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{ "contexts": [ "Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a particularly lethal cancer with few treatment options. Since gallium is known to accumulate specifically in HCC tumors but not in non-tumor liver, we investigated two gallium compounds, gallium nitrate (GaN) and gallium maltolate (GaM), as potential new agents for treating HCC.", "The anti-proliferative and apoptotic activities of GaN and GaM were assessed in vitro using four HCC cell lines. HCC gene expression data was analyzed to provide a mechanistic rationale for using gallium in the treatment of HCC.", "Both compounds showed dose-dependent antiproliferative activity in all four HCC cell lines after 6-day drug exposure (IC50 values range from 60-250 microM for gallium nitrate and 25-35 microM for gallium maltolate). Gallium maltolate at 30 microM additionally induced apoptosis after 6 days. HCC gene expression data showed significantly elevated expression of the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, which is a target for the antiproliferative activity of gallium." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Apoptosis", "Carcinoma, Hepatocellular", "Cell Growth Processes", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Gallium", "Gene Expression", "Humans", "Liver Neoplasms", "Organometallic Compounds", "Pyrones", "Receptors, Transferrin", "Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Teniposide (VM-26) has been widely used in the treatment of small cell lung cancer, malignant lymphoma, breast cancer, etc. However, there are few reports on VM-26 against oral cancers. The present study was designed to identify the effect of VM-26 against oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro, and to provide evidence for the feasibility and effectiveness of VM-26 for application to the patients with oral cancer.", "Human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line, Tca8113, was used. Cells were incubated with different concentrations of VM-26 for a variety of time span. Cisplatin (CDDP) was employed as a control reagent. MTT assay was used to assess the inhibitory rate of Tca8113 growth. Flow cytometer (FCM), transmission electronic microscope (TEM) and fluorescence staining were employed for determining the cell apoptotic rate. Cell cycle distribution of Tca8113 incubated with VM-26 was examined by flow cytometer assay. Statistic software (SAS 6.12, USA) was used for one-way ANOVA.", "The IC50 of VM-26 against Tca8113 cells was 0.35 mg/l and that of CDDP was 1.1 mg/l. The morphological changes of Tca8113 cells were observed with fluorescence microscope and TEM. Apoptotic morphological feature could be found in the nucleus. Apoptotic rate of Tca8113 cells incubated with 5.0 mg/l of VM-26 for 72 hours was 81.67% and cells were arrested at S phase. However, when exposed to 0.15 mg/l of VM-26 for 72 hours, G2/M phase increased from 12.75% to 98.71%, while the apoptotic rate was 17.38%, which was lower than that exposed to 5.0 mg/l of VM-26." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Guanylin and uroguanylin are peptides synthesized in the intestine and kidney that are postulated to have both paracrine and endocrine functions, forming a potential enteric-renal link to coordinate salt ingestion with natriuresis. To explore the in vivo role of guanylin and uroguanylin in the regulation of sodium excretion, we used gene-targeted mice in which the uroguanylin, guanylin or the peptide receptor guanylate cyclase C gene expression had been ablated.", "Metabolic balance studies demonstrated that there was impaired excretion of a sodium load in uroguanylin (but not in guanylin or guanylate cyclase C) knockout mice. Uroguanylin-dependent natriuresis occurred without an increase in circulating prouroguanylin. A distinct morphological phenotype was present in the proximal convoluted tubules of uroguanylin knockout animals after an enteral salt loading. Marked vacuolization of the proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells was observed by using light and electron microscopy. There was also a change in the distribution of the sodium hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) after an enteral salt loading. In wild-type animals, there was a partial redistribution of NHE3 from the villus fraction to the less accessible submicrovillus membrane compartment, but this effect was less apparent in uroguanylin knockout animals, presumably resulting in greater Na/H exchange." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Analysis of Variance", "Animals", "Biomarkers", "Blotting, Western", "Cyclic GMP", "Enteral Nutrition", "Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect", "Gastrointestinal Hormones", "Guanylate Cyclase", "Kidney Tubules, Proximal", "Mice", "Mice, Knockout", "Microscopy, Electron", "Models, Animal", "Natriuresis", "Natriuretic Peptides", "Potassium Channels", "Receptors, Enterotoxin", "Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled", "Receptors, Peptide", "Sodium Chloride, Dietary", "Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3", "Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers", "Time Factors", "Water-Electrolyte Balance" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although diabetes mellitus has a strong association with the presence of depression, it is unclear whether diabetes itself increases the risk of developing depression. The objective of our study was to evaluate whether people with diabetes have a greater incidence of depression than those without diabetes.", "We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using the administrative databases of Saskatchewan Health from 1989 to 2001. People older than 20 years with newly identified type 2 diabetes were identified by means of diagnostic codes and prescription records and compared with a nondiabetic cohort. Depression was ascertained via diagnostic codes and prescriptions for antidepressants. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for age, sex, frequency of visits to physicians and presence of comorbidities.", "We identified 31 635 people with diabetes and 57 141 without. Those with diabetes were older (61.4 v. 46.8 yr; p < 0.001), were more likely to be male (55.4% v. 49.8%; p < 0.001) and had more physician visits during the year after their index date (mean 14.5 v. 5.9; p < 0.001). The incidence of new-onset depression was similar in both groups (6.5 v. 6.6 per 1000 person-years among people with and without diabetes, respectively). Similarity of risk persisted after controlling for age, sex, number of physician visits and presence of prespecified comorbidities (adjusted HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.94- 1.15). Other chronic conditions such as arthritis (HR 1.18) and stroke (HR 1.73) were associated with the onset of depression." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Cohort Studies", "Comorbidity", "Depression", "Diabetes Complications", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Retrospective Studies", "Risk Factors", "Saskatchewan" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The expression and distribution of connexins is abnormal in a number of cardiac diseases, including atrial fibrillation, and is believed to favor conduction slowing and arrhythmia. Here, we studied the role of atrial structural remodeling in the disorganization of gap junctions and whether redistributed connexins can form new functional junction channels.", "Expression of connexin-43 (Cx43) was characterized by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry in human right atrial specimens and in rat atria after myocardial infarction (MI). Gap junctions were studied by electron and 3-D microscopy, and myocyte-myocyte coupling was determined by Lucifer yellow dye transfer.", "In both chronically hemodynamically overloaded human atria in sinus rhythm and in dilated atria from MI-rats, Cx43 were dephosphorylated and redistributed from the intercalated disc to the lateral cell membranes as observed during atrial fibrillation. In MI-rats, the gap junctions at the intercalated disc were smaller (20% decrease) and contained very little Cx43 (0 or 1 gold particle vs. 42 to 98 in sham-operated rats). In the lateral membranes of myocytes, numerous connexon aggregates comprising non-phosphorylated Cx43 were observed. These connexon aggregates were in no case assembled into gap junction plaque-like structures. However, N-cadherin was well organized in the intercalated disc. There was very little myocyte-myocyte coupling in MI-rat atria and no myocyte-fibroblast coupling. Regression of the atrial remodeling was associated with the normalization of Cx43 localization." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Atrial Fibrillation", "Cell Communication", "Connexin 43", "Fibrosis", "Freeze Fracturing", "Gap Junctions", "Heart Atria", "Humans", "Imaging, Three-Dimensional", "Immunoblotting", "Immunohistochemistry", "Microscopy, Electron", "Myocardial Infarction", "Rats" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Weight loss after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGBP) varies. Dietary habits that exist preoperatively may continue after surgery and affect weight loss. This study investigated the hypothesis that preoperative carbohydrate addiction would predict weight loss after laparoscopic gastric bypass.", "104 consecutive patients in our LRYGBP program were included in the study. A preoperative survey was used to determine level of carbohydrate craving. This survey was scored from 0 to 60. A higher score indicated a higher level of carbohydrate addiction. Percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) was determined after at least 1 year postoperatively in all patients.", "Data were available in 95 (91%) of the patients. There was no correlation seen between level of carbohydrate addiction and %EWL at 1 year (r=0.02; P=NS). In addition, we looked at patients with successful weight loss (>50% %EWL; n=83) versus those patients who were considered unsuccessful (<50% EWL; n=12). There was no statistical difference in the level of preoperative carbohydrate craving between these 2 groups (36+/-13 vs 33+/-15; P=NS)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Dietary Carbohydrates", "Feeding Behavior", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Gastric Bypass", "Humans", "Laparoscopy", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Retrospective Studies", "Surveys and Questionnaires", "Treatment Outcome", "Weight Loss" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) is a commonly performed operation for morbid obesity. A significant number of patients experience postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) following this procedure. The aim of this study was to determine the effect, if any, of intra-operative fluid replacement on PONV.", "Patients who underwent laparoscopic (RYGBP) for morbid obesity during a 12-month period were included in this retrospective analysis. Demographic data including age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) were collected. Perioperative data also included total volume of intra-operative fluids administered, rate of administration, urine output, length of surgery, and incidence of PONV as determined by nursing or anesthesia records in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). Data were analyzed by t-test.", "The table below depicts demographic and perioperative data, comparing patients who experienced PONV (n=125) in the PACU with those who did not (n=55). Values are mean +/- standard deviation." