\nCertain reservations were beginning to form themselves in my mind about the whole SCI undertaking and I suppose, looking back on it, that the book was in a sense my attempt to exorcise the demons of doubt that were being roused by cognitive dissonance. ",
"It contained a good many of my own ideas and interpretations and I was not entirely sure how far MMY would have approved of them. ",
"For my account of creativity I drew in part on Marghanita Laski's important study _Ecstasy_ , of which more later. ",
"I broadly agreed with her analysis of the process, but the problem was that she was an atheist and therefore adopted a wholly naturalistic view of the matter. ",
"It was not easy to reconcile this with MMY's version of creativity.",
"\n\nIn my final chapter I tried to resolve these issues by linking TM to certain other things I was interested in at the time, particularly research into the paranormal and Jung's notion of the collective unconscious. ",
"The connections may not be immediately obvious, but the reason I made them was that at this time MMY was placing a good deal of emphasis on the ability of meditators to transform society simply by meditating. ",
"MMY described this as a beneficial effect of TM on the \"atmosphere\". ",
"I was not, even at the time, fully convinced of the reality of this alleged effect (which meditators christened \"the Maharishi Effect\"), and I didn't mention it specifically in the book. ",
"However, it was a central part of SCI philosophy and couldn't be ignored altogether, so I brought it in obliquely. ",
"I wrote about the crisis that seemed to be confronting our civilization at the end of the twentieth century and the need for a radical transformation of our society. ",
"Then I said:\n\n\"For society to be transformed, Maharishi holds, there is no need for all, or even a majority, of society to practise TM; as few as one in a hundred would suffice. ",
"Maharishi compares society to an unstable physical system poised to make a phase transition, as when a supersaturated solution is about to crystallize. ",
"In such a system, a very small impetus – the introduction of a few seed crystals, for example – can cause the phase transition to occur.\"",
"\n\nThis was as far as I felt I could go, and I really could go that far only because, at the time, I was convinced of the validity of research into the paranormal, which seemed to provide a basis for MMY's claims. ",
"However, by bringing in the paranormal, the collective unconscious, and similar ideas to bolster what felt to me to be a rather shaky SCI claim I was verging on special pleading. ",
"This is not to say that I didn't believe what I wrote in _The Mechanics_. ",
"I did, but I was finding it increasingly necessary to reinterpret MMY's claims for TM in a way that I could go along with, and I was not sure that I was justified in doing this. ",
"I was becoming uncomfortably aware that I was in danger of over-intellectualizing TM in an increasingly desperate attempt to make it acceptable to myself in my own terms.",
"\n\nThe root of the problem was, once again, MMY's tendency to use analogies as proof of his claims when what was needed was concrete examples, and to make dubious use of science. ",
"The EEG studies allegedly showed that during meditation people's brain waves became synchronised and coherent. ",
"The two halves of the brain were supposed to work in synchrony and the brain as a whole took on an over-all synchronised electrical pattern. ",
"This was hailed as proof that TM was making the individual more harmonious, more \"unified\".",
"\n\nNow, even granting that the EEG studies would stand up to replication – and so far it was only meditators who had done them – what did they really prove? ",
"The EEG is a crude tool for studying the brain at best and it is pretty well impossible to demonstrate exact relationships between EEG states and ordinary states of consciousness, let alone the extraordinary states that TM was supposed to give rise to. ",
"But that was only the beginning of the difficulty. ",
"MMY was happily equating this harmonious brain state to harmony in society at large. ",
"He claimed that the mental and physical harmony achieved during meditation would somehow spread out into the \"atmosphere\" and affect everyone else.",
"And the EEG studies were only part of the picture. ",
"MMY was being supplied with further analogies by the physicists in his entourage. ",
"Now entropy and quantum physics were brought into the equation as well.",
"\n\n\"This law, the third law of thermodynamics, states that entropy (disorder) decreases when temperature (activity) decreases and that the condition of zero entropy, perfect orderliness, coincides with a temperature of absolute zero (absolutely no activity) ... This suggests a striking analogy [sic] to the synchrony of brain waves induced by the very deep rest of TM. ",
"If we define for the purpose of comparison a \"mental temperature\", corresponding to the level of mental and neurophysiological activity, and systematically reduce this through the technique of TM, we perceive a class of tendencies in the human mind that reminds us of the third law as seen in the realm of basic physics. ",
"This quantum mechanical analogy [sic] suggests that orderliness in the brain and in thinking is natural to man. ",
"TM accomplishes this orderliness by providing an opportunity for the mind to follow the natural tendency of the most general patterns of nature.\" [",
"Quoted by Mason, 2005]\n\nThis seems to me to be pseudo-scientific gobbledygook, but increasingly we were supposed to use language of that kind in talking about TM.",
"\n\nOver the years studies by meditators continued to be carried out, all purporting to show that crime rates and other social indicators were favourably influenced in towns where large numbers of meditators were living. ",
"Claims were also made on a larger scale. ",
"Teams of meditators were dispatched to trouble spots around the world and TM was said to have influenced whatever good developments took place on the international scene.",
"\n\nAt about this time I started a magazine I called Creative Intelligence, in which I published articles on literature, philosophy and science by meditators. ",
"I did this because I felt that we were talking a lot about creativity, claiming repeatedly and loudly to everyone who was prepared to listen that TM enhanced our ability to be creative, but we really didn't have a lot to show for it. ",
"What had we actually created apart from the TM movement itself? ",
"True, there were lots of creative meditators – artists, architects, musicians, writers, choreographers – but had their work improved since they had been meditating, and even if it had, was it due to meditation?",
"\n\nMy own experience had not been particularly encouraging in that regard. ",
"I had published a novel before I started to meditate, but in spite of several subsequent attempts I had not managed to complete another. ",
"Still, I was committed to the idea that TM and creativity were more or less synonymous, so I thought it would be a good idea to provide a magazine in which meditators with ideas could publish them. ",
"There was no need, I said, for the articles to be overtly related to TM, and in fact I particularly wanted to avoid the kind of propaganda endorsement of TM that characterized most of the Movement's publications.",
"\n\nThis was ultimately the magazine's undoing. ",
"It proved popular with meditators and it went through six issues. ",
"By that time it was becoming increasingly difficult to find suitable contributions and I was having to write some of the material myself. ",
"Then it began to attract criticism from Headquarters. ",
"MMY himself didn't read it (in fact he didn't read anything), but some of the attendant young Americans criticized it for not being sufficiently \"positive\". ",
"In other words, it was not propaganda. ",
"This was true, of course. ",
"I could have argued but it would have meant a lot of friction and, to tell the truth, I was becoming tired of the struggle to produce the magazine, so I let it die.",
"\n\nChapter 5. ",
"Moving On\n\n\"I can't believe that!\" ",
"said Alice.",
"\n\n\"Can't you?\" ",
"the Queen said, in a pitying tone. \"",
"Try again: draw a long breath and shut your eyes.\"",
"\n\n_Alice laughed. \"",
"There's no use trying,\" she said: \"one can't believe impossible things.\"_ – ",
"Lewis Carroll (Through the Looking Glass).",
"\n\nFor a number of years after this I continued to meditate regularly, even if no longer with the same sense of conviction, but long-suppressed doubts were beginning to surface. ",
"Quite early on in my TM career I had been at a weekend course, led by Vincent Snell, at which someone had asked a deep question. ",
"Vincent had said something about \"witnessing\" the state of Pure Awareness, awareness without an object. \"",
"Who is doing this witnessing?\" ",
"the questioner wanted to know. \"",
"If 'I' am the witnesser, and what I am witnessing is the Self, what exactly is going on? ",
"The description of the process doesn't seem to be coherent.\" ",
"I had wondered about this too, so I was glad to have the question raised. ",
"Unfortunately, Vincent couldn't answer it. ",
"In fact, it was evident that he didn't even understand it very well. ",
"I hoped that eventually all would become clear to me, perhaps after I had meditated for longer, but it never did.",
"\n\nNow the time for such prevarication had passed. ",
"I had to think seriously about what I believed or didn't believe. ",
"Of course, a critic could always say that I was being brash and presumptuous in preferring my own opinion to that of the sages. ",
"That might well be true, but it couldn't be helped. ",
"After all, my original decision to follow this particular spiritual path had to be taken in the light of my own understanding. ",
"Did that mean that the decision could never be revised or revoked if my understanding changed?",
"\n\nAnd my understanding was indeed starting to change. ",
"The central thesis of TM was that in meditation you become one with the essence of the universe, which MMY originally called Being and now had renamed the Source of Creative Intelligence. ",
"Think for a moment what this means. ",
"The state of \"restful alertness\" is not just a psychological phenomenon; it affords a direct insight into the very heart of existence. ",
"You don't actually know this while you're in the state of pure awareness, because by definition you are not aware of anything in this state except awareness itself, but eventually you do know it when you reach the state that MMY called Unity Consciousness. ",
"Now you know at first hand how the universe works. ",
"You perceive that your individual consciousness, at its deepest level, is identical with the universal consciousness of the cosmos. \"",
"Thou art That.\"",
"\n\nThis idea is basic to the Advaita Vedanta philosophy, which speaks of the small self and the large Self. ",
"During meditation the yogi is supposed to become one with the Self, or rather, to realize that this is what he or she was all along. ",
"When MMY spoke of self-knowledge, as he often did, this is what he meant: Self-knowledge rather than self-knowledge. ",
"He was not interested in the kind of self-knowledge that a Western psychoanalyst would have in mind, and he had a poor opinion of psychoanalysis (about which, however, he had only scanty hearsay knowledge).",
"\n\nOne problem with all this was that, as I have said, not only was I not anywhere near the state of Unity, I had not even reached the state of restful alertness – pure awareness – except perhaps on two occasions very early on in my practice of TM. ",
"This could well be a deficiency in me rather than in TM, of course. ",
"In fact, it probably was, because other TMers apparently did reach the state in meditation pretty regularly. ",
"All the same, questions remained. ",
"Was the Vedantic claim, magnificent and sweeping though it might seem, really true, or was it what the psychologist William James would call an over-belief? ",
"That is, was it an interpretation of an ecstatic experience rather than a direct contemplation of truth? ",
"How could it be verified, anyway?",
"\n\nPerhaps the ancient seers of the Upanishads simply misinterpreted their experiences. (",
"The Buddha actually held that this was the case.) ",
"If so, the whole of MMY's analysis of states of consciousness falls to pieces. ",
"If the state of witnessing the Self is not what the yogis said it is, it does not afford an insight into the nature of reality at all. ",
"The whole scheme of enlightenment which I had argued for in Seven States would be a glorious and seductive vision but ultimately an illusion.",
"\n\nVernon Katz, a very senior meditator who had worked with MMY on his translation of the Bhagavad Gita, actually asked MMY about this on one occasion when I was present. ",
"How could MMY be sure, he wanted to know, that the state of Unity was not just an illusion? ",
"MMY was not offended by the question; he simply gave a little laugh and said: \"That state is worth living.\" ",
"So for MMY, as for many mystics through the ages, the state of illumination was self-validating. ",
"But whether to believe him had to be, for all of us, a value judgement.",
"\n\nLike any other grand metaphysical system, the Advaita Vedanta is in the end a totality belief. ",
"If you accept it you have an explanation for everything: all This is That. ",
"Nothing more can be added. ",
"Father Copleston would no doubt have welcomed this, were it not for the fact that he was subscribed to a different totality belief system. ",
"When I first encountered it the impact of the Advaita Vedanta was overwhelming, and all the more so because we were told that it was not merely abstract but could be realized in our own consciousness thanks to TM. ",
"But now I was less sure.",
"\n\nAnd then there was MMY himself: I had seen a good deal of him, and I knew that he was a human being, with frailties like those of other human beings. ",
"How far should one discount them in assessing his pronouncements? ",
"I was not convinced by his claim that meditation would, by itself, improve people's behaviour.",
"\n\nIt would have been easier to put aside such questions were it not for a sense of dissatisfaction that I was starting to feel about the way in which TM was developing on the wider scene. ",
"Many of these changes came about after I ceased to be involved with it, but even in the early 1970s the trend was becoming apparent.",
"\n\nThe most dramatic of these developments was undoubtedly the introduction of \"yogic flying\" in 1976. ",
"There is an ancient Indian text known as the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali which describes all kinds of paranormal abilities that are supposed to be produced by the practice of yoga. ",
"They include the ability to remember past lives, to know another person's mind, to become invisible, to perform astral travel, to become as strong as an elephant, and to levitate. ",
"As a Hindu traditionalist MMY accepted the reality of these powers without question. ",
"Moreover, he had always maintained that the \"eight limbs of yoga\" all found their fulfilment in TM, so it ought to be possible for TMers to do any of these things once they had reached a certain level of practice. ",
"This was the origin of \"yogic flying\", or levitation, which forms part of an advanced programme known as the Sidhis.",
"\n\nIt seems extraordinary that someone as intelligent and experienced as MMY undoubtedly was could not have foreseen the effect of announcing the news about levitation to the press. ",
"However, in spite of his many years in the West and his extensive contacts with the media, there were certain lessons he seems never to have learnt. ",
"Many meditators were unhappy with this new adventure but those who stayed in the Movement had no choice but to go along with it. ",
"To be fair to MMY, the real motive for embarking on the TM–Sidhi programme, as it was called, was not just to produce a spectacular display of levitation and so win adherents to TM. ",
"He believed that practice of the new technique would speed up individual and especially collective \"evolution\". ",
"The beneficial effects of \"flying\" on the environment were said to be 100 times as powerful as those of \"ordinary\" meditation.",
"\n\nPeople who had done the \"flying\" programme admitted that it was really a kind of hopping but said that it happened spontaneously and was an intensely ecstatic experience. ",
"I was prepared to believe this but it seemed to be bringing TM uncomfortably close to other strange esoteric spiritual movements of the time such as the Toronto Blessing or Subud, in which people likewise produced all sorts of bizarre physical manifestations. ",
"Matters were not helped when at last, in 1986, a public demonstration of levitation was held for over 120 journalists at the Capital Convention Center in Washington DC. ",
"They were treated to a display by \"experts in the Technology of the Unified Field\", hopping about like frogs on sponge mats.",
"\n\nAnother public relations fiasco occurred in 1992, when MMY decided that TM should go into politics. ",
"After a musical send-off at the Albert Hall by the ex-Beatle George Harrison, the Natural Law Party was inaugurated. ",
"It fielded over 300 candidates at the next General Election and continued to figure in several subsequent elections both in Britain and abroad. ",
"No candidate won more than a few hundred votes and although participation in elections did bring TM to people's notice, it probably also linked it in their minds with other fringe political organizations such as the Monster Raving Loony Party.",
"\n\nEven less welcome, from my point of view, was the addition of Ayurvedic medicine to the TM picture. ",
"It had always been a TM claim that meditation improved your health, and there was a little research evidence to show that it did have modest effects in lowering blood pressure and reducing the incidence of certain illnesses. ",
"But in my experience MMY had always been cautious and pragmatic in his claims. ",
"If anyone asked him a medical question he invariably referred them to their doctor.",
"\n\nBut now things seemed to be changing. ",
"There was a progressive \"Indianization\" of TM. ",
"The trend had always been there but now, presumably because MMY felt more confident, it was becoming more evident. ",
"Ayurvedic medicine was now openly advocated for meditators as a treatment for a large range of disorders including AIDS, and some meditating doctors within the organization began to practise it. ",
"This was to have unfortunate consequences later for two of these doctors, who found themselves before the General Medical Council charged with improper conduct on the grounds that they were promoting the use of compounds whose nature they were largely ignorant of; both were struck off.",
"\n\nEqually unwelcome to me was the introduction of Indian astrology. ",
"Meditators were sent invitations to have their horoscopes cast by astrologers retained for the purpose by the TM organization. ",
"They were also invited to have \"yagyas\" (Hindu ceremonies) performed on holy days such as the Day of Krishna or Day of Ganesh. ",
"The performance of these ceremonies was said to ensure \"Fulfilment of desires, Happiness, Reduction of anger, Removal of fear and worries, Freedom from imprisonment, Removal of great problems\", as well as numerous other benefits. ",
"Meditators were told they could \"select one or two or more of these purposes as well as any other desire you may wish to express. ",
"A Maharishi Jyotish Pandit will then recommend the appropriate Maharishi Yagyas according to your birth chart. ",
"This can easily be arranged by your Local Tour Coordinator or you may contact our office.\"",
"\n\nTM today seems to be continuing the trend towards politicisation. ",
"In the aftermath of the Iraq war MMY prohibited the teaching of TM in Britain, apparently as a kind of punishment. ",
"This seems a little illogical, in view of the benefits for society that the practice is supposed to bring. ",
"Anyway, the position changed when Tony Blair left office and was succeeded by Gordon Brown, whose policies were considered \"more peace-orientated\". ",
"TM was now allowed to be taught in Britain again, and England even acquired a Raja in the person of Peter Warburton.",
"\n\nNew additions to the original TM programme are still appearing. ",
"Sthapatya Ved is a system of designing houses to enhance the owner's enlightenment, affluence, and fulfilment; I suppose it is an Indian form of Feng Shui. ",
"Gandharva Veda Music is described as \"the rhythm and melodies of nature expressed in music\". ",
"The music is played on a flute, sitar, or tabla, or is sung. ",
"Some music is supposed to affect the weather, causing rain, for example.",
"\n\nCommunities of TM practitioners have been set up in various places, including Skelmersdale in Lancashire and Fairfield, Iowa, in the USA. ",
"In these places there is a Dome which serves as a meeting place to practise meditation or the Sidhis as well as for social gatherings; in effect, it is a temple.",
"\n\nAll this Indianization is not how TM was first presented to us when I took it up in 1967. ",
"Whether it was all part of a far-reaching plan or something that just developed as time went by is difficult to know, but I suspect it was a mixture of the two.",
"\n\nMost of these innovations were still in the future in the 1970s. ",
"I should have found them impossible to justify or defend to people outside the TM movement had I continued to be involved in it, but I no longer was. ",
"I made no formal break but, like an old soldier, I simply faded from the scene.",
"\n\nAs I watched these developments from the periphery a line from a poem by Louis Macneice often went through my mind: \"It's no go the yogi man, it's no go Blavatsky.\" ",
"It was tempting to feel cynical amusement, but looking at it all now as a relative outsider, I could not help regretting the changes that had come over the Movement. ",
"Perhaps naively, I had thought at the beginning I was signing up for something different.",
"\n\nWhen I first encountered MMY he had spoken repeatedly of the need for \"innocent experience\". ",
"We were supposed to meditate without expecting any particular results; \"take it as it comes\" was the watchword. ",
"The Movement itself had had a certain innocence in those days, which now it had very definitely lost. ",
"People were being encouraged to take up TM in the expectation that it would enable them to fly, to become invisible at will, to walk through walls, even to become immortal. ",
"The Movement seemed to have taken leave of reality and also to have lost an important measure of \"spirituality\".",
"\n\nPortrait of a guru\n\nIf you got deeply involved in TM you inevitably absorbed a lot of Indian ideas. ",
"One aspect of this was the relation to the guru. ",
"Indian spiritual life is very much bound up with devotion to the guru, who is supposed to take on something of the role of God and indeed may even be worshipped as divine. ",
"For us, of course, MMY was our guru, even though he never made any claim to be divine and constantly referred to his own master, Swami Brahmananda, as the source of all his knowledge. ",
"But he did have many of the attributes of a guru.",
"\n\nA guru needs to have certain qualities, which Stevens and Price, in their book Evolutionary Psychiatry, relate to those of the shaman. ",
"Among the shamanic qualities are a strong personality and the ability to enter an altered state of consciousness at will. ",
"MMY did have both these characteristics.",
"\n\nHe undoubtedly had a strong personality. ",
"He was generally able to dominate and control self-assured businessmen, scientists, military personnel, politicians and others, at least when he was on his own territory (he was sometimes less successful when not on home ground). ",
"You nearly always felt he was in command of what was happening.",
"\n\nHis appearance helped here. ",
"Though physically small, with his flowing locks and beard and his white robe he stood out dramatically among his Western followers. ",
"As for going into altered states of consciousness, he would always start a meeting by closing his eyes and (presumably) meditating for a few minutes. ",
"Often, when asked a question, he would again close his eyes briefly before answering. ",
"We assumed that on these occasions he was \"contacting the level of Being\", although for all we knew he could have been reciting the multiplication table.",
"\n\nAnother characteristic of the shaman is that during his apprenticeship he first spends many years as the pupil of an elder shaman and then undergoes a time of trial during which he remains in solitude and acquires his mystical powers. (",
"Compare Jesus, with his baptism by John and his forty days in the wilderness.)",
"\n\nAccording to MMY himself, his history contained both elements. ",
"He spent many years as pupil of his own teacher, Swami Brahmananda, and after his master's death he remained for many months in solitary meditation in a cave in the \"Valley of the Saints\" in the Himalayas. ",
"MMY himself sometimes alluded to these experiences and they were common knowledge among meditators, so that they helped to endow him with something like a shamanic aura.",
"\n\nA good deal of what went on at TM courses would be likely to enhance MMY's status as guru, whether or not this was deliberately intended. ",
"Much of his time was spent sitting on a stage, being stared at by an audience. ",
"Stevens and Price remark on the importance of the gaze in human (and animal) groups. ",
"As a rule, a direct gaze is taken as an indication of hostility, but a dominant individual accepts the gaze of his \"subordinates\" as his rightful due and does not experience it as a threat.",
"\n\nA subdominant animal will be intimidated by a stare from the leader. ",
"This sometimes happened in meetings with MMY. ",
"If he felt it necessary to put someone in their place he did so very effectively, with a glare and a few sharp words. ",
"But this was an unusual event; it was seldom that MMY needed to exert his authority in this direct way. ",
"As a rule he obtained his effects more subtly, by means of humour (he had a great sense of humour) and his very considerable charm. ",
"But there was never any doubt about who was the chief. ",
"Anyone who disagreed with him too fundamentally on matters of policy had no choice but to leave the Movement.",
"\n\nWesterners don't generally feel at ease in a guru–disciple relationship, not having been accustomed to it from childhood as a cultural phenomenon, and yet when they do become devotees of a guru it can be an overwhelmingly intense emotional experience. ",
"The intensity can be such that it may be something like falling in love, and, as I mentioned in Chapter 1, there is a similarity between loss of faith in a spiritual path, especially one with an identifiable guru figure at its head, and the end of a love affair. ",
"This happened to several meditators whom I knew, who became quite bitter against MMY after they left the Movement.",
"\n\nAnother psychiatrist who has written extensively about the guru phenomenon is Anthony Storr. [",
"Storr, 1996] He lists a number of features shared in varying degrees by many gurus, which overlap a good deal with those cited by Stevens and Price. ",
"Typically, a guru is someone who believes that he (more rarely, she) has been granted special spiritual insight into Truth. ",
"which is supposed to be of widespread, often universal, significance. ",
"MMY certainly believed this. ",
"The gaining of this illumination often follows a period of stress and suffering. ",
"In MMY's case, as we have seen, this may correspond to the period he spent in the \"Valley of the Saints\" in the Himalayas after his Master's death.",
"\n\nGurus are often intolerant of disagreement on the part of their disciples. ",
"MMY was pretty tolerant of questions but he reacted strongly against any infringement of his authority. ",
"Once, when we were discussing plans for refurbishing a hotel he had acquired to make into a headquarters, he suggested destroying a marble fireplace.",
"\n\n\"Oh, Maharishi, you can't do that,\" someone exclaimed. ",
"He rounded on the unfortunate person in a blaze of anger. \"",
"Don't tell me what I can or can't do,\" he said; \"I can do whatever I like. ",
"If I want to tear the whole building down, I will.\" ",
"We were all taken aback; I had never seen him in this mood before.",
"\n\nTM had some of the traditional aspects of a guru–disciple relationship but there were also differences. ",
"In India meditation is customarily taught one-to-one by guru to disciple. ",
"MMY had deliberately gone beyond this tradition in trying to establish a world-wide meditation movement, with many thousands of initiates. ",
"Obviously this could not be done in the traditional way, but he wanted to adhere as closely as possible to that model. ",
"Hence TM teachers conducted the initiation ceremony in the traditional manner and in a real sense they acted as intermediaries between the initiate and the guru. ",
"The ultimate guru was Swami Brahmananda, MMY's own guru, but none of us knew him except as a figure in a photograph. ",
"MMY, on the other hand, we did know; he was our living link with the Swami. ",
"For the individual meditator, then, there was something like a hierarchy, a Great Chain of Being, which went like this: meditator– initiator– MMY– Guru Dev– God. ",
"This was never spelled out in so many words, and certainly there were plenty of meditators who would have rejected it if it had been, but a spiritual structure of this kind was implicit in the way the Movement worked.",
"\n\nI felt no temptation to regard MMY as divine or superhuman, but I did suppose that he must be in some sense enlightened. ",
"Indeed, unless that was the case, what reason could there be for following his ideas? ",
"All the same, something in me was not entirely happy about all this. ",
"More than once I dreamt of MMY in western clothes, without a beard and with short hair. ",
"Another meditator told me he had a similar dream. ",
"And at least once I dreamt that MMY was twisting my arm. ",
"No elaborate interpretation was needed to elucidate the meaning of such dreams and I found them disturbing. ",
"My wife had a more relaxed attitude to MMY. \"",
"Perhaps he's laughing at us all,\" she said.",
"\n\nSome people went a good deal further in their belief in MMY's infallibility. ",
"One friend of mine, a very intelligent and intellectually sophisticated man, believed quite seriously that MMY never made mistakes. ",
"Once he saw MMY, who was sitting as usual on his bed talking to some people, lean back against what he thought was a cushion, but it was not there and he fell back against the wall. ",
"My friend said that he caught MMY's eye and they both knew that he had made this deliberate mistake simply in order to make the rest of the people in the room think he was fallible. ",
"My friend believed that MMY was actually incapable of making a real mistake of this kind. ",
"MMY himself was more realistic. ",
"When in a lecture someone asked him if he ever made mistakes he shook with laughter. \"",
"I'm not supposed to,\" he said.",
"\n\nThe friend who believed in MMY's infallibility later left the Movement with feelings of great bitterness. ",
"Yet another falling out of love.",
"\n\nMy wife and I saw a good deal of MMY over the years, for by this time we were both TM teachers. ",
"He was more approachable then than he later became. ",
"Quite often, for one reason or another, we would find ourselves members of a small group of perhaps a dozen people who would be working with him on some project connected with publicising and spreading TM. ",
"MMY liked to use these meetings for brainstorming. ",
"They would typically take place in his hotel room, with MMY sitting on his bed holding court while we sat facing him on chairs or the floor. ",
"The discussions often went on late into the night. ",
"Sometimes they took the form of drawing up elaborate and fanciful plans for residential TM sites, with buildings, grounds, and fountains. ",
"Once the discussion centred on the possibility of getting the Pope to endorse the value of TM.",
"\n\nMMY seemed to find such planning a relaxation after the labours of the day. ",
"And he had other opportunities to relax as well; sometimes he would take off in a helicopter belonging to a rich meditator and tour the mountains, looking for suitable places to build a centre or an academy.",
"\n\nIt is difficult to convey a clear idea of his character, he had so many different faces. ",
"Sometimes it seemed to me that he acted almost like a mirror, reflecting back to the person he was talking to whatever was in that person's psyche at the time. ",
"He was very astute in many ways yet he seemed to be a bad judge of character, at least of Westerners. ",
"He was always keen to associate with scientists of all kinds, in the hope that he would find them willing and able to provide scientific support for his programme, but he seemed incapable of seeing that some visitors were complete time-wasters. ",
"Once someone came to see him about some quite absurd theory he had thought up. ",
"It was obvious to all of us that the man was a crank, but MMY gave him half a day of his time, only to find at the end that the theory had been a complete mare's nest. ",
"Mistakes of this kind were not too serious, but he was also capable of making appointments that turned out to be disasters.",
"\n\nEnlightened or not, he had not progressed entirely beyond human vanity. (",
"Storr lists narcissism as one of the characteristics of gurus.) ",
"Once a parcel arrived, a present from a meditator; among its contents was a bottle of hair restorer. ",
"MMY was not pleased. \"",
"I don't need this,\" he said indignantly; \"why she is sending it to me?\" ",
"But perhaps it was not vanity so much as a reluctance to accept the inevitability of ageing. (",
"My wife suggests that he may have wanted to say that loss of hair and ageing didn't matter. ",
"This is is possible, though it is not the impression I had at the time, which was one of irritation.)",
"\n\nMMY was a realist in many ways but he seemed to be determined to avoid discussion of death. ",
"When my mother-in-law died I told him about it. ",
"He said nothing, and thinking he hadn't heard, I repeated it; still nothing. ",
"Another aspect of this near-denial was his insistence that if you practised TM you would slow down or even reverse the ageing process.",
"\n\nWith my Catholic background and awareness of the Four Last Things I found this attitude to death disconcerting. ",
"I do remember his talking about death on one occasion but this was an exception. ",
"Generally his emphasis was wholly on personal and collective development and death seemed to be an unwelcome intrusion in all that. ",
"And the little he did say on the subject was surprising, for he insisted that dying was a very painful and unpleasant ordeal. ",
"At the time he said this, books were coming out in the West about the \"near-death experience\", which was almost invariably described as being deeply meaningful and even blissful. ",
"It was hard to reconcile these accounts with MMY's description of it.",
"\n\nIt is perhaps surprising that there were very few stories about MMY that credited him with any kind of miraculous or paranormal gifts and he certainly never made any claims of that kind – he was no Sai Baba. ",
"His concern was wholly with TM and the Movement. ",
"But was he in the ultimate state of Unity? ",
"Naturally, we meditators discussed this, but there was no way we could answer the question. ",
"MMY himself insisted that you could not tell another person's \"level of consciousness\" unless you were yourself at that level.",
"\n\nCritics outside the movement, of whom there were plenty after the Beatles episode had ended – predictably – in mutual disillusionment, made various accusations, including some of sexual impropriety. ",
"These were almost certainly malicious and misconceived. ",
"Whatever else MMY might be, he was no Gurdjieff or Rajneesh, and his life was too public for him to have had much opportunity to engage in adventures of that kind even had he wished to do so.",
"\n\nHe was also accused of profiteering, and it was undeniably the case that starting to meditate in the first place, let alone coming on courses and so on, was an expensive business. ",
"He responded to that charge by saying that he had no pockets, and admittedly he did not handle money himself, but it could also be said that he had no need to, given that he lived comfortably and had helicopters, luxury cars, and other facilities at his disposal whenever he wanted them, thanks to the generosity of rich meditators. ",
"But although he took an almost childlike delight in gadgets of all kinds he did not seem to be dependent on material wealth. ",
"Unlike Rajneesh, he did not accumulate numbers of Rolls Royce cars for his personal use.",
"\n\nIt would be harder to refute a charge that he enjoyed exercising power. ",
"Certainly he was autocratic, but the trouble with this accusation is that he would not have seen anything wrong with expecting to be obeyed unquestioningly. ",
"That, after all, is the prerogative of the guru, and obeying the guru's commands is the pupil's path to enlightenment.",
"\n\nA critic could say that he suffered from an enormously over-inflated ego, but, once again, that would not be a failing from his point of view. ",
"He had no time for the humility that is traditionally enjoined on Christians. ",
"He was entirely against any attempt to restrict or negate the self. ",
"On the contrary, his teaching was that you should let the self expand until it becomes the Cosmic Self. ",
"Expansion of the self is thus not merely something to be tolerated, it is actively to be encouraged. ",
"Not all Christian meditators were entirely happy with this notion, and nor was I, although by now I did not regard myself as a Christian.",
"\n\nProbably because of his indifference to ego inflation, he tolerated a lot of status-seeking among meditators. ",
"It was a little like being at the court of a mediaeval monarch. ",
"Much jostling for position went on and there were winners and losers, although MMY always remained commendably loyal to those who had helped him at the beginning of his career in the West. ",
"They always retained their position of honour at his court.",
"\n\nGurus like MMY are notoriously difficult to evaluate, both because they are complex in themselves and because they are difficult to make out against the background of adulation from their followers, which tends to blur their outline in a golden haze. (",
"Literally so, in some cases; one meditator assured me that she had on occasion seen MMY surrounded by golden light.) ",
"If you set MMY alongside other twentieth-century gurus such as Gurdjieff, Ouspensky, Steiner, Krishnamurti, and Rajneesh, I should say he has done more good than many and a lot less harm than some.",
"\n\nThis is not to say that he should be regarded as superhuman or exempt from the normal standards of judgement that we apply to other people. ",
"The Tibetans are supposed to have a saying that you should catch the guru when he is being a guru. ",
"That is, every guru has faults and you should select those of his pronouncements that are really inspired and ignore the rest. ",
"This seems to be excellent advice, but it does pass the responsibility back to you, the pupil; only you can decide which of the guru's sayings you ought to listen.",
"\n\nThe psychology of gurus' adherents is quite as interesting as that of the gurus themselves. ",
"Outsiders often regard disciples of gurus as gullible fools, but Storr insists that this is not the case. ",
"Anyone is liable to become a disciple and he acknowledges that he can envisage circumstances in which he might succumb. ",
"The psychological mechanism for becoming a disciple, Storr believes, is wired into our brains, because we are lifelong learners.",
"\n\nBoth mentally and physically, humans could be thought of as immature apes – a phenomenon called neoteny. ",
"Other primates, such as chimpanzees, have relatively large brains and small faces in the foetal stage but lose these characteristics as they become older. ",
"We do not. ",
"Chimpanzees also learn most easily when they are immature, but we can go on learning throughout life. ",
"We therefore feel a need for teachers, which means authority figures, and this is what our susceptibility to gurus depends on. ",
"So gurus are generally people who speak well and persuasively, often at great length. ",
"This was certainly the case with MMY. ",
"In fact, he sometimes referred to himself as a \"talking guru\"– in contrast, I suppose, to other gurus who remain in silence.",
"\n\nI regard my involvement with TM as a valuable learning experience. ",
"The meditation itself did have beneficial effects, even if they were not as profound or far-reaching as we expected. ",
"And I think it was a privilege to see the guru phenomenon at first hand, though I am relieved to have emerged from it. ",
"This taught me that Storr is right: no one has privileged access to truth. ",
"There are no ultimate spiritual authorities on whom we can depend. ",
"This does not mean that all the pronouncements of gurus should be discounted, but nor should any of them be accepted uncritically. ",
"Caveat emptor.",
"\n\nI should say that the worst feature of TM, at least so far as its effect on me was concerned, was that it induced a considerable degree of smugness, and I don't think I was alone in this. ",
"We TMers felt that we were in possession of a uniquely valuable body of knowledge which placed us in a position of superiority compared with the unenlightened general population. ",
"We were special. ",
"Those who had not seen the light were definitely at a lower state of consciousness.",
"\n\nThis frame of mind was reminiscent of the sense of complacent superiority that I had had as a Catholic in my late 'teens: another example of Jack Cohen's spiral path, which keeps bringing you back almost to the same place but with a little apparent progress each time. ",
"So my eventual loss of belief in TM was a sobering experience, forcing me to realize that I had no better claim to insight into truth than anyone else.",
"\n\nThis was unwelcome, of course, but in another way it was also both salutory and liberating. ",
"Just as my earlier loss of faith in Catholicism had freed me from the need to accommodate my thinking to a set of guidelines imposed from without, so too with TM: no longer was it necessary to make allowances for claims that seemed dubious. ",
"But it took me many more years to adjust fully to this new sense of freedom and to realize that I could finally relinquish the picture I had of myself as a spiritual \"seeker\". ",
"I come back to this in my final chapter.",
"\n\nPostscript\n\nMaharishi died while I was writing this book, on 5 February 2008. ",
"He is thought to have been 91. ",
"He had laid down what he intended for the future course of the Movement. ",
"As he had foretold, he has himself taken on the mantle of Guru Dev for his followers – a kind of posthumous apotheosis. ",
"He is reported to have appointed a 48-man governing council and a 5-man governing body, led by a Maharaja in the person of Tony Nader, a Lebanese physician and neuroscientist. ",
"This supreme ruler will remain in silence, the state he has been in the last two years, transmitting his thoughts and influence to the five-member governing council.",
"\n\nAt MMY's funeral at Allahabad on the Ganges, 35 Rajas were present, attired in white robes and wearing gold crowns.",
"\n\nChapter 6. ",
"Mysticism\n\nGlendower: I can call spirits from the vasty deep.",
"\n\nHotspur: Why, so can I, or so can any man;\n\nBut will they come when you do call to them?",
"\n\n– Shakespeare: Henry IV Part 1\n\nMany of us took up TM because we believed that it would provide direct experience of Reality. ",
"One could also say that MMY was teaching practical mysticism, though he disliked the word because he thought it had connotations of mystification. ",
"Mysticism is a difficult term to define, but here I'll take it to mean some kind of altered state of consciousness that provides access to knowledge that is not available in the ordinary state. ",
"On this basis, TM was a form of applied mysticism.",
"\n\nPeople who are sympathetic to mysticism often advocate what has been called perennialism. ",
"The idea of a perennial philosophy was probably first put forward by Aldous Huxley in a book with that title, [Huxley, 1972] though others have taken it up and run with it subsequently. ",
"The underlying assumption of perennialism is that, in spite of any apparent differences or even contradictions there may be in what they say, the mystics in all places and at all times have had the same experience, which is of contact with the source of everything – what MMY called Being. ",
"Perennialists suppose that all the great religions of the world stem from this level, although the original insight inevitably becomes distorted and obscured in the hands of less enlightened interpreters.",
"\n\nWhether all the mystics really do say the same thing in different ways is contentious. ",
"The philosopher Walter T. Stace was one of the staunchest defenders of this view, though he has been strongly criticised for simplifying or distorting mystical reports. ",
"In any case, the really important issue is whether any of the mystics' claims to insight into Truth are valid. ",
"If they are, presumably we should be devoting a lot of time and effort to trying to achieve a similar realization – always supposing that is possible for us ordinary folk. ",
"And even if it is not, we presumably should believe what they say. ",
"But are they right?",
"\n\nBertrand Russell thought not. ",
"He said: \"We can make no distinction between the man who eats little and sees heaven and the man who drinks much and sees snakes. ",
"Each is in an abnormal physical condition, and therefore has abnormal perceptions.\" [",
"Russell, 1935] But another atheist and sceptic, C.D. Broad, was less dismissive of the possibility: \"One might need to be slightly 'cracked' in order to have some peep-holes into the super-sensible world.\" [",
"Broad, 1953] I don't think one can legitimately infer the truth or falsity of a claim on the basis of the mental state of the person who makes it. ",
"Conceivably, fasting, LSD, or ayahuasca really do provide insight into layers of reality that are normally hidden from us.",
"\n\nJohn Hick is an interesting theologian who believes that there is something which he calls \"the Real\" at the root of all religious experience but, unlike Stace, he does not think we ever get unmediated knowledge of it, even in the profoundest mystical experience. ",
"We always see it through \"masks\" or \"faces\" that we interpose between us and it and we can never experience it (or It) directly. [",
"Hick, 1986] As he frankly concedes, this means that you cannot use mystical experience as evidence for the Real.",
"\n\nBut many religious writers have sought to derive totality beliefs from mystical experience, as have the mystics themselves. ",
"In fact, it is a feature of mystical experience that it tends to give rise to totality beliefs. ",
"I don't think this is an issue we can resolve by sitting down and reflecting about it. ",
"Two writers who have made a practical attempt to settle it by direct inquiry are John Horgan and Marghanita Laski.",
"\n\nJohn Horgan's view\n\nThe science writer John Horgan has explored this question in his book _Rational Mysticism,_ [Horgan, 2003] which is based partly on his own experiences of drug-induced altered states but also includes reports of interviews with several advocates of the perennial philosophy. ",
"One of these is Ken Wilber, who has constructed a vast, complex (and to me impenetrable) explanatory scheme for it which has impressed many people. ",
"Moreover, Wilber practises what he preaches, for he claims to have attained a considerable level of mystical enlightenment on a more or less permanent basis, being able to maintain self-awareness even during sleep – something even the Dalai Lama can't do, according to Wilber. ",
"This sounds like the state of Cosmic Consciousness we were supposed to attain in TM. ",
"Horgan found Wilber impressive but was disturbed by his apparent pride in his own spiritual attainment. ",
"I don't find this wholly surprising, remembering my own TM experiences.",
"\n\nAs well as Wilber, some others of those interviewed claimed to have attained, temporarily or permanently, states that would be described as \"enlightened\". ",
"One of these, John Wren-Lewis, achieved permanent self-awareness even in sleep (like Wilber) after he recovered from a coma caused by poisoning. ",
"Horgan suggests, probably correctly, that his \"enlightened\" state is the result of brain damage. ",
"Other mystics have described something similar. ",
"This raises interesting questions. ",
"Can \"spiritual awakening\", if that is what it is, sometimes arise from the loss of normal functioning? ",
"There is a parallel here to some reported cases in which people suffering from early dementia have acquired artistic abilities they had not previously displayed.",
"\n\n(This also resembles cases of idiots savants and brain-damaged children with astonishing musical or artistic abilities, such as the girl referred to as Nadia, who produced impressive drawings of horses and other figures in full perspective before she was six.)",
"\n\nBede Griffiths, the Benedictine monk who spent much of his life in India, suffered a stroke towards the end of his life that diminished his intellectual capacity. ",
"Far from regarding this as a disaster, he thought that it simplified things for him and allowed him to concentrate on what really mattered.",
"\n\nAt the end of his exploration Horgan comes to a negative conclusion. ",
"Mystical experience, no matter how compelling it feels at the time, does not provide us with assurance of immortality or rebirth or of our cosmic significance. ",
"It also – and this seems to me to be important – does not endow those who attain it with superior moral wisdom: some apparently enlightened individuals have behaved as badly as anyone else. ",
"You may find this either liberating or depressing, depending on how you look at it.",
"\n\nOn the whole I find it liberating, but I would not want to push that too far. ",
"Mystical experience is clearly immensely important to those who have it. ",
"So we need to see whether there is a way to accept the importance of altered states of consciousness without necessarily believing everything that those who have experienced these states tell us. ",
"The writer who has done most to help me find a middle way between belief and scepticism about this is Marghanita Laski.",
"\n\nLaski on mysticism\n\nLaski was a professed atheist who, like Iris Murdoch, found herself unable to escape from thinking and writing about religion. ",
"This was why she was drawn to the study of those unusual but widespread experiences that are usually labelled mystical by religious writers, though she preferred the more neutral term ecstatic. ",
"She approached the subject in two ways: she constructed a questionnaire and gave it to 63 friends and acquaintances over three years, and she collected a large number of literary texts and analysed them for content. ",
"She published her findings in a remarkable book called _Ecstasy: A Study of Some Secular and Religious Experiences._ [",
"Laski, 1961]\n\nAt the outset Laski distinguishes two kinds of ecstasy, which she calls \"intensity\" and \"withdrawal\". ",
"These correspond fairly closely with what other writers, such as Stace, have termed the extrovertive and introvertive mystical experiences. ",
