Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

detoxify-pile-chunk3-1000000-1050000

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[ "Available Options\n\nPLEASE NOTE - THE ICONIC IS UNABLE TO SHIP THIS PRODUCT TO NEW ZEALAND\n\nThe North Face Men's Avalon Jogger Pants are perfect for both the trail and your downtime. ", "The pants are cut to form a stylish tapered leg and are outfitted with the brand's FlashDry™ and Dryvent™ technology to keep you cool and dry.", "\n\nOur model is wearing size large pants, and usually takes a size medium/32 pants. ", "He is 6’1” (185cm) tall with a 43” (109cm) chest and a 33 1/2” (85cm) waist." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSelect on CLOB XML DB2\n\nI have this data as CLOB field in DB2. ", "I am converting the data to char using cast: \nSELECT CAST(CLOBColumn as VARCHAR(32000))\nFROM Schema.", "MyTable;\n\nHere is how the result XML comes out from the above: \n<TreeList TreeNo=\"ABC\">\n <Tree ErrorCode=\"INVALID_TREE\" ErrorDescription=\"Tree doesn’t exist.\"", " TreeID=\"123456\"/>\n <Tree ErrorCode=\"INVALID_TREE\" ErrorDescription=\"Tree doesn’t exist.\"", " TreeID=\"1234567\"/>\n</TreeList>\n\nAnd this is how I expect my output \n|TreeNo | TreeID | ErrorCode | ErrorDescription\n|ABC | 123456 | INVALID_TREE | Tree doesn’t exist\n|ABC | 1234567 | INVALID_TREE | Tree doesn’t exist\n\nHow do I achieve this?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou need to use the XMLTABLE function which allows to map XML data to a table. ", "You can pass in XML-typed data and it works if you directly parse the CLOB to XML. ", "The SELECT would look like the following (you get the idea):\nSELECT x.*\nFROM schema.mytable, XMLTABLE(\n '$CLOBColumn/TreeList'\n COLUMNS \n TreeNo VARCHAR(10) PATH '@TreeNo',\n TreeID INT PATH 'Tree[@TreeID]',\n ...\n) AS x\n;\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "What if White Women Got the “Can I Touch Your Hair?” ", "Question All the Time\n\nIn a multi-slide feature for NaturallyCurly.com, cartoonist Tall N Curly has re-imagined a world where curly hair is the mainstream, and straight hair is ‘exotic’. ", "Click here to check out the whole thing. ", "And we do recommend it because it’s pretty amazing!", "\n\nBut it’s this image that has sparked a conversation online:\n\nSeeing the tables turned has generated discussion on whether the infamous ‘hair touching’ question is appropriate or fair. ", "What do you think ladies?" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to add SPF1 record properly on GoDaddy\n\nI setup postfix and mailx (Fedora25) for sending mail through a contact form on my website, and I am looking to add SPF1 and DKIM signature for increase my validity, but I'm having a hard time sorting out how to add the SPF record to my DNS Zone file on GoDaddy.", "\nI already had a Google verification TXT record, so I can't simply add the SPF. ", "I found some instructions to add multiple. ", "There are warnings about adding multiple entries, but leading research had me noting that separating them with a space encased in quotes should work, so I ended up trying:\n\n\"google-site-verification=9s8d7f6h98e5hd5rn\" \"v=spf1 a mx include:adammackintosh.net ~all\" \n\nI then ran an SPF checker tool and it showed the updated record but said 'no valid SPF found' (kitterman tool).", "\nCan anyone help me add this through GoDaddy? ", "\n\nA:\n\nDefine both; this is a friend's list of TXT records. ", " His email got migrated to google just fine, and the SPF one works (both in testing, and according to one of openspf.org's recommended testing tools):\n[me@risby ~]$ dig txt theonlinedoor.com\n[...]\n;; QUESTION SECTION:\n;theonlinedoor.com. ", " IN TXT\n\n;; ANSWER SECTION:\ntheonlinedoor.com. ", " 3600 IN TXT \"v=spf1 include:_spf.google.com ?", "all\"\ntheonlinedoor.com. ", " 3600 IN TXT \"google-site-verification=8MWNW2EeagfeQ1ea4OSG1-fq0yI9M5HGDCdH0y8aSfM\"\n\nThough I will add in passing my customary grumpy note that an SPF record that doesn't end -all is functionally useless, and you should not bother.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWord/phrase/allusion for spreading false intel to catch a mole\n\nIf I want to find the leak in my agency, I tell twenty people twenty stories and wait to see which emerges.", "\nIf I want to find out who's selling my contact info to spammers, I give every company a different email of mine and check which one gets the spam.", "\nIf I want to know who's blackmailing people, I tell each suspect about a different potential victim and watch to see who gets blackmailed next.", "\nHow can I refer to this strategy without explaining it?", "\n\nA:\n\nDisinformation \n\"Disinformation is intentionally false or inaccurate information that is spread deliberately.[1] It is an act of deception and false statements to convince someone of untruth. ", "Disinformation should not be confused with misinformation, information that is unintentionally false.\" ", " Quoted from Wikipedia\nThere was an elaborate program of disinformation in WWII to convince the Germans that the invasion would not be at Normandy, but at Calais. ", " If you like science fiction, see Connie Willis \"All Clear\", the sequel to \"Blackout\". ", " Strange, I agree to list SF as a reference, but her depiction of WWII in London and key places in England was extraordinarily well researched. ", " \n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Shape-controlled synthesis of Sn-doped CuO nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of Rhodamine B.\nThe uniform Sn-doped CuO nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple solution method at a low temperature. ", "The prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron microscopy techniques (HRSEM, HRTEM, SAED, STEM and EDS elemental mapping), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV/Vis spectroscopy, nitrogen physisorption (BET) and by evaluation of the catalytic activity on the degradation of Rhodamine B. The tin doping had a considerable influence on the morphology of CuO. The gradual narrowing of the particles morphology in the crystallographic [010] direction was observed with increasing the dopant concentration. ", "The plate-like, rectangularsquare and rod-like CuO nanoparticles were obtained. ", "The mechanism of a crystal growth of CuO associated with doping is proposed. ", "The tin doping also affected the structural and optical properties of CuO. Increasing the amount of a dopant led to a red-shift of a band gap from 1.33 to 1.18eV. The incorporation of tin into the structure of copper oxide was confirmed by XRD and distribution of tin mapped by EDS analysis. ", "The good catalytic properties of the as-prepared doped material were demonstrated by the enhanced catalytic removal of Rhodamine B in the presence of H2O2. ", "The undoped CuO nanosheets reached only 24% efficiency in the removal of Rhodamine B within two hours. ", "The best result exhibited CuO_050Sn sample containing 4at.% of tin and the degradation of Rhodamine B reached 99% within the same time. ", "We have demonstrated a simple, scalable process for the preparation of catalytically very active Sn-doped CuO nanoparticles with varying properties." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "[Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy in the treatment of patients with degenerative diseases of the lumbosacral spine].", "\nModern surgery uses a variety of treatments for spine pathology. ", "Endoscopic techniques have become particularly popular across the world over the past decade. ", "In this article, we summarize our experience and analyze the immediate and long-term results of surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation using a percutaneous fully endoscopic technique for removing the herniated intervertebral disc, which is new for Russian medical practice. ", "to evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic discectomy in the treatment of herniated lumbar discs in patients with radicular pain syndrome. ", "We conducted a cohort retrospective study that included 69 patients who underwent herniated disc removal using the percutaneous endoscopic technique. ", "Surgery was performed through two approaches: the intralaminar approach was used in 44 patients, and the transforaminal approach was used in 25 patients. ", "To assess the efficacy of surgery, we used a visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain: the intensity of local pain (VAS1) and the intensity of radicular pain (VAS2). ", "Changes in the quality of life and ability to work were assessed by using the Oswestry scale; patient satisfaction with treatment was assessed by using the MacNab scale. ", "The mean follow-up period after surgery was 24 months. ", "An analysis of changes in the pain syndrome (VAS1 and VAS2) before surgery and in the early postoperative period demonstrated a significant regression of pain regardless of the approach type (r=0.25). ", "Patients' survey (MacNab scale) in the long-term postoperative period revealed no unsatisfactory results; excellent, good, and satisfactory results were observed in 21 (30%), 32 (46%), and 16 (24%) patients, respectively. ", "Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy is an effective surgical treatment for degenerative diseases of the lumbosacral spine, providing excellent and good treatment outcomes in most operated patients." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShould I be worried about cassandra hints in case of dc downtime?", "\n\nI will soon be expanding to 2 dc's from 1 and thus I am a little worried about what happens when while using LOCAL_QUORUM I have one of the dc's that is down.", "\nLets say I have 2 dc's: dc1 and dc2. ", "Keyspace A will be replicated along d1 and d2 both.", "\nNow how large will hints be a problem in case where I am unable to replicate my writes to dc2 when using local quorum to write in dc1. ", "I know that the writes will be acknowledged as a success since using local quorum but since the data needs to be replicated so that the same can be read in dc2 for analytical purposes, would the build up of cassandra hints be a problem?", "\n\nA:\n\nThis really depends on amount of writes, and how you want to recover from downtime, and how big downtime could be:\n\nCassandra sends writes to all nodes anyway - LOCAL_* just says that acknowledgement should come from local DC\nIf another DC is down, hints are written to disk, and replayed after DC is up\nIf DC will be down for longer than max_hint_window_in_ms, then you'll need to perform repair anyway, so replaying hints will just add an additional load to servers\n\nIf you expect that DC will be always down for longer period of time, you may disable writing of hints for another DC via hinted_handoff_disabled_datacenters setting - but you'll need to perform repair after DC is back.", "\nP.S. I see the datastax tag - does this mean that you're using DSE? ", "If yes, what version? ", "Because in DSE 6.x, NodeSync can catch up with missing data.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Patrulla norte\n\nPatrulla norte is a 1951 Argentine film.", "\n\nCast\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1951 films\nCategory:Argentine films\nCategory:Spanish-language films\nCategory:Argentine black-and-white films" ]

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[ "Mary L. Shade\n\nShe was born on Thursday, July 16, 1925, in Pueblo, CO, a daughter of the late Frank and Anna Chular Trenchak.", "\n\nShe was a graduate of Central High School Pueblo, CO.", "\n\nShe was a floor worker for the former Amy Sportswear, Valley View, prior to her retirement.", "\n\nShe was a member of St. Andrew's United Methodist Church, Valley View; where she was a member of the United Methodist Women's Group and a former custodian.", "\n\nMary loved the Phillies and all of the Tri-Valley Sports Teams.", "\n\nShe was preceded in death by her husband, Clair G. Shade in 1995. ", "She was also preceded in death by a brother, Frank Trenchak; and two sisters, Helen Hunsaker and Jay Krasovic.", "\n\nShe is survived by two sons, Mike L. Shade and his wife Terry of Warfordsburg, and Marty L. Shade of Valley View; a grandson, Danny True of Hagerstown, MD; a granddaughter, Kelly True of Hagerstown, MD; and several nieces and nephews.", "\n\nFuneral services were held at St. Andrew's United Methodist Church, Valley View, on Wednesday, Nov. 7, with Rev. Duane Bardo officiating. ", "Burial was in St. Andrew's Cemetery, Valley View.", "\n\nMemorial contributions can be made to St. Andrew's United Methodist Church, P.O. Box 221, Valley View, PA 17983.", "\n\nBuffington-Reed Funeral Home, Valley View, is in charge of arrangements.", "\n\nWe welcome user discussion on our site, under the following guidelines:\n\nTo comment you must first create a profile and sign-in with a verified DISQUS account or social network ID. ", "Sign up here.", "\n\nComments in violation of the rules will be denied, and repeat violators will be banned. ", "Please help police the community by flagging offensive comments for our moderators to review. ", "By posting a comment, you agree to our full terms and conditions. ", "Click here to read terms and conditions." ]

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[ "Müncheberg (Mark) station\n\nMüncheberg (Mark) station is a railway station in the municipality of Müncheberg in the Märkisch-Oderland district of Brandenburg, Germany. ", "It is served by the line .", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Railway stations in Brandenburg\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1867\nCategory:1867 establishments in Prussia\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Märkisch-Oderland" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Main menu\n\nPost navigation\n\nSun final regular-season top 10\n\nBefore I release the rankings, I have to admit that I had no idea how to rank the four Baseline League teams. ", "They have alternately beaten and lost to each other and the two that were unranked last week turned out to be the co-champions of the league after last week’s results.", "\n\nI couldn’t not rank them, nor could I not rank Rancho Cucamonga and Upland. ", "So after hemming and hawing, I decided to rank them in the 5-8 spots in the order that they finished in league play. ", "So my apologies to Kaiser and Rim of the World for dropping out of the polls through no fault of their own. ", "Guess I have to make this a top 12 next year." ]

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[ "Protonation-Driven Membrane Insertion of a pH-Low Insertion Peptide.", "\nThe pH-low insertion peptide (pHLIP) inserts into membranes and forms a transmembrane (TM) α-helix in response to slight acidity, and has shown great potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment. ", "As a lead, pHLIP is challenging to optimize because the mechanism of its pH-dependent membrane interactions is not completely understood. ", "Within pHLIP there are multiple D/E residues which could sense the pH change, the particular role played by each of them in the protonation-driven insertion process is not clear. ", "The precise location of the TM helix within the pHLIP sequence is also unknown. ", "In this work, solid-state NMR spectroscopy is used to address these central questions. ", "Tracing backbone conformations revealed that the TM helix spans from A10 to D33 with a break at T19 to P20. ", "Residue-specific pKa values of D31, D33, D25, and D14 were determined to be 6.5, 6.3, 6.1, and 5.8, respectively, and define the sequence of protonations which lead to insertion. ", "Furthermore, possible intermediate states which disrupt membranes at pH 6.4 were proposed based on tryptophan fluorescence quenching and NMR data." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The PRISM spin war has begun\n\nThe war over how to spin revelations of the National Security Agency’s latest spying program has officially begun.", "\n\nOn the heels of media reports that the NSA has gained access to the servers of nine leading tech companies — enabling the spy agency to examine emails, video, photographs, and other digital communications — Google has issued a strongly worded statement denying that the company granted the government \"direct access\" to its servers. ", "That statement goes so far as to say that the company hasn’t even heard of \"a program called PRISM until yesterday.\"", "\n\nAt first glance, Google’s statement is difficult to believe. ", "Senior intelligence officials have confirmed the program’s existence, and Google’s logo is prominently listed on internal NSA documents describing participating companies. ", "But Google may be engaging in a far more subtle public relations strategy than outright denial.", "\n\nGoogle’s statement hinges on three key points: that it did not provide the government with \"direct access\" to its servers, that it did not set up a \"back door\" for the NSA, and that it provides \"user data to governments only in accordance with the law.\"", "\n\nAccording to Chris Soghoian, a tech expert and privacy researcher at the American Civil Liberties Union, the phrase \"direct access\" connotes a very specific form of access in the IT-world: unrestricted, unfettered access to information stored on Google servers. ", "In order to run a system such as PRISM, Soghoian explains, such access would not be required, and Google’s denial that it provided \"direct access\" does not necessarily imply that the company is denying having participated in the program. ", "Typically, the only people having \"direct access\" to the servers of a company like Google would be its engineers. (", "Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg has issued a similarly worded denial in which he says his company has not granted the government \"direct access\" to its servers,\" but his language mirrors Google’s denial about direct access.)", "\n\nA similar logic applies to Google’s denial that it set up a \"back door.\" ", "According to Soghoian, the phrase \"back door\" is a term of art that describes a way to access a system that is neither known by the system’s owner nor documented. ", "By denying that it set up a back door, Google is not denying that it worked with the NSA to set up a system through which the agency could access the company’s data.", "\n\nAccording to Soghoian, the NSA could have gained access to tech company servers by working with the companies to set up something similar to an API — a tool these firms use to give developers limited access to company data. ", "Google has denied that an API was used, but that denial doesn’t exclude the possibility that a similar tool was used.", "\n\nTo protect itself against allegations that it inappropriately compromised user data, Google further notes in its statement that the company provides \"user data to governments only in accordance with the law.\" ", "Despite the outrage directed at the NSA and the Obama administration, PRISM — as currently described — is in all likelihood within the bounds of the law. ", "In the aftermath of the 2005 disclosure that the Bush administration had carried out a warrantless wiretapping program, Congress passed the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 and the Protect America Act of 2007. ", "But those laws did not outlaw the kinds of actions carried out by PRISM.", "\n\nAs for Google’s claim to have never heard of PRISM, would the intelligence officials who reportedly collaborated with Google have used the program’s actual codename?", "\n\nThe tech companies alleged to have participated in PRISM aren’t the only ones who appear to be spinning PRISM to their advantage.", "\n\nOn Friday, U.S. government sources told Reuters that PRISM was used to foil a 2009 plot to bomb the New York City subway. ", "In all likelihood, such counter-leaks will continue in the days ahead as intelligence officials try to portray the program as essential to national security.", "\n\nWelcome to the PRISM spin war." ]

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[ "Food\n\nThis is the best sunny side up egg (or Over-Easy egg) I’ve ever had\nthe pleasure of sampling just now. ", "Most of the fried eggs here (RM\n0.50) are over-fried but this one takes the cake. ", "The cook has mastered\nthe Zen of sunny side up eggs.", "\n\nIt also looks like something rather interesting (check out the aureole) in a vague sort of way…\n\nThis is a blatant filler post, if you haven’t noticed (pioneered by\nsixthseal.com back in 2002 ;)). ", "My apologies, I have a lot on my mind\nright now." ]

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[ "Independent Dealers\n\nFabian Macken\n\nAVP — Performance Management, vAuto\n\nFabian Macken serves as associate vice president of Performance Management for vAuto. ", "In this role, Fabian oversees vAuto’s Performance Management team and supports client retention and new-client launch processes. ", "Previously, Fabian served as vAuto’s senior director of risk and retention. ", "Fabian joined vAuto in 2009 as a Performance Manager, following more than 20 years of retail automotive experience that included general manager and general sales manager positions. ", "Throughout his career, Fabian has completed numerous automotive leadership, management and sales training programs." ]

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[ "Aleksandr Maltsev (synchronised swimmer)\n\nAleksandr Evgenyevich Maltsev () (born 22 June 1995) is a Russian synchronised swimmer, two-times World champion and four-times European champion. ", "He was recognized as the best male artistic swimmer in 2015 and 2017 by FINA. ", "He is a pioneer in Russian artistic swimming.", "\n\nCareer\nMaltsev was enrolled by his mother in a synchronized swimming group at a local sports school in St. Petersburg when he was 7. ", "At the time, they accepted everyone, boys and girls. ", "At age of 10, Maltsev was selected for the St. Petersburg municipal team and at 15, he was training with Russia's female synchronized swimmers for the first time. ", "Despite being the only male synchronized swimmer in the national team, Maltsev continued to pursue his career even with attempts to divert his attention to water polo and diving. ", "He continued to train his favorite sport even though many people did not understand or support his desires.", "\n\nIn 2014, FINA officially approved of adding mixed-gender events in synchronized swimming and diving under its banner after a vote at the Extraordinary Congress in Doha (Qatar). ", "Maltsev began pairing up with Darina Valitova. ", "They competed at the Italian Open Test in Mixed Duet free where they took gold medals.", "\n\nAt the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, Maltsev/Valitova represented Russia at the inaugural Mixed Duet in synchronized swimming, after leading the preliminaries in Mixed Duet technical, they finished second in the finals losing just 0.2122 points to Americans Bill May and Christina Jones. ", "They avenged their loss by winning the gold in Mixed Duet free with a score of 91.7333 points ahead of May/Lum.", "\n\nMaltsev partnered with Mikhaela Kalancha at the 2016 European Championships; where they won gold in mixed free and technical routines. ", "In November 2016, pair Maltsev/Kalancha performed the newly-composed Swan Lake at the 11th FINA Synchronized Swimming World Trophy in Yangzhou (China) and won the title in 92.6000 points.", "\nThe next year, they took part in the 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, and won gold and silver in the mixed free and technical routines respectively.", "\n\nIn 2018, he began partnering with Mayya Gurbanberdieva. ", "Their duet took gold medals in free routine of two steps of the FINA Artistic Swimming World Series 2018 in Paris and Syros Island. ", "At the 2018 European Championships there they won gold in mixed free and technical routines.", "\n\nEducation\nHe graduated from the Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism.", "\n\nAwards and titles\nHonored Master of Sports of Russia.", "\nThe best male artistic swimmer (2015, 2017) by FINA.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \nAleksandr Maltsev Sports bio\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Russian synchronized swimmers\nCategory:1995 births\nCategory:Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg\nCategory:World Aquatics Championships medalists in synchronised swimming\nCategory:Synchronized swimmers at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships\nCategory:Synchronized swimmers at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships" ]

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[ "John Farnham & Tom Jones – Together in Concert\n\nJohn Farnham and Tom Jones – Together in Concert is an Australian tour featuring John Farnham and Tom Jones performing together for ten concerts throughout the capital cities of Perth, Sydney, Brisbane, and Melbourne. ", "Jones sings his major hits, before Farnham performs his set including hits \"One\", \"Pressure Down\", \"That's Freedom\", \"Heart's On Fire\", \"Playing To Win\", \"Every Time You Cry\", \"Man Of The Hour\", \"Age Of Reason\" and \"Burn For You\". ", "The pair then return to the stage together to perform four duets of soul classics: Sam and Dave's \"Hold On I'm Coming\", Otis Redding's \"Try A Little Tenderness\", Ray Charles' \"What'd I Say\", Arthur Conley's \"Sweet Soul Music\" and AC/DC's rock anthem, \"Long Way To The Top\".", "\n\nOn 31 May 2005, a CD album and DVD video were released from a show at the Rod Laver Arena at Melbourne Park. ", "The DVD release debuted at number 1 on the Australian charts, with the album reaching number 3, and being awarded as 3x platinum.", "\n\nTrack listing\n \"Mama Told Me Not to Come\" (Randy Newman) - 3:21\n \"200 Pounds of Heavenly Joy\" (Willie Dixon) - 3:04\n \"Man of the Hour\" (Sean Hosein, Dane DeViller, Steve Kipner) - 4:25\n \"What Am I Living For\" (Art Harris, Fred Jay) - 2:41\n \"It's Not Unusual\" (Gordon Mills, Les Reed) - 2:34\n \"Burn for You\" (Phil Buckle, John Farnham, Ross Fraser) - 4:22\n \"Playing to Win\" (Graeham Goble, John Farnham, David Hirschfelder, Stephen Housden, Spencer Proffer, Wayne Nelson, Steven Prestwich) - 3:06\n \"My Yiddishe Momme\" (Lew Pollack, Jack Yellen) - 2:29\n \"You're the Voice\" (Maggie Ryder, Chris Thompson, Andy Qunta, Keith Reid) - 4:39\n \"That Driving Beat\" (Willie Mitchell) - 3:04\n \"Hold On, I'm Coming\" (Isaac Hayes, David Porter) - 3:17\n \"Try a Little Tenderness\" (Harry M. Woods, James Campbell, Reginald Connelly) - 4:03\n \"What'd I Say\" (Ray Charles) - 4:42\n \"Sweet Soul Music\" (Sam Cooke, Otis Redding, Arthur Conley) - 3:26\n \"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)\" (Malcolm Young, Angus Young, Bon Scott) - 5:34\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2005 live albums\nCategory:Tom Jones (singer) albums\nCategory:John Farnham live albums\nCategory:John Farnham video albums\nCategory:Collaborative albums\nCategory:Live video albums" ]

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[ "David Taylor:\nWith reference to reducing the paperwork burden on police officers, as a public institution and a public service, the police force, second only to this place, needs significantly higher levels of investment in information and communications technology to support its day-to-day work. ", "If my hon. ", "Friend speaks to police in his authority, particularly detective sergeants and police constables, they will tell him what proportion of their time they spend on such unproductive work.", "\n\nMr. Drew:\nMy hon. ", "Friend almost reads my mind, but not quite. ", "I accept his point, but the problem is not an internal police matter. ", "It involves the relationship with the Crown Prosecution Service, whether that relationship is conducted through computers or by human beings talking to one another. ", "I have some misgivings. ", "We have moved on from the impasse a few years ago involving who spoke to whom and how that was done. ", "It is a resource issue and also a matter of cultures. ", "Communication is improving, but it would help if there were computer systems that could talk to each other better. ", "That will be expensive and take time, because technology does not seem to do what we want it to do at the appropriate moment.", "\n\nI am assured that the situation is improving. ", "It would be nice to think about local solutions, but it merely exacerbates the problem if police forces get their own systems and the CPS does not do all that we want it to do. ", "There must be some centralisation, although I know that my chief constable and the Association of Chief Police Officers are a little worried about the apparent loss of independence. ", "They are worried about the pressures on them to deliver policing in their area.", "\n\nEffective centralisation is the only way forward. ", "We must recognise that policing at the level of divisions, not even at the level of a county force, is where decisions have to be taken and priorities outlined, so that people have confidence in their police and policing is carried out in the most appropriate way.", "\n\nI am happier this year. ", "In the negotiations that are taking place nationally, the Government's position is clear. ", "I wish that progress could be made more quickly, but I do not want any confrontation with the police. ", "They are my friends, and I go out with them regularly in my constituency, so I see the problems that they have. ", "We need to move on to make sure that the police are effective and deliver value for money, as we all want them to do.", "\n\n6.5 pm\n\nMr. Andrew Lansley (South Cambridgeshire):\nI am grateful for the opportunity to contribute to the debate.", "\n\nSeveral hon. ", "Members have spoken about the proportion of the overall increase of 6.1 per cent. ", "in the provision for policing that is being made available\n\n30 Jan 2002 : Column 332\n\nthrough total standard spending to enable police authorities to meet their responsibilities, and the proportion being allocated by the Home Office for its own purposes or governed by the Home Office for initiatives that must be delivered as priorities by police authorities. ", "I shall begin with that, and then touch on particular issues relating to Cambridgeshire, to which other hon. ", "Members have already referred.", "\n\nOf the overall 6.1 per cent.—£550 million—only about 40 per cent. ", "is being allocated to total standard spending. ", "So much of it is being allocated by central Government that the ability of police authorities to meet their responsibilities is being undermined. ", "The Home Office sets its priorities for police authorities. ", "Happily, after years of neglecting such matters, it is beginning to talk about important issues such as visible policing.", "\n\nFor police services such as my own in Cambridgeshire, visibility of policing is intensely difficult to achieve, given the relatively low numbers of police. ", "Cambridgeshire has the second lowest level of funding per head of population of any police authority in the country. ", "It is all very well setting an overall level of provision for policing, but if, as a consequence of Home Office priorities and control over spending, local police authorities cannot meet their responsibilities, there will be a deterioration in the visibility of policing, the prevention of crime and the ability to detect crime and follow it up.", "\n\nWe are beginning to see that in Cambridgeshire. ", "The number of incidents has gone up by 20 per cent. ", "in the past few years and is projected to increase at a faster rate. ", "The number of 999 calls is going up dramatically. ", "The ability of the police to respond to and follow up crime and to act proactively in local communities is being diminished.", "\n\nThe Home Office may assume that it makes provision for its own priorities, but that is not the case. ", "In Cambridgeshire, some of the demands have to be met from the police authority's budget, and go beyond what is provided centrally by the Home Office for its own priorities. ", "For example, £1 million is required from the local budget for the Airwaves project, £734,000 in the coming year for the implementation of the action for justice programme, £308,000 for the DNA programme, and £234,000 for the new national crime recording system. ", "The police authority must meet those needs from its budgets, and that diminishes the sum available for its own priorities.", "\n\nThe situation is even worse than that. ", "The police authority has to meet pay and pension pressures far in excess of what has been provided by the Home Office. ", "The Home Office has said that standard spending should rise by 2.6 per cent., ", "but grant has risen by only 2.3 per cent. ", "There is a national settlement of 3.5 per cent. ", "for police officers, and pension costs for the authority are rising at about 6 per cent. ", "After the pay, inflation and pension costs have been absorbed, there is no room for any response to other local pressures. ", "All the Home Office priorities, in addition to those that I mentioned, are biting deeply into the authority's ability to provide policing.", "\n\nWhat is the net result? ", "We have a modest increase in police numbers after a decline and years of trying to attain the same number of police as in 1997. ", "However, with a modest increase in the precept for the council tax precept, the prospect for next year is that we will not meet the gateway criteria for the crime fighting fund, and will\n\n30 Jan 2002 : Column 333\n\ntherefore lose the additional 24 police who should be available through it. ", "That is contrary to the views of the hon. ", "Member for Cambridge (Mrs. Campbell), who is no longer here to hear the facts. ", "If the police authority implemented a precept of 10 per cent., ", "it would lose the gateway criteria and the 24 additional police. ", "It would no longer be able to maintain its normal recruitment, and the net result would be a decline in the number of police in Cambridgeshire.", "\n\nTo fulfil the requirement for a 4 per cent. ", "increase in the budget, the police authority would have to increase its precept by 20 per cent. ", "to respond to the pressures and demands of policing in Cambridgeshire, and we are relatively underpoliced compared with the rest of the country and the police authority has to consult on a possible 30 per cent. ", "increase in the precept in the council tax. ", "Other increases are also being considered, including a possible 9.3 per cent. ", "by the county council, and the district council has to consider an increase of 40 per cent. ", "in its previously modest precept. ", "That adds up to substantial pressures on individuals through the council tax.", "\n\nThe Home Office is chasing a headline figure of 6.1 per cent. ", "and it has not accurately related it to the pressures that it places on police authorities. ", "It is indifferent to the fact that some police authorities will have to increase the council tax dramatically, and it did not attempt to cut its coat according to local cloth. ", "In future, it would be better for the Home Office to start by considering the policing that it wants to achieve locally and provide for greater devolution of budgets and discretion to enable local police authorities to fulfil their responsibilities.", "\n\nThe obvious candidate for such devolution is the crime fighting fund, and rural policing should also be taken into account in future formula allocations in order to provide properly for it. ", "We should also take proper account of the cost of living. ", "Other hon. ", "Members have talked about inadequate consideration of the cost of living and the provision of a service in places outside London, such as the Thames valley.", "\n\nIf I have an opportunity later, I may speak about the area cost adjustment in more detail. ", "However, people in the Thames valley should note that they will receive an 8 per cent. ", "uplift in their allocation through the area cost adjustment, which is not available to Cambridgeshire. ", "Yet housing costs and labour market pressures in Cambridge are at least as great as those in north Oxfordshire.", "\n\nEarlier, I asked about the net result. ", "An authority and a police service in Cambridgeshire, which have historically been poorly funded by Government, will receive an increase in grant of only 2.3 per cent. ", "this year. ", "Whatever other priorities may exist, the net result for my constituents will be a large increase in council tax simply to maintain existing levels of policing. ", "They want more police to deal with the greater incidence of crime, the greater number of 999 calls and the recent increases in recorded crime.", "\n\n6.13 pm\n\nDr. Ashok Kumar (Middlesbrough, South and Cleveland, East):\nI shall be brief. ", "I congratulate the Government on the settlement for the police force in my\n\n30 Jan 2002 : Column 334\n\narea of Cleveland, which received an increase of 4.47 per cent. ", "If we take into account the crime fighting fund, the rural fund and the capital increases, and compare the figures with those for last year, we have received an increase of 4.9 per cent.", "\n\nThe figures are much higher than those under the previous Government. ", "They appear to be increasing under our Government because of the great success of the dynamic economy that they have created. ", "We have thus been able to allocate more money to constituencies such as mine.", "\n\nThe rural part of my constituency—60 per cent. ", "of it is rural—will benefit most, because the targeted money will help greatly. ", "We have made good progress through the crime fighting fund: under it approximately 74 officers have been allocated for 2000–03. ", "We recruited 20 officers under that fund last year; we hope that we will be allocated 36 new officers by the end of this year; and we hope to have a further allocation of 18 officers for 2002–03.", "\n\nWe have also made progress on recruitment. ", "Police numbers have increased from 1,407 in March last year to 1,434. ", "The Government's spirit in tackling crime and ensuring that there are enough police officers to deal with it is a credit to the Labour party.", "\n\nMy right hon. ", "Friend made the allocation of 4.47 per cent., ", "which I and other Members of Parliament who represent the area appreciate, but there is a discrepancy. ", "I understand that the Government based their calculations on tax band D and reached a figure of 7p a week for the police precept. ", "The police authority tells me that the precept that it expects means approximately 50p a week. ", "Its method of calculating the required amount for fighting crime and that of the Government have led to two different figures. ", "I should be interested to know what my right hon. ", "Friend considers to be a sensible figure. ", "Ultimately, we must have the support of the communities that we represent and ensure that they are willing to back the increases in the police precept.", "\n\nI should also be interested to know whether my right hon. ", "Friend believes that the local authority should consult the people of Cleveland before it sets the police precept. ", "We are considering accountability and carrying the agreement of the people, so it is important to note that the four boroughs are not keen on the increases that the police authority has mentioned, and they therefore need a steer. ", "They told me that the police authority can impose whatever figure it wishes. ", "I do not know whether that is true and I await my right hon. ", "Friend's response.", "\n\nI am satisfied that the Government have made great strides in tackling crime and I look forward to hearing my right hon. ", "Friend's views." ]

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[ "What is the law regarding taking children across state lines after divorce? ", "Posted on May 13, 2011\n\nMy friend is from Kansas, she got married and moved just over the Missouri line. ", "She now want to file for divorce and move back here. ", "I was researching and found that you cant take children and move out of state until the divorce proceedings are final. ", "She doesn’t know anyone in Missouri and we live merely 40 minutes apart. ", "Just happens to be different states. ", "Is there some way to go about this without breaking any laws? ", "Her husband just recently became an American citizen and she is afraid that if he gets the chance he will take them to Mexico where he still has a large family.", "\n\nAsk a Local Attorney\n\nDisclaimer: The information found on this website is intended to be general legal information; it is not legal advice. ", "Specific legal advice can only be given with full knowledge of all of the facts and circumstances of your situation. ", "You should seek consultation with an attorney familiar with the laws of your state. ", "Posting a question on this website does not create an attorney-client relationship. ", "All questions you post will be available to the public; do not include confidential information in your question." ]

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[ "#include \"global.h\"\n#include \"battle_anim.h\"\n#include \"rom_8077ABC.h\"\n#include \"sprite.h\"\n#include \"task.h\"\n#include \"trig.h\"\n\nextern s16 gBattleAnimArgs[8];\nextern u8 gBattleAnimAttacker;\nextern u8 gBattleAnimTarget;\nextern const union AffineAnimCmd *const gSpriteAffineAnimTable_83D752C[];\n\nvoid sub_80D3554(struct Sprite *sprite);\nvoid sub_80D3698(struct Sprite *sprite);\nvoid sub_80D3728(struct Sprite *sprite);\nstatic void sub_80D35DC(struct Sprite *);\nstatic void sub_80D365C(u8);\nstatic void sub_80D370C(struct Sprite *);\n\n// energy_wave (animates steady \"waves\" of energy)\n// Used in Hydro Pump, Mud Shot, Signal Beam, Flamethrower, Psywave, and\n// Hydro Cannon.", "\n\nconst union AnimCmd gSpriteAnim_83D91DC[] =\n{\n ANIMCMD_FRAME(0, 1),\n ANIMCMD_FRAME(4, 1),\n ANIMCMD_FRAME(8, 1),\n ANIMCMD_FRAME(12, 1),\n ANIMCMD_JUMP(0),\n};\n\nconst union AnimCmd *const gSpriteAnimTable_83D91F0[] =\n{\n gSpriteAnim_83D91DC,\n};\n\nconst struct SpriteTemplate gBattleAnimSpriteTemplate_83D91F4 =\n{\n .tileTag = ANIM_TAG_WATER_ORB,\n .paletteTag = ANIM_TAG_WATER_ORB,\n .oam = &gOamData_837E04C,\n .anims = gSpriteAnimTable_83D91F0,\n .images = NULL,\n .affineAnims = gDummySpriteAffineAnimTable,\n .callback = sub_80D3554,\n};\n\nconst struct SpriteTemplate gBattleAnimSpriteTemplate_83D920C =\n{\n .tileTag = ANIM_TAG_BROWN_ORB,\n .paletteTag = ANIM_TAG_BROWN_ORB,\n .oam = &gOamData_837E04C,\n .anims = gSpriteAnimTable_83D91F0,\n .images = NULL,\n .affineAnims = gDummySpriteAffineAnimTable,\n .callback = sub_80D3554,\n};\n\nconst struct SpriteTemplate gBattleAnimSpriteTemplate_83D9224 =\n{\n .tileTag = ANIM_TAG_GLOWY_RED_ORB,\n .paletteTag = ANIM_TAG_GLOWY_RED_ORB,\n .oam = &gOamData_837DF24,\n .anims = gDummySpriteAnimTable,\n .images = NULL,\n .affineAnims = gDummySpriteAffineAnimTable,\n .callback = sub_80D3554,\n};\n\nconst struct SpriteTemplate gBattleAnimSpriteTemplate_83D923C =\n{\n .tileTag = ANIM_TAG_GLOWY_GREEN_ORB,\n .paletteTag = ANIM_TAG_GLOWY_GREEN_ORB,\n .oam = &gOamData_837DF24,\n .anims = gDummySpriteAnimTable,\n .images = NULL,\n .affineAnims = gDummySpriteAffineAnimTable,\n .callback = sub_80D3554,\n};\n\nconst union AnimCmd gSpriteAnim_83D9254[] =\n{\n ANIMCMD_FRAME(16, 2),\n ANIMCMD_FRAME(32, 2),\n ANIMCMD_FRAME(48, 2),\n ANIMCMD_JUMP(0),\n};\n\nconst union AnimCmd *const gSpriteAnimTable_83D9264[] =\n{\n gSpriteAnim_83D9254,\n};\n\nconst struct SpriteTemplate gBattleAnimSpriteTemplate_83D9268 =\n{\n .tileTag = ANIM_TAG_SMALL_EMBER,\n .paletteTag = ANIM_TAG_SMALL_EMBER,\n .oam = &gOamData_837DF34,\n .anims = gSpriteAnimTable_83D9264,\n .images = NULL,\n .affineAnims = gDummySpriteAffineAnimTable,\n .callback = sub_80D3554,\n};\n\nconst struct SpriteTemplate gBattleAnimSpriteTemplate_83D9280 =\n{\n .tileTag = ANIM_TAG_BLUE_RING,\n .paletteTag = ANIM_TAG_BLUE_RING,\n .oam = &gOamData_837E034,\n .anims = gDummySpriteAnimTable,\n .images = NULL,\n .affineAnims = gSpriteAffineAnimTable_83D752C,\n .callback = sub_80D3554,\n};\n\nconst union AffineAnimCmd gSpriteAffineAnim_83D9298[] =\n{\n AFFINEANIMCMD_FRAME(0x3, 0x3, 10, 50),\n AFFINEANIMCMD_FRAME(0x0, 0x0, 0, 10),\n AFFINEANIMCMD_FRAME(0xFFEC, 0xFFEC, -10, 20),\n AFFINEANIMCMD_END,\n};\n\nconst union AffineAnimCmd gSpriteAffineAnim_83D92B8[] =\n{\n AFFINEANIMCMD_FRAME(0x150, 0x150, 0, 0),\n AFFINEANIMCMD_END,\n};\n\nconst union AffineAnimCmd *const gSpriteAffineAnimTable_83D92C8[] =\n{\n gSpriteAffineAnim_83D9298,\n};\n\nconst union AffineAnimCmd *const gSpriteAffineAnimTable_83D92CC[] =\n{\n gSpriteAffineAnim_83D92B8,\n};\n\nconst struct SpriteTemplate gBattleAnimSpriteTemplate_83D92D0 =\n{\n .tileTag = ANIM_TAG_WATER_ORB,\n .paletteTag = ANIM_TAG_WATER_ORB,\n .oam = &gOamData_837E10C,\n .anims = gSpriteAnimTable_83D91F0,\n .images = NULL,\n .affineAnims = gSpriteAffineAnimTable_83D92C8,\n .callback = sub_80D3698,\n};\n\nconst struct SpriteTemplate gBattleAnimSpriteTemplate_83D92E8 =\n{\n .tileTag = ANIM_TAG_WATER_ORB,\n .paletteTag = ANIM_TAG_WATER_ORB,\n .oam = &gOamData_837E10C,\n .anims = gSpriteAnimTable_83D91F0,\n .images = NULL,\n .affineAnims = gSpriteAffineAnimTable_83D92CC,\n .callback = sub_80D3728,\n};\n\nvoid sub_80D3554(struct Sprite *sprite)\n{\n InitAnimSpritePos(sprite, 1);\n\n sprite->data[0] = 30;\n sprite->data[1] = sprite->pos1.x;\n sprite->data[2] = GetBattlerSpriteCoord(gBattleAnimTarget, 2);\n sprite->data[3] = sprite->pos1.y;\n sprite->data[4] = GetBattlerSpriteCoord(gBattleAnimTarget, 3);\n\n InitAnimLinearTranslation(sprite);\n\n sprite->data[5] = 0xD200 / sprite->data[0];\n sprite->data[7] = gBattleAnimArgs[3];\n\n if (gBattleAnimArgs[7] > 127)\n {\n sprite->data[6] = (gBattleAnimArgs[7] - 127) << 8;\n sprite->data[7] = -sprite->data[7];\n }\n else\n {\n sprite->data[6] = gBattleAnimArgs[7] << 8;\n }\n\n sprite->callback = sub_80D35DC;\n sprite->callback(sprite);\n}\n\nstatic void sub_80D35DC(struct Sprite *sprite)\n{\n if (TranslateAnimLinear(sprite))\n {\n DestroyAnimSprite(sprite);\n }\n\n sprite->pos2.y += Sin(sprite->data[6] >> 8, sprite->data[7]);\n if (((sprite->data[6] + sprite->data[5]) >> 8) > 127)\n {\n sprite->data[6] = 0;\n sprite->data[7] = -sprite->data[7];\n }\n else\n {\n sprite->data[6] += sprite->data[5];\n }\n}\n\nvoid sub_80D3630(u8 taskId)\n{\n gTasks[taskId].data[0] = gBattleAnimArgs[0];\n gBattleAnimArgs[7] = 0;\n gTasks[taskId].func = sub_80D365C;\n}\n\nstatic void sub_80D365C(u8 taskId)\n{\n gBattleAnimArgs[7] = (gBattleAnimArgs[7] + 3) & 0xFF;\n if (--gTasks[taskId].data[0] == 0)\n {\n DestroyAnimVisualTask(taskId);\n }\n}\n\nvoid sub_80D3698(struct Sprite *sprite)\n{\n u8 subpriority;\n\n sprite->pos1.x = GetBattlerSpriteCoord(gBattleAnimAttacker, 0);\n sprite->pos1.y = GetBattlerSpriteCoord(gBattleAnimAttacker, 1);\n sprite->pos2.y = -10;\n\n subpriority = GetBattlerSubpriority(gBattleAnimAttacker);\n\n if (!", "IsContest())\n {\n if (GetBattlerSide(gBattleAnimAttacker) == 0)\n {\n sprite->pos2.x = 10;\n sprite->subpriority = subpriority + 2;\n }\n else\n {\n sprite->pos2.x = -10;\n sprite->subpriority = subpriority - 2;\n }\n }\n else\n {\n sprite->pos2.x = -10;\n sprite->subpriority = subpriority + 2;\n }\n\n sprite->callback = sub_80D370C;\n}\n\nstatic void sub_80D370C(struct Sprite *sprite)\n{\n if (sprite->affineAnimEnded)\n {\n DestroyAnimSprite(sprite);\n }\n}\n\nvoid sub_80D3728(struct Sprite *sprite)\n{\n int var1, var2;\n\n if (GetBattlerSide(gBattleAnimAttacker) == GetBattlerSide(gBattleAnimTarget))\n {\n gBattleAnimArgs[0] *= -1;\n\n if (GetBattlerPosition(gBattleAnimAttacker) == 0 || GetBattlerPosition(gBattleAnimAttacker) == 1)\n {\n gBattleAnimArgs[0] *= -1;\n }\n\n }\n\n if ((gBattleAnimArgs[5] & 0xFF00) == 0)\n var1 = 1;\n else\n var1 = 0;\n\n if ((u8)gBattleAnimArgs[5] == 0)\n var2 = 3;\n else\n var2 = 1;\n\n InitAnimSpritePos(sprite, var1);\n\n if (GetBattlerSide(gBattleAnimAttacker) !", "= 0)\n {\n gBattleAnimArgs[2] = -gBattleAnimArgs[2];\n }\n\n sprite->data[0] = gBattleAnimArgs[4];\n sprite->data[2] = GetBattlerSpriteCoord(gBattleAnimTarget, 2) + gBattleAnimArgs[2];\n sprite->data[4] = GetBattlerSpriteCoord(gBattleAnimTarget, var2) + gBattleAnimArgs[3];\n sprite->callback = StartAnimLinearTranslation;\n StoreSpriteCallbackInData(sprite, DestroyAnimSprite);\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0022848534863442183, 0.0019338080892339349, 0.11772842705249786, 0.005606499500572681 ]