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Female", "Gastric Bypass", "Humans", "Laparoscopy", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Monitoring, Intraoperative", "Nausea", "Postoperative Complications", "Retrospective Studies", "Vomiting" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We measured the very short-term change in obesity-related co-morbidities following bariatric surgery.", "Claims data were analyzed for 933 patients aged 18-62 who were covered by one of 11 New York State health plans and underwent bariatric surgery during calendar year 2002. Data covered 6 months before to 6 months after surgery. Logit regression and fixed effects logit regressions were estimated, to analyze change in the following co-morbidities after bariatric surgery: diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, asthma, sleep apnea, degenerative joint disease, gastroesophageal reflux, and depression.", "There were statistically significant post-surgery decreases in each outcome studied. Controlling for individual fixed effects, the probability of a diabetes diagnosis fell by 20% after bariatric surgery. The probability of sleep apnea fell by 33%, and the probability of the other obesity-related co-morbidities fell by 11 to 19% at 6 months." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Bariatric Surgery", "Comorbidity", "Female", "Humans", "Insurance, Health", "Male", "Medicare", "Middle Aged", "New York", "Obesity, Morbid", "Postoperative Period", "Regression Analysis", "United States" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Patients undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass develop a systemic inflammatory reaction. Antithrombin III (AT) has anticoagulant effects but also shows evidence of anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to examine whether exogenous AT could reduce white blood cell activation (CD11b up regulation or elastase release), in addition to inhibiting platelet (PLT) activation and fibrin generation, during simulated cardiopulmonary bypass (sCPB), undertaken in the absence of endothelium.", "sCPB was carried out with minimally heparinized (2 U/mL) human blood for 90 minutes in controls and with supplementation by low-dose (1 U/mL) and high-dose (5 U/mL) AT.", "High-dose AT blunted thrombin generation during sCPB (prothrombin fragment 1.2); both doses significantly inhibited thrombin activity (fibrinopeptide A). Complement activation (C3a and C5b-9) was unaffected by AT. High-dose AT inhibited PLT activation (P-selectin expression and P-selectin-dependent monocyte-PLT conjugate formation). AT supplementation at the higher dose significantly abrogated monocyte and neutrophil CD11b up regulation and neutrophil elastase release." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antithrombin III", "CD11b Antigen", "Extracorporeal Circulation", "Humans", "Inflammation", "Models, Biological", "Monocytes", "Neutrophils", "Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although allopolyploidy is a prevalent speciation mechanism in plants, its adaptive consequences are poorly understood. In addition, the effects of allopolyploidy per se (i.e. hybridization and chromosome doubling) can be confounded with those of subsequent evolutionary divergence between allopolyploids and related diploids. This report assesses whether fern species with the same ploidy level or the same altitudinal distribution have similar germination responses to temperature. The effects of polyploidy on spore abortion and spore size are also investigated, since both traits may have adaptive consequences.", "Three allotetraploid (Dryopteris corleyi, D. filix-mas and D. guanchica) and three related diploid taxa (D. aemula, D. affinis ssp. affinis and D. oreades) were studied. Spores were collected from 24 populations in northern Spain. Four spore traits were determined: abortion percentage, size, germination time and germination percentage. Six incubation temperatures were tested: 8, 15, 20, 25 and 32 degrees C, and alternating 8/15 degrees C.", "Allotetraploids had bigger spores than diploid progenitors, whereas spore abortion percentages were generally similar. Germination times decreased with increasing temperatures in a wide range of temperatures (8-25 degrees C), although final germination percentages were similar among species irrespective of their ploidy level. Only at low temperature (8 degrees C) did two allotetraploid species reach higher germination percentages than diploid parents. Allotetraploids showed faster germination rates, which would probably give them a competitive advantage over diploid parents. Germination behaviour was not correlated with altitudinal distribution of species." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Dryopteris", "Geography", "Germination", "Ploidies", "Spain", "Spores" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "For chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection the effects of current therapies are limited. Recently, RNA interference (RNAi) of virus-specific genes has emerged as a potential antiviral mechanism. Here we studied the effects of HBV-specific 21-bp short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeted to the surface antigen (HBsAg) region and the core antigen (HBcAg) region both in a cell culture system and in a mouse model for HBV replication.", "HBsAg and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in the media of the cells and in the sera of the mice were analyzed by time-resolved immunofluorometric assay, intracellular HBcAg by immunofluorescence assay, HBsAg and HBcAg in the livers of the mice by immunohistochemical assay, HBV DNA by fluorogenic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) and HBV mRNA by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR).", "Transfection with the shRNAs induced an RNAi response. Secreted HBsAg was reduced by >80% in cell culture and >90% in mouse serum, and HBeAg was also significantly inhibited. Immunofluorescence detection of intracellular HBcAg revealed 76% reduction. In the liver tissues by immunohistochemical detection, there were no HBsAg-positive cells and >70% reduction of HBcAg-positive cells for shRNA-1. And for shRNA-2 the detection of HBsAg and HBcAg also revealed substantial reduction. The shRNAs caused a significant inhibition in the levels of viral mRNA relative to the controls. HBV DNA was reduced by >40% for shRNA-1 and >60% for shRNA-2." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Cell Line, Tumor", "DNA, Viral", "Female", "Hepatitis B", "Hepatitis B Antigens", "Hepatitis B virus", "Humans", "Mice", "Mice, Inbred BALB C", "RNA Interference", "RNA, Messenger", "RNA, Small Interfering", "RNA, Viral", "Transfection", "Virus Replication" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine which parameters of body composition or metabolism best correlate with changes in 24 h ghrelin levels following weight loss.", "A 3-month low-calorie diet followed by 3 months of weight stabilization.", "Twelve overweight and obese adult men and women.", "Body composition by underwater weighing, abdominal fat depots, leptin, ghrelin and parameters of insulin and lipid metabolism.", "Increased 24 h ghrelin levels after weight loss correlated with decreases in body mass index, subcutaneous fat and fat-free mass (FFM), but not with changes in fat mass, fat cell size, leptin, insulin, insulin sensitivity, lipids or free fatty acid levels. The change in FFM correlated with the rise in ghrelin levels independently of body adiposity." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adipose Tissue", "Adult", "Blood Glucose", "Body Composition", "Diet, Reducing", "Female", "Ghrelin", "Humans", "Insulin", "Insulin Resistance", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Obesity", "Peptide Hormones", "Weight Loss" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The aim of this study was to investigate whether fatty and clear cell areas in large regenerative nodules (LRN), dysplastic nodules (DN), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) show higher degree of genomic mutation compared to non-fatty/clear cell area in the same nodule or non-lesional tissue.", "We examined 22 nodular lesions (9 HCC, 5 DN and 8 LRN) from seven cirrhotic livers removed at transplantation. Frozen sections were used for manual microdissection of areas with fatty/clear cell change. DNA from microdissected tissue was amplified using arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR), and PCR products were run on polyacrilamide gel generating a \"fingerprint\" band pattern. Autoradiographs were analysed using Adobe Photoshop version 6.0. Fingerprints from lesional tissue were compared to reference tissue and the total number of bands in excess or defect was calculated and divided by the total number of bands identified, obtaining the genomic damage fraction (GDF).", "Increasing GDF average values were seen from cirrhotic liver (0.13+/-0.04), to LRN (0.16+/-0.1), DN (0.28+/-0.08) and HCC (0.30+/-0.07). A statistically significant difference in GDF values was documented between cirrhotic liver and DN (p=0.008) and HCC (p=0.005) and between HCC and LRN (p=0.02). No significant difference was documented between DN and HCC, and between LRN and cirrhotic liver. Eleven nodules containing