"She is uncertain about how the two types of experience are related to each other and in her introduction to the book she regrets that she was unable to learn more about withdrawal, in part because this seems to be more characteristic of Eastern mysticism, which she did not feel competent to discuss in detail. ",
"The book is thus mainly concerned with intensity ecstasy.",
"\n\nFrom her survey Laski reached a number of conclusions. ",
"Intensity ecstasy is typically rather brief, usually lasting a few minutes, occasionally up to an hour. ",
"When it seems to last longer than this the effect may be due to what Laski calls \"afterglow\". ",
"There is a tendency for intensity ecstasy to be associated with feelings of light and upward movement, and for withdrawal ecstasy to be associated with dark and downward movement. ",
"Ecstasy may be accompanied by physical sensations of various kinds, usually pleasurable but sometimes painful.",
"\n\nEcstasies may be of various kinds. ",
"In some the person feels that life is joyful, purified, renewed; Laski calls these Adamic. ",
"In others there is a feeling of knowledge gained, and this involves the idea of contact with a source of knowledge, often identified with God. ",
"Taken to the extreme, this state results in the experiencer becoming identified with what is experienced: he or she actually becomes God. ",
"This is generally frowned on within Christianity, although writers on mysticism often grade these experiences in order of supposed value.",
"\n\nA permanent experience of union with God, if it could be attained, would presumably correspond with MMY's God Consciousness, while withdrawal ecstasy would be what was supposed to happen during meditation – an approach to, or attainment of, pure awareness.",
"\n\nThe circumstances in which ecstatic experiences occur are variable. ",
"Childhood is often thought to be a time when ecstasy is common or even semi-permanent, but Laski presents evidence which suggests that this may not really be the case. ",
"Women may experience ecstasy in childbirth, although this does not seem to be related to whether the birth was easy or difficult, painful or relatively pain-free. ",
"Sexual love may also precipitate ecstasy, and people were clear about the difference between \"ordinary\" orgasm and ecstasy.",
"\n\nThese associations are interesting because a hormone called oxytocin is released in both orgasm and childbirth, as well as in breast-feeding. ",
"This is now known to have profound psychological effects, inducing feelings of calm, relaxation and well-being. ",
"It is thought to be important in forming the attachment between mother and baby. ",
"It may also partly explain what happens in the brain when we fall in love, a state which often has a good many similarities to ecstasy; many people have noticed the resemblances between accounts of mystical and erotic experiences. ",
"It therefore seems quite likely that oxytocin release may be an element in at least some types of ecstasy, though it obviously cannot be the whole explanation since in most cases oxytocin release does not cause ecstasy.",
"\n\nLaski uses the term \"trigger\" for the circumstances that can induce ecstasy. ",
"Sudden or flashing lights are often triggers and are also used as images used to describe the feelings of ecstasy. ",
"We know that the brain is affected by photic stimuli of this kind, which can even cause epilepsy in susceptible individuals. (",
"There is a connection between epilepsy and mystical experience– see Dostievsky's _The Idiot._ ) ",
"Other common triggers are waves of the sea, and water in general. ",
"Works of art may also have this property. ",
"But Laski concludes that we know little about which qualities are important in triggers, and further research would be worthwhile.",
"\n\nThroughout history, and no doubt long before history was written, people have tried to induce ecstasy, often by means of drugs. ",
"Laski was writing before drug-taking became so widespread in Western culture as it is today but she does say something about the subject, mainly in connection with mescalin, which was in the news at the time thanks to Aldous Huxley. [",
"Huxley, 1954] She points out a number of differences between naturally occurring ecstasy and experiences reported by people using mescalin and she seems rather unimpressed by their claims.",
"\n\nWhat is particularly valuable about Laski's approach is that she puts forward a theory about the experiences she describes. ",
"Her view is that ecstasy (intensity ecstasy, anyway) is closely related to problem-solving and creativity. ",
"In very general terms, she suggests, the process has five stages.",
"\n\n1. ",
"The asking of the question. ",
"Someone finds themselves deeply preoccupied with a problem of some kind – intellectual, religious, mathematical, or whatever.",
"\n\n2. ",
"The collection of material. ",
"The person continues to think about the issue, amassing information about it in all kinds of ways – reading, talking to others, pondering it. ",
"This phase can last for months or years and may be accompanied by great emotional distress.",
"\n\n3. ",
"The fusing of the collected material. ",
"This typically occurs very rapidly. ",
"Suddenly – sometimes almost in an instant – the solution to the problem simply arrives in the mind. ",
"Often it takes the form of a joining up of two ideas that were previously thought to be separate – hence \"fusing\". ",
"It is this moment of dazzling insight that precipitates the ecstatic experience.",
"\n\n4. ",
"The translation of the fused material into communicable form. ",
"If the creative insight is to have any practical effects on the world it needs to be expressed in a way that others can understand. ",
"Often this means verbally although it may also be visually, musically, or mathematically, for example.",
"\n\n5. ",
"The testing of the answer. ",
"Not all creative insights, even those accompanied by ecstasy, prove to be valid once the ecstatic experience has passed. ",
"So the person who has experienced the ecstasy and obtained the insight has to evaluate it and see if it stands up to criticism.",
"\n\nThese five stages are discussed with the aid of abundant quotations, taken from accounts of religious conversion, scientific discovery, and other sources. ",
"Laski is not the only writer to present an analysis of this kind – Storr, for example, gives a similar, though less detailed, description in his study of gurus [Storr, 1966] – but Laski's is the fullest and best that I have seen.",
"\n\nWhen the creative process occurs in answer to a religious question the end result is the formation of what William James would call an over-belief. ",
"At this point Laski, as an avowed atheist, parts company with those who see ecstatic or mystical experience as guaranteeing the truth of religious claims, but she is very far from saying that ecstasy has no importance at all.",
"\n\n\"I do not think it sensible to ignore, as most rationalists have done, ecstatic experiences and the emotions and ideas to which they give rise. ",
"To ignore or deny the importance of ecstatic experiences is to leave to the irrational the interpretation of what many people believe to be of supreme value ... I do not believe that to seek a rational explanation of these experiences is in any way to denigrate them, but rather that a rational explanation may prove at least as awe-inspiring as earlier interpretations.\" [",
"Laski, 1961]\n\nLaski's book is among the very best to have appeared on this important subject. ",
"It deserves to be ranked with William James's _The Varieties of Religious Experience_. ",
"I should say it largely succeeds in what it sets out to do: to provide a satisfying secular explanation of ecstatic experience. ",
"And, as an added bonus, it is superlatively well written. ",
"It is one of those books I reread at intervals and always get something fresh from. ",
"Yet it does not seem to have received the attention from secularists who write about religion that I think it deserves.",
"\n\n(There is a rather sad footnote to this. ",
"Some 25 years ago I was living in a house in London which belonged to my future second wife. ",
"She was abroad at the time and I was on my own. ",
"The house was on the market because we intended to move, and a couple came to view it, thinking it might be suitable for their son. ",
"I recognized the woman at once as Marghanita Laski. ",
"Before she left I asked her name; she said it was Mrs Howard. ",
"It was on the tip of my tongue to ask if she was also Marghanita Laski, especially since we had previously had some correspondence about a linguistic question she had raised in an article she wrote. ",
"But, with stupid British reticence, I said nothing. ",
"I should have loved to tell her how much her book had meant to me, but the opportunity had gone for ever, for not long after this she died.)",
"\n\nMysticism and religion\n\nNot all creative ideas prove to be valid when we examine them critically, and the same is true of ideas derived from ecstatic experience, because this is linked with creativity.",
"\n\nWhat we get from the mystics is always an over-belief, and over-beliefs must be tested. ",
"Mystical pronouncements are not necessarily true. ",
"So I am not persuaded that we can draw messages of universal relevance from what the mystics tell us. ",
"And, as John Horgan astutely points out, if you reject the view that mysticism tells us anything of universal importance you come pretty close to saying that all mystical visions are illusions, since universal significance is often what the mystics themselves claim for their insights. ",
"Beliefs derived from ecstatic experiences do not have divine authority, and need to be checked for validity in exactly the same way as any other kind of creative insight. ",
"Being a mystic does not exempt you from error. ",
"We all have ideas that seem brilliant at the time, but which, in the cold light of day, have to be rejected.",
"\n\nIn fact, it is characteristic of insights that arrived accompanied by ecstasy that they carry a sense of overwhelming significance. ",
"Nineteenth-century accounts of experiments with \"laughing gas\" (nitrous oxide) provide numerous examples of people who had seemingly profound insights into the nature and purpose of the universe, wrote them down at the time, and later found them to be meaningless. ",
"I have had a similar experience on waking from dreams. ",
"Presumably there is some brain mechanism that produces this feeling of utter conviction and is sometimes triggered inappropriately. ",
"The degree of conviction one feels about a belief tells one nothing about its truth.",
"\n\nChapter 7. ",
"The Religious Imagination\n\n_Ethiopians make their gods black and snub-nosed, Thracians red-haired and with blue eyes; so also they conceive the spirits of the gods to be like themselves._ – ",
"Xenophanes.",
"\n\nIn this chapter I want to explore the connection between religion and the imagination. ",
"Marghanita Laski's theory of a connection between creativity and ecstasy tells us something important, I think, about the way religious beliefs are formed and also why they are generally so firmly held. ",
"On Laski's theory these beliefs often arrive in the mind as the long-sought answer to a question. ",
"This is true for people who undergo a conversion experience, and also for those who, while brought up in a religion, come later to understand how it gives real meaning to their lives.",
"\n\nReligions are concerned with questions which matter to us profoundly, such as: Where did we come from? ",
"Where will we go when we die? ",
"How should we live? ",
"So there is a lot of pressure on us to come up with the right answer, and a corresponding tendency to hang on to the answer tenaciously once it has been accepted, often even in the face of subsequent contrary evidence.",
"\n\nReligion, I want to suggest, has more in common with creativity and imagination than with belief. ",
"It seems to me that the critics of religion who are attracting so much attention today often make the mistake of concentrating too much on belief, which is not the central issue for most people who are religious – many of whom, if challenged, would find it difficult to say exactly what it is they believe. ",
"I recently heard a sociologist on the BBC say that when she asked a Church of England vicar for permission to talk to his parishioners he gave it willingly, but stipulated that she should not ask them what they believed because that would confuse them!",
"\n\nThis may appear surprising, because, historically, Christians have always attached a lot of importance to belief, and many persecutions in the past have been based on what appear to us to be obscure points of doctrine. ",
"Other world religions have mostly been more tolerant of divergent beliefs, and nowadays Christians too are usually less obsessed with doctrinal issues than once they were. ",
"For many people today, calling yourself a Christian seems to be mainly a question of assenting to the notion that Christ is your Saviour, without a lot of detailed intellectual examination of what this means.",
"\n\nNevertheless, critics of religion generally do direct their fire at issues of belief. ",
"And they often try to explain religious beliefs by means of the meme hypothesis, which Dawkins put forward almost as an afterthought at the end of Th Selfish Gene. [",
"Dawkins, 1976] In that book he talks about genes as replicators, which \"want\" to reproduce themselves in successive generations. (",
"This is a metaphor, of course. ",
"Gernes canno literally 'want' anything.) ",
"Genes are made of DNA. ",
"But the idea of a replicator, he suggests, can be generalized to quite an abstract level. ",
"Replicators do not have to be DNA, they can also be ideas. ",
"Ideas that succeed in replicating themselves by transferring themselves from one brain to another are memes.",
"\n\nSince Dawkins first suggested it the idea of memes has proliferated enormously, so that today we have a \"science\" of memetics, textbooks on memetics, journals of memetics, websites on memetics, while references to memes constantly appear in books and articles on all kinds of subjects. ",
"But it can be quite difficult to say what a meme is, or rather what it is not. ",
"Almost any idea that catches on could be thought of as a meme. ",
"Examples often cited include catchphrases, songs you can't get out of your head, and wearing baseball caps back to front. ",
"In fact, I suppose, you could use the meme idea itself as an excellent example of a meme, so widely has it spread. ",
"This is what computer programmers would call a recursive phenomenon: the meme idea illustrating itself.",
"\n\nFor a fervent anti-religionist like Dawkins memes have obvious relevance to religion. ",
"Dawkins has indeed claimed that religions are an example of meme transfer, and the same idea has been developed at some length by Susan Blackmore in her book on memetics, _The Meme Machine,_ [Blackmore, 1999] where she has a whole chapter on the relevance of memes to religion. ",
"The chapter is called \"Religion as memeplexes\".",
"\n\nBy \"memeplexes\" she means groups of memes that go together. ",
"In this, as in other ways, memes are supposed to be analogous to genes. ",
"Genes are never found singly; they travel about in groups. ",
"So, too, do memes; they travel about in memeplexes. ",
"So Catholicism is a memeplex – inside, I suppose, the larger memeplex of Christianity. ",
"The Catholic memeplex includes the idea of an omnipotent and omniscient God, the belief that Jesus Christ was the son of God, the Virgin Birth, the infallibility of the Pope, and so on.",
"\n\nWe can take this idea further, and critics of religion certainly want to. ",
"In biology viruses are parasites which are made of DNA or RNA. ",
"Some viruses are thought to be genes that have escaped from bodies and become wild, as it were. ",
"Conversely, at least some of our genes are probably viruses that have entered our bodies and become domiciled there. (",
"If this sounds unlikely, remember that our mitochondria, the little organelles in our cells that use oxygen to generate our energy, were originally free-living bacteria that became incorporated into our cells. ",
"If bacteria have done this, why not viruses? ",
"More on this below.)",
"\n\nMemes are supposed to invade our brains and lodge there, very much in the way that viruses invade and lodge in our cell nuclei. ",
"So they are parasites. ",
"And, because religions are memeplexes, they too are parasites. ",
"It is pretty well impossible to remove viruses once they have succeeded in writing themselves into our nuclei – this is the problem with HIV. ",
"Dawkins, Blackmore and other critics regard religion in much the same way – as mind parasites.",
"\n\nThe meme idea is attractive in some ways as an explanation for religion and it may to some extent account for the content of religious beliefs. ",
"But I think it is less successful as an explanation for the existence of religions in the first place or even for the ease with which they are transmitted from one generation to the next. ",
"I should like to give the chief role here, not to beliefs, but to narrative. ",
"This is an important part of what I mean by the religious imagination.",
"\n\nReligion as narrative\n\nHuman beings are story-telling animals. ",
"Every early society seems to have had its story-tellers, who were often oral epic poets, and the earliest literature that has come down to us (the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Gilgamesh Epic) is narrative. ",
"Today we still enjoy stories in the form of plays, films, and novels, whose continuing popularity is evidence of the importance of emotions and of narratives. ",
"True, there was a time when \"literary\" novels were almost devoid of story, but that seems to be changing now. ",
"Narrative is making a comeback even there, and at the popular level it had never gone away. ",
"Where would Terry Pratchett's \"Discworld\" novels be without narrative?",
"\n\nNarrative is also at the heart of probably every religion we know of. ",
"The Old Testament is not a philosophical treatise, it is mostly a huge collection of stories which are framed in the over-arching story of God's covenant with Israel. ",
"The same is true of the New Testament, which is essentially the story of Christ's life, death, and resurrection. ",
"Jesus himself used stories – parables – to convey his meaning.",
"\n\nProbably few people apart from religious professionals spend much time thinking about doctrinal statements such as the Nicene Creed or the Thirty-nine Articles. ",
"Statements of belief are not how most people encounter their religion as children; they generally meet it as narrative. ",
"My own introduction to Christianity by my father began with his telling me stories from the Old Testament, and I should guess that something of the kind is the experience of many people who have had a Christian upbringing. ",
"Belief arises from narrative, not narrative from belief.",
"\n\nIn fact, Christianity is more dependent on narrative than probably any other major religion. ",
"It is based on a story that begins with Genesis, when Adam and Eve disobeyed God and bequeathed Original Sin to their descendants. ",
"The human race therefore stood in need of redemption, so God sent his son to earth to die as a sacrifice. ",
"So we have a primal curse and a hero who comes to lift the curse, which he does at the cost of his own life. ",
"But there is a happy ending, because God brings the hero back to life in a more glorious form. ",
"A similar theme is found in many folk tales, and in many Greek myths the hero dies but then is immortalised by Zeus, sometimes in the form of a constellation. ",
"And Christianity has other mythic elements too, including the promise of the hero's reappearance at a future date – like King Arthur and many others.",
"\n\nNarrative is deeply infused in other religions too. ",
"Hinduism contains innumerable narratives of the deeds of the gods, for example in the Mahabharata. _",
"The Bhagavad Gita_ , which MMY described as the book of TM, is a (small) excerpt from this huge epic. ",
"Even Buddhism, probably the most \"intellectual\" among religions, starts with the narrative of the Buddha's quest for enlightenment. ",
"Buddhists are also familiar with a huge number of stories about the Buddha, not only in his final existence on earth but also in his innumerable previous lives.",
"\n\nIslam might at first glance seem to be an exception, because the Koran does not consist primarily of narrative (though it does include some narratives). ",
"However, the origin of Islam is based on a narrative (the story of the Prophet's reception of the Koran), and Islam accepts the divine inspiration of the Old Testament, which is, as we have seen, largely made up of narratives.",
"\n\nAs religions develop they accumulate stories about the lives of their saints and prophets– more narratives. ",
"New religions typically also start from a narrative: Mormonism, for example, begins with the story of Joseph Smith's discovery of the golden tablets on which was inscribed the Book of Mormon. ",
"In almost all traditional societies the process of initiating young people into the mysteries of the tribes seems to have consisted largely in telling them stories about the deeds of tribal gods and ancestors.",
"\n\nThe emotional brain\n\nIf we emphasize belief rather than narrative in religion we make the mistake of placing too much weight on the analytic and rationalising part of our mind. ",
"Antonio Damasio is a neurologist who has done a lot to put matters in the right perspective. ",
"In Descartes' Error [Damasio, 1994] he says that there is a tendency for writers on the mind–brain problem to concentrate on reasoning and the logical faculty and to regard the emotions as a rather regrettable accompaniment, of no real relevance to our understanding of how our minds work. ",
"And even if they do accord importance to emotion, they often seem to regard it as something separate from intellectual activity. (",
"For understandable reasons this is particularly true of those who favour the view that the brain is more or less a computer.)",
"\n\nThis is \"Descartes' error\", according to Damasio. ",
"He has become convinced, by his observation of patients with brain damage, that reason alone is insufficient even for the efficient operation of the intellect. ",
"Damage to certain brain areas, notably the prefrontal cortex, can leave the patient apparently intellectually unimpaired but incapable of making complex decisions. ",
"Such a patient, for example, may understand the factors involved in conducting his business but may nevertheless keep reaching decisions that are manifestly disastrous.",
"\n\nThe cold robotic decision-making that, for some science fiction writers, characterizes the mental processes of super-computers or Star Trek's Mr Spock is really typical of brain-damaged individuals. ",
"Spock would not function well in the real world. ",
"We need our emotional biases for our complicated decision-making to work.",
"\n\nThe archetypal instance of the effects of prefrontal damage is Phineas Gage. ",
"In 1848, in New England, Gage suffered an injury when a tamping rod he was using to compress a blasting charge was blown through his skull by an explosion. ",
"It destroyed much of the front part of his brain but he survived and, at first, appeared to be largely unaffected mentally. ",
"However, his personality was profoundly altered. ",
"From being a responsible foreman he became feckless and irresponsible, unable to hold down a job for any length of time.",
"\n\nDamasio describes this case at length and also discusses other broadly similar cases of which he has personal experience. ",
"He gives details of how his patients performed on mental tests and how their lives were affected. ",
"Like Gage, these patients were apparently more or less intact intellectually but their ability to function as complete human beings was subtly but profoundly impaired.",
"\n\nFor example, one of these patients had a brain tumour successfully removed but his frontal lobes were inevitably damaged during the operation. ",
"Although his intelligence was unaffected he could no longer carry on his professional work. ",
"He had to be prompted to go to work, and when he got there he might start on one task and persist with it even when it was time to change to something else, or he might spend the whole day pondering how to classify a paper he had just read. ",
"Thus he could manage isolated tasks well but could not integrate them into a wider frame of reference. ",
"He lost his job, became involved in unwise financial speculations, and ended up bankrupt. ",
"In spite of being confronted with the disastrous consequences of his decisions he was unable to learn from them.",
"\n\nSo what is wrong with patients like these? ",
"What is missing? ",
"The answer, according to Damasio, is emotional biasing. ",
"In people with normal brains their decisions are weighted by emotions and this enables them to take decisions quickly according to how they feel. ",
"Patients with damaged prefrontal lobes, in contrast, are robot-like. ",
"He illustrates this vividly by means of an anecdote.",
"\n\nA patient with this kind of brain damage had driven to the hospital on icy roads. ",
"He recounted his experiences en route logically and dispassionately, describing how he had avoided accidents by calmly applying the rules for driving on ice while others about him were panicking and skidding by slamming on the brakes. ",
"Yet when he had to decide between two dates for his next appointment he spent half an hour listing the advantages and disadvantages for each of the proposed dates, until at last, in desperation, Damasio chose the date for him, whereupon the man thanked him, put away his diary, and left. ",
"This episode, Damasio says, illustrates the limitations of pure reason in making decisions.",
"\n\nDescartes' \"I think, therefore I am\" is profoundly mistaken, according to Damasio. ",
"Thinking is a late evolutionary development. ",
"Long before there was thought, there was feeling, and we are still primarily feeling organisms. ",
"The same mistaken idea underlies the currently fashionable view that mind is a software program embodied in a brain. ",
"Those cognitive scientists who talk in this way are unconsciously falling into dualism – something they would no doubt fervently deny if it were suggested to them! ",
"There are implications here for medicine, which Damasio touches on in a postscript.",
"\n\nMuch of the book deals with the brain, but Damasio makes the important point that it is not only the brain that we need to focus on. ",
"Feeling includes the body as a whole. ",
"He uses the metaphor of a landscape to describe this idea. ",
"The viscera (heart, lungs, gut) and the muscles are the components of this landscape, and a \"feeling\" is a momentary view of part of that landscape. ",
"These feelings are totally essential to the quality of being human. \"",
"Were it not for the possibility of sensing body states that are inherently ordained to be painful or pleasurable, there would be no suffering or bliss, no longing or mercy, no tragedy or glory in the human condition.\"",
"\n\nReligion, ritual and the emotional brain\n\nDamasio's view is very relevant to how we should think about religion. ",
"Although religions include belief systems, these generally arise not from intellectual arguments but from – literally – gut feelings. (",
"As late as the seventeenth century the gut was still considered the site of the emotions; hence Oliver Cromwell: \"I beseech you in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken.\")",
"\n\nThe reason why religions have such a strong hold on human societies is that they touch the human psyche not at the intellectual but at the emotional level, where it is more powerful. ",
"And this allows us to connect religion, narrative, and ritual with one another, to explain why religion is so inextricably part of human consciousness.",
"\n\nRitual is a form of drama, which presupposes narrative. ",
"Take the Catholic Mass. This is a symbolic re-enactment of Christ's Passion. ",
"At its centre is the moment when the priest repeats the words ascribed to Christ at the Last Supper: \"Here is my body – take it. ",
"Here is my blood – take it.\" ",
"You could hardly ask for a stronger drama.",
"\n\nBelief is not what is crucial here. ",
"In fact, you don't even need to believe in the literal truth of the story that underlies the ritual to find it meaningful. ",
"Some intellectually highly sophisticated people find value in religious ritual even though they don't believe in God. ",
"Martin Rees is one of our most distinguished scientists – Astronomer Royal and President of the Royal Society, no less – who was interviewed recently by Joan Bakewell for the BBC Radio 3 series Belief. [",
"January 2008] She asked him if he agreed with the description of him as a churchgoer who doesn't believe in God. ",
"He said he was suspicious of dogma but he shared with religious people a concept of the mystery and wonder of the universe, and even more of human life. ",
"He therefore participates in Church of England religious services., ",
"which are, as he put it, the custom of his tribe.",
"\n\nAnother scientist who has a similar attitude is Ursula Goodenough, a biologist who describes herself as a \"nontheist\". ",
"But she still thinks that religion is very important and indeed she attends the Trinity Presbyterian Church, where she sings in the choir, recites the liturgy and prayers, and generally participates in the religious life. [",
"Goodenough, 1998, 2000] She writes that humans need \"grand compelling stories\" that help us to orient us in our lives and the cosmos. ",
"She thinks that evolution can provide such a story.",
"\n\nGoodenough uses her scientific knowledge to feed her religious imagination. ",
"It is also possible for atheists to approach religion imaginatively from a literary direction. ",
"The novelist Jim Crace was interviewed in the same BBC Radio 3 series as Martin Rees. [",
"27 December 2007] He is a life-long atheist, having been brought up that way, but he recognizes the emotional importance of belief and worries about what could be substituted for it. ",
"The question has inspired a lot of his writing.",
"\n\nBeing a novelist, he is of course fully aware of the importance for religion of narrative, which he sees as a Trojan Horse to seduce people into belief. ",
"And he says that he recognizes the importance of religious ritual and drama. ",
"When he was living in the Sudan he took part in the Eid festival at the end of Ramadan and even fasted during Ramadan. ",
"He has also participated in Jewish rituals.",
"\n\nAnother novelist who makes the connection between fiction and religion is Julian Barnes. ",
"In his recent meditation on death [Barnes, 2008] he describes Christianity as a great novel, perfectly exemplifying what Hollywood is always seeking, a tragedy with a happy ending. \"",
"Religions were the first invention of the fiction writers.\"",
"\n\nThe roots of drama are in religion. ",
"In ancient Greece plays were performed (literally, 'taught') as part of religious festivals in honour of the God Dionysus and, unless revived, were performed only once. ",
"Although there was plenty of excitement in the performances, the audience was always aware of their religious character. ",
"The plays dealt with the relations of the human to the divine and of the human to the material world.",
"\n\nAnd this religious dimension is not totally absent from the theatre even now. ",
"Today in Iran the martyrdom of Husayn is commemorated annually in passion plays, just as Christ's Passion was commemorated in Europe in passion plays in the Middle Ages. ",
"It is doubtless significant that the only forms of Christian worship that are growing instead of declining in Britain today are those with minimum doctrinal content but maximum emotion, brought on by singing and even \"speaking in tongues\" – dramatic performances, of course.",
"\n\nReligion and language\n\nIf narrative is important, we need to think about how stories are told. ",
"This implies language – stories are expressed mainly in words. ",
"They can be expressed in pictures too, of course, as they are in comics or the mediaeval stained glass windows, but even here there is nearly always some accompanying text. ",
"Relying entirely on pictures for a story with any degree of complexity is likely to be cumbersome at best and probably confusing for the spectators.",
"\n\nSo religion needs language if it is to be communicated, but the connection may go deeper. ",
"Every human society we know of has possessed religion. ",
"Every human society we know of has possessed language. ",
"Noam Chomsky claims that there are similarities in the structure of all languages that point to the existence of a \"universal grammar\". ",
"The grammar or \"deep structure\" of human languages is very complex, yet young children seem to have an innate ability to master this complexity within a short time, as if by instinct. ",
"This has suggested to many people that the rules of grammar are in some sense built into the human brain during evolution.",
"\n\nMuch the same has been claimed for religion. ",
"Its universality suggests to many that it is an innate property of the human mind, presumably owing to an inherited structure in the brain. ",
"Perhaps being human inevitably means that you are very likely to be religious.",
"\n\nI want to take up this idea but to modify it in what I hope is a constructive way. ",
"In his book _The_ _Symbolic Species_ [Deacon, 1997] Terrence Deacon rejects Chomsky's view and proposes instead the hypothesis that languages evolve in a kind of symbiotic relation with the human mind. ",
"The fact that young children are able to learn languages with apparent ease, he suggests, does not mean that they have some extraordinary innate linguistic ability but rather that human languages have evolved to be learned easily by immature minds.",
"\n\nThere is a two-fold evolution going on here. ",
"Certainly the human brain has evolved linguistic capabilities that are absent in the brains of other primates, but at the same time languages have adapted themselves to be readily learnable by children. ",
"This clearly has something in common with the meme idea, which Deacon does mention in passing, but it places more emphasis on evolutionary change in language than we find in the writings of most memeticists.",
"\n\nIf we now look at religion we find, I believe, a number of rather close similarities with Deacon's view of language. ",
"I want to suggest that religion, like language, has evolved to be easily learned by children. ",
"The following features seem to be relevant.",
"\n\n1. ",
"Religious people are often reproved by the non-religious, and even by some co-religionists, for having a \"childish\" view of God, and this is in a sense reflected in references to God the Father (today often transformed by feminists into God the Mother). ",
"If religion has evolved to be easily learned by children, this makes good sense. ",
"Perhaps this is what Jesus meant when he said (Matthew 18, 3): \"Except ye be converted, and become as little children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven.\" (",
"This does not mean, of course, that religion is childish, any more than language is childish.)",
"\n\n2. ",
"The language-learning ability of children is different from that of adults. ",
"There is a long-held view that this indicates a \"critical period\" for language learning, similar to the \"imprinting\" phenomenon in birds. ",
"Deacon disagrees, suggesting instead that a degree of immaturity may be actually necessary for language acquisition in this way. ",
"Whatever the explanation, the phenomenon certainly exists, as anyone who has tried to learn a new language in later life can testify. ",
"But religion is acquired by children in a very similar way to language. ",
"Many people are taught religion literally at their mothers' knees, and religions infused early in life in this way have a different \"feel\" from those that may be adopted later as the result of conversion.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Religious beliefs inculcated in childhood are difficult to shake off, just as one's \"mother tongue\" is more persistent in the face of disuse than languages learned in later life. ",
"Seen in this way, the well-known if apocryphal Jesuit saying \"Give me a boy until he's seven and he's mine for life\" takes on a new significance.",
"\n\n4. ",
"Acquiring a religion involves to some extent learning a new vocabulary and syntax: for example, the old Quaker use of \"thee\" and, in some Christian circles, phraseology such as \"believing on Jesus\" instead of the vernacular \"believing in\". ",
"And because what is said may partially condition what can be thought, the use of such speech patterns will have subtle psychological effects on the speakers, tending to limit what can be named and hence what can be thought. ",
"So religion and language are closely connected at the structural level.",
"\n\n5. ",
"Many religions have a sacred language – Hebrew for Judaism, classical Arabic for Islam, Sanskrit for Hinduism, Pali for Theravada Buddhism, Latin for the Catholic Church. ",
"Because religions are generally ancient the languages they use are often partially or wholly unintelligible to the laity and sometimes even the clergy, but contrary to what religious modernisers suppose, this linguistic remoteness is a strength, not a weakness. ",
"Misguided attempts to bring the language up to date often coincide with a loss of religious faith, and it is difficult to say what is cause and what is effect. ",
"Some Roman Catholics still lament the abandonment of the Latin Mass in favour of the vernacular, and disuse of the Book of Common Prayer by the Church of England has not prompted an influx of young worshippers to the pews. [",
"Freeman, 2001]\n\n6. ",
"Just as there seem to be certain \"universal\" features of grammar, so with religion: there are hints of a \"deep structure\". ",
"For example, there seems to be a tendency for two separate tendencies to form within mature religions. ",
"In Western Christianity we have Catholicism and Protestantism: Catholics go in for devotion to the Virgin Mary and the saints and their priests wear complex vestments and conduct elaborate rituals, all of which are frowned on to a greater or lesser extent by Protestants.",
"\n\nIn Buddhism there is the distinction between Theravada and Mahayana: the Theravada is relatively austere and unemotional, whereas the Mahayana has the Bodhisattvas (who compare in some ways with the saints in Catholicism) and elaborate ceremonies. ",
"Within Islam there are likewise differences in tone between Sunni and Shia: in a Shia country such as Iran you frequently see pictures of Ali, Husayn and other \"saints\" in taxis and elsewhere which are curiously reminiscent of Greek icons and Catholic saints' pictures.",
"\n\nIt would of course be wrong to push these resemblances too far, yet it is difficult not to notice the similarities in \"feel\". ",
"Catholicism, Mahayana, and Shiite Islam have something in common, and so do Protestantism, Theravada, and Sunni Islam.",
"\n\n7. ",
"Languages, as Deacon emphasizes, are not static but evolve over time. ",
"They behave in fact like living organisms. ",
"The same is true of religions. ",
"Deacon writes:\n\n\"As a language passes from generation to generation, the vocabulary and syntactical rules tend to get modified by transmission errors, by the active creativity of its users, and by influences from other languages ... Eventually words, phraseology and syntax will diverge so radically that people will find it impossible to mix elements of both without confusion. ",
"By analogy to biological evolution, different lineages of a common ancestral language will diverge so far from each other as to become reproductively incompatible. [",
"ibid.]",
"\n\nIf we substitute \"religion\" for \"language\" we have a pretty exact description of how Christianity evolved from Judaism. ",
"They have become different species, which can no longer \"interbreed\". ",
"Within religions there are often subspecies – the different denominations within Christianity, for example – and believers in one of these usually find it fairly easy to move to a different one. ",
"So an Anglican can convert to Roman Catholicism, or a Catholic to Orthodox Christianity, without too much difficulty. ",
"The subspecies are capable of interbreeding though in practice they seldom do.",
"\n\n8. ",
"Finally, and very speculatively, may the origins of both language and religion go back to the very beginnings of modern human consciousness? ",
"Many people believe that there was a qualitative shift in human consciousness about 50,000 years ago – the so-called Great Leap Forward, when tool-making became more complex and the cave paintings in France and Spain first appeared. ",
"We do not know why these paintings were made but a fair guess is that they had some sort of religious or magical significance.",
"\n\nWe also do not know when language first developed, but one suggestion is that an elaborate form of speech first became available to humans at about the same time as the paintings. ",
"If these ideas are at all correct, it would follow that language and religion were closely connected at their very inception. ",
"I am sceptical about this idea of a late origin for language myself, but the connection between art and language may still hold even if both are much older than 50,000 years.",
"\n\nReligion: parasite or symbiont?",
"\n\nAccording to Deacon, we could think of languages as parasites or viruses. ",
"However, that is probably too severe, as he concedes, since languages are after all beneficial to their hosts and should therefore better be regarded as symbionts. ",
"So is religion a parasite or a symbiont? ",
"We could not do without language, but could we do without religion? ",
"Perhaps it has become so deeply infused into our minds and our culture that we cannot rid ourselves of it.",
"\n\nAn analogy comes to mind here: the mitochondria in our cells. ",
"These are structures – organelles, as they are rather poetically known, meaning tiny organs – that were originally free-living organisms. ",
"But at some stage in the distant past they became permanent denizens of \"advanced\" (eukaryotic) cells, which depend on them for their ability to use oxygen for energy.",
"\n\nWhen oxygen first appeared on our planet it was a poison, a toxic by-product of life that began to accumulate in the atmosphere owing to photosynthesis. ",
"But certain bacteria acquired the ability to process it and make it harmless. ",
"Later, some of these bacteria were incorporated into other kinds of cells, where they eventually became essential – not just as detoxifiers of oxygen but as producers of energy. ",
"Today we cannot do without either mitochondria or oxygen. ",
"This is an analogy, I want to suggest, for what happened with religion.",
"\n\nAt some stage in our evolution our hominid ancestors realized that they were going go die, an awareness that probably no other animal (except perhaps elephants?) ",
"has. ",
"Trying to come to terms with this potentially toxic knowledge must have brought about a profound change in our psyche, and religions were the result of this.",
"\n\nAre religions our psychological mitochondria, which help us to cope with the awareness of our inevitable end? ",
"Without them, awareness of death might have destroyed us. ",
"Perhaps religion exists to detoxify the fear of death, in so far as this can be done, generating in the process much art and literature, as mitochondria generate energy. ",
"But perhaps they are, for the same reason, now indispensable to us.",
"\n\nI can discern two mutually contradictory sets of ideas about this in my own mind, which find echoes in much of the contemporary writing about religion. ",
"One view is that religion is a primitive survival that we need to outgrow, and if we fail to do so our civilization will go down in conflict triggered by interfaith terrorism and wars. ",
"The other is that our civilisation cannot survive for long without it. ",
"Both, perhaps, are true.",
"\n\nReligion is certainly ancient – probably prehistoric. ",
"We do not know why the great cave paintings of the upper palaeolithic were made but it is a reasonable guess that they had some shamanistic meaning. ",
"This is David Lewis-William's view in The Mind in the Cave. [",
"Lewis-Williams, 2004]\n\nCentral to his position is the view of cave art as a social activity. ",
"He considers a number of different caves in detail, particularly the great site at Lascaux, and shows how they can be regarded as making up a kind of theatre(!) ",
"in which a society could have staged its ceremonial events. ",
"Although we cannot know what was in the artists' minds we can make reasonable assumptions about what they thought they were doing. ",
"Lewis-Williams says that it is as if we were looking at a mediaeval cathedral without any knowledge of Christianity. ",
"We could not know anything of the ideology that had inspired its construction but we might speculate fairly accurately about the function of its different areas.",
"\n\nThe function of cave art seems to have been, in the broadest sense, religious. ",
"As such, the tradition it started has continued right down to our own time; we still have religion in plenty. ",
"In a postscript to his study Lewis-Williams offers his thoughts on what this means for us. ",
"The capacity for transcendental experience seems to be wired into our brains, he thinks, as it was apparently not in the Neanderthal brain. ",
"From this has come much great art. ",
"It has also produced the potentially disastrous conviction that God speaks to us, telling us how to conduct our own lives and how other people should conduct theirs.",
"\n\nMany people, even those with a scientific world view, recognize the need for a religion substitute, and this often leads them to talk about the importance of preserving a \"spiritual\" sense of meaning in the absence of formal religious belief. \"",
"Spirituality\" is used in all kinds of ways by different people, but it need not necessarily refer to a world outside or above the material physical. ",
"Scientists often use it to mean a feeling of reverence or awe for Nature.",
"\n\nMichael Ruse provides an example. ",
"He is, somewhat unusually, a professor of both zoology and philosophy. ",
"He does not think that attempts by progressive theologians to reconcile Darwinian evolution and a belief in the Christian God will really work. ",
"We must \"recognize that Dawkins is right, that Darwinism is a major challenge to religious belief and that you cannot simply pretend that nothing very much has happened\". [",
"Ruse, 2004] But he continues to argue for what he calls a theology of nature (as opposed to a natural theology). ",
"This appears to rely on an aesthetic response to nature – a near-mystical appreciation of the beauty of the living world. ",
"And he quotes a remark once made to him by Ernst Mayr: \"People forget that it is possible to be intensely religious in the entire absence of theological belief.\" ",
"This attitude would be quite at home in Buddhism but I think that many Christians would find it too impersonal.",
"\n\nAnother scientist who seeks to preserve what he regards as the essence of a religious outlook in the face of non-belief is Chet Raymo. [",
"Raymo, 1999] He does this by making a distinction between what he calls Skeptics and True Believers. ",
"You can, he says, have religious Skeptics and scientific True Believers. ",
"The test is not what they believe but their attitude to their belief. ",
"So religious Skeptics can be depressed at times, because they find difficulties with their belief systems (presumably as the result of cognitive dissonance), whereas a scientific True Believer goes in for pseudo-scientific mysticism. ",
"I should say that physicists such at Fritjhof Capra who say that mystical pronouncements and quantum physics are really pointing to the same reality are good examples of scientific True Believers. [",
"Capra, 1972] The similarities they cite seem to me to be superficial and largely verbal, of no real significance.",
"\n\nI sympathise with Raymo in his rejection of scientific True Belief but I have to say I find his own solution rather thin. ",
"It is much the same as Ruse's answer – a kind of nature mysticism. ",
"He provides two examples of how this is supposed to work. ",
"He tells us how he saw Comet Hyakutake together with a spellbound group of students, and he reflects on the fact that we, today, can predict the path of the comet and of other heavenly bodies. ",
"But the knowledge we have does not diminish our sense of wonder – rather it adds to it. ",
"He would like NASA to produce a full-length film of astronomical images, a panorama of beauty that would, he believes, provide a true modern counterpart to the mediaeval cathedrals.",
"\n\nIn a second personal testimony to his sense of wonder at the beauty of Nature he tells us of an encounter with a large blue heron. ",
"As it flew off he stood and applauded. ",
"Once, he says, the heron might have had a totemic meaning for us, but today we can only recapture this sense of its deeper significance with the help of science, which enables us to weave the heron into a web of wider meaning.",
"\n\nI find this story rather disturbing. ",
"The thought of standing and applauding a heron seems to have something self-conscious and theatrical about it. ",
"Since it could not mean anything to the heron, the intended audience was presumably Raymo himself (and was he thinking he might use it later in a book?).",
"\n\nRaymo has made a valiant attempt to use a scientist's sense of wonder as a substitute for religion but I don't think it works. ",
"He builds too much on rather inadequate foundations. ",
"Even if we accept that he experienced what he calls an \"epiphanic moment\" when he saw the heron, this does not really help us. ",
"We cannot rely on Raymo's intuition at second hand. ",
"We need to see our own heron, or its equivalent, but even if we do, how do we translate this experience into a comprehensive religious vision based on science, which is what Raymo seems to be asking for? ",
"The task of building a religious utlook for the twenty-first century is more daunting than he seems to realize.",
"\n\nWhat Raymo and others are talking about is experiences of the kind Marghanita Laski calls Adamic ecstasy. ",
"Valuable though these are to those who have them, I don't think they will do as a foundation for a post-theistic religion.",
"\n\nNo one I have come across has proposed a viable substitute for traditional religion. ",
"All the suggested solutions seem to me to be artificial and lacking in life, like a sort of spiritual Esperanto. ",
"Artificial languages do not work and I don't think artificial religions will either.",
"\n\nChapter 8. ",
"Buddhism\n\nBut hope not life from grief or danger free\n\nNor think the doom of man reversed for thee.",
"\n\n– Samuel Johnson.",
"\n\nAbout twenty years ago I thought I had the whole question of religion pretty well tied up; nothing more to think about. ",
"I described myself as an agnostic, which meant that I did not see any way of reaching firm conclusions about the existence of God or any of the other questions that had once preoccupied me. ",
"I had not formulated the idea of the Casaubon delusion at the time, but if I had I would have said that I had finally escaped from it.",
"\n\nBut one thing I had not come to terms with was the thought of death. ",
"I was in my mid-fifties, so barring accidents, wars, or sudden illnesses there was no reason to think it was imminent, but it would have to be faced at some time and I was increasingly coming to realize that I had not made any real attempt to think about it. ",