[ "News and information\n\nSony’s Shutdown-Purchase Of OnLive Could Advance The Future Of PlayStation\n\nSony's purchase of OnLive means an end for OnLive's streaming services, but the influx of patents could help develop future Sony cloud gaming ventures.", "\n\nThe streaming game service OnLive has been acquired by Sony, who will be shutting down the service as of April 30th while the company repurposes OnLive’s patents and technology for Sony gaming services.", "\n\nAfter the purchase, Gaikai’s technology was integrated into both the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, as well as the upcoming PlayStation Now streaming service.", "\n\nThis latest sale nets Sony all of OnLive’s 140 cloud gaming patents. ", "Philip Rosenberg, Sony Computer Entertainment America’s Senior Vice President for Global Business Development and Publisher Relations, said in a recent statement that the purchase, “gives Sony a formidable patent portfolio in cloud gaming,” that will open up new possibilities for the PlayStation crowd.", "\n\nAlthough initially hailed as a wildly exciting mover in the gaming world and a very literal game-changer, OnLive has seen its share of ups and downs. ", "In 2012 it saw a disastrous low point and universal layoffs brought about by interpersonal issues and a failure to achieve profitability, only to relaunch in the spring of 2014 with its Steam-streaming service Cloudlift.", "\n\nOnLive’s tone was sorrowful and apologetic as they announced Sony’s decision. “", "It is with great sadness that we must bring the OnLive Game Service to a close. ", "Sony is acquiring important parts of OnLive, and their plans don’t include a continuation of the game service in its current form,” after April 30th, although they noted that subscribers would not be charged for the remainder of their subscriptions.", "\n\nOnLive closed their statement with gratefulness to their subscriber base, saying, “We thank you from the bottom of our hearts for being an OnLive customer, and we wish you all the best.”", "\n\nOnLive’s native OnLive Game System and OnLive Universal Wireless Controller do not work with any other game systems, but new subscribers who purchased either on or after February 1st, 2015 will be able to contact the company for a refund. ", "Details can be found on their support site." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0007204774301499128, 0.0007189154275692999, 0.0006897781859152019, 0.0007561600650660694, 0.0006481233867816627, 0.0007046386017464101, 0.0007342953467741609, 0.0006528899539262056, 0.000646413944195956, 0.0006794866058044136, 0.000606934423558414, 0.0006199752097018063, 0.0005523199215531349 ]

[ "using System;\nusing System.", "ComponentModel;\n\nnamespace GitHub.", "DistributedTask.", "Pipelines.", "ObjectTemplating\n{\n [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.", "Never)]\n public sealed class PipelineTemplateConstants\n {\n public const String Always = \"always\";\n public const String BooleanStepsContext = \"boolean-steps-context\";\n public const String BooleanStrategyContext = \"boolean-strategy-context\";\n public const String CancelTimeoutMinutes = \"cancel-timeout-minutes\";\n public const String Cancelled = \"cancelled\";\n public const String Clean= \"clean\";\n public const String Container = \"container\";\n public const String ContinueOnError = \"continue-on-error\";\n public const String Credentials = \"credentials\";\n public const String Defaults = \"defaults\";\n public const String Env = \"env\";\n public const String Event = \"event\";\n public const String EventPattern = \"github.event\";\n public const String Exclude = \"exclude\";\n public const String FailFast = \"fail-fast\";\n public const String Failure = \"failure\";\n public const String FetchDepth = \"fetch-depth\";\n public const String GitHub = \"github\";\n public const String HashFiles = \"hashFiles\";\n public const String Id = \"id\";\n public const String If = \"if\";\n public const String Image = \"image\";\n public const String Include = \"include\";\n public const String Inputs = \"inputs\";\n public const String Job = \"job\";\n public const String JobDefaultsRun = \"job-defaults-run\";\n public const String JobIfResult = \"job-if-result\";\n public const String JobOutputs = \"job-outputs\";\n public const String Jobs = \"jobs\";\n public const String Lfs = \"lfs\";\n public const String Matrix = \"matrix\";\n public const String MaxParallel = \"max-parallel\";\n public const String Name = \"name\";\n public const String Needs = \"needs\";\n public const String NumberStepsContext = \"number-steps-context\";\n public const String NumberStrategyContext = \"number-strategy-context\";\n public const String On = \"on\";\n public const String Options = \"options\";\n public const String Outputs = \"outputs\";\n public const String OutputsPattern = \"needs.*.outputs\";\n public const String Password = \"password\";\n public const String Path = \"path\";\n public const String Pool = \"pool\";\n public const String Ports = \"ports\";\n public const String Result = \"result\";\n public const String Run = \"run\";\n public const String RunDisplayPrefix = \"Run \";\n public const String Runner = \"runner\";\n public const String RunsOn = \"runs-on\";\n public const String Secrets = \"secrets\";\n public const String Services = \"services\";\n public const String Shell = \"shell\";\n public const String Skipped = \"skipped\";\n public const String StepEnv = \"step-env\";\n public const String StepIfResult = \"step-if-result\";\n public const String StepWith = \"step-with\";\n public const String Steps = \"steps\";\n public const String Strategy = \"strategy\";\n public const String StringStepsContext = \"string-steps-context\";\n public const String StringStrategyContext = \"string-strategy-context\";\n public const String Submodules = \"submodules\";\n public const String Success = \"success\";\n public const String Template = \"template\";\n public const String TimeoutMinutes = \"timeout-minutes\";\n public const String Username = \"username\";\n public const String Uses = \"uses\";\n public const String VmImage = \"vmImage\";\n public const String Volumes = \"volumes\";\n public const String With = \"with\";\n public const String Workflow = \"workflow\";\n public const String Workflow_1_0 = \"workflow-v1.0\";\n public const String WorkflowRoot = \"workflow-root\";\n public const String WorkingDirectory = \"working-directory\";\n public const String Workspace = \"workspace\";\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0010321233421564102, 0.0008694311254657805, 0.0007725823670625687, 0.0009025739273056388, 0.0010474100708961487, 0.003560842014849186 ]

[ "Configuring Authentication for POP3 and IMAP4\n\nThis topic describes how to use the Exchange Management Console and the Exchange Management Shell to configure authentication options on the Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 computer that has the Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) and Internet Message Access Protocol version 4rev1 (IMAP4) services enabled.", "\n\nBefore you configure the authentication options to use with POP3 and IMAP4, make sure that you understand the process for configuring Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) for the server that is running Microsoft Exchange that has the Client Access server role installed. ", "For more information about how to help secure communications, read the following topics:\n\nTo perform the following procedures on a computer that has the POP3 service enabled, the account you use must be delegated the Exchange Server Administrators role and membership in the local Administrators group on the target server.", "\n\nFor more information about permissions, delegating roles, and the rights that are required to administer Exchange 2007, see Permission Considerations.", "\n\nThere are three authentication options that you can use with POP3 and IMAP4. ", "These options are configured when you use the Exchange Management Console or the Set-PopSettings and Set ImapSettings cmdlets in the Exchange Management Shell. ", "Additionally, there are default ports that are used, depending on the authentication setting that you are using.", "\n\nThe following table describes the default ports that are used with different authentication settings.", "\n\nAuthentication options for POP3 and IMAP4\n\nAuthentication Method\n\nValue\n\nDefault Port\n\nDescription\n\nPlainTextLogin\n\n1\n\n110 (POP3)\n\n995 (POP3 SSL)\n\n143 (IMAP4)\n\n993 (IMAP4 SSL)\n\nTLS encryption is not required on port 110.", "\n\nUser name and password are sent not encrypted unless the underlying connection is encrypted by using TLS or SSL.", "\n\nFor IMAP4, this corresponds to using the \"login\" command to authenticate to the Exchange 2007 computer that has the Mailbox server role installed.", "\n\nPlainTextAuthentication\n\n2\n\n110 (POP3)\n\n995 (POP3 SSL)\n\n143 (IMAP4)\n\n993 (IMAP4 SSL)\n\nTLS encryption is not required on port 110 and port 143. ", "However, Basic authentication is permitted only on a port that uses TLS or SSL encryption.", "\n\nFor IMAP4, this corresponds to using the \"authenticate\" command to authenticate to the Mailbox server.", "\n\nSecureLogin\n\n3\n\n110 (POP3)\n\n995 (POP3 SSL)\n\n143 (IMAP4)\n\n993 (IMAP4 SSL)\n\nConnection on port 110 and port 143 must use TLS encryption before authenticating.", "\n\nYou can use the Exchange Management Console or the Exchange Management Shell to configure the ports that you want to use, depending on the authentication setting that you are using for POP3 and IMAP4 on an Exchange 2007 server. ", "You can also specify connection time-out limits for users.", "\n\nFor more information about how to use the Exchange Management Shell and the Exchange Management Console to configure authentication options for POP3 and IMAP4, see the following topics:" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006147754029370844, 0.0006387575413100421, 0.0005556340329349041, 0.0005305467057041824, 0.0006904430920258164, 0.000662364938762039, 0.0005780038773082197, 0.0005626428755931556, 0.0007243492873385549, 0.0008152343216352165, 0.0006585869705304503, 0.0007849393878132105, 0.000692517904099077, 0.0006867239717394114, 0.0007467534160241485, 0.0005680066533386707, 0.0005905972793698311, 0.0005990178324282169 ]

[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, autoimmune, inflammatory disorder that affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States (Lee and Weinblatt, [@B28]). ", "Among RA patients, the severity of disease, the spectrum of clinical involvement and the response to therapy vary widely, resulting in significant diagnostic and management challenges. ", "RA is currently monitored via repeated clinical assessment of specific signs and symptoms, and by a variety of blood and radiological tests. ", "Unfortunately, none of the clinical laboratory tests in use today can reliably assess disease activity or predict flares of disease or the extent of underlying joint damage.", "\n\nRA is characterized by chronic inflammation and hypertrophy of the synovial membranes. ", "Inflammation of the joint occurs in response to production of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines by many different cell types present in synovium and cartilage, in addition to infiltrating cells from the peripheral blood. ", "Cartilage and bone destruction subsequently occur through the enhanced actions of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and the matrix degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs). ", "The importance of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in animal models of RA is well documented (Saklatvala, [@B45]; Issekutz et al., [", "@B22]; Hata et al., [", "@B17]). ", "TNF-α is known to stimulate IL-1 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in synovial tissue (Pettipher et al., [", "@B43]; Brahn et al., [", "@B9]). ", "These cytokines enhance migration of inflammatory cells into the joint and stimulate MMP production in synovial fibroblasts and chondrocytes (Pettipher et al., [", "@B43]).", "\n\nAlthough the most important actions of these proteins are likely to occur in the joint, the joint space is relatively inaccessible, prohibiting quantitative measurement of cytokines. ", "Recent advances in the clinical application of pharmacogenomics suggest that biomarkers of disease activity and drug efficacy can be identified in blood to enable the identification of specific patient populations and to monitor subclinical changes in disease status and responses to treatment over time (Frank and Hargreaves, [@B15]; McLoughlin et al., [", "@B33]; Luo et al., [", "@B30]). ", "Changes in the serum levels of several proteins have been observed in RA patients: cytokines such as IL-1α, IL1-β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α are increased in RA compared to normal (Deane et al., [", "@B11]; Milman et al., [", "@B36]); and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) level is increased in juvenile RA compared to normal (Bloom et al., [", "@B7]; Ishikawa et al., [", "@B21]). ", "Factors such as protein instability and sampling variability may, however, limit analyses of serum protein expression. ", "Because altered gene expression precedes release of cytokines and other immunologically important signaling elements, analysis of specific messenger RNA (mRNA) species associated with these changes will provide the earliest diagnostic signs of disease progression and/or flare. ", "Blood samples from patients with RA have been studied by microarray to profile complex expression patterns of genes contributing to inflammatory joint disease (Bovin et al., [", "@B8]; Olsen et al., [", "@B38]; Batliwalla et al., [", "@B6]; Edwards et al., [", "@B13]; van der Pouw Kraan et al., [", "@B49]; Ishikawa et al., [", "@B21]; Teixeira et al., [", "@B47]; Deane et al., [", "@B11]).", "\n\nWe have previously shown that among healthy volunteers, expression of a number of inflammatory genes can be accurately measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) from peripheral blood samples collected over time, and that this expression is relatively stable (McLoughlin et al., [", "@B33]). ", "Importantly, these data suggest that normal reference ranges can be established for the expression of a broad set of inflammatory genes in human whole blood. ", "Here, we use qRT-PCR to measure inflammatory gene expression in whole blood obtained at a single time point from RA patients with either active (\"unstable\") or stable disease on DMARD therapy, and patients with stable disease on combination therapy with a DMARD and anti-TNF-α agent (\"combination\"), and compared the changes in inflammatory gene expression in these groups to levels in whole blood obtained from healthy controls.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#s2}\n=====================\n\nSubject characteristics\n-----------------------\n\nSamples from blood donor subjects were collected for the current study with approval of the University of Colorado Institutional Review Board and after obtaining written consent from each volunteer. ", "Whole blood samples were collected at a single time point from 122 apparently healthy blood donors at a local blood bank (Bonfils Blood Center, Denver, CO). ", "Enrollment criteria for blood donors followed the American Red Cross donor standards. ", "Subject age was normally distributed and ranged from 22 to 82 years, with an average age of 47.2 ± 13.1 years. ", "Females (*N* = 63) and males (*N* = 59) were represented in about equal numbers, and 82% of the subjects were Caucasian. ", "RA patients eligible for the study met the following inclusion criteria: (1) diagnosis of RA according to the American College of Rheumatology 1987 diagnostic criteria (Arnett et al., [", "@B3]); (2) 18 years of age or older; (3) subjects with \"stable\" RA as defined by presence or history of moderate to severe RA on stable doses for the previous 3 months of DMARDs, NSAIDs, or oral corticosteroids (≤10 mg/day of prednisolone or equivalent); and (4) subjects with \"unstable\" active RA as defined by 6 or more swollen joints or 9 or more painful or tender joints at baseline and C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥2 mg/dL at the initial visit and who required more aggressive therapy. ", "Exclusion criteria included: (1) any previous treatment with a non-DMARD immunosuppressive drug; (2) use of any investigational drug or biological agent (except anti-TNF-α therapies) within 3 months prior to enrollment; (3) previous diagnosis of any acute or chronic infectious disease, or with current signs or symptoms of severe, progressive, or uncontrolled systemic disease; (4) pregnancy; (5) history of malignancy in the 5 years prior to study enrollment; or (6) ACR functional class IV. ", "In addition to collection of whole blood samples, physical examination, physician assessment of disease activity and morning stiffness, patient assessment of disease and pain activity, and joint assessment (based on a 66/68-joint count excluding distal interphalangeal joints) were performed at baseline and at 12 weeks after initiation of anti-TNF-α therapy (or continuation of previous DMARD therapy in stable RA patients).", "\n\nUsing the criteria described above, there were three experimental patient subpopulation groups: (1) RA patients who were on a systemic disease-modifying anti-rheumatoid drug (DMARD, either oral prednisone or oral methotrexate), with active disease and judged by their physician to require a change in therapy (\"unstable\") (*N* = 18); (2) RA patients receiving DMARD therapy for more than 3 months and judged by their physicians *not* to require a change in therapy (\"stable\") (*N* = 26); and (3) clinically stable RA subjects treated for more than 3 months with a DMARD *plus* one of two different anti-TNF-α therapies (infliximab or etanercept) and judged by their physician *not* to require a change in therapy (\"combination\") (*N* = 20). ", "Characteristics of each experimental patient group are shown in Table [1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\n###### \n\n**Clinical features of RA patient subpopulation groups tested for qRT-PCR analysis**.", "\n\n **Clinical feature** **Unstable on DMARD (*n* = 18)** **Stable on DMARD (*n* = 26)** **Stable on combination therapy (*n* = 20)**\n ------------------------------ ---------------------------------- -------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------\n Gender (% female) 79 61 85\n Age (years) 54.1 55.8 57.7\n Race (% white, non-Hispanic) 67 50 90\n Duration of disease (months) 220 200 227\n DMARD use (%) 75 100 100\n Prednisone use (%) 64 75 25\n MTX weekly dose (mg) 15.5 9.95 14.5\n\nSee \"Materials and Methods\" section for details on patient background and selection.", "\n\nPreparation of nucleic acids and quantitative PCR analysis\n----------------------------------------------------------\n\nBlood was collected from study subjects by standard phlebotomy methods into PAXgene™ tubes (PreAnalytiX, Valencia, CA) to stabilize mRNA levels. ", "Samples were frozen at −70°C and shipped on dry ice in compliance with International Air Transport Association (IATA) shipping regulations. ", "Total RNA was extracted as described previously using the PAXgene™ Blood RNA System (Rainen et al., [", "@B44]). ", "The purity and integrity of each RNA sample was determined and the mRNA was converted to cDNA by reverse transcription (Rainen et al., [", "@B44]). ", "First-strand cDNA was synthesized from random hexamer-primed RNA templates on the ABI Prism™ 6700 Nucleic Acid Automated Workstation using TaqMan® Reverse Transcription Reagents (Applied Biosystems, Multiscribe \\#4311235, Foster City, CA), according to the manufacturer\\'s procedure.", "\n\nTarget gene products were analyzed by quantitative PCR of each cDNA preparation using 2X TaqMan® Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, \\#4305719, Foster City, CA) and Source Precision Medicine\\'s proprietary primer/probe sets and adhering to previously described protocols (McLoughlin et al., [", "@B33]). ", "Forty-eight inflammation- and immune-related gene products that were originally selected and verified (McLoughlin et al., [", "@B33]) were analyzed with slight modification (Table [2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "For example, apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF1) and Cytochrome B-245 beta polypeptide (CYBB) were replaced with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1, a pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, an inducer of angiogenesis) because of their involvement in inflammation and the pathogenesis of RA (Kasama et al., [", "@B24]; Mattey et al., [", "@B32]). ", "Reactions were run in four replicates on an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System. ", "The amount of cDNA added to each reaction was held to a narrow range, within 1.5 C~T~\\'s, based on the threshold cycle (C~T~) of the 18S RNA control reaction. ", "The coefficient of variation in the C~T~ values detected for each gene loci were less than 2% in a study that consisted of more than 1000 repeat analyses of the same freezer-stored sample. ", "The repeat analyses were performed over greater than a 2-year period.", "\n\n###### \n\n**List of 48 inflammatory genes analyzed in the study and mean ΔCT of gene expression in healthy subjects**.", "\n\n **HUGO designation** **Gene name** **Gene function** **Mean ΔCT of healthy subjects (*n* = 122)**\n ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------\n B7 CD80 Regulatory protein that may be associated with lupus 21.17\n C1QA Complement component 1, q subcomponent, A chain Serum complement system component, forms C1 complex with pro-enzymes C1r and C1s 21.64\n CD3Z CD247 molecule T-cell surface glycoprotein 15.20\n CD4 CD4 molecule Helper T-cell marker; accessory protein in the MHC/T-cell receptor interaction 15.84\n CD8A CD8a molecule Cytotoxic/suppressor T-cell marker; binds MHC I; thought to play role T-cell mediated killing 16.40\n CD14 CD14 molecule Monocyte LPS receptor; cooperates with MD-2 and TLR-4 in response to LPS 14.84\n CD19 CD19 molecule B-cell growth factor; membrane protein that potentiates receptor-dependent activation 18.65\n CXCL1 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 Chemotactic for neutrophils; pro-inflammatory; modulates metalloproteinase activity 19.78\n CXCL2 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 Chemotactic for neutrophils and hematopoietic precursor cells 23.32\n CSF2 Colony stimulating factor 2 *aka* GM-CSF; stimulates growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells 23.59\n CSF3 Colony stimulating factor 3 *aka* GCSF; cytokine that stimulates granulocyte development 23.45\n F3 Coagulation factor 3 (thromboplastin, tissue factor) *aka* thromboplastin, coagulation factor 3; responsible for coagulation catalysis 23.63\n HLA-DRB1 Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 Binds antigen for presentation to CD4^+^ cells 22.09\n HMOX1 Heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 Essential for heme catabolism; cleaves heme to form biliverdin and CO; endotoxin inducible 17.10\n HSPA1A Heat shock protein A1A Molecular chaperone; stabilizes AU rich mRNA; hydrophobic peptide 14.76\n ICAM1 Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 Endothelial cell surface molecule; regulates cell adhesion and trafficking of leukocytes 18.05\n IFNA2 Interferon, alpha 2 Interferon produced by macrophages with antiviral effects 22.20\n IFNG Interferon gamma Pro- and anti-inflammatory activity, TH~1~ cytokine, inflammatory mediator of activated T-cells 22.98\n IL1A Interleukin-1, alpha Pro-inflammatory; generally cytosolic, released during severe inflammatory disease 23.14\n IL1B Interleukin-1, beta Pro-inflammatory; made by activated macrophages; endogenous pyrogen 16.19\n IL1RN Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist Anti-inflammatory; inhibits binding of IL-1 its receptor without stimulating IL-1 activity 16.41\n IL2 Interleukin-2 T-cell growth factor, expressed by activated T-cells, TH~1~ cytokine 23.11\n IL4 Interleukin-4 Anti-inflammatory; TH~2~; suppresses cytokines, increases IL-1RN expression 23.25\n IL5 Interleukin-5 Stimulates eosinophil expansion and B-cell differentiation 22.70\n IL6 Interleukin-6 Pro- and anti-inflammatory activity; TH~2~ cytokine; regulates hematopoiesis 23.11\n IL8 Interleukin-8 Pro-inflammatory CXC chemokine; major secondary inflammatory mediator 21.04\n IL10 Interleukin-10 Anti-inflammatory; TH~2~ cytokine; suppresses production of pro-inflammatory cytokines 22.84\n IL12B Interleukin-12b Pro-inflammatory, TH~1~ cytokine, requires co-stimulation with IL-18 to induce IFN-γ 23.28\n IL13 Interleukin-13 Inhibits inflammatory cytokine production 23.09\n IL15 Interleukin-15 Pro-inflammatory; T-cell activator; inhibits apoptosis; with IL-2 induces IFN-γ and TNF-α 22.05\n IL18 Interleukin-18 Pro-inflammatory; TH~1~ cytokine; promotes apoptosis; induces IFNγ ; blocked by IL18BP 20.12\n IL18BP Interleukin-18 binding protein Binds and inactivates IL18; implicated in inhibition of early TH~1~ cytokine responses 17.59\n MMP3 Matrix metallopeptidase 3 *aka* stromelysin; degrades fibronectin, laminin, and gelatin 23.71\n MMP9 Matrix metallopeptidase 9 Degrades extracellular matrix molecules; made by neutrophils; Role in arthritis and metastasis 16.39\n PLA2G7 Phospholipase A2, group VII Activates platelet activating factor (PF4) 19.93\n NOS2A Nitric oxide synthase 2a, inducible *aka* iNOS; produces NO which is bacteriocidal/tumoricidal 23.53\n PLAUR Plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor Ligand-specific cell surface receptor for UPA; localizes and promotes plasmin formation 15.59\n PTGS2 Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 Pro-inflammatory; regulates angiogenesis and cell migration 17.92\n PTPRC Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C An essential regulator of T- and B-cell antigen receptor signaling; suppresses JAK kinases 11.89\n SERPINE1 Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E Interacts with tissue plasminogen activator to regulate fibrinolysis; inhibits PLAU 22.95\n TGFB1 Transforming growth factor, beta 1 Pro- and anti-inflammatory activity; anti-apoptotic 13.55\n TIMP1 TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 Inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases; transcriptionally induced by cytokines and hormones 15.11\n TNF Tumor necrosis factor Pro-inflammatory TH~1~ cytokine, primary mediator of immune response and regulation 20.65\n TNFSF5 CD40 ligand Ligand for CD40; expressed on T-cells; regulates B-cell function by engaging CD40 17.61\n TNFSF6 Fas ligand (TNF superfamily, member 6) Ligand for FAS antigen; critical in triggering apoptosis 21.00\n TNFSF13B Tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 13b B cell activating factor, TNF family 15.46\n TNFRSF13B Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 13b Controls T-cell-dependent B-cell antibody responses 20.81\n VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor Produced by monocytes 23.07\n\nData analysis\n-------------\n\nEach PCR reaction contained primer/probe sets for the target gene and 18S RNA, used as the internal control. ", "The difference between the fluorescence C~T~ for the target and the internal endogenous control (18S) is presented as a ΔC~T~ value. ", "Increases or decreases in the target mRNA concentration correspond to lower or higher ΔC~T~ values, respectively, at approximately 2-fold concentration change per ΔC~T~ unit. ", "The C~T~ reporting system and estimation of relative gene expression is well described in the literature (Livak and Schmittgen, [@B29]). ", "ΔC~T~ values above 23 should be interpreted with caution, because they correspond to gene expression levels at or below the linear range of the assay. ", "Statistical measures were determined using Enterprise Guide version 2.05.89 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). ", "The Anderson-Darling test and the Shapiro-Wilk test were used to determine whether the gene expression data fit a normal distribution. ", "Student\\'s *t*-tests were performed to determine *P* values.", "\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nAltered gene expression in unstable RA patients compared to healthy subjects\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nGene expression levels were measured in whole blood samples collected from 18 unstable patients with RA maintained on DMARD therapy. ", "Of a total of 48 gene products analyzed, 13 demonstrated very low or undetectable levels among the study subjects. ", "These genes (CSF2, CSF3, CXCL2, F3, IL1A, IL2, IL4, IL6, IL12B, IL13, MMP3, NOS2A, and PLAUR) were not included in further analysis. ", "Of 35 inflammation-related genes examined, these unstable RA patients exhibited increased expression of 25 genes (B7, C1QA, CD14, CD19, CD4, CD8A, CXCL1, HMOX1, HSPA1A, ICAM1, IL10, IL15, IL18, IL18BP, IL1RN, IL1B, MMP9, PTGS2, PTPRC, SERPINE1, TGFB1, TIMP1, TNF, TNFSF13B, TNFSF6, and VEGF) and decreased expression of 1 gene (CD19) compared to healthy controls (*P* \\< 0.05) (Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}, Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "MMP9, HSPA1A, SERPINE1, and TGFB exhibited the greatest increases in mean level of expression in RA patients compared to healthy subjects. ", "Changes in expression of each individual gene averaged over all patients in the unstable RA patient group and compared to average gene expression in the healthy control population are depicted in Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\n###### \n\n**Single time point gene expression analysis in RA patients unstable on DMARD therapy, stable on DMARD therapy, and stable on combination therapy**.", "\n\n **Gene name** **Relative expression (fold change)[^a^](#TN1){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}** ***P* value[^b^](#TN2){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}** \n --------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- ------ -------------- -------------- ---------------------------------------\n B7 1.24 1.07 0.75 **0.0475** 0.5217 **0.0100**\n C1QA 2.42 1.10 1.52 \\<**0.0001** 0.5567 **0.0251**\n CD14 2.25 1.47 1.10 \\<**0.0001** **0.0006** 0.3615\n CD19 0.64 0.54 0.68 **0.0090** \\<**0.0001** **0.0132**\n CD3Z 1.01 0.81 0.89 0.9495 **0.0160** 0.1683\n CD4 1.47 1.13 1.04 **0.0012** 0.2490 \\<**0.0001**\n CD8A 1.54 0.87 0.81 **0.0062** 0.3299 0.1707\n CXCL1 1.89 1.43 0.75 \\<**0.0001** **0.0016** **0.0263**\n HLA-DRB1 0.69 0.32 0.92 0.4900 **0.0379** 0.9067\n HMOX1 2.25 1.49 1.30 \\<**0.0001** **0.0003** **0.0385**\n HSPA1A 2.62 1.77 1.15 \\<**0.0001** \\<**0.0001** 0.2548\n ICAM1 2.25 1.44 1.07 \\<**0.0001** **0.0003** 0.5007\n IFNA2 1.25 1.06 0.62 0.1295 0.7230 **0.0004**\n IFNG 1.24 0.84 ND 0.0614 0.0795 [^**\\***^](#TN3){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\n IL10 1.34 0.93 0.61 **0.0206** 0.5005 \\<**0.0001**\n IL15 1.43 0.94 1.33 **0.0095** 0.6242 **0.0447**\n IL18 2.14 1.41 1.09 \\<**0.0001** **0.0010** 0.4815\n IL18BP 1.60 1.18 0.78 \\<**0.0001** 0.0644 **0.0025**\n IL1RN 2.48 1.84 0.68 \\<**0.0001** \\<**0.0001** **0.0006**\n IL1B 2.24 1.69 0.93 \\<**0.0001** \\<**0.0001** 0.5218\n IL5 1.26 0.97 0.61 0.0857 0.8539 \\<**0.0001**\n IL8 1.01 1.06 2.69 0.9721 0.7469 \\<**0.0001**\n MMP9 3.45 2.04 1.19 \\<**0.0001** **0.0001** 0.3469\n PLA2G7 1.14 0.92 0.92 0.4591 0.5298 0.6262\n PTGS2 2.23 1.26 0.78 \\<**0.0001** **0.0248** **0.0136**\n PTPRC 1.49 1.25 0.67 \\<**0.0001** **0.0138** 0.6788\n SERPINE1 2.56 1.21 1.12 \\<**0.0001** 0.1680 0.4726\n TGFB1 2.52 1.59 0.96 \\<**0.0001** \\<**0.0001** 0.5757\n TIMP1 2.02 1.35 1.08 \\<**0.0001** **0.0010** 0.4304\n TNF 1.90 1.11 0.88 \\<**0.0001** 0.3426 0.3158\n TNFRSF13B 0.80 0.61 0.60 0.1674 **0.0004** **0.0028**\n TNFSF13B 1.97 1.35 1.47 \\<**0.0001** **0.0137** **0.0017**\n TNFSF5 1.17 0.97 0.62 0.1691 0.7831 \\<**0.0001**\n TNFSF6 1.70 0.79 0.93 **0.0008** 0.0839 0.6686\n VEGF 1.38 0.84 ND **0.0028** **0.0474** [^\\*^](#TN3){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}\n\nΔCT values of genes expressed in RA subjects were compared to those from healthy blood donors.", "\n\nProbability of a difference between groups was determined by Student\\'s t-test. ", "P value represents comparison of gene expression from healthy blood donors.", "\n\nND indicates data not determined.", "\n\nIndicates statistics not analyzed.", "\n\nBold values are statistically significant P values.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nChanges in gene expression during DMARD therapy\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nWhole blood was collected from 26 RA patients with stable clinical examinations after at least 12 weeks of DMARD therapy. ", "Serum levels of CRP in these patients ranged from 0.05 to 2.7 mg/L (average 0.35 mg/L), consistent with low systemic levels of inflammation. ", "Of 35 inflammation-related genes examined, stable RA patients maintained on DMARD therapy exhibited increased expression of 14 genes (CD14, CXCL1, HMOX1, HSPA1A, ICAM1, IL18, IL1RN, IL1B, MMP9, PTGS2, PTPRC, TGFB1, TIMP1, and TNFSF13B) and decreased expression of 5 genes (CD19, CD3Z, HLA-DRB1, TNFRSF13B, and VEGF) compared to healthy controls (*P* \\< 0.05) (Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}, Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Expression of B7, C1QA, CD4, CD8A, IL10, IL15, IL18BP, SERPINE1, TNF, and TNFSF6 were normalized compared to unstable RA patients maintained on DMARD therapy (Figures [1A,B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nChanges in gene expression during combination therapy\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\nWhole blood was collected from 20 RA patients with stable clinical examinations after 12 weeks of treatment with combination therapy (a DMARD and an anti-TNF-α agent). ", "Of 35 inflammation-related genes examined, 6 genes (C1QA, CD4, HMOX1, IL15, IL8, and TNFSF13B) exhibited increased expression and 11 genes (B7, CD19, CXCL1, IFNA2, IL10, IL18BP, IL1RN, IL5, PTGS2, TNFRSF13B, and TNFSF5) demonstrated decreased expression compared to healthy controls (*P* \\< 0.05) (Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}, Figure [1C](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The increased expression of 15 genes present in the unstable RA patient group on DMARD therapy was normalized in stable RA patients on combination therapy (Figures [1A,C](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These genes included CD14, CD8A, HSPA1A, ICAM1, IL18, IL1B, MMP9, PTPRC, SERPINE1, TGFB1, TIMP1, TNF, and TNFSF6.", "\n\nAmong 20 patients receiving combination therapy, patients receiving infliximab (*N* = 10) exhibited decreased expression of seven genes (B7, CXCL1, IL10, IL1RN, IL5, PTPRC, and TNFSF5) and increased gene expression of one gene (C1QA) compared to healthy controls, whereas patients receiving etanercept (*N* = 10) exhibited increased expression of three genes (HMOX1, IL8, and TNFSF13B) and decreased expression of nine genes (CD8A, IL10, IL18BP, IL1RN, IL5, PTGS2, PTPRC, TNFRSF13B, and TNFSF5 compared to healthy controls (*P* \\< 0.05) (Table [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "RA patients stable on etanercept exhibited robust increases in IL8 expression (5.70-fold change compared to healthy controls, *P* \\< 0.0001, Table [4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\n**Single time point gene expression analysis of stable RA patients on DMARD therapy and anti-TNF-α therapy with either infliximab or etanercept**.", "\n\n **Gene name** **Relative expression (fold change)[^a^](#TN4){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}** ***P* value[^b^](#TN5){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}** \n --------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- ------------ --------------\n B7 0.67 0.92 **0.0024** 0.4999\n C1QA 2.02 0.99 **0.0014** 0.9696\n CD14 1.14 1.04 0.3689 0.7978\n CD3Z 0.89 0.94 0.2948 0.5865\n CD4 1.03 1.06 0.8423 0.6788\n CD8A 1.04 0.58 0.8418 **0.0063**\n CXCL1 0.68 0.79 **0.0284** 0.1727\n HMOX1 1.26 1.40 0.1278 **0.0451**\n HSPA1A 1.15 1.09 0.3865 0.5708\n ICAM1 0.98 1.13 0.8911 0.3179\n IL10 0.68 0.64 **0.0183** **0.003**\n IL15 1.43 1.20 0.0555 0.3005\n IL18 0.90 1.25 0.4656 0.0925\n IL18BP 0.82 0.73 0.0526 **0.003**\n IL1RN 0.61 0.73 **0.0014** **0.0203**\n IL1B 0.78 1.07 0.078 0.6039\n IL5 0.66 0.46 **0.0101** \\<**0.0001**\n IL8 1.50 5.70 0.1585 \\<**0.0001**\n MMP9 1.20 1.06 0.461 0.7911\n PLA2G7 0.86 1.07 0.4403 0.7478\n PTGS2 0.82 0.71 0.1617 **0.012**\n PTPRC 0.75 0.63 **0.0123** \\<**0.0001**\n SERPINE1 1.21 0.94 0.286 0.7372\n TGFB1 1.02 0.88 0.8391 0.1836\n TIMP1 1.02 1.10 0.8459 0.4071\n TNF 0.83 0.81 0.2149 0.1582\n TNFRSF13B 0.76 0.51 0.1389 **0.0004**\n TNFSF13B 1.37 1.49 0.0592 **0.0117**\n TNFSF5 0.59 0.62 **0.0002** **0.001**\n TNFSF6 1.09 0.75 0.6164 0.102\n\nΔCT values of genes expressed in RA subjects were compared to those from healthy blood donors.", "\n\nProbability of a difference between groups was determined by Student\\'s t-test. ", "P value represents comparison of gene expression from healthy blood donors.", "\n\nBold values are statistically significant P values.", "\n\nDiscussion {#s4}\n==========\n\nIdentification of easily accessible and reliable biomarkers of inflammatory disease activity to diagnose and monitor disease progression in individual patients over time is an attractive therapeutic goal. ", "Here, we demonstrate that gene expression analysis of whole blood using qRT-PCR can be used to assess disease activity of RA patients.", "\n\nPatients with unstable RA demonstrated increased peripheral blood expression of numerous proinflammatory cytokines, including IL1B, TNF, and IL18, and increased expression of genes whose protein products have been shown to contribute to synovial deterioration (including MMP) compared to healthy human control subjects. ", "These cytokines have been previously shown to be upregulated in the synovium or serum in RA (Brennan et al., [", "@B10]; Gracie et al., [", "@B16]; Feldmann and Maini, [@B14]; Joosten et al., [", "@B23]; Klimiuk et al., [", "@B26]; Paramalingam et al., [", "@B40]; Shao et al., [", "@B46]; Volin and Koch, [@B52]). ", "In comparison, increases in inflammatory gene expression are diminished in patients with stable disease on either DMARD alone or combined DMARD and anti-TNF-α therapy. ", "These results indicate that clinical assessments of overall disease stability correlate with an overall reduction in peripheral inflammatory gene expression.", "\n\nUnstable RA patients in the current study also exhibited increased expression of several cytokines which are generally thought to have an anti-inflammatory effect, including IL10, IL1RN, and TGFB1 (Katsikis et al., [", "@B25]). ", "These have been reported to be elevated in the synovium and in peripheral blood samples from RA patients (Katsikis et al., [", "@B25]; Ohshima et al., [", "@B37]; Mesko et al., [", "@B34]; Tukaj et al., [", "@B48]; Meugnier et al., [", "@B35]), where they may serve to mitigate the inflammatory process. ", "Further, expression of IL10 and IL1RN in stable RA patients on either DMARD or combination DMARD and anti-TNF-α therapy was the same (DMARD) or reduced (combination) compared to healthy controls (Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "It is speculated that as levels of proinflammatory cytokines are reduced during effective anti-TNF-α therapy, corresponding levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines are also reduced.", "\n\nOur data, however, also demonstrate that despite stable clinical assessments, RA patients on DMARD therapy alone continue to exhibit increased expression of some inflammatory genes, suggesting that subclinical inflammation is still present in these patients. ", "Stable RA patients on combination therapy demonstrate a greater reduction in inflammatory gene expression compared to both unstable and stable RA patients on DMARD alone. ", "Specifically, patients on combination therapy exhibit fewer increases in proinflammatory markers compared to patients on DMARD alone, and decreased expression of a number of proinflammatory genes even compared to healthy controls. ", "Our findings suggest that even when chronic inflammatory disease is clinically stable, inflammatory pathways may still be active. ", "These pathways could contribute to long-term development of comorbidities associated with RA. ", "Further, variations in the inflammatory profile differ in patients on DMARD alone versus combined DMARD and anti-TNF-α therapy, and combination therapy appears to confer a greater overall anti-inflammatory effect compared to DMARD therapy. ", "Whether changes in the expression of particular genes may be useful biomarkers to assess overall disease activity remains to be determined, and is an area of ongoing research.", "\n\nChanges in gene expression with anti-TNF-α therapy were largely similar between patients receiving infliximab and etanercept, with the notable exception of significantly increased expression of the chemokine IL8 in patients on etanercept compared to healthy controls and to RA patients on DMARD or infliximab therapies (Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "IL8 recruits neutrophils and T cells to the synovium and stimulates angiogenesis (reviewed in Badolato and Oppenheim, [@B5]). ", "The mechanisms and long-term consequences of IL8 induction during anti-TNF-α treatment are unclear and further studies are warranted.", "\n\nDespite variable disease activity and treatment modalities, the expression of several proinflammatory genes was increased among all three experimental groups compared to healthy controls, including HMOX1 and TNFSF13B (Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "HMOX1 is a heme oxygenase that reduces levels of the pro-oxidant heme to reduce overall oxidative stress. ", "Its expression is induced by a variety of noxious stimuli, including hypoxia, inflammation, and environmental stressors (Otterbein et al., [", "@B39]). ", "TNFSF13B is increased by TNF-α and IFN-γ in the synovium (Alsaleh et al., [", "@B2]; Assi et al., [", "@B4]; Woo et al., [", "@B53]). ", "Sustained elevations of these genes may be associated with the inflammation in the synovium and serum during the development and progression of RA. ", "TNFSF13B is also known as B-cell activating factor (BAFF). ", "Increased TNFSF13B can be contrasted with the expression of CD19, a marker of B cells, which was consistently suppressed relative to healthy controls among all three RA groups, as has been previously reported (Holden et al., [", "@B18]).", "\n\nAssessment of peripheral blood gene expression provides an easily accessible population of inflammatory cells in which to study relative changes in cytokine expression over time. ", "However, it is important to consider that in any given individual, relative proportions of each blood cell type may vary markedly. ", "In this setting, overall changes in peripheral blood gene expression may be significantly influenced by changes in the proportion of blood cell types and their corresponding transcription profiles. ", "For example, we observed upregulation of CD14, a monocyte-specific marker, in unstable RA patients treated with DMARD (Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "CD14 expression was attenuated in stable RA patients on DMARD therapy and was normalized in stable RA patients on anti-TNF-α therapy (Table [3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "In our unstable RA patient population, therefore, an increased proportion of circulating monocytes may have influenced the expression levels of some cytokines.", "\n\nIL-6 is a proinflammatory cytokine that stimulates differentiation of B-cells into antibody-producing plasma cells and contributes to the release of metalloproteases from tissue fibroblasts (Badolato and Oppenheim, [@B5]). ", "Increases in IL-6 protein levels in the synovium and the serum have been demonstrated in RA patients, particularly associated with acute inflammation early in the disease process (Houssiau et al., [", "@B19]; Hovdenes et al., [", "@B20]; Madhok et al., [", "@B31]). ", "Our results demonstrate very low or undetectable levels of IL6 mRNA from peripheral blood cells of stable RA patients treated with DMARD therapy and in stable RA patients treated with combination DMARD and anti-TNF-α therapy, suggesting significant attenuation of the proinflammatory cytokine cascade that contributes to the progression of RA. ", "Expression of IL-6 is tightly regulated, and changes in gene transcription may precede measurable changes in protein secretion (DeFuego and Remick, [@B12]). ", "High serum levels of IL-6 despite low levels of IL6 mRNA expression within mononuclear cells isolated from the peripheral blood and from the synovial fluid in RA patients suggest that high circulating proinflammatory cytokine levels do not necessarily reflect increases in gene expression within inflammatory cell populations (Vazquez-Del Mercado et al., [", "@B50]). ", "Our study examines mRNA levels of IL6, which may not correspond to circulating levels of the protein product. ", "IL-6 within the joint space is derived from synovial fibroblasts (Park and Pillinger, [@B41]; Verweij and Vosslamber, [@B51]); high levels of circulating IL-6 may derive from tissues rather than from circulating mononuclear cells. ", "Finally, previous studies have shown no differences in IL-6 protein or mRNA transcript levels between early, untreated RA patients and chronic RA patients previously treated with DMARD (Vazquez-Del Mercado et al., [", "@B50]). ", "Methotrexate, for example, has been shown to inhibit IL-6 production in peripheral blood cells (Aggarwal and Misra, [@B1]). ", "All three patient groups in the current study were treated with DMARD therapy which may suppress gene expression of IL6 even in the setting of active clinical disease. ", "Finally, circulating levels of IL-6 follow a circadian rhythm in both healthy subjects and RA patients (Knudsen et al., [", "@B27]; Perry et al., [", "@B42]); differences in sampling time between patients in this study may have impacted our measurement of IL6 levels in the overall study population. ", "Further investigation regarding the significance of low levels of IL6 in these unstable patients is warranted.", "\n\nHerein, we show that reduction of inflammatory gene expression levels differ between stable patients on DMARD and combined DMARD and anti-TNF-α therapies. ", "Since most genes in healthy subjects exhibit limited dynamic ranges of expression, we believe that in our study populations, differences in gene expression levels may reflect disease activity. ", "The current findings suggest that these peripheral blood biomarkers correlate with clinical status, and may therefore provide adjunctive information about the efficacy of various treatments for RA. ", "These biomarkers may also allow for assessment of the efficacy of particular RA treatments, including anti-TNF-α therapies. ", "Future studies to determine peripheral blood biomarkers that may predict individual patient responses to a particular systemic therapy may provide assistance with clinical decision making.", "\n\nConflict of interest statement\n------------------------------\n\nThe authors have read the journal\\'s policy and have the following conflicts. ", "John Cheronis, David Trollinger, Danute Bankaitis-Davis, and Michael Bevilacqua are employees of Source MDx. ", "Source MDx only helped to carry out high-throughput qRT-PCR analysis of whole blood samples. ", "The company was not involved in sample collection and data interpretation, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ", "This does not alter the authors\\' adherence to all the *Frontiers in Inflammation* policies on sharing data and materials.", "\n\nThe authors have no special acknowledgements to make. ", "Brian Kotzin is currently an employee of Amgen, Inc. but did not take up this position during the completion of the study.", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: Masaaki Murakami, Osaka University, Japan\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: Sandra Sacre, University of Sussex, UK; Daisuke Kamimura, Osaka University, Japan\n\n[^3]: This article was submitted to Frontiers in Inflammation, a specialty of Frontiers in Immunology.", "\n\n[^4]: †These authors equally contributed to this work.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "The first Disney Skyliner gondola support beam has now been topped off with the mount that will hold the cable used to transport the gondola cars.", "\n\nHere’s a look back at the first stage of the beam construction." ]