"I decided to look again at Buddhism, something I had not done since I was a medical student in Dublin many years earlier.",
"\n\nMMY had a poor opinion of Buddhism, saying that Nirvana was \"merely\" Cosmic Consciousness and only a stepping stone to the heights of God Consciousness and Unity Consciousness. ",
"But my ideas had changed now and I was prepared to think again. ",
"I knew several ex-TMers who had been attracted to Buddhism. ",
"Jack Cohen, from whom I first heard about TM, became disillusioned with it at about the same time as I did, and for similar reasons, but this did not put an end to his quest for a spiritual path. ",
"He and his wife Audrey had been supporters of the Tibetan Buddhists since the early days of their arrival in Britain, and now they began to spend more time at the Kagyu Samye Ling monastery in Scotland which they had helped to found. ",
"I was not myself attracted to Tibetan Buddhism, which was a lot more metaphysical than TM, but Theravada Buddhism seemed a possibility.",
"\n\nTheravada Buddhism is less well known in the West than the Tibetan form. ",
"Since the Chinese annexation of Tibet and the exile of most prominent Tibetan religious figures, including the Dalai Lama, our knowledge of Tibetan religion has emerged from the foggy realm of legend and mystery. ",
"Numerous books on Tibetan religious practices have appeared and Tibetan monasteries have been established in several Western countries. ",
"Buddhism in many people's understanding is now synonymous with Tibetan Buddhism, which is characterized by esoteric beliefs, elaborate rituals, and complex meditation practices; it also assigns a central role to rebirth. ",
"So the popular idea of Buddhism is rather different now from what it was a few decades ago, and rationalists are probably more likely today to dismiss Buddhism automatically as something that does not interest them.",
"\n\nToday there are two main forms of Buddhism, Mahayana and Theravada. (",
"There were others in the past but they no longer exist.) ",
"Mahayana Buddhism, which is the category that Tibetan Buddhism belongs to, is elaborate and complex in comparison with Theravada Buddhism, which is relatively austere and unemotional. ",
"As a rough analogy, Mahayana Buddhism could be compared with Roman Catholicism or perhaps Orthodox (Eastern) Christianity, Theravada Buddhism with Presbyterianism (appropriately, because both names refer to religions supervised by \"the Elders\"). ",
"But note that this is indeed only a very rough analogy, intended just to give a preliminary idea of the \"feel\" of the two traditions. (",
"To complicate matters still further, Zen is classified as Mahayana, yet it is comparatively austere and has a degree of resemblance to Theravada.) ",
"Mahayana Buddhism contains elements derived from Tantrism, an occult Indian mystical system, and is associated with methods of inducing altered states of consciousness. – ",
"hence much of its fascination for certain Westerners. ",
"It is mainly Theravada Buddhism that I am writing about here.",
"\n\nBuddhism has been called an atheistic religion, but this is misleading. ",
"The true Buddhist position is more that of standing aside from questions about God. ",
"The theistic religions postulate a God who creates the world, but Buddhism is unconcerned with such questions. ",
"For Buddhism the world is simply there, given. ",
"It has the properties it has, and that is all we can say about it. ",
"In fact, gods do figure in Buddhist tradition, being inherited from Hinduism, but they are not creators. ",
"They are part of the cosmos, subject to the cycle of birth and death like other beings. ",
"And it is unnecessary to be concerned with them; as a monk once remarked to Richard Gombrich, \"Gods are nothing to do with religion\". ",
"Gombrich, 1998]\n\nSome people go so far as to deny the name of religion to Buddhism because of its indifference to God. ",
"For Christians it is pretty well inconceivable to think of religion without God. ",
"And there is another difference between Christianity and Buddhism as well: Buddhism is not much concerned with questions of belief. ",
"You don't become a Buddhist in the way that you become a born-again Christian, by undergoing an emotional conversion and taking on belief in, and a personal relation to, a Redeemer. ",
"Rather, you look at the ideas of Buddhism and, if you find they appeal to you, you may decide to incorporate them into your life. ",
"Or you may practise Buddhist meditation without necessarily calling yourself a Buddhist. ",
"Indeed, from the Buddhist point of view it is a mistake to become over-preoccupied with matters of belief. ",
"These are just opinions, and not of ultimate importance. ",
"It would hardly be an exaggeration to say that if you make a big fuss about identifying yourself as a Buddhist you have probably misunderstood what Buddhism actually is.",
"\n\nBeliefs are seen as attitudes of mind, and therefore neither to be fought against nor adhered to. ",
"This has important consequences. ",
"It means, for example, that there is no need for Buddhists to get into a quandary about science. ",
"Christians quite often seem to worry about trying to reconcile the Biblical account (or accounts) of creation with modern Big Bang cosmology, and the rejection of Darwinism by Biblical fundamentalists in the USA and elsewhere prompts endless argument and even litigation. ",
"For Buddhism, all this is irrelevant. ",
"It is hard to think of any scientific discovery or theory that would threaten essential Buddhism. ",
"The Dalai Lama has said that \"if scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be false, then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims\". [",
"Dalai Lama, 2005]\n\nRebirth is probably the Buddhist idea that most often troubles Western intellectuals who feel some attraction to Buddhism. ",
"In fact, it is quite a difficult question for Buddhists themselves, because it is a fundamental notion in Buddhism that there is no persisting Self – no detachable soul which could continue from one life to the next. ",
"Nevertheless, the Buddha appears to have accepted the correctness of the general Indian belief in rebirth which was already current in his time.",
"\n\nOne explanation offered is that the last thoughts of the dying person may condition the birth of someone who is due to be born later. ",
"This does not seem to be a fully satisfactory answer, and it raises as many problems as it solves. ",
"At least one prominent Theravada Buddhist teacher in modern times is reported to have rejected the rebirth idea, and my own experience of Theravada monks in Britain has been that they tend to adopt a non-committal attitude to the matter. ",
"Certainly all the emphasis is on the here and now, with little being said about any possible future or past lives.",
"\n\nThe Buddha himself consistently refused to be drawn into metaphysical speculations of this kind, and it is still entirely possible to practise Buddhist meditation and call yourself a Buddhist while being agnostic about rebirth or even dismissing it altogether as an outmoded idea. ",
"Belief, once again, is not the issue.",
"\n\nAn encounter with Buddhism\n\nThis easy-going attitude made me feel sympathetic towards Buddhism, at least its Theravada form. ",
"I also liked the fact that Theravada Buddhism is not esoteric. ",
"It does not go in for secret initiations – it is said to offer an \"open hand\". ",
"So after some hesitation I decided to visit a Theravada monastery near Hemel Hempstead, about twenty miles north of London.",
"\n\nsIt is called Amaravati, meaning Deathless in Pali. (",
"Pali is derived from Sanskrit and is the language of the Buddhist scriptures.) ",
"It was founded by an American monk known as Ajahn Sumedho, who had studied for ten years under a well-known Thai monk called Ajahn Chah. ('",
"Ajahn' is a title of respect in Thai, meaning 'teacher'.) ",
"Many of the monks and nuns who live at Amaravati, and also at another monastery in Sussex, had also lived in Thailand, in what sounded to me like pretty demanding conditions. ",
"They spoke about these rather as one hears ex-Paratroopers describe the training they went through.",
"\n\nI was considerably impressed by a number of the people I met at Amaravati. ",
"Others have had a similar response to Buddhist monks. ",
"Malcolm Carrithers, who has written one of the best short introductions [Carrithers, 1993] to the Buddha and his teaching that I know, tells us that some of the Buddhist monks he met impressed him by their personal qualities. ",
"For example, he was with them when they encountered dangerous wild animals in the forest. ",
"The monks stood their ground and spoke quietly to the animals, which turned round and went peacefully on their way.",
"\n\nThe only wild animals I saw at Amaravati were rabbits, which presented few opportunities for the monks to exhibit unusual resolve or calmness in the face of danger, but I did get the impression that they were people who had achieved a considerable degree of what Jung would call self-realization. ",
"Others have noticed something similar: the philosopher Galen Strawson, for example, says he thinks that Buddhist monks may have succeeded in altering profoundly how they experience themselves and others and that this may provide them with a more correct view of the world.",
"\n\nEncouraged by what I had seen I decided to try out Buddhist meditation for myself. ",
"I participated in several retreats lasting up to ten days at the monastery. ",
"We followed the monastic routine, which meant getting up early to meditate and not eating after midday. ",
"We didn't talk at meals and were not supposed to read. ",
"None of this sounds very demanding but I found it surprisingly difficult to keep up for more than a couple of days at a time. ",
"On a longer retreat I began to be quite depressed – not something I suffer from as a rule – and was on the point of leaving. ",
"But I went to see Sumedho, who said that he thought I was trying too hard. ",
"He advised me to read if I felt like it and generally not to be over-conscientious. ",
"This worked, and the depression lifted.",
"\n\nThe Buddhist meditation we did was of two types. ",
"One, called samatha (Sanskrit: samadhi) is similar to yogic meditation and therefore to TM. ",
"There are many ways of doing this but at Amaravati we used the simplest, which consisted merely in \"watching the breath\". ",
"But there was no discussion of particular states of consciousness, as in TM. ",
"According to Carrithers the Buddha rejected the yogic teaching of successive planes or levels of consciousness that the meditator was supposed to pass through. ",
"Carrithers thinks that in the yogic system these were thought of as actual locations in the spiritual cosmos, and reaching them was even a sort of astral travel.",
"\n\nThe Buddha disputed the claim that achieving these states represented the goal of the spiritual life, first because they were temporary and not permanent, and second because achieving them did not in itself lead to intellectual and moral development. (",
"This was something I could confirm from my own experience.) ",
"While yogic meditation has its value in stilling the mind, the Buddha was saying, something more is needed: a change in the quality of thought and feeling. ",
"It was in the light of this that he developed his own distinctive form of meditation, known as Insight Meditation (vipassana).",
"\n\nThis was the kind of meditation that was mainly emphasized at Amaravati and the kind that interested me. ",
"The whole point of it is that there is no \"technique\" involved at all. ",
"The essence of it is to be aware of what is going on in the mind at each moment. ",
"On the retreats we practised this while sitting and also while walking. ",
"The ideal sitting position was on a cushion with legs crossed, but if you were stiff, like me, you could use a chair. ",
"You then attended to what was passing through your mind and to any physical sensations there might be (mainly discomfort in my case, especially when I made the mistake of going back to the floor.)",
"\n\nTo do the walking meditation you marked out a distance of twenty or thirty paces and walked up and down it while paying attention to the physical process of walking as the feet touched the ground and your weight was transferred from one foot to the other. ",
"This is a way of promoting \"mindfulness\", and that kind of awareness should ideally be maintained in all the activities one undertakes in life. ",
"It was for this reason that we were not supposed to speak while eating, for example. ",
"The idea was to keep the mind focused on the process of eating. ",
"We practised this throughout the retreat; Buddhists are supposed to do so in the whole of their lives.",
"\n\nThis was one of the main differences between the yogic path, which we were following in TM, and Buddhism. \"",
"Mindfulness\" was not part of TM and indeed was if anything discouraged; the meditation was supposed to be enough in itself to effect a gradual transformation. ",
"Another difference was that, in TM, we were not expected to alter the way we behaved; we should rely on the meditation to improve our behaviour. ",
"I was not convinced from my experience that this was the case.",
"\n\nFor Buddhists, meditation only makes sense if combined with observing what are called the precepts. ",
"These are not divinely ordained \"commandments\" in the Biblical sense but are rules or guides for \"right living\" and are essentially intended to avoid causing harm to oneself or others. (",
"The rules for monastics are more demanding than those for lay people.) ",
"Sumedho said that if you didn't follow the precepts you might as well forget about meditating; the two things had to go together. ",
"This made sense to me.",
"\n\nYet another difference from TM was that Buddhists pay a lot of attention to illness and death. ",
"This is not morbid or melancholic; Buddhism is founded on the recognition that these things are part of life and can't be avoided. ",
"I should say that this honesty was one of the things that most strongly appealed to me about the Buddhists I met.",
"\n\nAs I have said, it was partly the death question that made me think of exploring Buddhism in the first place, and I did find that it gradually became less troubling for me. ",
"Perhaps this was simply due to age – it is said, though I do not know how correctly, that the question often comes to seem less important as one gets older. ",
"But I think the Buddhists' frank acceptance of our mortality played a part. ",
"And I also gained a rather unexpected piece of self-knowledge from my encounter with Buddhism.",
"\n\nI came to see that you will not get very far on the Buddhist path unless you take it pretty seriously, which probably means spending at least some time living as a monastic. ",
"Buddhism began as a monastic discipline, and although many lay people do practise Buddhist meditation today, especially in the West, I am not sure how effectively it can be pursued outside its original setting. ",
"And this, I know, is not for me. ",
"In fact, I have never had much success in practising formal insight meditation regularly, though I am sure it would be a good thing to do. ",
"The most I can achieve is to remind myself from time to time of the need to be \"mindful\" in everyday life.",
"\n\nSo my experience of Buddhism did not provide me with any kind of profound revelation or mystical illumination, but this was fine because by the time I went to Amaravati I had ceased to expect or even to want any such thing. ",
"In fact, I realized that I am now a lot less attracted to such ideas than I used to be. ",
"I come back to this in my final chapter.",
"\n\nBuddhism as a philosophy\n\nMichael Carrithers writes of the Buddha: \"His teaching was suited to a world of different political philosophies and different religions, but a world in which certain basic values must guide personal relations if we are to live together at all, and it is difficult to see how that mastery could be irrelevant to us.\" ",
"This seems to me to be essentially correct. ",
"Many of us today feel that the world is faced by almost insuperable problems: war, terrorism, ecological and environmental catastrophe. ",
"All these things arise from our own minds. ",
"They are in principle soluble, but the solutions appear to be beyond our reach. ",
"What makes them unattainable is, in large measure, human greed, human desires, and fanatical adherence to belief systems. ",
"We are blinded by our own desires, and trample others and destroy our world to attain our ends.",
"\n\nA world in which Buddhist values were the norm rather than the exception would certainly be a much pleasanter place to live in. ",
"It may well be that such a state is unattainable, but unless we do at least approach it there seems little chance that our society will endure for very long. ",
"This is surely something that concerns materialists as much as the religiously minded; in fact, rather more so, since for materialists this is the only world we have.",
"\n\nPeople who are attracted to Buddhism but wish to avoid all semblance of a religion may find the similarities between Buddhism and the ancient philosophy of Stoicism worth exploring. ",
"Jean-François Revel is an agnostic philosopher whose son, Matthieu Richard, is a biochemist who gave up science to become a Tibetan Buddhist monk.",
"\n\nA series of dialogues between them was published a few years ago. [",
"Revel and Rickard, 1998] I thought that Revel's contributions were the more interesting. ",
"He finds that Buddhism is quite close to Stoicism and this makes him sympathetic to it. ",
"He thinks it contains a great deal of wisdom, which he defines as an alliance of happiness and morality, but he acknowledges that it is more difficult to live according to wisdom if a background of metaphysics is lacking. \"",
"Yet such limits have to be accepted. ",
"Wisdom will always be a a matter of conjecture. ",
"Ever since the Buddha and Socrates, man has struggled to turn it into a science, but in vain.\" ",
"This sums up a lot of what I feel about Buddhism myself.",
"\n\nBuddhism, medicine, and the \"Why me?\" ",
"syndrome\n\nOutside the religious context, I have found that Buddhist philosophy has a lot of relevance to medical practice. ",
"It has been said that the Buddha described his system as if he were a physician. ",
"This may have been because he lived at a time when people were beginning to live in towns and so were becoming subject to new diseases as a result of over-crowding and poor sanitation. ",
"Like a physician, he starts by identifying a problem: people are dissatisfied and unhappy. ",
"He diagnoses the cause of this, namely the fact that we experience desires which are often not fulfilled, and even when they are fulfilled we quickly become dissatisfied and want something else. (",
"Our modern economic system depends on this. ",
"How would advergtising work otherwise?) ",
"And he proposed a cure, the Noble Eightfold Path, which we today call Buddhism.",
"\n\nThe sense of dissatisfaction the Buddha identified is called dukkha, which is usually translated as \"suffering\". ",
"But though it does include what we would think of as suffering, dukkha also refers to much milder feelings of discontent or discomfort. ",
"This is important, because people sometimes think that Buddhism must be a pretty depressing religion if it attaches so much importance to suffering. ",
"Even a brief encounter with practicising Buddhists will provide abundant evidence to the contrary, but in any case Buddhism doesn't say that all life is dukkha, only that life contains dukkha, which I take to be self-evident.",
"\n\nThe Buddha's diagnosis seems to me pretty obviously correct, and it certainly corresponds with something I found in my professional life. ",
"I spent many years in complementary–alternative medicine (CAM), but eventually I became disillusioned with it, in part because of its failure to recognize reality. ",
"This was exactly the same mentality as I earlier encountered in TM: I mean the wish to ignore, as far as possible, anything \"negative\" in life.",
"\n\nTo listen to some CAM practitioners you would think that if you eat the right things, live in the right surroundings, and above all think the right thoughts and feel the right emotions you will never be ill. ",
"And it follows that if you have become ill it's your fault. ",
"This is the modern secular equivalent of feeling guilty because you have sinned and God is punishing you by inflicting disease. ",
"It is a metaphysical justification for disease masquerading as a scientific explanation, but the metaphysical element never really disappears. ",
"People want to find some reason to explain why they have become ill, and if they have done everything they think they should they feel they are being punished unfairly – the \"Why me?\" ",
"syndrome.",
"\n\nMetaphysical \"explanations\" of this kind for disease are bogus. ",
"There is no natural right to health. ",
"We have come into existence thanks to natural selection. ",
"Certain consequences follow from this quite inevitably, and one of them is liability to disease.",
"\n\nMany diseases are caused by parasites – viruses, bacteria, worms – which, like us, have evolved through natural selection. ",
"These organisms are trying to survive, just as we are, and they do so at our expense. ",
"Parasites are present everywhere in the natural world. ",
"There are parasites of parasites, and even parasites of parasites of parasites. ",
"So there is a never-ending arms race between us and the parasites. ",
"We evolve better methods of defence and they in turn evolve better methods of attack.",
"\n\nEven cancer can be understood in this way. ",
"We could think of cancer cells as internally produced parasites. ",
"The offending cells acquire the ability to reproduce without limit and to overcome the mechanisms we have that are supposed to prevent this happening, and so they multiply in the body by means of natural selection. ",
"Most cancers tend to arise in old age, but there are also childhood cancers. ",
"One cancer expert thinks that these are comparable with other congenital abnormalities, part of the price we pay for having genetic diversity. ",
"There may be no \"cause\" in the ordinary sense for childhood cancers; they are simply mistakes that inevitably arise in the complicated process of structural engineering in the embryo. [",
"Greaves, 2001]\n\nDarwinism tells us that we are all subject to illness by the mere fact that we have been born. ",
"It is quite true that diet, exercise, not smoking, and avoiding excessive alcohol intake will make it more likely that we will be healthy, but there are no guarantees. ",
"You may do everything that you ought to do, think \"positively,\" avoid \"junk\" foods, and all the rest of it, and still suffer any of the myriad illnesses to which we are all subject. ",
"And if you don't die in youth or middle life, as few do these days, you will age, and you may then suffer from senile dementia or any of the other degenerative diseases that lie in wait for us. ",
"In fact, the longer you live the more likely it becomes that you will suffer from these things.",
"\n\nThe Darwinian insight is exactly the same as that of the Buddha. ",
"The reason we get ill is nothing to do with Original Sin or any other religious or metaphysical notion; it is a consequence of the fact that we are biological organisms, subject to the process of Darwinian selection. ",
"Conventional medicine has made amazing advances in diagnosis and treatment but it has not abolished disease and ageing and no doubt it never will. ",
"Alternative medicine enthusiasts often imply that they can prevent cancer and other degenerative diseases by alterations in lifestyle and in other ways, but they have no privileged insight into these things. ",
"They can't give you any better advice about healthy living than you would get from your GP. ",
"Don't be taken in by the merchants of permanent health and happiness.",
"\n\nOne of the things I like about Buddhism is that it faces the reality of our situation without flinching. ",
"The Buddha did not attempt to explain or justify the existence of suffering and disease, he simply acknowledged that they were part of life and told people how to live in spite of them. ",
"This is true wisdom. ",
"There is a well-known story about the Buddha in which a mother asks him to restore her dead son to life. ",
"He promises to do so if she can find a house in which no one has ever died. ",
"She tries and of course fails, and in so doing realizes the omnipresence and inevitability of death.",
"\n\nUnless we die suddenly in the prime of life, most of us will sooner or later experience the truth of the rather bleak view of life that I have just sketched. ",
"If you don't believe me, read a few biographies or, if you are old enough, look around you at the lives of your friends. ",
"How many people have you heard of or do you know personally who have lived a long life without major illnesses of any kind and who have finally died at an advanced age with only a few days of preliminary illness? ",
"Not many, I'll bet. \"",
"Count no man happy until he's dead,\" the classical aphorism runs.",
"\n\nI often remember a remark in a novel by Vladimir Nabokov: \"When we're young, we think these things onlyhappen to other people; as we get older, we realize we are those other people.\" ",
"Quentin Crisp has compared life to a race across open country under fire – an image that appeals to me. ",
"And Susan Sontag has written:\n\n\"Illness is the night-side of life, a more onerous citizenship. ",
"Everyone who is born holds dual citizenship, in the kingdom of the well and in the kingdom of the sick. ",
"Although we all prefer to use only the good passport, sooner or later each of us is obliged, at least for a spell, to identify ourselves as citizens of that other place.\" [",
"Sontag, 1973]\n\nTo the question \"Why me?\" ",
"there can, ultimately, be only one answer: \"Why not you?\" ",
"What I like about Buddhism is that it faces this truth unflinchingly and without sentimentality.",
"\n\nChapter 9. ",
"Miracles\n\nHow many stories of this nature have, in all ages, been detected and exploded in their infancy? ",
"How many more have been celebrated for a time, and have afterwards sunk into neglect and oblivion? — ",
"David Hume (On Miracles).",
"\n\nSome time ago someone emailed me to tell me that my view of religion was wrong. ",
"Miracles were still occurring, she said; in fact, there was a Christian pastor in Africa who had raised several people from the dead. ",
"The occurrence of miracles is often cited as evidence for the truth of a religion andthis is particularly the case for Christianity. ",
"Jesus is supposed to have performed lots of them and he was himself reported to have been miraculously raised from the dead. ",
"And the priest performs a miracle every time he says Mass and turns bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ. ",
"So it is not surprising that some Christians claim that miracles are still occurring today.",
"\n\nI had long had a vague interest in the alleged occurrence of miraculous healing. ",
"My first book was a novel ( _The Sacred Malady_ ). [",
"Campbell, 1967] The theme of the book was paranormal healing, though not in a religious context, for the healer was a somewhat dissolute painter who found himself on occasion obliged to work his \"miracles\" even though he didn't really want to. ",
"I included a conversation between one of the characters and a Catholic priest on the subject of miraculous cures, in which I allowed a certain degree of scepticism to show through. ",
"But that was fiction; can it ever be fact?",
"\n\nDavid Hume said that it is never rational to believe in miracles because the testimony of the person who reports such events is always less credible than the notion that the events did not happen as described. ",
"This is a strong argument but how good is the available evidence? ",
"In the last few years there have been attempts to prove the reality of divine intervention by conducting randomized controlled trials in which one group of patients is prayed for whileanother is not.",
"\n\nI find it extraordinary that anyone would think that trials of this kind make sense theologically. ",
"Even if I were a theist – especially if I were a theist – I would not expect them to work. ",
"Are we seriously meant to imagine God saying to himself: \"Oh look, those nice doctors are asking me to take part in this clinical trial to prove I exist. ",
"I'd better do so or people will stop believing in me.\"? ",
"Surely he could find an easier way to demonstrate his existence if he wanted to.",
"\n\nIf we leave this aside, what have the trials shown? ",
"Not much. ",
"Many of them failed to control for age, sex, education, ethnicity, marital status, or degree of religious belief, and when corrections for these were introduced any beneficial effects attributed to prayer disappeared. ",
"There were also problems with how the results were recorded and analysed and with many other aspects as well. ",
"A trial published in the Journal of Reproductive Medicine in 2001 was later withdrawn after one of the authors was found not to have been a doctor, as claimed, but to have an MSc in parapsychology. ",
"Moreover he was subsequently indicted on charges of mail fraud and theft, to which he pleaded guilty.",
"\n\nOne well-conducted trial has been published, but it gave negative results for prayer. ",
"What is particularly interesting about this research is that its principal author was Dr Herbert Benson, whom I mentioned earlier in connection with TM research and who has long been sympathetic to the idea that prayer can help patients. ",
"The report cost $2.4 million and was published in The American Heart Journal in 2006. [",
"H. Benson and others, \"Study of the therapeutic effects of intercessory prayer in cardiac bypass patients\". ",
"American Heart Journal 2006;151(4):934-942.]",
"\n\nA total of 1802 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery in six hospitals was studied. ",
"There were three groups: two were prayed for and one was not. ",
"Prayers began the night before the surgery and continued for two weeks afterwards. ",
"Half the patients who were prayed for were told about it; the remainder were told they might or might not be prayed for. ",
"All the patients were followed up for 30 days after surgery.",
"\n\nThere were no significant differences in outcome between people who were prayed for and those who were not. ",
"In fact, the small differences that did exist were if anything in favour of not being prayed for. ",
"There were complications in 59 per cent of those who knew they were prayed for and in 51 per cent of those who were uncertain; 18 per cent of those who were prayed for had major complications such as heart attack or stroke, compared with 15 per cent of those who were not prayed for. ",
"But these differences did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance.",
"\n\nSo there is little or no good evidence from clinical studies to show that prayer works, but then, as I say, I would not expect there to be, even on the assumption that a God who interferes in the running of the world exists. ",
"But isolated reports of miraculous cures, such as are said to occur at Lourdes, might be a different matter.",
"\n\nMiracles or spontaneous recovery?",
"\n\nFrom time to time we read reports of people who have recovered from serious or normally fatal illnesses thanks to what appears to be miraculous intervention. ",
"Sometimes this is ascribed to healing, sometimes to prayer, but there is always the implication that something paranormal has occurred. ",
"This is often attributed to divine intervention. ",
"A letter that Dr R. Westcott sent sent to the British Medical Journal in 2002 will serve as an example of the kind of thing I have in mind.",
"\n\nDr Westcott is a GP who described himself as an atheist doctor and wanted to know how he should respond to what happened to one of his patients. ",
"This was Jim, a non-religious man suffering from asbestosis which he had acquired as a result of his work as a submarine engineer. ",
"Then he was diagnosed with a mesothelioma of the chest wall.",
"\n\nThis is a well-known complication of asbestosis, and is a malignant tumour which is regarded as invariably fatal. ",
"Radiotherapy had little effect and Jim was becoming weaker. ",
"His wife decided that they should go for a Mediterranean holiday, and they picked the Greek island of Cephalonia. ",
"While there they visited a monastery. ",
"An old nun singled Jim out and and asked him what his illness was. ",
"She took him to a priest, who performed some kind of prayer or ritual involving some holy relics. ",
"Immediately after this Jim felt stronger, and his recovery continued after his return home. ",
"The tumour was now no longer apparent and Jim appeared to be in remission, though Dr Westcott was still concerned that he might relapse later. (",
"In fact, Dr Westcott informed me in an email that this did happen.)",
"\n\nSceptics who are confronted with cases of this kind generally take refuge in two kinds of objection: either the original diagnosis was wrong or the cure was due to the conventional treatment the patient had received previously. ",
"Neither of these seems likely to apply in Jim's case, nor in a number of others. ",
"So does this mean that we must accept that divine intervention, or at least paranormal healing, is a reality? ",
"Do miracles truly occur? ",
"Cases like that reported by Dr Westcott certainly give one pause, but before accepting them as proof positive of the miraculous, I think we need to look a little more closely at what they actually tell us.",
"\n\nI find it interesting that many claims for miraculous cures concern recovery from cancer. ",
"These are certainly highly impressive and dramatic and to many people seem to provide incontrovertible evidence for a miracle. ",
"But how often does cancer remit without adequate treatment outside of a religious context?",
"\n\nTo try to get an idea of how frequently this happens I carried out a search via MEDLINE for reports of spontaneous remissions of cancer (that is, remissions occurring without treatment or with inadequate treatment). ",
"This produced some twenty-odd papers on the subject; there are doubtless many more to be found. ",
"These were the main results. [",
"Full references are given in the Appendix.]",
"\n\nAdult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (Takezako Y. et al., ",
"2000).",
"\n\nAdult T-cell leukaemia (Murakawa M. et al., ",
"1990).",
"\n\nOesophageal leiomyosarcoma (Takemura M. et al., ",
"1999).",
"\n\nLung cancer following myxoedematous coma (Hercbergs A,1999).",
"\n\nHepatocellular carcinoma (2 cases; Magalotti D. et al., ",
"1998).",
"\n\nNon-small-cell lung cancer (Kappauf H. et al., ",
"1997).",
"\n\nLung metastases from primary uterine cancer (Mastall H., 1997).",
"\n\nLiver cancer (Van Halteren H.K. et al., ",
"1997).",
"\n\nPleural and intrapulmonary metastases from renal carcinoma Lokich J., 1997). ",
"Squamous cell lung cancer (Schmidt W., 1995).",
"\n\nBladder cancer (Hellstrom P.A. et al., ",
"1992).",
"\n\nIntrahepatic, peritoneal and splenic metastases after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (Terasaki T. et al., ",
"2000).",
"\n\nDisappearance of lung metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (Toyoda H. et al., ",
"1999).",
"\n\nLarge-cell and polymorphic lung cancer with extensive metastatic disease (Kappauf H. et al., ",
"1997).",
"\n\nMetastatic malignant melanoma (Hurwitz P.J., 1991); several similar cases cited in the literature.",
"\n\nAs this undoubtedly incomplete list indicates, spontaneous remission of cancer, though very rare, does happen and is well authenticated outside a religious context. ",
"This will probably come as a surprise to many people, including some doctors. ",
"How do such events come about?",
"\n\nA number of the papers I looked at discuss possible mechanisms by which spontaneous remission of cancer might occur. ",
"The most popular suggestion is some form of immunological reaction, though this is still unproved. ",
"There is a long-standing impression that psychological states influence the functioning of the immune system, which would perhaps offer a means by which the patient's belief might help to bring about a cure.",
"\n\nThere are also other ideas. ",
"There seems to be a connection between fever and remission of cancer; fever in childhood or adulthood may protect against the later onset of cancer and spontaneous remissions are often preceded by feverish infections. ",
"There is a case of remission following myxoedema coma (coma due to underactivity of the thyroid gland) which suggests that hypothyroidism may trigger cell death (apoptosis) in tumours. ",
"Yet another idea is that a chemical change in DNA called methylation, which is involved in cell differentiation, may play a part.",
"\n\nIn summary, then, while the mechanisms of spontaneous remission are by no means fully understood, there are plausible suggestions to explain the phenomenon. ",
"And what emerges from the cases I have cited is that if we divide diseases into those that may, no matter how rarely, recover spontaneously and those that do not, we must place cancer in the \"may recover\" category. ",
"This means that cancer cures, no matter how gratifying to patients who experience them and to their relatives, are not necessarily miraculous. ",
"They lie within the boundaries of possibility in the natural world.",
"\n\nWhat, then, would count as a genuine miracle, an event that could not be accommodated within the realm of the natural? ",
"It is of course difficult to set limits on what can occur naturally, but I think an example of something which, if it happened, would very probably have to be taken as miraculous would be regrowth of an amputated finger or limb. ",
"If this seems a lot to ask, how about something seemingly simpler? ",
"An optic nerve damaged by glaucoma never recovers its function in the ordinary course of events; sight lost through glaucoma is lost for good. ",
"If sight were restored in a reliably diagnosed glaucomatous eye, that might count as a miracle. (",
"I would certainly like it to happen to me.) ",
"To my knowledge, however, no such case has been reported. ",
"These are just two examples out of many. ",
"What we need for a \"genuine\" miracle is recovery from some accident or illness in which no spontaneous cure has ever been shown to occur. ",
"But cancer does not fit the bill.",
"\n\nI therefore think that, although there are well-attested instances of spontaneous recovery from cancer within a religious or paranormal context, this is not convincing evidence for divine intervention. ",
"The fact that a patient recovers after having been prayed for does not prove that the prayer was responsible for the recovery. ",
"Here are some possible alternative explanations.",
"\n\n1. ",
"It could be coincidence. ",
"We do not know how many patients suffering from cancer are prayed for but probably many are. ",
"We normally hear nothing about those for whom the prayers are not answered. ",
"If very many patients are prayed for, it is possible that among these there will by chance be some who recover spontaneously but who would have done so even if they had not been prayed for.",
"\n\n2. ",
"It seems likely the immune system is involved in at least some spontaneous remissions of cancer. ",
"We know that the nervous system influences the immune system so this could explain why the patient's beliefs and emotional state might on occasion bring about a remission. ",
"The fact that a patient had no conscious expectation of cure (as in the case reported by Dr Westcott) does not negate a possible influence of this kind.",
"\n\n3. ",
"believer in miracles could argue that even apparently spontaneous remissions are really miraculous. ",
"Perhaps God works his miracles through \"normal\" physiological pathways rather than by suspending the ordinary laws of physiology, and perhaps he refrains from curing glaucoma and regenerating amputated limbs in order to keep us guessing, or because he does not want to force our belief. ",
"This is logically possible but unverifiable, since there could be no way to identify such miracles, so the idea can be neglected in a scientific context.",
"\n\nChapter 10. ",
"The Soul\n\n_My opinion of death, brother, is [that] when a man dies, he is cast into the earth, and his wife and child sorrow over him. ",
"If he has neither wife nor child, then his father and mother, I suppose; and if he is quite alone in the world, why, then, he is cast into the earth, and that is an end of the matter. –_ ",
"George Borrow (The Romany Rye).",
"\n\nThe idea of the soul is central to Christianity. ",
"It can be traced at least as far back as classical Greece, where Plato's account of the soul contains most of the elements that later characterised Christian theology. ",
"For Plato the soul is immortal and retains the characteristics of the living person after death. ",
"The Platonic soul is complex rather than simple, made up of differing elements. ",
"This provides for psychological struggle and uncertainty, and so can accommodate the contest between good and evil that is so prominent in Christian thought.",
"\n\nNevertheless it was Aristotle rather than Plato who was to have the greater influence on Christian thought. ",
"This may appear surprising, because Aristotle's view of the soul does not leave much room for immortality or separation from the body. ",
"But Aristotle did seem to allow for separation of what he called the rational part of the soul (nous), and Christian theologians such as Thomas Aquinas extended this notion very considerably. ",
"As Rosalind Osmond says: \"Nothing in Aristotle's account leads to the idea of the survival of a human soul with an individual personality, but this difficulty was largely ignored or glossed over by later Christian commentators.\" [",
"Osmond, 2003]\n\nThe immortality of the soul has always been taken for granted in Christianity and the only question has been whether the soul is saved or damned. ",
"Since there is no question of reincarnation in Christianity the fate of the soul is fixed at death, and there are many references to this decisive moment in mediaeval literature. ",
"But there is an apparent inconsistency here, because – as I noted when I was writing about my Catholic upbringing – there is also supposed to be a collective judgement at the end of time, as predicted in Scripture. ",
"To reconcile this difficulty it has often been supposed that the soul exists in a disembodied form after death until the Last Judgement, when its body will be resurrected in a transfigured form and the two will be reunited. ",
"Exactly how this will work out has, not surprisingly, led to a fair amount of head-scratching among theologians.",
"\n\nThe relentless advance of scientific understanding of how our personalities depend critically on our brains has induced increasing scepticism about the existence of the soul, but at a popular level many people continue to cling to the notion.",
"\n\n\"Yet the desire to believe in something beyond the physical exists. ",
"It spends itself in astrology, in rigid fundamentalism, in meditative exercise, in vague reference to the numinous, in a passionate desire for past certainties.\" [",
"Rosalind Osmond, 2003]\n\nNear-death experiences\n\nIt is particularly in relation to death and the survival of death (an oxymoron, if ever there was one) that questions about the soul arise. ",
"Death may be the bourne from which no traveller returns, but in recent years there has been a spate of reports disputing this. ",
"People now recover from accidents and illnesses that would have been fatal in earlier times, and sometimes they describe what appear to be near-death experiences (NDEs) that occurred while they were apparently unconscious.",
"\n\nSuch accounts, in fact, go back to the dawn of history and philosophy (Plato relates a semi-mythical case), but the modern interest in the phenomenon began with Raymond Moody's book _Life After_ _Life_ , published in 1975. [",
"Moody 1975] Moody is a doctor who described cases he had come across in his patients. ",
"Another doctor, Kenneth Ring, published further studies of the same thing, beginning in 1979 [Ring 1980] and he was followed by a number of others. ",
"From all this work there emerged a \"standardized\" paradigm of the NDE. ",
"Although not everyone who has memories of this kind will recall all of these features, most will have at least some of them.",
"\n\nIn a \"typical\" NDE you see your body from outside, and then move away down a long dark tunnel towards a bright light, where waits a Being of Light who provides a non-judgemental life review. ",
"Next, you may encounter family members who have died, and the experience may end with your being told that it isn't time for you to die and you must return to life. ",
"People who have had such experiences generally describe them as being overwhelmingly blissful. ",
"They say they felt safe and loved and didn't want to return to their bodies.",
"\n\nThe International Association for Near-Death Experiences (IANDS) exists to study such phenomena. ",
"Peter Fenwick, a past president of the Association, is a prominent neuropsychiatrist who takes seriously the possibility that NDEs are really what many people believe them to be – windows into what happens to us after we die. ",
"Fenwick is quite clear about what this would mean. ",
"We would have to abandon most of what we think we know about the mind and the brain. \"",
"The brain identity theory – the reductionist view that consciousness is entirely dependent on brain function – then must fail, and this would have a heavy cost for science. ",
"Do not underestimate this cost.\"",
"\n\nMany writers have concluded, like Fenwick, that the NDE provides evidence of life after death, although they have to admit that the experiencers have not actually died. ",
"The alternative view is that all these experiences, no matter how fascinating, are produced by the dying brain and tell us nothing about the possibility of survival. ",
"People who have had such an experience often say that it has convinced them of the reality of survival, but Susan Blackmore is an exception, for she too has had an out-of-the-body experience which had many of the features of an NDE, so that she is able to say: \"I have experienced it too and I have come to a different conclusion from you.\"",
"\n\nA different, and very interesting, approach to the NDE has been taken by Carol Zaleski, who skirts the question of whether it provides evidence of an afterlife in favour of considering what it has meant in cultural terms. ",
"In her thoughtful and impressive book _Otherworld Journeys_ she compares modern versions of the NDE with mediaeval ones, finding both resemblances and differences. ",
"To a considerable extent, it appears, the NDE has always been subjected to much cultural overlay. [",
"Zaleski, 1987]\n\nZaleski suggests that we \"view otherworld visions as artifacts of the imagination\". ",
"The otherworld journey is essentially a narrative, and she seems to think that we ssshould approach it in the same way as we assess a novel or a play, rather than scientifically or philosophically. ",
"She refuses to commit herself on the evidential nature of NDEs, seeming to feel that this is not the right question to ask. ",
"I can't myself wholly follow her here.",
"\n\nScientific interest in NDEs is relatively recent. ",
"In earlier years the evidence cited for survival came, not from NDEs, but from alleged mediumistic communications. ",
"Most rationalists automatically dismiss all such material as intrinsically worthless, not deserving to be taken seriously by anyone with a critical mind. ",
"But a few philosophers and psychologists have taken it seriously, and some of these (John McTaggart, C.D. Broad, and John Beloff) were avowed atheists. ",
"All three thought that the available evidence made survival seem at least a possibility. ",
"Broad, at any rate, could hardly be accused of wishful thinking, for he wrote: \"I think I may say that for my part I should be slightly more annoyed than surprised if I should find myself in some sense persisting immediately after the death of my physical body. ",
"One can only wait and see, or alternately (which is no less likely) wait and not see.\" [",
"Broad, 1966]\n\nA more recent opinion from the academic psychologist Alan Gauld is equally non-committal.",
"\n\n\"Certainty is not to be had, nor even a strong conviction that the area of one's uncertainty has been narrowed to a manageable compass ... a rational case, of either tendency, built on evidence, however difficult to interpret, is to be preferred to any amount of blind belief or blind disbelief.\" [",
"Gauld, 1982]\n\nBelief in survival is often equated with wishful thinking, so it is worth mentioning that neither Broad nor Gauld is particularly optimistic about the form that survival, if it occurs, might take. ",
"They think that at least some of the mediumistic reports point to temporary survival followed by a gradual fading away, which would be worse than simple extinction; or there might be survival in a zombie-like state. ",
"There are even more unpleasant possibilities, including post-mortem fusion with other entities or bits of \"psychic flotsam and jetsam\" that could be floating around. ",
"Perhaps we had better hope that the sceptics are right and there is no survival. ",
"Reincarnation is popular in some quarters but in view of the way the world is developing at the moment I would not welcome that possibility myself.",
"\n\nA personal assessment\n\nWhen all is said and done, the great difficulty that all attempts to validate the survival idea encounter is the apparently one-sided dependence of the mind on the brain. ",
"No matter how much evidence is offered for survival, the contrary evidence surely outweighs it enormously. ",
"Almost all attempts to explain how survival might work seem to lead to some form of philosophical dualism – the idea that the mind and the brain are separate entities. ",
"Believers in survival find themselves pretty well obliged to resuscitate the soul in some shape or form. ",
"But the evidence from neuroscience makes it overwhelmingly probable that dualism just will not work. ",
"Which seems to rule out survival from the start.",
"\n\nAll the same, I have to say I find Gauld, Broad, and others who have written on similar lines disturbing. ",
"Their opinions are liable to induce a measure of cognitive dissonance in people like me. ",
"While these writers may have been mistaken, it will hardly do to dismiss them as gullible fools. ",
"They are, or were, critical thinkers, with no religious axes to grind, and they have done the research, which most of us have not. ",
"So their findings pose a challenge to sceptics, or at least to a certain class of sceptics.",
"\n\nTrue and false sceptics\n\nTrue scepticism, I suggest, is an uncomfortable state of mind for many people, including a good few self-styled sceptics. ",
"Ultra-scepticism can become just another belief system, which we adopt as a principle and cling to in the face of any evidence to the contrary. ",
"There can be fundamentalism within disbelief, just as there is fundamentalism within religion.",
"\n\nThe point has been well made by the former parapsychologist Susan Blackmore in her essay Why I have given up. [",
"In Kurtz, 2001] She thinks there is no good evidence for the paranormal but it is not inconceivable that such evidence could turn up. ",
"But many sceptics, she says, rule this out as impossible in principle and prefer to accept the most far-fetched alternative explanations rather than admit ignorance. ",
"Sceptics and true believers are often mirror images of each other.",