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[ "Ultra.", "Rock Remixed\n\nUltra. ", "Rock Remixed is a mixed dance/rock compilation album from Ultra Records. ", "It was mixed by Tommie Sunshine and released on March 20, 2007.", "\n\nTrack listing \nDisc one:\n\"The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage [Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire Retouch]\" - Panic! ", "at the Disco\n\"Wine Red [Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire Retouch]\" - The Hush Sound\n\"Jealous Girls [Tommie Sunshine Mix]\" - The Gossip\n\"Tony the Beat [T.S. 12\" Maxi Vocal]\" - The Sounds\n\"Night on Fire [Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire Retouch]\" - VHS or Beta\n\"Mama's Room [Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire Retouch]\" - Under the Influence of Giants\n\"Here (In Your Arms) [TS 12\" Remix]\" - Hellogoodbye\n\"Emotion Commotion\" - Glitch\n\"Straight to Video [TSMV Remix]\" - Mindless Self Indulgence\n\"Lips Like Morphine [Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire Retouch]\" - Kill Hannah\n\"23 Minutes in Brussels [Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire Retouch]\" - My Robot Friend\n\"Limit of Your Mind\" - Tommie Sunshine\n\nDisc two:\n\"Dance Among the Ruins\" - Tommie Sunshine\n\"Disko [Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire & Brimstone Dub] - Shiny Toy Guns \t\n\"Body Jack [Tommie Sunshine Remix] - Marc Romboy\n\"Dance Dance [Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire Retouch] - Fall Out Boy\n\"I Just Wanna Live [Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire Retouch] - Good Charlotte\n\"Running From\" - John Acquaviva & Madox\n\"Let the Poison Spill from Your Throat [Tommie Sunshine's 'Let The Clock Punch' Redux] - The Faint\n\"Boys Wanna Be Her [Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire Retouch]\" - Peaches\n\"Tokyo Pollution\" - Tommie Sunshine\n\"At Home He's a Tourist [Tommie Sunshine's Brooklyn Fire Retouch]\" - Gang of Four\n\"Will You [Tommie Sunshine Remix]\" - P.O.D.\n\"Y Control [Tommie Sunshine Remix]\" - Yeah Yeah Yeahs\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Ultra.", "Rock Remixed at Amazon\n\nCategory:2007 compilation albums\nCategory:Ultra Records albums" ]

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[ "Sen. Bernie Sanders Bernie SandersJacobin editor: Primarying Schumer would force him to fight Trump's SCOTUS nominee Trump campaign plays up Biden's skills ahead of Cleveland debate: 'He's actually quite good' Young voters backing Biden by 2:1 margin: poll MORE (I-Vt.) ", "said in a tweet Wednesday that President Trump is \"on the wrong side of history\" after his announcement that transgender individuals would not be accepted into the military.", "\n\nTrump's transgender ban announcement comes 69 years to the day after President Truman ordered the racial integration of the U.S. Armed Forces, which Sanders highlighted in his message:\n\nMr. Trump, you are on the wrong side of history. ", "Discrimination has no place in our military or society. ", "We must stand with trans people. ", "pic.twitter.com/pG0i5BxtT3 — Bernie Sanders (@SenSanders) July 26, 2017\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nHouse Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) also bashed Trump for the move, citing the anniversary of Truman's decision. “", "69 years ago, President Truman desegregated the US Military,\" she tweeted. \"", "This morning, @POTUS turned anti-#trans prejudice into policy.\"", "\n\n“But instead of honoring their patriotism, @POTUS has decided to attack their dignity and the very value of their service,\" she said." ]

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[ "Template-Free Growth of Well-Ordered Silver Nano Forest/Ceramic Metamaterial Films with Tunable Optical Responses.", "\nCurrently, the limitations of conventional methods for fabricating metamaterials composed of well-aligned nanoscale inclusions either lack the necessary freedom to tune the structural geometry or are difficult for large-area synthesis. ", "In this Communication, the authors propose a fabrication route to create well-ordered silver nano forest/ceramic composite single-layer or multi-layer vertically stacked structures, as a distinctive approach to make large-area nanoscale metamaterials. ", "To take advantage of direct growth, the authors fabricate single-layer nanocomposite films with a well-defined sub-5 nm interwire gap and an average nanowire diameter of ≈3 nm. ", "Further, artificially constructed multilayer metamaterial films are easily fabricated by vertical integration of different single-layer metamaterial films. ", "Based upon the thermodynamics as well as thin film growth dynamics theory, the growth mechanism is presented to elucidate the formation of such structure. ", "Intriguing steady and transient optical properties in these assemblies are demonstrated, owing to their nanoscale structural anisotropy. ", "The studies suggest that the self-organized nanocomposites provide an extensible material platform to manipulate optical response in the region of sub-5 nm scale." ]

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[ "Karl Popper blamed Plato for the rise of totalitarianism in the 20th century, seeing Plato’s philosopher kings, with their dreams of ‘social engineering’ and ‘idealism’, as leading directly to Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler (via Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Karl Marx). ", "In addition, Ayatollah Khomeini is said to have been inspired by the Platonic vision of the philosopher king while in Qum in the 1920s when he became interested in Islamic mysticism and Plato’s Republic. ", "As such, it has been speculated that he was inspired by Plato’s philosopher king, and subsequently based elements of his Islamic Republic on it.", "\n\nToo many among today’s intellectual elite see themselves as our shepherds and us as their sheep. ", "Tragically, too many of us are apparently willing to be sheep, in exchange for being taken care of, being relieved of the burdens of adult responsibility and being supplied with “free” stuff paid for by others." ]

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[ "A Straight Path to Success - The Brilliance of Linear Gaming\n\nWhen it comes to big name, big budget videogames, there seems to be a divide between two very different types of game. ", "The linear, story-driven titles like The Last of Us or Bioshock, and the open-world spectaculars such as Skyrim and GTA. ", "Of course, this is a generalisation of the highest order, but it is something that we apply to just about every game out there. ", "With this generalisation comes another that’s existed for a long while, and is only now beginning to decline: the concept of a linear game being naturally inferior due to its ‘restrictive’ nature. ", "How many times have you heard someone reject Call of Duty due to its linear story mode? ", "Or ignore a game because it doesn’t make any bold (arguably fickle) claims of player choice? ", "Linear games have had a bad reputation throughout the now declining seventh generation of consoles; in my humble opinion, that’s a reputation that hasn’t been well earned. ", "In fact, I’d argue it’s one of the greatest injustices within the collective opinion of the gaming community.", "\n\nIt’s a cruel reputation, and one that games like The Last of Us are working off with their pure and utter brilliance, but for too long now I’ve seen games rejected purely because of their linear, story-cental nature. ", "The Uncharted series is a good example of a game that despite its huge fanbase, still attracts naysayers who claim that the games are too simplistic and highly restrictive. ", "As mentioned, Call of Duty is another series that’s been branded with the ‘linear’ mark, even the fantastic campaign from Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare. ", "I do understand some of the issues certain gamers have with these games; lack of ‘interactivity’ is typically the key bugbear, or just a general lack of player choice. ", "I’m not really going to disagree with these statements; indeed, any open-world game is going to offer a more direct player to game relationship. ", "But is the desire to own the story and game and make it your own really that important?", "\n\nIt depends on the game, is my answer to that. ", "If I’m playing my favourite game Rome: Total War, I want to carve my own story into the marble. ", "It’s not a game about a specific story, but rather a story that you create; I’d argue that strategy games offer the ultimate form of ‘self-story-creation’, but large scale RPGs do come close. ", "Put simply though, I don’t always want to create my own story - I’ll give a bit more detail on that later. ", "Sometimes, in fact often, I just like to sit back, hold the controller in my hand, and enjoy the ride. ", "Uncharted 2 is the ultimate example of this for me, as it’s the filmic qualities of the game that make it stand out from the pack. ", "Dramatic action scenes, witty and charming dialogue, not to mention a story that would make Indiana Jones proud. ", "The joy of playing it stems not only from interaction with game, but also the satisfying visual and aural elements.", "\n\nSo should I just watch Indy instead? ", "Certainly not! ", "Whether it’s an extremely simple game with minimal interaction, or a complicated strategy or role-playing title, videogames are fantastic specifically because they require an element of commitment and engagement that just doesn’t exist in other media forms. ", "My control over Nathan Drake and his story may be small compared to the degree to which you can control the likes of Niko Bellic and Ezio Auditore, but that comparatively small degree of control is still imperative to the gameplay experience. ", "What makes Uncharted 2 so much better than any Indiana Jones film (that’s right, I said it) is that the player feels a much closer connection with the story and the action, or at least I did. ", "In my opinion, linear games aren’t restrictive due to their closed narrative and single path, they are, in fact, much more effective forms of pure entertainment due to this.", "\n\nBy far the most beneficial element of a linear style is the positive way this form affects stories within games. ", "Many, many videogames struggle to tell a genuinely good story largely due to the fact that the player must always be factored in. ", "Even Uncharted, with its charming tale of lost gold, is severely restricted by the nature of action games. ", "Afterall, it’s a little tricky to take Nathan Drake as a good hearted man after he’s just slaughtered hundreds of men at the player’s hands. ", "The player is, in most games, a huge obstacle that the story has to either leap over or simply ignore. ", "Indeed many linear games in which the player is the story are the most effective: The Stanley Parable, Papers Please. ", "Open-world games, however, have a serious issue with this; The Elder Scrolls and similar games are the best examples of the problem. ", "How can you tell a convincing tale when the player is left to his own devices, doing almost everything he/she can do to obstruct the core narrative?", "\n\nLinear games reduce the impact the player has on the story, thereby making it much improved in structure, delivery and overall presentation. ", "There are numerous examples of highly linear games delivering excellent stories - at least in the generally limited world of video game narrative. ", "The Last of Us is the most recent and most prevalent example; a very linear experience that contains arguably the finest story to be found in a game. ", "In an open-world form, it simply wouldn't have worked; the game is so well paced and thoughtfully constructed that it’s that very linear nature that brings out the very best. ", "Like a good film, The Last of Us has an excellent template and storyboard behind it. ", "Other linear games demonstrate this same fantastic use of story and game design pacing; the original Bioshock being an obvious example. ", "Gears of War and Halo both demonstrate this technique effectively; hell, even Super Mario Bros and Sonic The Hedgehog feature this, even if the story is incredibly simplistic.", "\n\nWhile open-world games can often feel bogged-down by gaming tropes: customisation, side-missions, collectables and unexplained narrative holes, linear games allow for a much more simple, but arguably more effective experience. ", "Modern games have become increasingly able in making players feel strong emotions; whether this be rage, sorrow, grief, joy, or any other emotional state. ", "The nature of linear gaming may place restrictions on the physical actions of a gamer, but I’d argue that it is much more effective at stirring emotions. ", "I can have fun in Titanfall due to a sense of competition and satisfying gameplay, I can enjoy Crusader Kings II because I’m creating my own version of history, but I’ll enjoy Uncharted, Bioshock and The Last of Us because they make me truly feel something inside. ", "That is the ultimate aim of art, and it’s a fantastic side effect of being entertained." ]

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[ "Davis,\nRSF, and Meridian are the three largest shareholders in\nCyanotech Corporation-a company that produces natural\nnutritional supplements made from microalgae. ", "Davis acquired\n19.6% of Cyanotech's outstanding common-stock shares in\n2002, has served as a member of Cyanotech's Board since\n2003, and has been Chairman of the Board since 2011. ", "As of\nMarch 17, 2017, Davis claims beneficial ownership of\napproximately 16.8% of the outstanding common stock.", "\n\nAt some\npoint in 2011, another shareholder wanted to sell its 9.7%\ninterest in Cyanotech. ", "When Davis got wind of the sale, he\ndonated an unprecedented $2.5 million to RSF, who used that\nmoney to buy the shares. ", "Then, by using one of his charitable\nfoundations as a vehicle, Davis transferred additional\nCyanotech shares to RSF while contemporaneously recouping his\nown interest through the open market. ", "As of March 17, 2017,\nRSF holds 16.2% of the outstanding common stock. ", "Davis and\nRSF collectively own 33% of Cyanotech's outstanding\ncommon stock; Meridian owns 13%.", "\n\nDavis\nhad been reporting his ownership interest on short-form\nSchedule 13G-a form reserved for passive investors and\nunavailable to those seeking to control or influence the\nissuer-instead of Schedule 13D-the standard long-disclosure\nform for shareholders owning more than 5% of a company's\noutstanding common stock. ", "In response to Meridian's May\n2016 demand, Cyanotech appointed a special committee to\ninvestigate whether Davis was required to file a Schedule 13D\nbased on his significant ownership interest, position on the\nBoard, and relationship with RSF. ", "Meridian filed its original\ncomplaint against Davis and RSF one week after making the\ndemand, alleging, among other things, that Davis was\ncommitting securities fraud and breaching his fiduciary\nduties to Cyanotech by filing inaccurate Schedules 13G\ninstead of accurate Schedules 13D.[4] In September 2016, the\nspecial committee released its findings, concluding that\n“Davis should be filing his reports . . . ", "under\nSchedule 13D, rather than on the short form Schedule\n13G.” On September 19, 2016, Meridian filed a verified,\nfirst-amended complaint, incorporating the committee's\nfinding;[5] the next day, Davis filed a Schedule 13D.\n\nBecause\nMeridian's first-amended complaint alleged that Davis had\nnot yet filed a Schedule 13D, I dismissed it as moot in light\nof Davis's newly filed disclosure and gave Meridian leave\nto amend.[6] Meridian filed a second-amended complaint,\nthis time alleging that Davis's 13D was inaccurate in at\nleast two respects: (1) he reported that he acquired his\nshares for “investment purposes” instead of his\ngoal to exercise control and influence over Cyanotech; and\n(2) he disclaimed that he and RSF were a group within Section\n13(d)'s meaning.[7] On March 17, 2017, Davis and RSF filed a\njoint, amended Schedule 13D identifying themselves-along with\nSkywords Family Foundation[8]-as a group from that date.", "\n\nThe\nparties then stipulated to give Meridian leave to amend its\ncomplaint a third time to account for the amended Schedule\n13D.[9]\nIn its third-amended complaint, Meridian alleges only two\nviolations of Section 13(d). ", "First, Davis continues to\nviolate Section 13(d) by representing that he acquired his\ninterest in Cyanotech for “investment purposes”\nrather than to exercise control and influence. ", "Second, Davis\nand RSF continue to violate Section 13(d), despite their\namended Schedule 13D, because they do not acknowledge that\nthey were a statutory group prior to March 17, 2017. ", "Davis\nand RSF now move to dismiss both claims.", "\n\nDiscussion\n\nA.\nMotion-to-dismiss standard\n\nFederal\nRule of Civil Procedure 8 requires every complaint to contain\n“[a] short and plain statement of the claim showing\nthat the pleader is entitled to relief.", "”[10] While Rule 8\ndoes not require detailed factual allegations, the properly\npled claim must contain enough facts to “state a claim\nto relief that is plausible on its face.", "”[11] This\n“demands more than an unadorned,\nthe-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation”; the\nfacts alleged must raise the claim “above the\nspeculative level.", "”[12] In other words, a complaint\nmust make direct or inferential allegations about “all\nthe material elements necessary to sustain recovery under\nsome viable legal theory.", "”[13]District\ncourts employ a two-step approach when evaluating a\ncomplaint's sufficiency on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to\ndismiss. ", "First, the court must accept as true all well-pled\nfactual allegations in the complaint, recognizing that legal\nconclusions are not entitled to the assumption of\ntruth.[14] Mere recitals of a claim's elements,\nsupported only by conclusory statements, are\ninsufficient.[15] Second, the court must consider whether\nthe well-pled factual allegations state a plausible claim for\nrelief.[16] A claim is facially plausible when the\ncomplaint alleges facts that allow the court to draw a\nreasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the\nalleged misconduct.[17] A complaint that does not permit the\ncourt to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct\nhas “alleged-but not shown-that the pleader is entitled\nto relief, ” and it must be dismissed.[18]\n\nB.\nMeridian has sufficiently pled a cause of action under\nSection 13(d).", "\n\nDavis\nargues that Meridian's third-amended complaint should be\ndismissed for four reasons: (1) Section 13(d) does not imply\na private cause of action outside the context of threatened\ncorporate takeover; (2) Meridian has not shown that it will\nsuffer irreparable harm without the requested injunctive\nrelief; (3) this lawsuit moots Meridian's second claim\nbecause it provides shareholders with the information\nrequired to make informed investment decisions and satisfies\nCongress's intent in passing Section 13(d); and (4) the\nallegations are insufficient to satisfy the Private\nSecurities Litigation Reform Act's (PSLRA) heightened\npleading requirement.[19] RSF incorporates Davis's\narguments into its own motion[20] and adds that public-policy\nand equitable considerations of balancing the hardships do\nnot support the requested injunctive relief.[21]\n\n1.", "\nMeridian may pursue a private cause of action under Section\n13(d) outside the context of a threatened\ntakeover.", "\n\n“Congress\nenacted Section 13(d) in 1968, in response to a sharp\nincrease in corporate takeover bids . . . ", "to provide for full\ndisclosure in connection with cash tender offers and other\ntechniques for accumulating large blocks of equity securities\nof publicly held companies.", "”[22]This “allows\ninvestors to determine the value of the corporation's\nsecurities more accurately and to make more informed\ninvestment decisions.", "”[23]\n\nSection\n13(d) of the Exchange Act requires beneficial owners of more\nthan 5% of an outstanding class of registered securities to\nfile a disclosure statement on a long-form Schedule 13D or\nshort-form Schedule 13G.[24] A group of two or more persons formed\n“for the purpose of acquiring, holding, or disposing of\nsecurities of an issuer” stock is considered a single\nbeneficial owner under the statute.[25] The owner must disclose\ninformation about its background and identity, the source of\nthe funds used to purchase the securities, the purpose of the\npurchase, and the extent of the owner's holdings in the\ntarget company.[26]\n\nSection\n13(d) does not expressly authorize a private right of action,\nbut the United States Supreme Court has recognized “the\npower of federal courts to fashion private remedies for\nsecurities laws violations when to do so is consistent with\nthe legislative scheme and necessary for the protection of\ninvestors . . . ", ".”[27] The Ninth Circuit “has held\nthat an issuer corporation has a private right of action for\ninjunctive relief under Section 13(d) of the Act. ", "Because the\nsole purpose of Section 13(d) is to protect shareholders,\nhowever, the issuer corporation is deemed to act on the\nshareholders' behalf in seeking injunctive relief until\nan accurate Schedule 13D is filed.", "”[28]\n\nThe\nNinth Circuit has not yet extended that right to individual\nshareholders, but the defendants do not dispute\nMeridian's ability to bring this action as an individual\nshareholder.[29]As a practical matter, the issuer is\nlikely in the best position to police its shareholders'\nSchedules 13D and 13G because the Act requires the\ndisclosures to be filed with the issuer; it does not require\ndisclosure to the shareholders.[30] And if the Section's\nwhole purpose is to protect the shareholders by providing\nthem with complete and accurate information to assist them in\nmaking informed investment decisions, an individual\nshareholder should not be precluded from asserting a Section\n13(d) claim.", "\n\nDefendants\nargue that courts recognize a right of action under Section\n13(d) only when a cash tender offer or some other\n“large, rapid aggregation or accumulation of\nsecurities” threatens a change in corporate control,\n[31]\nand because they acquired their interests in Cyanotech years\nago, there is no current threatened change in control. ", "So,\nthey contend, Meridian has the burden of establishing that it\ncan sue under Section 13(d) outside the context of a\nthreatened takeover.[32]\n\nMeridian\nresponds that courts “have found a private right of\naction to exist in multiple situations when necessary to\nremedy an incorrect or incomplete filing of a Schedule\n13D.”[33] It cites to Chevron Corp. v.\nPennzoil Co., [34]Dan River, Inc. v. Unitex Ltd.,\n[35]\nand GAF Corp. v. Milstein[36] for support. ", "In\nChevron, the Ninth Circuit concluded that “a\nreasonable inference could be drawn that Pennzoil's\n[Schedule 13D] was materially misleading because it failed to\nadequately disclose Pennzoil's intent to obtain a board\nposition and exert some level of management influence over\nChevron's operations.", "”[37] The court reversed the\ndistrict court's grant of summary judgment and remanded\nthe case so that Chevron could pursue its Section 13(d) claim\nand seek curative injunctive relief for the allegedly\ninaccurate disclosure.", "\n\nThe\nSecond Circuit held in Milstein that “the\nobligation to file truthful statements is implicit\nin the obligation to file with the issuer, and a\nfortiori, the issuer has standing under Section 13(d) to\nseek relief in the event of a false\nfiling.", "”[38] And in Dan River, the Fourth\nCircuit-placing substantial weight on the holding in\nMilstein-held that, “should Dan River\nestablish that there is a reasonable basis for concluding\nthat the Schedule 13D filed by the defendants is inaccurate,\nincomplete, or misleading . . . ", "the district court may and\nshould grant appropriate injunctive relief and should require\nthe filing of an amended Schedule 13D complying with the\nrequirement of a truthful and complete statement . . .", "\n.”[39]\n\nAll of\nthese cases, however, arose in the context of an express or\nalleged takeover attempt. ", "So, they don't stand for the\nproposition that a Section 13(d) action can be brought beyond\nthat context, but nor do they say that one can't be. ", "What\nI glean from these cases is their focus on the need for\ntruthful and complete Schedules 13D. This focus seems to\nsupport a private right of action for curative injunctive\nrelief even after a change in control has occurred.", "\n\nBut\nwhat I find most compelling is Meridian's common-sense\nargument that to agree with Davis and RSF would be to\n“eviscerate Section 13(d).” ", "Davis and RSF argue\nthat they have collectively owned 33% of Cyanotech's\noutstanding common stock for several years and currently\nexercise actual control in light of Davis's position as\nChairman of the Board, so there can be no future threat of\nusurpation from them. ", "But Meridian alleges that they gained\ntheir controlling share while they were in violation of\nSection 13(d). ", "Agreeing with the defendants, then, is\ntantamount to saying: “If you violate Section 13(d)\nlong enough, you can't be sued under Section\n13(d).” ", "And this cannot be what Congress intended. ", "So,\nin light of the caselaw's focus on truth, accuracy, and\ncompleteness, I find that Meridian may assert a private cause\nof action under Section 13(d).", "\n\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;2.", "\nMeridian has sufficiently alleged that it will continue to\nsuffer irreparable harm ...\n\nOur website includes the first part of the main text of the court's opinion.", "\nTo read the entire case, you must purchase the decision for download. ", "With purchase,\nyou also receive any available docket numbers, case citations or footnotes, dissents\nand concurrences that accompany the decision.", "\nDocket numbers and/or citations allow you to research a case further or to use a case in a\nlegal proceeding. ", "Footnotes (if any) include details of the court's decision. ", "If the document contains a simple affirmation or denial without discussion,\nthere may not be additional text.", "\n\nBuy This Entire Record For\n$7.95\n\nDownload the entire decision to receive the complete text, official citation,\ndocket number, dissents and concurrences, and footnotes for this case." ]

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[ "For indispensable reporting on the coronavirus crisis, the election, and more, subscribe to the Mother Jones Daily newsletter.", "\n\nI haven’t read Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee’s Race Against the Machine yet, but Matt Yglesias has and he says that one of their analogies has changed the way he thinks about technological progress. ", "Basically, if something improves x% per year, then the level of change looks small at first but explodes later, even though the actual rate of change has stayed the same the entire time:\n\nThe point of this, in terms of technological progress, is that we’ve gotten so accustomed to Moore’s Law that we sometimes overlook the implication that the deeper we get into the chessboard, the bigger the changes. ", "We all know that computers advanced a lot between 1991 and 2011, but we should expect the scale of change over the next 20 years to dwarf those changes. ", "This is a straightforward application of a well-known principle and some pretty basic math, but it’s usually not discussed in quite the right way. ", "We think we’re used to the idea of rapid improvements in information technology, but we’re actually standing on the precipice of changes that are much larger in scale than what we’ve seen thus far.", "\n\nThis gives me an excuse to make the exact same point in a different way, specifically about the possibility of creating a computer with human-level intelligence. ", "Suppose that in 1950 the fastest computer on the planet had about a trillionth the computing power of a human brain, and suppose also that computing power increases 1000x every 20 years. ", "Here’s what things would look like:\n\n1950: Trillionth\n\n1950: Trillionth 1970: Billionth\n\n1990: Millionth\n\n2010: Thousandth\n\n2024: Tenth\n\n2030: One\n\nIn 1950, true AI would look like a joke. ", "A computer with a trillionth the processing power of the human brain is just a pile of vacuum tubes. ", "In 1970, even though computers are 1000x faster, it’s still a joke. ", "In 1990 it’s still a joke. ", "In 2010 it’s still a joke. ", "In 2024, it’s still a joke. ", "A tenth of a human brain is about the processing power of a housecat. ", "It’s interesting, but no threat to actual humans.", "\n\nSo: joke, joke, joke, joke, joke. ", "Then, suddenly, in the space of six years, we have computers with the processing power of a human brain. ", "Kaboom.", "\n\nHere’s the point: technological progress has been exactly the same for the entire 80-year period. ", "But in the early years, although the relative progress was high, the absolute progress was minute. ", "Moving from a billionth to a trillionth is invisible on a human scale. ", "So computers progressed from ballistics to accounting to word processing to speech recognition, and sure, it was all impressive, but at no point did it seem like we were actually making any serious progress toward true AI. ", "And yet, we were.", "\n\nAssuming that Moore’s Law doesn’t break down, this is how AI is going to happen. ", "At some point, we’re going to go from 10% of a human brain to 100% of a human brain, and it’s going to seem like it came from nowhere. ", "But it didn’t. ", "It will have taken 80 years, but only the final few years will really be visible. ", "As inventions go, video games and iPhones may not seem as important as radios and air conditioners, but don’t be fooled. ", "As milestones, they’re more important. ", "Never make the mistake of thinking that just because the growing intelligence of computers has been largely invisible up to now that it hasn’t happened. ", "It has." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do sprites work?", "\n\nHow do sprites work?", "\nI've seen sprites from old school games like Super Mario Brothers, and wondered how they're animated to make a game.", "\nThey're always presented as one big image map, so how are they used?", "\nFor Mario (as an example) are there precalculated image co-ordinates that outline mario, and are swapped between various mario sprites to produce animation?", "\nOr are sprites pre \"cut\" during game initialization using precalculated images co-ordinates and stored in memory somewhere?", "\nObviously I know nothing about game development.", "\n\nA:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)\nThough the article doesn't seem to talk about your specific question, now that I look through it thoroughly...\nAnyway, it can probably be done either way, but if I ever had to implement a sprite handler I'd probably go with the splitting method (though as stated in another answer, the coordinate-reference method would probably be easier to implement for a simple animation).", "\n\nA:\n\nOn many older video game and computer systems, sprites were a hardware feature which would overlay small images onto a larger screen. ", " Although the Atari 7800 had a sprite implementation similar to what is described in the Wikipedia article, it was practically unique in that regard. ", " Most sprite systems used a separate group of circuitry for every sprite they could show on a scan line, including a horizontal position trigger and a shift register or other means to send data sequentially. ", " When the raster scan reached the appropriate place on a line, the circuitry would start shifting out the shape data for the sprite.", "\nSome machines (like the Odyssey2) included within the video chip hardware to hold the shapes of all the sprites on the screen. ", " The Atari 2600 only held 8 bits of shape data for each sprite, and required the processor to load the data in real time anywhere it was supposed to change. ", " The most common pattern, however, was for the video chip to clock sprite data from memory automatically. ", " Typically, the hardware would expect the data to be in a particular format or, in some cases, one of two formats.", "\nOn some machines, the number of sprites that can display simultaneously on a frame without CPU intervention equals the number of sprite circuits. ", " Other machines have a small number of sprite circuits, but can display more sprites; as soon as a circuit finishes displaying a sprite, it loads the parameters for the next sprite from memory. ", " The NES fits this pattern.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Kashanuk\n\nKashanuk (, also Romanized as Kāshanūk) is a village in Zaboli Rural District, in the Central District of Mehrestan County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. ", "At the 2006 census, its population was 27, in 7 families.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Mehrestan County" ]

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[ "Geographic Disparities in Liver Allocation and Distribution in the United States: Where Are We Now?", "\nEquitable deceased donor liver allocation and distribution has remained a heated topic in transplant medicine. ", "Despite the establishment of numerous policies, mixed reports regarding organ allocation persist. ", "Patient data was obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing liver transplant database between January 2016 and September 2017. ", "A total of 20,190 patients were included in the analysis. ", "Of this number, 8790 transplanted patients had a median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score of 25 (17-33), after a wait time of 129 (32-273) days. ", "Patients were grouped into low MELD and high MELD regions using a score 25 as the cutoff. ", "Significant differences were noted between low and high MELD regions in ethnicity (white 77.4% vs 60.4%, Hispanic 8.1% vs 24.5%; P < .001) and highest level of education (grade school 4.8% vs 8.5%, Associate/Bachelor's degree 19% vs 15.7%, P < .001), respectively. ", "Patients in high MELD regions were more likely to be multiply listed if they had a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (12.1% vs 15%, P = .046). ", "Wait-list mortality (4.8% vs 6%, P < .001) and wait-list time (110 [27-238] vs 156 [42-309] days, P < .001) were greater in the high MELD regions. ", "These results highlight some of the existing disparities in the recently updated allocation and distribution policy of deceased donor livers. ", "Our findings are consistent with previous work and support the liver distribution policy revision." ]

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[ "1. ", "Technical Field\nAircraft instrument and control systems using digital computer and transmitter/receiver systems operating in the area of 4000 MHz.", "\n2. ", "Description of Prior Art\nAll modern commercial aircraft are equipped with navigation instruments that give the pilot information to locate the airport add some are certified to descend to the ground. ", "But when landing an aircraft in low visibility conditions most existing systems do not provide sufficiently accurate data to determine if the aircraft can be stopped in the length of runway remaining. ", "The ability to know this, or, if taking off, know that the aircraft can clear an obstacle at the end of the runway would not only add to safety, but would also contribute to increased revenues for the airlines because they would no longer have to cancel flights due to fog, or waste fuel in holding patterns." ]

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[ " State of New York\n Supreme Court, Appellate Division\n Third Judicial Department\nDecided and Entered: August 7, 2014 518352\n________________________________\n\nIn the Matter of the Claim of\n WALTER W. McCARTHY,\n Appellant.", "\n MEMORANDUM AND ORDER\nCOMMISSIONER OF LABOR,\n Respondent.", "\n________________________________\n\n\nCalendar Date: June 9, 2014\n\nBefore: Lahtinen, J.P., Stein, McCarthy, Rose and Egan Jr., JJ.", "\n\n __________\n\n\n Glass Krakower, LLP, New York City (Bryan D. Glass of\ncounsel), for appellant.", "\n\n Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, New York City\n(Linda D. Joseph of counsel), for respondent.", "\n\n __________\n\n\n Appeal from a decision of the Unemployment Insurance Appeal\nBoard, filed April 22, 2013, which, among other things, ruled\nthat claimant was disqualified from receiving unemployment\ninsurance benefits because he voluntarily left his employment\nwithout good cause.", "\n\n Claimant took a job as a plumber based on the\nrepresentations of his union business agent as to the hours he\nwould be working, but left the job after it became apparent that\nthose representations had been inaccurate. ", "Prior to quitting,\nclaimant made no effort to address the issue with either the\nemployer or his union (see Matter of Sampica [Commissioner of\nLabor], 252 AD2d 702, 703 [1998]). ", "Dissatisfaction with one's\nwork schedule does not constitute good cause for leaving one's\nemployment, and substantial evidence accordingly supports the\ndecision of the Unemployment Insurance Appeal Board disqualifying\n\f -2- 518352\n\nclaimant from receiving unemployment insurance benefits\n(see Matter of della Croce [Commissioner of Labor], 117 AD3d\n1249, 1249 [2014]; Matter of Hurley, 67 AD3d 1153, 1154 [2009]).", "\nInasmuch as claimant falsely reported when applying for benefits\nthat he had left the job due to a lack of work, substantial\nevidence similarly supports the Board's finding that he had made\na willful misrepresentation to obtain benefits (see Matter of\nDeGennaro [Commissioner of Labor], 68 AD3d 1274, 1275 [2009]).", "\n\n Lahtinen, J.P., Stein, McCarthy, Rose and Egan Jr., JJ.,", "\nconcur.", "\n\n\n\n ORDERED that the decision is affirmed, without costs.", "\n\n\n\n\n ENTER:\n\n\n\n\n Robert D. Mayberger\n Clerk of the Court\n\f" ]

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[ "Here we have two great sets of photos showing records being manufactured. ", "The first set are from 1954 starting with an engineer splicing up a tape. ", "The second set is called “How records are made” from a 1962 Warner Brothers album sleeve.", "\n\n“How records are made” from a 1962 Warner Brothers album sleeve.", "\n\n0 Tumblr 0 Pinterest 0 Reddit 15 StumbleUpon 0 email\n\nComments\n\ncomments\n\n« Retro Muppet Concert Posters You Need Wheels »" ]

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[ "Author Correction: Direct observation of incommensurate magnetism in Hubbard chains.", "\nIn this Letter, the affiliation for Christian Gross should have been 'Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany' instead of 'Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany'; this has been corrected online." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "SR7\n\nSR7 may refer to:\n\n Six Chuter SR7\n SR postcode area\n Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird\n 21791 Mattweegman\n Sony camcorders\n Soroush Rafiei\n\nSee also \n\nList of highways numbered 7" ]

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[ "Eyecup is a component that provides better contact with the head or glasses. ", "With the right profile of the well adjacent to the eye, improving visibility in the viewfinder. ", "In addition, prevents unwanted light to the viewfinder, which may have an effect on abnormal behavior.", "\n\nBelow is a list of questions and answers regarding this product. ", "You can answer the questions of other users, view posted answers or ask another question. ", "This list is moderated. ", "We encourage you to familiarize yourself with the \"questions and answers\"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nImage background and text for input submit button - CSS\n\nI'm trying to make a button for my form which has an image background and displays the text on top of the background. ", "Seems very simple but I'm struggling to get the text to appear no matter what I try and struggling after an hour of searching to find someone with a similar problem so assume I'm doing something stupid!.", "\nHere's my CSS:\n#detail-left .cart-button {\n background : url(\"../graphics/cart-button.png\");\n border : none;\n color : transparent;\n height: 48px;\n width: 118px;\n padding: 10px;\n line-height: 48px;\n}\n\nand my html:\n<input class='cart-button' type='submit' value='Add' />\n\nA:\n\nRemove color:transparent. ", "Its making your text transparent give it some color.", "\n\nA:\n\nRemove color : transparent; from your style class, That should work\n#detail-left .cart-button {\n background : url(\"../graphics/cart-button.png\");\n border : none;\n height: 48px;\n width: 118px;\n padding: 10px;\n line-height: 48px;\n}\n\nTry this working fiddle\n\n" ]

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[ "Murder Mystery Dinner\n\n$30.00\n\nJoin us for a Meal and a Murder\n\nSat. ", "March 16th\n\nLocation: Locust Hills Banquet Room\n\nDinner starts at 6:00 PM\n\n$30 per person\n\nPlease reserve your seat before we sell out\n\nAttend the Billionaires’ Club Annual Masquerade Ball and help get this soiree back on track by trading clues with your guests, gathering information, and solving the crime before the masked menace gets away! ", "Evening wear, ball gowns, Venetian masks, suits, and tuxes are what to wear to this high class night of masks and murder. ", "Get ready for a glamorous evening of mystery, intrigue, and murder." ]

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[ "What You Will Learn\n\nGot grilling fever yet? ", "Join us in the Sur La Table kitchen for a fun, hour-long demo and get your grill prepped for flavor! ", "A Sur La Table chef instructor will demonstrate delicious recipes and exciting ways to enhance your grilling experience, using a Himalayan salt slab, cedar plank, and a chili pepper corer and grill rack. ", "Each class costs $5, runs for one hour and everyone will enjoy a generous taste of each dish. ", "Class is only open for 32 enthusiastic grillers (so register quickly!)." ]

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[ "Amber Rudd could clearly picture the briefing document that had been left on her desk in February. ", "Perhaps she ought to have taken a quick peek at it after all. ", "But back then the home secretary hadn’t been entirely sure she had the necessary clearance to read something stamped “official – sensitive” and she had been awfully busy working on other things. ", "So she had just left it in the pile marked “embarrassing documents to be leaked to the Guardian”.", "\n\nThat decision clearly haunted Rudd as she took the platform at a central London community centre to launch her serious violence strategy. ", "This was meant to be her big day out. ", "Her chance to dominate the news agenda for the day and show that the government meant business in tackling the rise in violent crime.", "\n\nInstead it had all gone pear-shaped long before the start. ", "Only the previous day she had gone on TV to assert that the 14% fall in police numbers since 2010 was entirely coincidental, but now it had emerged that the policy wonks in her own department had come to precisely the opposite conclusion. ", "Somehow she was going to have to try and muddle her way through.", "\n\nPolice cuts left out of government's key violent crime strategy Read more\n\nEven on her better days, the home secretary can frequently sound if she has been dosed with large quantities of valium, her delivery a deadened monotone and her expression disengaged. ", "This most definitely was not one of her good days. ", "Rudd looked and sounded as if someone had increased her medication. ", "If she couldn’t physically remove herself from the torment of the ordeal, she could at least remove herself from any of the feelings associated with the experience.", "\n\nShe began by reading out a list of people who had been killed in recent weeks. ", "Names to which she couldn’t put a face as she hadn’t made the time to meet a single victim’s family. “", "People are asking ‘Why? ", "Why? ", "Why?’,” ", "she said. “", "And as home secretary, I have been searching for an answer.” ", "Though not so hard as to actually bother to read all the evidence that her researchers had made the effort to compile for her.", "\n\nRather, after highlighting some other key social issues, she chose to press on by doubling down on her insistence that there was no correlation between violent crime and police numbers. “", "We can’t be distracted by political tit for tat,” she mumbled. “", "I want to hear solutions from other parties, not just cries of ‘cuts, cuts, cuts’.” ", "By now Rudd was so lost she was unable to make the connection that reversing cuts both to police and social care budgets might go some way to making the situation a little better.", "\n\nIn little more than 10 minutes – or 12 seconds for each person who had been knifed to death in London this year – the home secretary had faltered to a close. ", "A hint of panic crossed her face as she invited questions. ", "Inevitably, the first one was on police numbers. ", "How come she had not read the documents, and how come there was no mention of the police in her entire 140-page strategy document?", "\n\nIt was like this, she said unconvincingly. ", "She wasn’t at all sure that the document she hadn’t got round to reading had even been a Home Office document. ", "It could have just been a rogue piece of disinformation slipped in to the department by Russian sleeper agents. ", "Besides which, she wanted her strategy to be be informed by evidence not anecdote. ", "At this half the audience did a double-take. ", "They could have sworn the document she hadn’t read and they had was called “Violent Crime: Latest Evidence of its Drivers”.", "\n\nNow the home secretary went for broke. ", "There weren’t actually more crimes taking place. ", "All that had happened was that more crimes were being reported as previously no one had ever bothered to count the bodies. ", "So we were all actually a lot safer than we had been because we just hadn’t known how much danger we were in. ", "And as this had all happened through a reduction in police numbers it made sense to try to abolish the police force entirely.", "\n\nRudd wisely chose not to take any more questions from the media and scuttled off as quickly as indecently possible. ", "In the time she had been standing, the crime figures had just gone up by one. ", "Though this had been more of a white-collar crime. ", "A crime of gross incompetence." ]

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[ "Nankai Maru\n\nThe MV Nankai Maru was an freighter built by Mitsubishi Shipbuilding & Engineering Company Ltd, Nagasaki, Japan, in 1933 for Osaka Shosen Kaisha.", "\n\nShe was requisitioned by the Imperial Japanese Navy as a transport in late 1941. ", "She participated in the invasion fleets at Midway, Milne Bay (where she was damaged by a bomb), Guadacanal (where she was also damaged by a bomb). ", "She was struck by a dud torpedo from USS Kingfish on 8 December 1942 near Okinotorishima. ", "On 25 December 1943, she was damaged by a torpedo from USS Seadragon near Cape St. George, New Ireland and later collided with the destroyer Uzuki. ", "She was sunk by a torpedo from USS Sealion while travelling from Singapore on 12 September 1944 in the South China Sea east of Hainan Island at 18°42'N, 114°30'E.\n\nCitations\n\nExternal links\nNankai Maru\n\nCategory:1930 ships\nCategory:Auxiliary ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy\nCategory:Ships sunk by American submarines" ]

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[ "J.F.T.I - Live Updates\n\nEVIL EXPOSED!", "\n\nWe recently received a tip off in regards to a convicted sex offenders' Facebook account, the same offender who in a report was named as a 'friend' of the heinous evil serial killer Levi Bellfield. ", "Below, you'll find the link, and the information we've sourced from a news outlet.", "\n\nSuraj Gharu now goes by the Facebook name 'Suraj SG' snd he's currently active despite Facebook's clear rules in the terms and conditions that sex offenders aren't allowed on their platform.", "\n\nSuraj Gharu prayed on young girls who resided in childrens homes, he went on to abduct a 14 year old, engage in sexual acts, to which she wasn't returned.", "\n\nA pervert who abducted a 14-year-old girl from a children’s home and lured her into sexual activity with him has been jailed.", "\n\nSuraj Gharu, 25, was sentenced to five years for sex offences and removing a child from the care of social services.", "Isleworth Crown Court heard Gharu preyed on the girl by visiting her at the children’s home where she lived.", "\n\nHe befriended her and picked her up to stay with him several times, but did not return her. ", "At his home in Buchan Close, Cowley, Middlesex, he engage in sexual acts with her and tried to entice her into full sex.", "\n\n​His brother, Sunil, 22, made a false police statement to cover up for him. ", "The cleaner of Hayes, Middlesex, was jailed for nine months for perverting the course of justice." ]

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[ "Different invasion phenotypes of Campylobacter isolates in Caco-2 cell monolayers.", "\nThe pathogenesis of campylobacter enteritis is not well understood, but invasion into and translocation across intestinal epithelial cells may be involved in the disease process, as demonstrated for a number of other enteric pathogens. ", "However, the mechanisms involved in these processes are not clearly defined for campylobacters. ", "In this study, isolates were compared quantitatively in established assays with the enterocyte-like cell line, Caco-2, to determine the extent to which intracellular invasion contributes to translocation across epithelial cell monolayers, and whether isolates vary in this respect. ", "Ten fresh Campylobacter isolates were compared and shown to differ in invasiveness by a factor of 10-fold by following their recovery from gentamicin-treated Caco-2 cells grown on nonpermeable tissue-culture wells. ", "Four of these isolates with contrasting invasive ability were also shown to vary in their ability to translocate across Caco-2 cells grown on semipermeable Transwell inserts by a factor >10. ", "However, translocation did not quantitatively correlate with the intracellular invasiveness of these isolates. ", "Isolate no. ", "9752 was poorly invasive but had modest translocation ability, isolate no. ", "10392 was very invasive but did not translocate significantly and remained within the monolayer, isolate no. ", "9519 both translocated and invaded well, whereas, isolate no. ", "235 translocated very efficiently but was poorly invasive. ", "Isolate no. ", "9519 also uniquely caused a transitory flattening of the Caco-2 cells and a possible drop in trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of the Transwell monolayers, whereas isolate no. ", "235 did not show these effects. ", "Together these data demonstrate that there are significantly different 'invasion' phenotypes among Campylobacter strains involving different degrees of intracellular invasion, and either different rates of transcellular trafficking or, alternatively, paracellular trafficking." ]

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[ "Item response theory analysis applied to the Spanish version of the Personal Outcomes Scale.", "\nThe study of measurements of quality of life (QoL) is one of the great challenges of modern psychology and psychometric approaches. ", "This issue has greater importance when examining QoL in populations that were historically treated on the basis of their deficiency, and recently, the focus has shifted to what each person values and desires in their life, as in cases of people with intellectual disability (ID). ", "Many studies of QoL scales applied in this area have attempted to improve the validity and reliability of their components by incorporating various sources of information to achieve consistency in the data obtained. ", "The adaptation of the Personal Outcomes Scale (POS) in Spanish has shown excellent psychometric attributes, and its administration has three sources of information: self-assessment, practitioner and family. ", "The study of possible congruence or incongruence of observed distributions of each item between sources is therefore essential to ensure a correct interpretation of the measure. ", "The aim of this paper was to analyse the observed distribution of items and dimensions from the three Spanish POS information sources cited earlier, using the item response theory. ", "We studied a sample of 529 people with ID and their respective practitioners and family member, and in each case, we analysed items and factors using Samejima's model of polytomic ordinal scales. ", "The results indicated an important number of items with differential effects regarding sources, and in some cases, they indicated significant differences in the distribution of items, factors and sources of information. ", "As a result of this analysis, we must affirm that the administration of the POS, considering three sources of information, was adequate overall, but a correct interpretation of the results requires that it obtain much more information to consider, as well as some specific items in specific dimensions. ", "The overall ratings, if these comments are considered, could result in bias." ]

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[ "\n\nImplantable nfc Tag - Killah911\nhttp://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-xnt-implantable-nfc-chip\n\n======\ncodezero\nIs it just as easy to get removed, in case you need to get an MRI?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "First record of Stegomyia albopicta in Turkey determined by active ovitrap surveillance and DNA barcoding.", "\nDespite its confirmed establishment in neighboring Greece and Bulgaria, the presence of the Oriental invasive species Stegomyia albopicta (Skuse) (=Aedes albopictus) has never been confirmed in Turkey. ", "Active surveillance for this container-breeding species was carried out using oviposition traps at 15 discrete sites in the towns of Ipsala (n=8 sites), Kesan (n=5) (Edirne District), and Malkara (n=2) (Tekirdag District) in the Thrace region of northwestern Turkey, from May 23 through November 10, 2011. ", "Eggs collected were reared to the fourth larval instar and adult stages where possible to facilitate integrated morphological and molecular species identification. ", "DNA barcodes (658 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I [COI] gene) were compared with all four potentially invasive Stegomyia species: St. aegypti, St. albopicta, St. cretina, and St. japonica. ", "Sequences generated for samples collected in Thrace Region were herein confirmed as St. albopicta, the first record of this vector species in Turkey. ", "Eggs of St. albopicta were detected in two discrete localities: (1) In the grounds of a restaurant in Kesan (in week 36), and (2) in the customs area of the Turkish-Greek border at Ipsala (in weeks 32 and 38). ", "Multiple detection of St. albopicta eggs indicates the possible establishment of the species in northwestern Turkey. ", "Finding this important disease vector has implications for public health and requires the implementation of active vector monitoring programs and targeted vector suppression strategies to limit the spread of this invasive vector species in Turkey." ]

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[ "[Medical and psycho-social screening of ageing patients in dental office].", "\nThe demographic changes cause an increasing number of ageing persons laying claim to medical and dental care. ", "They are trying to maintain their habit of regular dental controls. ", "Therefore, the dental care team should be able to recognize early medical and psycho-social deficiencies relevant for oral health. ", "In this way, health status and ressources of elderly persons could be estimated better and failures in oral diagnosis as well as in treatment due to monodisciplinary case analysis could be avoided. ", "This paper presents a systematic medical and psychosocial screening concept for oral care of elderly patients." ]

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[ "% Hello, this is the DOMREG whois service.", "\n%\n% By submitting a query you agree not to use the information made\n% available to:\n% - allow, enable or otherwise support the transmission of unsolicited,\n% commercial advertising or other solicitations whether via email or\n% otherwise;\n% - target advertising in any possible way;\n% - to cause nuisance in any possible way to the registrants by sending\n% (whether by automated, electronic processes capable of enabling\n% high volumes or other possible means) messages to them.", "\n%\n% Version 0.3\n%\n% For more information please visit http://whois.domreg.lt\n%\nDomain:\t\t\t9v.lt\nStatus:\t\t\tregistered\nRegistered:\t\t2012-08-09\n%\nRegistrar:\t\tUAB \"Interneto vizija\"\nRegistrar website:\thttp://www.iv.lt/\nRegistrar email:\thostmaster@iv.lt\n%\n%\nContact organization:\tUAB \"Interneto vizija\"\nContact email:\t\thostmaster@iv.lt\n%\nNameserver:\t\tns1.us.lt\t\nNameserver:\t\tns2.us.lt\t\n\n" ]

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[ "For some reason, a state representative in Texas believes that they the right to dictate who business owners allow to use the bathrooms on their property. ", "State Rep. Debbie Riddle (R) has introduced two bills that would criminalize the use of bathrooms by transgender people and seek to punish businesses who allow transgender individuals to use their facilities.", "\n\nThe first piece of legislation, H.B. 1747, would amend existing laws in Texas on disorderly conduct by adding a provision for when someone “enters a public restroom that is designated by a sign for members of the opposite sex of the actor.” ", "It specifies that sex is determined by the individual’s driver’s license.", "\n\nThe other bill proposed by Riddle, H.B. 1748, defines gender as what is “established at the individual’s birth” or “established by the individual’s chromosomes.” ", "Chromosomes would be the “tie-breaker” if there is a mismatch. ", "The bill lays out punishments for both the individual entering the facility and the owner or manager that allows the individual to enter the facility.", "\n\nApparently, the Texas Republican party was remiss to include property rights as a tenet to the party’s platform.", "\n\nThink Progress reported on the proposed punishments for breaking each law:\n\nUnder HB 1748, it would be a Class A misdemeanor for any individual over the age of 13 to “enter a locker room, shower facility, or toilet facility that is designated for use by persons of a gender that is not the same gender as the individual’s gender.” ", "Under Texas law, a Class A misdemeanor shall be punished by a fine of up to $4,000 and up to a year in jail. ", "The bill creates exceptions only for those serving a custodial purpose, providing medical assistance, or accompanying a young child that is not of the same gender. ", "The bill also targets any “operator, manager, superintendent, or other person with authority over a building,” stipulating that they may not allow anyone to enter a locker room, shower facility, or toilet facility that does not match their gender. ", "Any facility owner who does allow such access has committed a state jail felony. ", "Texas law would dictate a minimum of 180 days in prison with a maximum of two years, as well a fine up to $10,000.", "\n\nThis proposed law is deplorable. ", "Why on earth would a politician believe that they have the right to dictate to a business owner who is permitted to use a restroom or locker room in their facilities? ", "Why would a politician think it is appropriate to force a business to discriminate against transgender people?", "\n\nMaybe it’s because, at all levels of government, multitudes of laws have been passed with the intention of preventing businesses from discriminating or to outright encourage discrimination if it is intended to halt abhorrent practices.", "\n\nMany progressives will reply to this article by demanding counter legislation be submitted that requires business owners not to discriminate against transgender individual’s use of facilities in a business. ", "Their answer for government force is more government force coming from a different perspective with which they agree.", "\n\nNeither application of force is morally acceptable. ", "The use of coercion to halt discrimination or to require a business to discriminate are both equal infringements upon property owners’ rights.", "\n\nIt should be up to the property owner to determine if and when they choose to discriminate. ", "Discrimination is essential to any business. ", "For example, businesses require patrons to wear shirts and shoes in order to make the atmosphere more comfortable and to encourage more customers to patronize the business. ", "Just as business owners are free to discriminate by banning individuals from wearing jeans to a high-end restaurant, customers can discriminate against a business by choosing to eat somewhere else.", "\n\nThis same principle should apply to transgender individuals. ", "They should be entitled to the same treatment under natural law as everyone else in society. ", "If a restaurant feels compelled to check a transgender individual’s driver’s license before they can use the restroom, then they should deal with any consequences. ", "It is the business owners, not the politicians, who deal with their customers on a daily basis and have a vested interest in customer service. ", "They should be allowed to do what pleases their customer base as long as it does not harm an individual or their property.", "\n\nCheck out the full archive of Felony Friday!", "\n\nThe Lions of Liberty are on Twitter, Facebook & Google+\n\nReceive access to ALL of our EXCLUSIVE bonus audio content – including “Conspiracy Corner”, “Degenerate Gamblers” and the “League of Liberty Podcast” by joining the Lions of Liberty Pride and supporting us on Patreon!", "\n\nJoin our brand new Facebook Group: The Lions of Liberty Forum" ]

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[ "Sedative/hypnotic dependence: patient stabilization, tolerance testing, and withdrawal.", "\nPhysical dependence to sedative/hypnotic drugs is not an uncommon clinical problem. ", "The withdrawal syndrome is analogous to alcohol withdrawal, except the duration of the syndrome occurs over a longer period of time with the symptoms being less intense than generally encountered with alcohol. ", "The potential for withdrawal reactions is probably greater for the shorter-acting agents than the longer-acting drugs. ", "Potentially dependent sedative/hypnotic users require stabilization of their symptoms initially, followed by tolerance testing. ", "If tolerant, the patients should be withdrawn using either a long-acting sedative/hypnotic (e.g., diazepam) or phenobarbital. ", "Compared to other benzodiazepines and barbiturates, diazepam appears to be the drug of choice for treating dependent patients. ", "Diazepam is rapidly absorbed and distributed to the brain and therefore useful for stabilization and tolerance testing. ", "It is metabolized on chronic administration to a long-acting metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, which makes the drug ideal for a tapered withdrawal schedule." ]

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[ "Last week Gemini founders and perfect human specimens, Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss met with Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg to discuss partnering on their new revolutionary idea: a way to connect the world’s economy on a centralized Cryptocurrency network completely backed by blind faith the US dollar.", "\n\nThey called their idea the “Gemini Dollar” and their innocent dream was that their cryptocurrency would be used to bank the unbanked and bring economic freedom to developing countries and the world as a whole. ", "For the greater good, they swallowed their pride and met with Mark Zuckerberg, their archnemesis, for the first time in almost 20 years after their falling out to discuss leveraging the world’s largest social network to bring their Gemini Dollar to the world. ", "After all, what were the odds that Mark would fleece them twice?", "\n\nApparently very high, because immediately following the meeting at Facebook, the potential partnership with the Gemini Dollar was thrown in the trash, and Zuckerberg announced their newest venture: GLOBALCOIN, a unique and original way to bank on the unbanked, take economic freedom away from developing countries, and most importantly, screw over the Winklevoss for sport.", "\n\nZuckerberg waiting for the Winklevoss’ to get back up.", "\n\nPhoto Courtesy of Jumanji\n\nFollowing the GlobalCoin announcement our reporters met with Mr. Cameron Winklevoss at his parents’ home where we found Cameron lying solemnly in his childhood bed, sick to his stomach at having been Zucked yet again. ", "Cameron’s mother brought him and our reporters several bowls of her famous chicken noodle soup and gave her son a kiss on the forehead before leaving. “", "Ah my stupid son,” she whispered lovingly as she closed the door behind her so we could begin the interview.", "\n\nOur reporters wanted to know one thing: why would the Winklevoss twins be so naïve as to trust Zuckerberg again? ", "After all, didn’t they watch The Social Network?", "\n\n…or so they thought.", "\n\nPhoto Courtesy of Gemini\n\nCameron begrudgingly sat up in bed and began his story.", "\n\n“After the Facebook lawsuit was settled we decided to travel the world and find ourselves. ", "Our journey led us to Ibitha (sic) where we learned about Bitcoin after Tyler wanted to experiment with MDMA. ", "Our friend recommended we check out the Silk Road and the rest is history. ", "I can honestly say that Tyler wanting to roll with some blondes was the best thing that ever happened to this family. ", "We held on to our Bitcoin, sparked global Cryptocurrency demand, started Gemini, and became billionaires. ", "We had finally caught up to Mark.”", "\n\nThere’s only one thing that kept them going.", "\n\n(hint: vengeance)\n\n“Sometime between our second and third Burning Man festival we learned how to practice forgiveness,” the perfect jawline continued. “", "We wanted to give Mark a second chance. ", "Let’s get this straight – we still didn’t trust him, but for the greater good of humanity, we put aside our differences and met with him to try and bring the Gemini Dollar to the world. ", "Our intentions were pure, we thought our idea would economically unite us all. ", "We didn’t anticipate Mark ripping off our idea again, creating “GlobalCoin,” and weaponizing Cryptocurrency to become the world’s ultimate global surveillance network.”", "\n\nWhat did the perfect man just say? ", "The shocking revelation hit our reporters harder than Roger Ver realizing he had ruined his life over Bitcoin Cash. ", "Did the Winklevoss twins unwittingly give Mark Zuckerberg the final piece of the puzzle to his master plan of creating his own digital nation and ruling over his daily active users as a supreme dictator? ", "Would we soon be begging for likes on the street in order to earn a few tokens to feed our families?", "\n\nThe Coin Jazeera investigative team learned with the help of “the documents” obtained by our strategic advisor and conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, that with GlobalCoin, “robot lizard person” Mark Zuckerberg would fully complete his transition to God of the New World Order with his four pronged plan.", "\n\nFirst, connect the world. ", "Second, record and log his users conversations to feed the AI (himself). ", "Third, install Facebook Portal listening devices in everyone’s homes. ", "And finally, thanks to the Winklevoss twins’ beautiful naivety, total economic control.", "\n\n“Mining GlobalCoin”\n\nCredit to @cryptograffiti\n\nWith the power of GlobalCoin, Facebook would now be able to dictate who is allowed to spend money and how they spend it. ", "Mr. Zuckerberg also stole the social credit score system from China, and would monitor users’ social media presence online to determine who is a good citizen and who shills EOS. ", "Eventually cash would be banned and made illegal and barter would be outlawed, forcing everyone onto Facebook’s centralized “walled garden.” ", "Bad citizens and anyone with rational free thought would be blacklisted from participating in Facebook’s new world economy and forced to join the dystopian nomadic tribes still using Ethereum Classic in the gulags.", "\n\nTo better understand the situation Coin Jazeera decided to speak with the creator of GlobalCoin himself. ", "After repeated phone calls our reporters finally got through to the offices of Mr. Zuckerberg and after being screened as a legitimate news organization by his three different assistants, we scheduled a meeting with him for the next day in “The Fishbowl,” a special see-through glass room where Mr. Zuckerberg performs nude calisthenics every morning like the beginning of Die Hard 2.", "\n\nWhen we met Mark the next day we had only one question to ask:\n\n“Are you using GlobalCoin and Cryptocurrency to become a God and control the entire world’s economy?”", "\n\nHis answer rocked us to our core.", "\n\n“Yes. ", "But I’m only doing this to torment Tyler and Cameron. ", "My family has been screwing the Winklevii for generations. ", "Look it up.”", "\n\nMay the best man win.", "\n\nThe battle for the free world\n\nHe wasn’t lying. ", "Our investigative team uncovered that the Winklevoss and Zuckerberg families have been feuding for generations. ", "It started in Germany hundreds of years ago with handsome twin brothers Jebadiah and Abraham Winklevoss, who had an idea for a content distribution platform that would revolutionize the world. ", "To help them with this monumental task they enlisted the help of local village thief Johannes Gutenberg. ", "After telling the Winklevoss that he would help them build their machine, he went on to steal the idea and build his own, calling it “The Printing Press,” and stealing all the glory. ", "The Winklevoss brothers were so embarrassed they got into their boat and rowed away to start a new life in America. ", "Johannes Gutenberg, upon becoming the world’s richest inventor, realized the only thing that brought joy to his life was stealing from the Winklevoss’ so he followed them to America, changed his last name to Zuckerberg for anonymity, and set up his descendants to troll their family as a tradition for generations to come.", "\n\nOur reporters couldn’t believe that GlobalCoin, a paradigm shifting technological innovation, a tool that can shape the fate of billions of people’s economic freedom around the world, was being driven by a petty generational family feud that was never resolved between the Winklevoss and the Zuckerbergs.", "\n\nIt is Coin Jazeera’s sincere hope that these families schoolyard fight can be settled before Facebook launches GlobalCoin out of spite and the world turns into a bad episode of Black Mirror.", "\n\nJohannes Zuckerberg\n\nWhere it all began.", "\n\n\n\nUPDATE 7/1/19: Zuckerberg has renamed GlobalCoin to Libra Coin to troll the Winklevoss twins.", "\n\nThis article is satire and for entertainment purposes only.", "\n\nFOOTER AD SPACE FOR SALE\n\nE-MAIL sponsor@coinjazeera.news\n\nSubscribe to Coin Jazeera for articles right to your inbox Email address: Leave this field empty if you're human:" ]

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[ "N709 (Bangladesh)\n\nThe N709 or Khulna City Bypass is a National Highway in Bangladesh. ", "It connects Khulna with Mongla via Khan Jahan Ali Bridge.", "\n\nLength\n27 kilometer.", "\n\nJunction and important places\n Afil Gate\n Chingrikhali Bazar\n Teligati\n Arongghata\n Bil Pabla\n Khulna Jail\n Zero Point\n Mohammad Nagar\n Khan Jahan Ali Bridge\n Kudir Bottola\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:National Highways in Bangladesh" ]

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[ "Fitbit Gains Strides in Healthcare Market\n\nThe tech world has abruptly entered the health insurance world as developers come together to solve healthcare needs. ", "The healthcare industry has been rapidly evolving, especially since the JP Morgan and Amazon merger and the advancements of Apple and Google. ", "Other digital health systems are also trying to brand themselves in the health industry before the ship sets sail. ", "Fitbit – the creator of fitness products like their popular watches – has just announced their acquirement of a small health software startup. ", "What could Fitbit be trying to accomplish with the purchase of this software company? ", "We will be going over this and how the introductions of better technology will affect the healthcare world.", "\n\nWho Is Twine Health and What Does the Acquisition Bring?", "\n\nSo what exactly did Fitbit acquire? ", "The answer is a small Boston-based software startup called Twine Health. ", "Twine Health’s mission is to “empower people and care teams to collaborate in new and exciting ways with our innovative health coaching platform.” ", "Twine empowers people to achieve better health outcomes and helps health systems, health plans, and workplace health providers lower healthcare costs. ", "Twine Health also helps people with chronic conditions, lifestyle interventions, and even create health plans. ", "With the combination of Fitbit and Twine Health, the companies hope to better help manage conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, which affect over 105 million people.", "\n\nThe Healthcare Market\n\nIt seems Fitbit wants to get more serious about health tracking and with the acquisition of Twine Health; they seem to be taking more steps toward that. ", "With how profitable the health industry is, FitBit can enter the market and serve millions of more people than they already do. ", "Fitbit CEO James Park states that together with Twine they can “help healthcare providers better support patients beyond the walls of the clinical environment, which can lead to better health outcomes and ultimately, lower medical costs.” ", "With current spending in the United States at $3.2 trillion, there is plenty of room for Fitbit to enter the market and dominate in the health tech market. ", "This won’t be the last entry into the health market so stay tuned for more health tech updates. ", "For the press release for Twine Health, click here.", "\n\nSince insurance is often times overwhelmingly confusing, we want to shed light on this industry by answering YOUR questions. ", "If you have any questions or concerns, comment below and your question may be the topic of our next video!" ]

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[ "Our adorable tiny maid resumes her rock hard paintings and remains to be railing her sir´s huge spunk-pump. ", "He porks her deep and rock hard, pay attention to her shriek! ", "This adorable tiny maid by no means hoped a spunk-pump this huge and a pummel this superb! ", "Finally our tiny breezy concludes up with a huge dirt far and wide her gullet and face, no worries tho’, her domme remains to be within the tunnel ensuring issue has a superb time!" ]

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[ "OTTAWA—Correctional Service Canada officials (CSC) are failing to prepare offenders for parole in a timely fashion, driving up prison costs by nearly $100 million a year and undermining efforts to prepare offenders to re-enter society without committing more crimes, auditor general Michael Ferguson reported Tuesday.", "\n\nIn a troubling assessment of the handling of non-aboriginal male convicts, Ferguson found 80 per cent of offenders are incarcerated beyond the time that they first become eligible for parole even though many are considered to be a low risk to break the law again.", "\n\nOffenders in many cases are not being engaged by CSC in rehabilitation programs soon enough so the programs could be completed before the person in custody is first eligible for conditional release.", "\n\nAbout 65 per cent of offenders do not complete their rehabilitation programs before they become eligible for parole, the audit concluded.", "\n\nFerguson also said CSC is making fewer recommendations to the Parole Board of Canada for the early release of offenders. ", "As a result, lower-risk offenders are being let out into the community on a conditional basis later in their sentences and have less time under supervision in the community before their sentences end.", "\n\nThis trend undermines CSC’s mission to protect public safety and prepare offenders to reintegrate into the community, Ferguson said, because statistics show convicts who spend more time in the community in a supervised program are less likely to commit crimes once fully released.", "\n\nThe slowing rate of offender releases is contributing to overcrowding in prisons and rising custody costs, the audit found.", "\n\n“Although the crime rate has decreased, and new admissions to federal custody have not increased, the total male (non-aboriginal) offender population grew by 6 per cent” between 2010 and 2013, the report said. ", "This increase is mainly due to convicts being in custody for longer portions of their sentences.", "\n\nAs a result, CSC’s custody costs have risen by $91 million a year. ", "This includes an estimated $26 million that could have been saved if low-risk offenders in minimum-security institutions had been prepared for, and released by, their first parole eligibility date, according to the report.", "\n\nThe audit noted that legislation passed by Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s government in 2011 and 2012 had increased the time that offenders spend in custody before being released on parole.", "\n\nThe 2011 legislation eliminated Accelerated Parole Review, a form of early release available to non-violent, first-time offenders. ", "The 2012 legislation extended the waiting period — to 12 months from six months — for a parole eligibility hearing after an offender had been denied parole.", "\n\nFerguson also found offenders are increasingly waiving or postponing their full parole hearings in front of the Parole Board. ", "In 2013, 65 per cent of male offenders did so.", "\n\nThe audit indicated that it was unclear whether convicts were postponing the hearings for personal reasons or because of CSC’s inability to complete the offender’s casework in time. ", "CSC agreed with Ferguson’s recommendation that it should conduct a study to find out why parole hearings are being put off.", "\n\nThe auditor also found that CSC has not developed guidelines to determine which prisoners have the highest need to be engaged in correctional interventions such as employment training and education.", "\n\nThe CSC told Ferguson it has created such guidelines and is working on ways to measure the effectiveness of the correctional programs.", "\n\nLoading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading...\n\nCSC also agreed with the auditor’s recommendation that it study the risks associated with releasing offenders directly into the community from medium-security and maximum-security institutions without the benefit of a gradual release into the community under controlled supervision.", "\n\nClarification – April 30, 2015: This article was edited from a previous version to clarify that the study found Correctional Service Canada officials are failing to prepare offenders, not corrections officers.", "\n\nRead more about:" ]

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[ "Seetharamula Kalyanotasvam in Bhadrachalam….", "\n\nBhadrachalam: Bhadrachalam Sri Seetharachandra Swamy Kalyanamodhavam is an Angaganga beauty. ", "Mithilastedium is famous for this celebration. ", "Swami in the Abhijith lag was made in the Suthamma necklace. ", "Mithila Sri Kalyani Stadium packed with devotees who come to view. ", "Earlier, Seetharas were distributed by the Telangana government and TTD officials to wear pearls and pearls.", "\n\nMinisters Tummala, Indrakar Reddy, Thalassini Srinivas Yadav, Mayor Ramaohan of Hyderabad and several officials attended the ceremony. ", "The state government has arranged all the arrangements for the devotees to suffer. ", "The temple surroundings are celebrated by Srirama Nama, as the devotees migrate from different places to see Kalasana." ]

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[ "Circadian variation in rat brain AP-1 DNA binding activity after cholinergic stimulation: modulation by lithium.", "\nThe potential influence of a circadian rhythm and its modulation by lithium on the stimulation of AP-1 DNA binding activity by the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine was investigated in rat cerebral cortex. ", "Stimulation of AP-1 binding after pilocarpine (30 mg/kg) was evident within 1 h and was maximally stimulated by 200% at 2 h. Pilocarpine-stimulated AP-1 binding exhibited a circadian rhythm in AP-1 binding measured at 0800, 1200, and 1600 hours, 2 h after pilocarpine. ", "Pilocarpine-stimulated AP-1 binding at 0800 hours was approximately twice the level measured at 1600 hours. ", "After acute lithium treatment, pilocarpine administration induced generalized seizures after about 20 min and stimulated AP-1 binding which increased continuously for 4.5 h, at which time the stimulation was 900% above control. ", "A circadian variation was apparent in AP-1 binding stimulated by acute lithium plus pilocarpine, with stimulation at 0800 hours being 1.5 times that at 1600 hours. ", "After chronic lithium and pilocarpine, which also produced seizures, there was no circadian variation in pilocarpine-stimulated AP-1 binding. ", "Thus pilocarpine-induced AP-1 binding in rat cerebral cortex was influenced by a circadian rhythm, but this was abolished by chronic lithium administration." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Background\n==========\n\nMedication overuse headache (MOH) is a frequent condition in headache centers with elusive management and outcomes. ", "Aim: to present the pharmaceutical treatment and outcome of MOH patients from the outpatient Headache Clinic of the Athens Naval Hospital.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nThis is an open, retrospective, single center observational study. ", "The electronic files of patients with MOH of the Athens Naval Hospital Out-Patient Headache Clinic were reviewed to assess the outcome.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nOne hundred forty six patients (29 males and 117 females) with MOH were evaluated (mean age 38.5 ±12.7 years; mean body mass index 26.1±4.44). ", "Patients overused triptans (38.9%), analgesics (61.1%), NDAIDs (48.4%), codein plus paracetamol (77.6%), bezodiazepines (2.3%), or ergotamine (17.5%). ", "Scores for Hamilton scale for anxiety and depression were 23.9±5.6 and 18.8±6.5, respectively. ", "Prophylactic treatment consisted of naproxen 1000mg (plus gastroproplylaxis), SNRI (venlafaxine 150-300mg/d, or mirtazapine 45-90mg/d) and one of three agents: propranolol (160-320mg/d), topiramate (100mg) or valproate (500-1500mg/d). ", "In cases of anxiety disorder comorbidity (HAM-A score\\>18) prazepam was added (10-20mg/d). ", "All patients were advised to withdraw immediately the substance overused. ", "After one to three months treatment 37% and 45.6% of patients reported a greater of 50% or 75% decrease of days with headache per month, respectively. ", "The 17.3% of the patient population did not respond to treatment.", "\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nImmediate withdraw of substance overused combined with a strong prophylactic treatment, which included naproxen, SNRIs and preventative antimigraine agents is efficient to decrease headache impact in most patients with MOH.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "現代の日本は、非正規雇用の拡大により、所得格差が急速に広がっている。そこにあるのは、いったん貧困のワナに陥ると抜け出すことが困難な「貧困強制社会」である。本連載では「ボクらの貧困」、つまり男性の貧困の個別ケースにフォーカスしてリポートしていく。", "\n\n今回紹介するのは、「市の臨時職員として働いているが、市長が変わっても正規職員に登用される見込みもなく不安になっている」と編集部にメールをくれた48歳の男性だ。", "\n\n「すみません。年度末は時間が取れそうにありません」\n\n「今週、来週ですが、（4月に）異動してきた正職員の指導や、引き継ぎなどがあり日程的に厳しいです」\n\n首都圏のある地方自治体に勤める臨時職員のヨシツグさん（48歳、仮名）に、最初にメールで取材のお願いをしたのは2月下旬のことだった。仕事が立て込んでいるなどの理由で、何度か日程のキャンセルと再調整を繰り返した。ようやく会えたのは5月の連休明け。年度の変わり目とはいえ、非正規公務員もここまで忙しいものなのか。", "\n\n「忙しいです。昼休みが10分くらいしか取れないことも珍しくありません。弁当をかきこんで終わりです。昼ご飯を食べる時間もないような民間のひどい会社に比べたら、まだマシと言われてしまうかもしれませんが……」\n\n典型的な「官製ワーキングプア」\n\n税務部門で、土地や家屋に関する税額を算定する仕事に携わっているヨシツグさんはさらにこう続ける。", "\n\n「2月、3月は申告関係の書類が集中して提出され、案件によっては記載内容が正しいかどうかを電話などで確認しなければなりません。4月は記載に誤りがあったり、駆け込み申告されたりしたケースについて、納税通知書の差し替え作業に追われます。年度によっては（正規の）新人職員が配属され、教育係を任されます。残業時間はそう多くはないのですが、日中はつねに時間に追われている感じです」\n\n勤続10年以上。フルタイムで働きながら、年収は190万円に届かない。典型的な「官製ワーキングプア」である。" ]