"\n\n\"Yet if we are going to study psychic claims at all, we must always consider the possibility that they are true. ",
"Unlikely as it is, ESP and PK might exist. ",
"There could be forces as yet undiscovered. ",
"We should accept the best explanation we can find – not the one that we like the most. ",
"The lesson we should learn [from ESP experiments] is not that believers find it hard to be open-minded but that we all do.\"",
"\n\nI am sure this is right. ",
"Survival is exceedingly unlikely, but we would be wrong to exclude it dogmatically. ",
"The last thing we need is to allow scepticism to become yet another version of the Casaubon delusion!",
"\n\nSurvival without the soul\n\nSo if the soul cannot exist, at least as traditionally conceived, is there any way that survival could be understood, even as a thought experiment, within a naturalistic world view? ",
"At the moment I can see two possibilities, both highly speculative.",
"\n\nOne would be to accept that we are living in the Matrix – that we are simulations in a computer. ",
"If that is the case the problem disappears. ",
"When we \"die\", the simulators merely choose toss reprogram us back in again to a different part of the simulation, perhaps labelled Heaven or Hell. ",
"On this hypothesis the simulators have god-like status so far as we are concerned. ",
"I discuss the simulation idea in the next chapter so I say no more about it here.",
"\n\nThe second possibility is even more radical and takes us into pretty deep waters. ",
"It concerns the nature of reality and of time. ",
"An atheistic philosopher who has speculated about this is Bryan Magee. ",
"In his autobiography, _Confessions of a Philosopher,_ [Magee, 1999] he describes where he stands after a lifetime of inquiry. ",
"His basic position seems to be that we can never hope to know what reality is in itself. ",
"There is something behind appearances that will always, in principle, be inaccessible to us.",
"\n\nHe insists that believing this does not make him religious. ",
"He complains that religious believers think he makes token acknowledgement of the mystical while remaining excessively rationalistic, while rationalistic humanists think he is a kind of religious fellow-traveller. \"",
"A third alternative – that we can know very little but have equally little grounds for religious belief – receives scant consideration, and yet seems to me to be where the truth lies.\" ",
"This is a position I can sympathize with.",
"\n\nMagee sees the nature of time as being at the centre of the mystery of what reality is. ",
"Perhaps, he says, \"the passage of time is unreal, an illusion, and ... in reality all time is present\". ",
"He regards this question as closely bound up with that concerning the nature of the self. ",
"He is sure that there is an immaterial self, but he doubts if it has any existence apart from a body and a brain.",
"\n\n\"My own particular self may have come into existence when or after my body did, and may cease to exist when my body dies. ",
"It may be something that has evolved over millions of years in undisentanglable relationship with brains, and may have no way of existing separately from my brain.\" [",
"Magee, 1999]\n\nBut he is unsure about this, because he also suspects that our selves are in some sense outside space and time, so it is conceivable that we may not perish together with our physical bodies, though this is something we can probably never know.",
"\n\nMagee's suggestion that time may be unreal recalls the theory of the physicist Julian Barbour, who holds that time does not exist. ",
"He describes this idea in his book The End of Time. [",
"Barbour, 1999] Barbour, I should emphasize, is a respected physicist, whose ideas are taken seriously by a number of other physicists and philosophers.",
"\n\nIt is, of course, intensely difficult to make oneself understand how time could be unreal. ",
"If there is no time, what meaning can we attach to the notions of past or future, and – even more difficult to accommodate – our perception of motion? ",
"Barbour suggests that what we see as motion, in a leaping cat or a diving kingfisher, is really a series of still photographs, which are somehow brought together by the brain to produce an illusion of movement.",
"\n\nThis recalls the very interesting fact that in certain kinds of brain damage the ability to perceive objects in motion is lost. ",
"Barbour mentions this, but not the equally interesting observation, recorded by Oliver Sacks, that some patients suffering from post-encephalitic Parkinsonism found themselves frozen in time for years, until released from this state, though only temporarily, by the drug levodopa.[Sacks, 1978]\n\nTrying to picture oneself in a timeless state is probably something like a fish would feel if it tried to picture itself living on dry land. ",
"Our language has no vocabulary to describe this, and Barbour finds himself repeatedly forced to use temporal language to describe his theory, even though he acknowledges that this is just shorthand. ",
"Indeed, even if he is right, will it ever be possible to feel that he is? ",
"The analogy that comes to mind here is with the shift from an earth-centred to a sun-centred universe that took place in the sixteenth century. ",
"No doubt many people, and not only churchmen, found that hard to come to terms with, but the imaginative shift from a time-based to a timeless universe would be incomparably bigger.",
"\n\nIf Barbour is right, the notion of survival would surely look entirely different. ",
"In fact, survival would presumably have no meaning because everything would be present simultaneously. ",
"Barbour is himself open to the metaphysical implications of his theory, which he thinks tend towards pantheism. \"",
"The whole universe ... is the closest we can get to a God.\" (",
"This seems to have been Spinoza's position.)",
"\n\nThere are many compelling reasons for thinking that survival is a non-starter, of which the dense interlocking of mind and brain is only one, though the strongest. ",
"Another is that it seems to depend on an absurd overestimate of our importance in the scheme of things. ",
"If humans survive, why not chimpanzees and other great apes? ",
"And monkeys? ",
"Dogs, cats? ",
"Sheep, cattle ... oysters? ",
"Where do you stop?",
"\n\nI have every expectation that when I die I shall go out like a light. ",
"But some very clever and well-informed people who were not religiously motivated have thought that there is at least a little evidence in favour of survival that cannot be dismissed out of hand. ",
"If this evidence should ever become more compelling than it is at present – which in the nature of things is unlikely – I hope and believe that it could be accommodated within a naturalistic world outlook. ",
"The radical view of time favoured by some physicists is just one possible framework for this.",
"\n\nThe position I take here is close to what John R. Searle has said about God. ",
"If it should ever be demonstrated that God exists \"that would have to be a fact of nature like any other. ",
"To the four basic forces in the universe – gravity, electromagnetism, weak and strong nuclear forces – we would add a fifth, the divine force. ",
"Or more likely, we would see the other forces as forms of the divine force. ",
"But it would still be all physics, albeit divine physics. ",
"If the supernatural existed, it too would have to be natural.\" [",
"Searle, 1999] This brings us to what is rather quaintly called metaphysical naturalism, which is the theme of my final chapter.",
"\n\nChapter 11. ",
"Letting Go\n\n_Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? ",
"Then he is not omnipotent. ",
"Is he able, but not willing? ",
"Then he is malevolent. ",
"Is he both able and willing? ",
"Then whence does evil come? ",
"Is he neither able nor willing? ",
"Then why call him God?_ – ",
"Epicurus.",
"\n\nWhat I have been describing in this book is a perhaps rather halting progression from belief to disbelief, from religion to irreligion. ",
"This has been a process of letting go. ",
"Looking back, I am quite unable to understand how I managed to believe some of the things I did. ",
"If you are yourself a sceptic you have probably been muttering \"What took you so long?\", ",
"while if you are religious you will wonder why I went so pig-headedly in the wrong direction. ",
"It is time to try to sum up where I have arrived now.",
"\n\nI don't think religion is true but at times I can find it in me to wish it was. ",
"The Victorians felt this, and I can respond to the sadness in Matthew Arnold's Dover Beach, and to Thomas Hardy's wish, in _The Oxen_ , that on Christmas Eve he might find the animals kneeling down in adoration – he was \"hoping it might be so\". ",
"But in other moods I am enormously relieved to be free of religious belief, and to avoid the consequent need to try to live with cognitive dissonance.",
"\n\nIf we take this view we know we are alone. ",
"No one has given us the answers. ",
"All revealed religions and their scriptures are human productions. ",
"Like ecstatic experience, from which they may at times derive, they have to be judged by what they say and not by their claims to divin inspiration.",
"\n\nBut perhaps we don't have to go all the way to atheism? ",
"Is there a half-way house, an escape clause? ",
"Many in the nineteenth century thought there was and some still think so today. ",
"It is called deism.",
"\n\nDeism – a God of the Gaps\n\nBy the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century many thinkers in the West were rejecting the notion of revealed religion. ",
"In 1823 we find Thomas Jefferson writing about Christianity to John Adams:\n\n\"... the day will come when the mystical generation of Jesus by the supreme being ... in the womb of a virgin will be classed with the fable of the generation of Minerva in the brain of Jupiter. ",
"But we may hope that the dawn of reason and freedom of thought in these United States will do away with all this artificial scaffolding, and restore to us the primitive and genuine doctrines of this the most venerated reformer of human errors.\"",
"\n\nJefferson was over-optimistic: the USA is still waiting for the dawn of reason he expected. ",
"But we notice that although he did not believe in Christian dogma he still refers to a supreme being. ",
"Jefferson, like many other thinkers in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, was not a theist but neither was he an atheist, he was a deist. ",
"He believed that the world had been created by God but He had not revealed a religion to us. ",
"It was up to us to discover the truth by the exercise of our own reason.",
"\n\nDeism still has its adherents today. ",
"The philosopher Antony Flew recently caused a sensation by announcing that after a lifetime of militant atheism he now believes in God. ",
"He changed his mind because he was persuaded that the appearance of DNA in the world was so improbable an event that there must have been a Designer.",
"\n\nThis change of mind does not mean that Flew is now a Christian, he is a deist. ",
"You don't pray to his God or worship him; he is just an explanation for a puzzle, a God of the gaps. ",
"He need not be omnipotent, simply very intelligent and powerful. ",
"Nor, of course, need he be good. ",
"In fact, he need have none of the attributes of the Christian God except the ability to design things – a sort of super-engineer.",
"\n\nFlew has evidently been convinced of God's existence by a version of the Argument from Design, though in the form he has expressed it one could also cite it as an example of what Dawkins has neatly termed the Argument from Personal Incredulity. ",
"And it suffers from the weakness that if a plausible explanation for the appearance of DNA could be produced, as seems perfectly possible, Flew's reason for believing in God would vanish.",
"\n\nPerhaps intellectual arguments of this kind may be persuasive to a professional philosopher like Flew, but they are not what inspires most religious believers, who know there is a God because they experience him in their lives and in the world. ",
"For them God is more like a perception than a belief.",
"\n\nFlew's argument does not convince many atheists either, most of whom expect that the origin of life will be explained in the not too distant future. ",
"But there is another version of the design argument that is less easy for them to dismiss. ",
"At the most basic structural level the universe does look uncomfortably as if it had been designed. ",
"In the words of the late Fred Hoyle, it seems to be a put-up job. ",
"In some sense the universe appears to have known we were coming.",
"\n\nThe problem for atheists is that if certain cosmological numbers were only slightly different from their actual values the universe as we know it would not exist, and nor, obviously, would we. ",
"Various ways round this difficulty have been proposed, the prevalent one being that favoured by Martin Rees. {",
"Rees, 1999] This is the so-called Goldilocks scenario. ",
"Our universe may not be the only one that exists. ",
"There may be innumerable universes out there, each having different laws and conditions, and among them there will by chance be some that are suitable for life. ",
"Obviously we could not exist in a universe that was not suitable for life, so of course our universe is suitable.",
"\n\nThere are a lot of ingenious variations on this theme but they all come to more or less the same conclusion. ",
"Yet it is going to be difficult, probably impossible, to provide scientific evidence for the existence of other universes, and critics can and do object that the whole idea seems like special pleading. ",
"They can claim, with some plausibility, that the notion of a Designer is more economical.",
"\n\nNot that deism has all the answers either. ",
"The deist says that there must be a God to explain the universe. ",
"But then the sceptic counters by asking: who created God? ",
"You are not supposed to ask this question, the theologian replies. ",
"God is the ultimate cause, the unmoved mover, the uncaused cause. ",
"But in that case, why not stop with the universe itself? ",
"Why should the universe not be its own cause?",
"\n\nActually, if you must have a Designer, it seems to me that on the facts we currently have you would be better off believing in what Plato in the Timaeus called the demiurge than in the Christian omnipotent God. ",
"This is a super-intelligent being who imposes order on chaos – on material that already existed. ",
"The universe we have is the result of his efforts. ",
"He did his best but there are still a lot of imperfections. ",
"All the problems in our world would then be the fault of the demiurge, who is powerful but not all-powerful, knowledgeable but not omniscient. ",
"And good but not all-good? ",
"That too, perhaps.",
"\n\nThe notion of a demiurge fits the known facts quite well without the obvious difficulty of explaining illness and suffering in a world designed by a God who is both all-powerful and all-good. ",
"But who, what, and where is this demiurge? ",
"There does not seem to be a place for him in our world. ",
"One possible answer lies in an extended version of our own technology.",
"\n\nThe simulation hypothesis\n\nA number of philosophers and scientists have played with what could be thought of as a technological variant of Deism – the simulation hypothesis. ",
"Perhaps we really do live in the Matrix. ",
"The basic idea is that super-intelligent beings have constructed a virtual universe in a computer and are simulating us. ",
"These beings, it is suggested, could be our own descendants in the far future (although there seems to be an element of circularity in that idea) or else super-intelligent inhabitants of other worlds or even other universes. ",
"In any case, we would not be \"real\", and the simulators would have the status of gods so far as we are concerned.",
"\n\nThe more I think about this scenario, in fact, the more indistinguishable it seems from the Creator God hypothesis. ",
"If you believe in a God who created the world and us, you ought to give equal credence to the idea that we are just simulations in a world of virtual reality.",
"\n\nAs so often, there was a delightful anticipation of this by Lewis Carroll in that profoundly metaphysical book, _Through the Looking Glass_.",
"\n\n\"[The Red King is] dreaming now,\" said Tweedledee: \"and what do you think he's dreaming about?\"",
"\n\nAlice said: \"Nobody can guess that.\"",
"\n\n\"Why, about you!\" ",
"Tweedledee exclaimed, clapping his hands triumphantly. \"",
"And if he left off dreaming about you, where do you suppose you'd be?\"",
"\n\n\"Where I am now, of course,\" said Alice.",
"\n\n\"Not you!\" ",
"Tweedledee retorted contemptuously. \"",
"You'd be nowhere. ",
"Why, you're only a sort of thing in his dream!\"",
"\n\n\"If that there King was to wake,\" added Tweedledum, \"you'd go out – bang! – ",
"just like a candle!\"",
"\n\n\"I shouldn't!\" ",
"Alice exclaimed indignantly. \"",
"Besides, if I'm only a sort of thing in his dream, what are you, I should like to know?\"",
"\n\n\"Ditto,\" said Tweedledum.",
"\n\n\"Ditto ditto,\" cried Tweedledee.",
"\n\nHe shouted this so loud that Alice couldn't help saying, \"Hush! ",
"you'll be waking him, I'm afraid, if you make so much noise.\"",
"\n\n\"Well, it's no use your talking about waking him,\" said Tweedledee, \"when you're only one of the things in his dream. ",
"You know very well you're not real.\"",
"\n\n\"I _am_ real!\" ",
"said Alice, and began to cry.",
"\n\n\"You won't make yourself a bit realler by crying,\" Tweedledee remarked: \"there's nothing to cry about.\"",
"\n\n\"If I wasn't real,\" Alice said– half-laughing through her tears, it all seemed so ridiculous – \"I shouldn't be able to cry.\"",
"\n\n\"I hope you don't suppose those are real tears?\" ",
"Tweedledum interrupted in a tone of great contempt.",
"\n\nAlice's dilemma is a very ancient one. ",
"The seventeenth-century Spanish playwright Calderón used it in his play Life is a Dream, and long before him the Chinese Taoist sage Chuang Tzu said on waking that he could not be sure if he was a man who had dreamt he was a butterfly or a butterfly who had dreamt he was a man.",
"\n\nThe simulation hypothesis is much like solipsism – the idea that nothing exists but me. ",
"It seems to be impossible to disprove but, as Paul Davies says, it is best ignored for that very reason.",
"\n\nI should say the same of deism, which I see as a cop-out. ",
"For many eighteenth and nineteenth century thinkers it seems to have been a half-way house to atheism – a step they were emotionally unwilling to take. ",
"In this they were at one with most people throughout history. ",
"In fact, the attempt to eliminate religion is almost certainly never going to succeed. ",
"At all times and places most people have been religious. ",
"It is not belief that requires explanation but nonbelief. ",
"As Taner Edis has written, \"For most people, learning to do without a God is a costly undertaking for no clear benefit.\" [",
"Edis, 2002]\n\nNaturalism\n\nYet, for whatever psychological reasons, this is not my position. ",
"I prefer to go the whole hog and have learned to do without God. ",
"The way I now like to think of these things has been beautifully expressed by Lee Smolin.",
"\n\n\"The world will always be here, and it will always be different, more varied, more interesting, more alive, but still always the world in all its complexity and incompleteness. ",
"There is nothing behind it, no absolute or platonic world to transcend to. ",
"All there is of Nature is what is around us. ",
"All there is of Being is relations among real, sensible things. ",
"All we have of natural law is a world that has made itself. ",
"All we may expect of human law is what we can negotiate among ourselves, and what we take as our responsibility.\" [",
"Smolin, 1997]\n\nI love this almost lyrical passage, taken from a book about science, because it gives the lie to those who say that if you don't believe in the supernatural you lack poetry and vision.",
"\n\nIn more prosaic philosophical terms, the position Smolin describes here is called naturalism. ",
"This always seems to me an odd word. ",
"To describe oneself as a naturalist might suggest that one spends most of one's time out in the country studying beetles, but in the present context it refers to a particular philosophical outlook. ",
"It takes two forms, one more radical than the other.",
"\n\nMethodological naturalism is the application of naturalism to science. ",
"It assumes that science can be practised without referring to anything outside the natural world, though it leaves room for the existence of the supernatural, including the idea that there is a God who started the whole thing off. ",
"Scientists who are also religious believers will therefore be methodological naturalists.",
"\n\nMetaphysical naturalism (also called ontological naturalism) is the more radical position that there is nothing apart from nature. ",
"For a slightly more technical definition, here is the beginning of the entry in Wikipedia.",
"\n\n\"Metaphysical naturalism is any worldview in which the world is amenable to a unified study that includes the natural sciences and in this sense the world is a unity. ",
"According to such a view, nature is all there is, and all things supernatural (which stipulatively includes spirits and souls, non-natural values, and universals as they are commonly conceived) do not exist. [",
"Wikipedia, \"Metaphysical Naturalism\"]\n\nSo on this view there is no God. ",
"Everything that exists is in principle capable of being studied and explained by science, although in practice, of course, our minds and resources may not be up to the task. ",
"This is how I see things myself.",
"\n\nThis position is called \"metaphysical\" because it can't be proved to be true. ",
"There is no conclusive evidence either way, so it is an agnostic view. ",
"Adopting it is, in a sense, a choice we make.",
"\n\nBut what does it really mean to say we choose to believe something? ",
"We wish to say we believe on rational grounds, and we can usually supply reasons for what we believe. ",
"But as I said in Chapter 2 when I described my loss of belief in Catholicism, I think that many of our beliefs arise from brain processes that are not accessible to consciousness.",
"\n\nThis is quite similar to what happens when we think we perform a willed action. ",
"Daniel M. Wegner has made what I think is a convincing case, based on experiment rather than philosophy, for the theory that the conscious will is an illusion. [",
"Wegner, 2002] There are two pathways to action, he suggests. ",
"There is the \"real\" but unconscious pathway that produces the action, and a second \"apparent\" pathway that produces the illusion of conscious initiation of action. ",
"This is certainly a disturbing idea – where does it leave our ordinary ideas of justice, retribution, responsibility and so on? ",
"But I suspect it is right, and some very recent research supports the idea. [",
"Soon C.S., Brass M. and others, \"Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain\". ",
"Online Brief Communication Abstract, Nature Neuroscience, 13 April 2008.]",
"\n\nWegner says that free will is best understood as an emotion – \"authorship emotion\". ",
"Belief, I should say, is produced in just the same way as our willed actions – it is \"belief emotion\". ",
"We imagine we arrive at our beliefs rationally, after weighing up the evidence, but all this happens after we have formed the belief, it is not what gives rise to the belief in the first place. ",
"There is a vast amount of brain activity going on that never reaches consciousness, just as the pictures on our television screens are produced by electrical activity we cannot detect and few of us understand except in the vaguest way.",
"\n\nThe emotional character of belief explains why it is so firmly held, particularly in matters of politics and religion, and why such convictions are notoriously impossible to alter by argument. ",
"When our opinions about such matters do change, the new outlook simply emerges in our mind as a given, and we then find the reasons that show why we are right.",
"\n\nThis has been my own experience. ",
"At various times in my life I held other views, but now I find I am a metaphysical naturalist. ",
"I am sure that this a rational view to hold, but I am also sure that I have adopted it because it feels right for me. ",
"And I continue to recognize its provisional nature, which is – I hope – my insurance against falling into the Casaubon delusion.",
"\n\nWhat it means in practice\n\nOne reason that many people have for rejecting metaphysical naturalism is that it appears to be a bleak view. ",
"It means that no one is in charge. ",
"No seers in the Himalayas gave us the Truth in sacred texts at the dawn of time. ",
"There is no Hidden Directorate in Central Asia or anywhere else. ",
"Whatever messes we make we will have to clear up ourselves if we can. ",
"No one will come to rescue us: no visitors from outer space, no angels, no Saviour at the end of the world to make everything right. ",
"So there is no plan in human history – no scheme of redemption, no divinely ordained purpose.",
"\n\nThere is no plan in prehistory either. ",
"Evolution is a mindless process with no goal in prospect; it was not set up to produce us. ",
"The probable reason the dinosaurs are not still here now is that the Earth was struck by a meteorite 65 million years ago. ",
"But unless you wish to picture God hurling a thunderbolt at the Earth and calling out: \"Time's up for you, Dinosaurs; make way for the mammals!\" ",
"this was a purely chance event, which might perfectly well not have occurred. ",
"It is easy to imagine a world still populated by dinosaurs.",
"\n\nNor was their extinction the only or even the biggest such world-reshaping disaster to hit our planet. ",
"The great extinction at the end of the Permian, about 251 million years ago, was much bigger, resulting in the loss of more than 90 per cent of the species on Earth – and those that did survive probably did so mainly by good luck. ",
"We're here, but we might easily not have been. ",
"So we had better make the most of the opportunity chance has given us.",
"\n\nThis view is not bleak for me. ",
"In fact, I prefer it to the main alternative, which is to suppose that there is a puppet-master up there pulling the strings. ",
"All the same, I can sympathize with those who seek to preserve a shred of purpose in their view of life, even though they reject any kind of God.",
"\n\nThe religious temperament\n\nThere seem to be two classes of atheists. ",
"One group, who might be called untroubled atheists, consists of those who never had a religious belief or lost it quite early in life and never thought much about it again. ",
"Examples are Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, and Jonathan Miller. ",
"The second group is that of the troubled atheists: many nineteenth-century unbelievers were in this category and more recent examples include Iris Murdoch and Marghanita Laski. ",
"The people in this group don't necessarily regret their atheism or wish they could believe (though some do), but they recognize that the questions religion seeks to answer are important and think religion as a phenomenon deserves being taken seriously.",
"\n\nAnother way of describing the same difference is in terms of what has been called the religious temperament. ",
"Thomas Nagel is an atheist philosopher who says he has this temperament, which he describes as a disposition to seek a view of the world that is similar to that provided by religion though it is not religious. ",
"Not only does he not believe in God, he actively doesn't want there to be a God. ",
"At the same time he is unable to dismiss as meaningless the kinds of questions that religion traditionally has sought to answer. ",
"The ultimate example of this is what he calls the cosmic question, which is: How can we find a relation to the universe at the deepest level?",
"\n\nThis question is regarded as meaningless by most atheists and as in any case insoluble, therefore not worth considering. ",
"But Nagel finds it to be inescapable. ",
"He discusses it at length in his impressive essay Secular Philosophy and the Religious Temperament, which I recommend to anyone who discerns this characteristic in themselves.",
"\n\nAs I have said, not everyone does. ",
"David Hume, Nagel thinks, is the major philosopher who most conspicuously lacks the religious temperament, though he is certainly not unique. ",
"Hume's outlook, which Nagel believes is probably dominant among atheists, places physical science at the top of the hierarchy of understanding for the universe as a whole. ",
"But the universe revealed by chemistry and physics, however beautiful and awe-inspiring, is meaningless – it is incapable of meaning. ",
"We can get a lot of aesthetic and intellectual satisfaction out of trying to understand it but we will never find that this provides a reason why we are here.",
"\n\nThis way of thinking, Nagel complains, renders our situation in the ultimate analysis absurd – a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. ",
"He wants to escape from this depressing prospect by finding a way of integrating our life with the cosmos as a whole.",
"\n\nAt this point we are often told that the answer is humanism. ",
"Many atheists say that human life provides us with the best answer we can expect, which is that the human species or community gives meaning to our individual lives, and this is the nearest we can come to a world soul. ",
"I have never thought that this is an adequate response and I am glad to find that Nagel doesn't either. ",
"Our life is too parochial, too limited, for it to work. ",
"Moreover, I can't see that humanity is such a resounding success that it could serve as an answer to the cosmic question. ",
"I therefore don't like to describe myself as a humanist.",
"\n\nNagel thinks, or hopes, that it may be possible to find an answer by seeking an element of purpose (teleology) in the way the universe is constituted, though of course without postulating a Creator of any sort to back it up. ",
"He acknowledges that this attempt to find even a vestige of meaning – he recognizes that it will not be much more than that – may fail. \"",
"In that case, since the cosmic question won't go away and humanism is too feeble an answer, the absurd has my vote.\"",
"\n\nPaul Davies is a scientist who also seems to have the religious temperament and, like Nagel, favours some kind of purpose-based (teleological) theory to explain the existence of minds. ",
"Teleology is very unfashionable in science today, largely because it seems to offer a toehold for religion, but Davies says that it could be accommodated within science if we accept the possibility of backward causation in time, which would allow observers today or in the future to help shape the nature of reality in the past. ",
"This might lead to a self-explaining universe, with no need to postulate anything else to account for it. ",
"The idea certainly sounds very odd but apparently it is scientifically at least semi-respectable. ",
"Like Nagel, however, Davies realizes that it would not be a substitute for religion – at most it would be \"science with a friendly face\".",
"\n\nIf you find these last ideas difficult to come to terms with, you are not alone; it seems that Davies does too. ",
"He concludes his book as follows:\n\n\"The whole paraphernalia of gods and laws, of space, time and matter, of purpose and design, rationality and absurdity,meaning and mystery, may yet be swept away and replaced by revelations as yet undreamt of.\" [",
"Davies, 2006]\n\nI can go along with that. ",
"It seems to me self-evident that our present understanding of the material universe must be quite partial and inadequate. ",
"Less than a century has passed since astronomers believed that our galaxy was the whole universe. ",
"Then they discovered that there are more galaxies than we can count, and the universe may even be infinite. ",
"Now there is a recognized science of cosmology, in which questions about the origin of the universe, which used to be confined to theology, can be discussed in a secular context. ",
"The world as we now understand it would have been inconceivable to the scientists of the nineteenth century. ",
"Who knows what it will look like in two hundred years, always assuming that our civilization endures that long? ",
"So I am very far from thinking that we have all the answers or even all the questions.",
"\n\nIn fact, I would go further. ",
"Our brains have evolved to deal with practical matters such as not falling over cliffs, avoiding predators, and finding food, shelter and mates. ",
"It is astonishing that they are also capable of speculating about highly abstract questions such as the origin of the universe. ",
"It seems quite likely that there are other matters that we are incapable of thinking about, just as a chimpanzee is incapable of thinking about quantum mechanics.",
"\n\nBut some people then go on to say that our ignorance makes it arrogant to reject all religious answers. \"",
"How can you do this,\" they say, \"when there is so much you don't know? ",
"Why shouldn't there be a supernatural realm as well as this one?\" ",
"But if there is something we are incapable of thinking about we can't even know that we are incapable! ",
"Anyway, this is where I stop. ",
"Having been involved in at least two major totality beliefs in the course of my life I now prefer to let go of all such metaphysical speculations.",
"\n\nI didn't always think this way. ",
"For much of my life I supposed I had the religious temperament; but now I find I don't, or if I do, it is to a smaller extent than I thought. ",
"I can understand why many people feel the need for this dimension in their lives but I see I can live without it. ",
"I don't have any great psychological difficulty in accepting that our existence is absurd.",
"\n\nIt isn't a loss. ",
"Most things stay the same. ",
"Morality has no necessary dependence on one's metaphysical beliefs so my behaviour is probably no worse than it would be if I were a believer. ",
"As for a sense of wonder at the world, that is as strong as ever, perhaps even stronger since I think we have nothing else to look forward to. ",
"The disappearance of species which our short-sighted greed and profligacy is bringing about is all the harder to bear for that. ",
"I would rather burn the Mona Lisa than destroy a species.",
"\n\nI find nowadays that I can simply let go of the ultimate questions. ",
"I no longer feel a compelling need for a totality answer. ",
"Here I am in agreement with Richard Feynman, who said \"I don't feel frightened by not knowing things, by being lost in the mysterious universe without having any purpose, which is the way it really is, as far as I can tell\". [",
"Edited transcript of a BBC Horizon interview in 1981]\n\nI know this is a minority view. ",
"Most people, at all times and in all places, have wanted certainties, and most have tended to believe in an unseen world. ",
"It is often said that the refusal to do so comes from intellectual arrogance, an over-valuing of the rational mind at the expense of the imagination. ",
"This was William Blake's view and he is often quoted today by those who want to disparage the values of the Enlightenment in favour of mysticism and intuition. ",
"But I don't think that rationality and imagination are mutually exclusive, as the passage from Lee Smolin I quoted just now shows. ",
"We need imagination, but we have always to check our creative intuitions against reality. ",
"This is what Marghanita Laski's theory of ecstasy implies, and she was right.",
"\n\nThere nevertheless may be a price to pay for lacking religious belief. ",
"Many studies over the last twenty years have concluded that having a religious outlook and participating in some kind of religious ritual have psychological benefits. ",
"People who do these things tend to live longer, healthier lives than those who don't.",
"\n\nIt is not entirely clear how we should interpret these studies, but even if they are valid, what follows? ",
"One can't believe to order. ",
"It is apparently possible to participate in the life of the Church without believing in its dogmas, as do, for example, Martin Rees and Ursula Goodenough. ",
"But I think you have to have the religious temperament for this option to work, and it wouldn't work for me – I have always found church boring. ",
"It is a bit like tea-drinking, which is also supposed to be good for you; but if, like me, you can't stand the taste of tea, you won't drink it no matter how healthy a choice it may be.",
"\n\nI am quite prepared to believe that lack of religious sensibility is a congenital deficiency in me. ",
"It may be like being tone deaf: a disability you are stuck with that cuts you off from an area of experience that most other people enjoy. ",
"But if lacking religious sensibility has a cost for the individual, as perhaps it may, the cost for society is probably more serious. ",
"As other atheists have said, the decline in religious belief – if it continues – represents \"an impoverishment, a drying up of the one of the deeper springs from which the human imagination in time past has been nourished\". [",
"Dodds, 1977] Our mainly post-religious society, obsessed as its members often are with having a good time and hang the consequences, is dysfunctional in many ways and one can understand why traditional believers, especially Muslims, dislike and despise it.",
"\n\nFor as long as we have been fully human, it seems, we have believed in and sometimes experienced an unseen world of spirits, and whether we can live without that awareness, illusory though it may be, is still uncertain. ",
"What, if anything, should or can be done about it, I have no idea.",
"\n\nI think that if there was one thing I would like to know before I die it is whether there is any other intelligent life in the universe. ",
"Everything seems to hinge on that. ",
"If there is, our disappearance from the scene would be bad for us but would not make much difference in the grand scheme of things. ",
"If there isn't, perhaps we over-value intelligence.",
"\n\nThere is no doubt of the importance – to us – of intelligence. ",
"It is what distinguishes us from the rest of life on this planet. ",
"Language, art, philosophy, and science are supremely significant – for us. ",
"Indeed, they are all the more important for possibly being unique in the galaxy or even the universe. ",
"But this does not mean that the universe exists to produce minds. ",
"The belief that it does may be the last stronghold of anthropocentrism, the ultimate hubristic delusion. (",
"Do insects, bats and birds believe that the purpose of the universe is to produce creatures with wings?)",
"\n\nWhether this is so or not, the universe will go on in its appointed course and finally dissolve into nothingness, be reborn, or do something else we cannot conceive of. ",
"Long before that happens our sun will have expanded into a red giant and swallowed us up. ",
"But we may not have to wait that long for our end; in fact, at the present rate of progress it may take less than a hundred years. ",
"Martin Rees does not give our civilization a better than 50:50 chance of making it until the end of this century. [",
"Rees, 2003]\n\nWould it matter? ",
"It would to us. ",
"Life would go on and would recover from our depredations, but it would take a long time. ",
"After most of the mass extinctions in the past it has taken about 10 million years for life to regain its former diversity. ",
"That is about five times as long as creatures we would think of as approximately human have been on earth, so it is not going to help us much. (",
"Dawkins has speculated, not very seriously, that after a man-made disaster resulting in large-scale extinction, rats would survive and there might arise a species of intelligent rodent.)",
"\n\nBut even if we succeed in avoiding disaster, which at a minimum will require us to prevent catastrophic climate change, the longer term does not look brilliant. ",
"Stephen Oppenheimer remarks that the effects of global warming could be little more than a blip on the way to the next glacial maximum, [Oppenheimer, 2003] and Richard Fortey is still more pessimistic, comparing mankind to a \"parasitic tick gorging himself on temporary plenty while the seas are low and the climate comparatively clement. ",
"But the present arrangement will change, and with it our brief supremacy.\" [",
"Fortey, 2004]\n\nThe very continents we stand on and fight over are shifting under our feet. ",
"All the land masses have come together in supercontinents several times in the prehistory of the Earth and it will happen again. ",
"When it does, the conditions for life will become all but intolerable both on the land and in the ocean. ",
"Nothing stays the same, nothing is constant. (\"",
"All that arises, ceases\"– the Buddha]\n\nMy favourite Shakespeare play has long been _The Tempest_ , and particularly these lines which, for me, say it all.",
"\n\nThese our actors,\n\nAs I foretold you, were all spirits, and\n\nAre melted into air, into thin air:\n\nAnd, like the baseless fabric of this vision,\n\nThe cloud-capp'd towers, the gorgeous palaces,\n\nThe solemn temples, the great globe itself,\n\nYea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve,\n\nAnd like this insubstantial pageant faded,\n\nLeave not a wrack behind. ",
"We are such stuff\n\nAs dreams are made on; and our little life\n\nIs rounded with a sleep.",
"\n\nAppendix: References for Chapter 9\n\nAda G.L. Host factors important in immune surveillance against tumours. ",
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"\n\nBooth G. A \"spontaneous\" recovery from cancer. ",
"Journal d'Urologie et de Nephrologie, 78(7) (pp 723-6), 1972.",
"\n\nHeim M.E., Kobele C. Spontaneous remission in cancer. ",
"Onkologie, 18(5) (pp 388-392), 1995.",
"\n\nHeim M., Schwarz R. Spontaneous remission of cancer: Epidemiological and psychosozial aspects. ",
"Zeitschrift Fuer Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 46(1) (pp 57-70), 2000.",
"\n\nHellstrom P.A., Malinen L., Malinen H. Spontaneous remission of bladder neoplasm. ",
"European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 18(5) (pp 521-523), 1992.",
"\n\nHerbert V. Unproven (questionable) dietary and nutritional methods in cancer prevention and treatment. ",
"Cancer, 58(8 SUPPL.) (",
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"\n\nHercbergs A. Spontaneous remission of cancer – A thyroid hormone dependent phenomenon? ",
"Anticancer Research, 19(6A) (pp 4839-4844), 1999.",
"\n\nHercbergs A., Leith J.T. Spontaneous remission of metastatic lung cancer following myxedema coma. ",
"Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 85(16) (pp 1342-1343), 1993.",
"\n\nHurwitz P.J. Spontaneous regression of metastatic melanoma. ",
"Annals of Plastic Surgery, 26(4) (pp 403-406), 1991.",
"\n\nKappauf H.W. Unexpected benign course and spontaneous recovery in malignant disease. ",
"Onkologie, 14(SUPPL. ",
"1) (pp 32-35), 1991.",
"\n\nKappauf H. et al. ",
"Complete spontaneous remission in a patient with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. ",
"Case report, review of literature, and discussion of possible biological pathways involved. ",
"Annals of Oncology, 8(10) (pp 1031-1039), 1997.",
"\n\nKleef R. et al. ",
"Fever, cancer incidence and spontaneous remission. ",
"Neuroimmunomodulation, 9(2) (pp 55-64), 2001.",
"\n\nLokich J. Spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cancer: Case report and literature review. ",
"American Journal of Clinical Oncology-Cancer Clinical Trials, 20(4) (pp 416-418), 1997.",
"\n\nMagalotti D. et al. ",
"Transient spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma. ",
"Hepato-Gastroenterology, 45(24) (pp 2369-2371), 1998.",
"\n\nMastall H. Spontaneous remission of lung metastases of a primary uterus carcinoma during immune therapy. ",
"Zeitschrift fur Onkologie, 29(3) (pp 87-88), 1997.",
"\n\nMerkin L. The aetiology of cancer: clues from spontaneous recovery. ",
"Medical Hypotheses, 4(2):136-40, 1978.",
"\n\nMurakawa M. et al. ",
"Spontaneous remission from acute exacerbation of chronic adult T-cell leukemia. ",
"Blut, 61(6) (pp 346-349), 1990.",
"\n\nNiakan B. A hypothesis on the biochemistry of spontaneous remissions of cancer: Coupling of oxidative phosphorylation and the remission of cancer. ",
"Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals, 14(4) (pp 297-298), 1999.",
"\n\nSchartz R., Heim M. Psychosocial considerations about spontaneous remission of cancer. ",
"Onkologie, 23(5) (pp 432435), 2000.",
"\n\nSchmidt W. Spontaneous remission of a cancer of the right lung, following left side pneumonectomy because of squamous cell lung cancer, four years ago. ",
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"\n\nSugimura T., Ushijima T. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in carcinogenesis. ",
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"\n\nTakemura M. et al. ",
"Case of spontaneous regression of metastatic lesions of leiomyosarcoma of the esophagus. ",
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"\n\nTakezako Y. et al. ",
"Spontaneous remission in acute type adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. ",
"Leukemia & Lymphoma, 39(1-2) (pp 217-222), 2000.",
"\n\nToyoda H. et al. ",
"Hepatocellular carcinoma with spontaneous regression of multiple lung metastases. ",
"Pathology International, 49(10) (pp 893-897), 1999.",
"\n\nVan Halteren H.K et al. ",
"Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma. ",
"Journal of Hepatology, Vol 27(1) (pp 211-215), 1997.",
"\n\nWestcott R. Can miracles happen? ",
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"\n\n"
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"Two months before Christine Blasey Ford went public with her sexual assault allegation against Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh, she confided in a reporter for the Washington Post.",
"\n\nFord \"told me her story\" in early July, reporter Emma Brown said. \"",
"But she was terrified about going public. ",
"She didn't want to speak on the record.\"",
"\n\nAccording to Brown, Ford continued to struggle with this decision. ",
"Brown kept in touch with her and kept trying to report out the facts of the sexual assault allegation. ",
"But the information from Ford was shared \"off the record,\" limiting her ability to publish anything.",
"\n\n\"When someone speaks to a reporter off the record, we have a responsibility to keep that off the record and to honor that pledge of confidentiality,\" Brown said on CNN Monday morning. \"",
"So as she struggled this summer to decide what to do about her story, I did what reporting I could without betraying her confidence.\"",
"\n\nIn the past few days, Ford changed her mind and decided to speak on the record. ",
"The result was Brown's bombshell story on Sunday afternoon.",
"\n\nNow Kavanaugh's future on the Supreme Court hangs in the balance. ",
"He again denied the allegations on Monday, saying \"I have never done anything like what the accuser describes -- to her or to anyone.\" ",
"Both Ford and Kavanaugh have said that they are willing to speak with Congress to tell their sides of the story.",
"\n\nBrown's story gives the impression of a woman who agonized over this decision, who didn't rush to speak out for political purposes. ",
"Quite the opposite, in fact.",
"\n\nFord was starkly quoted in the Post saying, \"Why suffer through the annihilation if it's not going to matter?\"",
"\n\nThis timeline is critical for understanding what happened over the summer and what might happen next.",
"\n\nA reluctant voice\n\nBrown reported that Ford first contacted The Post through a \"tip line\" in early July, after Kavanaugh was on the SCOTUS short list, but before he was nominated by President Trump.",
"\n\nThe Post offers people several different ways to contact the paper on a confidential basis.",
"\n\n\"She really wanted to tell somebody her story, but she also didn't want to have her life upended,\" Brown said on CNN's \"New Day\" Monday morning. \"",
"And she was terrified of what would happen if she came forward.\"",
"\n\nAccording to The Post's account, Ford then wrote to her local congresswoman, Anna G. Eshoo, sometime in July; then, via Eshoo's office, she wrote to Sen. Dianne Feinstein at the end of July.",
"\n\n\"Brett Kavanaugh physically and sexually assaulted me during high school in the early 1980's,\" Ford wrote to Feinstein.",
"\n\nFord initially asked for, and received, confidentiality from Feinstein's office.",
"\n\nMeantime, Brown knew about a potentially explosive allegation about the Supreme Court nominee -- but had to sit on it.",
"\n\nShe \"spent weeks talking and trying to confirm the claims\" contained in the letter, her colleague Aaron C. Davis tweeted on Sunday.",
"\n\nIn August Ford hired a lawyer and passed a polygraph test. ",
"But she saw Kavanaugh breezing toward confirmation.",
"\n\n\"At the end of August, she had decided 'I'm not coming forward. ",
"It's not worth it,\" Brown said in a second interview on CNN. \"",
"And then she started to feel like things changed.\"",
"\n\nThat's because word of the secret letter to Feinstein began to leak out.",
"\n\nNot long after the the Senate began to hold confirmation hearings for Kavanaugh, reporters from other news outlets started knocking at her door and calling her colleagues.",
"\n\nBuzzFeed News D.C. bureau chief Kate Nocera confirmed some of this on Sunday, tweeting that \"BuzzFeed News had attempted to speak with her prior to news of the letter breaking. ",
"She declined to comment.\"",
"\n\n\"There's nothing to indicate the timing was calculated,\" BuzzFeed News editor in chief Ben Smith added. \"",
"Last Monday,\" meaning September 10, \"she clearly didn't want to tell her story to a reporter. ",
"Then whispers of the letter leaked into public.\"",
"\n\nThis happened first through The Intercept website, which published a story about a \"Brett Kavanaugh-related document\" last Wednesday.",
"\n\n\"It started just unspooling,\" Brown said on \"New Day.\"",
"\n\nFord told Brown that she heard people repeating untrue things about her. ",
"She feared being exposed and feared losing control.",
"\n\n\"Her calculation shifted,\" Brown said, \"because she felt like her privacy was already being invaded and she still had this thing in her that wanted people to know what had happened to her.\"",
"\n\nSo Ford agreed to speak on the record for the Post story.",
"\n\n\"I feel like my civic responsibility is outweighing my anguish and terror about retaliation,\" she told Brown.",
"\n\nWill she speak on TV?",
"\n\nSo far Ford's only interview has been with The Post. ",
"Will she sit down with a television interviewer? ",
"For better or worse, a TV segment could have more impact.",
"\n\nOn Monday morning, Ford's lawyer Debra Katz said Ford would be willing to testify publicly.",
"\n\n\"Coming forward in our newspaper was a huge and terrifying step for her,\" Brown said on CNN, \"and I think that coming forward to be questioned publicly would be, you know, yet another huge and terrifying step.\"",
"\n\nCNN's MJ Lee, reporting live outside Ford's home in Palo Alto on Sunday night, spoke with a friend who said, \"She's fine. ",
"She's not interested in talking to you guys, though.\" ",
"Regarding her whereabouts, he said, \"She's not going to be coming back here, no.\""
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[
"Friday, December 18, 2015\n\nWoot, finally got 1000 Team Protoss wins and completed the Team Zen Master achievement (awarded for achieving 1000 rank/unranked wins for each race, including random)! ",
"This unlocked the Predator portrait - shown below. ",
"Played 1057 games this season to get 503 team protoss wins."