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[ "Free Art License 1.3\n\n\n[ Copyleft Attitude ]\n\nFree Art License 1.3 (FAL 1.3)\n\nPreamble\n\nThe Free Art License grants the right to freely copy, distribute, and\ntransform creative works without infringing the author's rights.", "\n\nThe Free Art License recognizes and protects these rights. ", "Their\nimplementation has been reformulated in order to allow everyone to use\ncreations of the human mind in a creative manner, regardless of their\ntypes and ways of expression.", "\n\nWhile the public's access to creations of the human mind usually is\nrestricted by the implementation of copyright law, it is favoured by\nthe Free Art License. ", "This license intends to allow the use of a\nwork’s resources; to establish new conditions for creating in order to\nincrease creation opportunities. ", "The Free Art License grants the right\nto use a work, and acknowledges the right holder’s and the user’s\nrights and responsibility.", "\n\nThe invention and development of digital technologies, Internet and\nFree Software have changed creation methods: creations of the human\nmind can obviously be distributed, exchanged, and transformed. ", "They\nallow to produce common works to which everyone can contribute to the\nbenefit of all.", "\n\nThe main rationale for this Free Art License is to promote and protect\nthese creations of the human mind according to the principles of\ncopyleft: freedom to use, copy, distribute, transform, and prohibition\nof exclusive appropriation.", "\n\nDefinitions\n\n“work” either means the initial work, the subsequent works or the\ncommon work as defined hereafter:\n\n“common work” means a work composed of the initial work and all\nsubsequent contributions to it (originals and copies). ", "The initial\nauthor is the one who, by choosing this license, defines the\nconditions under which contributions are made.", "\n\n“Initial work” means the work created by the initiator of the common\nwork (as defined above), the copies of which can be modified by\nwhoever wants to\n\n“Subsequent works” means the contributions made by authors who\nparticipate in the evolution of the common work by exercising the\nrights to reproduce, distribute, and modify that are granted by the\nlicense.", "\n\n“Originals” (sources or resources of the work) means all copies of\neither the initial work or any subsequent work mentioning a date and\nused by their author(s) as references for any subsequent updates,\ninterpretations, copies or reproductions.", "\n\n“Copy” means any reproduction of an original as defined by this\nlicense.", "\n\n1. ", "OBJECT\n\nThe aim of this license is to define the conditions under which one\ncan use this work freely.", "\n\n2. ", "SCOPE\n\nThis work is subject to copyright law. ", "Through this license its author\nspecifies the extent to which you can copy, distribute, and modify it.", "\n\n2.1 FREEDOM TO COPY (OR TO MAKE REPRODUCTIONS)\n\nYou have the right to copy this work for yourself, your friends or any\nother person, whatever the technique used.", "\n\n2.2 FREEDOM TO DISTRIBUTE, TO PERFORM IN PUBLIC\n\nYou have the right to distribute copies of this work; whether modified\nor not, whatever the medium and the place, with or without any charge,\nprovided that you: attach this license without any modification to the\ncopies of this work or indicate precisely where the license can be\nfound, specify to the recipient the names of the author(s) of the\noriginals, including yours if you have modified the work, specify to\nthe recipient where to access the originals (either initial or\nsubsequent).", "\n\nThe authors of the originals may, if they wish to, give you the right\nto distribute the originals under the same conditions as the copies.", "\n\n2.3 FREEDOM TO MODIFY\n\nYou have the right to modify copies of the originals (whether initial\nor subsequent) provided you comply with the following conditions: all\nconditions in article 2.2 above, if you distribute modified copies;\nindicate that the work has been modified and, if it is possible, what\nkind of modifications have been made; distribute the subsequent work\nunder the same license or any compatible license.", "\n\nThe author(s) of the original work may give you the right to modify it\nunder the same conditions as the copies.", "\n\n3. ", "RELATED RIGHTS\n\nActivities giving rise to author’s rights and related rights shall not\nchallenge the rights granted by this license.", "\n\nFor example, this is the reason why performances must be subject to\nthe same license or a compatible license. ", "Similarly, integrating the\nwork in a database, a compilation or an anthology shall not prevent\nanyone from using the work under the same conditions as those defined\nin this license.", "\n\n4. ", "INCORPORATION OF THE WORK\n\nIncorporating this work into a larger work that is not subject to the\nFree Art License shall not challenge the rights granted by this\nlicense.", "\n\nIf the work can no longer be accessed apart from the larger work in\nwhich it is incorporated, then incorporation shall only be allowed\nunder the condition that the larger work is subject either to the Free\nArt License or a compatible license.", "\n\n5. ", "COMPATIBILITY\n\nA license is compatible with the Free Art License provided: it gives\nthe right to copy, distribute, and modify copies of the work including\nfor commercial purposes and without any other restrictions than those\nrequired by the respect of the other compatibility criteria; it\nensures proper attribution of the work to its authors and access to\nprevious versions of the work when possible; it recognizes the Free\nArt License as compatible (reciprocity); it requires that changes made\nto the work be subject to the same license or to a license which also\nmeets these compatibility criteria.", "\n\n6. ", "YOUR INTELLECTUAL RIGHTS\n\nThis license does not aim at denying your author's rights in your\ncontribution or any related right. ", "By choosing to contribute to the\ndevelopment of this common work, you only agree to grant others the\nsame rights with regard to your contribution as those you were granted\nby this license. ", "Conferring these rights does not mean you have to\ngive up your intellectual rights.", "\n\n7. ", "YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES\n\nThe freedom to use the work as defined by the Free Art License (right\nto copy, distribute, modify) implies that everyone is responsible for\ntheir own actions.", "\n\n8. ", "DURATION OF THE LICENSE\n\nThis license takes effect as of your acceptance of its terms. ", "The act\nof copying, distributing, or modifying the work constitutes a tacit\nagreement. ", "This license will remain in effect for as long as the\ncopyright which is attached to the work. ", "If you do not respect the\nterms of this license, you automatically lose the rights that it\nconfers.", "\n\nIf the legal status or legislation to which you are subject makes it\nimpossible for you to respect the terms of this license, you may not\nmake use of the rights which it confers.", "\n\n9. ", "VARIOUS VERSIONS OF THE LICENSE\n\nThis license may undergo periodic modifications to incorporate\nimprovements by its authors (instigators of the “Copyleft Attitude”\nmovement) by way of new, numbered versions.", "\n\nYou will always have the choice of accepting the terms contained in\nthe version under which the copy of the work was distributed to you,\nor alternatively, to use the provisions of one of the subsequent\nversions.", "\n\n10. ", "SUB-LICENSING\n\nSub-licenses are not authorized by this license. ", "Any person wishing to\nmake use of the rights that it confers will be directly bound to the\nauthors of the common work.", "\n\n11. ", "LEGAL FRAMEWORK\n\nThis license is written with respect to both French law and the Berne\nConvention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.", "\n\nUSER GUIDE\n\n- How to use the Free Art License?", "\n\nTo benefit from the Free Art License, you only need to mention the\nfollowing elements on your work:\n\n [Name of the author, title, date of the work. ", "When applicable, names\n of authors of the common work and, if possible, where to find the\n originals].", "\n\nCopyleft: This is a free work, you can copy, distribute, and modify it\nunder the terms of the Free Art License\nhttp://artlibre.org/licence/lal/en/\n\n- Why to use the Free Art License?", "\n\n 1.To give the greatest number of people access to your work.", "\n\n 2.To allow it to be distributed freely.", "\n\n 3.To allow it to evolve by allowing its copy, distribution, and\n transformation by others.", "\n\n 4.So that you benefit from the resources of a work when it is under\n the Free Art License: to be able to copy, distribute or transform\n it freely.", "\n\n 5.But also, because the Free Art License offers a legal framework to\n disallow any misappropriation. ", "It is forbidden to take hold of\n your work and bypass the creative process for one's exclusive\n possession.", "\n\n\n- When to use the Free Art License?", "\n\nAny time you want to benefit and make others benefit from the right to\ncopy, distribute and transform creative works without any exclusive\nappropriation, you should use the Free Art License. ", "You can for\nexample use it for scientific, artistic or educational projects.", "\n\n- What kinds of works can be subject to the Free Art License?", "\n\nThe Free Art License can be applied to digital as well as physical\nworks. ", " You can choose to apply the Free Art License on any text,\npicture, sound, gesture, or whatever sort of stuff on which you have\nsufficient author's rights.", "\n\n- Historical background of this license:\n\nIt is the result of observing, using and creating digital\ntechnologies, free software, the Internet and art. ", "It arose from the\n“Copyleft Attitude” meetings which took place in Paris in 2000. ", "For\nthe first time, these meetings brought together members of the Free\nSoftware community, artists, and members of the art world. ", "The goal\nwas to adapt the principles of Copyleft and free software to all sorts\nof creations. ", "http://www.artlibre.org\n\nCopyleft Attitude, 2007.", "\n\nYou can make reproductions and distribute this license verbatim\n(without any changes).", "\n\n Translation : Jonathan Clarke, Benjamin Jean, Griselda Jung, Fanny\n Mourguet, Antoine Pitrou. ", " Thanks to framalang.org \n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Dilobocondyla bangalorica\n\nDilobocondyla bangalorica is a species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae. ", "This arboreal ant nests in dead wood and crevices in tree barks. ", "The species name is after the type locality, Bangalore, where the ant was discovered in 2006.", "\n\nThe ants build their nest in the Frangipani plant species Plumeria alba and Plumeria rubra. ", "While they live in colonies like other ants, they forage individually on tree trunks. ", "The spines on the head and thorax are blunt, thus differentiating this species from others. ", "When foraging, these ants raise their gaster high up in the air, very similar to the acrobat ants, Crematogaster. ", "The species differs from other known species in the smaller size of worker and queen ants, the sculpted thorax and pedicel, colouration, six well defined mandibular teeth, and the lesser number of rugosities between the frontal carinae.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nPictures of the ant, D. bangalorica\n\nCategory:Myrmicinae\nCategory:Bangalore\nCategory:Hymenoptera of Asia\nCategory:Fauna of Karnataka\nCategory:Insects described in 2006" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nConvert from swift 3 to swift 2.3 or get source code from app on the iPhone\n\nMy problem is that after i converted to Swift 3 in xCode 8, i received 160 errors in a project, which should goes into the AppStore this week.", "\nI downloaded Xcode 7.3 again to fix it back to swift 2.3, but 300 errors was to many for me. ", "My question here is:\nCan i convert it back with xCode or a extern program or can i maybe get the source code from the builded App on my Device ? ", "\n\nA:\n\nUnfortunately code migrators only run one direction (move to the more recent version). ", "You're not going to find any way to automatically convert Swift 3 code to an earlier version. ", "\nAs @rmaddy points out, the typical approach here is simply to roll back to an older version of your source tree from whatever your source control system is. ", "If you don't have a source control system, you absolutely should (git is easy for simple projects, free, and integrates with Xcode). ", "If you have any backups system then you should turn to that. (", "To your specific question about getting source code from the device, unfortunately it doesn't work that way-- what ends up on your device is only the compiled end product.)", "\nFailing all of that, if you still have a pile of broken Swift 3 code, your best option is very likely to press forward with Xcode 8/Swift 3 and deal with the errors/warnings. ", "That's a normal part of handling drastic changes to the language and they will generally be trivial to \"fix\" and make compatible/correct.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "U.S. drone strike in Somalia targets al-Shabab leader\n\nAt the start of a news briefing on Tuesday, Pentagon press secretary Rear Adm. John Kirby gave more details about U.S. strikes in Iraq and Somalia. ", "He said the Pentagon is monitoring reports of the execution of an American journalist by Islamic State militants. (", "AP)\n\nThe Pentagon disclosed Tuesday that it tried to kill the leader of the militant group al-Shabab in an air attack in Somalia, firing several Hellfire missiles and dropping other munitions on a camp on the country’s southern coast.", "\n\nIt was unclear whether the target, Mukhtar Abu Zubeyr, a commander more widely known as Ahmed Abdi Godane, perished or survived Monday’s drone strike. ", "It was the most aggressive U.S. military operation in Somalia in nearly a year, and it came as the Obama administration was already grappling with security crises in Iraq, Syria and Ukraine.", "\n\nRear Adm. John Kirby, the Pentagon press secretary, said Special Operations forces launched the attack after obtaining rare “actionable intelligence” on the whereabouts of Godane, an elusive figure who has survived internal and external threats since taking control of al-Shabab in 2007.", "\n\nKirby said U.S. drones and other aircraft destroyed a suspected al-Shabab compound as well as a vehicle nearby. ", "In a departure from the Pentagon’s usual reluctance to discuss drone operations, he bluntly acknowledged that the intent was to kill Godane, the suspected mastermind of numerous attacks in the region, including an assault on a Kenyan shopping mall last year that left dozens of people dead.", "\n\n“The principal target was Mr. Godane,” Kirby said. ", "The military, he added, was assessing the aftermath of the attack and whether it had been successful. ", "But he said Godane’s death would be “a very significant blow to their network, to their organization and, we believe, to their ability to continue to conduct terrorist attacks.”", "\n\n1 of 8\n\nFull Screen\n\nAutoplay\n\nClose\n\nSkip Ad\n\n×\n\nFighting al-Shabab in Somalia\n\nView Photos\n\nAfrican Union troops oust militants from a town in the Lower Shabelle region of Somalia while fighting continues in Mogadishu.", "\n\nCaption\n\nAfrican Union troops oust militants from a town in the Lower Shabelle region of Somalia while fighting continues in Mogadishu.", "\n\nAug. 31, 2014Civilians who had left Bulo Marer when it was held by al-Shabab militants returned Sunday after African Union and Somali government soldiers recaptured the town, in the Lower Shabelle region of Somalia. ", "Somali government and African Union troops have been engaging al-Shabab militants as part of a military offensive dubbed “Indian Ocean,” which aims to oust al-Shabab from its last major hideouts in the southern parts of the Horn of Africa nation. ", "Tobin Jones/AMISOM via Associated Press\n\nAl-Shabab, which means “the youth” in Arabic, is a jihadist movement affiliated with al-Qaeda. ", "Born in Somalia, a chronically unstable country on the Horn of Africa, it has transformed itself from a domestic insurgency into a regional terrorist group that has also carried out attacks in Kenya and Uganda. ", "The network also has cooperated with al-Qaeda’s franchise in Yemen.", "\n\nAlthough Godane has sworn allegiance to al-Qaeda, U.S. counterterrorism officials have been divided over how much of a direct threat al-Shabab poses to the United States. ", "At a Pentagon news conference, Kirby said the group represents a broad threat beyond Somalia and asserted that it has targeted U.S. personnel in East Africa.", "\n\n“This action was taken because of the history of terrorist attacks and violence that this organization is responsible for and continues to be responsible for,” Kirby said.", "\n\nA spokesman for al-Shabab told the Associated Press that Godane was present at the scene of the strike but would not elaborate on his fate. ", "Pentagon officials said they would be cautious before drawing any definitive conclusions. ", "Several al-Qaeda leaders have been reported killed in drone strikes in Yemen and Pakistan, only to resurface later on, very much alive.", "\n\nSomali officials said the strike took place near the port city of Barawe, an al-Shabab stronghold. ", "Kirby would not identify the specific types of aircraft that took part in the operation but said no U.S. forces were on the ground.", "\n\nNearly one year ago, on Oct. 5, Navy SEALs raided a seaside house in Barawe in an attempt to capture Abdulkadir Mohamed Abdulkadir, a Kenyan native and senior al-Shabab commander. ", "That raid sparked a gunfight but was unsuccessful; U.S. officials said the SEALs withdrew because the risk of harming bystanders had become too great.", "\n\nThe State Department has offered a $7 million reward for information leading to Godane’s arrest. ", "It identifies him as a 37-year-old native of northern Somalia who, among other aliases, goes by the name Ahmed Abdi Aw Mohamed.", "\n\n‘A one-man organization’\n\nCounterterrorism officials and analysts said Godane has been a particularly ruthless jihadi leader who has eliminated several rivals within al-Shabab, either by killing them or forcing them to go underground.", "\n\nHussein Mahmoud Sheikh-Ali, the senior counterterrorism adviser for Somalia’s government, said Godane is especially ambitious and has tried to position himself as a key leader within the broader al-Qaeda movement. ", "He said it would be difficult for al-Shabab to replace him, simply because he has consolidated so much power and has assassinated so many would-be successors.", "\n\n“The organization is a one-man organization — Godane and nobody else,” Sheikh-Ali said Tuesday during a visit to the Atlantic Council, a Washington think tank. ", "Under Godane’s leadership, he added, al-Shabab has “become more efficient and potent in many ways. ", "But on the other hand, they’ve also become more vulnerable.”", "\n\nAmong those reportedly killed last year after losing power struggles with Godane were Omar Shafik Hammami, an American-born jihadi known for his propaganda rap videos; and the movement’s former deputy leader, Ibrahim al-Afghani.", "\n\nSheikh-Ali said that the government of Somalia was likewise trying to confirm Godane’s fate but that if he is dead, it will move quickly to reach out to less-hard-line al-Shabab figures to try to reconcile with some factions of the movement.", "\n\n“His killing would be a game-changer,” he said. “", "They’re going to struggle, and there’s going to be huge opportunity for the government to take advantage.”", "\n\nBronwyn Bruton, an expert on African security at the Atlantic Council, said that Godane is less an ideologue than a fighter but that “nobody really knows” whether he poses the same kind of direct threat to the United States as other al-Qaeda affiliates.", "\n\n“He’s pretty much a hired gun,” she said. “", "If he thought there was power and glory in it, he’d probably kill his mother.”", "\n\nIf Godane does turn out to be dead, Bruton said, his rivals who have been marginalized or in hiding may seek to reshape al-Shabab into a domestic insurgency again. ", "The movement, she said, has lost popular support in Somalia because of its brutal tactics and its embrace of foreign fighters.", "\n\n“It probably provides an opportunity for the domestic actors to gain ground,” she said.", "\n\nU.S. operations in Somalia\n\nThe U.S. military frequently conducts drone surveillance flights over Somalia, but airstrikes and ground raids are relatively uncommon. ", "The Pentagon has a large drone base at Camp Lemonnier in Djibouti, which borders Somalia on the Horn of Africa. ", "The U.S. military also flies surveillance drones over Somalia from a base in Ethi­o­pia.", "\n\nThe Pentagon quietly deployed a small team of advisers to Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, last October to coordinate operations with African troops fighting to wrest control of the country from al-Shabab.", "\n\nThe deployment marked the first time regular U.S. troops had been stationed in the war-ravaged country since 1993, when two helicopters were shot down and 18 Americans were killed in the “Black Hawk Down” disaster.", "\n\nU.S. involvement in Somalia has been building steadily in other ways. ", "U.S. commandos have intermittently conducted raids, although the military has kept their activities cloaked in secrecy. ", "The CIA has played a key role, helping to rebuild Somalia’s intelligence service. ", "And the State Department has trained and financed African Union troops who now hold sway in Mogadishu and other parts of the country." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSymfony2 - 2 routes to same bundle (optional parameter)\n\nI need my website to be accessible with 2 different URL, for example:\n\n/blog => Homepage\n /blog/article/1 => Article page (etc.)", "\n /abcde/blog => Homepage\n /abcde/blog/article/1 => Article page (etc.)", "\n\nWhen \"abcde\" is in my URL, I need to have the same controller/action running, but being able to get this \"abcde\" value (a few changes will result from this parameter).", "\nI have found many similar questions but never exactly what I am looking for:\n\nI am not looking for a language/translation routing bundle\n\"abcde\" parameter must be optional\nMy bundle has several controllers and actions, I don't want to write 2 routes for each. (", "Neither do I want to have to update anything each time I add a new controller/action.)", "\n\nInitial app/config/routing.yml\nmywebsite_blog:\n resource: \"@MywebsiteBlogBundle/Resources/config/routing.yml\"\n prefix: /blog/\n\nIf I simply add a second route, as resource is the same, it overwrites the first one.", "\nI tried to add an optional parameter on the initial route:\nmywebsite_blog:\n resource: \"@MywebsiteBlogBundle/Resources/config/routing.yml\"\n prefix: /{_label}/blog/\n defaults: {_label: mylabel}\n requirements:\n _label: .*", "\n\nThat way I can access /abcde/blog, //blog, but not /blog (404).", "\n\nNot finding how to resolve my issue simply with using routing.yml (if it is possible I will be happy to learn how and stop there), I read How to Create a custom Route Loader on Symfony doc. ", "I am not sure I'm going to the right direction but I tried it and manage to do a few things, still not exactly what I want.", "\nLabelLoader.php\nclass LabelLoader extends Loader {\n private $loaded = false;\n\n public function load($resource, $type = null) {\n if (true === $this->loaded) {\n throw new \\RuntimeException('Do not add the \"label\" loader twice');\n }\n\n $routes = new RouteCollection();\n\n // Prepare a new route (this is were I tried to play with it)\n $path = '/{_label}/blog/';\n $defaults = array(\n '_controller' => 'MywebsiteBlogBundle:Index:home',\n );\n $route = new Route($path, $defaults);\n\n // Add the new route to the route collection\n $routeName = 'labelRoute';\n $routes->add($routeName, $route);\n\n $this->loaded = true;\n\n return $routes;\n }\n\n public function supports($resource, $type = null) {\n return 'label' === $type;\n }\n}\n\nThat way, /blog and /abcde/blog works the way I want to. ", "I can access the _label variable in my _init() function (I'm using listeners and InitializableControllerInterface, in case it is important to know here), checking if empty or not, etc.", "\nBut obviously it works for only one controller/action (Index:home). ", "I would like to change this so that it can works for my whole MywebsiteBlogBundle.", "\n\nIn my custom Loader, I wanted to test something like:\n$routes = new RouteCollection();\n\n// Hypotetical function returning all the routes I want to have twice.", "\n// Methods getPath() and getController() called below are hypotetical too.", "\n$mywebsiteBlogRoutes = getExisitingMywebsiteBlogBundleRoutes(); \n\nforeach($mywebsiteBlogRoutes as $blogRoute) {\n\n // Prepare a new route\n $path = '/{_label}/blog/'.$blogRoute->getPath();\n $defaults = array(\n '_controller' => $blogRoute->getController(),\n );\n $route = new Route($path, $defaults);\n\n // Add the new route to the route collection\n $routeName = 'labelRoute';\n $routes->add($routeName, $route);\n}\n\nBut:\n\nIt does not seem very clean (but if that's the only way I find to do it for now, I'll try it)\nI tried to get all my routes reading this answer and as soon as I try $collection = $router->getRouteCollection(); I have a \"Circular reference detected\" error that I don't manage to fix. ", "I'm trying to understand what's happening here. ", "Edit: I fixed it. ", "Still, I don't think it's a very clean solution.", "\n\nShould I go back to routing.yml or is it possible to do something here with the custom Routing Loader?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou should try this in your routing.yml: \nmywebsite_blog:\n resource: \"@MywebsiteBlogBundle/Resources/config/routing.yml\"\n prefix: /{_label}blog/\n defaults: {_label: mylabel/}\n requirements:\n _label: ([\\w\\d]+/)?", "\n\nResults:\napp/console router:match /mylabel/blog/ # OK\napp/console router:match /blog/ # OK\n\n" ]

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[ "For all the talk of \"cognitive ability\" and \"behavioral interviewing,\" tech firms like Microsoft and Google have a similar hiring pattern to just about any other business: proximity.", "\n\nThat's according to Wired, which found that recruitment is typically tied to how close a college campus is to the corporate campus, with a few notable exceptions.", "\n\nTo find this out, Wired did a little poking around LinkedIn to find the top five \"donating\" schools for seven tech firms. ", "The magazine's mission was \"to see if non-Stanford grads have a chance at Silicon Valley firms (they do) and whether Ivy Leagues dominate (they don’t).\"", "\n\nTake Microsoft, for instance. ", "Bill Gates's empire is headquartered in Redmond, Washington. ", "Correspondingly, lots of recruits come from that state. ", "Judging by Wired's infographic, Microsoft employs approximately:\n\n5,000 University of Washington grads\n\n1,000 Washington State grads\n\n800 Western Washington University grads\n\nThen there's Apple. ", "The house that Steve Jobs built has this employee breakdown:\n\n900 University of California, Berkeley, grads\n\n800 San Jose State grads\n\n300 University of Texas, Austin, grads\n\nLastly, let's look at Google. ", "The prestigious search giant has loads of California connections, with some East Coast schools thrown in. ", "The approximate numbers are:\n\n2,500 Stanford grads\n\n2,000 University of California, Berkeley, grads\n\n800 Carnegie Mellon grads\n\n800 University of California, Los Angeles, grads\n\nWhy would big, global companies hire from their nearby colleges? ", "While we don't have anyone in HR at Microsoft, we do know hiring trends. ", "Namely, people hire people they know, and it's easiest to know the folks who are nearby.", "\n\nAnd if you didn't go to Stanford, fret not; you can still end up at Google. ", "Just spend a stint at Microsoft: Wired reports it's the top feeder company to Google." ]

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[ "[Results of surgical and combined treatment for non-small cell lung cancer with postoperative hypofractionated radiotherapy: overall and disease-specific survival].", "\nCompared with surgical treatment the combined treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer accompanied by post-operative radiotherapy in the mode of hypofractionation from 3 Gy to SOD-36-39 Gy (EQD2 = 43,2-46,8 Gy) allowed statistically significant increasing a 5- and 10-year overall and disease-specific survival in patients with metastases to regional lymph nodes (pN1-2). ", "The increase of overall and disease-specific survival was also observed in patients older than 60 years with the worst initial status (70-80 by the Karnofsky scale), II stage of disease, peripheral cancer and adenocarcinoma however for these groups survival differences did not reach a statistically significant level. ", "The presented method of postoperative irradiation did not have severe toxicity and did not lead to a decrease in survival of elderly and functionally debilitated patients." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.000655153242405504, 0.0006673469324596226, 0.000618001795373857, 0.0008036068174988031 ]

[ "Q:\n\nUITableViewCell Identifier without ARC floods memory\n\nI'm working on an old project that runs without ARC. ", "It has a lot of bugs and the code looks ugly and i'm rewriting it.", "\nTake a quick look at my code\n-(UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath {\n static NSString *CellIdentifier = @\"Cell\";\n UITableViewCell *cell = [self.table dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:CellIdentifier];\n if (cell == nil)\n {\n cell = [[UITableViewCell alloc]initWithStyle:UITableViewCellStyleSubtitle reuseIdentifier:CellIdentifier];\n }\n\n cell = [self createCellWithInfo:[self.search objectAtIndex:indexPath.row]];\n return cell;\n}\n\n-(UITableViewCell *)createCellWithInfo:(NSDictionary *)info{\n\n UITableViewCell * cell = [[[UITableViewCell alloc] initWithStyle:UITableViewCellStyleSubtitle reuseIdentifier:@“Cell”] autorelease];\n //set image for cell\n //set text for cell.textlabel\n //set text for cell.detailTextLabel\n //create an UIButton and add to cell.content view\n return cell;\n}\n\nthe point is at this line of code\n[[[UITableViewCell alloc] initWithStyle:UITableViewCellStyleSubtitle reuseIdentifier:@“Cell”] autorelease]\nif I use @\"Cell\" here, then the memory will rise up when I'm scrolling up and down continously on the table.", "\nAfter about 15 seconds of scrolling, my iphone 5c becomes lag.", "\nif I set it to nil, everything is fine.", "\nCan anybody explain this please ? ", "I'm not familliar with non-ARC.", "\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nInside the if block you are creating the cell without calling autorelease, which leaks memory without ARC. ", "\nAnd after the if block you are recreating it anyway (whether or not it was recycled), with autorelease this time, where all you should really be doing is reset its relevant properties so that you can successfully reuse a recycled cell (or configure a new cell).", "\nTry replacing your code as follows:\n-(UITableViewCell *)tableView:(UITableView *)tableView cellForRowAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath {\n static NSString *CellIdentifier = @\"Cell\";\n UITableViewCell *cell = [self.table dequeueReusableCellWithIdentifier:CellIdentifier];\n if (cell == nil)\n {\n cell = [[[UITableViewCell alloc]initWithStyle:UITableViewCellStyleSubtitle reuseIdentifier:CellIdentifier] autorelease];\n }\n\n [self updateCell:cell withInfo:[self.search objectAtIndex:indexPath.row]];\n return cell;\n}\n\n-(void)updateCell:(UITableViewCell *)cell withInfo:(NSDictionary *)info{\n //set image for cell\n //set text for cell.textlabel\n //set text for cell.detailTextLabel\n //create an UIButton and add to cell.content view\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Effective temperatures of a driven, strongly anisotropic Brownian system.", "\nWe use Brownian dynamics computer simulations of a moderately dense colloidal system undergoing steady shear flow to investigate the uniqueness of the so-called effective temperature. ", "We compare effective temperatures calculated from the fluctuation-dissipation ratios and from the linear response to a static, long-wavelength, external perturbation along two directions: the shear gradient direction and the vorticity direction. ", "At high shear rates, when the system is strongly anisotropic, the fluctuation-dissipation-ratio-derived effective temperatures are approximately wave-vector independent, but the temperatures along the gradient direction are somewhat higher than those along the vorticity direction. ", "The temperatures derived from the static linear response show the same dependence on the direction as those derived from the fluctuation-dissipation ratio. ", "However, the former and the latter temperatures are different. ", "Our results suggest that the presently used formulas for effective temperatures may not be applicable for strongly anisotropic, driven systems." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Share this article on LinkedIn Email\n\nMichael Schumacher says that Ferrari will always have a place in his heart, following his 14 years with the marque before joining Mercedes GP.", "\n\nIn an open letter to Ferrari fans distributed through the Italian media, Schumacher pays tribute to the prancing horse and its followers and says he hopes they will carry on supporting him in future.", "\n\n\"For 14 years I was a part of Ferrari and for 14 years Ferrari was a part of me,\" he said. \"", "A sizeable chunk of Ferrari will always stay in my heart. ", "I will always think of the warmth, the strength and the dedication I received for so many years from Italian Ferrari fans.", "\n\n\"I have felt welcomed by you, and I have tried to give you joy and passion when I fought on the tracks and rejoiced with you after victories.\"", "\n\nSchumacher says he has learned from Ferrari and expects the team to have a strong season in 2010.", "\n\n\"I have found many friends and learned a lot in the years I spent at Ferrari,\" wrote Schumacher. \"", "I carefully observed the way to face things and have often underlined this attitude in Germany: no moaning but rather trying to see the beauty and the goodness in what's unavoidable, and rejoicing.", "\n\n\"Now a new chapter begins for me. ", "I will race on the track against Ferrari with the utmost respect. ", "I'm convinced these will be hard battles. ", "Indeed, I'm certain Ferrari will be able to show its historical strength because I know what these guys are able to do.", "\n\n\"I'd like to thank everyone who has supported me. ", "I'd be happy if, besides the two Ferrari drivers, you'd carry on giving me a bit of your unlimited liking.\"" ]

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[ "/*\n * Agere Systems Inc.\n * 10/100/1000 Base-T Ethernet Driver for the ET1301 and ET131x series MACs\n *\n * Copyright © 2005 Agere Systems Inc.\n * All rights reserved.", "\n * http://www.agere.com\n *\n *------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n *\n * et131x_isr.c - File which contains the ISR, ISR handler, and related routines\n * for processing interrupts from the device.", "\n *\n *------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n *\n * SOFTWARE LICENSE\n *\n * This software is provided subject to the following terms and conditions,\n * which you should read carefully before using the software. ", " Using this\n * software indicates your acceptance of these terms and conditions. ", " If you do\n * not agree with these terms and conditions, do not use the software.", "\n *\n * Copyright © 2005 Agere Systems Inc.\n * All rights reserved.", "\n *\n * Redistribution and use in source or binary forms, with or without\n * modifications, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\n *\n * . ", "Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this\n * list of conditions and the following Disclaimer as comments in the code as\n * well as in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the\n * distribution.", "\n *\n * . ", "Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,\n * this list of conditions and the following Disclaimer in the documentation\n * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.", "\n *\n * . ", "Neither the name of Agere Systems Inc. nor the names of the contributors\n * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software\n * without specific prior written permission.", "\n *\n * Disclaimer\n *\n * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,\n * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, INFRINGEMENT AND THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF\n * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ", " ANY\n * USE, MODIFICATION OR DISTRIBUTION OF THIS SOFTWARE IS SOLELY AT THE USERS OWN\n * RISK. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL AGERE SYSTEMS INC. ", "OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY\n * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES\n * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;\n * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND\n * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, CONTRACT, STRICT\n * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT\n * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH\n * DAMAGE.", "\n *\n */\n\n#include \"et131x_version.h\"\n#include \"et131x_defs.h\"\n\n#include <linux/init.h>\n#include <linux/module.h>\n#include <linux/types.h>\n#include <linux/kernel.h>\n\n#include <linux/sched.h>\n#include <linux/ptrace.h>\n#include <linux/slab.h>\n#include <linux/ctype.h>\n#include <linux/string.h>\n#include <linux/timer.h>\n#include <linux/interrupt.h>\n#include <linux/in.h>\n#include <linux/delay.h>\n#include <linux/io.h>\n#include <linux/bitops.h>\n#include <linux/pci.h>\n#include <asm/system.h>\n\n#include <linux/netdevice.h>\n#include <linux/etherdevice.h>\n#include <linux/skbuff.h>\n#include <linux/if_arp.h>\n#include <linux/ioport.h>\n\n#include \"et1310_phy.h\"\n#include \"et1310_pm.h\"\n#include \"et1310_jagcore.h\"\n#include \"et1310_mac.h\"\n\n#include \"et131x_adapter.h\"\n\n/**\n *\tet131x_enable_interrupts\t-\tenable interrupt\n *\t@adapter: et131x device\n *\n *\tEnable the appropriate interrupts on the ET131x according to our\n *\tconfiguration\n */\n\nvoid et131x_enable_interrupts(struct et131x_adapter *adapter)\n{\n\tu32 mask;\n\n\t/* Enable all global interrupts */\n\tif (adapter->FlowControl == TxOnly || adapter->FlowControl == Both)\n\t\tmask = INT_MASK_ENABLE;\n\telse\n\t\tmask = INT_MASK_ENABLE_NO_FLOW;\n\n\tif (adapter->DriverNoPhyAccess)\n\t\tmask |= ET_INTR_PHY;\n\n\tadapter->CachedMaskValue = mask;\n\twritel(mask, &adapter->regs->global.int_mask);\n}\n\n/**\n *\tet131x_disable_interrupts\t-\tinterrupt disable\n *\t@adapter: et131x device\n *\n *\tBlock all interrupts from the et131x device at the device itself\n */\n\nvoid et131x_disable_interrupts(struct et131x_adapter *adapter)\n{\n\t/* Disable all global interrupts */\n\tadapter->CachedMaskValue = INT_MASK_DISABLE;\n\twritel(INT_MASK_DISABLE, &adapter->regs->global.int_mask);\n}\n\n\n/**\n * et131x_isr - The Interrupt Service Routine for the driver.", "\n * @irq: the IRQ on which the interrupt was received.", "\n * @dev_id: device-specific info (here a pointer to a net_device struct)\n *\n * Returns a value indicating if the interrupt was handled.", "\n */\n\nirqreturn_t et131x_isr(int irq, void *dev_id)\n{\n\tbool handled = true;\n\tstruct net_device *netdev = (struct net_device *)dev_id;\n\tstruct et131x_adapter *adapter = NULL;\n\tu32 status;\n\n\tif (!", "netif_device_present(netdev)) {\n\t\thandled = false;\n\t\tgoto out;\n\t}\n\n\tadapter = netdev_priv(netdev);\n\n\t/* If the adapter is in low power state, then it should not\n\t * recognize any interrupt\n\t */\n\n\t/* Disable Device Interrupts */\n\tet131x_disable_interrupts(adapter);\n\n\t/* Get a copy of the value in the interrupt status register\n\t * so we can process the interrupting section\n\t */\n\tstatus = readl(&adapter->regs->global.int_status);\n\n\tif (adapter->FlowControl == TxOnly ||\n\t adapter->FlowControl == Both) {\n\t\tstatus &= ~INT_MASK_ENABLE;\n\t} else {\n\t\tstatus &= ~INT_MASK_ENABLE_NO_FLOW;\n\t}\n\n\t/* Make sure this is our interrupt */\n\tif (!", "status) {\n\t\thandled = false;\n\t\tet131x_enable_interrupts(adapter);\n\t\tgoto out;\n\t}\n\n\t/* This is our interrupt, so process accordingly */\n\n\tif (status & ET_INTR_WATCHDOG) {\n\t\tPMP_TCB pMpTcb = adapter->TxRing.", "CurrSendHead;\n\n\t\tif (pMpTcb)\n\t\t\tif (++pMpTcb->PacketStaleCount > 1)\n\t\t\t\tstatus |= ET_INTR_TXDMA_ISR;\n\n\t\tif (adapter->RxRing.", "UnfinishedReceives)\n\t\t\tstatus |= ET_INTR_RXDMA_XFR_DONE;\n\t\telse if (pMpTcb == NULL)\n\t\t\twritel(0, &adapter->regs->global.watchdog_timer);\n\n\t\tstatus &= ~ET_INTR_WATCHDOG;\n\t}\n\n\tif (status == 0) {\n\t\t/* This interrupt has in some way been \"handled\" by\n\t\t * the ISR. ", "Either it was a spurious Rx interrupt, or\n\t\t * it was a Tx interrupt that has been filtered by\n\t\t * the ISR.", "\n\t\t */\n\t\tet131x_enable_interrupts(adapter);\n\t\tgoto out;\n\t}\n\n\t/* We need to save the interrupt status value for use in our\n\t * DPC. ", "We will clear the software copy of that in that\n\t * routine.", "\n\t */\n\tadapter->Stats.", "InterruptStatus = status;\n\n\t/* Schedule the ISR handler as a bottom-half task in the\n\t * kernel's tq_immediate queue, and mark the queue for\n\t * execution\n\t */\n\tschedule_work(&adapter->task);\nout:\n\treturn IRQ_RETVAL(handled);\n}\n\n/**\n * et131x_isr_handler - The ISR handler\n * @p_adapter, a pointer to the device's private adapter structure\n *\n * scheduled to run in a deferred context by the ISR. ", "This is where the ISR's\n * work actually gets done.", "\n */\nvoid et131x_isr_handler(struct work_struct *work)\n{\n\tstruct et131x_adapter *etdev =\n\t\tcontainer_of(work, struct et131x_adapter, task);\n\tu32 status = etdev->Stats.", "InterruptStatus;\n\tADDRESS_MAP_t __iomem *iomem = etdev->regs;\n\n\t/*\n\t * These first two are by far the most common. ", " Once handled, we clear\n\t * their two bits in the status word. ", " If the word is now zero, we\n\t * exit.", "\n\t */\n\t/* Handle all the completed Transmit interrupts */\n\tif (status & ET_INTR_TXDMA_ISR) {\n\t\tet131x_handle_send_interrupt(etdev);\n\t}\n\n\t/* Handle all the completed Receives interrupts */\n\tif (status & ET_INTR_RXDMA_XFR_DONE) {\n\t\tet131x_handle_recv_interrupt(etdev);\n\t}\n\n\tstatus &= 0xffffffd7;\n\n\tif (status) {\n\t\t/* Handle the TXDMA Error interrupt */\n\t\tif (status & ET_INTR_TXDMA_ERR) {\n\t\t\tu32 txdma_err;\n\n\t\t\t/* Following read also clears the register (COR) */\n\t\t\ttxdma_err = readl(&iomem->txdma.", "TxDmaError);\n\n\t\t\tdev_warn(&etdev->pdev->dev,\n\t\t\t\t \"TXDMA_ERR interrupt, error = %d\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t txdma_err);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t/* Handle Free Buffer Ring 0 and 1 Low interrupt */\n\t\tif (status & (ET_INTR_RXDMA_FB_R0_LOW | ET_INTR_RXDMA_FB_R1_LOW)) {\n\t\t\t/*\n\t\t\t * This indicates the number of unused buffers in\n\t\t\t * RXDMA free buffer ring 0 is <= the limit you\n\t\t\t * programmed. ", "Free buffer resources need to be\n\t\t\t * returned. ", " Free buffers are consumed as packets\n\t\t\t * are passed from the network to the host. ", "The host\n\t\t\t * becomes aware of the packets from the contents of\n\t\t\t * the packet status ring. ", "This ring is queried when\n\t\t\t * the packet done interrupt occurs. ", "Packets are then\n\t\t\t * passed to the OS. ", "When the OS is done with the\n\t\t\t * packets the resources can be returned to the\n\t\t\t * ET1310 for re-use. ", "This interrupt is one method of\n\t\t\t * returning resources.", "\n\t\t\t */\n\n\t\t\t/* If the user has flow control on, then we will\n\t\t\t * send a pause packet, otherwise just exit\n\t\t\t */\n\t\t\tif (etdev->FlowControl == TxOnly ||\n\t\t\t etdev->FlowControl == Both) {\n\t\t\t\tu32 pm_csr;\n\n\t\t\t\t/* Tell the device to send a pause packet via\n\t\t\t\t * the back pressure register\n\t\t\t\t */\n\t\t\t\tpm_csr = readl(&iomem->global.pm_csr);\n\t\t\t\tif ((pm_csr & ET_PM_PHY_SW_COMA) == 0) {\n\t\t\t\t\tTXMAC_BP_CTRL_t bp_ctrl = { 0 };\n\n\t\t\t\t\tbp_ctrl.bits.bp_req = 1;\n\t\t\t\t\tbp_ctrl.bits.bp_xonxoff = 1;\n\t\t\t\t\twritel(bp_ctrl.value,\n\t\t\t\t\t &iomem->txmac.bp_ctrl.value);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t/* Handle Packet Status Ring Low Interrupt */\n\t\tif (status & ET_INTR_RXDMA_STAT_LOW) {\n\n\t\t\t/*\n\t\t\t * Same idea as with the two Free Buffer Rings.", "\n\t\t\t * Packets going from the network to the host each\n\t\t\t * consume a free buffer resource and a packet status\n\t\t\t * resource. ", " These resoures are passed to the OS.", "\n\t\t\t * When the OS is done with the resources, they need\n\t\t\t * to be returned to the ET1310. ", "This is one method\n\t\t\t * of returning the resources.", "\n\t\t\t */\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t/* Handle RXDMA Error Interrupt */\n\t\tif (status & ET_INTR_RXDMA_ERR) {\n\t\t\t/*\n\t\t\t * The rxdma_error interrupt is sent when a time-out\n\t\t\t * on a request issued by the JAGCore has occurred or\n\t\t\t * a completion is returned with an un-successful\n\t\t\t * status. ", " In both cases the request is considered\n\t\t\t * complete. ", "The JAGCore will automatically re-try the\n\t\t\t * request in question. ", "Normally information on events\n\t\t\t * like these are sent to the host using the \"Advanced\n\t\t\t * Error Reporting\" capability. ", "This interrupt is\n\t\t\t * another way of getting similar information. ", "The\n\t\t\t * only thing required is to clear the interrupt by\n\t\t\t * reading the ISR in the global resources. ", "The\n\t\t\t * JAGCore will do a re-try on the request. ", " Normally\n\t\t\t * you should never see this interrupt. ", "If you start\n\t\t\t * to see this interrupt occurring frequently then\n\t\t\t * something bad has occurred. ", "A reset might be the\n\t\t\t * thing to do.", "\n\t\t\t */\n\t\t\t/* TRAP();*/\n\n\t\t\tetdev->TxMacTest.value =\n\t\t\t\treadl(&iomem->txmac.tx_test.value);\n\t\t\tdev_warn(&etdev->pdev->dev,\n\t\t\t\t \"RxDMA_ERR interrupt, error %x\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t etdev->TxMacTest.value);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t/* Handle the Wake on LAN Event */\n\t\tif (status & ET_INTR_WOL) {\n\t\t\t/*\n\t\t\t * This is a secondary interrupt for wake on LAN.", "\n\t\t\t * The driver should never see this, if it does,\n\t\t\t * something serious is wrong. ", "We will TRAP the\n\t\t\t * message when we are in DBG mode, otherwise we\n\t\t\t * will ignore it.", "\n\t\t\t */\n\t\t\tdev_err(&etdev->pdev->dev, \"WAKE_ON_LAN interrupt\\n\");\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t/* Handle the PHY interrupt */\n\t\tif (status & ET_INTR_PHY) {\n\t\t\tu32 pm_csr;\n\t\t\tMI_BMSR_t BmsrInts, BmsrData;\n\t\t\tMI_ISR_t myIsr;\n\n\t\t\t/* If we are in coma mode when we get this interrupt,\n\t\t\t * we need to disable it.", "\n\t\t\t */\n\t\t\tpm_csr = readl(&iomem->global.pm_csr);\n\t\t\tif (pm_csr & ET_PM_PHY_SW_COMA) {\n\t\t\t\t/*\n\t\t\t\t * Check to see if we are in coma mode and if\n\t\t\t\t * so, disable it because we will not be able\n\t\t\t\t * to read PHY values until we are out.", "\n\t\t\t\t */\n\t\t\t\tDisablePhyComa(etdev);\n\t\t\t}\n\n\t\t\t/* Read the PHY ISR to clear the reason for the\n\t\t\t * interrupt.", "\n\t\t\t */\n\t\t\tMiRead(etdev, (uint8_t) offsetof(MI_REGS_t, isr),\n\t\t\t &myIsr.value);\n\n\t\t\tif (!", "etdev->ReplicaPhyLoopbk) {\n\t\t\t\tMiRead(etdev,\n\t\t\t\t (uint8_t) offsetof(MI_REGS_t, bmsr),\n\t\t\t\t &BmsrData.value);\n\n\t\t\t\tBmsrInts.value =\n\t\t\t\t etdev->Bmsr.value ^ BmsrData.value;\n\t\t\t\tetdev->Bmsr.value = BmsrData.value;\n\n\t\t\t\t/* Do all the cable in / cable out stuff */\n\t\t\t\tet131x_Mii_check(etdev, BmsrData, BmsrInts);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t/* Let's move on to the TxMac */\n\t\tif (status & ET_INTR_TXMAC) {\n\t\t\tetdev->TxRing.", "TxMacErr.value =\n\t\t\t\treadl(&iomem->txmac.err.value);\n\n\t\t\t/*\n\t\t\t * When any of the errors occur and TXMAC generates\n\t\t\t * an interrupt to report these errors, it usually\n\t\t\t * means that TXMAC has detected an error in the data\n\t\t\t * stream retrieved from the on-chip Tx Q. All of\n\t\t\t * these errors are catastrophic and TXMAC won't be\n\t\t\t * able to recover data when these errors occur. ", " In\n\t\t\t * a nutshell, the whole Tx path will have to be reset\n\t\t\t * and re-configured afterwards.", "\n\t\t\t */\n\t\t\tdev_warn(&etdev->pdev->dev,\n\t\t\t\t \"TXMAC interrupt, error 0x%08x\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t etdev->TxRing.", "TxMacErr.value);\n\n\t\t\t/* If we are debugging, we want to see this error,\n\t\t\t * otherwise we just want the device to be reset and\n\t\t\t * continue\n\t\t\t */\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t/* Handle RXMAC Interrupt */\n\t\tif (status & ET_INTR_RXMAC) {\n\t\t\t/*\n\t\t\t * These interrupts are catastrophic to the device,\n\t\t\t * what we need to do is disable the interrupts and\n\t\t\t * set the flag to cause us to reset so we can solve\n\t\t\t * this issue.", "\n\t\t\t */\n\t\t\t/* MP_SET_FLAG( etdev,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfMP_ADAPTER_HARDWARE_ERROR); */\n\n\t\t\tdev_warn(&etdev->pdev->dev,\n\t\t\t \"RXMAC interrupt, error 0x%08x. ", " Requesting reset\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t readl(&iomem->rxmac.err_reg.value));\n\n\t\t\tdev_warn(&etdev->pdev->dev,\n\t\t\t\t \"Enable 0x%08x, Diag 0x%08x\\n\",\n\t\t\t\t readl(&iomem->rxmac.ctrl.value),\n\t\t\t\t readl(&iomem->rxmac.rxq_diag.value));\n\n\t\t\t/*\n\t\t\t * If we are debugging, we want to see this error,\n\t\t\t * otherwise we just want the device to be reset and\n\t\t\t * continue\n\t\t\t */\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t/* Handle MAC_STAT Interrupt */\n\t\tif (status & ET_INTR_MAC_STAT) {\n\t\t\t/*\n\t\t\t * This means at least one of the un-masked counters\n\t\t\t * in the MAC_STAT block has rolled over. ", " Use this\n\t\t\t * to maintain the top, software managed bits of the\n\t\t\t * counter(s).", "\n\t\t\t */\n\t\t\tHandleMacStatInterrupt(etdev);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t/* Handle SLV Timeout Interrupt */\n\t\tif (status & ET_INTR_SLV_TIMEOUT) {\n\t\t\t/*\n\t\t\t * This means a timeout has occured on a read or\n\t\t\t * write request to one of the JAGCore registers. ", "The\n\t\t\t * Global Resources block has terminated the request\n\t\t\t * and on a read request, returned a \"fake\" value.", "\n\t\t\t * The most likely reasons are: Bad Address or the\n\t\t\t * addressed module is in a power-down state and\n\t\t\t * can't respond.", "\n\t\t\t */\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tet131x_enable_interrupts(etdev);\n}\n" ]