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[
"When it comes to soy, don't blame the bean; blame the processing\n\nby Mike Adams, the Health Ranger, NaturalNews Editor\n\n(NaturalNews) One of the strangest behaviors I've ever seen in the natural health crowd is something I call \"Soy Rage.\" ",
"It's an angry reaction that wells up in some people every time they hear me recommend natural, non-GMO, home-made soy milk.",
"\n\nPeople get angry about it. ",
"Downright nasty at times. ",
"They insist all soy is bad for you and there's no such thing as \"healthy soy.\" ",
"To that, I say stop blaming the plant.",
"\n\nBlame the processing. (",
"And the slash-and-burn farming...)\n\nProcessed soy is atrociously bad for you\n\nBased on everything I've learned over the last decades or soy, I believe that processed soy products are atrociously bad for you. ",
"I wouldn't touch a carton of Silk with a ten-foot straw. ",
"Processed tofu is a nutritious joke, and when it comes to soy protein, I've already published numerous articles exposing the toxins found in conventional processed soy protein.",
"\n\nProcessed soy, like lots of processed things, is quite bad for your health.",
"\n\nBut natural soy, grown organically (and locally, where possible), can actually be quite good for you. ",
"Natural soy milk, made right at home, has been part of the healthy traditional Chinese diet for thousands of years. ",
"Some of its plant-based nutrients have very powerful anti-cancer elements that can help prevent both prostate and breast cancers. ",
"Natural, non-GMO soy has some very positive properties and can play an important role in a healthy disease-preventing diet.",
"\n\nBut the Soy Rage people don't see it that way. ",
"To them, all soy is bad for you, end of discussion.",
"\n\nIt's an ignorant belief. ",
"It's like saying \"all sugar is bad for you.\"",
"\n\nWell, not really. ",
"When I take a machete and cut some living sugar cane stalks here in Ecuador, and I take them to a sugar cane juicing machine and squeeze out all the green juice, with all its minerals and phytonutrients, and then I enjoy that amazing beverage, it's very good for me! ",
"Drinking raw sugar cane juice is a lot like drinking wheat grass juice (sugar cane is actually a grass) except it tastes way better.",
"\n\nSugar is a lot like soy: When it's unprocessed and natural, it's quite good for you. ",
"When it's processed and modified, it's bad!",
"\n\nLots of things are good for you BEFORE they're processed\n\nMany people in the natural health arena need a better understanding of this: There are lots of things that are quite good for you in their unprocessed form. ",
"It's the processing that makes them bad for you.",
"\n\nProcessed (canned) fruits are bad. ",
"Raw, fresh fruits are good for you.",
"\n\nYou see, it's not the food itself that's good or bad -- it's the processing! ",
"And sadly, virtually all the foods consumed by most consumers today are highly processed.",
"\n\nWhat happens when you \"process\" food\n\nSo what's the problem with processing food anyway? ",
"When you process food, five very bad things happen:\n\n#1 - Minerals are stripped out, such as 98% of the magnesium being stripped out of wheat when it's milled and bleached into white flour.",
"\n\n#2 - Phytonutrients are destroyed. ",
"As much as 90% of the phytonutrient content is lost during processing. (",
"And remember, phytonutrients are the disease-fighting medicines found in foods.)",
"\n\n#3 - The physical properties of foods are artificially altered in a way that makes them dangerous. ",
"The homogenization of milk, for example, alters the fat molecules in milk, giving them properties that contribute to heart disease and clogged arteries. ",
"Partially-hydrogenated oils are also the result of a physical alteration that makes food dangerous for your health.",
"\n\n#4 - Calories are concentrated. ",
"When you process corn into High Fructose Corn Syrup, for example, you are concentrating calories in an unnatural way that then promotes diabetes and obesity.",
"\n\n#5 - Nutrient diversity is destroyed. ",
"In nature, every orange has a slightly different spectrum of nutrients, but by the time thousands of oranges are processed into orange juice, that natural variation has been lost. ",
"Processed food \"standardization\" is bad for you health because your body needs nutrient variety, not nutrient conformity.",
"\n\nThese five alterations turn a once-healthy food into a disease-promoting food. ",
"Once again, it's not the food, it's the processing that determines its health status.",
"\n\nSo what about soy?",
"\n\nGetting back to the soy question, if you drink soy milk as it has been traditionally made in Asia for thousands of years, it's good for you in moderation. ",
"If you drink processed, pasteurized, standardized garbage soy milk beverages made from pesticide-ridden soybeans (or GM soy), then you're just being duped.",
"\n\nReal soy milk, by the way, only lasts a couple of days in the refrigerator. ",
"It goes bad very quickly because it's real food. ",
"But processed soy milk lasts a long, long, long time without going sour. ",
"That makes me suspicious: Why won't bacteria eat this stuff?",
"\n\nAnd one of the best bits of food advice I can give you is simple this: If bacteria won't eat it, you probably shouldn't either.",
"\n\nAnything that has a long shelf life, in other words, is probably laced with toxic chemicals or completely devoid of nutrients. ",
"So don't eat it or drink it. ",
"That goes for margarine, processed cheese \"food\" (a hilarious misnomer if I've ever heard one) and processed soy milk.",
"\n\nNotice which brands have all the crap ratings? ",
"They're the most popular brands: Gardenburger (yuck!), ",
"Silk (are you kidding me?), ",
"Westsoy (ugh), Boca Burgers (choke!), ",
"and O Organics (do they think we're stupid?).",
"\n\nThe best brands were Eden Soy, Vermont Soy, Unisoya and many others that you can see for yourself on the scorecard.",
"\n\nSo please help me get the word out to those who suffer from Soy Rage -- it's not the plant, it's the processing! ",
"Soy can be really good, or soy can be really bad. ",
"It all depends on how you grow it and process it.",
"\n\nIt's really the same story with almost every food. ",
"Corn can be wholesome and healthy, or it can be made into liquid junk foods (HFCS). ",
"Same story with sugar, too. ",
"In fact, it's pretty darned ignorant to run around making blanket statements like, \"All ___ is bad\" (fill in the blank with whatever natural plant you wish).",
"\n\nI trust and believe that NaturalNews readers are the discerning type of people who recognize that the processing makes all the difference.",
"\n\nDon't believe food company health claims\n\nOf course, processed food companies exploit the confusion to try to position their highly processed junk foods as healthy foods. ",
"They proclaim, \"Made with soy!\" ",
"Or \"Made with omega-3s!\" ",
"Yeah, but they're probably all oxidized and nutritionally worthless by the time you open the box that's been on the shelf for four months.",
"\n\nMy advice? ",
"Stop believing anything the food companies say and simply think for yourself. ",
"If it's processed, packaged and made with a long list of un-pronouncable ingredients, it's almost certainly really, really bad for you. ",
"Avoid anything that's pasteurized, homogenized, hydrogenated or autolyzed and you'll live a whole lot longer.",
"\n\nAnd don't be afraid of goodsoy products. ",
"They can actually be quite healthy for you when consumed in moderation. ",
"I don't recommend drinking soy all day long every day, of course. ",
"There's a sensible limit on everything. ",
"But drinking some organic, trusted soy milk as part of your breakfast is perfectly healthy. ",
"In fact, it has some health benefits that are very clearly noted in the scientific literature.",
"\n\nSoy farming\n\nThe real downside to soy isn't the plant itself, but rather the slash-and-burn farming practices surrounding soy. ",
"In order to grow soy, farmers in Brazil and other South American countries are destroying the Amazon rainforest.",
"\n\nSome of this blame, of course, rests with U.S. soy product companies that have stopped buying soybeans from American farmers and resorted to cheaper, imported soybeans grown in areas that used to be pristine rainforest. ",
"That's why the Behind the Bean report mentioned above is so valuable: It helps clue us in on the origins of the soybeans used in various soy products.",
"\n\nThe biggest consumer of soy, however, is indirectly the meat industry. ",
"That's because most of the soy grown in the world ends up used in animal feed. ",
"So the single biggest step that consumers can take right now to save the Amazon rainforest is to stop eating meat that's raised on soybeans. ",
"That alone would curb soy production and put a halt to the destruction of the Amazon.",
"\n\nFor those who choose to eat soy, it's important to know where your soy comes from. ",
"If possible, buy soy products made from soybeans grown within your own country. ",
"The products may be more expensive than ones made from cheap slash-and-burn agricultural practices in the Amazon, but they make a lot more economic sense when you consider the bigger picture.",
"\n\nThe Amazon rainforest, of course, offers huge economic benefits when it is left intact and living. ",
"But those economic benefits don't appear on any accounting tables or GDP figures, so they are largely ignored. ",
"But the simple truth is that we're all better off with the Amazon rainforest alive than dead.",
"\n\nWant to save the Amazon? ",
"Eat less meat (raised on soybeans). ",
"And when you consume soy products, don't buy products made from soy grown in what used to be the Amazon rainforest.",
"\n\nAll content posted on this site is commentary or opinion and is protected under Free Speech. ",
"Truth Publishing LLC takes sole responsibility for all content. ",
"Truth Publishing sells no hard products and earns no money from the recommendation of products. ",
"NaturalNews.com is presented for educational and commentary purposes only and should not be construed as professional advice from any licensed practitioner. ",
"Truth Publishing assumes no responsibility for the use or misuse of this material. ",
"For the full terms of usage of this material, visit www.NaturalNews.com/terms.shtml"
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[
"WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. President Donald Trump backed the use of tax credits to help people purchase health insurance in a speech to Congress on Tuesday, the first time he signaled support for a key component of House Republican proposals to replace Obamacare.",
"\n\nRepublicans, who control the White House and Congress, are united in their opposition to former Democratic President Barack Obama’s signature 2010 healthcare law, but have so far failed to agree on the details of how to replace it.",
"\n\n“We should help Americans purchase their own coverage, through the use of tax credits and expanded Health Savings Accounts,” Trump said. “",
"But it must be the plan they want, not the plan forced on them by our government.”",
"\n\nDemocrats are ardently opposed to tampering with Obamacare, which provided coverage to millions of previously uninsured people.",
"\n\nA draft Republican replacement for Obamacare would include an age-based monthly tax credit that Americans who do not get health insurance through their employer could use to buy coverage and take from job to job.",
"\n\nSome Republicans have voiced resistance to that plan.",
"\n\nThe president’s comments were also a nod to health insurers - whom Trump met with on Monday - who say tax credits are necessary to keep people in the market.",
"\n\n“The fact that he used the word tax credits is a signal to congressional Republican ranks” that he supports their proposals, said Tom Miller, a resident fellow in health policy at the American Enterprise Institute think tank.",
"\n\nTrump also said Americans should be able to buy insurance across state lines, a proposal favored by health insurers because it would enable them to offer plans in states with fewer regulatory hurdles.",
"\n\nSlideshow ( 2 images )\n\nTrump said state governors should be given resources and flexibility on Medicaid, the government health insurance program for the poor, and ensure that “no one is left out.” ",
"That appeared to be an attempt to ease concerns from the more than 30 governors who expanded Medicaid coverage under Obamacare.",
"\n\nBut Trump offered few details on how he would reconcile House Republican plans to unwind the expansion of Medicaid with promises to maintain coverage for those who gained health insurance under Obamacare.",
"\n\nHe also reaffirmed that those with pre-existing conditions should have access to coverage but did not say how that would be accomplished."
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[
"Q:\n\nHow to disable authorization pop up on Android?",
"\n\nIn my device, whenever I connect it to a system, a pop up message asking for authorization comes up. ",
"Only after I authorize, I'm able to use adb. ",
"I'm building my own system, and display is not coming up properly, so to debug I need to use adb, but as adb is unauthorized I'm unable to use it. ",
"As display is not working, I do not see the popup message. ",
"Is there any way by which I can disable this authorization pop up? ",
"I got to know of some disable-verity option, but couldn't find it in adb 1.0.32.",
"\nAny idea on this?",
"\n\nA:\n\nadb disable-verity is available as of this version:\n$ adb version\nAndroid Debug Bridge version 1.0.32\nRevision 09a0d98bebce-android\n\nTo update adb on Linux you could\n1. ",
"Download android-sdk_[latest-version]-linux.tgz from here: \nhttps://developer.android.com/studio/index.html#downloads\n2. ",
"Extract the file: \n$ tar -zxvf android-sdk_[latest-version]-linux.tgz \n3. ",
"Download platform-tools packages: \n$ sudo android-sdk-linux/tools/android update sdk -t platform-tools --no-ui\n4. ",
"Set downloaded adb version as default: \n$ sudo mv android-sdk-linux/platform-tools/adb /usr/bin/adb\n\nNow you are able to execute $ adb disable-verity\n\n"
] | {
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] | 0.000954 | 13 |
[
"Q:\n\nWhen is momentum not conserved?",
"\n\nWhat are some common examples where momentum is not conserved?",
"\nThis question arose in my mind when I read that a ball dropped from a height penetrates into a bed of sand and that momentum is conserved.",
"\n\nA:\n\nAs lemon says, momentum is always conserved.",
"\nNevertheless, there are situations where we do not want to take the full system into account. ",
"We instead write an effective description in terms of a reduced set of variables. ",
"If the neglected degrees of freedom can absorb momentum, then the effective theory for the interesting variables looks like it does not conserve momentum.",
"\nFor example, a coin sliding on a table experiences a friction force. ",
"If you give it some speed and let it go it spontaneously stops. ",
"In the theory that takes only the coin into account, the momentum is not conserved. ",
"Of course the momentum hasn't disappeared. ",
"It went in imperceptible movement of the table, the ground, etc which were neglected.",
"\nFundamentally, momentum conservation is linked to invariance under space translations. ",
"See Noether's theorem. ",
"If you want to find a system that does not conserve momentum you should look for situations where space is not uniform, e.g. balls rolling on the surface of a bowl, a planetary system (when the dynamics of the sun is neglected), etc.",
"\n\n"
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[
"<div id=\"pm_settings\">\n <div class=\"settings\">\n <p class=\"alert alert-info\" ng-if=\"mobileMode\" translate translate-context=\"Info\" translate-comment=\"responsiveness info\">This page is only available on larger resolution devices. ",
"If you are on a phone, try landscape mode, or visit on a computer instead.</p>\n <restore-administrator-panel ng-if=\"keyStatus === 2\"></restore-administrator-panel>\n <div class=\"row\" ng-show=\"isFree === true\">\n <section class=\"setting pm_form full\">\n <header-block class=\"settingsDomains-header-free\">\n <h2\n class=\"settingsDomains-title-free\"\n translate\n translate-context=\"Title\">Domains</h2>\n </header-block>\n\n <p class=\"alert alert-info\" translate-context=\"Domains\" translate>Use your own domain with ProtonMail and use your own email address, e.g. yourname@yourdomain.com. ",
"To enable this feature, <a ui-sref=\"secured.dashboard({scroll: true})\">upgrade to ProtonMail Plus</a>.</p>\n </section>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"row\" id=\"settingsDomains\" ng-show=\"isAdmin === true\">\n <section class=\"setting pm_form full\">\n\n <header-block class=\"settingsDomains-header-domain\">\n <h2\n class=\"settingsDomains-title-domain\"\n translate\n translate-context=\"Title\">Domains</h2>\n\n <small class=\"settingsDomains-details-domain\" ng-if=\"isAdmin\">\n {{ organization.",
"UsedDomains }} / {{ organization.",
"MaxDomains }} <span translate-context=\"how many domains are in use\" translate>domains used.</span>\n <a\n class=\"settingsDomains-link-domain\"\n ui-sref=\"secured.dashboard({scroll: true})\"\n data-hide-upgrade=\"domain\"\n translate-context=\"Action\"\n translate-comment=\"link to dashboard page\" translate>Upgrade your plan</a>\n </small>\n </header-block>\n\n <p\n class=\"alert alert-info\"\n ng-show=\"organization.",
"UsedDomains === organization.",
"MaxDomains\"\n translate-context=\"Domains information\" translate>You have reached your custom domain limit. ",
"<a ui-sref=\"secured.dashboard\">Click here</a> to upgrade your plan to add more.</p>\n <div class=\"margin\">\n <button ng-hide=\"organization.",
"UsedDomains === organization.",
"MaxDomains\" type=\"button\" class=\"pm_button primary\" ng-click=\"addDomain()\" translate-context=\"Action\" translate-comment=\"button to add custom domains\" translate>Add custom domain</button>\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"pm_button\" ng-click=\"refreshStatus()\" translate-context=\"Action\" translate>Refresh domain status</button>\n </div>\n <div class=\"pm_table\">\n <table class=\"bordered domains\" ng-show=\"domains.length > 0\" id=\"domainsTable\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"col\" style=\"width: 10rem\" class=\"domain\" translate-context=\"Title\" translate>Domain</th>\n <th scope=\"col\" style=\"width: 30rem\" class=\"status\" translate-context=\"Title\" translate>Current status</th>\n <th scope=\"col\" style=\"width: 6rem\" class=\"text-right actions\" translate-context=\"Title\" translate>Actions</th>\n </tr>\n </thead>\n <tbody ng-repeat=\"domain in domains\">\n <tr ng-class=\"{ 'error': domain.",
"State === 0 || domain.",
"State === 2 }\">\n <td class=\"domain\">\n <strong>\n <i class=\"fa\" ng-class=\"{\n 'fa-check text-green': domain.",
"State === 1 && domain.Addresses.length > 0 && domain.",
"MxState === 3,\n 'fa-exclamation-triangle text-red': domain.",
"State === 0 || domain.",
"State === 2 || domain.Addresses.length === 0 || domain.",
"MxState === 1 || domain.",
"MxState === 2\n }\"></i>\n {{ domain.",
"DomainName }}\n </strong>\n </td>\n <td class=\"status\">\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"progress pm_button\" ng-click=\"verification(domain)\" ng-class=\"{\n 'success': domain.",
"VerifyState === 2,\n 'error': domain.",
"VerifyState === 1\n }\">\n <i class=\"fa fa-warning\" ng-show=\"(domain.",
"VerifyState === 1)\"></i> <span translate-context=\"domain status\" translate>Verification</span>\n </button>\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"progress pm_button\" ng-click=\"addAddresses(domain)\" ng-disabled=\"domain.",
"State === 0\" ng-class=\"{'success': domain.",
"State === 1 && domain.Addresses.length > 0}\">\n <span ng-show=\"domain.",
"Addresses.length > 0\">{{ domain.Addresses.length }}</span> <span translate translate-context=\"Action\">Addresses</span>\n </button>\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"progress pm_button\" ng-click=\"mx(domain)\" ng-disabled=\"domain.",
"State === 0\" ng-class=\"{\n 'success': domain.",
"MxState === 3,\n 'error': domain.",
"MxState === 2 || domain.",
"MxState === 1\n }\">\n <i class=\"fa\" ng-hide=\"(domain.",
"MxState === 0)\" ng-class=\"{\n 'fa-check': (domain.",
"MxState === 3),\n 'fa-warning': (domain.",
"MxState === 1 || domain.",
"MxState === 2)\n }\"></i> MX\n </button>\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"progress pm_button\" ng-disabled=\"domain.",
"State === 0\" ng-click=\"spf(domain)\" ng-class=\"{\n 'success': domain.",
"SpfState === 3,\n 'error': domain.",
"SpfState === 2 || domain.",
"SpfState === 1\n }\">\n <i class=\"fa\" ng-hide=\"(domain.",
"SpfState === 0)\" ng-class=\"{\n 'fa-check': (domain.",
"SpfState === 3),\n 'fa-warning': (domain.",
"SpfState === 1 || domain.",
"SpfState === 2)\n }\"></i> SPF\n </button>\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"progress pm_button\" ng-disabled=\"domain.",
"State === 0\" ng-click=\"dkim(domain)\" ng-class=\"{\n 'success': domain.",
"DKIM.State === 4,\n 'error': domain.",
"DKIM.State === 3 || domain.",
"DKIM.State === 6\n }\">\n <i class=\"fa\" ng-hide=\"(domain.",
"DKIM.State === 0)\" ng-class=\"{\n 'fa-check': (domain.",
"DKIM.State === 4),\n 'fa-warning': (domain.",
"DKIM.State === 6),\n 'fa-minus-circle': (domain.",
"DKIM.State === 3)\n }\"></i> DKIM\n </button>\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"progress pm_button\" ng-click=\"dmarc(domain)\" ng-disabled=\"domain.",
"State === 0\" ng-class=\"{\n 'success': domain.",
"DmarcState === 3,\n 'error': domain.",
"DmarcState === 2 || domain.",
"DmarcState === 1\n }\">\n <i class=\"fa\" ng-hide=\"(domain.",
"DmarcState === 0)\" ng-class=\"{\n 'fa-check': (domain.",
"DmarcState === 3),\n 'fa-warning': (domain.",
"DmarcState === 1 || domain.",
"DmarcState === 2)\n }\"></i> DMARC\n </button>\n </td>\n <td class=\"text-right\">\n <button\n type=\"button\"\n class=\"pm_button round\"\n ng-hide=\"goodSetup(domain)\"\n ng-click=\"wizard(domain)\"\n pt-tooltip-translate-context=\"button to configure the domain\"\n pt-tooltip-translate=\"Wizard\">\n <i class=\"fa fa-magic\"></i>\n </button>\n <button type=\"button\" class=\"remove pm_button round\" ng-click=\"deleteDomain(domain)\" pt-tooltip-translate=\"Delete\" pt-tooltip-translate-context=\"Action\">\n <i class=\"fa fa-trash-o\"></i>\n </button>\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr ng-if=\"domain.",
"State === 2\">\n <td colspan=\"2\">\n <p class=\"alert alert-warning\" translate-context=\"Domain status\" translate>Check your DNS settings.</p>\n </td>\n <td></td>\n </tr>\n <tr ng-if=\"domain.",
"State === 0\">\n <td colspan=\"2\">\n <p class=\"alert alert-warning\">\n <span\n translate-comment=\"Setup Error: Please run the [setup wizard] to correct configuration errors\"\n translate-context=\"domains list\"\n translate>Setup Error: Please run the</span>\n <a class=\"pm_button link\" href=\"#\" ng-click=\"wizard(domain)\">\n <i class=\"fa fa-magic\"></i> <span translate translate-context=\"Action\">Setup Wizard</span></a>\n <span\n translate-comment=\"Setup Error: Please run the [setup wizard] to correct configuration errors\"\n translate-context=\"domains list\"\n translate>to correct configuration errors.</span>\n </p>\n </td>\n <td></td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n </table>\n </div>\n <div class=\"alert alert-info\" ng-show=\"domains.length === 0\">\n <p>\n <strong translate-context=\"domains list\" translate>No custom domain found</strong>\n </p>\n <p translate-context=\"domains list\" translate>Click on 'ADD CUSTOM DOMAIN' button to add a domain.</p>\n </div>\n </section>\n <p> </p>\n <section class=\"setting pm_form full\">\n\n <header-block class=\"settingsDomains-header-custom\">\n <h2\n class=\"settingsDomains-title-custom\"\n translate\n translate-context=\"Title\">Custom Domain Addresses</h2>\n\n <small class=\"settingsDomains-details-custom\" ng-if=\"isAdmin\">\n {{ organization.",
"UsedAddresses }} / {{ organization.",
"MaxAddresses }}\n <span\n translate-comment=\"how many addresses are in use\"\n translate-context=\"Info\"\n translate>addresses used.</span>\n\n <a\n class=\"settingsDomains-link-custom\"\n ui-sref=\"secured.dashboard({scroll: true})\"\n data-hide-upgrade=\"domain\"\n translate-context=\"Action\"\n translate-comment=\"link to dashboard page\" translate>Upgrade your plan</a>\n </small>\n </header-block>\n\n <div class=\"margin-bottom\" ng-repeat=\"domain in domains\">\n <p>\n <i class=\"fa\" ng-class=\"{'fa-check-circle-o text-green': domain.",
"State === 1, 'fa-exclamation-triangle text-red': domain.",
"State === 0 || domain.",
"State === 2}\"></i> <strong>{{ domain.",
"DomainName }}</strong>\n </p>\n <p>\n <address-btn-actions\n data-model=\"domain\"\n data-action=\"add\"\n class=\"pm_button primary\"></address-btn-actions>\n\n </p>\n <p\n class=\"alert alert-info\"\n ng-show=\"domain.",
"Addresses.length > 0\"\n translate-context=\"Domains information\" translate>Addresses must be disabled before they can be deleted. ",
"Addresses can only be deleted if all messages associated with that address are deleted.</p>\n <div class=\"pm_table\">\n <table class=\"pm_form bordered\" ng-show=\"domain.",
"Addresses.length > 0\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"col\" translate-context=\"Title\" translate-comment=\"table heading for the domains page table listing of addresses\" translate>Name</th>\n <th scope=\"col\" translate-context=\"Title\" translate-comment=\"table heading for the domains page table listing of addresses\" translate>Address</th>\n <th scope=\"col\" translate-context=\"Title\" translate-comment=\"table heading for the domains page table listing of addresses\" translate>Status</th>\n <th scope=\"col\">\n <span translate-context=\"Title\" translate-comment=\"table heading for the domains page table listing of addresses\" translate>Catch-All</span>\n <a href=\"https://protonmail.com/support/knowledge-base/catch-all/\" target=\"_blank\">\n <i class=\"fa fa-info-circle\" pt-tooltip-translate=\"Set a catch-all address for your domain.\" ",
"pt-tooltip-translate-context=\"Info\"></i>\n </a>\n </th>\n <th scope=\"col\" class=\"text-right actions\" translate-context=\"Title\" translate>Actions</th>\n </tr>\n </thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr ng-repeat=\"address in domain.",
"Addresses | orderBy: 'Order'\" ng-class=\"{'disabled': address.",
"Status === 0}\">\n <td>\n <a ui-sref=\"secured.members({action: 'edit', id: address.",
"MemberID})\" ng-bind=\"member(address.",
"MemberID).Name\" class=\"text-purple\"></a>\n </td>\n <td ng-bind=\"address.",
"Email\"></td>\n <td>\n <span class=\"pm_badge success\" ng-show=\"address.",
"Status === 1 && address.",
"Receive === 1\" translate translate-comment=\"address state badge\" translate-context=\"Address state badge\">Enabled</span>\n <span class=\"pm_badge error\" ng-show=\"address.",
"Status === 0\" translate translate-comment=\"address state badge\" translate-context=\"Address state badge\">Disabled</span>\n <span class=\"pm_badge warning\" ng-show=\"address.",
"HasKeys === 0\" translate translate-comment=\"address state badge\" translate-context=\"Address state badge\">Missing keys</span>\n </td>\n <td class=\"domains-catchAll-container\">\n <custom-checkbox\n class=\"domains-catchAll-input\"\n data-custom-ng-model=\"address.catchall\"\n data-custom-ng-change=\"changeCatchall(address, domain)\"\n data-custom-ng-init=\"address.catchall = !!",
"address.",
"CatchAll\"\n ></custom-checkbox>\n </td>\n <td class=\"text-right\">\n <address-btn-actions\n data-model=\"address\"\n data-action=\"enable\"\n ng-if=\"address.",
"Status === 0 && address.",
"Type !",
"== 1 && address.",
"Type !",
"== 4\"\n class=\"pm_button link\"></address-btn-actions>\n\n <address-btn-actions\n data-model=\"address\"\n data-action=\"disable\"\n ng-if=\"address.",
"Status === 1 && address.",
"Type !",
"== 1 && address.",
"Type !",
"== 4\"\n class=\"pm_button link\"></address-btn-actions>\n\n <address-btn-actions\n data-model=\"address\"\n data-action=\"remove\"\n ng-if=\"address.",
"Status === 0 && address.",
"Type === 3\"\n class=\"pm_button link\"></address-btn-actions>\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n </table>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div class=\"alert alert-info\" ng-show=\"domains.length === 0\">\n <p>\n <strong translate-context=\"List domains\" translate>No custom domain addresses found</strong>\n </p>\n <p translate-context=\"List domains\" translate>Please add a custom domain before configuring addresses.</p>\n </div>\n </section>\n </div>\n </div>\n</div>\n"
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[
"Constitution of the Polish People's Republic\n\nThe Constitution of the Polish People's Republic (also known as the July Constitution or the Constitution of 1952) was passed on 22 July 1952. ",
"Created by Polish communists in communist-ruled Poland, it was based on the 1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union (also known as the Stalin Constitution) and it superseded the post-World War II provisional Small Constitution of 1947, which in turn replaced the pre-war April Constitution of Poland of 1935. ",
"The Russian translation of the draft text of the constitution was reviewed and corrected by Joseph Stalin; his modifications were inserted into the Polish text by Bolesław Bierut.",
"\n\nThe 1952 constitution introduced a new name for the Polish state, the Polish People's Republic (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL), replacing the previously used Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska). ",
"The communist-led Sejm (legislature) was declared to be the highest state authority. (",
"The real source of supreme state power, the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), was not regulated by the constitution; it was ruled by its own statute.) ",
"The constitution legalized many practices that had been introduced in Poland, in the wake of the Soviet Red Army and the Polish People's Army defeat of Nazi Germany in 1944–1945, by Polish-communist governmental bodies, including the Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN) and its successors.",
"\n\nInstead of the traditional separation of powers, the constitution introduced the Soviet concept of \"unity of the state's power\". ",
"While the ultimate power was reserved for the dictatorship of the proletariat, expressed as \"the working people of towns and villages\", the Sejm was granted on paper the paramount authority in government; it oversaw both the judicial and executive branches. ",
"However, the Sejm in practice exercised little or no real power. ",
"Under the constitution, the Polish Council of State replaced the office of the President of Poland as the head of state organ.",
"\n\nThe constitution was amended twenty-four times, with the most contentious amendment being that of 10 February 1976. ",
"It was significantly amended during the Polish transformation, in 1989 and 1992; from 29 December 1989 the document was known as the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. ",
"It was superseded by a new Constitution of Poland on 17 October 1997.",
"\n\nLegislative branch\n\nIn the 1946 Polish people's referendum the Senate of Poland had been abolished with the Sejm remaining the sole legislative body in Poland. ",
"Under the 1952 constitution, the Sejm officially became the \"supreme organ of state power\" under article 20.",
"\n\nThe Sejm of the Polish People's Republic started with 425 members in 1952 (one deputy represented 60,000 citizens). ",
"However, as the population grew, the number of deputies increased. ",
"By 1960 the constitution was amended, dropping the calculation and stabilizing the Sejm at 460 deputies. ",
" A \"proportional\" attribute was dropped from the five-point electoral law previously used. ",
"An article in the constitution stated that deputies were responsible to the people and could be recalled by the people, although this article was never used.",
"\n\nLegislation was passed by majority vote. ",
"The Sejm voted on the budget and national plans as proposed by the executive. ",
"The Sejm deliberated in sessions, which were called by the Council of State elected by the Sejm from its members.",
"\n\nThe Sejm also chose a Presidium from its members, with the Marshal of the Sejm always being a member of the United People's Party. ",
"During its first session the Sejm nominated the Prime Minister together with other ministers (the Council of Ministers), and members of the Council of State. ",
"Many other government officials were also chosen, including the head of the Supreme Audit Office (Najwyższa Izba Kotroli, NIK), members of the State Tribunal (Trybunał Stanu) and Constitutional Tribunal (Trybunał Konstytucyjny), as well as the Ombudsman (Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich) (the latter three institutions were created in the 1980s).",
"\n\nIn practice, like its counterparts in other communist regimes, the Sejm did little more than rubber-stamp decisions already made by the PZPR.",
"\n\nExecutive branch\n\nExecutive power was held by the Council of Ministers and the Council of State. ",
"The Council of State replaced the previous Polish head of the state, the President of Poland (which terminated the presidency of Bolesław Bierut).",
"\n\nArticle 29 provided that Council of State members were elected at the first session of the Sejm for the term of the Sejm (established at four years by Article 28). ",
"The council was composed of members of the Sejm; they were usually chosen from the dominant Polish United Workers' Party, although occasionally other deputies were chosen. ",
"The council acted as the head of state (in practice the body was represented by the Chairman of the Council of State). ",
"Article 30 of the constitution set out the authority of the Council of State, including representing the Polish People's Republic in foreign relations and in ratification of international treaties. ",
"The council also voted in matters related to the military. ",
"It granted citizenship and could invoke pardon. ",
"The council not only had legislative initiative under Article 25, but could issue administrative decrees under Article 31. ",
"However, those decrees had to be confirmed by the Sejm in its next session. ",
"The council also defined the interpretation of laws, which in many countries is reserved to the judiciary.",
"\n\nThe Council of Ministers also had legislative initiative under Article 25. ",
"The composition of the Council of Ministers was set forth in Article 39. ",
"The Council of Ministers developed the state budget and socio-economic plans and presented them to the Sejm for approval. ",
" After approval the Council of Ministers oversaw the execution of the plans and the budget.",
"\n\nJudiciary\n\nThe Supreme Court was the overseer of all other courts, which were divided into regional (voivodeship) and particular (administrative and military). ",
"In 1980, the Supreme Administrative Court was introduced. ",
"In 1982, the State Tribunal (which also existed in the Second Polish Republic), the Constitutional Tribunal, and the Ombudsman office were introduced.",
"\n\nAmendments\n\nDuring its forty-five years of service, the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic was subject to many changes, with its text amended 24 times.",
"\n\nThe most controversial amendment was that of 10 February 1976. ",
"The proposed amendment declared that Poland was a socialist country, the PZPR was the leading force in the building of socialism and Poland shared \"unshakable fraternal bonds\" with the Soviet Union. ",
"The amendment caused protests resulting in the Letter of 59, asking for inclusion of human rights as stated in the Helsinki Accords. ",
"The government backed off somewhat, and the final amendment deleted the phrase \"citizens' rights depend upon fulfillment of civic duties\", changed \"unshakable fraternal bonds\" to \"strengthening of friendship\" and made other conciliatory changes, but after the revised amendment passed there were still protests from the Catholic Church and intellectuals.",
"\n\nThe constitution was heavily amended during the period of political transformation. ",
"The amendments purged the document of its state socialist phrasing. ",
"Among the more important changes were: \n In April 1989, the April Novelization was passed, restoring the Senate of Poland and the office of President of Poland. ",
"Wojciech Jaruzelski, elected in 1989, became the first president of Poland since 1952.",
"\n In December 1989, the Contract Sejm changed the official name of the country from the Polish People's Republic to the Republic of Poland and removed references to Poland being a socialist state.",
"\n On 17 October 1992, much of the constitution was replaced by the Small Constitution of 1992.",
"\n\nRole of the 1952 constitution \n\nThe constitution failed to regulate the main source of power – the communist party (PZPR). ",
"The constitution served as a propaganda tool, proclaiming the \"Polish People's Republic\", and in theory establishing many rights for its citizens. ",
"In the 1970s and 1980s, the provisions of the constitution enabled opposition activists to challenge the authorities and accuse them of not complying with the constitution.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links\n\n English Translation of 1952 Constitution from Sejm Library\n\nCategory:1952 in law\nCategory:1952 in Poland\nCategory:Constitutions of Poland\nCategory:Defunct constitutions\nCategory:Polish People's Republic\nCategory:Stalinism in Poland\nCategory:Legal history of Poland\nCategory:1952 documents"
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"Q:\n\nsettings.py does not exist django\n\nRunning Python 2.7 Mac OSX.",
"\nI did:\ndjango-admin.py startproject test123\ncd test123\nopen settings.py\n\nError: /users.../test123/settings.py does not exist.",
"\nWhy is this happening?",
"\n\nA:\n\nBy default django creates folder named test123 if doesn't exists, and then puts settings in python package called test123 https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/django-admin/#startproject\nSo your settings will be in test123 subfolder of test123\ndjango-admin.py startproject test123\ncd test123\nls -la\nopen test123/settings.py\n\n"
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"---\nbibliography:\n- 'LHCb-PAPER.bib'\n- 'LHCb-CONF.bib'\n- 'references.bib'\n- 'bayesian.bib'\n---\n\n=1\n"
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[
"Citation Nr: 1801835\t\r\nDecision Date: 01/10/18 Archive Date: 01/23/18\r\n\r\nDOCKET NO. ",
" 14-11 597\t)\tDATE\r\n\t)\r\n\t)\r\n\r\nOn appeal from the\r\nDepartment of Veterans Affairs Regional Office in Oakland, California\r\n\r\n\r\nTHE ISSUES\r\n\r\n1. ",
"Entitlement to service connection for a right foot disability.",
"\r\n\r\n2. ",
"Entitlement to service connection for a left foot disability, to include as secondary to a right foot disability.",
"\r\n\r\n3. ",
"Entitlement to service connection for a left knee disability, to include as secondary to a right foot disability.",
"\r\n\r\n\r\nREPRESENTATION\r\n\r\nAppellant represented by:\tCalifornia Department of Veterans Affairs\r\n\r\n\r\nATTORNEY FOR THE BOARD\r\n\r\nG.C., Associate Counsel\r\n\r\n\r\nINTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nThe Veteran served on active duty for 20 days in January 1974. ",
"This case comes before the Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) on appeal of a July 2011 rating decision by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Regional Office (RO) located in Oakland, California.",
"\r\n\r\nWhen this case was before the Board in October 2014, it was remanded for further development. ",
"It was again remanded in March 2016 for development including a VA opinion on the nature and etiology of the Veteran's foot disorders. ",
"While a VA opinion is now of record, further clarification is necessary.",
"\r\n\r\nThe appeal is REMANDED to the Agency of Original Jurisdiction (AOJ). ",
" VA will notify the appellant if further action is required.",
"\r\n\r\n\r\nREMAND\r\n\r\nAlthough further delay is regrettable, the Board is of the opinion that additional development is required before the Veteran's claims are decided.",
"\r\n\r\nThe Veteran has claimed entitlement to service connection for a right foot disability, a left foot disability as secondary to a right foot disability, and a left knee disability as secondary to a right foot disability. ",
"The medical evidence of record includes diagnoses of bilateral foot disorders including cavus and valgus deformities, calcaneal spurs, plantar fasciitis, degenerative changes, and hammertoe, as well as osteoarthritis of the left knee and subsequent left knee replacement. ",
"While current disabilities have been established for service connection purposes, the nature and etiology of said disabilities remain unclear. ",
"\r\n\r\nThe Board notes that every veteran shall be taken to have been in sound condition when examined, accepted, and enrolled for service, except as to defects, infirmities, or disorders noted at the time of the examination, acceptance, and enrollment, or where clear and unmistakable evidence demonstrates that the injury or disease existed before acceptance and enrollment and was not aggravated by such service. ",
"38 U.S.C. § 1111 (2012). ",
"To rebut the presumption of soundness for disorders not noted on the entrance or enlistment examination, VA must show by clear and unmistakable evidence both that a) the disease or injury existed prior to service, and b) the disease or injury was not aggravated by service. ",
"VAOPGCPREC 3-2003 (July 16, 2003). ",
"The United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims has explained that clear and unmistakable evidence means the evidence \"cannot be misinterpreted and misunderstood, i.e., it is undebatable.\" ",
"Vanerson v. West, 12 Vet. ",
"App. ",
"254, 258-59 (1999).",
"\r\n\r\nIn this regard, the Board notes that the Veteran's February 1973 service entrance examination reflects that his feet were evaluated as normal. ",
"However, both the Veteran has stated and the medical record shows that, prior to service, the Veteran underwent a right foot surgery in December 1971 after a right foot fracture from a June 1969 bicycle accident. ",
"The Veteran's service treatment records also show that on his eighth day of basic training, he reported longstanding foot pain, and a Medical Board Report shows that he was deemed unable to perform strenuous duties due to a severe, symptomatic right foot carovarus originating from 1969. ",
"He was discharged in January 1974 after 20 days of active service.",
"\r\n\r\nIn a February 1973 consultation note, a private orthopedist described the Veteran's history of a bicycle accident and subsequent surgery, and noted that he had been fully active since the surgery and had not consulted a physician for further care. ",
"The orthopedist stated that X-rays showed moderate cavus type deformity of both feet. ",
"He stated that at the time of the consultation, the only significant evidence of orthopedic pathology he could find was moderate asymptomatic pes cavus deformity of both feet. ",
"He stated that the Veteran's condition had apparently been non-incapacitating and had never required treatment. ",
"Also included in the Veteran's STRs is a February 1973 letter by Dr. D.W., the physician who performed the Veteran's December 1971 right foot surgery. ",
"Dr. D.W. stated that the Veteran had done well following surgery and that he saw no reason the Veteran should not be fit for military service.",
"\r\n\r\nIn June 2011, the Veteran was afforded a VA examination. ",
"The examiner reviewed the Veteran's claims file and medical history, including his bike accident and subsequent surgery. ",
"While the examiner noted that the Veteran was born with high arches and hallux valgus deformity, he also stated that the Veteran's left foot started hurting shortly after the right foot in 1974, and that there was an onset of left knee pain about three years prior to the examination. ",
"The examiner did indicate that the Veteran had a condition which pre-existed military service, but found that the brief time in service was insufficient to cause any long-term damage or aggravation. ",
"The examiner stated his opinion that the Veteran \"is less likely than not to have been aggravated by the eight days he spent in the military,\" and stated that since his service, both feet had progressed to their current condition, which was a \"normal progression of time.\" ",
"The examiner stated that the Veteran never should have been taken into service, based on his high arches alone, since people with high arches are prone to developing significant foot and knee problems. ",
"The examiner also stated that the Veteran's left knee condition was probably secondary to his high arches and foot problem.",
"\r\n\r\nIn contrast, in an August 2011 letter, Dr. B.H. states his opinion that the Veteran's injury was \"notably related to\" his military service and that it was \"potentiated\" by such service. ",
"\r\n\r\nIn addition, a November 2015 letter from Dr. J.T. states the doctor's opinion that the physician examining the Veteran at entrance into the military should have recognized the biomechanical problems of his foot, and further, that the type of activity in the military would significantly produce a pain cycle and speed up arthritic conditions to where the Veteran's right foot would not be able to recover. ",
"Pertinently, as also confirmed by a December 2015 follow up note, Dr. J.T. stated that as the Veteran did stay in the military long enough to induce chronic pain and compensation problems by changing his gait, it is more than likely that the increased level of activity the Veteran was exposed to during his military service caused his current foot pain. ",
"\r\n\r\nAs the June 2011 VA examiner did not address the questions presented in terms of clear and unmistakable evidence, the Board remanded for an additional VA examination and opinion, which was obtained in May 2016. ",
"The examiner opined that the Veteran's claimed right foot disability was less likely than not incurred in or caused by service. ",
"His only rationale, however, was that no event in service led to the Veteran's cavus deformity which pre-dated his entry into service.",
"\r\n\r\nThe Board finds this VA opinion to be inadequate as it fails to address the question of whether the Veteran's right foot disability clearly and unmistakably both pre-existed service and was not aggravated by military service beyond its natural progression. ",
"It further fails to discuss the private medical opinions of record.",
"\r\n\r\nFinally, as the Veteran has claimed a left foot disability and left knee disability, both as secondary to a right foot disability, adjudication of these issues is not possible until more clarification is obtained.",
"\r\n\r\nAccordingly, the case is REMANDED for the following action:\r\n\r\n1. ",
"Return the claims file to the examiner who conducted the May 2016 VA examination of the Veteran for an addendum. ",
"If the May 2016 VA examiner is not available, the claims file must be provided to another appropriate medical professional who will provide the requested opinion. ",
"After a review of the entire claims file, the examiner must respond to the following requests and provide a full explanation and rationale of the basis for each conclusion reached.",
"\r\n\r\nBased upon review of the pre-service, service and post-service medical records, the examiner must identify all right foot disabilities the Veteran currently experiences.",
"\r\n\r\nThe examiner must then address the following questions:\r\n\r\n* Does the evidence of record clearly and unmistakably show that the Veteran had a right foot disability that existed prior to his entry onto active duty? ",
"Attention is invited to the Veteran's entrance examination, history and lay statements of record.",
"\r\n\r\n* If the answer is \"yes,\" does the evidence clearly and unmistakably show that the preexisting right foot disability was not aggravated by service? ",
"Attention is invited to the August 2011 letter from Dr. B.H. and the November and December 2015 notes from Dr. J.T.\r\n\r\n* If the answer is \"no,\" is it at least as likely as not (a 50 percent or greater possibility) that any current right foot disability is etiologically related to, or had its onset during, the Veteran's period of active military service or within the initial post-service year?",
"\r\n\r\nAggravation is defined as a worsening of the underlying condition versus a temporary flare-up of symptoms. ",
"\r\n\r\nThe evidentiary standard of clear and unmistakable evidence means that the evidence is \"undebatable.\" ",
"Horn v. Shinseki, 25 Vet. ",
"App. ",
"231, 234-35 (2012).",
"\r\n\r\nIf the examiner finds that the Veteran's right foot disability was aggravated by his military service, then the examiner is asked to answer the following questions:\r\n\r\n* Is it at least as likely as not (a 50 percent or greater possibility) that the Veteran's left foot disability was caused by his right foot disability?",
"\r\n\r\n* Is it at least as likely as not (a 50 percent or greater possibility) that the Veteran's left foot disability was aggravated by his right foot disability?",
"\r\n\r\n* Is it at least as likely as not (a 50 percent or greater possibility) that the Veteran's left knee disability was caused by his right foot disability?",
"\r\n\r\n* Is it at least as likely as not (a 50 percent or greater possibility) that the Veteran's left knee disability was aggravated by his right foot disability?",
"\r\n\r\nAll opinions must be accompanied by a complete rationale. ",
"If the VA examiner is unable to reach an opinion without resort to speculation, he or she should explain the reasons for this inability and comment on whether any further tests, evidence or information would be useful in rendering an opinion.",
"\r\n\r\n2. ",
"Upon completion of the above, readjudicate the issues on appeal. ",
"If any benefit sought on appeal remains denied, the Veteran and his representative should be furnished an appropriate Supplemental Statement of the Case and be provided an opportunity to respond. ",
"Thereafter, the case should be returned to the Board for further appellate consideration, as appropriate.",
"\r\n\r\nThe appellant has the right to submit additional evidence and argument on the matters the Board has remanded. ",
" Kutscherousky v. West, 12 Vet. ",
"App. ",
"369 (1999).",
"\r\n\r\nThis claim must be afforded expeditious treatment. ",
" The law requires that all claims that are remanded by the Board of Veterans' Appeals or by the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims for additional development or other appropriate action must be handled in an expeditious manner. ",
" See 38 U.S.C. §§ 5109B, 7112 (2012).",
"\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n_________________________________________________\r\nCAROLINE B. FLEMING\r\nVeterans Law Judge, Board of Veterans' Appeals\r\n\r\nUnder 38 U.S.C. § 7252 (2012), only a decision of the Board of Veterans' Appeals is appealable to the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims. ",
" This remand is in the nature of a preliminary order and does not constitute a decision of the Board on the merits of your appeal. ",
" 38 C.F.R. § 20.1100(b) (2017).",
"\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n"
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[
"\nIs it Safe to Get an MRI? - ",
"titojankowski\nhttp://www.titojankowski.com/is-it-safe-to-get-an-mri\n======\ncode_diego_code\nI'm a former NMR spectroscopist (a chemist who works with the same technology\nas MRI devices--though at even higher magnetic field strengths to in order to\nstudy the shapes of various molecules). ",
"I've quite spent a lot of time working\naround high-field superconducting NMRs without incident.",
"\n\nTo clarify the the \"nuclear\" part, magnetic resonance technology does not in\nany way involve nuclear reactions or the ensuing radiation from such, so you\ncan rest easy on that one.",
"\n\nAdditionally, MRI also doesn't utilize any ionizing radiation in the scanning\nprocess. ",
"This is one of the major advantages of imaging via MRI technology as\nopposed to using x-rays in traditional radiography or newer CT technologies.",
"\n\nWhat happens in NMR is that certain atomic nuclei like to align themselves\nwith the magnetic field that they happen to find themselves in, much in the\nsame way that you might see iron filings on a piece of paper aligning\nthemselves with the magnetic field lines created by a toy magnet. ",
"This is\nwhere we get the M, or magnetic, part of MRI.",
"\n\nWhen these aligned nuclei are then exposed to radio waves, they will absorb\nand slightly later, re-emit the signal at specific resonance frequencies. ",
"This\nis where the R in MRI comes from. ",
"Now the trick is that the exact frequency\nwhere this happens depends on how the electrons surrounding that nucleus are\narranged (which is mainly a function of what other atoms might be bonded to\nthe one yu're looking at).",
"\n\nThe timing and frequency at which this radio re-emission occurs allows\nchemists and radiologists to determine various bits of information about the\ndifferent environments that these particular atoms have found themselves in,\nmaking it a very useful tool for determining chemical properties or non-\ninvasively taking pictures of the interior of people's bodies.",
"\n\nAround very high-field magnets (particularly the superconducting types used in\nresearch NMR spectrometers and high-resolution closed tube MRI scanners),\nhowever, you do need to be careful about the magnets--and what ferromagnetic\nobjects you may be bringing near or into them and how the field may affect\nthem.",
"\n\nI trust most MRI techs and spectroscopists understand the proper safety\nprocedures around their machines well enough to not allow themselves or their\npatients to create hazardous situations involving the magnets. ",
"These are some\ndelicate and very expensive machines. ",
"That being said, failures can be quite\nspectacular--imagine Magneto and Iceman having a battle royale in your lab.",
"\n\nI think this is quite enough for one post, I'll leave the medical risks\ninvolving contrast dyes and incidentalomas to those more knowledgeable than\nmyself.",
"\n\n~~~\ntitojankowski\nCool, thanks for sharing your experience! ",
"OK if I repost this comment on my\nblog? (",
"Or maybe you want to repost it yourself?)",
"\n\nThanks! ",
"Looking forwards to writing more about this.",
"\n\nTito\n\n------\nPaulHoule\nI think the real risk is that your radiologist might get a false positive\ncondition that leads to you getting a dangerous procedure you don't need.",
"\n\n~~~\ntitojankowski\nGetting an MRI without a medical reason has an extra risk. ",
"If you and your\nradiologist/doctor aren't focused on a \"problem area\", you might just find one\nanyway. ",
"Here's story in the New York Times about a person who went in for a CT\nScan for stomach pains, but ended up \"discovering\" a harmless lump in her\nadrenal mass. ",
"Of course, it cost more than a thousand dollars of further\ntesting to declare it \"benign\". ",
"Surely I have some artery that “looks\nconstricted” or an “abscess” to fret about. ",
"I'd say this is the biggest risk\nfor me getting an MRI \"just for the data\".",
"\n\nBecause of this, I'm considering skipping the analysis after the scan. ",
"Just\nsave the file to Google Drive and get another scan to compare to in 5 or 10\nyears.",
"\n\n[http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/17/the-fallout-of-a-\nch...](http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/17/the-fallout-of-a-chance-\nmedical-finding/)\n\nUpdated the post to include this section\n\n------\nozh\nthere's an M in MRI (for \"Magnetic\") just because \"Nuclear\" didn't have the\nsame harmless ring to it.",
"\n\nThis is not something to do for fun.",
"\n\n~~~\ntitojankowski\nAny particular risks you're alluding to?",
"\n\n------\ndialmaster\nWell, then at least you'll have it.",
"\n\n"
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"Phellinstatin, a new inhibitor of enoyl-ACP reductase produced by the medicinal fungus Phellinus linteus.",
"\nA new trimeric hispidin derivative, phellinstatin, was isolated from a culture broth of the medicinal fungus Phellinus linteus and its structure was established by various spectral analysis. ",
"Phellinstatin strongly inhibited Staphylococcus aureus enoyl-ACP reductase with an IC(50) of 6 μM and also showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and MRSA."
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"100 Best Design Blogs to Follow\n\nGraphic and web design has slowly become one of the top domains in the industry with so many different job profiles related to creative design in the market.",
"\n\nThis is why this is one sector that is in high demand in business circles.",
"\n\nWith the increasing demand, you will find that there are various design blogs, articles and information pieces on the internet that provide the necessary information and knowledge to learn the basics as well as other aspects of the web and graphic design.",
"\n\nIn this piece, we will take a look at 100 of the best design blogs online, which will help people to learn the web and graphic design skills quickly.",
"\n\nBest Graphic Design Blogs\n\nIf you are looking for design information and advice, then you will find so much content online that deals with these topics.",
"\n\nIt might often be confusing to choose the best content amongst such a wide range of design blogs available online.",
"\n\nSo here we have curated the top 100 best design blogs that will be of immense help in learning the fundamentals of graphic design.",
"\n\nInkbot Design – Let's get the shameless plug out of the way early. ",
"If you are looking for guides, tips and advice on working as a freelancer or professional designer, our graphic design blog is an excellent place to start!",
"\n\nWeb designer depot – The web designer depot was founded by Walter Apai, and it is a collaboration of designers globally who have contributed articles, features and the tutorials for helping in the growth of the design community.",
"\n\nJustCreative's Blog – This design blog by Jacob Cass provides brilliant resources and content for young designers who are new to the industry and looking to progress in the field.",
"\n\nCSS-Tricks – This site founded by Chris Coyler was first dedicated to CSS, but now provides information on all aspects of web development and design. ",
"The content here consists of code snippets, videos, articles, tutorials, general information and news amongst others.",
"\n\nHongkiat: Tech and Design Tips – This design blog provides tutorials, tips, articles, recommended tools for developers, designers, bloggers and tech enthusiasts. ",
"Some areas of interest here include mobile and desktop apps, plug-in, gadgets, tools and other exciting ideas.",
"\n\nWPHacks: Design, WordPress, Seo – This design blog provides detailed information on various topics from the web and graphic design to WordPress for people who are interested in WordPress development and web design.",
"\n\nSpeckyBoy Design Magazine – Launched by Paul Andrew, this is a freelance homepage for web design. ",
"This portal has now transformed into a magazine for web design. ",
"It consists of tutorials, resources and inspirational art amongst others.",
"\n\nDesign Week: Graphics, Branding, Digital – The design week was founded in 1986, and it is one of the leading UK magazines for design. ",
"The design blogs provide high-quality content on Branding, graphics, digital products, furniture, interiors and more.",
"\n\nCreative Boom: Art & Design – The Creative Boom design blogs provide support, inspiration and celebrate creative community. ",
"The magazine has a brilliant section for graphic design which can inspire young and older designers alike.",
"\n\nAdobe Create Magazine – The create is a magazine from Adobe by the creatives, for the creatives, and it is available as a mobile app and also online. ",
"You can check them out for tutorials and inspiration about web design, graphic design, illustration, photography, motion graphics, Branding, audio/video, amongst other topics.",
"\n\nBest UI/UX Design Blogs\n\nDesignModo: Web Design Blog – This web design blog provides tools and information for both developers and designers. ",
"The content here includes detailed information regarding web development, web design, WordPress, tutorials, inspiration and tips. ",
"DesignModo also provides a product that enables users to create a website without the requirement of any coding skills.",
"\n\nSmashing Magazine – Smashing Magazine is a fantastic resource if you want to learn the web design and web development basics. ",
"The content here is also useful for print designers.",
"\n\nSpyre Studios: Web Design Blog – Spyre Studios provides useful content for web development and web design. ",
"You can expect informative tutorials for web design other general advice as well as creative inspiration.",
"\n\nVandelay Design – One of the most popular web design blogs, you get a wide range of articles as well as information on print and web-based design.",
"\n\nWeb design Ledger – The Web design Ledger provides a constant stream of exciting content, and its primary focus is on technical elements related to web design.",
"\n\nSpoon Graphics – Even though Spoon Graphics is dedicated mainly to the category of general design, his design blogs also provide some fantastic web-based tutorials.",
"\n\nBoagworld – This is an excellent resource for both the digital as well as web content provided by Paul Boag.",
"\n\nLine25: Web Design Blog – This is the perfect destination for sharing the ideas of web design as well as inspiration via tutorials, articles and examples of the stunning website designs.",
"\n\nGrain Edit: Design Inspiration – If you are looking for inspiration for the blend of modern graphic design blogs and vintage, then Grain edit is a great resource. ",
"You can also use this site for a thorough study of illustrative styles.",
"\n\nAwwwards design blog – The Awwwards design blog is most popularly known for its awards in the web design category; however, it is also home to some of the best blogs on web design.",
"\n\nTuts Plus – This website provides good tutorials on web design; however, you can also find excellent articles on the general design industry.",
"\n\nIcanbecreative – This is a fantastic resource for various design components as well as design inspiration and the latest trends in the market.",
"\n\nCreative Overflow – This is the right destination for covering the different elements related to web design, and it doesn't just cover the technical aspects: articles, resources, tutorials and inspiration – established in 2009.",
"\n\nDesign Follow – Here, you can find the different articles, tutorials and resources related to a wide range of topics on web design.",
"\n\nRed8Interactive Design Blog – This is an excellent blog that primarily focuses on interactive, digital and mobile aspects of the design industry.",
"\n\nDigital Telpathy's UX Blog – Here, you will get insights, information and the best practices associated with product design and UX.",
"\n\n1st Web designer – This is the place for the community of creative professionals from web design who are respected globally. ",
"Here you are guaranteed to find fantastic content and articles.",
"\n\nDallas Design Blog – Focusing on creative web design, marketing and Branding for small businesses, these design blogs offer articles to inspire and advise.",
"\n\nUX Magazine – This magazine and designer blog does a great job of explaining the complicated world related to UX and user experience.",
"\n\nCreative Nerds: Free Design Resources – Here, you can find inspiration for design as well as tutorials and some freebies.",
"\n\nBest Blogs for Design Inspiration\n\nIt's Nice That – The tagline of this website is “Championing creativity since 2007” and they are an excellent resource for your design needs.",
"\n\nThe Dieline – This is an excellent resource if you need inspiration for developing your brand across different stages such as product or packaging.",
"\n\nFor anyone working in packaging design, The Dieline has it all wrapped up. ",
"It's basically the Bible of the sector: a place where the community can review, critique and stay informed of the latest industry trends, and check out design projects being created in the field.",
"\n\nTrend List – Exploring visual trends in contemporary graphic design, this design blog offers daily updates in the visual design world.",
"\n\nBooooooom – This is a fantastic website for your regular design inspiration; also, it has got a cool name and design as well.",
"\n\nInspiration Feed – This design blog is an excellent resource for finding decent lists, design resources and money-saving deals.",
"\n\nIain Claridge's Blog – As per its description, this designer blog can be termed as “repository for the random morsels of ocular delight”. ",
"What a great tagline.",
"\n\nThe Inspiration Grid: Daily Design Inspiration – This site brings you the best and the most amazing creative stories from across the globe. ",
"So if you are looking for some design inspiration, this is an ideal destination.",
"\n\nWe and the Colour: Art & Design Mag – This is a fantastic blog where you can find daily design and art inspiration.",
"\n\nDesign Everywhere's Tumblr – This place is the visual showcase for the carefully curated work of graphic design from across the world.",
"\n\nFrom Up North – If you are interested in design visuals, then there is a dedicated section for it on the website. ",
"You will also find a lot of visual inspiration stuff here.",
"\n\nBlog on Your Own – They create and share awesome free WordPress blog themes to help people building their online presence, along with how-to articles, lists and guides.",
"\n\nCreativelive Blog – A creative design studio blog whose mission statement is, “We believe in access to quality education for everyone. ",
"Education opens up doors, breaks down barriers, fosters growth and collaboration.”",
"\n\nGet Inspired Magazine – This is a popular blog which is related to photography, visual design and inspiration.",
"\n\nSite Inspire: Web Design Inspiration – This website showcases the most amazing and beautiful websites that are available on the internet.",
"\n\nInspiration Hut – Here, you can find daily inspiration for art and design as well as downloads related to designing.",
"\n\nDesign Clever's Tumblr – This is a beautiful design blog that provides exciting content on all of the design formats that you can think off.",
"\n\nBest Branding Blogs\n\nDavid Airey's Blog – Here David provides regular articles on a wide array of topics which includes architecture to branding advice, and you can find much informational content regarding information for designers that comes from his personal experience.",
"\n\nThe Design Blog – The Design blogs provide terrific attention to detail, and it is an excellent hub for visual inspiration. ",
"There is a regular content update on this website as well.",
"\n\nLogo Design Love – The Logo Design Love Blog is amazing, and there is also a book by the same name authored by David Airey.",
"\n\nBrand New – Here, you can find different opinions on the designs of corporate identity. ",
"You get before and after showcases of the rebranding and also the system of public voting.",
"\n\nBranding Served – Here you find a curated and carefully picked selection of the work by leading creatives at Behance.",
"\n\nMirador – This blog is a combination of visual artists sharing inspirational projects. ",
"Based out of Paris, France, Mirador gives a fresh perspective to promote creativity in their readers.",
"\n\nIdentity Designed – This website provides a brilliant showcase for the background of various branding projects. ",
"Here you will find contributions from designers who are involved in the design process itself.",
"\n\nBP&O – The BP&O stands for Branding, packaging and opinions from a graphic designer named Richard Baird. ",
"You can find much good content here which you are unlikely to find elsewhere.",
"\n\nLogogeek's Logo Design Blog – Ian Paget, also called “Logogeek” contributes this brilliant resource which is made up of informational, well-written articles meant for designers, specifically the ones who specialise in Branding and logo design.",
"\n\nLovely Stationery – If you are looking for stationery design content, then you can get some of the best-curated stationery design here.",
"\n\nVisuelle – This design blog focuses on the beautiful brand identity content and works from across the world. ",
"And it is gorgeous.",
"\n\nDesign Survival – Richard Baird's body of work is excellent, and his writing, as well as articles, are very informative and insightful.",
"\n\nDesign Taxi – The design taxi has been providing creative ideas since the year 2003, and you can use it for your daily creative inspiration.",
"\n\nLogo Smith's Blog – This blog from Graham Smith is a fantastic resource for information and inspiration on life as a graphic designer. ",
"Here you will also find educational posts for freelance designers.",
"\n\nBest Web Design Blogs\n\nAbduzeedo – This is one of the most popular design blogs which covers a wide range of subjects for creative people and designers. ",
"The content here includes tutorials and interviews.",
"\n\nCreative Bloq – As the tagline suggests, this blog provides daily design tips as well as inspiration for web designers.",
"\n\nSwissMiss – This is a Swiss-inspired blog for design that features many creative images and ideas. ",
"You must check out the series of “tiny objects and Pantone chips”.",
"\n\nThe Next Web's Creative News – The creative section of this designer blog is an excellent resource for stuff related to creative people. ",
"They also feature other interesting categories such as “apps”, “tech” and “money” which you can find from the menu.",
"\n\nYou the Designer – This design blog provides extensive content that can suit the different requirements for designers.",
"\n\nDesignrfix – This blog is mainly known for its freebies and the design deals. ",
"Additionally, you can also find some excellent articles here.",
"\n\nDesigner Daily – The blog articles on this website are updated regularly, and these posts are ideal for knowing the different exclusive deals available for designers.",
"\n\nShillington Design Blog – Their design blogs provide a great mixture and combination of informative and well-written articles as well as lovely visuals.",
"\n\nGraphic Mania – Here, you will find tutorials on design, photography ideas and vector packs all assembled in one place.",
"\n\nCompany Folder's Blog – This website provides the cluster of designer resources as well as various other useful articles related to graphic and print design.",
"\n\nMade By Folk – Here, you will get inspiration for graphic and web design from across the world.",
"\n\nGraphic Design Junction – This is a brilliant resource for free content like vector fonts and images, design inspiration and some fantastic tutorials.",
"\n\nRoberto Blake's blog – Besides helpful content, this blog also features video stuff and thus, this is one of the rare resources for your online design education.",
"\n\nCreative Roots – This blog provides an excellent approach for design and art inspiration from across the world, and it can be filtered based on specific countries.",
"\n\nDexigner: Design News – This is the online portal for the architects, designers, engineers, illustrators, creatives and artists of different fields.",
"\n\nWelovedesignetc – Richmond Upon Thames College curates the content on this blog, and it provides useful information for young students and designers.",
"\n\nBest Blogs to Showcase Design Work & Grow\n\nElegant Themes blog – Here, you will find regular updates on website development and design through the WordPress platform. ",
"Experienced web designers and developers contribute the articles.",
"\n\nCreative Market blog – This design blog provides useful tutorials on web design. ",
"It also has a lot of tips and articles on font design as well as templates using various modern technologies.",
"\n\nSitePoint – This blog by Matt Mickiewicz and Mark Harbottle delivers fresh content, ideas and concepts on different technology associated with web design. ",
"Some of the content here includes tutorials, articles, books related to building and designing websites.",
"\n\nDesign You Trust – This website provides much design information and gives motivation for different topics. ",
"The different categories that are available on this blog include architecture, design, photography, travel, technology and animals. ",
"Even though the focus is not necessarily on the web design, there is a lot of general design information.",
"\n\nWeb Designer Wall – This website by Nick La is about designing, trends, tutorials and ideas. ",
"This blog has articles on different topics like CSS, coding, designing process, downloads, design trends, inspiration, interviews, freebies, illustrator, Photoshop and WordPress, amongst others.",
"\n\nAdobe 99U – Adobe’s career resource and annual conference, helping creatives of all stripes supercharge their work and make their ideas happen.",
"\n\nWebAppers – This website is focused on sharing resources of open source for the web designers and web developers. ",
"The designers can find a lot of good designing content and tools here.",
"\n\nWeb Field Manual – This design blog gives a comprehensive list of the resources related to UI and UX. ",
"Top web designers nicely curate the content on here, updated regularly.",
"\n\nUXPin Blog – This is a platform for product design which is used by web designers. ",
"The content on this blog is dedicated to UX and tutorials related to UX design, best practices and design tips.",
"\n\nUX Design Weekly – This magazine provides curated design links by the fantastic Kenny Chen. ",
"Some of the topics covered in the magazine include UI tools as well as resources, UX, UI design components, interviews, media and portfolios.",
"\n\nGood UI – This UI design blog is focused on the best website layouts for improving the user interface. ",
"You can find detailed content layouts, best practices and other relevant design information.",
"\n\nTemplate Monster Blog – Their creative design blogs, and the content that you can find here includes articles, news, tools, inspiration and freebies amongst other stuff.",
"\n\nUX Movement – This is a user experience related blog for discussing the practices of interface design and their impact on user behaviour.",
"\n\nUX Matters – This magazine for web design was founded in 2005 for providing insights as well as inspiration to the UX designers and developers.",
"\n\nUsability Geek – This designer blog provides casual resource material regarding the significance of the website usability. ",
"Here you can find topics related to business, testing, user experience, guidelines, resources and reviews.",
"\n\nBoxes and Arrows – This design journal, founded in 2001, discusses different aspects of design which includes graphic design, information architecture, interaction design and business design.",
"\n\nYes, I'm a Designer Blog – This creative blog covers different web design aspects through tutorials, articles, inspiration, freebies, tips and tricks.",
"\n\nCreative Review – Creative Review has been bringing the design community together since 1980, first as a print magazine and now across more platforms than ever. ",
"They deliver the sharpest opinion, analysis and advice on life in the creative industries.",
"\n\nSo, What's the Best Design Blogs to Follow?",
"\n\nAs you can see, there is a sea of content and excellent resources available on the internet when it comes to different aspects of web and graphic design.",
"\n\nYou can check out some of the top design blogs above to see which one suits your web and graphic design requirements the best."
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[
"Cariso\n\nCariso is folk music, and an important ancestor of calypso music.",
"\n\nAs early as the 1780s, the word cariso was used to describe a French creole song and, in Trinidad, cariso seems to have been perfected by the chantwells (singers, mostly female) during the first half of the 19th century. ",
"The chantwells, assisted by alternating in call-and-response style with a chorus, were a central component of the practice called Calinda (stick-fighting).",
"\n\nCalinda was a central component of early carnival celebrations in Trinidad, and after emancipation (1834), Afro-Creoles essentially took over the streets during carnival. ",
"Elite French Creole revellers, for their part, moved their carnival celebrations indoors and to private parties. ",
"Cariso used satirical and insulting lyrics, and is related to the picong tradition. ",
"Cariso singers, called chantwells, sang primarily in French creole.",
"\n\nCariso is also Virgin Islander folk song.",
"\n\nChantwells\nThe \"chantwell\" is another incarnation of the African \"griot\" tradition. ",
"On the Caribbean plantations African griots became chantwells, preserving the tribe’s history and traditions orally. ",
"They would sing to contemporary and mythical heroes and to the Gods. ",
"They would also preserve the complex oral traditions of West Africa with songs of derision, praise, satire, and lament. ",
"At first the chantwells were mostly women because the males were targeted for destruction on the plantation. ",
"On Emancipation the tradition continued and the chantwells would sing call-and-response chants called lavways lionizing and cheering on champion stickfighters. ",
"This form of music gradually evolved into the modern calypso.",
"\n\nCalypso music was developed in Trinidad in the 17th century from the West African Kaiso and canboulay music brought by African slaves imported to that Caribbean island to work on sugar plantations. ",
"These enslaved Africans were stripped of all connections to their homeland and family and not allowed to talk to each other. ",
"They used calypso to mock the slave masters and to communicate with each other.",
"\n\nAs calypso developed, the role of the griot (originally a similar travelling musician in West Africa) became known as a chantwell and, eventually, calypsonian. ",
"As the country became urbanized chantwells became more and more a male function but the portfolio remains the same. ",
"The chantwell is the Call, the tribe and the audience is the Response.",
"\n\nRapso music in the cariso tradition \nRapso music is itself an evolution of the chantwell or griot tradition of African music in the diaspora. ",
"It is called, \"the poetry of Calypso,\" and \"the Power of the Word in the rhythm of the Word.\" ",
"Rapso is the poetic 'rap' form of Trinbagonian music, but has its origins in the oral elements of the performances of traditional masquerade characters in Trinidad Carnival.",
"\n\nTraditional masquerade characters, such as the Midnight Robber, Pierrot Grenade, and the Wild Indians, each have particular forms of poetic and musical speeches that echo ancient African masking and poetic traditions. ",
"Rapso borrowed many of the rhythmic and performance elements of these forms.",
"\n\nThe first wave of Rapso music occurred in the late 1960s with the invention of Rapso by its pioneer Lancelot Kebu Layne. ",
"The second wave occurred in the late 1970s and mushroomed in the early '80s with the work of Brother Resistance and the Network Rhythm Band, alongside other artists such as Brother Cetewayo and Brother Book. ",
"This wave mainstreamed Rapso music in Trinidad and Tobago and World Music.",
"\n\nThe third wave of Rapso occurred with the advent of young groups including Kindred and Homefront in the early 1990s. ",
"They were part of a musical movement entitled the 'Kiskadee Karavan' that was led by millionaire Robert Amar, who invested his money in the unleashing of the young musical genius of Trinidad and Tobago. ",
"The Karavan revolutionised Trinidad’s music by taking 'traditional' forms such as the Rapso and giving it modern production and promotional methods to take the music to stadiums in the native Trinidad and Tobago. ",
"This opportunity uncovered many talents on the ground, and created a series of anthemic musical singles. ",
"The song 'This Trini Could Flow' by Kindred took Rapso into the 21st century and firmly entrenched the music as a form comparable to hip-hop and dancehall.",
"\n\nCalypso influence on rap\nThe basic elements of hip-hop—boasting raps, rival posses, uptown throwdowns, and political commentary—were all present in Trinidadian music as long ago as the 1800s, though they did not reach the form of commercial recordings until the 1920s and 1930s. ",
"Calypso—like other forms of music—continued to evolve through the 1950s and 1960s. ",
"When rock steady and reggae bands looked to make their music a form of national and even international Black resistance, they took Calypso's example. ",
"Calypso itself, like Jamaican music, moved back and forth between the predominance of boasting and toasting songs packed with \"slackness\" and sexual innuendo and a more topical, political, \"conscious\" style.",
"\n\nSee also\nCalypsonian\n\nReferences\nProudFlesh\n \n\nCategory:18th-century music genres\nCategory:Trinidad and Tobago styles of music"
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[
"Q:\n\nShow ping information using Python\n\nI have a working on pinging another computer (windows) from my computer(windows). ",
"Im using Python code. ",
"My code as below\nimport os\nhostname = \"192.168.1.2\"\nresponse = os.system (\"ping -c 5 \" +hostname)\n\nif response ==0:\n print(hostname, \"is up\")\nelse:\n print(hostname, \"is down\")\n\nand i got the output as such \nPING 192.168.1.2 (192.168.1.2) 56(84) bytes of data.",
"\n64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=128 time=1.47 ms\n64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=128 time=0.816 ms\n64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=128 time=0.584 ms\n64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=4 ttl=128 time=0.749 ms\n64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=5 ttl=128 time=0.601 ms\n\n--- 192.168.1.2 ping statistics ---\n5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4003ms\nrtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.584/0.844/1.470/0.325 ms\n('192.168.1.2', 'is up')\n\nHow can i set it appear something like this after the statistics information?",
"\nHighest ping is 200 and lowest ping 40\n('192.168.1.2', 'is up')\n\nor \nPing is too high. ",
"consider reboot the network\n('192.168.1.2', 'is up')\n\nA:\n\nresponse = os.system (\"ping -n 5 \" +hostname)\n\neven Its unreachable responds will be 0. ",
"It will return 1 only if IP is Wrong.",
"\nYou may go for some thing similar to \ntry:\n response = subprocess.check_output(\"ping -n 5\"+hostname)\n print response\n\n if \"Destination host unreachable\" in response:\n print hostname+\" unreachable\"\n\n else:\n print hostname+\" Running\"\n print '\\n'.join(response.split('\\n')[8:]) \n\nexcept:\n print \"Invalid Hostname\"\n\nbased on key words you can check its reachable or not !!",
"\noutput:\n<hostname> Running\nPing statistics for <hostname>:\n Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),\n\nApproximate round trip times in milli-seconds:\n\n Minimum = 1ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 1ms\n\n"
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[
"First deal is 481433. ",
"Jeff Richter entered this awhile ago.",
"\n\nSecond deal is 481489. ",
"Sean Crandall forgot to put the broker in - he's \nadding that right now.",
"\n\nThanks,\nKate\n\n\n\n\nKerri Thompson@ENRON\n12/18/2000 01:31 PM\nTo: Kate Symes/PDX/ECT@ECT\ncc: \n\nSubject: apb\n\nmissing deals\n\nbuy idaho\n19th\n25 mw\n415.00\nnp15\n\nbuy aep\n19th\n25 mw\n400.00\ncob\noff peak"
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to a method for preparing composite alkaline solid polymer electrolyte from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer, potassium hydroxide and water, which is reinforced with glass-fiber cloth (GF) to increase its mechanical strength, thermal stability and electrochemical stability. ",
"This composite PVA-GF polymer film may be applied in first and secondary thin-film alkaline batteries.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nPrior literature indicates that polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a polymer linked by covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds. ",
"It is an amorphous polymer material with low-crystallinity, rotational structure and good flexibility that can block the conduction of electron. ",
"PVA is hydrophilic due to its hydroxide group, and has good compatibility with water and potassium hydroxide that also have hydroxide group. ",
"The internal conduction of metal ion in PVA polymer is brought about by the strong coupling interaction of metal ion and polymer backbone that produces temporary coordinate bonding, and subsequently the migration of polymer chain. ",
"PVA is a polymer material with diverse applications. ",
"It is also low-priced and free of any environmental impact.",
"\nFiber glass cloth (see FIG. ",
"1) has similar compositions of ordinary glass. ",
"Both are inorganic oxide with silicon dioxide (SiO2) as main component. ",
"The glass material is hard and brittle. ",
"If it is subjected to high-temperature melting and drawn into glass yarns, it will become flexible with tensile strength increasing by a dozen folds. ",
"When used for reinforcement, this material is usually in superfine fibrous state that offers strength and excellent thermal stability. ",
"Therefore regardless of the resulting product, there is no residual stress. ",
"The broad applications of glass fiber cloth are unparalleled by ordinary glass.",
"\nGlass fiber as reinforcement material possess the following properties:\n1) High tensile strength which is twice that of steel wire having the same mass.",
"\n2) Dimensional stability: Under maximum stress, its unit dimensions change by 3-4% only.",
"\n3) High thermal resistance: It retains 50% of tensile strength under the temperature of 343° C.\n4) Superior corrosion resistance: It exhibits excellent corrosion resistance and brittleness property when in contact with the majority of chemicals.",
"\n5) Excellent fire proofing: It does not burn (generate heat), nor smolder (generate smoke).",
"\nPVA polymer electrolyte has extremely high ionic conductivity after processing, but its mechanical strength is not as good as ordinary separators due to structural toughness. ",
"This inventor found in the study that the addition of glass fiber cloth in the preparation of PVA polymer electrolyte greatly improved its mechanical strength up to five times that of ordinary separators (see Table 1 and FIG. ",
"3) without sacrificing its conductivity and with the activation energy for ion reaction greatly lowered (see Table 2). ",
"It also solved the contraction problem after long-term storage. ",
"Due to the high mechanical strength of glass fiber cloth reinforced PVA polymer film, it is less prone to deformation during processing, charging, discharging or packaging of battery. ",
"Under scan electron microscope, no pin hole was found on the surface of PVA-GF film. ",
"Thus when used in zinc-air fuel cell, it blocks the entry of zinc ion into the air in the cathode when the anode zinc discharges (see Table 3), thereby preventing the occurrence of short circuit. ",
"The inventor also found that the electrolyte dipped in PVA polymer was kept in gel state which helps address the leakage problem of battery brought about electrolyte seeping through separator. ",
"Moreover this polymer electrolyte retains high conductivity and electrochemical stability under high temperature.",
"\nTABLE 1Comparison of Physical Properties of SeparatorsPropertyDrawThicknessWidthStrengthStressElongationspeedType(mm)(mm)(kg)(kg/cm2)(%)Toughness(mm/min)PP/PE0.17101.057.325.625200separatorPVA-GF0.58105.596.122.227.5200polymerelectrolytePVA0.48100.48.1457182.8200polymerelectrolyte\nTABLE 2Comparison of Ionic Conductivity (σ) of PVA and PVA-GF FilmElectrolyteσ (S/cm)PVA-GF Electrolyte,PVA Electrolyte40 μm thickTemp (° C.)(M.W: 70,000-80,000)(M.W.: 70,000-80,000)300.15260.1588400.17990.1599500.18750.1615600.19260.1683 70.0.20610.1763Activation energy (Ea)4.020 2.219 (kJ/mole)\nTABLE 3Comparison of Discharge of Zinc-Air Fuel Cell with Different SeparatorsTypeUtilization (%)Composite PVA-GFPP/PE 0615CelluloseDischarge currentpolymer electrolyteseparatorseparator150 mA (at C/10)96.0089.3381.00300 mA (at C/5)90.1677.5082.66Theoretical capacitance150015001500(mAh)"
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[
"Performance of three enzymic methods for filter paper glucose determination.",
"\nCollection of blood spots on filter paper offers a practical alternative for home monitoring of diabetic patients. ",
"We have compared the merits of three protein precipitants, trichloracetic acid (TCA), perchloric acid (PCA) and sulphosalicylic acid (SSA) for the elution of glucose from the filter paper, and their subsequent effects on three enzymic methods, glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), hexokinase (HK), and glucose oxidase (GOD) for the determination of glucose using a microcentrifugal analyser. ",
"The combination of TCA elutant with the GDH method was superior with respect to time course of reaction and elution time from the filter paper, and was chosen for routine use. ",
"Within- and between-batch precision for this method was 2.7% and 3.2% respectively at normal glucose concentrations. ",
"Recovery of glucose added to whole blood was 110 +/- 5%. ",
"Comparison with an automated glucose oxidase method for plasma glucose gave a slope of 1.1, intercept of -0.7 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9 (n = 64). ",
"We conclude that the combination of TCA and glucose dehydrogenase provides a robust, precise and accurate method for the quantitation of glucose in filter-paper blood spots. ",
"The procedure offers increased sensitivity and better precision than GOD methods. ",
"The use of TCA as elutant gives a faster elution time and has the least effect on any of the enzymic methods."