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[ "Sutton confirm loan signing of Ipswich striker Drinan\n\nPUBLISHED: 22:49 01 August 2018 | UPDATED: 22:49 01 August 2018 Andy Warren Aaron Drinan has joined Sutton United on loan. ", "Picture PAGEPIX Pagepix Ltd 07976 935738 Sutton United have confirmed the loan signing of Ipswich Town striker Aaron Drinan. ", "The young Irishman played for Sutton as a trialist in their 1-0 victory over Norwich City U23s at the weekend, with the National League club confirming a loan move earlier this evening. ", "Drinan arrived at Portman Road in January in a deal which included a small transfer fee and a significant sell-on clause, and was quickly praised for his training performances by both former manager Mick McCarthy and captain Luke Chambers. ", "He is yet to make his senior debut for the Blues though, despite being on the bench on five occasions, and will instead take his first steps in English football in the National League. ", "Sutton, who reached the fifth round of last season’s FA Cup before losing to Arsenal, begin their season at Harrogate Town on Saturday." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'There has been a recent tendency to apply Schrödinger’s wave equation to macroscopic domains, from Bose-Einstein condensates in neutron stars to planetary orbits. ", "In these applications a hydrodynamical interpretation, involving vortices in some ’fluid’ medium is often given. ", "The vortex picture appears surprising in light of more traditional interpretations of Schrödinger’s equation, and indeed often appears to rely on ad hoc analogies. ", "The purpose of this letter is to examine the vortex hypothesis in light of a simple, transparent mathematical framework. ", "We find that Schrödinger’s equation implies waves can be vortices also for a class of wave functions. ", "Vortices occur in pairs that perform a sort of quantum computation by collapsing into either 0 or 1. ", "Vortices collapsing to 0 (’0-vortices’) are longer-lived, and their ratio to 1-vortices is discussed.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'J. Orlin Grabbe'\ndate: 'October 8, 2005'\ntitle: '**On the vortex interpretation of Schrödinger’s wave equation**'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n------------\n\nCan a wave be a vortex? ", "The circular motion of vortices is seen in spiral galaxies, hurricanes, and quantum fluids. ", "Are all these, in some sense, the same thing? ", "Is it legitmate to apply Schrödinger’s wave equation to all of them? ", "Is it acceptable to establish an analogy between Schrödinger’s equation and a hydrodynamic or similar equation in order to invoke vortices, and then to return to Schrödinger’s equation to invoke quantized observables of some type—whether energy levels or planetary orbits? ", "The Bohr-Sommerfeld model of quantized energy levels of electrons around the nucleus, or quantized angular momentum, could be visualized as little planets revolving around a nucleus-sun. ", "Is it now legitimate to invoke quantum theory to describe planetary orbits? ", "Wasn’t Bohr’s theory superseded by the *new* quantum theory of Heisenberg and Schrödinger?", "\n\nThis letter addresses a single primitive aspect of these various questions: Can Schrödinger’s wave equation imply vortices without ad hoc appeals to other areas of physics? ", "If so, the goal is to demonstrate this in a simple, transparent methematical framework. ", "We want to know if a vortex can arise from a wave in Schrödinger’s wave equation.", "\n\nThe wave function as the complex power $z^c$\n--------------------------------------------\n\nConsider the wave function $\\psi = z^c$, where $z > 0$ is real, and $c = x + iy$ is complex. ", "We may expand $\\psi$, a complex number $\\psi = u + iv$, as follows: $$\\psi = u+iv = z^c = e^{c \\mbox{ }ln \\mbox{ }z} = e^{x \\mbox{ }ln\\mbox{ }z + iy\\mbox{ }ln\\mbox{ }z} = z^x [cos(y\\mbox{ ln }z) + i\\mbox{ } sin(y\\mbox{ ln }z)] .$$ For $\\psi$ to be analytic, we need it to satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{\\partial u}{\\partial x} = \\frac{\\partial v}{\\partial y} \\\\\n\\frac{\\partial u}{\\partial y} = -\\frac{\\partial v}{\\partial x} \\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\nu = z^x cos(y\\mbox{ ln }z)\\\\\nv = z^x sin(y\\mbox{ ln }z) .\\end{aligned}$$ We have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{\\partial u}{\\partial x} = z^x \\mbox{ ln }z\\mbox{ }cos(y\\mbox{ ln }z)\\\\\n\\frac{\\partial v}{\\partial y} = z^x \\mbox{ ln }z\\mbox{ }cos(y\\mbox{ ln }z)\\\\\n\\frac{\\partial u}{\\partial y} = -z^x \\mbox{ ln }z\\mbox{ }sin(y\\mbox{ ln }z)\\\\\n\\frac{\\partial v}{\\partial x} = z^x \\mbox{ ln }z\\mbox{ }sin(y\\mbox{ ln }z).\\end{aligned}$$ Hence the Cauchy-Riemann conditions are satisfied, and we may take the complex derivative $$\\frac{d\\psi}{d c} = \\frac{\\partial u}{\\partial x} + i \\frac{\\partial v}{\\partial x} = (\\mbox{ln }z)\\mbox{ }z^c = (\\mbox{ln }z)\\mbox{ } \\psi .$$ That is, the derivative of $\\psi$ with respect to $c$ is equal to $\\psi$ multiplied by $\\mbox{ln }z$. Taking the derivative simply contracts or stretches the length of $\\psi$ according to whether the absolute value of $\\mbox{ln }z$ is less than or greater than 1 (and changes the direction of $\\psi$ if $\\mbox{ln }z$ is negative).", "\n\nSimularly we have $$\\frac{d^2\\psi}{d c^2} = (\\mbox{ln }z)^2\\mbox{ } \\psi$$ The second derivative of $\\psi$ with respect to $c$ simply multiplies $\\psi$ by $(\\mbox{ln }z)^2$. That is, $(\\mbox{ln }z)^2$ is the eigenvalue of the differential operator $\\frac{d^2}{d c^2}$ with respect to the eigenvector $\\psi$.\n\nBecause $\\psi = u+iv$ is analytic, $u$ and $v$ satisfy Laplace’s equation $$\\frac{\\partial^2 u}{\\partial x^2} + \\frac{\\partial^2 u}{\\partial y^2} = 0 = \\frac{\\partial^2 v}{\\partial x^2} + \\frac{\\partial^2 v}{\\partial y^2} .$$ Agaih, because $\\psi (c)$ is analytic, we have from Cauchy’s theorem that for a simple closed curve $C$ that is sufficiently smooth $$\\oint_C \\psi(c) dc = 0$$ and the additional result that at a point $c = a$ inside C $$\\psi(a) = \\frac{1}{2\\pi i} \\oint_C \\frac{\\psi(c)}{c-a} dc .$$\n\nNote that since $\\psi^*\\psi = z^{2x}$, some restrictions are necessary in order for $\\psi$ to be normalizable. ", "The integral $\\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty} e^{2x\\mbox{ }ln\\mbox{ }z} dx$ converges provided $z<1, x>0$ or else $z>1, x< 0$. Otherwise we must restrict $x$ to $x \\in D$, where $D$ is some finite domain.", "\n\nWe now let $z = z(r_x,r_y,t)$ where $r_x$ and $r_y$ are position coordinates, and $t$ is time. (", "Note that we have already used $x$ and $y$ as components of the complex $c$—they are not position coordinates.) ", "Thus we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{\\partial \\psi}{\\partial t} = \\frac{c}{z} \\psi \\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial t}\\\\\n\\frac{\\partial \\psi}{\\partial r_x} = \\frac{c}{z} \\psi \\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x}\\\\\n\\frac{\\partial \\psi}{\\partial r_y} = \\frac{c}{z} \\psi \\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y}\\\\\n\\frac{\\partial^2 \\psi}{\\partial r_x^2} = \\frac{c}{z} \\psi \\frac{\\partial^2 z}{\\partial r_x^2}+\n\\frac{c^2}{z^2} \\psi (\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x})^2 -\\frac{c}{z^2} \\psi (\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x})^2\\\\\n\\frac{\\partial^2 \\psi}{\\partial r_y^2} = \\frac{c}{z} \\psi \\frac{\\partial^2 z}{\\partial r_y^2}+\n\\frac{c^2}{z^2} \\psi (\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y})^2 -\\frac{c}{z^2} \\psi (\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y})^2\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFinally, let’s substitute Eqs.(15-19) into Schrödinger’s wave equation $$i \\hbar \\frac{\\partial \\psi}{\\partial t} = -\\frac{\\hbar^2}{2m}[\\frac{\\partial^2 \\psi}{\\partial r_x^2} + \\frac{\\partial^2 \\psi}{\\partial r_y^2}] + U(r_x,r_y) \\psi .$$ We obtain $$i \\hbar \\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial t} + \\frac{\\hbar^2}{2m}[\\frac{\\partial^2 z}{\\partial r_x^2}+ \\frac{\\partial^2 z}{\\partial r_y^2} + \\frac{c-1}{z} ((\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x})^2 + (\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y})^2)] -\n\\frac{z}{c} U(r_x,r_y) = 0.$$ Note that the multiplier on potential energy $U$ can be rewritten $$\\frac{z}{c} = \\frac{zc^*}{(x^2+y^2)},$$ where $c^* = x-iy$.\n\nEq.(21) can be divided into real (R) and imaginary (I) parts: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{\\hbar^2}{2m}[\\frac{\\partial^2 z}{\\partial r_x^2}+ \\frac{\\partial^2 z}{\\partial r_y^2} + \\frac{x-1}{z} ((\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x})^2 + (\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y})^2)] -\n\\frac{zx}{(x^2+y^2)} U(r_x,r_y) = 0\\mbox{ } (R)\\\\\n\\hbar \\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial t} + \\frac{\\hbar^2}{2m}\\frac{y}{z} [(\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x})^2 + (\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y})^2)] +\n\\frac{zy}{(x^2+y^2)} U(r_x,r_y) = 0 \\mbox{ }(I)\\end{aligned}$$ We now make some simplifications. ", "Let $x = 1$ and $y = 2$. We have $(x^2+y^2) = 5$. This yields as our real and imaginary equations $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{\\partial^2 z}{\\partial r_x^2}+ \\frac{\\partial^2 z}{\\partial r_y^2} - \n\\frac{2mz}{5\\hbar^2} U(r_x,r_y) = 0\\mbox{ } (R)\\\\\n\\frac{m}{\\hbar} \\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial t} + \\frac{1}{z}[(\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x})^2 + (\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y})^2)] + \\frac{2mz}{5\\hbar^2} U(r_x,r_y) = 0 \\mbox{ }(I)\\end{aligned}$$ Note that Eqs.(25-26) are dictated by Schrödinger’s wave equation.", "\n\nFor a fixed potential $U(r_x,r_y) = U_f$, simple solutions to the real (R) equation, Eq.(25), are $$z = e^{\\pm \\frac{1}{\\sqrt 2}(r_x + r_y)\\sqrt{ \\frac{2m}{5\\hbar^2} U_f}} .$$\n\nThe vortex\n----------\n\nThe imaginary equation, Eq.(26) is more interesting. ", "Again we consider a fixed potential $U_f$. The term $(\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x})^2 + (\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y})^2$ is the equation for a circle whose components are $\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x}$ and $\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y}$. The radius of the circle is determined by $z[\\frac{m}{\\hbar} \\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial t} + \\frac{2mz}{5\\hbar^2} U_f]$. Whether the circle expands or contracts—thereby creating a *spiral*—depends on $\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial t}$. A spiral is simply a *vortex* restricted to two dimensions. ", "So, without loss of generality—since we can easily make $z$ a function of three location co-ordinates—we shall refer to a spiral as a vortex. ", "Thus we have that the imaginary part of the Schrödinger equation yields for the wave function $\\psi = z^c$ a vortex solution. ", "Waves can be vortices also. ", "Recall in this connection Eqs.(10-11), which show that changes in $c$ do not materially change the nature of the underlying wave. ", "So our use of specific values for $x$ and $y$ in $c = x+iy$ does not change the nature of this conclusion. ", "In the spirit of ’there be dragons here’ written on medieval maps, we can say ’there be vortexes here’.", "\n\nOne simple solution to the imaginary (I) equation, Eq.(26), is $$z = e^{k(r_x+r_y)-3k^2\\frac{\\hbar}{m} t}$$ where $$k = \\sqrt{ \\frac{2m}{5\\hbar^2} U_f} .$$\n\nWe can see the motion of the vortex by solving for $u$ and $v$ in $$\\psi = u+iv = z^c = e^{k(r_x+r_y)-3k^2 \\frac{\\hbar}{m}t + i2k(r_x+r_y)-6ik^2\\frac{\\hbar}{m} t} .$$ Hence $$\\begin{aligned}\nu = e^{k(r_x+r_y)-3k^2\\frac{\\hbar}{m} t }cos(2k(r_x+r_y)-6k^2 \\frac{\\hbar}{m}t) \\\\\nv = e^{k(r_x+r_y)-3k^2\\frac{\\hbar}{m} t }sin(2k(r_x+r_y)-6k^2 \\frac{\\hbar}{m}t).\\end{aligned}$$ In the (u,v) plane for $\\psi$, the initial radius $\\sqrt{(u^2+v^2)}$ of the vortex at $t = 0$ is $e^{k(r_x+r_y)}$.\n\nWhat is the meaning of $(\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x})^2 + (\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y})^2$? ", "We find $\\frac{1}{z}[(\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x})^2 + (\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y})^2] = 2k^2 z$. So the derivatives of $z$ with respect to the position co-ordinates describe a circle with radius $kz\\sqrt{2}$. Now, since $z$ is changing with time $t$, that means the radius of the circle is changing. ", "Assuming $r_x+r_y > 0$, the radius shrinks to $k\\sqrt{2}$ at time $t = \\frac{m}{\\hbar} \\frac{r_x+r_y}{3k}$ where $z = 1$ and the wave function $\\psi = z^c$ collapses into $\\psi = u = 1$. An alternative solution to the imaginary equation, Eq.(26), is $z = e^{-k(r_x+r_y)-3k^2 \\frac{\\hbar}{m}t}$, in which case $z$ and the radius of the circle shrink to a point as $t \\rightarrow \\infty$ and $z\\rightarrow 0$, and the wave function $\\psi = z^c$ collapses into the origin. ", "Thus, for an ensemble of vortex waves, their collapse produces a binary sequence of 0s and 1s.", "\n\nWe have assumed $r_x+r_y > 0$. If $r_x+r_y < 0$, we simply multiply $r_x+r_y$ by -1 and apply the other solution. ", "So, without loss of generality, we will assume $r_x+r_y > 0$.\n\nIf a vortex collapses into 0, we will call it a *0-vortex*; if a vortex collapses into 1, we will call it a *1-vortex*. ", "The 0-vortices and 1-vortices occur as solution pairs to the imaginary (I) Schrödinger equation. ", "If they are produced in equal quantities, but have different times-to-live, there will be an asymmetry in the observed types of vortices, and hence in their collapsed remainders—more 0s than 1s, or vice-versa. ", "Since 0-vortices live longer than 1-vortices, there are initially more 1-vortices that have collapsed into 1s, and thus more 1s than 0s. ", "However, since 0-vortices are longer lived, we presume their number increases relative to 1-vortices, until eventually the number of 0-vortices collapsing to 0 at any time is equal to the number of 1-vortices collapsing to 1. ", "Thus the number of 0s and 1s would occur in equal proportions, but there would be more 0-vortices than 1-vortices.", "\n\nThe wave function $\\psi$ can be normalized to unity. ", "We will calculate normalizing constants $A_0$ and $A_1$ for 0-vortices and 1-vortices, respectively.. For 0-vortices, the value of the integral $$\\int_{0}^{\\infty} \\psi^*\\psi dt = e^{-2k(r_x+r_y)} \\int_{0}^{\\infty}e^{-6k^2\\frac{\\hbar}{m} t} dt = \\frac{e^{-2k(r_x+r_y)}}{6k^2\\frac{\\hbar}{m}}.$$ So a normalizing constant is $A_0 = e^{k(r_x+r_y)}k\\sqrt{6\\frac{\\hbar}{m}}$. For 1-vortices, the value of the integral $$\\int_{0}^{\\frac{m}{\\hbar}\\frac{r_x+r_y}{3k}} \\psi^*\\psi dt = e^{2k(r_x+r_y)} \\int_{0}^{\\frac{m}{\\hbar}\\frac{r_x+r_y}{3k}}e^{-6k^2 \\frac{\\hbar}{m}t} dt =\n \\frac{e^{2k(r_x+r_y)}}{6k^2\\frac{\\hbar}{m}} \\int_0^{2k(r_x+r_y)} e^{-y} dy =\n \\frac{e^{2k(r_x+r_y)}-1}{6k^2\\frac{\\hbar}{m}}.$$ So a normalizing constant is $A_1 = k\\sqrt{6\\frac{\\hbar}{m}}(e^{2k(r_x+r_y)}-1)^{-\\frac{1}{2}}$. From the ratio of the squared normalzing constants, $[A_0/A_1]^2$, we expect the ratio of 0-vortices to 1-vortices to be $[e^{4k(r_x+r_y)}-e^{2k(r_x+r_y)}]$, because this would equalize probabilities in the production of 0s and 1s.", "\n\nNow consider again the gradient compoents of $z$. For 1-vortices, both differential operators $\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial r_x}$ and $\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial r_y}$ have the same eigenvalue $k$. Thus the three-dimensional map $(\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x},\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y},z)$ begins at the lower boundary point $(k,k,1)$ and forms a straight line away from the origin given by $(kz,kz,z)$ for $z>1$. For 0-vortices, the eigenvalues of the differential operators are both $-k$, so the same map begins at the upper boundary point (on $z$) $(-k,-k,1)$ and forms a straight line into the origin given by $(-kz,-kz,z)$ for $z<1$. There is a one-to-one mapping between these two lines given by $(kz,kz,z) \\rightarrow (-k/z,-kz,1/z)$ for $z>1$. As $z\\rightarrow \\infty$, $1/z \\rightarrow 0$. We can think of constructing these two line seqments as follows. ", "We start with a 45-degree line, a ray, in the First Quadrant of the plane $(\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x},\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y})$, and snip it at $(k,k)$. We reflect the shorter snipped piece around the origin to $(-k,-k)$ in the Third Quadrant. ", "The two line segments form the basis for the vortex pairs. ", "However, if we square the co-ordinates, and map $(k^2 z^2, k^2 z^2,z^2)$, the two line segments are reunited into a continuous ray in the First Quadrant begining at the origin. ", "Thus the two vortex solutions are hidden in $\\frac{\\partial^2 z}{\\partial r_x^2}+\\frac{\\partial^2 z}{\\partial r_y^2}$ by a quadratic uniting of the two line segments which are in fact disconneted in the $(\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_x},\\frac{\\partial z}{\\partial r_y})$ plane.", "\n\nEnergy levels in the vortex\n---------------------------\n\nFrom Eqs.(31-32) the multiplier on time $t$ is $$6k^2 \\frac{\\hbar}{m} = \\frac{E}{\\hbar}$$ and thus the energy $E$ is $$E = \\frac{12}{5}U_f.$$ The total energy $E$ is $\\frac{12}{5}$ the potential energy $U_f$. This value is a function of our choices for $x$ and $y$.\n\nFor quantized energy levels, we can replace $U_f$ by the potential $U(E)$. Let $\\{E_j\\}$ be a set of real numbers (eigenvalues) with $E_0<E_1<...<E_j<E$, where we define $j$ by the unit step function $\\lambda(\\cdot)$, namely, $j+1 = \\sum_{i=0}^{\\infty} \\lambda(E-E_i)$. Then we define $U(E)$ as $$\\begin{aligned}\nU(E) = \\frac{5}{12} E_0, j = 0\\\\\nU(E) = \\frac{5}{12}[\\sum_{i=0}^{\\infty} \\lambda (E-E_i)E_i-\\sum_{i=0}^{j-1}E_i], j>0.\\end{aligned}$$ Note that $\\sum_{i=0}^{\\infty} \\lambda (E-E_i)E_i$ is simply the sum of eigenvalues less than $E$. Eq.(36) is replaced by $E = E_j$. Then a solution for the 1-vortices is, from Eq.(28), $$z = e^{k(r_x+r_y)-3k^2 t}$$ where $$k = \\sqrt{ \\frac{2m}{5\\hbar^2} U(E)} .$$ The potential $U(E)$ is the largest energy eigenvalue $E_j$ permitted by $E$ (multiplied by a scale factor $\\frac{5}{12}$), so the solution for $\\psi = z^c$ is quantized with angular frequency $\\omega = \\frac{E_j}{\\hbar}$.\n\nUpon a transition from $E_{j-1}$ to $E_j$, the change in $k$ is $$\\triangle k = \\sqrt{ \\frac{m}{6\\hbar^2}} [\\sqrt{E_j}-\\sqrt{E_{j-1}}],$$ so that $k$ follows the jump process $$dk = \\sqrt{ \\frac{m}{6\\hbar^2}} \\sqrt{dE}.$$ Similar reasoning applies to 0-vortices. ", "For a fixed $k$, the time evolution is a smooth function of $t$, but jumps as energy $\\triangle E$ is released or absorbed according to the step function $U(E)$.\n\nConclusion\n----------\n\nThis letter has demonstrated that the ordinary linear Schrödinger wave equation generates vortex solutions for the class of wave functions represented by $\\psi = z^c$, where $z>0$ is real, and $c = x+iy$ is complex. ", "Recently the author generalized Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle to apply to stable amplitudes $s_{\\alpha,\\beta}$ [@JOG]. ", "Heisenberg considered only the Gaussian case where $\\alpha = 2$. However, for stable amplitudes with $\\alpha \\rightarrow 0$, quantum uncertainty occurs at a macroscopic level. ", "This in itself suggests that applying Schrödinger’s equation(s) to macroscopic domains may be legitimate. ", "Moreover, when one finds that vortices are an intrinsic part of the Schrödinger equation, at least in certain circumstances, then the occurrence of vortices at all levels of the Universe is suggestive of a fractal structure, where correspondences are obtained by scaling and dimensional adjustment. (", "The Hausdorf dimension of a stable process $s_{\\alpha,\\beta}$ is $\\alpha$.) In this case we would not need Bohr’s correspondence principle of a transition from the quantum to the classical level: the fractal structure itself would *be* the correspondence principle. ", "All of this, of course, must be subjected to observation and experiment.", "\n\nIn this vane, Nottale’s quantization of planetary motion isn’t so far-fetched. ", "Of course Nottale [@LN] has argued for a scale-relative universe, but depletes much of the force of his thesis by also arguing that $\\alpha$ must equal 2. ", "Another Gaussian interpretation, coupling the Schrödinger equation to the Poisson equation and leading to a lognormal galaxy distribution, is described in [@PC].", "\n\nNeto *et. ", "al.* [", "@Neto] use a Schrödinger-type diffusion equation to calculate planetary mean distances, the results of which agree with all known planetary orbits and the asteroid belt in the solar system, with three empty slots. ", "In deriving their result they substitute for $\\hbar$ the much larger parameter $g^* = 3.6 \\times 10^{42} J\\cdot s$. This suggests the domain of applicability of Schrödinger’s equation is a matter of scaling (’as below, so above’).", "\n\nVolovik [@GV] examines vortices in superconductors, superfluids, and low-density atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, without making any reference to the Schrödinger wave equation. ", "However, a nonlinear Schrödinger equation has been explicitly offered as a model of superfluidity [@RB]. ", "This is further indication of the universal applicability of the Schrödinger equation.", "\n\n[99]{}\n\nColes P. ‘The wave mechanics of large-scale structure’, arXiv: astro-ph/0209576, 27 Sept. 2002.", "\n\nGrabbe J. Orlin, ‘Heisenberg’s wave packet reconsidered’, arXiv: quant-ph/0509045, Sept 11, 2005.", "\n\nNeto M. de Oliviera, L.A. Maia, and S. Carniero, ‘An alternative theoretical approach to describe planetary systems through a Schrödinger-type diffusion equation’, arXiv: astro-ph/0205379, 30 June 2003.", "\n\nNottale Laurent, ‘Scale relativity, fractal space-time, and quantum mechanics,’ *Chaos, Solitions and Fractals* 4, 361-388, 1994.", "\n\nRoberts Paul and Natalie G. Berloff, “The nonlinear Schrödinger equation as a model of superfluidity’, http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/ngb23/publications/review.pdf\n\nVolovik G.E., ‘Vortices observed and to be observed’, arXiv: cond-mat/0005431, 20 July 2000.", "\n" ]