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[
"Protein kinases represent a large family of proteins that play a central role in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular processes. ",
"Through regulating an array of signaling pathways, protein kinases control cell metabolism, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and cell death, differentiation and survival. ",
"There are over 500 kinases in the human kinome, and over 150 of these have been shown or are proposed to be involved in the onset and/or progression of various human diseases including inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.",
"\nA partial list of such kinases include abl, AATK, ALK, Akt, Axl, bmx, bcr-abl, Blk, Brk, Btk, csk, c-kit, c-Met, c-src, c-fins, CDK1, CDK2, CDK3, CDK4, CDK5, CDK6, CDK7, CDK8, CDK9, CDK10, cRaf1, CSF1R, CSK, DDR1, DDR2, EPHA, EPHB, EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4, Erk, Fak, fes, FER, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFR5, Fgr, flt-1, Fps, Frk, Fyn, GSG2, GSK, Hck, ILK, INSRR, IRAK4, ITK, IGF-1R, INS-R, Jak, KSR1, KDR, LMTK2, LMTK3, LTK, Lck, Lyn, MATK, MERTK, MLTK, MST1R, MUSK, NPR1, NTRK, MEK, MER, PLK4, PTK, p38, PDGFR, PIK, PKC, PYK2, RET, ROR1, ROR2, RYK, ros, Ron, SGK493, SRC, SRMS, STYK1, SYK, TEC, TEK, TEX14, TNK1, TNK2, TNNI3K, TXK, TYK2, Tyro-3, tie, tie2, TRK, Yes, and Zap70.",
"\nProtein tyrosine kinases are a subclass of protein kinase. ",
"They also may be classified as growth factor receptor (e.g. Axl, VEGFR, c-Met (HGFR), EGFR, PDGFR, and FGFR) or non-receptor (e.g. c-src and bcr-abl) kinases. ",
"Receptor tyrosine kinases are transmembrane proteins that possess an extracellular binding domain for growth factors, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular portion that functions as a kinase to phosphorylate a specific tyrosine residue in proteins. ",
"Abnormal expression or activity of protein kinases has been directly implicated in the pathogenesis of myriad human cancers.",
"\nAngiogenesis, the formation of new capillaries from preexisting blood vessels, is a necessary process for organ development during embryogenesis and is critical for the female reproductive cycle, inflammation, and wound healing in the adult. ",
"Certain diseases are known to be associated with deregulated angiogenesis, for example ocular neovascularization, such as retinopathies (including diabetic retinopathy), age-related macular degeneration, psoriasis, hemangioblastoma, hemangioma, arteriosclerosis, inflammatory disease, such as a rheumatoid or rheumatic inflammatory disease, especially arthritis (including rheumatoid arthritis), or other chronic inflammatory disorders, such as chronic asthma, arterial or post-transplantational atherosclerosis, endometriosis, and neoplastic diseases, for example so-called solid tumors and liquid tumors (such as leukemias). ",
"Solid tumors, in particular, are dependent on angiogenesis to grow beyond a certain critical size by inducing new capillaries sprouting from existing blood vessels to secure their nutrition, oxygen supply, and waste removal. ",
"In addition, angiogenesis also promotes metastasis of tumor cells to other sites.",
"\nThe new vessel growth and maturation are highly complex and coordinated processes, requiring the stimulation by a number of growth factors, but vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling often represents a critical rate-limiting step in physiological angiogenesis and pathological angiogenesis. ",
"VEGF binds to and activates the receptor tyrosine kinase, VEGFR. ",
"Three VEGFR isoforms have been identified in humans: VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1) and VEGFR-3 (Flt-4). ",
"VEGFR-2 mediates the majority of cellular responses to VEGF, in particular its mitogenic and angiogenic effects. ",
"VEGFR-1 is thought to modulate VEGFR-2 signaling or to act as a dummy/decoy receptor to sequester VEGF away from VEGFR-2. ",
"The expression of VEGFR-1 is also up-regulated by hypoxia, in a similar mechanism to VEGF, via HIF-1; its functions may vary depending on cell type and developmental stage. (",
"Stuttfeld E, Ballmer-Hofer K (September 2009). “",
"Structure and function of VEGF receptors”. ",
"IUBMB Life 61 (9): 915-22.)",
"\nSince VEGFR-2 is the major mediator of vascular endothelial cell (EC) mitogenesis and survival, as well as angiogenesis and microvascular permeability, it is expected that direct inhibition of the kinase activity of VEGFR-2 will result in the reduction of angiogenesis and the suppression of tumor growth. ",
"Furthermore, inhibition of VEGFR-2 targeting the genetically more stable host endothelial cells, instead of labile tumor tissues, may decrease the chance of resistance development. ",
"Several agents targeting VEGFR signaling, administered either as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy, have been shown to benefit patients with advanced-stage malignancies. (“",
"VEGF-targeted therapy: mechanisms of anti-tumor activity.” ",
"Nature Reviews Cancer, 2008, 8, 579; “Molecular basis for sunitinib efficacy and future clinical development.” ",
"Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2007, 6, 734; “Angiogenesis: an organizing principle for drug discovery?” ",
"Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2007, 6, 273).",
"\nc-Met, also referred to as hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), is expressed predominantly in epithelial cells but has also been identified in endothelial cells, myoblasts, hematopoietic cells and motor neurons. ",
"The natural ligand for c-Met is hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor (SF). ",
"In both embryos and adults, activated c-Met promotes a morphogenetic program, known as invasive growth, which induces cell spreading, the disruption of intercellular contacts, and the migration of cells towards their surroundings. (“",
"From Tpr-Met to Met, tumorigenesis and tubes.” ",
"Oncogene 2007, 26, 1276; “Met Receptor Tyrosine Kinase as a Therapeutic Anticancer Target.” ",
"Cancer Letter, 2009, 280, 1-14).",
"\nA wide variety of human malignancies exhibit sustained c-Met stimulation, overexpression, or mutation, including carcinomas of the breast, liver, lung, ovary, kidney, thyroid, colon, renal, glioblastomas, and prostate, etc. ",
"c-Met is also implicated in atherosclerosis and lung fibrosis. ",
"Invasive growth of certain cancer cells is drastically enhanced by tumor-stromal interactions involving the HGF/c-Met pathway. ",
"Thus, extensive evidence that c-Met signaling is involved in the progression and spread of several cancers and an enhanced understanding of its role in disease have generated considerable interest in c-Met as major targets in cancer drug development. (“",
"Molecular cancer therapy: can our expectation be MET.” ",
"Euro. ",
"J. Cancer, 2008, 44, 641-651; “Targeting the c-Met Signaling Pathway in Cancer.” ",
"Clin. ",
"Cancer Res. ",
"2006, 12, 3657). ",
"Agents targeting c-Met signaling pathway are now under clinical investigation. (“",
"Novel Therapeutic Inhibitors of the c-Met Signaling Pathway in Cancer.” ",
"Clinical Cancer Research, 2009, 15, 2207). “",
"Drug development of MET inhibitors: targeting oncogene addiction and expedience.” ",
"Nature Review Drug Discovery, 2008, 7, 504).",
"\nAxl belongs to the subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that also includes Tyro3 and Mer (TAM). ",
"The TAM receptors are characterized by a combination of two immunoglobin-like domains and dual fibronectin type III repeats in the extracellular region and a cytoplasmic kinase domain. ",
"The ligands for TAM receptors are Gas6 (growth arrest-specific 6) and protein S, two vitamin K-dependent proteins that exhibit 43% amino-acid sequence identity and share similar domain structures (“The anticoagulation factor protein S and its relative, Gas6, are ligands for the Tyro 3/Axl family of receptor tyrosine kinases.” ",
"Cell, 1995, 80, 661-670; “Axl receptor tyrosine kinase stimulated by the vitamin K-dependent protein encoded by growth-arrest-specific gene 6.” ",
"Nature, 1995, 373, 623-626).",
"\nAdequate evidence supports the role of the Gas6/Axl system in driving cell growth and survival in normal and cancer cells (TAM receptor tyrosine kinases: biologic functions, signaling, and potential therapeutic targeting in human cancer. ",
"Adv Cancer Res 2008, 100, 35-83). ",
"Axl overexpression and signaling has been implicated in several human malignancies, such as colon, breast, glioma, thyroid, gastric, melanoma, lung cancer, and in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). ",
"A more detailed role of Axl biology has been proven in glioma, where loss of Axl signaling diminished glioma tumor growth, and in breast cancer, where Axl drive cell migration, tube formation, neovascularization, and tumor growth. ",
"Axl has been shown to play multiple roles in tumorigenesis and that therapeutic antibodies against Axl may block Axl functions not only in malignant tumor cells but also in the tumor stroma. ",
"The additive effect of Axl inhibition with anti-VEGF suggests that blocking Axl function could be an effective approach for enhancing antiangiogenic therapy. (“",
"Axl as a potential therapeutic target in cancer: role of Axl in tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis.” ",
"Oncogene, 2009, 28, 3442-3455; “TAM Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Biologic Functions, Signaling, and Potential Therapeutic Targeting in Human Cancer.” ",
"Adv Cancer Res. ",
"2008, 100, 35-83).",
"\nIt is widely known that cancer cells employ multiple mechanisms to evade tightly regulated cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence. ",
"Thus, most tumors can escape from the inhibition of any single kinase. ",
"System-wide analyses of tumors identified receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) coactivation as an important mechanism by which cancer cells achieve chemoresistance. ",
"One of the strategies to overcome RTK coactivation may involve therapeutically targeting multiple RTKs simultaneously in order to shut down oncogenic RTK signaling and overcome compensatory mechanisms. (“",
"Receptor Tyrosine Kinas Coactivation Networks in Cancer.” ",
"Cancer Research, 2010, 70, 3857). ",
"Anti-tumor approaches in targeting VEGFR, c-Met and Axl signaling may circumvent the ability of tumor cells to overcome VEGFR, c-Met (HGFR) and/or Axl inhibition alone and thus may represent improved cancer therapeutics."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
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[
"# Contribution Guide\n\n\nThe CUE project welcomes all contributors.",
"\n\nThis document is a guide to help you through the process\nof contributing to the CUE project, which is a little different\nfrom that used by other open source projects.",
"\nWe assume you have a basic understanding of Git and Go.",
"\n\n\n## Becoming a contributor\n\n### Overview\n\nThe first step is registering as a CUE contributor and configuring your environment.",
"\nHere is a checklist of the required steps to follow:\n\n\n- **Step 0**: Decide on a single Google Account you will be using to contribute to CUE.",
"\nUse that account for all the following steps and make sure that `git`\nis configured to create commits with that account's e-mail address.",
"\n- **Step 1**: [Sign and submit](https://cla.developers.google.com/clas) a\nCLA (Contributor License Agreement).",
"\n- **Step 2**: Configure authentication credentials for the CUE Git repository.",
"\nVisit\n[cue.googlesource.com](https://cue.googlesource.com), click\non \"Generate Password\" (top right), and follow the instructions.",
"\n- **Step 3**: Register for Gerrit, the code review tool used by the CUE team,\nby [visiting this page](https://cue-review.googlesource.com/login/).",
"\nThe CLA and the registration need to be done only once for your account.",
"\n- **Step 4**: Install `git-codereview` by running\n`go get -u golang.org/x/review/git-codereview`\n\n<!-- ",
"TODO\nIf you prefer, there is an automated tool that walks through these steps.",
"\nJust run:\n\n\n```\n$ go get -u cuelang.org/x/tools/cmd/cue-contrib-init\n$ cd /code/to/edit\n$ cue-contrib-init\n```\n--->\n\nThe rest of this chapter elaborates on these instructions.",
"\nIf you have completed the steps above (either manually or through the tool), jump to\nBefore contributing code.",
"\n\n\n### Step 0: Select a Google Account\n\nA contribution to CUE is made through a Google account with a specific\ne-mail address.",
"\nMake sure to use the same account throughout the process and\nfor all your subsequent contributions.",
"\nYou may need to decide whether to use a personal address or a corporate address.",
"\nThe choice will depend on who\nwill own the copyright for the code that you will be writing\nand submitting.",
"\nYou might want to discuss this topic with your employer before deciding which\naccount to use.",
"\n\n\nGoogle accounts can either be Gmail e-mail accounts, G Suite organization accounts, or\naccounts associated with an external e-mail address.",
"\nFor instance, if you need to use\nan existing corporate e-mail that is not managed through G Suite, you can create\nan account associated\n[with your existing\ne-mail address](https://accounts.google.com/SignUpWithoutGmail).",
"\n\n\nYou also need to make sure that your Git tool is configured to create commits\nusing your chosen e-mail address.",
"\nYou can either configure Git globally\n(as a default for all projects), or locally (for a single specific project).",
"\nYou can check the current configuration with this command:\n\n\n```\n$ git config --global user.email # check current global config\n$ git config user.email # check current local config\n```\n\nTo change the configured address:\n\n\n```\n$ git config --global user.email name@example.com # change global config\n$ git config user.email name@example.com # change local config\n```\n\n\n### Step 1: Contributor License Agreement\n\nBefore sending your first change to the CUE project\nyou must have completed one of the following two CLAs.",
"\nWhich CLA you should sign depends on who owns the copyright to your work.",
"\n\n\n- If you are the copyright holder, you will need to agree to the\n[individual contributor license agreement](https://developers.google.com/open-source/cla/individual),\nwhich can be completed online.",
"\n- If your organization is the copyright holder, the organization\nwill need to agree to the\n[corporate\ncontributor license agreement](https://developers.google.com/open-source/cla/corporate).",
"\n\nYou can check your currently signed agreements and sign new ones at\nthe\n[Google Developers Contributor License Agreements](https://cla.developers.google.com/clas?pli=1&authuser=1) website.",
"\nIf the copyright holder for your contribution has already completed the\nagreement in connection with another Google open source project,\nit does not need to be completed again.",
"\n\n\nIf the copyright holder for the code you are submitting changes—for example,\nif you start contributing code on behalf of a new company—please send mail\nto the [`cue-dev` mailing list](mailto:cue-dev@googlegroups.com).",
"\nThis will let us know the situation so we can make sure an appropriate agreement is\ncompleted and update the `AUTHORS` file.",
"\n\n\n\n### Step 2: Configure git authentication\n\nThe remaining two steps only apply if you wish to contribute through Gerrit,\nwhich is the source of truth for the CUE project. ",
"You can also send Pull\nRequests to the mirror at https://github.com/cuelang/cue.",
"\n\nThe main CUE repository is located at\n[cue.googlesource.com](https://cue.googlesource.com),\na Git server hosted by Google.",
"\nAuthentication on the web server is made through your Google account, but\nyou also need to configure `git` on your computer to access it.",
"\nFollow this steps:\n\n\n- Visit [cue.googlesource.com](https://cue.googlesource.com)\nand click on \"Generate Password\" in the page's top right menu bar.",
"\nYou will be redirected to accounts.google.com to sign in.",
"\n- After signing in, you will be taken to a page with the title \"Configure Git\".",
"\nThis page contains a personalized script that when run locally will configure Git\nto hold your unique authentication key.",
"\nThis key is paired with one that is generated and stored on the server,\nanalogous to how SSH keys work.",
"\n- Copy and run this script locally in your terminal to store your secret\nauthentication token in a `.gitcookies` file.",
"\nIf you are using a Windows computer and running `cmd`,\nyou should instead follow the instructions in the yellow box to run the command;\notherwise run the regular script.",
"\n\n### Step 3: Create a Gerrit account\n\nGerrit is an open-source tool used by CUE maintainers to discuss and review\ncode submissions.",
"\n\n\nTo register your account, visit\n[cue-review.googlesource.com/login/](https://cue-review.googlesource.com/login/)\nand sign in once using the same Google Account you used above.",
"\n\n\n### Step 4: Install the git-codereview command\n\nChanges to CUE must be reviewed before they are accepted, no matter who makes the change.",
"\nA custom `git` command called `git-codereview`\nsimplifies sending changes to Gerrit.",
"\n\n\nInstall the `git-codereview` command by running,\n\n\n```\n$ go get -u golang.org/x/review/git-codereview\n```\n\nMake sure `git-codereview` is installed in your shell path, so that the\n`git` command can find it.",
"\nCheck that\n\n\n```\n$ git codereview help\n```\n\nprints help text, not an error.",
"\n\n\nOn Windows, when using git-bash you must make sure that\n`git-codereview.exe` is in your `git` exec-path.",
"\nRun `git --exec-path` to discover the right location then create a\nsymbolic link or just copy the executable from $GOPATH/bin to this directory.",
"\n\n\n\n## Before contributing code\n\n<!--",
"\nTODO\nThe project welcomes code patches, but to make sure things are well\ncoordinated you should discuss any significant change before starting\nthe work.",
"\nIt's recommended that you signal your intention to contribute in the\nissue tracker, either by <a href=\"https://cuelang.org/issue/new\">filing\na new issue</a> or by claiming\nan <a href=\"https://cuelang.org/issues\">existing one</a>.",
"\n\n-->\n\n### Check the issue tracker\n\nWhether you already know what contribution to make, or you are searching for\nan idea, the [issue tracker](https://github.com/cuelang/cue/issues) is\nalways the first place to go.",
"\nIssues are triaged to categorize them and manage the workflow.",
"\n\n\nMost issues will be marked with one of the following workflow labels:\n\n\n-\t**NeedsInvestigation**: The issue is not fully understood\n\tand requires analysis to understand the root cause.",
"\n-\t**NeedsDecision**: the issue is relatively well understood, but the\n\tCUE team hasn't yet decided the best way to address it.",
"\n\tIt would be better to wait for a decision before writing code.",
"\n\tIf you are interested on working on an issue in this state,\n\tfeel free to \"ping\" maintainers in the issue's comments\n\tif some time has passed without a decision.",
"\n-\t**NeedsFix**: the issue is fully understood and code can be written\n\tto fix it.",
"\n\nYou can use GitHub's search functionality to find issues to help out with. ",
"Examples:\n\n\n-\tIssues that need investigation:\n\t[`is:issue is:open label:NeedsInvestigation`](\n\t\thttps://github.com/cuelang/cue/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3ANeedsInvestigation)\n-\tIssues that need a fix:\n\t[`is:issue is:open label:NeedsFix`](https://github.com/cuelang/cue/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3ANeedsFix)\n-\tIssues that need a fix and have a CL:\n [`is:issue is:open label:NeedsFix \"cuelang.org/cl\"`](https://github.com/cuelang/cue/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3ANeedsFix+%22golang.org%2Fcl%22)\n-\tIssues that need a fix and do not have a CL:\n [`is:issue is:open label:NeedsFix NOT \"cuelang.org/cl\"`](https://github.com/cuelang/cue/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3ANeedsFix+NOT+%22golang.org%2Fcl%22)\n\n### Open an issue for any new problem\n\nExcluding very trivial changes, all contributions should be connected\nto an existing issue.",
"\nFeel free to open one and discuss your plans.",
"\nThis process gives everyone a chance to validate the design,\nhelps prevent duplication of effort,\nand ensures that the idea fits inside the goals for the language and tools.",
"\nIt also checks that the design is sound before code is written;\nthe code review tool is not the place for high-level discussions.",
"\n\n\n<!--",
"\nTODO\nWhen planning work, please note that the CUE project follows a <a\nhref=\"https://cuelang.org/wiki/CUE-Release-Cycle\">six-month development cycle</a>.",
"\nThe latter half of each cycle is a three-month feature freeze during\nwhich only bug fixes and documentation updates are accepted.",
"\nNew contributions can be sent during a feature freeze, but they will\nnot be merged until the freeze is over.",
"\n\n\nSignificant changes to the language, libraries, or tools must go\nthrough the\n<a href=\"https://cuelang.org/s/proposal-process\">change proposal process</a>\nbefore they can be accepted.",
"\n\n\nSensitive security-related issues (only!) ",
"should be reported to <a href=\"mailto:security@cuelang.org\">security@cuelang.org</a>.",
"\n\n\n## Sending a change via GitHub\n\nFirst-time contributors that are already familiar with the\n<a href=\"https://guides.github.com/introduction/flow/\">GitHub flow</a>\nare encouraged to use the same process for CUE contributions.",
"\nEven though CUE\nmaintainers use Gerrit for code review, a bot called Gopherbot has been created to sync\nGitHub pull requests to Gerrit.",
"\n\n\nOpen a pull request as you normally would.",
"\nGopherbot will create a corresponding Gerrit change and post a link to\nit on your GitHub pull request; updates to the pull request will also\nget reflected in the Gerrit change.",
"\nWhen somebody comments on the change, their comment will be also\nposted in your pull request, so you will get a notification.",
"\n\n\nSome things to keep in mind:\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>\nTo update the pull request with new code, just push it to the branch; you can either\nadd more commits, or rebase and force-push (both styles are accepted).",
"\n</li>\n<li>\nIf the request is accepted, all commits will be squashed, and the final\ncommit description will be composed by concatenating the pull request's\ntitle and description.",
"\nThe individual commits' descriptions will be discarded.",
"\nSee Writing good commit messages</a> for some\nsuggestions.",
"\n</li>\n<li>\nGopherbot is unable to sync line-by-line codereview into GitHub: only the\ncontents of the overall comment on the request will be synced.",
"\nRemember you can always visit Gerrit to see the fine-grained review.",
"\n</li>\n</ul>\n-->\n\n## Sending a change via Gerrit\n\nIt is not possible to fully sync Gerrit and GitHub,\nalthough things are improving,\nso we recommend learning Gerrit.",
"\nIt's different but powerful and familiarity\nwith help you understand the flow.",
"\n\n\n### Overview\n\nThis is an overview of the overall process:\n\n\n- **Step 1:** Clone the CUE source code from cue.googlesource.com\nand make sure it's stable by compiling and testing it once:\n```\n$ git clone https://cue.googlesource.com/cue\n$ cd cue\n$ go test ./...\n$ go install ./cmd/cue\n```\n\n- **Step 2:** Prepare changes in a new branch, created from the master branch.",
"\nTo commit the changes, use `git` `codereview` `change`; that\nwill create or amend a single commit in the branch.",
"\n```\n$ git checkout -b mybranch\n$ [edit files...]\n$ git add [files...]\n$ git codereview change # create commit in the branch\n$ [edit again...]\n$ git add [files...]\n$ git codereview change # amend the existing commit with new changes\n$ [etc.]",
"\n```\n\n- **Step 3:** Test your changes, re-running `go test`.",
"\n```\n$ go test ./... # recompile and test\n```\n\n- **Step 4:** Send the changes for review to Gerrit using `git`\n`codereview` `mail` (which doesn't use e-mail, despite the name).",
"\n```\n$ git codereview mail # send changes to Gerrit\n```\n\n- **Step 5:** After a review, apply changes to the same single commit\nand mail them to Gerrit again:\n```\n$ [edit files...]\n$ git add [files...]\n$ git codereview change # update same commit\n$ git codereview mail # send to Gerrit again\n```\n\nThe rest of this section describes these steps in more detail.",
"\n\n\n\n### Step 1: Clone the CUE source code\n\nIn addition to a recent CUE installation, you need to have a local copy of the source\nchecked out from the correct repository.",
"\nYou can check out the CUE source repo onto your local file system anywhere\nyou want as long as it's outside your `GOPATH`.",
"\nEither clone from\n`cue.googlesource.com` or from GitHub:\n\n\n```\n$ git clone https://github.com/cuelang/cue # or https://cue.googlesource.com/cue\n$ cd cue\n$ go test ./...\n# go install ./cmd/cue\n```\n\n### Step 2: Prepare changes in a new branch\n\nEach CUE change must be made in a separate branch, created from the master branch.",
"\nYou can use\nthe normal `git` commands to create a branch and add changes to the\nstaging area:\n\n\n```\n$ git checkout -b mybranch\n$ [edit files...]\n$ git add [files...]\n```\n\nTo commit changes, instead of `git commit`, use `git codereview change`.",
"\n\n\n```\n$ git codereview change\n(open $EDITOR)\n```\n\nYou can edit the commit description in your favorite editor as usual.",
"\nThe `git` `codereview` `change` command\nwill automatically add a unique Change-Id line near the bottom.",
"\nThat line is used by Gerrit to match successive uploads of the same change.",
"\nDo not edit or delete it.",
"\nA Change-Id looks like this:\n\n\n```\nChange-Id: I2fbdbffb3aab626c4b6f56348861b7909e3e8990\n```\n\nThe tool also checks that you've\nrun `go` `fmt` over the source code, and that\nthe commit message follows the suggested format.",
"\n\n\nIf you need to edit the files again, you can stage the new changes and\nre-run `git` `codereview` `change`: each subsequent\nrun will amend the existing commit while preserving the Change-Id.\n\n\nMake sure that you always keep a single commit in each branch.",
"\nIf you add more\ncommits by mistake, you can use `git` `rebase` to\n[squash them together](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31668794/squash-all-your-commits-in-one-before-a-pull-request-in-github)\ninto a single one.",
"\n\n\n\n### Step 3: Test your changes\n\nYou've written and tested your code, but\nbefore sending code out for review, run <i>all the tests for the whole\ntree</i> to make sure the changes don't break other packages or programs:\n\n\n```\n$ go test ./...\n```\n\n\n### Step 4: Send changes for review\n\nOnce the change is ready and tested over the whole tree, send it for review.",
"\nThis is done with the `mail` sub-command which, despite its name, doesn't\ndirectly mail anything; it just sends the change to Gerrit:\n\n\n```\n$ git codereview mail\n```\n\nGerrit assigns your change a number and URL, which `git` `codereview` `mail` will print, something like:\n\n\n```\nremote: New Changes:\nremote: https://cue-review.googlesource.com/99999 math: improved Sin, Cos and Tan precision for very large arguments\n```\n\nIf you get an error instead, check the\nTroubleshooting mail errors section.",
"\n\n\nIf your change relates to an open GitHub issue and you have followed the\nsuggested commit message format, the issue will be updated in a few minutes by a bot,\nlinking your Gerrit change to it in the comments.",
"\n\n\n\n### Step 5: Revise changes after a review\n\nCUE maintainers will review your code on Gerrit, and you will get notifications via e-mail.",
"\nYou can see the review on Gerrit and comment on them there.",
"\nYou can also reply\n[using e-mail](https://gerrit-review.googlesource.com/Documentation/intro-user.html#reply-by-email)\nif you prefer.",
"\n\n\nIf you need to revise your change after the review, edit the files in\nthe same branch you previously created, add them to the Git staging\narea, and then amend the commit with\n`git` `codereview` `change`:\n\n\n```\n$ git codereview change # amend current commit\n(open $EDITOR)\n$ git codereview mail # send new changes to Gerrit\n```\n\nIf you don't need to change the commit description, just save and exit from the editor.",
"\nRemember not to touch the special Change-Id line.",
"\n\n\nAgain, make sure that you always keep a single commit in each branch.",
"\nIf you add more\ncommits by mistake, you can use `git rebase` to\n[squash them together](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31668794/squash-all-your-commits-in-one-before-a-pull-request-in-github)\ninto a single one.",
"\n\n\n## Good commit messages\n\nCommit messages in CUE follow a specific set of conventions,\nwhich we discuss in this section.",
"\n\n\nHere is an example of a good one:\n\n\n```\nmath: improve Sin, Cos and Tan precision for very large arguments\n\nThe existing implementation has poor numerical properties for\nlarge arguments, so use the McGillicutty algorithm to improve\naccuracy above 1e10.",
"\n\nThe algorithm is described at https://wikipedia.org/wiki/McGillicutty_Algorithm\n\nFixes #159\n```\n\n### First line\n\nThe first line of the change description is conventionally a short one-line\nsummary of the change, prefixed by the primary affected package.",
"\n\n\nA rule of thumb is that it should be written so to complete the sentence\n\"This change modifies CUE to _____.\"",
"\nThat means it does not start with a capital letter, is not a complete sentence,\nand actually summarizes the result of the change.",
"\n\n\nFollow the first line by a blank line.",
"\n\n\n### Main content\n\nThe rest of the description elaborates and should provide context for the\nchange and explain what it does.",
"\nWrite in complete sentences with correct punctuation, just like\nfor your comments in CUE.",
"\nDon't use HTML, Markdown, or any other markup language.",
"\n\n\n\n### Referencing issues\n\nThe special notation \"Fixes #12345\" associates the change with issue 12345 in the\n[CUE issue tracker](https://cuelang.org/issue/12345)\nWhen this change is eventually applied, the issue\ntracker will automatically mark the issue as fixed.",
"\n\n\nIf the change is a partial step towards the resolution of the issue,\nuses the notation \"Updates #12345\".",
"\nThis will leave a comment in the issue\nlinking back to the change in Gerrit, but it will not close the issue\nwhen the change is applied.",
"\n\n\nIf you are sending a change against a subrepository, you must use\nthe fully-qualified syntax supported by GitHub to make sure the change is\nlinked to the issue in the main repository, not the subrepository.",
"\nAll issues are tracked in the main repository's issue tracker.",
"\nThe correct form is \"Fixes cuelang/cue#159\".",
"\n\n\n\n## The review process\n\nThis section explains the review process in detail and how to approach\nreviews after a change has been mailed.",
"\n\n\n\n### Common beginner mistakes\n\nWhen a change is sent to Gerrit, it is usually triaged within a few days.",
"\nA maintainer will have a look and provide some initial review that for first-time\ncontributors usually focuses on basic cosmetics and common mistakes.",
"\nThese include things like:\n\n\n- Commit message not following the suggested\nformat.",
"\n- The lack of a linked GitHub issue.",
"\nThe vast majority of changes\nrequire a linked issue that describes the bug or the feature that the change\nfixes or implements, and consensus should have been reached on the tracker\nbefore proceeding with it.",
"\nGerrit reviews do not discuss the merit of the change,\njust its implementation.",
"\nOnly trivial or cosmetic changes will be accepted without an associated issue.",
"\n\n<!-- ",
"TODO\n<li>\nChange sent during the freeze phase of the development cycle, when the tree\nis closed for general changes.",
"\nIn this case,\na maintainer might review the code with a line such as `R=cue1.1`,\nwhich means that it will be reviewed later when the tree opens for a new\ndevelopment window.",
"\nYou can add `R=cue1.XX` as a comment yourself\nif you know that it's not the correct time frame for the change.",
"\n</li>\n-->\n\n<!--",
"\nTODO\n### Trybots\n\nAfter an initial reading of your change, maintainers will trigger trybots,\na cluster of servers that will run the full test suite on several different\narchitectures.",
"\nMost trybots complete in a few minutes, at which point a link will\nbe posted in Gerrit where you can see the results.",
"\n\n\nIf the trybot run fails, follow the link and check the full logs of the\nplatforms on which the tests failed.",
"\nTry to understand what broke, update your patch to fix it, and upload again.",
"\nMaintainers will trigger a new trybot run to see\nif the problem was fixed.",
"\n\n\nSometimes, the tree can be broken on some platforms for a few hours; if\nthe failure reported by the trybot doesn't seem related to your patch, go to the\n<a href=\"https://build.cuelang.org\">Build Dashboard</a> and check if the same\nfailure appears in other recent commits on the same platform.",
"\nIn this case,\nfeel free to write a comment in Gerrit to mention that the failure is\nunrelated to your change, to help maintainers understand the situation.",
"\n\n-->\n\n### Reviews\n\nThe CUE community values very thorough reviews.",
"\nThink of each review comment like a ticket: you are expected to somehow \"close\" it\nby acting on it, either by implementing the suggestion or convincing the\nreviewer otherwise.",
"\n\n\nAfter you update the change, go through the review comments and make sure\nto reply to every one.",
"\nYou can click the \"Done\" button to reply\nindicating that you've implemented the reviewer's suggestion; otherwise,\nclick on \"Reply\" and explain why you have not, or what you have done instead.",
"\n\n\nIt is perfectly normal for changes to go through several round of reviews,\nwith one or more reviewers making new comments every time\nand then waiting for an updated change before reviewing again.",
"\nThis cycle happens even for experienced contributors, so\ndon't be discouraged by it.",
"\n\n\n### Voting conventions\n\nAs they near a decision, reviewers will make a \"vote\" on your change.",
"\nThe Gerrit voting system involves an integer in the range -2 to +2:\n\n\n-\t**+2** The change is approved for being merged.",
"\n\tOnly CUE maintainers can cast a +2 vote.",
"\n-\t**+1** The change looks good, but either the reviewer is requesting\n\tminor changes before approving it, or they are not a maintainer and cannot\n\tapprove it, but would like to encourage an approval.",
"\n-\t**-1** The change is not good the way it is but might be fixable.",
"\n\tA -1 vote will always have a comment explaining why the change is unacceptable.",
"\n-\t**-2** The change is blocked by a maintainer and cannot be approved.",
"\n\tAgain, there will be a comment explaining the decision.",
"\n\n### Submitting an approved change\n\nAfter the code has been +2'ed, an approver will\napply it to the master branch using the Gerrit user interface.",
"\nThis is called \"submitting the change\".",
"\n\n\nThe two steps (approving and submitting) are separate because in some cases maintainers\nmay want to approve it but not to submit it right away (for instance,\nthe tree could be temporarily frozen).",
"\n\n\nSubmitting a change checks it into the repository.",
"\nThe change description will include a link to the code review,\nwhich will be updated with a link to the change\nin the repository.",
"\nSince the method used to integrate the changes is Git's \"Cherry Pick\",\nthe commit hashes in the repository will be changed by\nthe submit operation.",
"\n\n\nIf your change has been approved for a few days without being\nsubmitted, feel free to write a comment in Gerrit requesting\nsubmission.",
"\n\n\n\n<!--",
"\n\n### More information\n\nTODO\nIn addition to the information here, the CUE community maintains a <a\nhref=\"https://cuelang.org/wiki/CodeReview\">CodeReview</a> wiki page.",
"\nFeel free to contribute to this page as you learn more about the review process.",
"\n\n-->\n\n\n## Miscellaneous topics\n\nThis section collects a number of other comments that are\noutside the issue/edit/code review/submit process itself.",
"\n\n\n\n### Copyright headers\n\nFiles in the CUE repository don't list author names, both to avoid clutter\nand to avoid having to keep the lists up to date.",
"\nInstead, your name will appear in the\n[change log](https://cue.googlesource.com/cue/+log) and in the\n[`CONTRIBUTORS`](../CONTRIBUTORS) file and perhaps the\n[`AUTHORS`](../AUTHORS) file.",
"\nThese files are automatically generated from the commit logs periodically.",
"\nThe [`AUTHORS`](../AUTHORS) file defines who “The CUE\nAuthors”—the copyright holders—are.",
"\n\n\nNew files that you contribute should use the standard copyright header:\n\n\n```\n// Copyright 2018 The CUE Authors\n//\n// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.",
"\n// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n//\n// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n//\n// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.",
"\n// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n// limitations under the License.",
"\n```\n\n(Use the current year if you're reading this in 2019 or beyond.)",
"\nFiles in the repository are copyrighted the year they are added.",
"\nDo not update the copyright year on files that you change.",
"\n\n\n\n\n\n### Troubleshooting mail errors\n\nThe most common way that the `git` `codereview` `mail`\ncommand fails is because the e-mail address in the commit does not match the one\nthat you used during the registration process.",
"\n\nIf you see something like...\n\n\n```\nremote: Processing changes: refs: 1, done\nremote:\nremote: ERROR: In commit ab13517fa29487dcf8b0d48916c51639426c5ee9\nremote: ERROR: author email address XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX\nremote: ERROR: does not match your user account.",
"\n```\n\nyou need to configure Git for this repository to use the\ne-mail address that you registered with.",
"\nTo change the e-mail address to ensure this doesn't happen again, run:\n\n\n```\n$ git config user.email email@address.com\n```\n\nThen change the commit to use this alternative e-mail address with this command:\n\n\n```\n$ git commit --amend --author=\"Author Name <email@address.com>\"\n```\n\nThen retry by running:\n\n\n```\n$ git codereview mail\n```\n\n\n### Quickly testing your changes\n\nRunning `go test ./...` for every single change to the code tree\nis burdensome.",
"\nEven though it is strongly suggested to run it before\nsending a change, during the normal development cycle you may want\nto compile and test only the package you are developing.",
"\n\n\nIn this section, we'll call the directory into which you cloned the CUE repository `$CUEDIR`.",
"\nAs CUE uses Go modules, The `cue` tool built by\n`go install` will be installed in the `bin/go` in your\nhome directory by default.",
"\n\nIf you're changing the CUE APIs or code, you can test the results in just\nthis package directory.",
"\n\n```\n$ cd $CUEDIR/cue\n$ [make changes...]\n$ go test\n```\n\nYou don't need to build a new cue tool to test it.",
"\nInstead you can run the tests from the root.",
"\n\n```\n$ cd $CUEDIR\n$ go test ./...\n```\n\nTo use the new tool you would still need to build and install it.",
"\n\n\n<!--",
"\nTODO\n### Contributing to subrepositories (cuelang.org/x/...)\n\nIf you are contributing a change to a subrepository, obtain the\nCUE package using `go get`.",
"\nFor example, to contribute\nto `cuelang.org/x/editor/vscode`, check out the code by running:\n\n\n```\n$ go get -d cuelang.org/editor/vscode\n```\n\nThen, change your directory to the package's source directory\n(`$GOPATH/src/cuelang.org/x/oauth2`), and follow the\nnormal contribution flow.",
"\n\n-->\n\n### Specifying a reviewer / CCing others\n\n<!--",
"\nTODO:\n\nUnless explicitly told otherwise, such as in the discussion leading\nup to sending in the change, it's better not to specify a reviewer.",
"\nAll changes are automatically CC'ed to the\n<a href=\"https://groups.google.com/group/cue-codereviews\">cue-codereviews@googlegroups.com</a>\nmailing list.",
"\nIf this is your first ever change, there may be a moderation\ndelay before it appears on the mailing list, to prevent spam.",
"\n\n-->\n\nYou can specify a reviewer or CC interested parties\nusing the `-r` or `-cc` options.",
"\nBoth accept a comma-separated list of e-mail addresses:\n\n\n```\n$ git codereview mail -r joe@cuelang.org -cc mabel@example.com,math-nuts@swtch.com\n```\n\n\n### Synchronize your client\n\nWhile you were working, others might have submitted changes to the repository.",
"\nTo update your local branch, run\n\n\n```\n$ git codereview sync\n```\n\n(Under the covers this runs\n`git` `pull` `-r`.)",
"\n\n\n\n### Reviewing code by others\n\nAs part of the review process reviewers can propose changes directly (in the\nGitHub workflow this would be someone else attaching commits to a pull request).",
"\n\nYou can import these changes proposed by someone else into your local Git repository.",
"\nOn the Gerrit review page, click the \"Download ▼\" link in the upper right\ncorner, copy the \"Checkout\" command and run it from your local Git repo.",
"\nIt will look something like this:\n\n\n```\n$ git fetch https://cue.googlesource.com/review refs/changes/21/13245/1 && git checkout FETCH_HEAD\n```\n\nTo revert, change back to the branch you were working in.",
"\n\n\n### Set up git aliases\n\nThe `git-codereview` command can be run directly from the shell\nby typing, for instance,\n\n\n```\n$ git codereview sync\n```\n\nbut it is more convenient to set up aliases for `git-codereview`'s own\nsubcommands, so that the above becomes,\n\n\n```\n$ git sync\n```\n\nThe `git-codereview` subcommands have been chosen to be distinct from\nGit's own, so it's safe to define these aliases.",
"\nTo install them, copy this text into your\nGit configuration file (usually `.gitconfig` in your home directory):\n\n\n```\n[alias]\n\tchange = codereview change\n\tgofmt = codereview gofmt\n\tmail = codereview mail\n\tpending = codereview pending\n\tsubmit = codereview submit\n\tsync = codereview sync\n```\n\n\n### Sending multiple dependent changes\n\nAdvanced users may want to stack up related commits in a single branch.",
"\nGerrit allows for changes to be dependent on each other, forming such a dependency chain.",
"\nEach change will need to be approved and submitted separately but the dependency\nwill be visible to reviewers.",
"\n\n\nTo send out a group of dependent changes, keep each change as a different commit under\nthe same branch, and then run:\n\n\n```\n$ git codereview mail HEAD\n```\n\nMake sure to explicitly specify `HEAD`, which is usually not required when sending\nsingle changes.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
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[
"5.5.2 Particular Function Checks\n\nThese macros check for particular C functions—whether they exist, and\nin some cases how they respond when given certain arguments.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_ALLOCA\n\nCheck how to get alloca. ",
"Tries to get a builtin version by\nchecking for ‘alloca.h’ or the predefined C preprocessor macros\n__GNUC__ and _AIX. ",
"If this macro finds ‘alloca.h’,\nit defines HAVE_ALLOCA_H.\n\nIf those attempts fail, it looks for the function in the standard C\nlibrary. ",
"If any of those methods succeed, it defines\nHAVE_ALLOCA. ",
"Otherwise, it sets the output variable\nALLOCA to ‘${LIBOBJDIR}alloca.o’ and defines\nC_ALLOCA (so programs can periodically call ‘alloca (0)’ to\ngarbage collect). ",
"This variable is separate from LIBOBJS so\nmultiple programs can share the value of ALLOCA without needing\nto create an actual library, in case only some of them use the code in\nLIBOBJS. ",
"The ‘${LIBOBJDIR}’ prefix serves the same\npurpose as in LIBOBJS (see section AC_LIBOBJ vs. LIBOBJS).",
"\n\nThis macro does not try to get alloca from the System V R3\n‘libPW’ or the System V R4 ‘libucb’ because those libraries\ncontain some incompatible functions that cause trouble. ",
"Some versions\ndo not even contain alloca or contain a buggy version. ",
"If you\nstill want to use their alloca, use ar to extract\n‘alloca.o’ from them instead of compiling ‘alloca.c’.",
"\n\nSource files that use alloca should start with a piece of code\nlike the following, to declare it properly.",
"\n\nIf the chown function is available and works (in particular, it\nshould accept ‘-1’ for uid and gid), define\nHAVE_CHOWN. ",
"The result of this macro is cached in the\nac_cv_func_chown_works variable.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_CLOSEDIR_VOID\n\nIf the closedir function does not return a meaningful value,\ndefine CLOSEDIR_VOID. ",
"Otherwise, callers ought to check its\nreturn value for an error indicator.",
"\n\nCurrently this test is implemented by running a test program. ",
"When\ncross compiling the pessimistic assumption that closedir does not\nreturn a meaningful value is made.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the ac_cv_func_closedir_void\nvariable.",
"\n\nThis macro is obsolescent, as closedir returns a meaningful value\non current systems. ",
"New programs need not use this macro.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_ERROR_AT_LINE\n\nIf the error_at_line function is not found, require an\nAC_LIBOBJ replacement of ‘error’.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the ac_cv_lib_error_at_line\nvariable.",
"\n\nThe AC_FUNC_ERROR_AT_LINE macro is obsolescent. ",
"New programs\nshould use Gnulib’s error module. ",
"See section Gnulib.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_FNMATCH\n\nIf the fnmatch function conforms to Posix, define\nHAVE_FNMATCH. ",
"Detect common implementation bugs, for example,\nthe bugs in Solaris 2.4.",
"\n\nUnlike the other specific\nAC_FUNC macros, AC_FUNC_FNMATCH does not replace a\nbroken/missing fnmatch. ",
"This is for historical reasons.",
"\nSee AC_REPLACE_FNMATCH below.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the ac_cv_func_fnmatch_works\nvariable.",
"\n\nThis macro is obsolescent. ",
"New programs should use Gnulib’s\nfnmatch-posix module. ",
"See section Gnulib.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_FNMATCH_GNU\n\nBehave like AC_REPLACE_FNMATCH (replace) but also test\nwhether fnmatch supports GNU extensions. ",
"Detect common\nimplementation bugs, for example, the bugs in the GNU C\nLibrary 2.1.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the ac_cv_func_fnmatch_gnu\nvariable.",
"\n\nThis macro is obsolescent. ",
"New programs should use Gnulib’s\nfnmatch-gnu module. ",
"See section Gnulib.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_FORK\n\nThis macro checks for the fork and vfork functions. ",
"If a\nworking fork is found, define HAVE_WORKING_FORK. ",
"This macro\nchecks whether fork is just a stub by trying to run it.",
"\n\nIf ‘vfork.h’ is found, define HAVE_VFORK_H. If a working\nvfork is found, define HAVE_WORKING_VFORK. ",
"Otherwise,\ndefine vfork to be fork for backward compatibility with\nprevious versions of autoconf. ",
"This macro checks for several known\nerrors in implementations of vfork and considers the system to not\nhave a working vfork if it detects any of them. ",
"It is not considered\nto be an implementation error if a child’s invocation of signal\nmodifies the parent’s signal handler, since child processes rarely change\ntheir signal handlers.",
"\n\nSince this macro defines vfork only for backward compatibility with\nprevious versions of autoconf you’re encouraged to define it\nyourself in new code:\n\n#ifndef HAVE_WORKING_VFORK\n# define vfork fork\n#endif\n\nThe results of this macro are cached in the ac_cv_func_fork_works\nand ac_cv_func_vfork_works variables. ",
"In order to override the\ntest, you also need to set the ac_cv_func_fork and\nac_cv_func_vfork variables.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_FSEEKO\n\nIf the fseeko function is available, define HAVE_FSEEKO.",
"\nDefine _LARGEFILE_SOURCE if necessary to make the prototype\nvisible on some systems (e.g., glibc 2.2). ",
"Otherwise linkage problems\nmay occur when compiling with AC_SYS_LARGEFILE on\nlargefile-sensitive systems where off_t does not default to a\n64bit entity. ",
"All systems with fseeko also supply ftello.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_GETGROUPS\n\nIf the getgroups function is available and works (unlike on\nUltrix 4.3, where ‘getgroups (0, 0)’ always fails), define\nHAVE_GETGROUPS. ",
"Set GETGROUPS_LIBS to any libraries\nneeded to get that function. ",
"This macro runs AC_TYPE_GETGROUPS.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_GETLOADAVG\n\nCheck how to get the system load averages. ",
"To perform its tests\nproperly, this macro needs the file ‘getloadavg.c’; therefore, be\nsure to set the AC_LIBOBJ replacement directory properly (see\nGeneric Function Checks, AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR).",
"\n\nIf the system has the getloadavg function, define\nHAVE_GETLOADAVG, and set GETLOADAVG_LIBS to any libraries\nnecessary to get that function. ",
"Also add GETLOADAVG_LIBS to\nLIBS. ",
"Otherwise, require an AC_LIBOBJ replacement for\n‘getloadavg’ with source code in ‘dir/getloadavg.c’, and\npossibly define several other C preprocessor macros and output\nvariables:\n\nDefine C_GETLOADAVG.",
"\n\nDefine SVR4, DGUX, UMAX, or UMAX4_3 if on\nthose systems.",
"\n\nIf ‘nlist.h’ is found, define HAVE_NLIST_H.\n\nIf ‘struct nlist’ has an ‘n_un.n_name’ member, define\nHAVE_STRUCT_NLIST_N_UN_N_NAME. ",
"The obsolete symbol\nNLIST_NAME_UNION is still defined, but do not depend upon it.",
"\n\nPrograms may need to be installed set-group-ID (or set-user-ID) for\ngetloadavg to work. ",
"In this case, define\nGETLOADAVG_PRIVILEGED, set the output variable NEED_SETGID\nto ‘true’ (and otherwise to ‘false’), and set\nKMEM_GROUP to the name of the group that should own the installed\nprogram.",
"\n\nThe AC_FUNC_GETLOADAVG macro is obsolescent. ",
"New programs should\nuse Gnulib’s getloadavg module. ",
"See section Gnulib.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_GETMNTENT\n\nCheck for getmntent in the standard C library, and then in the\n‘sun’, ‘seq’, and ‘gen’ libraries, for UNICOS,\nIRIX 4, PTX, and UnixWare, respectively. ",
"Then, if\ngetmntent is available, define HAVE_GETMNTENT and set\nac_cv_func_getmntent to yes. ",
"Otherwise set\nac_cv_func_getmntent to no.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro can be overridden by setting the cache variable\nac_cv_search_getmntent.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_GETPGRP\n\nDefine GETPGRP_VOID if it is an error to pass 0 to\ngetpgrp; this is the Posix behavior. ",
"On older BSD\nsystems, you must pass 0 to getpgrp, as it takes an argument and\nbehaves like Posix’s getpgid.",
"\n\n#ifdef GETPGRP_VOID\npid = getpgrp ();\n#else\npid = getpgrp (0);\n#endif\n\nThis macro does not check whether\ngetpgrp exists at all; if you need to work in that situation,\nfirst call AC_CHECK_FUNC for getpgrp.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void\nvariable.",
"\n\nThis macro is obsolescent, as current systems have a getpgrp\nwhose signature conforms to Posix. ",
"New programs need not use this macro.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_LSTAT_FOLLOWS_SLASHED_SYMLINK\n\nIf ‘link’ is a symbolic link, then lstat should treat\n‘link/’ the same as ‘link/.’. ",
"However, many older\nlstat implementations incorrectly ignore trailing slashes.",
"\n\nIt is safe to assume that if lstat incorrectly ignores\ntrailing slashes, then other symbolic-link-aware functions like\nunlink also incorrectly ignore trailing slashes.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the\nac_cv_func_lstat_dereferences_slashed_symlink variable.",
"\n\nThe AC_FUNC_LSTAT_FOLLOWS_SLASHED_SYMLINK macro is obsolescent.",
"\nNew programs should use Gnulib’s lstat module. ",
"See section Gnulib.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_MALLOC\n\nIf the malloc function is compatible with the GNU C\nlibrary malloc (i.e., ‘malloc (0)’ returns a valid\npointer), define HAVE_MALLOC to 1. ",
"Otherwise define\nHAVE_MALLOC to 0, ask for an AC_LIBOBJ replacement for\n‘malloc’, and define malloc to rpl_malloc so that the\nnative malloc is not used in the main project.",
"\n\nTypically, the replacement file ‘malloc.c’ should look like (note\nthe ‘#undef malloc’):\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the\nac_cv_func_malloc_0_nonnull variable.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_MBRTOWC\n\nDefine HAVE_MBRTOWC to 1 if the function mbrtowc and the\ntype mbstate_t are properly declared.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the ac_cv_func_mbrtowc\nvariable.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_MEMCMP\n\nIf the memcmp function is not available, or does not work on\n8-bit data (like the one on SunOS 4.1.3), or fails when comparing 16\nbytes or more and with at least one buffer not starting on a 4-byte\nboundary (such as the one on NeXT x86 OpenStep), require an\nAC_LIBOBJ replacement for ‘memcmp’.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the\nac_cv_func_memcmp_working variable.",
"\n\nThis macro is obsolescent, as current systems have a working\nmemcmp. ",
"New programs need not use this macro.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_MKTIME\n\nIf the mktime function is not available, or does not work\ncorrectly, require an AC_LIBOBJ replacement for ‘mktime’.",
"\nFor the purposes of this test, mktime should conform to the\nPosix standard and should be the inverse of\nlocaltime.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the\nac_cv_func_working_mktime variable.",
"\n\nThe AC_FUNC_MKTIME macro is obsolescent. ",
"New programs should\nuse Gnulib’s mktime module. ",
"See section Gnulib.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_MMAP\n\nIf the mmap function exists and works correctly, define\nHAVE_MMAP. ",
"This checks only private fixed mapping of already-mapped\nmemory.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the\nac_cv_func_mmap_fixed_mapped variable.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_OBSTACK\n\nIf the obstacks are found, define HAVE_OBSTACK, else require an\nAC_LIBOBJ replacement for ‘obstack’.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the ac_cv_func_obstack\nvariable.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_REALLOC\n\nIf the realloc function is compatible with the GNU C\nlibrary realloc (i.e., ‘realloc (NULL, 0)’ returns a\nvalid pointer), define HAVE_REALLOC to 1. ",
"Otherwise define\nHAVE_REALLOC to 0, ask for an AC_LIBOBJ replacement for\n‘realloc’, and define realloc to rpl_realloc so that\nthe native realloc is not used in the main project. ",
"See\nAC_FUNC_MALLOC for details.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the\nac_cv_func_realloc_0_nonnull variable.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_SELECT_ARGTYPES\n\nDetermines the correct type to be passed for each of the\nselect function’s arguments, and defines those types\nin SELECT_TYPE_ARG1, SELECT_TYPE_ARG234, and\nSELECT_TYPE_ARG5 respectively. ",
"SELECT_TYPE_ARG1 defaults\nto ‘int’, SELECT_TYPE_ARG234 defaults to ‘int *’,\nand SELECT_TYPE_ARG5 defaults to ‘struct timeval *’.",
"\n\nThis macro is obsolescent, as current systems have a select whose\nsignature conforms to Posix. ",
"New programs need not use this macro.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_SETPGRP\n\nIf setpgrp takes no argument (the Posix version), define\nSETPGRP_VOID. ",
"Otherwise, it is the BSD version, which takes\ntwo process IDs as arguments. ",
"This macro does not check whether\nsetpgrp exists at all; if you need to work in that situation,\nfirst call AC_CHECK_FUNC for setpgrp.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the ac_cv_func_setpgrp_void\nvariable.",
"\n\nThis macro is obsolescent, as current systems have a setpgrp\nwhose signature conforms to Posix. ",
"New programs need not use this macro.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_STAT\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_LSTAT\n\nDetermine whether stat or lstat have the bug that it\nsucceeds when given the zero-length file name as argument. ",
"The stat\nand lstat from SunOS 4.1.4 and the Hurd (as of 1998-11-01) do\nthis.",
"\n\nIf it does, then define HAVE_STAT_EMPTY_STRING_BUG (or\nHAVE_LSTAT_EMPTY_STRING_BUG) and ask for an AC_LIBOBJ\nreplacement of it.",
"\n\nThe results of these macros are cached in the\nac_cv_func_stat_empty_string_bug and the\nac_cv_func_lstat_empty_string_bug variables, respectively.",
"\n\nThese macros are obsolescent, as no current systems have the bug.",
"\nNew programs need not use these macros.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_STRCOLL\n\nIf the strcoll function exists and works correctly, define\nHAVE_STRCOLL. ",
"This does a bit more than\n‘AC_CHECK_FUNCS(strcoll)’, because some systems have incorrect\ndefinitions of strcoll that should not be used.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the ac_cv_func_strcoll_works\nvariable.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_STRERROR_R\n\nIf strerror_r is available, define HAVE_STRERROR_R, and if\nit is declared, define HAVE_DECL_STRERROR_R. If it returns a\nchar * message, define STRERROR_R_CHAR_P; otherwise it\nreturns an int error number. ",
"The Thread-Safe Functions option of\nPosix requires strerror_r to return int, but\nmany systems (including, for example, version 2.2.4 of the GNU C\nLibrary) return a char * value that is not necessarily equal to\nthe buffer argument.",
"\n\nThe result of this macro is cached in the\nac_cv_func_strerror_r_char_p variable.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_STRFTIME\n\nCheck for strftime in the ‘intl’ library, for SCO Unix.",
"\nThen, if strftime is available, define HAVE_STRFTIME.",
"\n\nThis macro is obsolescent, as no current systems require the ‘intl’\nlibrary for strftime. ",
"New programs need not use this macro.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_STRTOD\n\nIf the strtod function does not exist or doesn’t work correctly,\nask for an AC_LIBOBJ replacement of ‘strtod’. ",
"In this case,\nbecause ‘strtod.c’ is likely to need ‘pow’, set the output\nvariable POW_LIB to the extra library needed.",
"\n\nThis macro caches its result in the ac_cv_func_strtod variable\nand depends upon the result in the ac_cv_func_pow variable.",
"\n\nThe AC_FUNC_STRTOD macro is obsolescent. ",
"New programs should\nuse Gnulib’s strtod module. ",
"See section Gnulib.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_STRTOLD\n\nIf the strtold function exists and conforms to C99, define\nHAVE_STRTOLD.",
"\n\nThis macro caches its result in the ac_cv_func_strtold variable.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_STRNLEN\n\nIf the strnlen function is not available, or is buggy (like the one\nfrom AIX 4.3), require an AC_LIBOBJ replacement for it.",
"\n\nThis macro caches its result in the ac_cv_func_strnlen_working\nvariable.",
"\n\nThis macro is obsolescent, as all current systems have a utime\nthat behaves this way. ",
"New programs need not use this macro.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_FUNC_VPRINTF\n\nIf vprintf is found, define HAVE_VPRINTF. ",
"Otherwise, if\n_doprnt is found, define HAVE_DOPRNT. (",
"If vprintf\nis available, you may assume that vfprintf and vsprintf\nare also available.)",
"\n\nThis macro is obsolescent, as all current systems have vprintf.",
"\nNew programs need not use this macro.",
"\n\nMacro: AC_REPLACE_FNMATCH\n\nIf the fnmatch function does not conform to Posix (see\nAC_FUNC_FNMATCH), ask for its AC_LIBOBJ replacement.",
"\n\nThe files ‘fnmatch.c’, ‘fnmatch_loop.c’, and ‘fnmatch_.h’\nin the AC_LIBOBJ replacement directory are assumed to contain a\ncopy of the source code of GNU fnmatch. ",
"If necessary,\nthis source code is compiled as an AC_LIBOBJ replacement, and the\n‘fnmatch_.h’ file is linked to ‘fnmatch.h’ so that it can be\nincluded in place of the system <fnmatch.h>.",
"\n\nThis macro caches its result in the ac_cv_func_fnmatch_works\nvariable.",
"\n\nThis macro is obsolescent, as it assumes the use of particular source\nfiles. ",
"New programs should use Gnulib’s fnmatch-posix module,\nwhich provides this macro along with the source files. ",
"See section Gnulib."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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[
"Einosuke Itō\n\nwas a Japanese writer.",
"\n\nLife \nAfter finishing his studies, he worked in a bank and started writing articles for several publications. ",
"In 1924, he moved to Tokyo, where he started to publish for the socialist journal Bungei Sensen (文芸戦線) founded by Yōbun Kaneko. ",
"Thanks to his 1928 publication Mienai Kōzan (見えない鉱山) in this journal, his works were considered part of the Proletarian literature movement.",
"\n\nWorks (sel.) ",
"\n 1930 Bōdō ()\n 1930 Kyōkō ()\n 1937 Fukurō ()\n 1938 Uguisu ()\n 1938 Karasu ()\n 1939 Ushi ()\n 1939 Kuma ()\n 1939 Uma ()\n 1939 Sakka no techō ()\n 1939 Tsubame ()\n 1939 Gan ()\n 1939 Ishikawa Rikinosuke nōson kōsei no jufu ()\n 1940 Asaichi ()\n 1941 Tokai to inaka ()\n 1941 Furusato no haru ()\n 1942 Hirata Atsutane ()\n 1942 Isha no iru son ()\n 1942 Kamo to funa ()\n 1942 Roji no hitobito ()\n 1943 Haru no wakare ()\n 1944 Akita ()\n 1946 Utsukushii tabi ()\n 1947 Futatsu no seishun ()\n 1947 Furusato no uta ()\n 1947 Umi no oni ()\n 1948 Yama no kami ()\n 1948 Nōmin no kōfuku ()\n 1952 Keisatsu nikki ()\n 1953 Bungaku nyūmon ()\n 1954 Natuskashii sanka ()\n 1955 Keimusho shigan ()\n 1955 Shinkeisatsu nikki ()\n 1955 Tanima no kyōdai 谷間の兄弟\n 1956 Yamazakura ()\n 1957 Chūzaisho nikki ()\n 1957 Nambei kōro ()\n 1959 Shizen to jinsei ni tsuite no shijū hanashi ()\n 1959 Kieru mizuumi ()\n 1959 Santarō ()\n 1960 Shochō nikki ()\n\nMovies \n 1951 Keisatsu nikki ()\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n www.aozora.gr.jp Aozora\n IMDB\n\nCategory:1903 births\nCategory:1959 deaths\nCategory:Japanese writers\nCategory:Proletarian literature"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
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[
"The present invention relates to a heat switch for switching between heat transmission and interruption of heat transmission between a hot zone and a cold zone. ",
"This technique can be used for controlling heat transmission (On) to and interruption of heat transmission (Off) of an electronic device and the like.",
"\nMembers (superconducting members) made of superconducting material may be used for an electronic device and the like in some cases.",
"\nSuch superconducting members are necessary to be maintained in an environment of an extremely low operating temperature. ",
"Therefore, a refrigerator that functions as a cold zone is used and a cold head of the refrigerator and the superconducting member to be cooled are connected through a heat pipe to maintain heat transmission between them. ",
"However, energy consumption increases when the refrigerator is always operating. ",
"Because the superconducting member has low resistance and a low calorific value, it is possible to maintain a heat conductive member in the operating environment of the extremely low temperature for a while by only interrupting the heat transmission to the superconducting member from the refrigerator even if operation of the refrigerator is stopped. ",
"At this time, a change-over switch for switching between heat transmission and interruption of heat transmission between the heat conductive member and the cold head of the refrigerator is necessary.",
"\nAlthough contact of and separation between a switch piece and a solid contact is used in a conventionally-conceived heat switch, incorporating such a change-over switch that requires mechanical movement into a minute electronic device adds many constraints to a structure and driving of the switch piece involves vibration or heat generation in many cases. ",
"Therefore, development of a change-over switch that can reliably switch between heat transmission and interruption of heat transmission, does not require contact of and separation between the switch piece and the solid contact, and does not generate heat or vibration during operation of the switch is desired.",
"\nThe present invention has been accomplished with the above circumstance in view and it is an object of the invention to provide a change-over switch for heat transmission that can reliably switch between heat transmission and interruption of heat transmission, does not require contact of and separation between a switch piece and a solid contact, can be easily incorporated into a minute electronic device, and does not generate heat and/or vibration during operation of the switch.",
"\nCorresponding to the object, an active heat control heat switch system of the present invention includes a heat pipe having a pipe that can contain heating medium and disposed between a hot zone and a cold zone, and a heating medium supply and exhaust device for supplying and exhausting the heating medium to and from the pipe, wherein the system transmits heat and interrupts heat transmission between the intense heat source and the cold heat source through the heat pipe by switching between supplying and exhausting of the heating medium to and from the pipe by using the heating medium supply and exhaust device."