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[ "Leading sporting codes have chosen The Star Sydney to support the delivery of their gala events and award ceremonies over the past two months, including the popular Sydney Swans Club Champion Dinner, the renowned NSW Rugby League Brad Fittler Medal and the glitzy NRL Dally M Awards.", "\n\nJayson Heron, Director of Sales at The Star said Sydney’s premier events and entertainment destination is proud to play a part in recognising sport at the top of its level with the hospitality and event management of his award winning team.", "\n\n“As a nation star struck by sporting heroes and comprised of avid viewers and participants in a vast range of sporting disciplines; formal award galas are one of the best ways to acknowledge the efforts of our country’s top athletes, and The Star is proud to be a supporting partner in doing so,” said Mr Heron.", "\n\nSuch events included the 2015 Sydney Swans Club Champion Dinner on Friday 9 October, where the much lauded Bob Skilton Medalist was awarded during a luxe gala dinner. ", "Veteran players Rhyce Shaw and Adam Goodes addressed the audience, ascending the Event Centre stage for the final time as Swans players, while the 700 guests enjoyed a gourmet three-course dinner.", "\n\nThe who’s who of New South Wales Rugby League descended on The Star Event Centre for the annual Brad Fittler Medal on Monday 14 September. ", "Rugby league royalty attended the exclusive black-tie occasion to celebrate the state’s best players, with Blues full-back, Josh Dugan claiming the 2015 Brad Fittler Medal in front of 650 attendees.", "\n\nThe evening’s proceedings celebrated The Star’s three-year partnership as an official partner and home of NSW Rugby League and the NSW VB Blues.", "\n\nOn Monday 28 September, 750 high profile members of the NRL community celebrated the Dally M’s at the Event Centre. ", "Making use of the complex’s luxury accommodation offering, suites in The Darling hotel were transformed into Dally M Styling Suites for use by the wives and girlfriends to prepare. ", "VIPs then made their glamorous arrival at the main event in front of the massive media pack who lined the red carpet entrance on Pirrama Rd at The Star.", "\n\nMr Heron said that The Star Event Centre is the venue of choice for sporting gala events due to the venue’s flexibility and advanced technical offering for award dinners, including a huge and highly versatile LED wall, superior AV and technology and the ability to consistently produce restaurant quality cuisine.", "\n\n“These gala events offer the opportunity to celebrate our high-achieving sportspeople and The Star is proud to be the venue this industry turns to when they need a venue that’s versatile, elegant, and technologically advanced,” said Mr Heron." ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction {#sec1-molecules-23-02514}\n===============\n\nXiaoyao Powder (XYP), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, was first described in the Taiping Huimin Heji Jufang during the Song Dynasty of China (960--1127 AD). ", "This formula has been widely used to treat liver damage and as an antidepressant for more than 2000 years \\[[@B1-molecules-23-02514],[@B2-molecules-23-02514],[@B3-molecules-23-02514],[@B4-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, XYP consists of Radix Bupleuri (*Bupleurum chinense* DC), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (*Angelica sinensis* (Oliv.) ", "Diels), Radix Paeoniae Alba (*Paeonia lactiflora* Pall.), ", "Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (*Atractylodes macrocephala* Koidz.), ", "Poria (*Poria cocos* (Schw.) ", "Wolf), Radix Glycyrrhizae (*Glycyrrhiza uralensis* Fisch.), ", "Herba Menthae (*Mentha haplocalyx* Briq.) ", "and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (*Zingiber officinale* Rosc.) ", "in a ratio of 5:5:5:5:5:4:1:1 \\[[@B5-molecules-23-02514]\\].", "\n\nIn our previous study, the components of XYP were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), yielding a comprehensive list of compounds in XYP \\[[@B6-molecules-23-02514],[@B7-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "XYP and these principle constituents showed sufficient hepatoprotective effects on hepatic fibrosis induced in rats by CCl~4~ \\[[@B8-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "Pharmacokinetics is helpful to evaluate the rationality and compatibility of Chinese herbal medicine or prescription, in terms of efficacy and toxicity \\[[@B9-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "Up to now, there are no reports on which of these XYP compounds are absorbed, nor which may have a key role in the pharmacokinetics of XYP.", "\n\nFirstly, a serum pharmacochemistry study was performed, where we tried to determine the components' plasma absorption after oral administration of XYP to rats. ", "In the pilot study, 14 compounds were identified by UPLC-MS/MS as chemical entities that were absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. ", "Some of these compounds have been reported to be related with hepatoprotective or antidepressant effects. ", "Radix Bupleuri is a principal herb in this formula for liver disorder treatment, and quercetin, saikosaponin a and saikosaponin c from this herb were proved to be the effective ingredients \\[[@B10-molecules-23-02514],[@B11-molecules-23-02514],[@B12-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "Bioactivity studies showed that ligustilide is the major compound in Radix Angelicae Sinensis connected with central nervous system protection \\[[@B13-molecules-23-02514],[@B14-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "As another main compound of Radix Angelicae Sinensis, ferulic acid showed protective activities against CCl~4~-induced liver injury in mice \\[[@B15-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "Liquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, and glycyrrhizic acid are the major hepatoprotective components of Radix Glycyrrhizae \\[[@B16-molecules-23-02514],[@B17-molecules-23-02514],[@B18-molecules-23-02514],[@B19-molecules-23-02514],[@B20-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "Paeoniflorin and albiflorin are the most abundant compounds in Radix Paeoniae Alba \\[[@B21-molecules-23-02514],[@B22-molecules-23-02514],[@B23-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "Senkyunolide I can protect nervus centralis against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury \\[[@B24-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat melancholia. ", "Its main active components are atractylenolide II and atractylenolide III \\[[@B25-molecules-23-02514],[@B26-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "Based on the pilot study described above and our literature review, we determined to study the pharmacokinetic characteristics of these 14 compounds (albiflorin, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin, atractylenolide III, ligustilide, atractylenolide II, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, saikosaponin c, glycyrrhizic acid, and saikosaponin a) that are most likely to represent the pharmacokinetic profile of XYP.", "\n\nPharmacokinetics studies of some of these 14 compounds in other Chinese formula or single herb have been reported. ", "However, the possibility of interaction between components in an herbal formula and the pharmacokinetic variation of one single compound in different formulas that a multiple-components pharmacokinetic study would be more likely to illustrate the pharmacokinetic profile of XYP. ", "An ultra-performance liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method is the best and high efficient approach for simultaneous determination of multiple compounds in a complex matrix \\[[@B27-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "Thus, the pharmacokinetic profiles for 14 compounds of XYP were described by UPLC-MS/MS. ", "A multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) pattern was selected as the quantification model to decrease the matrix effect. ", "The pharmacokinetic study of rats after oral administration of XYP fully verified the effectiveness of the method. ", "It is expected that the present work will provide helpful information on the mechanism (s) of action of XYP and understanding of the pharmacokinetics of multiple active components to further the effective clinical application and safety evaluation of Chinese medicines.", "\n\n2. ", "Results and Discussion {#sec2-molecules-23-02514}\n=========================\n\n2.1. ", "Method Validation {#sec2dot1-molecules-23-02514}\n----------------------\n\n### 2.1.1. ", "Specificity {#sec2dot1dot1-molecules-23-02514}\n\nThe representative chromatograms of blank plasma, blank plasma spiked with reference standards and IS, and plasma obtained after the oral administration of XYP are shown in [Figure 1](#molecules-23-02514-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Under the established optimal chromatographic conditions, no significant interfering peaks were observed at the analyte elution times, and no interference occurred between the IS and the 14 analytes.", "\n\n### 2.1.2. ", "Linearity and Calibration Curve {#sec2dot1dot2-molecules-23-02514}\n\nThe linearity regression equation, correlation coefficients, and linear ranges of the 14 analytes are shown in [Table 1](#molecules-23-02514-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Good linearity was obtained for all analytes. ", "The LLOQ values were appropriate for the quantitative detection of the analytes in pharmacokinetic studies.", "\n\n### 2.1.3. ", "Precision and Accuracy {#sec2dot1dot3-molecules-23-02514}\n\nThe precision and accuracy of the UPLC-MS/MS method ([Table 2](#molecules-23-02514-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}) were within acceptable limits. ", "The intra-day accuracy ranged from 90.39--106.52% with a precision of 1.21--11.71%. ", "The inter-day accuracy was 89.93--106.64% with a precision of 2.33--11.55%.", "\n\n### 2.1.4. ", "Extraction Recovery and Matrix Effect {#sec2dot1dot4-molecules-23-02514}\n\nMatrix effects and recovery in [Table 3](#molecules-23-02514-t003){ref-type=\"table\"} show that no endogenous substance in plasma has a significant effect on the ionization of the analyte. ", "The matrix effects were within an acceptable range 85.17% to 102.69%, and the mean extraction recoveries of the 14 analytes and IS were greater than 82.33%.", "\n\n### 2.1.5. ", "Stability {#sec2dot1dot5-molecules-23-02514}\n\nThe results of stability experiments ([Table 4](#molecules-23-02514-t004){ref-type=\"table\"}) showed that no significant degradation occurred. ", "The concentrations of the 14 analytes measured in the stability study were within 7.45% of the initial values. ", "The data indicated that all analytes in rat plasma were stable after storage at −20 °C for 30 days, after three freeze/thaw cycles, and after storage in the auto-sampler (4 °C) for 36 h.\n\n### 2.1.6. ", "Pharmacokinetic Study {#sec2dot1dot6-molecules-23-02514}\n\nThe validated UPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of 14 compounds in rat plasma after the oral administration of XYP at a dose of 4 g/kg (8-fold the clinical dosage). ", "The mean plasma concentration--time profiles are shown in [Figure 2](#molecules-23-02514-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and are presented in [Table 5](#molecules-23-02514-t005){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nPaeoniflorin and albiflorin are representative compounds of Radix Paeoniae Alba. ", "The absorption and elimination of paeoniflorin in rat plasma were faster, with more absorption and higher bioavailability than that of albiflorin. ", "Ferulic acid was detected in plasma at 5 min and the plasma concentration reached its peak (C~max~) at 0.2 h (T~max~) for rats ([Figure 2](#molecules-23-02514-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which was very quick and similar to the results found in the literature \\[[@B28-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "The t~max~ of atractylenolide II and atractylenolide III were similar due to their similar structures. ", "However, atractylenolide II and atractylenolide III showed significant differences in their absorption parameters. ", "The concentrations of the two compounds in XYP extract were similar, but higher levels in the AUC~0--t~ and C~max~ of atractylenolide III were observed, compared with atractylenolide II after intragastric administration of XYP extract. ", "The significant differences existed in the absorption of the PK parameters between atractylenolide II and III, which is correspondence with a pharmacokinetic study of atractylenolide II and III in rat plasma after intragastric administration of Baizhufuling extract. ", "This phenomenon may be caused by the higher polarity and slower elimination rate (t~1/2~) of atractylenolide III \\[[@B29-molecules-23-02514],[@B30-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "Quercetin is a widely used dietary flavonoid, which can be directly absorbed into epithelial cells in the intestine to enter the circulatory system finally. ", "Therefore, it can be more easily and faster absorbed in plasma with t~max~ of 0.1 h. The pharmacokinetic profile of liquiritin was similar to a previous report \\[[@B31-molecules-23-02514],[@B32-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "Liquiritin and senkyunolide I were rapidly absorbed and eliminated after oral administration. ", "Compared with previous study \\[[@B33-molecules-23-02514],[@B34-molecules-23-02514]\\], we found that they showed similar pharmacokinetic profile. ", "The study indicated that ligustilide reached a maximum concentration within approximately 0.3 h and the pharmacokinetic profile of ligustilide was accordance with a previous research \\[[@B35-molecules-23-02514]\\].", "\n\nAs flavonoid aglycones, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and quercetin reached the second maximal plasma concentrations at about 4 h, 4 h and 8 h. Saikosaponin a, saikosaponin c and glycyrrhizic acid are triterpene glycosides with double peaks in the plasma concentration-time curves as well. ", "This might be attributed to some factors that include enterohepatic recirculation, variable gastric emptying, multiple sites absorption, formulation, etc. ", "The first pass effect of liver and intestine probably contributed to the high concentration double peaks as well \\[[@B36-molecules-23-02514],[@B37-molecules-23-02514]\\]. ", "Several reasons could explain the double peak phenomenon of flavonoid aglycones. ", "Firstly, the phenomenon maybe caused with enterohepatic recirculation. ", "The enterohepatic circulation of flavonoids has been reported in serval studies. ", "Secondly, the flavonoid glycosides were probably hydrolyzed to flavonoid aglycones by glucose hydrolase in vivo. ", "Thus, second absorption peaks of flavonoid aglycones existed. ", "The double peak plasma concentration-time curves of liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and liquiritin are identical to the literature ones \\[[@B33-molecules-23-02514],[@B38-molecules-23-02514]\\].", "\n\n3. ", "Materials and Methods {#sec3-molecules-23-02514}\n========================\n\n3.1. ", "Chemicals and Reagents {#sec3dot1-molecules-23-02514}\n---------------------------\n\nStandard compounds of albiflorin, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin, atractylenolide III, ligustilide, atractylenolide II, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, saikosaponin c, glycyrrhizic acid, saikosaponin a and naringenin as an internal standard (IS) (≥98% purity) were purchased from Chengdu Herbpurify Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). ", "The structures of these compounds are shown in [Figure 3](#molecules-23-02514-f003){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\nAcetonitrile (HPLC grade) was purchased from Fisher (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). ", "Ultrapure water with a sensitivity of 18.2 W was prepared from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). ", "All other chemicals were analytical grade.", "\n\n3.2. ", "Instrumentation and Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) Analytical Conditions {#sec3dot2-molecules-23-02514}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nQuantitative analysis was conducted on a Waters^®^ Micromass^®^ Quattro Premier™ XE triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA). ", "Chromatographic separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLCTM BEH C18 column (1.7 µm, 50 × 2.1 mm; Waters Corp.) equipped with an ACQUITY UPLC C18 guard column. ", "The column temperature was maintained at 35 °C. ", "The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and acetonitrile (B). ", "The total flow rate was 0.3 mL/min. ", "Chromatographic separation was achieved using a 14.5-min gradient elution. ", "The gradient conditions of the mobile phase were as follows: 0--4 min, 4--22% (B); 4--5 min, 22--27% (B); 5--10 min, 27--50% (B); and 10--14.5 min, 50--96% (B). ", "The samples were kept at 4 °C in the auto-sampler, and the injection volume was 5 µL.\n\nThe mass spectrometer was operated using an electrospray ionization source in positive and negative ion modes. ", "Quantification was performed in positive or negative MRM mode. ", "The MS parameters for nine compounds (albiflorin, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin, atractylenolide III, ligustilide, and atractylenolide II) were optimized in the positive mode, whereas the MS parameters for the other five compounds (liquiritin, liquiritigenin, saikosaponin c, glycyrrhizic acid, and saikosaponin a) were optimized under negative ion mode. ", "The parameters of the mass spectrometer were set as follows: capillary voltage, 3.50 kV (+) and 3.0 kV (−); source temperature, 120 °C; and desolvation temperature 300 °C. ", "Argon was used as the collision gas at a pressure of approximately 2.89 × 10^−3^ mbar. ", "Nitrogen was used as the desolvation and cone gas with flow rates of 600 and 50 L/h, respectively. ", "In [Table 6](#molecules-23-02514-t006){ref-type=\"table\"}, the cone voltage and collision energy of each compound were optimized. ", "The dwell time was set as 0.2 s. All data collected were processed using Mass Lynx™ NT 4.1 software with the Quan Lynx™ program (Waters, Milford, MA, USA).", "\n\n3.3. ", "Preparation of Standards and Quality Control (QC) Samples {#sec3dot3-molecules-23-02514}\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n\nStock solutions (100 µg/mL) of albiflorin, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin, atractylenolide III, ligustilide, atractylenolide II, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, saikosaponin c, glycyrrhizic acid, saikosaponin a and naringenin (IS) were separately prepared in methanol. ", "The stock solutions of analytes were further mixed and diluted with methanol to yield standard working solutions. ", "The concentrations of the working solutions ranged from 0.46--480 ng/mL for albiflorin, 1.02--1080 ng/mL for paeoniflorin, 2.08--1100 ng/mL for ferulic acid, 2.70--1150 ng/mL for senkyunolide I, 2.15--1085 ng/mL for quercetin, 0.54--485 ng/mL for isoliquiritigenin, 1.05--1105 ng/mL for atractylenolide III, 1.44--1050 ng/mL for ligustilide, 0.51--480 ng/mL for atractylenolide II, 0.53--495 ng/mL for liquiritin, 1.13--1050 ng/mL for liquiritigenin, 0.48--510 ng/mL for saikosaponin c, 0.96--1120 ng/mL for glycyrrhizic acid, and 0.49--510 ng/mL for saikosaponin a. The working solution of IS was prepared by diluting the stock solution to a final concentration of 10 μg/mL using methanol. ", "Three levels of QC samples (low, intermediate and high) were prepared in the same manner. ", "All samples were stored at −20 °C.", "\n\n3.4. ", "Preparation and Quality Assessment of XYP Extract {#sec3dot4-molecules-23-02514}\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe crude plant materials purchased at Tongren Tang. ", "Professor Zhang Ning of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine identify correct plants by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015. ", "The Identification results were preserved in Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. ", "The crude powders of Radix Bupleuri (100 g), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (100 g), Radix Paeoniae Alba (100 g), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (100 g), Poria (100 g), Radix Glycyrrhizae (80 g), Herba Menthae (20 g), and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (20 g) were mixed together and refluxed with 60% ethanol for 2 h three times. ", "The filtered decoctions are merged, evaporated under reduce pressure at 50 °C and lyophilized with a yield of 26.1%. ", "To calculate the administration dose, the 14 target compounds in XYP extract were determined by UPLC-MS/MS.", "\n\nThe dried extract was dissolved in 70% methanol with a solid--liquid ratio of 30:1 mg/mL (*w*/*v*), after centrifugation, supernatant was injected into the detector. ", "Then, the content is calculated using the obtained standard curve. ", "The quantitative result showed the contents of albiflorin, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin, atractylenolide III, ligustilide, atractylenolide II, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, saikosaponin c, glycyrrhizic acid, saikosaponin a in XYP extract to be 0.62, 1.7, 5.46, 1.45, 0.70, 0.13, 1.42, 0.14, 1.01, 1.42, 1.23, 0.10, 1.12, 0.09 mg/g, respectively.", "\n\n3.5. ", "Plasma Sample Preparation {#sec3dot5-molecules-23-02514}\n------------------------------\n\nMethanol (1.5 mL), 10 μg/mL IS and 300 μL plasma was mixed, then vortexed for 1 min. ", "After centrifuging at 14,000× *g* for 10 min, the supernatant was put into another centrifuge tube. ", "The residue was vortexed with another 1.5 mL methanol and centrifuged again, and the two supernatants were combined and evaporated to dryness under a flow of nitrogen gas at 40 °C. ", "The residue was then dissolved in 100 μL methanol and vortexed for 1 min. ", "Finally, the vortexing and centrifugation process was again repeated, and 5 μL of the supernatant was injected into the UPLC-MS/MS system for analysis.", "\n\n3.6. ", "Method Validation {#sec3dot6-molecules-23-02514}\n----------------------\n\n### 3.6.1. ", "Specificity {#sec3dot6dot1-molecules-23-02514}\n\nSpecificity was assessed by a comparing the chromatograms of blank plasma, blank plasma with the 14 compounds and IS and a plasma sample obtained after the oral administration of XYP.", "\n\n### 3.6.2. ", "Linearity and Lower Limit of Quantitation (LLOQ) {#sec3dot6dot2-molecules-23-02514}\n\nThe calibration curves were constructed by the plot of the peak area ratios of the analytes versus the IS against the concentrations of the standards and weight coefficient was 1/x^2^. The LLOQ was defined as the lowest concentration on the standard curve that could be quantitated with an accuracy of 80--120% and a precision (relative standard deviation, RSD, %) value not exceeding 20%.", "\n\n### 3.6.3. ", "Precision and Accuracy {#sec3dot6dot3-molecules-23-02514}\n\nIntra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were evaluated from replicate analyses (*n* = 6) of XYP samples containing different concentrations of analytes (low, intermediate, and high). ", "The results confirm that the proposed method provides satisfactory accuracy and precision for the quantitation of all 14 analytes.", "\n\n### 3.6.4. ", "Extraction Recovery and Matrix Effect {#sec3dot6dot4-molecules-23-02514}\n\nThe extraction recoveries of the analytes at the three QC levels were determined by comparing the peak areas obtained from 14 extracted QC samples with those obtained from pure reference standards spiked into post-extracted blank rat plasma at the same concentrations. ", "The matrix effects were evaluated by comparing the peak areas obtained from samples for which the extracted matrix was spiked with a standard solution to those obtained from a pure reference standard solution at the same concentrations.", "\n\n### 3.5.5. ", "Stability {#sec3dot5dot5-molecules-23-02514}\n\nThe stabilities (expressed as relative error, RE, %) of the 14 analytes in plasma were assessed by analyzing the samples with three concentrations (high, intermediate, and low) during the sample storage and processing procedures. ", "The short-term stability was assessed by analyzing the QC samples kept in the auto-sampler (4 °C) for 36 h. To assess long-term stability, the QC samples were stored at −20 °C for 30 days. ", "Freeze-thaw stability was evaluated by subjecting the QC plasma samples to three complete freeze/thaw cycles from −20 °C to room temperature.", "\n\n3.7. ", "Pharmacokinetic Study {#sec3dot7-molecules-23-02514}\n--------------------------\n\nTwenty healthy female Sprague--Dawley rats (300 ± 20 g) were purchased from the Animal Safety Evaluation Center of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine (Heilongjiang, China). ", "All protocols for animal experiments were approved in accordance with the Regulations of Experimental Animal Administration issued by the State Commission of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China. ", "The rats were kept under a light/dark cycle of 12 h, within the temperature range of 24 °C ± 2 °C to room temperature, and at a humidity of 50 ± 10%. ", "All rats were fasted for 12 h before experimentation but were allowed to drink freely. ", "XYP extract was dissolved in water, and the rats were administrated orally with 4 g/kg XYP. ", "Blood samples were collected from the suborbital venous lexus at 0, 0.083, 0.17, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, 12 and 24 h into 1.5-mL heparinized polythene tubes before dosing. ", "The blood samples were immediately centrifuged at 4500 rpm for 10 min, and the plasma was stored at −80 °C until analysis. ", "The pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, t~max~, t~1/2~, Kel, AUC~0--t~, AUC~0--∞~, MRT~0--t~, MRT~0--∞~) were calculated with the software Winnolin 3.2.", "\n\n4. ", "Conclusions {#sec4-molecules-23-02514}\n==============\n\nA sensitive and selective UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and applied in a multi-component pharmacokinetic study of XYP administered orally to rats at a dose of 4 g/kg. ", "The developed method can be used to monitor albiflorin, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, senkyunolide I, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin, atractylenolide III, ligustilide, atractylenolide II, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, saikosaponin c, glycyrrhizic acid and saikosaponin a in rat plasma. ", "The compounds of different structural types (saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropionic acids, coumarin and phthalide) exhibited characteristic pharmacokinetic behaviors. ", "The UPLC-MS/MS method represents the first documented assay for the pharmacokinetic determination of the multiple active ingredients in XYP. ", "This method is expected to be valuable to identify bioactive constituents, elucidate mechanisms of action, and guide the rational clinical use of herbal medicines.", "\n\nThe study was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program, No. ", "81673621 and 81673581), Scientific Research Project of Harbin Normal University (No. ", "14XYG-03), Provincial Universities technological achievements Research and Cultivation fund (TSTAU-C2018020), Heilongjiang applied technology research and development fund (GA17C009).", "\n\n**Sample Availability:** Samples of the compounds and herbs are available from the authors.", "\n\nConceptualization, F.G. and N.Z.; Data curation, M.X. and Q.X.; Formal analysis, Q.X.; Funding acquisition, F.G.; Investigation, M.X. and H.Z.; Methodology, M.X. and Z.X.; Project administration, M.X. and F.G.; Resources, Q.X., F.G. and N.Z.; Software, H.Z. and M.L.; Supervision, N.Z.; Validation, Z.X. and M.L.; Visualization, H.Z.; Writing---riginal draft, M.X.; Writing---review & editing, F.G.\n\nThis research was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program, No. ", "81673621 and 81673581), Scientific Research Project of Harbin Normal University (No. ", "14XYG-03), Provincial Universities technological achievements Research and Cultivation fund (TSTAU-C2018020), Heilongjiang applied technology research and development fund (GA17C009).", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n\n{#molecules-23-02514-f001}\n\n{#molecules-23-02514-f002}\n\n{#molecules-23-02514-f003}\n\nmolecules-23-02514-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nRegression equations, linearity and LLOQ.", "\n\n Analytes Regression Equation Correlation Coefficient (r^2^) Linear Range (ng/mL) LLOQ (ng/mL)\n --------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------\n Albiflorin y = 8.9467x + 43.276 0.9996 0.46--480 0.46\n Paeoniflorin y = 2.8358x + 51.224 0.9999 1.02--1080 1.02\n Ferulic acid y = 1.6548x + 0.5608 0.9989 2.08--1100 2.08\n Senkyunolide I y = 3.4788x − 1.5320 0.9997 2.70--1150 2.70\n Quercetin y = 1.9983x + 8.4101 0.9974 2.15--1085 2.15\n Isoliquiritigenin y = 44.035x + 25.188 0.9993 0.54--485 0.54\n Atractylenolide III y = 30.767x − 9.5428 0.9999 1.05--1105 1.05\n Ligustilide y = 2.3836x + 33.177 0.9989 1.44--1050 1.44\n Atractylenolide II y = 20.035x + 48.474 0.9990 0.51--480 0.51\n Liquiritin y = 17.470x + 52.527 0.9995 0.53--495 0.53\n Liquiritigenin y = 0.3824x + 5.4505 0.9993 1.13--1050 1.13\n Saikosaponin c y = 38.923x + 39.843 0.9988 0.48--510 0.48\n Glycyrrhizic acid y = 47.474x + 24.225 0.9994 0.96--1120 0.96\n Saikosaponin a y = 39.303x + 37.598 0.9990 0.49--510 0.49\n\nLLOQ: lower limit of quantification.", "\n\nmolecules-23-02514-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nIntra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy (*n* = 6).", "\n\n Analytes Normal Concentration (ng/mL) Intra-Day Inter-Day \n --------------------- ------------------------------ ----------------- ------- -------- ------------------ ------- --------\n Albiflorin 3.8 3.86 ± 0.17 4.38 101.67 3.66 ± 0.22 6.06 96.18\n 38.0 36.66 ± 2.77 7.55 96.48 39.20 ± 2.23 5.70 103.16\n 380.0 385.32 ± 23.40 6.07 101.40 388.22 ± 15.25 3.93 102.16\n Paeoniflorin 5.1 4.66 ± 0.39 8.33 91.34 4.94 ± 0.25 4.98 96.76\n 510.0 495.77 ± 6.01 1.21 97.21 491.59 ± 17.60 3.58 96.39\n 1020.0 1032.32 ± 36.04 3.49 101.21 1065.80 ± 70.41 6.61 104.49\n Ferulic acid 5.1 5.10 ± 0.15 2.89 100.96 5.11 ± 0.13 2.60 101.22\n 505.0 502.84 ± 29.69 5.90 99.57 486.81 ± 15.09 3.10 96.40\n 1010.0 1037.86 ± 84.16 8.11 102.76 1039.58 ± 102.41 9.85 102.93\n Senkyunolide I 4.2 4.13 ± 0.16 3.94 98.21 4.08 ± 0.19 4.65 97.02\n 42.0 39.15 ± 2.50 6.39 93.21 42.49 ± 2.41 5.67 101.17\n 840.0 778.87 ± 46.41 5.96 92.72 846.56 ± 35.76 4.22 100.78\n Quercetin 5.0 4.95 ± 0.15 2.98 98.15 4.94 ± 0.13 2.62 98.05\n 504.0 474.88 ± 41.79 8.80 94.22 494.74 ± 11.51 2.33 98.16\n 1008.0 1005.27 ± 43.45 4.32 99.73 980.91 ± 26.41 2.69 97.31\n Isoliquiritigenin 3.8 3.71 ± 0.18 4.98 98.89 3.46 ± 0.16 4.55 92.31\n 37.5 39.22 ± 1.65 4.21 104.59 39.25 ± 2.02 5.14 104.66\n 375.0 370.56 ± 43.39 11.71 98.82 390.86 ± 16.99 4.35 104.23\n Atractylenolide III 4.5 4.19 ± 0.25 5.93 93.19 4.23 ± 0.41 9.73 93.89\n 90.0 93.92 ± 9.80 10.43 104.35 95.97 ± 3.44 3.58 106.64\n 900.0 958.69 ± 59.32 6.19 106.52 931.56 ± 48.21 5.18 103.51\n Ligustilide 5.2 4.94 ± 0.15 3.06 95.03 4.86 ± 0.56 11.55 93.40\n 104.0 94.37 ± 8.39 8.89 90.74 96.37 ± 4.44 4.60 92.66\n 1040.0 940.05 ± 67.12 7.14 90.39 973.42 ± 57.66 5.92 93.60\n Atractylenolide II 2.4 2.33 ± 0.14 5.91 97.01 2.24 ± 0.08 3.42 93.19\n 48.0 47.12 ± 1.55 3.29 98.17 49.78 ± 1.92 3.87 103.70\n 480.0 469.78 ± 33.54 7.14 97.87 458.48 ± 24.18 5.27 95.52\n Liquiritin 2.1 1.94 ± 0.09 4.48 94.72 2.01 ± 0.11 5.39 98.21\n 41.0 39.30 ± 1.56 3.96 95.85 40.67 ± 3.16 7.76 99.19\n 410.0 383.02 ± 28.28 7.38 93.42 391.23 ± 20.06 5.13 95.42\n Liquiritigenin 4.5 4.20 ± 0.28 6.79 93.26 4.05 ± 0.28 6.96 89.93\n 90.0 93.48 ± 5.16 5.52 103.87 93.71 ± 2.87 3.06 104.12\n 900.0 952.35 ± 52.75 5.54 105.82 959.66 ± 71.44 7.44 106.63\n Saikosaponin c 1.2 1.16 ± 0.06 5.58 96.25 1.21 ± 0.06 5.02 101.11\n 24.0 22.33 ± 2.09 9.37 93.02 23.34 ± 2.08 8.89 97.26\n 480.0 504.04 ± 11.29 2.24 105.01 493.36 ± 13.73 2.78 102.78\n Glycyrrhizic acid 4.6 4.24 ± 0.34 8.03 92.25 4.32 ± 0.30 6.90 93.91\n 460.0 430.82 ± 24.47 5.68 93.66 434.50 ± 27.53 6.34 94.46\n 920.0 910.12 ± 33.66 3.70 98.93 935.77 ± 22.66 2.42 101.71\n Saikosaponin a 1.3 1.20 ± 0.06 5.20 94.23 1.17 ± 0.07 5.96 91.99\n 25.5 26.78 ± 1.18 4.42 105.01 23.51 ± 2.00 8.51 92.18\n 510.0 491.71 ± 14.57 2.96 96.41 496.81 ± 15.44 3.11 97.41\n\nRSD%: expressed as relative standard deviation.", "\n\nmolecules-23-02514-t003_Table 3\n\n###### \n\nExtraction recovery and matrix effect at low, intermediate and high concentration levels (mean ± SD, *n* = 6).", "\n\n Analyte Normal Concentration (ng/mL) Extraction Recovery (%) Matrix Effect (%)\n --------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------- -------------------\n Albiflorin 3.8 101.11 ± 2.90 95.28 ± 4.49\n 38 101.49 ± 4.99 93.33 ± 2.71\n 380 95.48 ± 6.14 93.81 ± 4.46\n Paeoniflorin 5.1 94.74 ± 4.63 92.58 ± 3.26\n 510 101.03 ± 5.86 95.36 ± 4.47\n 1020 94.73 ± 5.98 94.54 ± 3.24\n Ferulic acid 5.1 94.23 ± 5.33 91.89 ± 4.10\n 505 96.97 ± 3.00 86.75 ± 2.97\n 1010 99.97 ± 5.06 98.31 ± 5.77\n Senkyunolide I 4.2 105.77 ± 6.42 97.43 ± 4.98\n 42 103.25 ± 3.04 93.14 ± 3.80\n 840 109.75 ± 7.55 97.42 ± 5.82\n Quercetin 5 88.84 ± 2.40 88.56 ± 2.23\n 504 88.58 ± 3.61 95.25 ± 6.04\n 1008 88.58 ± 3.61 86.95 ± 3.81\n Isoliquiritigenin 3.8 95.24 ± 6.57 94.24 ± 6.16\n 37.5 103.67 ± 5.20 97.77 ± 2.90\n 375 97.68 ± 7.33 94.35 ± 3.53\n Atractylenolide III 4.5 94.92 ± 7.83 91.59 ± 6.30\n 90 87.21 ± 4.50 88.21 ± 3.10\n 900 95.53 ± 7.38 95.77 ± 7.23\n Ligustilide 5.2 87.68 ± 5.09 87.01 ± 3.67\n 104 85.53 ± 3.58 85.79 ± 3.37\n 1040 85.48 ± 3.99 86.81 ± 3.42\n Atractylenolide II 2.4 101.48 ± 7.06 98.42 ± 5.00\n 48 99.79 ± 3.81 94.96 ± 7.54\n 480 103.41 ± 7.25 98.41 ± 3.62\n Liquiritin 2.1 107.64 ± 7.48 98.62 ± 4.87\n 41 104.79 ± 2.57 94.62 ± 5.85\n 410 111.77 ± 2.80 102.69 ± 7.25\n Liquiritigenin 4.5 87.65 ± 4.41 87.32 ± 4.43\n 90 99.49 ± 7.97 99.49 ± 7.97\n 900 99.49 ± 7.97 94.66 ± 4.64\n Saikosaponin c 1.2 100.43 ± 6.77 92.73 ± 3.79\n 24 99.35 ± 7.45 93.85 ± 3.95\n 480 95.81 ± 8.53 95.81 ± 8.53\n Glycyrrhizic acid 4.6 82.33 ± 2.97 85.17 ± 4.42\n 460 85.67 ± 2.67 87.47 ± 2.05\n 920 85.18 ± 3.17 86.52 ± 4.03\n Saikosaponin a 1.3 93.02 ± 6.79 92.69 ± 6.93\n 25.5 88.10 ± 4.68 87.31 ± 4.75\n 510 90.20 ± 6.28 91.13 ± 5.58\n\nmolecules-23-02514-t004_Table 4\n\n###### \n\nStability evaluation results (*n* = 6).", "\n\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Analytes Spiked (ng/mL) Auto-Sampler\\ Long-Term\\ Freeze-Thaw\\ \n (4 °C, 36 h) (−20 °C, 30 Days) (−20 °C-Room Temperature) \n --------------------- ---------------- ----------------- ------------------- --------------------------- ------- ----------------- -------\n Albiflorin 3.80 3.91 ± 0.27 2.81 3.76 ± 0.50 −1.18 3.65 ± 0.06 −4.04\n\n 38.00 37.83 ± 2.50 −0.45 38.87 ± 1.83 2.29 37.00 ± 2.32 −2.64\n\n 380.00 389.79 ± 11.12 2.58 386.55 ± 12.40 1.72 385.16 ± 23.24 1.36\n\n Paeoniflorin 5.10 5.02 ± 0.18 −1.63 4.99 ± 0.07 −2.19 5.01 ± 0.21 −1.80\n\n 510.00 497.41 ± 11.78 −2.47 501.59 ± 11.11 −1.65 494.11 ± 8.68 −3.12\n\n 1020.00 1056.41 ± 30.28 3.57 1032.46 ± 35.15 1.22 1030.65 ± 34.59 1.04\n\n Ferulic acid 5.05 5.10 ± 0.06 0.92 5.10 ± 0.11 0.89 5.08 ± 0.11 0.66\n\n 505.00 481.27 ± 13.64 −4.70 491.81 ± 7.89 −2.61 486.01 ± 17.15 −3.76\n\n 1010.00 1000.91 ± 21.30 −0.90 1006.25 ± 27.81 −0.37 1016.19 ± 45.28 0.61\n\n Senkyunolide I 4.20 4.10 ± 0.13 −2.46 4.09 ± 0.13 −2.58 4.09 ± 0.09 −2.58\n\n 42.00 41.50 ± 3.05 −1.20 41.33 ± 3.09 −1.60 41.13 ± 3.11 −2.07\n\n 840.00 834.09 ± 23.38 −0.70 837.06 ± 26.59 −0.35 824.21 ± 18.77 −1.88\n\n Quercetin 5.04 4.95 ± 0.14 −1.85 4.93 ± 0.13 −2.28 4.94 ± 0.14 −1.95\n\n 504.00 494.39 ± 10.55 −1.91 493.07 ± 13.07 −2.17 491.55 ± 18.55 −2.47\n\n 1008.00 990.24 ± 31.42 −1.76 987.58 ± 36.41 −2.03 986.94 ± 24.22 −2.09\n\n Isoliquiritigenin 3.75 3.75 ± 0.16 −0.13 3.71 ± 0.16 −1.02 3.64 ± 0.34 −2.89\n\n 37.50 37.85 ± 1.42 0.94 38.08 ± 1.50 1.55 37.39 ± 1.90 −0.30\n\n 375.00 371.62 ± 13.67 −0.90 377.52 ± 13.03 0.67 364.56 ± 15.01 −2.78\n\n Atractylenolide III 4.50 4.48 ± 0.16 −0.37 4.41 ± 0.14 −2.11 4.44 ± 0.15 −1.26\n\n 90.00 91.66 ± 3.92 1.85 90.31 ± 2.21 0.34 92.25 ± 3.91 2.50\n\n 900.00 920.70 ± 44.64 2.30 919.90 ± 34.37 2.21 925.35 ± 39.89 2.82\n\n Ligustilide 5.20 5.05 ± 0.13 −2.82 5.02 ± 0.32 −3.40 5.09 ± 0.15 −2.08\n\n 104.00 101.10 ± 4.29 −2.79 99.70 ± 3.76 −4.14 102.04 ± 4.00 −1.89\n\n 1040.00 1023.55 ± 34.04 −1.58 1028.42 ± 35.42 −1.11 1023.38 ± 30.28 −1.60\n\n Atractylenolide II 2.40 2.37 ± 0.27 −1.25 2.49 ± 0.31 3.61 2.36 ± 0.10 −1.60\n\n 48.00 46.05 ± 4.17 −4.06 48.45 ± 6.78 0.93 47.29 ± 1.81 −1.48\n\n 480.00 478.79 ± 24.29 −0.25 465.14 ± 15.69 −3.10 478.11 ± 25.41 −0.39\n\n Liquiritin 2.05 1.96 ± 0.06 −4.39 1.96 ± 0.06 −4.23 1.99 ± 0.07 −2.85\n\n 41.00 40.59 ± 1.99 −1.01 40.50 ± 2.82 −1.22 39.80 ± 1.92 −2.93\n\n 410.00 409.01 ± 8.13 −0.24 407.90 ± 9.65 −0.51 409.52 ± 11.42 −0.12\n\n Liquiritigenin 4.50 4.50 ± 0.12 −0.07 4.35 ± 0.26 −3.41 4.41 ± 0.10 −1.93\n\n 90.00 90.20 ± 3.79 0.22 89.87 ± 3.18 −0.14 91.81 ± 3.04 2.01\n\n 900.00 910.32 ± 16.62 1.15 919.66 ± 9.21 2.18 912.35 ± 24.55 1.37\n\n Saikosaponin c 1.20 1.15 ± 0.14 −4.03 1.20 ± 0.09 −0.28 1.19 ± 0.18 −1.11\n\n 24.00 23.48 ± 1.37 −2.15 24.01 ± 2.90 0.04 23.49 ± 2.06 −2.12\n\n 480.00 492.33 ± 8.81 2.57 491.69 ± 4.90 2.44 491.04 ± 9.82 2.30\n\n Glycyrrhizic acid 4.60 4.62 ± 0.25 0.43 4.57 ± 0.19 −0.65 4.54 ± 0.25 −1.23\n\n 460.00 459.19 ± 22.29 −0.18 462.84 ± 28.06 0.62 447.49 ± 23.22 −2.72\n\n 920.00 920.55 ± 40.71 0.06 930.77 ± 22.18 1.17 910.12 ± 33.66 −1.07\n\n Saikosaponin a 1.27 1.32 ± 0.04 3.54 1.27 ± 0.09 −0.13 1.26 ± 0.10 −1.05\n\n 25.50 27.40 ± 3.34 7.45 25.17 ± 3.20 −1.29 26.19 ± 3.61 2.72\n\n 510.00 501.35 ± 16.88 −1.70 508.81 ± 8.83 −0.23 486.71 ± 15.18 −4.57\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nRE%: expressed as relative error.", "\n\nmolecules-23-02514-t005_Table 5\n\n###### \n\nThe main pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of XYP with 4 g/kg. ", "Data are presented as mean ± SD (*n* = 6).", "\n\n Analytes Parameters \n --------------------- ------------- ----------------- ------------- ------------- ------------------ ------------------ -------------- --------------\n Albiflorin 0.39 ± 0.09 58.28 ± 27.50 0.13 ± 0.06 7.11 ± 4.57 127.67 ± 64.94 135.02 ± 65.64 4.18 ± 1.58 6.34 ± 4.50\n Paeoniflorin 0.42 ± 0.09 586.92 ± 180.66 0.16 ± 0.06 4.82 ± 1.71 696.90 ± 210.89 717.61 ± 227.27 4.17 ± 1.38 4.91 ± 1.68\n Ferulic acid 0.21 ± 0.10 632.47 ± 244.04 0.15 ± 0.05 5.30 ± 1.85 1584.14 ± 850.88 1611.48 ± 852.75 3.97 ± 0.80 4.66 ± 0.52\n Senkyunolide I 0.36 ± 0.13 403.26 ± 201.00 0.18 ± 0.07 4.75 ± 2.78 1582.38 ± 985.86 1616.46 ± 967.01 5.31 ± 0.72 6.37 ± 2.39\n Quercetin 0.10 ± 0.03 491.43 ± 167.80 0.19 ± 0.07 4.09 ± 1.24 766.28 ± 410.22 781.69 ± 415.12 6.40 ± 0.85 7.03 ± 1.02\n Isoliquiritigenin 0.39 ± 0.09 33.58 ± 9.37 0.17 ± 0.12 5.82 ± 3.25 156.61 ± 76.73 185.17 ± 89.88 5.98 ± 1.50 7.81 ± 3.39\n Atractylenolide III 0.67 ± 0.26 229.66 ± 107.94 0.11 ± 0.05 6.95 ± 2.65 1044.70 ± 496.68 1125.88 ± 487.04 6.23 ± 1.55 8.60 ± 3.13\n Ligustilide 0.31 ± 0.13 64.97 ± 42.21 0.17 ± 0.10 5.44 ± 3.09 194.11 ± 57.72 207.32 ± 58.47 5.63 ± 2.32 7.47 ± 4.23\n Atractylenolide II 0.64 ± 0.29 22.48 ± 8.04 0.21 ± 0.07 3.54 ± 1.21 69.53 ± 25.72 70.15 ± 25.63 4.15 ± 0.82 4.43 ± 0.98\n Liquiritin 0.39 ± 0.09 57.93 ± 36.64 0.09 ± 0.04 9.32 ± 5.49 163.02 ± 91.45 180.94 ± 90.94 5.70 ± 1.25 10.17 ± 6.79\n Liquiritigenin 0.19 ± 0.07 33.17 ± 11.99 0.12 ± 0.06 6.43 ± 2.42 286.43 ± 144.06 328.43 ± 198.16 8.85 ± 1.09 11.49 ± 3.02\n Saikosaponin c 0.42 ± 0.09 0.96 ± 0.33 0.22 ± 0.11 4.23 ± 2.83 5.61 ± 1.92 5.93 ± 2.19 6.49 ± 1.17 7.67 ± 2.70\n Glycyrrhizic acid 0.33 ± 0.11 18.65 ± 6.61 0.12 ± 0.05 7.63 ± 5.35 138.46 ± 56.98 156.17 ± 59.56 10.06 ± 0.58 13.61 ± 5.72\n Saikosaponin a 0.42 ± 0.09 6.05 ± 1.30 0.12 ± 0.03 6.46 ± 2.57 16.26 ± 5.15 18.00 ± 6.88 6.61 ± 1.12 8.88 ± 3.49\n\nC~max~: the maximum plasma concentration. ", "t~max~: time to reach the maximum concentration. ", "t~1/2~: half-life. ", "AUC: area under the concentration-time curve. ", "Kel: Elimination rate constant.", "\n\nmolecules-23-02514-t006_Table 6\n\n###### \n\nPrecursor/product ion pairs and parameters for MRM of compounds used in this study.", "\n\n Analytes CAS No. ", " Retention Time (min) Precursor Ion Species MRM Transitions Precursor Ion → Product Ion (*m*/*z*) Cone Voltage (V) Collision Energy (eV)\n --------------------- ------------ ---------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ -----------------------\n Albiflorin 39011-90-0 2.94 481.50 \\[M + H\\]^+^ 481.50 → 104.90 10.00 20.00\n Paeoniflorin 23180-57-6 3.23 497.90 \\[M + NH~3~\\]^+^ 497.90 → 178.90 25.00 30.00\n Ferulic acid 1135-24-6 3.57 195.00 \\[M + H\\]^+^ 195.00 → 145.00 25.00 20.00\n Senkyunolide I 94596-28-8 4.97 225.10 \\[M + H\\]^+^ 225.10 → 207.00 10.00 20.00\n Quercetin 117-39-5 5.10 303.20 \\[M + H\\]^+^ 303.20 → 153.10 30.00 35.00\n Isoliquiritigenin 961-29-5 7.23 257.00 \\[M + H\\]^+^ 257.00 → 136.80 25.00 25.00\n Atractylenolide III 73030-71-4 9.22 249.00 \\[M + H\\]^+^ 249.00 → 231.00 15.00 10.00\n Ligustilide 81944-09-4 10.22 191.20 \\[M + H\\]^+^ 191.20 → 90.93 35.00 20.00\n Atractylenolide II 73069-14-4 10.82 233.30 \\[M + H\\]^+^ 233.30 → 91.00 25.00 30.00\n Liquiritin 551-15-5 3.76 417.00 \\[M − H\\]^−^ 417.00 → 255.00 35.00 20.00\n Liquiritigenin 578-86-9 5.30 255.00 \\[M − H\\]^−^ 255.00 → 135.00 25.00 30.00\n Saikosaponin c 20736-08-7 7.55 971.60 \\[M + COOH\\]^−^ 971.60 → 925.50 35.00 25.00\n Glycyrrhizic acid 1405-86-3 8.14 821.00 \\[M − H\\]^−^ 821.00 → 351.00 40.00 40.00\n Saikosaponin a 20736-09-8 8.76 825.40 \\[M + COOH\\]^−^ 825.40 → 779.60 35.00 45.00\n Naringenin 480-41-1 4.43 273.10 \\[M + H\\]^+^ 273.10 → 153.10 30.00 25.00\n Naringenin 480-41-1 4.46 271.10 \\[M − H\\]^−^ 271.10 → 151.10 30.00 25.00\n\nMRM: multiple reaction monitoring.", "\n" ]

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[ "Checks whether this shared_ptr precedes other in implementation defined owner-based (as opposed to value-based) order. ", "The order is such that two smart pointers compare equivalent only if they are both empty or if they both own the same object, even if the values of the pointers obtained by get() are different (e.g. because they point at different subobjects within the same object)\n\nThe text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. ", "You can help to correct and verify the translation. ", "Click here for instructions." ]

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[ "/*!", "\n * <%= title || name %>\n * <%= description %>\n * Copyright (c) <%= grunt.template.today(\"yyyy\") %> <%= _.pluck(contributors, \"name\").join(\", \") %>\n * Licensed <%= _.pluck(licenses, \"type\").join(\", \") %>\n * <%= homepage %>\n * v<%= version %>\n */\n" ]

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[ "Latin America • February 26, 2014 • Esther Kuperman\n\n“Nothing should seem natural. ", "Nothing should seem impossible to change.” — ", "Bertolt Brecht.", "\n\nBrazil is not an easy country to understand. ", "Over the past 20 years, despite the apparent changes in the relationship between state and society, there has not been in fact a substantial disruption in economic, social, and policy structures.", "\n\nThe rise of the Workers’ Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores, PT) and its election in 2002 have created an expectation of great changes in the political direction of Brazil. ", "However, despite the criticism of the economic model and the immense debt to the poorest sectors of the population, after the election, the Workers’ Party proved that it was as pragmatic as its predecessors: it tried to ensure “good governance,” i.e. the support of Parliament and its continuation in power.", "\n\nIn Brazil, despite the presidential system, the Executive Power has always depended on votes from the Parliament to guarantee the implementation of its\n\nprojects. ", "Without a majority in Parliament, no president can govern without making deals with Congress. ", "Without these deals, there is no\n\nguarantee that any governmental measure can be implemented. ", "As Parliament is for the most part conservative, many legislators would only commit themselves to support the Executive initiatives upon the release of funds for their regions and projects. ", "And this almost always involves shady transactions and embezzlement on the part of these legislators.", "\n\nAll previous governments followed these paths in order to ensure parliamentary support to public policies established by the Executive through the distribution of funds. ", "This is called “buying the deputies.” ", "And in practice it means buying parliamentary support upon the release of funds, often very substantial.", "\n\nBrazilian Realpolitik\n\nWith the PT (Workers’ Party) it was not different. ", "In order to ensure the continuity of government and the approval of its projects, the PT also played the game of parliamentarians, which eventually led to the involvement of the party in large deals, discovered two years after the inauguration of President Lula da Silva. ", "But, according to some members of the party, this practice was the only way to govern on account of the conservatism of institutions and elites: Realpolitik. ", "The exposure of these practices led to the first economic crisis and to the reduction of support for the party, especially among the middle strata of the population and public sector workers.", "\n\nAs a result, the Workers’ Party missed a great opportunity to make reforms in Brazilian political institutions and to ensure profound changes in the relationship between state and society. ", "These were the proposals that made the PT different from the other political parties before reaching power. ", "With the support it had in the early days of government, the PT could have withstood any pressure from the Congress to avoid changes. ", "By giving up the expectations of society and, in particular, of its electorate to implement political and institutional changes, the PT simply turned into a party like the others. ", "Currently this is widely understood by the masses.", "\n\nBut the great popularity of President Lula made his reelection possible and the election of his candidate, Dilma Rousseff. ", "To ensure a solid electoral base the PT has developed a set of compensatory policies that affected mainly the poorest sectors of the population. ", "By implementing programs that guarantee minimum income and a certain amount for families to obtain at least basic food to save its members from hunger, or to rise above the poverty line, the PT secured the support of the poorest segments of the population. ", "Since the implementation of these policies, it is this segment which represents the largest numbers of the party voters.", "\n\nHowever, this segment of Brazilian society has not changed its social status. ", "In addition to receiving money or food, the only condition for continuing to qualify for some money is to maintain a low income and keep children in school. ", "Thus, there has been no substantial change for these segments, except an improvement in the quality of their food. ", "With this, the PT seeks to demonstrate that its policies lead to the eradication of poverty, but also (and especially) ensure a faithful electorate among the needy and the subsequent harnessing of this constituency to the party, even though the crisis reaches other social groups. ", "And this is the crisis that the Workers’ Party is facing at this moment.", "\n\nNeoliberal Doctrine and Spending on Credit\n\nIn the last 10 years, a portion of the population still employed saw their purchasing power grow to the point of being able to reach a level of consumption never experienced before. ", "But this was not the result of higher salaries but the result of a policy of popularization of credit, both for home ownership as well as for durable and non-durable products. ", "Not only did this growth of the credit market result in a substantial increase of the internal market, it also created an alarming debtload for this poor sector of the population who had much of their income committed to the consumption of goods through easy and cheap credit. ", "As a result, the rate of default on these credit loans has increased while the domestic consumer market has decreased. ", "This lowering of the purchasing power is one of the factors that drove the population to express their dissatisfaction.", "\n\nSimilar to previous governments, the PT followed the neoliberal doctrine, i.e., it kept cutting and taxing pensions, eliminating public services, privatizing state corporations and deepening the internationalization of the Brazilian economy. ", "This was one of the factors that triggered the crisis, because the cuts in public spending resulting from these policies were not sufficient to ensure social investments.", "\n\nThe large and numerous demonstrations in the streets of big Brazilian cities (which had expanded to the medium and small cities) which occurred in recent months did not have the federal government as their main target, but rather the poor quality of public services (scrapped by past governments) and the modus operandi of Brazilian politics. ", "In this sense the demonstrations affect the PT, which did not establish any new political practice, and also all the other parties, whether in the coalition supporting the government or the opposition. ", "Therefore, all parties have lost credibility in Brazilian public opinion due to shady practices.", "\n\nFaced with a deep global economic crisis which substantially reduces the value of exports and is tied to conservative parties with which it made alliances to ensure good governance, the PT lost the flexibility and ability to respond to the movements that grow every day in the country.", "\n\nSuch movements, reflecting people’s frustration with the direction of society and the limits of the economic and social development of the country, did not just start now. ", "The strikes emerged two years ago in all parts of the country: teachers, firefighters, police, doctors, bus drivers, transit workers, etc. ", "While these segments were fighting for better wages and working conditions and were experiencing dissatisfaction with the care provided by the Brazilian state to the poorest, the state and development banks continued to finance the privatization of the productive structures and the consolidation of large national and international fortunes.", "\n\nCivil Society\n\nUnlike countries where the “Arab Spring” occurred, Brazil is a country in which, since the nineteenth century, there is already a civil society composed of unions, associations, clubs and all sorts of groupings by category, neighborhood or affinity of objectives which established itself throughout the twentieth century. ", "It is therefore a state whose institutional building dates back to the nineteenth century and whose civil society has achieved a high level of advanced and sophisticated organization.", "\n\nEven during the period between the 1960s and ‘80s of the twentieth century when the Brazilian state was ruled by the military, where all forms of social organization were attacked by the repressive apparatus, such associations remained alive, some operating and acting within the spaces allowed by authoritarian governments. ", "However, with the political opening that occurred during the 1980s, such organizations have lost their importance, and became increasingly so linked to the State as to drastically reduce their representation. ", "The culmination of this process occurred precisely in the last 30 years: with the neoliberal model came the reduction of the labour market and the number of workers formally employed, thus shrinking the power of the unions and associations.", "\n\nThe final blow to the network of class representation was given by the Lula government to subordinate the unions to favours and interests of the federal government. ", "Thus, what was left was a network of trade unions and labour federations with little or no representation with a reduced number of members in their categories or social groups, heavily dependent on state funding and with little or no ability to lead and drive social movements. ", "This fact can be confirmed by the small popular participation in demonstrations called by unions, compared with the demonstrations called by groups that emerged from the protests themselves, as the MPL (Free Pass Movement) in recent months. ", "All these factors have not prevented the emergence of the latest protests, but demonstrated that the old forms of organization did not produce or led movements, pointing to new spaces of articulation as well as for new leaders, whose origins and references are not in the old unions and the grassroots organizations.", "\n\nMobilizations that occurred in recent weeks in Brazilian cities advocated for immediate issues such as wage increases, reduction in the price and improvement in the quality of transportation, qualified medical care, public education, etc. ", "The demonstrations advocate funding for improvements in these sectors, but have not yet increased their understanding of the mechanisms that determine the allocation of the budgets. ", "The movement has not yet turned its attention to the crucial questions which prevent the state from guaranteeing greater social investments. ", "Such issues are the public debt and the policies of interest rate increases which result in greater state debt, preventing much of the budget to be used for services to the population. ", "Thus, such mobilizations work against the populist welfare state model implemented in the last 10 years, but still do not point to the big questions that ensure a high level of concentration of income in a country considered a “developing” country. ", "And there is no way of knowing whether the mobilizations will take this issue forward.", "\n\nIt is also impossible to define the type of organization that will emerge from these movements to replace the current representations worn out by the interference and by dependence to the state. ", "The crisis consists precisely in the fact that the old dies and the new is not able to be born. ", "Paramilitary groups, flags and fascist slogans have been detected in the demonstrations and social networks. ", "The connection of some of these groups with state agents has just been proven through photos and movies, but the fact is that at this context there is room for the emergence and articulation of such groups.", "\n\nThe disappointment toward parties and institutions is not new at times like this. ", "In the 1930s there was a similar process and we all know what happened.", "\n\nAll of this is unknown, but it is certain that Brazil will no longer be the same after these events. •" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to check selected elements for value with multiple name selection\n\nHow to alert only if the value of all the selected elements equals \"No\".", "\nI've tried to use .val, but not sure (if, or..) how to use .click to get the alert only when both radio buttons gets the value \"n\":\n\n $('input[name=\"q1\"], input[name=\"q2\"]').change(function() {\r\n if ($(this).val() == 'y') {\r\n alert('Yes if any');\r\n }\r\n else {\r\n // both radio buttons with \"No\" value: (how to)\r\n /*\r\n if ($(this).click().val == 'n'){\r\n alert('No if both');\r\n }\r\n */\r\n alert('No if both');\r\n }\r\n });\n<script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js\"></script>\r\n<div class=\"form-group\">\r\n <p>Q1</p>\r\n <input type=\"radio\" name=\"q1\" value=\"y\">Yes\r\n <input type=\"radio\" name=\"q1\" value=\"n\">No\r\n </div>\r\n \r\n <div class=\"form-group\">\r\n <p>Q2</p>\r\n <input type=\"radio\" name=\"q2\" value=\"y\">Yes\r\n <input type=\"radio\" name=\"q2\" value=\"n\">No\r\n </div>\n\nI want to show the second alert only when both radio buttons has the value of \"n\" but, I can't figure out how to get Jquery to check for the multiple values simultaneously/together in this case.", "\n\nA:\n\nuse && operator on inputs when they are checked. ", "Use the :checked selector for checking their checked status.", "\nThe condition you are looking for is this\nif($('input[name=\"q1\"]:checked').val() =='n' && $('input[name=\"q2\"]:checked').val()=='n')\n alert('No if both');\n }\n\n$('input[name=\"q1\"], input[name=\"q2\"]').change(function() {\r\n if ($(this).val() == 'y') {\r\n alert('Yes if any');\r\n }\r\n else {\r\n \r\n if($('input[name=\"q1\"]:checked').val() =='n' && $('input[name=\"q2\"]:checked').val()=='n')\r\n alert('No if both');\r\n }\r\n });\n<script src=\"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js\"></script>\r\n<div class=\"form-group\">\r\n <p>Q1</p>\r\n <input type=\"radio\" name=\"q1\" value=\"y\">Yes\r\n <input type=\"radio\" name=\"q1\" value=\"n\">No\r\n </div>\r\n \r\n <div class=\"form-group\">\r\n <p>Q2</p>\r\n <input type=\"radio\" name=\"q2\" value=\"y\">Yes\r\n <input type=\"radio\" name=\"q2\" value=\"n\">No\r\n </div>\n\n" ]

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[ "Kyavshan\n\nKyavshan is a village in the Kalbajar Rayon of Azerbaijan.", "\n\nIt is suspected that this village has undergone a name change or no longer exists, as no Azerbaijani website mentions it under this name.", "\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:Populated places in Kalbajar District" ]

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[ "k*i**2 and give n.\n0\nExpress 21*j - 16*j + 15*j + 20*j + 2*j**3 as h*j + s*j**3 + r*j**2 + b and give h.\n40\nRearrange (9 - 9 + 5*c**2)*((-3*c + 3*c - 2*c)*(4*c - 6*c + 0*c) + c**2 - 2*c**2 + 3*c**2) to i*c**3 + n + b*c + m*c**2 + z*c**4 and give z.\n30\nExpress 87*r - 88*r + 21 - 4*r**3 + 2*r**3 as h*r + y*r**2 + b + v*r**3 and give h.\n-1\nExpress -3*b**2 - 3*b**2 - 158*b**3 + 4*b**2 - 1 - 16*b + 156*b**3 in the form o*b + i*b**3 + g + k*b**2 and give k.\n-2\nExpress -29*a**3 - 5*a**2 - 3*a + 2*a**4 + 31*a**3 + 9*a**2 - 1 in the form w*a + k*a**3 + v*a**2 + s + o*a**4 and give w.\n-3\nExpress (-a + 3 - 3 + (1 + 0 + 1)*(-a - 4*a + 3*a) - a + 3 - 3)*(1 - 1 + 3*a**2)*(a - 6 + 5 + 7) as p*a + i*a**4 + d*a**3 + l + u*a**2 and give d.\n-108\nRearrange 0*x**2 - 6*x - 23*x + 2*x**3 + 7*x + 1 - 2*x**2 to the form j*x + a*x**2 + v*x**3 + w and give j.\n-22\nExpress -q**2 - 5*q**4 + 0*q**3 + 0*q**4 + 3*q**4 - 3*q**3 as w*q**2 + x*q + d*q**3 + t + n*q**4 and give d.\n-3\nExpress -3*p + 3*p - 2*p as y + o*p and give o.\n-2\nRearrange -5*b**2 + 16*b**2 - 58*b**2 to the form i*b + j*b**2 + o and give j.\n-47\nRearrange -30*k**2 + 90*k - 9*k**2 - 88*k to d + y*k + t*k**2 and give t.\n-39\nRearrange 0*a**2 + 4*a**2 - 2*a**2 - 3*a**2 + 4*a - 4*a + ((2 - 4 + 3)*(a + 0*a - 3*a) - 6*a - 3*a + a)*(4*a + 0*a - 2*a) to y + x*a + s*a**2 and give s.\n-21\nRearrange -73*l**2 - 11*l**2 + 41*l**2 to the form y*l + w + c*l**2 and give c.\n-43\nExpress (-2 + 6 - 2)*(6*r + 4*r**2 - 5*r + 1 - 33*r**2) in the form j*r + b*r**2 + p and give p.\n2\nExpress (-g + g - 7*g**3)*(-4 + 2 + 0)*(3*g - 2*g + 0*g) in the form r + f*g**3 + q*g**4 + k*g**2 + x*g and give q.\n14\nRearrange -10*k - 5*k**2 + 5*k + 13*k to the form x*k + q + z*k**2 and give x.\n8\nRearrange 9*b**4 - 2*b**4 - b**4 + (4*b**3 + 2*b**3 - 4*b**3)*(b - 4 + 4) + 4*b**4 - 2*b**4 + b**4 to q*b**3 + y*b + f*b**4 + z*b**2 + o and give f.\n11\nRearrange (4*k - k - 1 + 0)*(-5*k**2 + 5*k**2 - 3*k**2) to the form w*k**2 + s*k**3 + n + y*k and give w.\n3\nExpress -3*o**3 + 221 + o**3 + 4*o**2 - 6*o - 223 in the form x*o**3 + j*o**2 + u + q*o and give u.\n-2\nExpress 2*l**3 + 8*l**3 - 55 + 56 + 2*l**3 in the form t*l**3 + z*l + a + d*l**2 and give a.\n1\nRearrange -5*r**3 + 9*r**2 - 9*r**2 + (-1 + 1 + 2*r)*(3*r + r**2 - 3*r) to h*r**2 + p*r**3 + t*r + b and give p.\n-3\nRearrange (19*w - 55*w**3 + 53*w**3 + 13*w)*(-1 - 3 + 3) to the form n*w**3 + m + a*w + h*w**2 and give n.\n2\nRearrange (x**2 + 4*x**2 - 3*x**2)*(-244*x + 315*x - 114*x - 110*x) to s*x**2 + k + d*x + q*x**3 and give q.\n-306\nRearrange 28*t + t**3 - 27*t + 5*t**3 to m*t**2 + a*t**3 + c*t + v and give c.\n1\nRearrange -3 - 26*p**3 + 24*p**3 + 3*p**2 - 5*p**2 to the form h*p**3 + w*p + a + t*p**2 and give t.\n-2\nExpress (4 - 2 - 3)*(18*t**3 + 15*t**3 - 73*t - 32*t**3) in the form p + m*t + i*t**3 + y*t**2 and give i.\n-1\nRearrange -43*d - 15 + 15 to j + r*d and give r.\n-43\nExpress 0*h - 5*h - 6*h + 1 - 1 + h - h + h - h + (1 + 0 - 3)*(2*h - 2*h - h) - 1 + h + 1 + 3 - 3 - h - 6*h - 5*h - 10*h in the form g*h + f and give f.\n0\nExpress 926 - 10*w**2 - 926 in the form k*w**2 + z*w + c and give k.\n-10\nRearrange 11*m + 5*m + 2 - 3*m**2 + 5*m**2 to the form x*m + i + b*m**2 and give x.\n16\nRearrange a + a - 4*a + (-4 + 4 - a)*(-2 + 1 - 1) + 4*a - 2 + 2 to p + r*a and give r.\n4\nRearrange 36 + 2*l + 35 - 3 to the form g + c*l and give g.\n68\nRearrange 9 + 2*t**4 + 5*t**3 - 9 - 2*t to the form v*t + q*t**4 + u*t**2 + y*t**3 + n and give y.\n5\nRearrange (0 - 4 + 2)*(j**2 + 2*j - 2*j + (0 - 2 + 4)*(3*j**2 + 1 - 1) - 5 - 2*j**2 + 5)*(-3*j + 4*j - 3*j) to i*j + w*j**2 + o + q*j**3 and give q.\n20\nRearrange (0 + 2*h + 0)*(-18 + 11 + 8*h + 6)*(-6 - 2*h + 6) to i*h**2 + r*h**3 + k + d*h and give r.\n-32\nRearrange (-4*f**2 + 4*f**2 + 4*f**2)*(3 + 2 - 3 + (1 + 2 - 5)*(1 - 1 + 1) - 6 + 4 + 0) to w*f + h*f**2 + p and give h.\n-8\nExpress (-29*g**2 + 3*g**2 - 3*g**2)*(3 + 4 - 5) as s*g**2 + w + n*g and give s.\n-58\nRearrange 6*s**3 + 2*s**4 - 20*s**2 + 2 + 20*s**2 + s to the form m + t*s**2 + f*s + a*s**3 + k*s**4 and give f.\n1\nExpress (41 - 4 + 101)*(2*a - a + a) as y + f*a and give f.\n276\nRearrange 0*i**2 + 0*i**2 - 7*i**3 - 3*i + 8*i**3 to t + c*i**3 + a*i**2 + y*i and give c.\n1\nExpress 5*r**3 - 7*r**3 + 2*r**2 - r + 4*r**4 - 2 - r**4 - r**4 as v*r + p*r**3 + o + s*r**4 + c*r**2 and give s.\n2\nExpress 174 - 2*u**3 - 176 + 2*u**2 - 3*u**2 as d*u**3 + q*u + k*u**2 + v and give v.\n-2\nExpress -13*c + 3*c**2 + 4 + 39*c - 13*c - 12*c - c**3 as i*c**2 + p*c + n + o*c**3 and give p.\n1\nExpress ((3 + 4 - 4)*(-2 + 2*g**2 + 2) + g**2 + 2*g**2 - g**2)*(2*g - g - 2*g) in the form k*g + t + m*g**3 + x*g**2 and give x.\n0\nRearrange q**2 + q**2 - q + q**3 + 3 - 23 + 0*q**2 to the form m*q**2 + h*q**3 + k + f*q and give f.\n-1\nExpress (-2*q + 2*q + 3*q)*(q - 1 + 1)*(4 - 3 - 3) in the form v*q**2 + h*q + b and give v.\n-6\nExpress (2*r + 0*r + 0*r)*(18 + 2*r**2 + 35*r + 3*r**3 - 18) as q*r**3 + a*r + x*r**4 + k*r**2 + v and give k.\n70\nRearrange (5*f - 4*f + 0*f)*(f**2 - 5*f**2 + 2*f**2)*(1 - 1 + 1)*(-2 + 2*f + 2) to the form v*f**4 + g*f**3 + a*f**2 + x*f + b and give v.\n-4\nRearrange -309 + 309 + k**3 - 2*k - 15*k**2 to d*k**2 + v*k + p + f*k**3 and give f.\n1\nRearrange (26*s + 8*s - 21*s)*(-2 + 4 + 0) to the form q*s + i and give q.\n26\nRearrange (-2*b - 7*b**2 + 2*b + (3*b - b - 4*b)*(0*b + b + b) + 4*b - 2*b**2 - 4*b)*(-5 - 4 + 2) to t*b + g + u*b**2 and give u.\n91\nExpress -5 + 22 + 18 + p as u*p + a and give u.\n1\nRearrange (-4 + 1 + 0)*(0*y - 3*y + y)*(4*y**2 - 3*y**2 + y**2 + 4*y) to i + k*y**3 + a*y**2 + m*y and give k.\n12\nExpress -22*p**4 - 22*p**4 + 58*p**4 - 2 + p**2 + 2*p - 12*p**4 in the form b + m*p + f*p**3 + u*p**2 + o*p**4 and give m.\n2\nRearrange (5*f - 3*f - 4*f)*(-10 + 33 + 41) to the form r + s*f and give s.\n-128\nRearrange 1 + 32*d + 84*d - 23*d to o + f*d and give o.\n1\nRearrange 4*b**4 - 3*b**4 + b**3 + b**3 - 7*b**2 + 4*b**2 to the form q*b**2 + t*b**3 + o*b + x*b**4 + j and give x.\n1\nRearrange 4*m + 5*m - 2*m + 2*m to b*m + n and give n.\n0\nRearrange 5*y - 28*y**2 - 8*y + 3*y to the form q*y**2 + x + h*y and give q.\n-28\nExpress (-2*m + 21*m + 2*m)*(1 + m - 1) as b*m**2 + j*m + z and give b.\n21\nRearrange 0*x - 13*x**2 + 6*x - 6*x to r*x + s + v*x**2 and give v.\n-13\nExpress 2*n**3 - 4*n**3 + 75 - 3*n**2 - 53 + n + 4*n**2 in the form l*n**3 + g + y*n + o*n**2 and give g.\n22\nExpress 1 + 3*c**4 + 9*c**3 - 4*c + 1 - 7*c**3 in the form l*c**3 + r*c**2 + m*c**4 + y*c + h and give h.\n2\nRearrange -22*j - 2*j**2 + 9*j - j**4 + 13*j + 2 - 5*j**3 to x*j + f*j**3 + p*j**4 + o*j**2 + z and give p.\n-1\nExpress (-3*q + 5*q + 4*q)*(0*q + q + q)*(-2 - 4*q + 2)*(1 - 4 + 2) in the form t*q**2 + r*q**3 + o*q + b and give r.\n48\nRearrange 67*m**2 + 418 - 418 to the form y + g*m**2 + z*m and give g.\n67\nRearrange 5*z - z**2 + 22*z**2 - 7*z to the form r*z + c*z**2 + n and give r.\n-2\nExpress (3 - 2 - 3)*(-2*m - 2*m**2 + 2*m) + 2 + m + 3*m**2 - 4*m**2 + 3*m as h*m + f*m**2 + q and give h.\n4\nRearrange (6*b - b - 4*b)*(2*b**3 + b**3 - 6*b**3) to the form q*b**2 + s*b**3 + a*b + o + j*b**4 and give j.\n-3\nRearrange (2*h - 2*h - 2*h)*(h - 3*h + 0*h)*(-120 + 303 - 145)*(-4 + 2*h + 4) to the form s + q*h**3 + w*h + t*h**2 and give q.\n304\nRearrange -4*v**4 - v**4 + 2 + 3*v**4 + 2*v**2 - v**4 to n*v**4 + m*v**3 + u*v**2 + z + w*v and give m.\n0\nRearrange 4*p**2 - 10*p**2 - 5*p**2 - 7*p**2 to z*p + a + j*p**2 and give j.\n-18\nRearrange -3*a + a - 12 + 12 to the form x*a + d and give d.\n0\nRearrange 42*i - 42*i - i**3 - 8*i**2 to j*i**2 + b + x*i + w*i**3 and give w.\n-1\nRearrange 2*j**3 + 5 - 132*j + 2*j**2 + 132*j to n*j**2 + b*j + k*j**3 + g and give k.\n2\nRearrange -11 + 6 + 4 + 5*t**2 to the form b*t**2 + l + r*t and give l.\n-1\nExpress -2 - 3 + n**3 + 2*n + 4*n**3 - n**4 - 2*n**3 in the form q*n + m*n**4 + w*n**2 + o*n**3 + s and give o.\n3\nRearrange (x**3 + 12 - 12)*(-1 + x + 2*x - 4*x) to p*x**2 + s*x**4 + v*x**3 + c + n*x and give s.\n-1\nExpress (-2*i**3 - 3*i**3 + 3*i**3 + (0*i + 2*i + 0*i)*(-i**2 + 4*i**2 - i**2))*(8 + i - 8) as x*i**2 + n*i + l*i**3 + d*i**4 + t and give d.\n2\nRearrange (0 + 0 + 3*o)*(2 + 2 - 5 + (5 - 4 - 5)*(0 + 0 + 1)) to f*o + v and give f.\n-15\nExpress -10 + 0*r**3 + 6*r**3 - 4*r**3 + (2 - 2 + 5*r**2)*(2*r + r - r) + 2*r - 2*r - r**3 as k + a*r**2 + l*r" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy.", "\nThe highest maternal-fetal risk from pancreatitis in pregnancy is likely to be posed by the most severe cases, which we have compared with mild cases. ", "Retrospective observational study. ", "A general surgery department of a university referral hospital in Nanjing, China. ", "Eighteen pregnancies complicated with severe acute pancreatitis and 51 pregnancies complicated with mild acute pancreatitis. ", "Medical records were reviewed for every pregnant woman with mild or severe acute pancreatitis during January 1999 to December 2009. ", "Information on demographics, clinical and laboratory data, maternal and fetal outcomes. ", "Gestational age of onset was significantly higher in the severe acute pancreatitis group than in the mild acute pancreatitis group. ", "Severe hypertriglyceridemia was considered the main cause of severe acute pancreatitis (OR 20.7; 95% CI 4.6-92.4, p<0.001), while biliary disease contributed to the etiology of mild acute pancreatitis (OR 7.3; 95% CI 1.8-30.1, p<0.01). ", "Abortions and preterm infants contributed to fetal loss in the mild group, while fetal death and stillbirth contributed in the severe group. ", "Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis and biliary pancreatitis are the main causes of severe and mild disease, respectively. ", "Severe acute pancreatitis in pregnancy usually occurs in the third trimester, and the affected severe patients are more liable to develop a critical condition that results in higher risk of intrauterine fetal death." ]

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[ "View full size\n\nBy James McGovern\n\nIn a sign of how successful nuclear energy has been in powering space missions, the Voyager 1 spacecraft is expected to become the first man-made object to move beyond our solar system and cross into interstellar space.", "\n\nSince its launch 35 years ago from the Kennedy Space Flight Center in Cape Canaveral, Voyager 1 has had up-close looks at several planets. ", "It discovered two of Jupiter’s moons as well as many of Saturn’s moons. ", "The spacecraft confirmed that Jupiter has rings and identified 16 active volcanoes on the moon Io. ", "It also sent back the first spacecraft photo of the Earth and the moon and a portrait of the solar system.", "\n\nNow, as it breaks through the outer limits of the solar system some 11 billion miles away from the sun, crossing a region known as the heliosheath before reaching the Milky Way, the spacecraft still runs on nuclear generators known as radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), powered by the radioactive decay of plutonium. ", "RTGs convert heat from plutonium into electricity, with no moving parts. ", "Scientists expect to continue receiving data until the Voyager 1 spacecraft stops functioning in about 2025.", "\n\nCompact and lightweight, RTGs have been used on 27 space missions over the past half-century, ranging from Apollo to Ulysses and including the most recent Curiosity rover landing on Mars. ", "RTGs are simple, highly reliable and impervious to the high-radiation environments of deep space, allowing spacecraft to operate at significant distances from the sun or in other areas where solar power systems would not provide enough power output or reliability.", "\n\nWere it not for these nuclear generators, we would not have seen, through Voyager’s fine-resolution cameras, the powerful volcanoes spewing lava on Jupiter. ", "The corkscrew-shaped magnetic field on Uranus would still be undiscovered. ", "And we would still lack any direct evidence of whether the vast Gale Crater on Mars could have once supported microbial life.", "\n\nMany will ask: Why are we spending billions of dollars up there in space when we have pressing problems down here on Earth?", "\n\nScientists say that space missions have had an enormous impact on technology and innovation, producing revolutionary spinoff technologies, ranging from digital imaging and improved kidney dialysis to collision-avoidance systems on aircraft, the benefits of which have been incalculable. ", "These advances have produced whole industries.", "\n\nCongress can help ensure enough nuclear fuel will be available for future space missions by authorizing construction of a reprocessing facility to extract plutonium from spent fuel currently stored at nuclear power plants. ", "Often mistaken for nuclear waste, spent fuel contains plutonium and other valuable nuclear materials. ", "A reprocessing facility similar to one operating in France could be built in conjunction with a deep-geologic repository for high-level nuclear waste.", "\n\nNeil deGrasse Tyson, an author and director of the Hayden Planetarium at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, says that all U.S. space missions — spaceborne telescopes and planetary probes, rovers on Mars, the International Space Station, the recently terminated space shuttle, and telescopes and missions yet to fly — cost one-half of one penny of each tax dollar.", "\n\nNo other country has made such historic conquests in space — conquests that will draw to a rapid end unless there is recognition of the enduring value in space exploration. ", "That’s going to require an understanding of the huge payoffs from the space program, owing to its advancement of science and technology and its role as an engine of economic growth.", "\n\nJames McGovern is an energy consultant to government and industry.", "\n\nFollow @TimesofTrenton" ]

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[ "Network operators and service providers typically rely on various network virtualization technologies to manage complex, large-scale computing environments, such as high-performance computing (HPC) and cloud computing environments. ", "For example, network operators and service provider networks may rely on network function virtualization (NFV) deployments to deploy network services (e.g., firewall services, network address translation (NAT) services, load-balancing services, deep packet inspection (DPI) services, transmission control protocol (TCP) optimization services, etc.). ", "Such NFV deployments typically use an NFV infrastructure to orchestrate various virtual machines (VMs) and/or containers (e.g., in a commodity server) to perform virtualized network services, commonly referred to as virtualized network functions (VNFs), on network traffic and to manage the network traffic across the various VMs and/or containers.", "\nUnlike traditional, non-virtualized deployments, virtualized deployments decouple network functions from underlying hardware, which results in network functions and services that are highly dynamic and generally capable of being executed on off-the-shelf servers with general purpose processors. ", "As such, the VNFs can be scaled-in/out as necessary based on particular functions or network services to be performed on the network traffic. ", "Further, the VNFs can be deployed across geographies, on hosted infrastructure, etc., ", "as a per subscriber demand." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Anne bought several little toys for me this Christmas. ", "The best was a gorgeous Chateau Laguiole Vialis olive wood waiter's corkscrew. ", "Wonderful. ", "Also got a very nice pewter airating decanter funnel with a mesh filter to catch sediment. ", "She also got the Wine Enthusiast aroma kit (which is just like a drinking game for grown-ups), a new set of Schott Zwiesel Titanium port glasses, and something called a Clef du Vin. ", "It is supposed to let you know the aging potential of a wine. ", "I think it is likely a bunch of baloney, but it was fun to play with on Christmas night. ", "Also, my mother-in-law gave me $200 to play with at the wine shop, where there is a nice little 20% off case sale this week. ", "Happy coincidence.", "\n\nSounds wonderful, dananne. ", "I've been eyeing that waiter's corkscrew for sometime now. ", "Let me know how you like it! (", "After my Screwpull broke, all I had was a waiter's corkscrew- took me a couple tries, but I love it!)", "\nI got one of those fancy rabbit ear things for Christmas, not sure if I care for it or not.", "\n\nThe corkscrew would, indeed, make for a nice birthday gift come April -- your dad should get on it [img]http://www.wines.com/ubb2/smile.gif[/img]\n\nAs far as the aroma kit goes, it made for an entertaining \"Close your eyes and guess what this is\" game on Christmas, and some of the aromas were good to get a handle on, but it may be one of those things that just sits there after the initial novelty wears off. ", "Also, I would have had much more use for it 3-4 years ago, and judging by your TNs and other postings, you may find yourself past it a bit. ", "Perhaps more of a novice's thing, but I'll still play around with it in the evenings. ", "I'm sure it will come in handy when Anne and I get into the usual \"That's blackberry\" \"No, it's blueberry\" debates [img]http://www.wines.com/ubb2/smile.gif[/img]" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDebug Apache Tomcat. ", "Oops! ", "Google Chrome could not connect. ", "Why?", "\n\nI have next task: Debug Apache Tomcat in Eclipse.", "\nMy steps:\n\nRun Tomcat: ./startup.sh\nCheck - open in browser localhost:8080/MyProject - SUCCESS.", "\nin file catalina.sh I added next lines:\n\nexport JPDA_ADDRESS=8000\nexport JPDA_TRANSPORT=dt_socket\n\nin file startup.sh:\n\nI comment this line: \n#exec \"$PRGDIR\"/\"$EXECUTABLE\" start \"$@\" \nand added next line: \nexec \"$PRGDIR\"/\"$EXECUTABLE\" jpda start \"$@\"\n\nRun Tomcat: startup.sh\nCheck - in browser try open localhost:8080/MyProject - FAIL.", "\nAt the next step I will try add settings in Eclipse for remote debug Tomcat, but I have Fail on previous step.", "\n\nWhy did this happen??", "\nMaybe, it is depends on OS type? ", "I use Ubuntu 11.10...\n\nA:\n\n1.) ", "No pun intended: did you stop tomcat after modifying .sh files and before runing startup.sh?", "\n2.) ", "Check tomcat log for errors.", "\n3.) ", "I run Tomcat on debug this way:\n\nCreated a MyCatalinaStart.sh (bat on windows) with the following\n\nexport JPDA_ADDRESS=8000\nexport JPDA_TRANSPORT=dt_socket\nexport JPDA_SUSPEND=n\ncatalina.sh jpda start\n\nStarted Tomcat from it. ", "The sh or bat files require NO modification, they came ready to receive inputs\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "For a low-cost getaway, climb aboard a ferry and cruise gently to the British Isles and mainland Europe.", "\n\nSpain\n\nVoyage Portsmouth-Bilbao (35hrs)\n\nAlthough it’s not the most scenic of cities, Bilbao is the gateway to Northern Spain. ", "Check out the Guggenheim art gallery – inside is less impressive than outside – before continuing on to foodie capital San Sebastián and the cradle of Basque culture, the village of Guernica.", "\n\nGuernsey\n\nVoyage Portsmouth-Guernsey (7hrs)\n\nHead to Britain’s nicest island and buy a locally brewed ale with Guernsey pounds in one of St Peter Port’s lively pubs. ", "The capital is still a busy little hub, framed by tiered gardens and criss-crossed by worn steps and hidden alleys. ", "Don’t miss the fresh Guernsey ice-cream.", "\n\nThe Netherlands\n\nVoyage Harwich-Hook of Holland (6hrs 15mins)\n\nGet a Stenaline ferry to the Hook of Holland, for quick and easy access to the country’s main cities. ", "Catch the train to the Hague, the Dutch seat of government; take in the historic houses of parliament and the Peace Palace, and do a tram ride before heading to the North Sea resort of Scheveningen for some kitesurfing and sunworshipping (and, if you want it, naturism). ", "Rotterdam, Haarlem and Amsterdam are also all within easy reach of the Hook and the Hague.", "\n\nBelgium\n\nVoyage Hull-Zeebrugge (13hrs 45mins overnight)\n\nZeebrugge looks on to the beaches of the Belgian coast, and is only a drive away from Bruges, Oostkamp and Northern France. ", "It’s an interesting town in itself and the huge wholesale fish market means the local restaurants serve up fresh catches every lunchtime. ", "The Seafront Zeebrugge maritime theme park is full of piratethemed exhibitions and interactive gizmos for the kids, as well as historical displays for adults.", "\n\nRead more about Dublin's best restaurants, attractions, museums and more on Time Out Amsterdam.", "\n\nIreland\n\nVoyage Holyhead-Dublin Ferryport (1hr 49mins)\n\nIt’s hard to avoid the clichés of Guinness and folk bands in Dublin, so why not embrace them and head to the Guinness Storehouse museum – pull a pint and then sip another one while enjoying views of the city from the Gravity Bar. ", "After dark, head to Temple Bar for a knees-up.", "\n\nRead more about Dublin's best restaurants, attractions, museums and more on Time Out Dublin.", "\n\nIsle of Wight\n\nVoyage Portsmouth-Fishbourne (40mins)\n\nThe tiny village of Fishbourne is the arrival point, and lies between the yachting hub of Cowes and Victorian Ryde. ", "The Isle of Wight is the best ferry option for those seeking a peaceful break – breathe in fresh air while gazing at the Needles and the colourful sands of Alum Bay.", "\n\nBrittany\n\nVoyage Portsmouth-St Malo (9hrs)\n\nIf you fancy searching in rock pools for sea creatures and collecting fresh mussels for dinner, then St Malo is for you. ", "A town by the sea, it’s a handsome, stone-walled place filled with restaurants, bars and shops.", "\n\nShetland\n\nVoyage Aberdeen-Lerwick (12hrs 30mins)\n\nShetland isn’t just full of small ponies, it has lots of trout too. ", "In fact, the island has an array of watery activities from fishing to scuba diving to surfing, as well as plenty of wildlife and dramatic landscapes. ", "Although it’s a long slog to get there – an overnight ferry from Aberdeen to Lerwick– the change of pace from bustling city life to idling island life makes it well worth it.", "\n\nDenmark\n\nVoyage Harwich-Esbjerg (18hrs 15mins)\n\nDenmark’s fifth largest city is built around one of the country’s most important North Sea harbours. ", "Take a trip to the Fisheries & Maritime Museum to learn about its history before taking a look at the city’s newest landmark – four chalky white giants, by Svend Wiig Hansen entitled Man Meets the Sea. ", "Stroll around one of Esbjerg’s parks to see wild deer and roe.", "\n\nTime Out Guidebooks\n\n1000 Great Holiday Ideas\n\nPlan your perfect trip with this inspirational compendium of failsafe holiday suggestions. ", "It's packed with fresh ideas for traditional breaks, from beach idylls to winter sun and family camping, along with great suggestions for trying something different – all around the world. ", "Whether you're looking for a weekend break or the trip of a lifetime, Time Out's worldwide team of travel specialists can take you there.", "\n\nReport this Comment\n\n<a href=\"http://www.freedownloadmanager.org/download/toolbar-office-2007-16x16-4306481.html\"> In my opinion, it is actual, I will take part in discussion. ", "Together we can come to a right answer. ", "I am assured.</a>" ]

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[ "Tom Brady made a similar plea to Patriots fans last year, but the team quickly, and unconvincingly, said he meant fans should stay hydrated. ", "A better follow-up would be for the Vikings to say that pregame imbibing is welcome, provided fans stay responsible in the parking lot, while cheering in the stadium and on the roads after the game. ", "There's a way to downplay Greenway's suggestion without naively acting like tailgates are bastions of clean living.", "\n\nAnyway, the concept that drunk fans equals loud fans seems suspect to me. (", "The obnoxious thing -- that I get.) ", "In my experience, by the time the third quarter rolls around, the people who overdid in the parking lot are too exhausted to cheer.", "\n\nMinnesota went 1-7 at home last season, which, by Greenway's estimation, must have meant fans were drinking Diet Pepsi in the parking lot. ", "And if drunken fans were currency for victory, the Eagles would have at least one Super Bowl by now." ]

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[ "Kisszurdok\n\nKisszurdok is the Hungarian name for two villages in Romania:\n\n Surducel village, Vârciorog Commune, Bihor County\n Surducu Mic village, Traian Vuia Commune, Timiş County" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Prostate cancer diagnosed after initial biopsy with atypical small acinar proliferation suspicious for malignancy is similar to cancer found on initial biopsy.", "\nTo compare matched clinical and prostatectomy data between (a) men with an initial biopsy diagnosis of atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) suspicious for malignancy whose cancer was diagnosed subsequently, and (b) men with a cancer diagnosis not preceded by an ASAP diagnosis. ", "ASAP diagnoses apply to 1.5%-9.0% of prostatic biopsies and predict definite cancer in about 45% of repeat biopsies. ", "At our hospitals, during overlapping intervals from 1990 to 2001, 7081 men underwent prostate biopsy, and 227 (3.2%) had an overall diagnosis (based on all cores sampled) of ASAP. ", "We concurred with the ASAP diagnosis in 184 cases (81%). ", "Repeat biopsy was performed in 129 (57%), with 22 again having ASAP and 51 (40%) adenocarcinoma. ", "Nineteen men underwent prostatectomy at our hospitals. ", "The controls comprised men who underwent prostatectomy before and after each man with an initial ASAP diagnosis (2:1 match with cases). ", "Findings included grade, pathologic stage, measured maximum dimension of tumor, resection margin status, patient age, and latest preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen. ", "Men in the initial-ASAP group did not differ significantly from controls with respect to age (63 vs. 61, P = 0.08). ", "Initial-ASAP and control groups had serum prostate-specific antigen levels of 5.9 and 7.4 ng/mL (P = 0.32), respectively; mean Gleason scores were 6.2 and 6.6 (P = 0.11); mean stages were pT2b and pT2b; and tumor size averaged 0.9 and 1.2 cm (P = 0.36). ", "Fewer men with initial-ASAP diagnosis on biopsy had positive margins (5%) than did those in the control group (30%, P < 0.05). ", "An ASAP diagnosis represents undersampled cancer in at least 40% of cases and places men at risk of prostate cancer with similar clinicopathologic findings as in other men with cancer." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "[A Case of Rectal Metastasis from Breast Cancer Diagnosed Two Years after Surgery].", "\nWe report a case of rectal metastasis from breast cancer.", "Colorectal metastasis from breast cancer is sometimes difficult to diagnose before surgery.", "A transanal needle biopsy was thought to be useful for a diagnosis and selection of treatment method." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Join our diverse community of professionals and students committed to empowering individuals and families across the life span to manage the challenges of living and working in a diverse, global society.", "\n\nImmersive programs and collaborative student experiences prepare students to excel in a broad range of fields dedicated to improving the quality of life for individuals, families, communities, and the environment around them. ", "Accredited by the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences, we foster the scholarly achievements, creative pursuits, and community service of our faculty and students. ", "Learn more about our 11 bachelor’s degrees, six minors, and seven master’s degrees.", "\n\nOur graduates are influencing the global fashion and interior design industries, caring for the nation’s children, developing nutritional programs, and managing major food and hospitality services. ", "For instance, Angela Ahrendts,’81 fashion merchandising, is the chief executive officer of Burberry, one of the 100 largest companies in the United Kingdom, and remains engaged with the university.", "\n\nCommitment to Excellence\n\nStudents gain real-world experience through our programs’ dedication to practical applications. ", "Here are just a few examples:\n\nThrough immersive learning experiences, you team up with students from a variety of majors and a faculty mentor to solve a real problem for a business or community partner. ", "Recently, students redesigned hospital gowns for patients with cancers. ", "The garments were more comfortable and attractive and eliminated the need for nurses to cut the gowns to gain access to ports on patients’ bodies.", "\n\nQuantity Food Production classes experience all aspects of restaurant management and meal preparation at Allegre Restaurant. ", "This student-run establishment, located in the Applied Technology Building, serves authentic global cuisine to the public.", "\n\nNutrition and Dietetics students advance their education at the Nutrition Assessment Lab. ", "This supervised learning experience offers members of the Ball State community with guidance as to proper nutrition and positive health habits and behaviors. ", "Among their many roles, students perform bone density analysis, nutrition counseling, and blood pressure testing for the Ball State community.", "\n\nA Supportive Environment\n\nAlthough our research interests vary, we are a strong community of faculty, students, alumni, and friends who support each other in the classroom and beyond. ", "Each discipline supports program-specific communities to connect student with peers, faculty advisors, and professional organizations.", "\n\nWe welcome our alumni, retirees, and friends to continue to build relationships with us. ", "Your expertise and support provides students with the confidence and connections to exceed within the program and beyond. ", "Whether you share your professional experiences with a class, establish a scholarship or facilitate a partnership—our department is eager to connect you with students and faculty engaged in innovative research and study related to your field. ", "Contact us today." ]

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[ "Media Coverage\n\nApril 23, 2015\n\nLindsay Kalter reports for The Boston Herald that MIT researchers are developing a device that can be implanted into a tumor to help determine the best course of cancer treatment. “", "We wanted to bring the laboratory into the human body,” says Langer." ]

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[ "Arthur Comments:\n\nI was listening to this on imeem.com and I just started to type the lyrics. ", "As you can see, he was confused at first, but picked up fast. ", "Ahhhh... what a great song. ", "Wasn't so great for Maxi earlier today when I told him to do it in the L4D2 Demo >:3" ]

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