] | {
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[
"Or know more about functionality, fit or product. ",
"We are happy to assist\n\nOverview - Lee Blue Regular Fit Denim\n\n-\n\nLee Blue Regular Fit Denim\n\nHit the streets in style adorning this pair of denims from the house of Lee. ",
"Made from cotton fabric, these regular-fit jeans are light in weight, soft against the skin and will ensure comfort all day long.",
"\n\nColour: Blue\n\nMaterial: Cotton\n\nRegular Fit\n\nWash Care:\n\nMachine wash cold on gentle cycle\n\nWash inside out\n\nDry clean if needed\n\nDisclaimer: Colour May vary according to screen settings and resolution\n\nAbout Brand - Lee\n\n-\n\nIf there’s something that can help you in carrying classy and at the same time laid back look, it is your casual wear. ",
"Casual wear enables one to get smartly dressed and in a really comfortable manner. ",
"So you should always have stock smart casual outfits in wardrobe. ",
"Now if you have made up your mind to get some for yourself; here’s our new collection from Lee for you. ",
"Lee is USA based lifestyle brand, which was founded in 1889. ",
"Ever since then there’s been no looking back as the brand introduces stunning apparel line for men and women. ",
"So order some Lee clothing now and never fall behind when it comes to fashion.",
"\n\nRatings & Reviews\n\n-\n\n0 out of 5\n\nBased on 0 Ratings\n\nRating Analysis\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\nPOOR12345EXECELLENT\n\nHave you used this product? ",
"Rate it now.",
"YOUR RATING\n\nYOU MAY ALSO LIKE\n\nQUICK VIEW\n\nPuma Apparel\n\n869\n99913% Off\n\nQUICK VIEW\n\nFormal Shirt Men\n\n699\n\nQUICK VIEW\n\nAlcott Bordeaux Do...\n\n3849\n39904% Off\n\nQUICK VIEW\n\nZezile Beige Casua...\n\n1099\n149526% Off\n\n1\n\nEmail to Friend\n\nYour Name * :\n\nYour Email * :\n\nFriend(s) Name * :\n\nFriend(s) Email * :\n\nQuick Buy Confirmation\n\nCongrats! ",
"You are eligible to get Optima Watch worth Rs 2499 for FREE. ",
"Just pay delivery charges of Rs 99"
] | {
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[
"// Copyright 2010-2012 Mikeal Rogers\n//\n// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.",
"\n// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n//\n// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n//\n// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.",
"\n// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n// limitations under the License.",
"\n\n'use strict'\n\nvar extend = require('extend')\n , cookies = require('./lib/cookies')\n , helpers = require('./lib/helpers')\n\nvar isFunction = helpers.isFunction\n , paramsHaveRequestBody = helpers.paramsHaveRequestBody\n\n\n// organize params for patch, post, put, head, del\nfunction initParams(uri, options, callback) {\n if (typeof options === 'function') {\n callback = options\n }\n\n var params = {}\n if (typeof options === 'object') {\n extend(params, options, {uri: uri})\n } else if (typeof uri === 'string') {\n extend(params, {uri: uri})\n } else {\n extend(params, uri)\n }\n\n params.callback = callback\n return params\n}\n\nfunction request (uri, options, callback) {\n if (typeof uri === 'undefined') {\n throw new Error('undefined is not a valid uri or options object.')",
"\n }\n\n var params = initParams(uri, options, callback)\n\n if (params.method === 'HEAD' && paramsHaveRequestBody(params)) {\n throw new Error('HTTP HEAD requests MUST NOT include a request body.')",
"\n }\n\n return new request.",
"Request(params)\n}\n\nfunction verbFunc (verb) {\n var method = verb === 'del' ? '",
"DELETE' : verb.toUpperCase()\n return function (uri, options, callback) {\n var params = initParams(uri, options, callback)\n params.method = method\n return request(params, params.callback)\n }\n}\n\n// define like this to please codeintel/intellisense IDEs\nrequest.get = verbFunc('get')\nrequest.head = verbFunc('head')\nrequest.post = verbFunc('post')\nrequest.put = verbFunc('put')\nrequest.patch = verbFunc('patch')\nrequest.del = verbFunc('del')\n\nrequest.jar = function (store) {\n return cookies.jar(store)\n}\n\nrequest.cookie = function (str) {\n return cookies.parse(str)\n}\n\nfunction wrapRequestMethod (method, options, requester, verb) {\n\n return function (uri, opts, callback) {\n var params = initParams(uri, opts, callback)\n\n var target = {}\n extend(true, target, options, params)\n\n if (verb) {\n target.method = (verb === 'del' ? '",
"DELETE' : verb.toUpperCase())\n }\n\n if (isFunction(requester)) {\n method = requester\n }\n\n return method(target, target.callback)\n }\n}\n\nrequest.defaults = function (options, requester) {\n var self = this\n\n if (typeof options === 'function') {\n requester = options\n options = {}\n }\n\n var defaults = wrapRequestMethod(self, options, requester)\n\n var verbs = ['get', 'head', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'del']\n verbs.forEach(function(verb) {\n defaults[verb] = wrapRequestMethod(self[verb], options, requester, verb)\n })\n\n defaults.cookie = wrapRequestMethod(self.cookie, options, requester)\n defaults.jar = self.jar\n defaults.defaults = self.defaults\n return defaults\n}\n\nrequest.forever = function (agentOptions, optionsArg) {\n var options = {}\n if (optionsArg) {\n extend(options, optionsArg)\n }\n if (agentOptions) {\n options.agentOptions = agentOptions\n }\n\n options.forever = true\n return request.defaults(options)\n}\n\n// Exports\n\nmodule.exports = request\nrequest.",
"Request = require('./request')\nrequest.initParams = initParams\n\n// Backwards compatibility for request.debug\nObject.defineProperty(request, 'debug', {\n enumerable : true,\n get : function() {\n return request.Request.debug\n },\n set : function(debug) {\n request.Request.debug = debug\n }\n})\n"
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[
"Comparison of 3 Frailty Instruments in a Geriatric Acute Care Setting in a Low-Middle Income Country.",
"\nComparison of frailty instruments in low-middle income countries, where the prevalence of frailty may be higher, is scarce. ",
"In addition, less complex diagnostic tools for frailty are important in these settings, especially in acutely ill patients, because of limited time and economic resources. ",
"We aimed to compare the performance of 3 frailty instruments for predicting adverse outcomes after 1 year of follow-up in older adults with an acute event or a chronic decompensated disease. ",
"Prospective cohort study. ",
"Geriatric day hospital (GDH) specializing in acute care. ",
"A total of 534 patients (mean age 79.6 ± 8.4 years, 63% female, 64% white) admitted to the GDH. ",
"Frailty was assessed using the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) criteria, the Study of Osteoporotic Fracture (SOF) criteria, and the FRAIL (fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illnesses, and loss of weight) questionnaire. ",
"Monthly phone contacts were performed over the course of the first year to detect the following outcomes: incident disability, hospitalization, fall, and death. ",
"Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to evaluate the association of the outcomes with frailty as defined by the 3 instruments. ",
"In addition, we compared the accuracy of these instruments for predicting the outcomes. ",
"Prevalence of frailty ranged from 37% (using FRAIL) to 51% (using CHS). ",
"After 1 year of follow-up, disability occurred in 33% of the sample, hospitalization in 40%, fall in 44%, and death in 16%. ",
"Frailty, as defined by the 3 instruments was associated with all outcomes, whereas prefrailty was associated with disability, using the SOF and FRAIL instruments, and with hospitalization using the CHS and SOF instruments. ",
"The accuracy of frailty to predict different outcomes was poor to moderate with area under the curve varying from 0.57 (for fall, with frailty defined by SOF and FRAIL) to 0.69 (for disability, with frailty defined by CHS). ",
"In acutely ill patients from a low-middle income country GDH acute care unit, the CHS, SOF, and FRAIL instruments showed similar performance in predicting adverse outcomes."
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[
"Kansanedustajien sopeutumiseläke muutettiin sopeutumisrahaksi riemusaatossa. ",
"Vaan vähemmälle huomiolle jäi, että samaan syssyyn väsättiin lakia, joka tuo yllätyksen: ylimääräisen vanhuuseläkkeen aiemmille ykkössarjan poliitikoille.",
"\n\nPuolueiden ryhmäjohtajat ja puhemies Paula Risikko (kok.) ",
"esittävät, että entisaikojen ministereille, europarlamentaarikoille ja puhemiehille maksetaan lisäeläkettä täyden kansanedustajan vanhuuseläkkeen lisäksi. ",
"Eläke koskisi niitä, joiden paremman ansion vuosista on ehtinyt kulua yli 15 vuotta.",
"\n\nNykyjärjestelmä ei siis huomioi kansanedustajien vanhuuseläkkeissä yli 15 vuoden takaista, esimerkiksi ministerinä ansaittua parempaa palkkaa.",
"\n\nPuolueiden ryhmyreiden sopimuksen allekirjoittivat kaikki poliittiset puolueet perussuomalaisia lukuun ottamatta.",
"\n\n”Tympeä aihe, joka kerää kansalaisraivoa”\n\nYlen tavoittamista puolueiden ryhmänjohtajista tai neuvotteluihin osallistuneita kukaan ei tunnu täsmällisesti tietävän, keitä sopeutumisraha-asian helmoissa rantautunut laki lisäeläkkeistä oikein koskee. ",
"Eikä myöskään sitä, minkä suuruisista ekstraeläkkeistä on kyse.",
"\n\nYhteistä säveltä etsittiin kovissa julkisuuden paineissa. ",
"Lisäeläkkeestä kertojia ei haastatteluun tahdo löytyä. ",
"Yksi kysytyistä sanoo suoraan aiheen olevan ”tympeä”. ",
"Sellainen, joka ”kerää vain kansalaisraivoa”.",
"\n\nToinen taas kertoo, ettei muistion ”muihin esiin tulleisiin muutostarpeisiin” tehty kirjaus ylimääräisestä eläkkeestä ole selkeä.",
"\n\nKukaan ei kerro mitään kaavailluista summista. ",
"Valistunut ulkopuolinen arvio kertoo, että kyse voisi olla 4 000 euron kansanedustajan täyseläkkeen päälle maksettavasta ehkä 2 000 euron lisästä. ",
"Tämä on siis pelkkä arvaus, sillä mitään valmista ei vielä ole.",
"\n\nEkstraeläke on suunniteltu harkinnanvaraiseksi. \"",
"Dinosaurusedustajaksikin\" kutsuttu parlamentaarikko hakee sitä aikanaan kansliatoimikunnalta.",
"\n\nEdustaja, joka ennusti nettiraivon kytevän, lienee oikeassa. ",
"Ärtymystä voi herättää myös se, että lisäeläkkeitä julkisuudelta piilossa myöntävä kansliatoimikunta koostuu kansanedustajista. ",
"Ulkopuolisen silmiin voi näyttää siltä, että kaveri myöntää lisärahaa kaverilleen.",
"\n\nKoskeeko ministereitä aina Ahon hallituksesta alkaen?",
"\n\nKetkä lisäeläkkeen hakuun sitten olisivat oikeutettuja? ",
"Rajaus tuntuu olevan auki. ",
"Iltalehdessä julkaistun ryhmänjohtajien ja puhemiehen muistion (siirryt toiseen palveluun)kirjauksessa ylimääräisen eläkkeen voisivat hakemuksesta saada aina Ahon ja Lipposen hallituksessa ministereinä toimineet.",
"\n\nMuistiossa sanotaan, että kansliatoimikunnalla on oikeus myöntää hakemuksesta harkinnanvaraisia ylimääräisiä eläkkeitä, joissa voidaan ottaa huomioon yli 15 vuotta sitten ansaittuja nykyistä korkeampia eläkekertymiä.",
"\n\nEläkettä voisivat hakea tämän mukaan ainakin Pertti Salolainen (kok.), ",
"Sirkka-Liisa Anttila (kesk.), ",
"Ilkka Kanerva (kok.), ",
"Seppo Kääriäinen (kesk.), ",
"Paavo Väyrynen (kesk.), ",
"Toimi Kankaanniemi (ps.), ",
"Kauko Juhantalo (kesk.), ",
"Anneli Jäätteenmäki (kesk.), ",
"Mauri Pekkarinen (kesk.), ",
"Tarja Filatov (sd.), ",
"Eeva Biaudet (r.) ja Pekka Haavisto (vihr.).",
"\n\nHeistä esimerkiksi (siirryt toiseen palveluun)Pertti Salolainen on itse ottanut esille epäoikeudenmukaisena kokemansa nykyeläkejärjestelmän.",
"Salolainen sanoo, että järjestelmä unohtaa edustajiensa ansioita vanhemmilta hallituskausilta.",
"\n\n– Olen toiminut 8 vuotta ministerinä, mutta en saa siitä eläkettä. ",
"Nykyiset ministerit taas saavat, Salolainen totesi Demokraatti-lehden j (siirryt toiseen palveluun)utussa maaliskuussa.",
"\n\nLisäeläkkeeseen voisivat olla oikeutettuja myös sellaiset taannoiset ministerit, jotka eivät enää istu eduskunnassa, mutta nauttivat nyt pelkkää kansanedustajan toimestaan saamaansa eläkettä.",
"\n\nLisäksi tulevaisuudessa ja ajan kuluessa vanhuuseläkettä voisivat hakea Jäätteenmäen, Vanhasen ykkös- ja kakkoshallituksen sekä Kataisen hallituksen ministerit.",
"\n\nValiokuntaneuvos Ritva Bäckström, joka lakia parhaillaan kirjoittaa, vastaa kysymykseen eläkkeen kohderyhmän koosta ynnä siitä, kuinka suurista eläkkeistä puhutaan, sähköpostitse näin:\n\n– Avoimet kysymykset hahmottuvat vähitellen, kun pykäliä ja perusteluja luonnostellaan.",
"\n\nPäätös näyttää siis olevan vasta luonnos. ",
"Luonnos, joka on laadittu kiireessä sekä julkisuuden ja kansalaisaloitteen paineissa. ",
"Vielä kasassa on lähinnä hurskaita toiveita. ",
"Päätös kuitenkin velvoittaa sen allekirjoittaneita puolueita.",
"\n\n– Uskoisin, että prosessi etenee jotenkin näin: Kun luonnos on saatu kirjoitettua, valmistelun yhteydessä nousseet kysymykset esitellään ryhmäpuheenjohtajien päätettäviksi, ja sitten viimeistellään lopullinen lakialoite.",
"\n\nPuhemies Paula Risikko on antanut tiukan aikataulun pykälien sorvaamiselle. ",
"Valmista pitäisi olla juhannukseen mennessä, jotta lait saadaan eduskuntaan syksyllä.",
"\n\nLue lisää:\n\nKansanedustajien sopeutumiseläkkeet lopetetaan, tilalle sopeutumisraha\n\nPuhemies Paula Risikko lakkauttaisisopeutumiseläkkeen: Kaikki kansanedustajat sopeutumisrahalle"
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[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a thin film transistor and a method of fabricating the same and, more particularly, to a thin film transistor having excellent characteristics and a method of fabricating the same in which a dual capping layer is formed of an oxide layer that a metal catalyst is difficult to diffuse and a nitride layer that a metal catalyst is easy to diffuse, a metal catalyst layer is formed on the dual capping layer, and then a crystallization process is performed to form a polysilicon layer having a large-size grain because the metal catalyst does not easily pass through the oxide layer and so a small amount of metal catalyst contributes a crystallization, and a semiconductor layer is formed of the polysilicon layer.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nIn thin film transistor (“TFT”) used in a display device, a semiconductor layer is formed such that an amorphous silicon layer is deposited on a transparent substrate made of a glass or a quartz and the amorphous silicon layer is subjected to a dehydrogenation treatment and then is crystallized.",
"\nAt this time, the semiconductor layer which constitutes a source, a drain and a channel area is formed by depositing an amorphous silicon layer on a transparent substrate made of a material such as a glass using a chemical vapor deposition (“CVD”) technique. ",
"The silicon layer deposited directly on the substrate using a CVD technique is an amorphous silicon layer which contains a 12% of hydrogen and thus has a low electron mobility, and when the amorphous silicon layer having such a low electron mobility is heat-treated and crystallized into a silicon layer of crystalloid structure having a high electron mobility, the silicon layer may be damaged since hydrogen contained therein may burst. ",
"In order to prevent a burst of hydrogen which may occur during crystallization, a dehydrogenation process is carried out. ",
"The dehydrogenation process is performed such that a heat-treatment is performed in the furnace at a temperature of more than about 400° C. for tens of minutes to tens of hours. ",
"Then, the dehydrogenated amorphous silicon layer is subject to a crystallization process.",
"\nThe crystallization technique which crystallizes an amorphous silicon layer to form a poly silicon layer includes a solid phase crystallization technique, an excimer laser crystallization technique, a metal induced crystallization (MIC) technique, and a metal induced lateral crystallization (MILC) technique. ",
"The solid phase crystallization technique is one which heat-treats and crystallizes an amorphous silicon layer for several hours to tens of hours at a temperature of less than about 700° C. which is a temperature that may transform a glass which forms a substrate of a display device on which a TFT is formed. ",
"The excimer laser crystallization process is one which scans an excimer laser to an amorphous silicon layer to be heated and crystallized at a high temperature for a very short time.",
"\nHowever, the solid phase crystallization technique has disadvantages in that a relatively lengthy processing time is required and a substrate is exposed to a high temperature for a long time and thus may be easy to transform. ",
"The excimer laser crystallization technique has also disadvantages in that a high price laser device is needed and also an extrusion may occur on a crystallized surface so that an interface characteristic between a semiconductor layer and a gate insulating layer is bad. ",
"The MIC or MILC technique has disadvantages in that a large amount of metal catalyst remains on the polysilicon layer to thereby increase a leakage current of the semiconductor layer of the TFT."
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[
"1. ",
"Field\nEmbodiments of the present application relate to a printed circuit board.",
"\n2. ",
"Background\nSince a liquid crystal display (LCD) has no self-luminous which can make its own light, a separate lighting device is needed for all the liquid crystal display devices. ",
"Such a lighting device serves as a light source of the liquid crystal display, and a backlight unit (BLU) refers to a complex composed of a light source for irradiating light to a rear surface of a liquid module, a power circuit for driving the light source, and all components for enabling the formation of uniform flat light.",
"\nThe liquid crystal display becomes gradually thinner, and accordingly, a reduction in a bezel width of the liquid crystal display has been needed. ",
"As one example, in order to reduce a bezel width, the structure of a printed circuit board to which light emitting elements are mounted, or the structure of a lighting device including a light guide plate for guiding light of the light emitting devices has been changed.",
"\nHowever, as the structure of the printed circuit board becomes thinner, it is problematic in that wirings connected to the lighting emitting elements are damaged. ",
"Accordingly, ways to change the structure of the printed circuit board to a slim structure without damage to the wirings of the printed circuit board have been needed."
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"Comparison between radiologic and endoscopic evaluation of the continent ileostomy reservoir.",
"\nThe present study was performed to compare the results of radiologic examination and endoscopy in 156 patients with continent ileostomy reservoirs. ",
"Data from clinical follow-up and findings at revisional surgery were used for confirmation of diagnosis. ",
"One hundred and one patients had the clinical diagnosis nonspecific inflammation, 48 had symptoms of valve dysfunction, and 7 were studied because of suspected valve-shunting fistulas. ",
"For moderate and severe inflammation the findings on radiographs and at endoscopy were in accordance, whereas slight inflammation was more frequently reported by radiology than endoscopy. ",
"Radiology overdiagnosed slight inflammation. ",
"One disadvantage of endoscopy in patients with inflammation was that the afferent ileal segment could be reached in only 56%. ",
"By radiology 41 of 44 defective valves were identified (93%), whereas endoscopy disclosed only 24 defective valves (55%). ",
"The combined efforts of radiologic examination and endoscopy only managed to diagnose three of the seven patients with valve-shunting fistulas (two by radiologic and one by endoscopic examination). ",
"In conclusion, the retrograde double-contrast examination is a valuable complement in the assessment of patients with continent ileostomies and appears to be superior to endoscopy in the diagnosis of valve dysfunction and in depicting the afferent ileal segment."
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[
"Lalsk\n\nLalsk () is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Luzsky District of Kirov Oblast, Russia, located northeast from Luza, the administrative center of the district. ",
"Population:\n\nHistory\nIt takes its name from the Lala River, a tributary of the Luza. ",
"The settlement was established by the Novgorodians fleeing east from Ivan the Terrible after the Massacre of Novgorod. ",
"It was a large trading outpost in the eastern part of the Russian North in the late 17th and 18th centuries. ",
"The earliest stone church was consecrated in 1711.",
"\n\nLalsk had town status between 1779 and 1927 and served as the administrative center of Lalsky District between 1924 and 1963.",
"\n\nArchitecture\nLalsk is notable for a remarkable cluster of 18th-century Orthodox churches in various stages of disrepair:\nThe Cathedral of Christ's Resurrection (1698-1715) with a campanile dating from 1729\nThe nearby Church of the Annunciation for winter services (1732-1762)\nThe partly ruined Church of the Epiphany (1711)\nThe Church of St. John the Baptist (1714)\nThe Church of the Savior's Transfiguration (1730-1732)\nThe Church of the Virgin's Dormition (1791-1796)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Urban-type settlements in Kirov Oblast\nCategory:Vologda Governorate\nCategory:Populated places established in 1570\nCategory:Former cities in Russia\nCategory:1570 establishments in Russia"
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[
"Spiced Pear Muffins, Toaster Strudels & Apple Pancake\n\nThis was our week to celebrate the sweet side of fall: The crisp apples and juicy pears, rich figs and plums, tangy cranberries and gooseberries, and all the other sweet fruits of autumn. ",
"We went to town on recipes, too — if you're looking for autumn breakfast ideas, we've got them! ",
"Start with Emma's Spiced Pear Muffins; they have a touch of whole wheat for nutty taste and health. ",
"I already made a batch of them myself and they made the most delicious breakfast this morning!",
"\n\nAlso check out the gooseberry clafoutis, apple toaster strudels, plum crumble, fig old-fashioneds and more. ",
"It's a festival of fruit in today's recipes! ",
"Read on to see them all...\n\nFaith is executive editor of The Kitchn and author of three cookbooks, including the James Beard Award-winning The Kitchn Cookbook, coauthored with Sara Kate Gillingham, as well as Bakeless Sweets. ",
"She lives in Columbus, Ohio with her husband Mike."
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[
"Q:\n\nif statement obj-c zero input\n\nhere is code. ",
"\n int main(int argc, const char * argv[])\n {\n\n @autoreleasepool {\n\n int x,y;\n //BOOL divsibleYESOrNo;\n\n NSLog(@\"enter two number for test it\\n\");\n scanf(\"%i %i\",&x,&y);\n\n if ( x%y ==0 ) {\n\n NSLog(@\"YES,it can be\");\n }\n\n else if (x%y !",
"=0) {\n NSLog(@\"no there cant.\");",
"\n }\n else \n NSLog(@\"zero is not allow\");\n }\n return 0;\n }\n\nthis code can not detect if the user input two zero.",
"\nhow can I modify this code that can detect the input values are zero?",
"\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nAnything % 0 is undefined, so you'll need to add a check for y == 0 before your other if statements. ",
"It has to be the first if statement in order to make sure it gets evaluated; otherwise one of your other statements will catch it erroneously first.",
"\nif ( y == 0 ) {\n NSLog(@\"zero is not allowed.\");",
"\n}\nelse if ( x%y == 0 ) {\n NSLog(@\"YES,it can be\");\n}\nelse {\n NSLog(@\"no there cant.\");",
"\n}\n\n"
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[
"Note: You will only see this box once.",
"\n\nWe would like to invite you to sign up for the completely free Apples4theteacher.com Newsletter! ",
"Join our other 480,975 readers.",
"\n\nSubscribers are automatically registered to receive free teaching resources including lesson plan ideas, printables and more. ",
"Stay informed of all our new resources as they're developed...we have some exciting features coming in 2015!",
"\n\nP.S.. To officially become a newsletter subscriber, be sure to confirm your subscription by responding to the email we send you.",
"\n\nFun\nHalloween\nShort Stories to share at Halloween\n\nThe Benevolent Goblin\n\nby Gesta Romanorum\n\nIn the kingdom of England there is a hillock in\nthe midst of a dense wood. ",
"Thither in old days\nknights and their followers were wont to repair\nwhen tired and thirsty after the chase. ",
"When one\nof their number called out, \"I thirst!\" ",
"there\nimmediately started up a Goblin with a cheerful\ncountenance, clad in a crimson robe, and bearing\nin his outstretched hand a large drinking-horn\nrichly ornamented with gold and precious jewels,\nand full of the most delicious, unknown beverage.",
"\n\nThe Goblin presented the horn to the thirsty\nknight, who drank and instantly felt refreshed\nand cool. ",
"After the drinker had emptied the horn,\nthe Goblin offered a silken napkin to wipe the\nmouth. ",
"Then, without waiting to be thanked, the\nstrange creature vanished as suddenly as he had\ncome.",
"\n\nNow once there was a knight of churlish\nnature, who was hunting alone in those parts. ",
"Feeling\nthirsty and fatigued, he visited the hillock and\ncried out:\n\n\"I thirst!\"",
"\n\nInstantly the Goblin appeared and presented\nthe horn.",
"\n\nWhen the knight had drained it of its delicious\nbeverage, instead of returning the horn, he thrust\nit into his bosom, and rode hastily away.",
"\n\nHe boasted far and wide of his deed, and his\nfeudal lord hearing thereof caused him to be\nbound and cast into prison; then fearing lest he,\ntoo, might become partaker in the theft and\ningratitude of the knight, the lord presented the\njeweled horn to the King of England, who carefully\npreserved it among the royal treasures. ",
"But\nnever again did the benevolent Goblin return to\nthe hillock in the wood."
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"Rosidae\n\nUnder the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), Rosidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. ",
"Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used; the only requirement being that it includes the family Rosaceae.",
"\n\nUnder Phylocode, Rosidae is a clade defined as the most inclusive crown clade containing Rosa cinnamomea, but not Berberidopsis corallina nor Dillenia indica nor Gunnera manicata nor Helianthus annuus nor Saxifraga mertensiana nor Stellaria media nor Viscum album.",
"\n\nA well-known example of Rosidae as governed by the ICN was in the Cronquist system. ",
"In the 1981, original, version of that system, the circumscription was as follows.",
"\n\n subclass Rosidae\n\nThe Phylocode definition includes Crossosomatales, Geraniales, Myrtales, Fabidae (Celastrales, Cucurbitales, Fabales, Fagales, Huaceae, Oxalidales, Malpighiales, Rosales and Zygophyllales), Malvidae (Brassicales, Huerteales, Malvales, and Sapindales) as they are defined in the APG III system. ",
" This definition was formulated in 2007, and is agnostic on the inclusion or exclusion of Picramniales and Vitales. ",
"Since 2007, the phylogenetic positions of Picramniales and Vitales have been clarified. ",
"The position of Picramniales as sister to Malvidae sensu stricto requires it to be included among the rosids. ",
"Vitales is sister to the clade of all that must be included in the rosids and its inclusion is optional. ",
"In APG III, it was included.",
"\n\nThere is considerable overlap between the two definitions. ",
"Some apparent differences are the result of more broadly drawn orders in the second. ",
"Apiales, Cornales, Proteales and Santalales, and parts of Rafflesiales (sensu Cronquist) are excluded from the second, and many groups from Cronquist's Hamamelidae and Dillenidae are included.",
"\n\nIn both senses, the term \"rosid\" applies, as an adjective and noun, to members of the group. ",
"In the APG III system, which eschewed formal botanical names between the ranks of class and order, the term \"rosids\" is used to define an informal clade corresponding to Rosidae as defined in the Phylocode.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Rosidae at the TAMU Lab\n Electronic Supplement to Cantino et alii\n\nCategory:Plant subclasses\n\naz:Rozid\nbg:Розиди\nes:Rosidae\nno:Rosidae\npl:Różowe\nfi:Rosidae"
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"Q:\n\nSwitch CSS on fly\n\nI was wondering how I can achieve effect like on this page:\nhttp://templateocean.com/stamp/image-bg/2-home-style-two/index.html\nOn the left side there is panel which allows to adjust template. ",
"What I noticed is that I change color, different css is beeing used (blue.css, purple.css etc.) ",
"however everything happends \"on fly\" without reloading web page. ",
"\nHow was it achieved? ",
"\nCan that be also applied to other elements on webpage like i.e. background changed from picture to video? ",
"\n\nA:\n\nIf you are looking for a way without reloading the page, you could use jQuery for it.",
"\nIf you really want to change a lot of colors on your page, I suggest to add a class to your body. ",
"Then you can alter your CSS to your needs.",
"\nI've made you this (basic) example to clarify it:\n\n$(function() {\r\n $('#options button').on('click',function() {\r\n $('body').addClass( $(this).val() );\r\n });\r\n});\n.blue main {\r\n background: lightblue;\r\n}\r\n.blue main span {\r\n border: 5px solid blue;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.green main {\r\n background: lightgreen;\r\n}\r\n.green main span {\r\n border: 5px solid green;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.yellow main {\r\n background: lightyellow;\r\n}\r\n.yellow main span {\r\n border: 5px solid yellow;\r\n}\n<script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js\"></script>\r\n<div id=\"options\">\r\n <button value=\"blue\">blue</button>\r\n <button value=\"green\">green</button>\r\n <button value=\"yellow\">yellow</button>\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<main>This is a text <span>with a span</span></main>\n\nAnd a JSFiddle to play with it\n\n"
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[
"Fausto Bertinotti\n\nFausto Bertinotti (born 22 March 1940) is an Italian politician who led the Communist Refoundation Party (Partito della Rifondazione Comunista) from 1994 to 2006. ",
"On 29 April 2006, after the centre-left coalition's victory in the Italian general election, he was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies (the lower House of Parliament), a position he held until 2008.",
"\n\nTrade unionist\nBertinotti was born to Enrico Bertinotti, a railroad engineer, and Rosa Bertinotti.",
"\n\nAfter completing his education in Milan, he joined the CGIL (General Confederation of Italian Labour) in 1964, becoming secretary of the local organisation of the Federazione Italiana degli Operai Tessili (Italian Textile Workers Federation). ",
"Three years later, he became president of the labour chamber of Novara. ",
"From 1975 to 1985 he was regional secretary of the CGIL in Piedmont. ",
"In 1972 he joined the Italian Communist Party (PCI), and soon afterwards became the leader of the most left-wing tendency in the CGIL, called \"Essere Sindacato\" (to be a union), which harshly criticised the consensus politics of the majority.",
"\n\nIn this role he took part in the great workers' struggles of the time, including that of the Fiat workers which ended with a 35-day occupation of the car manufacturer's factory. ",
"A committed and hardline trade unionist, Bertinotti affirmed the need for the working class to strike against the \"injustices of the boss class\", thereby attracting the anger of more moderate trade unionists. ",
"At that time he first disagreed with Sergio Cofferati, beginning a polemic which has continued, albeit in different forms, until the present.",
"\n\nIn 1994, the year in which he was elected to the secretariat of the Rifondazione Comunista and to the Italian and European parliaments, Bertinotti resigned all his trade union positions. ",
"He remains interested in economics and workers' rights, and has been offered the position of Minister for Labour on several occasions by leaders of the Italian centre-left, but he has always declined it.",
"\n\nPolitical career\nBertinotti did not readily find a political party during the First Italian Republic which conformed to his principles. ",
"He was a member of the Italian Socialist Party and then the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity before joining the Italian Communist Party, in which he was a member of Pietro Ingrao's tendency.",
"\n\nFausto Bertinotti was opposed to the dissolution of the PCI in 1991 and the creation by its reformist majority of the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS). ",
"Nevertheless, he did not immediately join the radical minority in the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista (PRC). ",
"He finally broke with PDS leader Achille Occhetto in 1994 and became secretary of the PRC, replacing Sergio Garavini who had led the party since its foundation.",
"\n\nBertinotti's accession to the leadership was organised by Armando Cossutta, who probably wished to increase his own prestige and power within the party. ",
"In time, however, Bertinotti succeeded in winning over the majority of the party base, aided in this by his charismatic oratory.",
"\n\nHe was confirmed in the position of party secretary at the third, fourth, fifth and sixth congresses of Rifondazione. ",
"At the last, however, his final document received less support than usual, gaining only 52% of delegates' votes. ",
"This close result has led many political commentators to suggest that he may be replaced as secretary of Rifondazione Comunista by Nichi Vendola.",
"\n\nAs an ally of the \"progressives\" alliance in the 1994 general election, he agreed the \"withdrawal\" pact with the Ulivo coalition: Rifondazione would refrain from running candidates in certain electoral districts and advise its voters to support the candidates of the centre-left. ",
"The centre-left would reciprocate in other constituencies.",
"\n\nThanks to this tactic, the Ulivo coalition won the elections in 1996 and Prodi became prime minister. ",
"Bertinotti's relationship with the centre-left leader was not an easy one, and in 1998, when Prodi proposed a new budget, incorporating a vote of confidence in his government, Bertinotti and the Rifondazione voted against it, causing the fall of the government. ",
"Cossutta's faction refused to vote against the government and left the party. ",
"They subsequently established a new party, the Party of Italian Communists (Partito dei Comunisti Italiani, PdCI).",
"\n\nThe PRC, weakened by this split, had a poor result in the 1999 European elections, but Bertinotti was nevertheless elected to the European Parliament.",
"\n\nSince 2001, Bertinotti has led the party to take more radical, mass-movement positions close to those of the growing alternative globalisation movement, a stance which is opposed by the party's Trotskyist factions.",
"\n\nFrom 2002 on, there has been some reconciliation between Rifondazione and the centre-left. ",
"The two tendencies have concluded alliances for both local and European elections in 2004 (in which latter the PRC gained 6.1% of the vote), as well as the regional elections of 2005, in which the centre-left coalition, rechristened L'Unione gained a clear victory.",
"\n\nBertinotti declared himself willing to see Prodi chosen without primary elections as the left's joint candidate for the post of prime minister, but when Prodi accepted that primary elections would be necessary, he proposed himself as a candidate. ",
"The elections were held on 16 October 2005 and apart from Bertinotti and Prodi, Antonio Di Pietro, Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio, Clemente Mastella, Ivan Scalfarotto and Simona Panzino were the candidates. ",
"Prodi won with an absolute majority, but Bertinotti ranked second with 16% of preferences.",
"\n\nBertinotti was elected member of the European Parliament in 2004 on the Rifondazione Comunista list, in which he was candidate in all five electoral districts, receiving some 380,000 votes in all Italy. ",
"He served as member of the European Left group in the parliament, sitting on the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. ",
"He was a substitute for the Committee on Legal Affairs and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Joint Parliamentary Committee.",
"\n\nAfter the general election held on 9 and 10 April 2006, which saw a narrow victory of The Union, Fausto Bertinotti was elected Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies, and thus left the party leadership, being replaced on 7 May by Franco Giordano. ",
"After losing his deputy seat in the 2008 general election he announced his intention of renouncing to any future leadership positions.",
"\n\nMiscellaneous\nBertinotti is an icon known to the Italian public for his “aristocratic” public image, mainly conveyed by his French R, his good manners and his elegant sweaters. ",
"His fascination with expensive cashmere is also part of his idiosyncrasy. ",
"This bourgeois look has often been seen as being in ironic contrast with his far left politics.",
"\n\nWorks\nBertinotti has written a number of political, ideological and trade-union related works:\n La Camera dei lavori. ",
"Ediesse, Roma, 1987\n La democrazia autoritaria. ",
"Datanews, Roma, 1991\n Tutti i colori del rosso (edited by Lorenzo Scheggi Merlini). ",
"Sperling & Kupfer, Milano, 1995\n Il nostro nuovo Comunismo (ripartendo da Marx) (edited by Carlo and Norberto Valentini). ",
"Carmenta, Milano, 1996\n Le due sinistre (with Alfonso Gianni). ",
"Sperling & Kupfer, Milano, 1997\n Pensare il '68 per capire il presente. ",
"Con una riflessione sul movimento no global (with Alfonso Gianni). ",
"Ponte alle Grazie, Milano, 1998\n Le idee che non muoiono (with Alfonso Gianni). ",
"Ponte alle Grazie, Milano, 2000\n Per una pace infinita (with Alfonso Gianni). ",
"Ponte alle Grazie, Milano, 2002\n Nonviolenza :it:Nonviolenza. ",
"Le ragioni del pacifismo, (with Lidia Menapace e Marco Revelli). ",
"Fazi, Milano, 2004\n Il ragazzo con la maglietta a strisce (with Wilma Labate). ",
"Aliberti, Milano, 2005\n\nSee also\n2004 European Parliament election in Italy\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Official website of Fausto Bertinotti\n \n \n\nCategory:1940 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Milan\nCategory:Italian Communist Party politicians\nCategory:Communist Refoundation Party politicians\nCategory:Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)\nCategory:Deputies of Legislature XII of Italy\nCategory:Deputies of Legislature XIII of Italy\nCategory:Deputies of Legislature XIV of Italy\nCategory:Deputies of Legislature XV of Italy\nCategory:Politicians of Lombardy\nCategory:Communist Refoundation Party MEPs\nCategory:MEPs for Italy 1999–2004\nCategory:MEPs for Italy 2004–2009"
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"Rudbar Rural District (Hormozgan Province)\n\nRudbar Rural District () is a rural district (dehestan) in the Ruydar District of Khamir County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. ",
"At the 2006 census, its population was 3,079, in 701 families. ",
" The rural district has 9 villages.",
"\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rural Districts of Hormozgan Province\nCategory:Khamir County"
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"WASHINGTON, DC — Nearly 83 percent of mariner rescues since 1960 involved unrelentingly stupid behaviors and/or people, according to a recent study by the U.S. Coast Guard.",
"\n\nThough the service treats all search and rescue situations equally, most on-scene commanders will privately admit that a majority of the time “it was just some dumb bastard with no concern for personal safety,” according to the study’s authors.",
"\n\n“These statistics are unthinkable,” said Coast Guard spokesperson Lt. ",
"Carla Willmington. “",
"Our service prides itself on response time, SAR organization, and comprehensive rescue pattern analysis. ",
"But it’s tough to stay on task when the bulk of these cases involve people paralyzed from the neck up. ”",
"\n\nThe U. S. Coast Guard Office of Search and Rescue report examined nearly all cases handled on inland and offshore waters from 1960 through 2014. ",
"Following the Federal Boating Act of 1971, increases in cases by “fucking idiots” and “goddamn morons” have been staggering, and very challenging to the service as it struggles to operate under a minimal budget.",
"\n\nBetween 2010 and 2014, the most recent years studied, incidents involving “total assholery” increased from 10,687 to 38,335.",
"\n\n“I joined the Coast Guard because it seemed like we were the only military service operating even when we weren’t fighting in some war,” said Operations Spc. ",
"Bill Horvath, of Sector Humboldt Bay. “",
"But then you realize we are at war, against an army of dipshits with boats.”",
"\n\n“I’ve seen some pretty stupid shit in my time,” said Willmington. “",
"Why would a boater decide it’s a good idea to sail balls-first into a hurricane with zero lifejackets, zero flares, and apparently zero fucks? ",
"Why even make an effort for these people? ",
"I’m all for a Darwinian Search and Rescue Plan, if you follow me.”",
"\n\n“I know there are boaters out there who own and operate vessels responsibly,” Horvath said. “",
"But, statistically speaking, people need to just stay off the water. ",
"We’re already running on a low budget and stretched thin with unreliable assets. ",
"The last thing we need is a bunch of soup sandwiches sailing around aimlessly wasting our goddamn time, putting our lives at risk, too.”"
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