fat/clear cell areas were compared to the other 11 nodules without fat/clear cell areas. The GDF was not different between the two groups: 0.29+/-0.11 versus 0.25+/-0.12; p=0.5. The average value of genomic damage fraction between fat/clear cell areas (0.29+/-0.11) and no fat/clear cell areas (0.25+/-0.1) within the same nodules were not significantly different (p=0.11)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "The influence of brain ischemia without cerebral infarction on voiding function is unknown. To investigate the effects of a reduction in cerebral blood flow on voiding function, the influence of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CH) on bladder activity was examined in rats.", "CH was induced in each of 11 female Sprague-Dawley rats by anastomosis between the right external jugular vein and the right common carotid artery with partial obstruction of the left common carotid artery. Twelve intact animals comprised a control group. Voided volume per micturition was assessed in a metabolic cage for 24 h on weeks 2, 4, and 8. Eight weeks after the operation, the rats were tested in a hippocampus-related learning paradigm, the Morris water maze. Bladder activity was monitored in 13 rats with continuous infusion cystometrography (CMG) at 2 weeks. After evaluation, the rats' brains were stained by perfusion with 2% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC).", "Voided volume per micturition was significantly reduced and voiding frequency was significantly increased in CH rats 2 weeks after CH as compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Bladder capacity on CMG of CH rats was significantly reduced 14 days after CH as compared to the controls (p < 0.05). Although TTC staining of the CH rat brain did not show cerebral infarction, CH induced impairment of water maze learning." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Brain Ischemia", "Cerebrovascular Circulation", "Female", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Severity of Illness Index", "Urinary Bladder, Overactive" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Retrospective comparative analysis of strontium-89 chloride (Sr89) and rhenium-186-hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate (Re186-HEDP) radionuclide treatment to find predictors of response in patients with painful metastases from hormone refractory prostate cancer.", "Clinical data from 60 hormone refractory PCA patients (i.e. rising PSA at castrate testosterone serum levels) was obtained. Twenty-nine were treated with Sr89, 31 were treated with Re186-HEDP for painful osseous metastasis. Response was defined as a patient-reported decrease in pain and/or reduction in pain medication with stable pain level. Hematological parameters and serum levels of PSA, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase were assessed prior to and at 4-week intervals after treatment.", "Median survival of all patients was 7 months (95% CI: 6-9 months). Overall, 33/60 (55%) patients reported a decrease in pain after the first radionuclide treatment. This percentage was similar for patients treated with Re168-HEDP and Sr89. Mean duration of reported pain response was 75 days (+/- 68 days) for Sr89 and 61 days (+/- 56 days) for Re186-HEDP, which was not significantly different. A lower blood hemoglobin concentration was associated with a lower pain response rate. In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, pain response to radionuclide treatment predicted longer survival after treatment." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Bone Neoplasms", "Etidronic Acid", "Hemoglobins", "Humans", "Male", "Organometallic Compounds", "Pain", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Radioisotopes", "Retrospective Studies", "Strontium Radioisotopes" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To screen Irish faecal samples from a variety of sources with a view to isolating novel anti-Salmonella phages and to subsequently evaluate their lytic capability.", "Two novel anti-Salmonella phages st104a and st104b were isolated from a screening programme based on their lytic capability. The phages produced significantly larger plaques (2 mm) on the chosen indicator Salmonella enterica strain, DPC6046, when compared with the well-known control phage, Felix 01 (0.5 mm). Both phages st104a and st104b were found to have a broad host range within the Salm. enterica species. During in vitro trials, both phages (st104a and st104b) reduced Salm. enterica numbers more than 99% within 1 h. In vivo studies, involving the addition of the phage to porcine gastric juice (pH 2.5) demonstrated that phage st104a and phage Felix 01 were capable of surviving (10 and 30% survival respectively) the acidic conditions, unlike st104b, which was undetectable after 2 h exposure." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Bacteriolysis", "Bacteriophage Typing", "Environmental Microbiology", "Feces", "Gastric Juice", "Humans", "Salmonella Food Poisoning", "Salmonella Infections, Animal", "Salmonella Phages", "Salmonella enterica", "Sus scrofa", "Swine Diseases", "Virulence" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Although the pathogenesis of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and its relation to follicular adenoma (FA) remains unclear, detailed understanding of FTC carcinogenesis would facilitate addressing the scientific and clinical challenges, given that there are morphological and molecular similarities between FTC and the frequently occurring FA. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are a new class of small, noncoding RNAs implicated in development and cancer and may lend novel clues to FTC genesis. For the latter process, a deregulated miRNA can orchestrate the aberrant expression of several hundred target genes.", "The objective of the study was to identify deregulated miRNAs in FTC.", "We used two high-density expression arrays to identify miRNAs and their target genes that are differentially expressed between FTC and FA. Validation was done by quantitative RT-PCR. We further functionally characterized the effect of deregulated miRNAs in vitro using HEK293T, FTC133, and K5 cell lines.", "In total, 45 primary thyroid samples (23 FTC, 20 FA, four normal control thyroid) were analyzed.", "Two specific miRNAs, miR-197 and miR-346, were significantly overexpressed in FTC. In vitro overexpression of either miRNA induced proliferation, whereas inhibition led to growth arrest. Overexpression of miR-197 and miR-346 repressed the expression of their predicted target genes in vitro and in vivo." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenocarcinoma, Follicular", "Adenoma", "Blotting, Western", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Down-Regulation", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Humans", "MicroRNAs", "Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Thyroid Neoplasms", "Transfection" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Translaryngeal intubated and ventilated patients often need sedation to treat anxiety, agitation and/or pain. Current opinion is that tracheotomy reduces sedation requirements. We determined sedation needs before and after tracheotomy of intubated and mechanically ventilated patients.", "We performed a retrospective analysis of the use of morphine, midazolam and propofol in patients before and after tracheotomy.", "Of 1,788 patients admitted to our intensive care unit during the study period, 129 (7%) were tracheotomized. After the exclusion of patients who received a tracheotomy before or at the day of admittance, 117 patients were left for analysis. The daily dose (DD; the amount of sedatives for each day) divided by the mean daily dose (MDD; the mean amount of sedatives per day for the study period) in the week before and the week after tracheotomy was 1.07 +/- 0.93 DD/MDD versus 0.30 +/- 0.65 for morphine, 0.84 +/- 1.03 versus 0.11 +/- 0.46 for midazolam, and 0.62 +/- 1.05 versus 0.15 +/- 0.45 for propofol (p < 0.01). However, when we focused on a shorter time interval (two days before and after tracheotomy), there were no differences in prescribed doses of morphine and midazolam. Studying the course in DD/MDD from seven days before the placement of tracheotomy, we found a significant decline in dosage. From day -7 to day -1, morphine dosage (DD/MDD) declined by 3.34 (95% confidence interval -1.61 to -6.24), midazolam dosage by 2.95 (-1.49 to -5.29) and propofol dosage by 1.05 (-0.41 to -2.01). After tracheotomy, no further decrease in DD/MDD was observed and the dosage remained stable for all sedatives. Patients in the non-surgical and acute surgical groups received higher dosages of midazolam than patients in the elective surgical group. Time until tracheotomy did not influence sedation requirements. In addition, there was no significant difference in sedation between different patient groups." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Critical Care", "Female", "Humans", "Hypnotics and Sedatives", "Intensive Care Units", "Male", "Midazolam", "Middle Aged", "Morphine", "Propofol", "Respiration, Artificial", "Retrospective Studies", "Tracheotomy" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To evaluate the different potencies of several opioids in obtunding reflex mechanisms of laryngoscopy and intubation.", "Three groups of patients (each n = 25, ASA 1-2) undergoing elective plastic surgery were randomly given meptazinol (2.5 mg kg-1), nalbuphine (0.3 mg kg-1) or fentanyl (5 microg kg-1) in a blinded fashion prior to laryngoscopy and intubation. This was followed by a standardized bolus induction of a barbiturate and a muscle relaxant. The response to laryngoscopy and intubation was studied, using blood pressure, heart rate and bispectral index.", "With fentanyl, there was an increase of heart rate by 17%, and systolic blood pressure by 7% when compared to control. Bispectral index dropped an additional 8% when compared to 1 min after barbiturate induction. In the nalbuphine group there was a 16% increase in systolic blood pressure, and a 16% increase in heart rate when compared to control. Also, bispectral index increased by 18% when compared to 1 min after barbiturate injection. The group receiving meptazinol demonstrated no cardiovascular changes although bispectral index dropped by an additional 19% when compared to 1 min after barbiturate injection." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Coronary Vessels", "Fentanyl", "Heart", "Heart Rate", "Humans", "Intubation", "Laryngoscopy", "Meptazinol", "Middle Aged", "Nalbuphine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) plays a critical role in UV-induced apoptotic cell death. Although three isoforms are known in mammals, physiological roles of each isoform are still obscure. Furthermore, our recent findings show that serpin squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA1) binds to JNK.", "To determine which isoform is responsible for the UV signal transduction in human epidermis and whether SCCA1 is capable to regulate kinase activity of a specific isoform.", "Immunohistochemical localization of each JNK isoform was investigated after UV irradiation in vivo and in vitro. Effect of recombinant SCCA1 on JNK kinase activity was also analyzed.", "Immunostaining for JNK1, 2 and 3 demonstrated marked elevation of JNK1 in spinous to granular cells of UV-irradiated skin, whereas they were expressed weakly in upper epidermis of the sun-protected, buttock skin. In cultured keratinocytes, only JNK1 is translocated into nucleus after UV irradiation. JNK2, which localized in the cytoplasm, or JNK3, which was confined in nucleus, remained in the same compartment after UV irradiation. We confirmed that only JNK1 mRNA was up-regulated after UV irradiation in cultured keratinocytes. In addition, recombinant SCCA1 suppressed kinase activity of JNK1 but did not affect JNK2 or JNK3 kinase activity." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Active Transport, Cell Nucleus", "Adult", "Antigens, Neoplasm", "Cell Nucleus", "Cytoplasm", "Epidermis", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8", "Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9", "RNA, Messenger", "Serpins", "Signal Transduction", "Ultraviolet Rays", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of folate and homocysteine in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and to correlate them with the clinical stage. An attempt was made to associate the results with the effects of smoking.", "Serum levels of folate and homocysteine were measured in 150 patients with histologically-proven SCCHN before any treatment and in 150 healthy volunteers (77 smokers and 73 nonsmokers).", "The study indicated a positive correlation between hyperhomocysteinemia and hypofolatemia and the presence of SCCHN. Folate deficiency and high levels of homocysteine were noted in a large number of healthy smokers." ], "labels": [ "UNLABELLED", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Carcinoma, Squamous Cell", "Female", "Folic Acid", "Head and Neck Neoplasms", "Homocysteine", "Humans", "Hyperhomocysteinemia", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Staging", "Prospective Studies", "Smoking" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The optimal role of postoperative radiotherapy for patients with prostate cancer remains undefined.", "The medical records of 70 patients (median age: 66 years), who had received radical radiotherapy (RT) between the years 1996 and 2004 after radical prostatectomy (RP), were analyzed. Fifteen patients had received immediate adjuvant RT, while the other 55 patients had received salvage therapy. Hormonal therapy had been performed in 28 patients before RT and continued in two of them concurrently with RT. A median dose of 60 Gy was delivered to the prostate bed. Pelvic node irradiation was performed in all patients.", "After a median follow-up period of 23 months, 21 patients had experienced biochemical failure. Actuarial 3- and 5-year biochemical relapse-free survival estimates were 67.4%. No patient had local failure, although distant metastases with biochemical failure were found in five patients. On univariate analysis, the following were significant for biochemical failures: seminar vesicle involvement, serum PSA level >1 ng/ml before RT, pathological pelvic node involvement, RT indication (adjuvant vs. salvage) and Gleason score. However, only the serum PSA level before RT was significant on multivariate analysis." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Disease-Free Survival", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Staging", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prostate-Specific Antigen", "Prostatectomy", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Radiotherapy, Adjuvant", "Retrospective Studies", "Salvage Therapy" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Experimental 3-factor design with repeated measures on all factors.", "The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of 3 prophylactic hyperextension elbow braces on limiting active and passive elbow extension before and after exercise.", "Prophylactic hyperextension elbow braces are used to protect the joint against excessive extension, but their effectiveness for this purpose has not been determined.", "Twenty Division I intercollegiate football players (mean +/- SD age, 20.2 +/- 1.3 years; mean +/- SD height, 184.4 +/- 9.9 cm, mean +/- SD mass, 102.9 +/- 22.0 kg) completed all phases of the study. The Breg Functional Elbow Brace, PRO 470 Kendall Elbow Brace, and DonJoy Elbow Guard were tested both actively and passively before and after an isokinetic exercise session on a Biodex Multi-Joint Testing and Exercise Dynamometer. For all tests, the braces were set at a 30 degrees flexion limit angle. The exercise session consisted of 1 set of reciprocal elbow extension and flexion at an angular velocity of 360 degrees/s, totaling 1627 J of work.", "None of the braces limited elbow extension to the 30 degrees flexion limit. However, all of the braces were successful in preventing the elbow from reaching the vulnerable position of hyperextension. The Breg Functional Elbow Brace was the most effective for limiting elbow extension near its set angle, followed by the DonJoy Elbow Guard, and the PRO 470 Kendall Elbow Brace across all test conditions." ], "labels": [ "METHODS", "OBJECTIVE", "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Braces", "Elbow Joint", "Equipment Design", "Exercise Test", "Humans", "Joint Dislocations", "Male", "Philadelphia", "Range of Motion, Articular", "Surveys and Questionnaires" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Rapid bone loss occurs from the proximal femur after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT).", "The objective of the study was to evaluate effects of high-dose pamidronate therapy on bone loss (BMD) after alloSCT.", "This was a randomized, multicenter, open-label, 12-month prospective study of iv pamidronate (90 mg/month) beginning before conditioning vs. no pamidronate. All 116 patients also received calcitriol (0.25 microg/d) and calcium (1000 mg/d), which were continued for another year.", "Primary objectives were to compare changes in BMD 12 months after alloSCT at the femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total hip between the treatment arms and assess influences of glucocorticoid and cyclosporin therapy on these changes.", "Pamidronate reduced bone loss at the spine, femoral neck, and total hip by 5.6, 7.7, and 4.9% (all P < or = 0.003), respectively, at 12 months. However, BMD of the femoral neck and total hip was still 2.8 and 3.5% lower than baseline, respectively (P < 0.05) with pamidronate. Only differences at the total hip remained significant between the two groups at 24 months. Benefits were restricted to patients receiving an average daily prednisolone dose greater than 10 mg and cyclosporin therapy for more than 5 months within the first 6 months of alloSCT." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Bone Density", "Bone Remodeling", "Cyclosporine", "Diphosphonates", "Female", "Glucocorticoids", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Osteonecrosis", "Osteoporosis", "Pamidronate", "Stem Cell Transplantation", "Transplantation, Homologous" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Physical activity energy expenditure (EE) is an important determinant of health, and epidemiologists have used various methods, such as physical activity and energy intake recalls and records, to estimate energy cost. However, most epidemiologic studies have not validated these methods against the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique for measuring EE.", "The aim was to compare EE estimated by 4 physical activity questionnaires with that obtained with the DLW technique in free-living postmenopausal women.", "We measured EE in kcal/d using the DLW method, the Harvard Alumni questionnaire, the Five City Project questionnaire, the Cross-Cultural Activity Participation Study (CAPS) Four Week Activity Recall, and the CAPS Typical Week Activity Survey in 65 healthy postmenopausal women.", "Compared with DLW, the Harvard Alumni questionnaire, the Five City Project questionnaire, and the CAPS Four Week Activity Recall overestimated (P < 0.05) daily EE by 62%, 16%, and 11%, respectively, whereas the CAPS Typical Week Activity Recall underestimated (P < 0.05) EE by 31%. Both the Harvard Alumni and Five City Project questionnaires overestimated EE in obese and overweight women." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Basal Metabolism", "Body Water", "Energy Intake", "Energy Metabolism", "Exercise", "Female", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Obesity", "Postmenopause", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Radioisotope Dilution Technique", "Reproducibility of Results", "Sensitivity and Specificity", "Surveys and Questionnaires" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Experimental CDH is often associated with malformations of neural crest origin. Several of these features are present in human CDH and therefore likely similar pathogenic mechanisms should be explored. The aim of the present study is to examine whether thyroid C-cells, another neural crest derivative, are abnormal in this rat model.", "Pregnant rats were exposed either to 100 mg of 2-4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofén) or vehicle (controls) on 9.5 day of gestation. Fetuses were recovered on day 21st and the thyroids of those with CDH (68%) were immuno-histochemically stained with anti-calcitonin antibody. The number of positively stained cells per high power field were counted using a computer-assisted image analysis method in at least 5 sections per thyroid. The distribution of the cells within the gland was assessed as well. Comparisons between CDH and control rats were made by non-parametric tests with a significance threshold of p<0.05.", "The number of c-cells was dramatically reduced in CDH animals in comparison with controls (101.2 +/- 61.3 vs 23.1 +/- 37, p<0.0001). Histology of the thyroid was similar in both groups, but the distribution of positive C-cells within the gland followed an abnormal pattern in CDH rats with the cells tending to be located at the periphery rather than at the core of the lobes." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Female", "Hernia, Diaphragmatic", "Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital", "Male", "Neural Crest", "Pesticides", "Phenyl Ethers", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Research Design", "Thyroid Diseases", "Thyroid Gland" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "A gap greater than 3 cm between both esophageal pouches is observed in 1 of 20 cases of esophageal atresia. Our goal was to critically review our experience in the management of these patients.", "During 1995-2004, 15 patients were treated for a long gap esophageal atresia (LEA). Gaps ranged from 3 to 8 cm. Ten patients presented a pure esophageal atresia. They were managed with a gastrostomy and delayed repair: 8 Schärli interventions and 2 esophageal flaps. The other 5 patients had an esophageal atresia with distal fistula (LEA-DF), and primary repair was attempted: 3 end-to-end esophageal anastomosis were achieved under a strong tension; 1 a Schärli procedure; 1 ligation of the fistula, feeding gastrostomy and delayed esophageal flap. The use of esophageal flaps is a late event in our series. since its introduction we've performed 5 esophageal atresia repairs using 3 flaps (2 pure atresias and 1 LEA-DF).", "From 9 Schärli we have to practice 2 reinterventions for anastomotic leak; there was 1 parahiatal hernia that needed surgery after 8 years. From 3 flaps 2 patients presented a persistent stricture that needed reintervention. All of the 3 E-E anastomosis had reintervention for persistent stricture and also anti-reflux procedures (Nissen). Eight patients showed a normal growth and development (4/9 Schärli, 3/3 flaps and 1/3 E-E). Seven patients are growth retarded (4/7 with associated malformations, 1/7 who developed an eosinophilic esophagitis and 2/7 preterm babies)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Esophageal Atresia", "Gastrostomy", "Humans", "Infant, Newborn", "Infant, Premature", "Learning", "Surgical Flaps", "Surgical Procedures, Operative" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The objective of this study was to identify key determinants of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level, including subclinical inflammation and insulin resistance, and to determine the prevalence of a low HDL-C phenotype in dyslipidaemic patients at high cardiovascular risk.", "In a cross-sectional study, we assessed the prevalence of low HDL-C phenotypes in 14 667 dyslipidaemic patients attending our specialised lipid clinic and evaluated the potential relationships between HDL-C level and 16 clinical and biological parameters.", "In univariate analysis, women exhibited higher plasma concentrations of HDL-C as compared with men. Levels of triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, uric acid, waist circumference, body mass index, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), insulin resistance (as HOMA-IR index) and smoking were all negatively correlated with HDL-C, whereas age was positively correlated with HDL-C levels. Moderate drinkers (10-30 g/day) displayed higher HDL-C concentrations as compared with abstinent subjects; in contrast, consumption of more than 30 g alcohol/day was associated with a further non-significant elevation of HDL-C levels as compared to moderate drinkers. Multivariate analysis identified eight independent correlates of HDL-C. Age, sex and TG accounted for 37% of variability in HDL-C; modifiable factors including waist circumference, alcohol consumption and smoking, in addition to HOMA-IR and hs-CRP, accounted for an additional 5% of the variability in HDL-C. Using a cut-off of 40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L) for men and 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) for women, 33% and 28% of men and women displayed low levels of HDL-C." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Age Factors", "Aged", "Cardiovascular Diseases", "Cholesterol, HDL", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Female", "Humans", "Hypertriglyceridemia", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Observer Variation", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prevalence", "Risk Factors", "Sex Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "A recent study presented first evidence that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at codon 388 of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) gene, causing a transmembrane domain missense mutation (Gly388Arg), is associated with disease outcome in node-positive breast cancer. This article addresses the clinical relevance of this SNP, FGFR4 genotype, phenotype, and HER2 regarding patient outcome and influence of adjuvant systemic therapy in a substantial primary breast cancer collective (n = 372; median follow-up, 94.5 months).", "Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of germ-line polymorphism was performed in uninvolved lymph nodes; FGFR4 and HER2 expression were assessed immunohistochemically in tissue microarrays.", "In 51% of patients, homo- or heterozygous Arg388 allele was present. No correlation existed between FGFR4 genotype and expression or HER2 status. In node-negative patients, FGFR4 genotype was not correlated with disease outcome. In node-positive patients, however, FGFR4 Arg388 was significantly associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS; P = .02) and overall survival (OS; P = .04). Notably, this association seems to be attributable to relatively poor therapy response in Arg388 carriers, reflected in their significantly shorter DFS (P = .02) and OS (P = .045) among patients receiving adjuvant systemic therapy. It is also seen as a significant interaction term in a multivariate proportional hazards model with Arg388 carriers having only about half as much benefit from adjuvant systemic therapy as wild-type carriers." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Alleles", "Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols", "Arginine", "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Breast Neoplasms", "Chemotherapy, Adjuvant", "Disease Progression", "Drug Resistance, Neoplasm", "Female", "Genetic Markers", "Genotype", "Glycine", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Mutation, Missense", "Phenotype", "Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prognosis", "Proportional Hazards Models", "Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 4" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening disease. Bone marrow cell transplantation is reported to reduce the development of PH by increasing vascular beds in pulmonary circulation. However, adenoviral overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the lung is also known to reduce PH. Because mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potential cell sources for neovascularization, the implantation of MSCs overexpressing eNOS (MSCs/eNOS) may further improve the surgical results. We evaluated the efficacy of MSCs/eNOS implantation in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH rats.", "MSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow. PH was induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of MCT. One week after MCT administration, the rats received 3 different treatments: MSCs (MSC group), MSCs/eNOS (MSC/eNOS group), or nontreatment (PH group). As the negative control, rats received saline instead of MCT (control group). Right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy and the elevation of RV systolic pressure (RVSP) were evaluated 3 weeks after MCT administration. Moreover, the effects of MSCs/eNOS on survival were investigated in PH induced by MCT 3 weeks earlier. RVSP in both the MSC and MSC/eNOS groups was significantly lower than the PH group. RVSP in the MSC/eNOS group was significantly lower than the MSC group. The RV weight to body weight ratio was significantly lower in the MSC and MSC/eNOS groups than the PH group. The survival time of rats receiving MSCs/eNOS was significantly longer than the nontreatment rats." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adenoviridae", "Animals", "Cells, Cultured", "DNA, Complementary", "Disease Models, Animal", "Femoral Vein", "Genetic Therapy", "Genetic Vectors", "Humans", "Hypertension, Pulmonary", "Injections, Intravenous", "Male", "Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation", "Monocrotaline", "Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Ventricular Dysfunction, Right" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Autoimmunity may exacerbate vascular disease, particularly in the form of anti-endothelial cell (EC) antibodies. The increased morbidity of cardiovascular diseases in concert with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and other systemic illnesses may reflect the increase presence and potency of these antibodies. Matrix-embedded ECs act as powerful regulators of vascular repair accompanied by significant reduction in expected systemic and local inflammation. We compared the immune response against free and matrix-embedded ECs in naïve mice and mice with heightened EC immune reactivity.", "Mice were presensitized to EC with repeated (days 0, 21, 35) subcutaneous injections of saline-suspended porcine EC (PAE) (5 x 10(5) cells). Controls received saline injections. On day 42, mice received 5 x 10(5) matrix-embedded or free PAEs. Circulating PAE-specific antibodies and effector T-cells were analyzed via flow cytometry, and xenoreactive lymphocytes via ELISPOT, 90 days after implantation. PAE-specific antibody-titers, frequency of CD4+-effector cells, and xenoreactive splenocytes were 2- to 4-fold lower (P<0.0001) when naïve mice were injected with matrix-embedded instead of saline-suspended PAEs. Though basal levels of circulating antibodies were significantly elevated after serial PAE injections (2210+/-341 mean fluorescence intensity, day 42) and almost doubled again 90 days after injection of a fourth set of free PAEs, antibody levels declined by half in recipients of matrix-embedded PAEs at day 42 (P<0.0001). Levels of CD4+-effector cells and xenoreactive splenocytes showed similar results." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antibodies, Heterophile", "Aorta", "CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes", "CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes", "Endothelial Cells", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Extracellular Matrix", "Fluoresceins", "Fluorescent Dyes", "Graft Rejection", "Immunity, Cellular", "Immunization", "Injections, Subcutaneous", "Mice", "Spleen", "Sus scrofa", "T-Lymphocyte Subsets", "Transplantation, Heterologous" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) refer to a broader group of neurobiological conditions, pervasive developmental disorders. They are characterised by a symptomatic triad associated with qualitative changes in social interactions, defect in communication abilities, and repetitive and stereotyped interests and activities. ASD is prevalent in 1 to 3 per 1000 people. Despite several arguments for a strong genetic contribution, the molecular basis of a most cases remains unexplained. About 5% of patients with autism have a chromosome abnormality visible with cytogenetic methods. The most frequent are 15q11-q13 duplication, 2q37 and 22q13.3 deletions. Many other chromosomal imbalances have been described. However, most of them remain undetectable using routine karyotype analysis, thus impeding diagnosis and genetic counselling.", "29 patients presenting with syndromic ASD were investigated using a DNA microarray constructed from large insert clones spaced at approximately 1 Mb intervals across the genome. Eight clinically relevant rearrangements were identified in 8 (27.5%) patients: six deletions and two duplications. Altered segments ranged in size from 1.4 to 16 Mb (2-19 clones). No recurrent abnormality was identified." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Child", "Child Development Disorders, Pervasive", "Chromosome Aberrations", "Chromosomes, Human", "Female", "Genetic Testing", "Genomics", "Humans", "Male", "Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis", "Syndrome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Venous occlusion is a recognized complication of transvenous pacing, and lead cross-sectional area indexed to body surface area (BSA) has been used to predict venous obstruction in children.", "The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors and incidence of angiographic venous obstruction after transvenous lead implantation in both children and young adults.", "Contrast venography was obtained in 85 of 90 consecutive patients undergoing repeat pacemaker or ICD procedures from 2002 to 2004 at a single cardiac center. Venograms were graded as complete venous obstruction, significant partial obstruction (>70% with collaterals), or patent.", "The cohort had a median age of 15.0 years at implant and was divided into two age groups: 3-12 years (n = 35) and 13 years and over (n = 50). After a median interval of 6.5 years, complete obstruction was seen in 11 of 85 patients (13%) and partial obstruction in another 10 patients (12%). No significant differences were seen in the incidence of obstruction between the two age groups although younger patients had a larger lead indexed to BSA ratio (6.82 vs 5.05, P = 0.005). There were no significant differences between obstructed and nonobstructed patients in relation to age, size, growth, or lead factors." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Age Factors", "Body Size", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Coronary Vessels", "Defibrillators, Implantable", "Equipment Design", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Pacemaker, Artificial", "Phlebography", "Prognosis", "Risk Factors", "Vascular Diseases" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The potentiation of topoisomerase (topo)-I-induced apoptosis by proteasome inhibitors is dependent on the treatment sequence, but not on NF-kappaB. In this study, alternate mechanisms modulating apoptosis induced with the topo I-targeting drug, SN-38, when followed by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (PS-341) were investigated.", "Human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC-3) cells transfected with a control vector (NSCLC-3/neo) or a vector containing dominant negative IkappaBalpha (NSCLC-3/mIkappaBalpha) were treated with SN-38 for 1 h followed by PS-341 for 4 h (SN-38 --> PS-341), or with either drug alone. The functional role of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin was tested using NSCLC-3 transfected with myc-tagged wild-type (NSCLC-3/myc-survivin), or dominant negative mutant T34A survivin (NSCLC-3/myc-T34A).", "In NSCLC-3/neo or NSCLC-3/mIkappaBalpha cells, treatment with SN-38 --> PS-341 led to down-regulation of the survivin transcript and protein, enhanced apoptosis and reduced (> 3-fold) survival compared to SN-38 or PS-341 alone. In contrast to the cells transfected with wild-type survivin, or the control NSCLC-3/neo, those cells transfected with mutant survivin and treated with SN-38 --> PS-341 exhibited enhanced caspase 9 activity (> 2-fold), caspase 3 (> 2- to 3-fold) activity and cytotoxicity compared to the NSCLC-3/neo cells." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols", "Apoptosis", "Boronic Acids", "Bortezomib", "Camptothecin", "Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung", "Cell Line, Tumor", "DNA Damage", "Down-Regulation", "Drug Synergism", "Humans", "I-kappa B Proteins", "Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins", "Irinotecan", "Lung Neoplasms", "Microtubule-Associated Proteins", "Mutation", "NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha", "NF-kappa B", "Neoplasm Proteins", "Protease Inhibitors", "Proteasome Inhibitors", "Pyrazines", "Survivin", "Topoisomerase I Inhibitors", "Transfection" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We have recently demonstrated that tissue factor (TF) expression increases in adipose tissues/adipocytes of cholesterol-fed rabbit, which is associated with a hypercoagulable state that contributes to thrombosis. In this study, we evaluated the ability of atorvastatin to modulate TF expression in cholesterol-fed rabbit and the regulatory mechanism.", "Male rabbits were randomly fed with normal diet and high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks, following 4 weeks, those fed high-cholesterol diet were randomly assigned to atorvastatin or starch. At the end of 12 weeks, subcutaneous adipose was collected, and culture adipocyte. TF mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). TF concentrations were determined with ELISA. The in vitro effect of atorvastatin and mevalonate (MVA) on TF production in adipocytes was observed.", "Atorvastatin reduced serum TC and LDL-C levels (P<0.05), and decreased plasma TF concentration and expression in adipose tissues/adipocytes from cholesterol-fed rabbits. In vitro, atorvastatin dose-dependently suppressed TF expression and protein secretion in adipocytes. MVA reversed the inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on TF expression in concentration-dependent manner." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Atherosclerosis", "Atorvastatin", "Heptanoic Acids", "Male", "Pyrroles", "Rabbits", "Subcutaneous Fat", "Thromboplastin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Small interfering RNA (siRNA), which has been used to inhibit mammalian gene expression, is demonstrated to be an effective tool for gene function investigation. The aim of the present study was to observe the effect of siRNA, which was designed to target volume-regulated chloride channel ClC-2 gene, on the proliferation of a human glioma cell line U-87.", "Two recombinant eukaryotic CIC-2 siRNA expression vectors were designed and constructed. Sequences were identified and confirmed by restrictive endonuclease digestion and DNA sequencing. The empty vector, pSUPER. puro, and two recombinant plasmids, pSUPER. puro-shRNA-ClC-21 and pSUPER. puro-shRNA-ClC-22, were transfected into U-87 cells using Lipofectamine2000 (Groups: PP0, PP1 and PP2, respectively). ClC-2 mRNA expression was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); the cellular proliferation rate was determined by MTT assay; the cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry (FCM); and the cell colony formation rate was measured by plate colony formation assay.", "The DNA fragments encoding siRNA targeting ClC-2-gene were successfully connected onto pSUPER. puro vector. ClC-2 mRNA expression and the cell growth rate in PP1 and PP2 groups were significantly inhibited compared to those in PP0 and control groups. Meanwhile, cell cycle was arrested in G1 phase and the percentage of G1 phase cells were increased by about 30.24% in PP1 and 18.04% in PP2 vs. in control and PP0 groups, P < 0.05. Moreover, the cell colony formation rates were statistically decreased in siRNA treated groups, which were (11.0+/-1.0)% in PP1 and (20+/-3.1)% in PP2 vs. (46.5+/-1.6)% in control and (47.5+/-2.8)% in PP0 groups (P<0.01)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Brain Neoplasms", "Cell Cycle", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Cell Proliferation", "Chloride Channels", "Gene Silencing", "Genetic Vectors", "Glioma", "Humans", "RNA Interference", "RNA, Messenger", "RNA, Small Interfering", "Transfection" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Interleukin-2 (IL-2) can modulate cardiovascular functions, but the effect of IL-2 on vascular endothelial function in diabetes is not known. We hypothesized that IL-2 may attenuate endothelial dysfunction induced by high glucose or diabetes. So the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of IL-2 on endothelium-response of aortas incubated with high glucose or from diabetic rats and its underlying mechanism.", "Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR), sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced endothelium-independent relaxation (EIR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were measured in aortas isolated from non-diabetic rats and exposed to a high glucose concentration and from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.", "Incubation of aortic rings with high glucose (44 mM) for 4 h resulted in a significant inhibition of EDR, but had no effects on EIR. Co-incubation with IL-2 for 40 min prevented the inhibition of EDR caused by high glucose in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, high glucose decreased SOD and NOS activity in aortic tissue. IL-2 (1000 U/ml) significantly attenuated the decrease of SOD and NOS activity caused by high glucose. In addition, EDR declined along with the decrease of serum NO level in aortas from STZ-induced diabetic rats. Injection of IL-2 (5000 and 50,000 U kg(-1) d(-1), s.c.) for 5 weeks prevented the inhibition of EDR and the decrease of serum NO levels caused by diabetes." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acetylcholine", "Animals", "Aorta, Thoracic", "Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Glucose", "In Vitro Techniques", "Interleukin-2", "Male", "Nitric Oxide", "Nitric Oxide Synthase", "Nitroprusside", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Superoxide Dismutase", "Time Factors", "Vasodilation", "Vasodilator Agents" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To explore forms of immigration-related partner abuse and examine the association of such abuse and immigration status with physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) among South Asian women residing in greater Boston.", "Cross-sectional survey data on demographics,immigration status, immigration-related partner abuse, IPV, and health were collected from immigrant South Asian women currently in relationships with men (n=189). In-depth interviews were conducted with immigrant South Asian women with histories of IPV (n=23). The majority of women in both the quantitative and qualitative studies were Indian (96% and 65%), not US citizens (69% and 83%), and highly educated (48% and 39% reported postgraduate training). Logistic regression analyses adjusted for related demographics and 95% confidence intervals were used to assess quantitative data. Qualitative data were assessed via a grounded theory approach.", "The odds of reporting IPV (23% of the sample)were higher for women who reported that their partners refused to change their immigration status (OR 7.8; CI 1.4, 44.6) or threatened them with deportation (OR 23.0; CI 4.5, 118.8) and for those on spousal dependent visas (OR 2.8; CI 1.1, 7.4) than they were for other women. Abused women interviewed also described how their partners used immigration laws prohibiting them from working or petitioning for status change to limit their autonomy." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Asia, Southeastern", "Asian Americans", "Battered Women", "Boston", "Emigration and Immigration", "Employment", "Female", "Humans", "India", "Interviews as Topic", "Logistic Models", "Personal Autonomy", "Public Policy", "Spouse Abuse", "United States", "Vulnerable Populations", "Women's Rights" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Plexins are a family of transmembrane proteins that were shown to act as receptors for Semaphorins either alone or in a complex together with Neuropilins. Based on structural criteria Plexins were subdivided into 4 classes, A through D. PlexinAs are mainly thought to act as mediators of repulsive signals in cell migration and axon guidance. Their functional role in vertebrates has been studied almost exclusively in the context of Semaphorin signaling, i.e. as co-receptors for class 3 Semaphorins. Much less is known about Plexins of the other three classes. Despite the fact that Plexins are involved in the formation of neuronal circuits, the temporal changes of their expression patterns during development of the nervous system have not been analyzed in detail.", "Only seven plexins are found in the chicken genome in contrast to mammals, where nine plexins have been identified. Here, we describe the dynamic expression patterns of all known plexin family members in comparison to the neuropilins in the developing chicken spinal cord." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Cell Adhesion Molecules", "Chick Embryo", "Ganglia, Spinal", "Gene Expression", "Genomics", "Hindlimb", "Motor Neurons", "Nerve Tissue Proteins", "Neuropilins", "Phylogeny", "Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid", "Spinal Cord" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "It has been found that nicorandil can attenuate myocardial no-reflow. However, the exact cause of this beneficial effect has remained unclear. We investigated whether the beneficial effect of nicorandil on myocardial no-reflow could be partly due to its protection against endothelial dysfunction.", "Ligation area and area of no-reflow were determined echocardiographically and pathologically in sixty-two animals randomized into 7 study groups: 9 controls, 9 nicorandil-treated, 8 glibenclamide (K(ATP) channel blocker)-treated, 10 N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, nonselective nitric oxide synthase antagonist)-treated, 10 nicorandil and glibenclamide-treated, 8 nicorandil and L-NMMA-treated and 8 sham-operated. The acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion model was created with one 3-h occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activity and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity were also quantified.", "Compared with the control group, nicorandil significantly improved ventricular function, increased coronary blood flow volume (P<0.01), decreased area of no-reflow and reduced necrosis area. Nicorandil also increased the cNOS activity and decreased iNOS activity (P<0.05). L-NMMA and glibenclamide abrogated the effects of nicorandil on ventricular function, coronary blood flow volume, area of no-reflow, necrosis area and cNOS activity, but not iNOS activity." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Antihypertensive Agents", "Coronary Circulation", "Endothelial Cells", "Endothelium, Vascular", "Glyburide", "Myocardial Infarction", "Nicorandil", "Nitric Oxide Synthase", "Organ Size", "Potassium Channels", "Swine", "Swine, Miniature", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is based on a set of criteria proposed by the International Task Force (TF) for Cardiomyopathies in 1994. To fulfill these criteria, presence of both electrocardiographic and anatomical abnormalities must be assessed with ECG and imaging techniques, respectively. This may be difficult in patients with early/mild forms of the disease as detectable structural abnormalities may still be absent. We evaluated in which patients presenting with right ventricular tachycardia (VT) serial reevaluation for ARVD/C is indicated.", "Sixty consecutive patients (41 men, mean age 40+/-15 years) were evaluated by the TF criteria for possible ARVD/C because of presentation with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) VT, representing 1 minor criterion. The presence on the ECG of a T-wave inversion beyond lead V2 (1 minor), right precordial QRS prolongation (1 major), or an epsilon wave (1 major) was assessed together with the visualization of severe regional/global right ventricle dysfunction (1 major) or mild segmental dilatation/regional hypokinesia (1 minor) by standard imaging techniques. Initially, 22 (37%) patients were diagnosed as having ARVD/C. After 47+/-39 (range 6-146) months, 23 initially TF-negative patients were reevaluated because of recurrent symptoms, with 12 (52%) additional patients now meeting the TF criteria. Eleven of these 12 (92%) patients presented initially with ECG abnormalities only, but developed structural abnormalities on imaging at follow-up." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Anti-Arrhythmia Agents", "Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia", "Bundle-Branch Block", "Catheter Ablation", "Diagnosis, Differential", "Disease Progression", "Echocardiography", "Electrocardiography", "Female", "Humans", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Male", "Practice Guidelines as Topic", "Tachycardia, Ventricular", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate whether recombinant human thyroid-stimulating factor (rhTSH) is effective for the radiometabolic ablation of post-surgery thyroid remnants, using low doses of (131)I.", "The study included two groups of patients enrolled consecutively: group 1 consisted of 52 patients with papillary cancer or minimally invasive follicular cancer (stage I and II), and group 2 consisted of 41 patients with the same stage of disease. All patients underwent a total thyroidectomy. Group 1 received 1.11 GBq (30 mCi) (131)I for post-surgical remnants ablation with the aid of rhTSH, while group 2, in the hypothyroid state, received the same amount of radioiodine. To minimize iodine interference, all patients remained on a low iodine diet for 2 weeks and L-thyroxine (L-T4) was stopped for 4 days in the group of patients treated with the aid of rhTSH. To investigate (131)I uptake in this group, a tracer dose was administered 3 h after the second injection of rhTSH and the uptake was evaluated at 24 h just before administration of the therapeutic dose. I was also measured in the patients treated in the hypothyroid state just before the therapeutic dose was given.", "After 1 year both groups were studied by using whole-body scintigraphy (WBS) and measuring thyroglobulin after rhTSH. In group 1, WBS was negative in 76.9% (40 patients), while thyroglobulin-stimulated levels were <1.0 ng . ml(-1) in 86.5% (45 patients). In Group 2, WBS was negative in 75.6% (31 patients), while thyroglobulin-stimulated levels were <1 ng . ml(-1) in 78.0% (32 patients). (131)I uptake was 2.29+/-0.45 in the group treated with the aid of rhTSH, and 3.30+/-0.7 in the group treated in the hypothyroid state (P=0.2). No patients treated with the aid of rhTSH and with the short stoppage of L-T4 experienced symptoms of hypothyroidism, and free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels remained normal." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Chemotherapy, Adjuvant", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Recurrence, Local", "Prognosis", "Recombinant Proteins", "Thyroid Neoplasms", "Thyrotropin", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative immunonutrition pharmaceutics (IMPACT) diet versus standard enteral nutrition (EN) on the nutritional status and immunity of patients with colorectal or gastrointestinal (GI) cancer and to evaluate whether it influences the incidence of postoperative complication.", "Sixty patients with GI cancer were randomly divided into 2 groups, immunonutrition (IM) and control diet (CT), each of which was fed with IMPACT and conventional diet, respectively, for 7 days before surgical procedures. Variables of nutritional status and immunity, postoperative complications, infections, and the days of postoperative hospitalization were measured.", "There were no significant differences in the immunological and nutritional variables between the 2 groups preoperatively. The incidence of postoperative complications was significantly lower and the days of postoperative hospitalization were significantly decreased in the IM group. Serum concentrations of both prealbumin (PALB) and transferrin (TRF) were lower in the IM than in the CT group on postoperative day 3 (P<0.01). TRF continued to be significantly lower in the CT group than in the IM group between day 4 and day 7. However, PALB was significantly lower than before operation in the IM group on postoperative day 3 and TRF was significantly higher in the IM than the CT group on postoperative day 3 (P<0.05). Both PALB and TRF were significantly higher in the IM than the CT group on postoperative day 7 (P<0.05). Postoperative immunoglobulin G (IgG) level in the IM group was higher than that in the CT group (13.35+/-2.06 g/l vs. 9.59+/-2.23 g/l, P<0.05). CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly higher in the IM group (2.10+/-0.51 vs. 1.62+/-0.52, P<0.05)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Chi-Square Distribution", "Enteral Nutrition", "Female", "Gastrointestinal Neoplasms", "Humans", "Immunity", "Incidence", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Nutritional Status", "Postoperative Complications", "Preoperative Care", "Serum Albumin", "Statistics, Nonparametric", "Transferrin", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Nucleoside and nucleobase derivatives are currently used in the treatment of a variety of solid tumors; however, the role of plasma membrane transporters as biomarkers of drug metabolism has not been fully addressed. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether the concentrative nucleoside transporter hCNT1 is a predictive marker of therapeutic response.", "We studied a cohort of 90 breast cancer patients who were treated with cyclophosphamide-methotrexate-5-fluorouracil after surgery and then monitored for up to 108 months. hCNT1 and enzymes associated with nucleotide metabolism (thymidine phosphorylase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidylate synthase) were assessed immunohistochemically in tissue samples.", "Human CNT1 presence was mostly cytoplasmic, with some nuclear staining. The percentage of hCNT1-positive cells correlated positively with the expression of thymidine phosphorylase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Nuclear staining correlated negatively with decreased disease-free survival, whereas the percentage of hCNT1-positive cells correlated positively with reduced long-term survival, with the hCNT1-positive index (>80%) being indicative of poor prognosis. A relative risk of relapse was associated with high hCNT1-positive indexes, whereas when this parameter was combined with the nodal status (positive), a high risk of relapse was found, suggesting that both parameters may reflect a poor prognosis." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols", "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Breast Neoplasms", "Chemotherapy, Adjuvant", "Cyclophosphamide", "Disease-Free Survival", "Female", "Fluorouracil", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Membrane Transport Proteins", "Methotrexate", "Middle Aged", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prognosis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "There is now no doubt that bystander signalling from irradiated cells occurs and causes a variety of responses in cells not targeted by the ionizing track. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes are unknown and the relevance to radiotherapy and risk assessment remains controversial. Previous research by our laboratory has shown bystander effects in a human keratinocyte cell line, HPV-G cells, exposed to medium from gamma irradiated HPV-G cells. The aim of this work was to investigate if similar mechanisms to those identified in medium transfer experiments occurred in these HPV-G cells when they are in the vicinity of microbeam irradiated cells. Demonstration of a commonality of mechanisms would support the idea that the process is not artifactual.", "HPV-G cells were plated as two separate populations on mylar dishes. One population was directly irradiated using a charged particle microbeam (1 - 10 protons). The other population was not irradiated. Bystander factor-induced apoptosis was investigated in both populations following treatment by monitoring the levels of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential using fluorescent probes. Expression of the anti-apoptotic protein, bcl-2, and cytochrome c were determined, as well as apoptosis levels.", "Microbeam irradiation induced increases in reactive oxygen species and decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential at 6 h post-exposure, increased expression of bcl-2 and cytochrome c release at 6.5 h and increased apoptosis at 24 h." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Apoptosis", "Cells, Cultured", "Cytochromes c", "Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation", "Fluorescence", "Gamma Rays", "Humans", "Keratinocytes", "Membrane Potentials", "Mitochondria", "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2", "Radiation Tolerance", "Reactive Oxygen Species", "Signal Transduction", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cognitive and behavioral adverse events (AEs) such as hallucinations, confusion, depression, somnolence and other sleep disorders commonly limit effective management of motor symptoms in PD. Rasagiline (N-propargyl-1(R)-aminoindan) mesylate is a novel, second-generation, selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor, demonstrated in monotherapy and adjunctive trials to be effective for PD with excellent tolerability.", "The occurrence of cognitive and behavioral AEs and the change from baseline in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part I mental subscores were reviewed in two multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, 26-week trials of rasagiline for early and moderate-to-advanced patients with PD. The UPDRS is a multi-item rating scale specific to PD; part I rates the patient's intellectual impairment, thought disorders, depression and motivation/initiative.", "The TEMPO study evaluated rasagiline monotherapy in early PD patients (n=404). The PRESTO study evaluated rasagiline as adjunctive therapy in moderate-to-advanced PD patients with motor complications who were receiving optimized levodopa/carbidopa (n=472). In the analysis of adverse event reporting for both studies, no cognitive and behavioral AE in either the rasagiline 1 mg or placebo groups exceeded 10% of the study population and the frequency differences between rasagiline 1 mg and placebo never exceeded 3%. There was no adverse effect on the UPDRS mental subscore relative to placebo in either of the two studies." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Behavioral Symptoms", "Case-Control Studies", "Cognition", "Dopamine Agents", "Double-Blind Method", "Female", "Humans", "Indans", "Levodopa", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors", "Neuropsychological Tests", "Parkinson Disease" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Endostatin is a C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII which is a component of basement membranes with the structural properties of both collagens and proteoglycans. Endostatin has a major role in angiogenesis which is intimately associated with bone development and remodeling. Signaling between the endothelial cells and the bone cells, for example, may have a role in recruitment of osteoclastic precursor cells. Our study aims at exploring a possibility that endostatin, either as a part of basement membrane or as a soluble molecule, may control osteoclastogenesis and osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro.", "Rat pit formation assay was employed in order to examine the effect of endostatin alone or in combination with vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) on bone resorption in vitro. Effect of these agents on osteoclast differentiation in vitro was also tested. Osteoclastogenesis and the number of osteoclasts were followed by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) staining and resorption was evaluated by measuring the area of excavated pits.", "Endostatin inhibited the VEGF-A stimulated osteoclastic bone resorption, whereas endostatin alone had no effect on the basal resorption level in the absence of VEGF-A. In addition, endostatin could inhibit osteoclast differentiation in vitro independent of VEGF-A." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acid Phosphatase", "Animals", "Bone Development", "Bone Resorption", "Bone and Bones", "Cell Differentiation", "Cells, Cultured", "Collagen Type XVIII", "Endostatins", "Isoenzymes", "Osteoclasts", "Rats", "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase", "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Telomere shortening has been related to vascular dysfunction and hypertension. In the present study, we analyzed the influence of telomerase deficiency and telomere shortening on arterial pressure (AP).", "AP was evaluated in 6-month-old mice lacking the RNA component of the telomerase (terc-/-) at the first generation and third generation (G3). First generation and G3 mice showed higher AP than wild-type (WT) mice. To analyze the mechanisms involved, mean AP and vascular resistance in response to vasoactive substances were measured in G3 and WT mice. These mice showed similar responses to acetylcholine, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, angiotensin II, and losartan administration. Mean AP did not increase after endothelin-1 (ET-1) administration in G3 mice, but it did in WT animals. Bosentan treatment decreased mean AP only in G3 mice. Serum and urine concentrations of ET-1 were higher in terc-/- than in WT mice. Endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE-1) mRNA expression was higher in terc-/- animals than in the WT group. FR901533, an ECE antagonist, decreased blood pressure in conscious G3 mice. Studies in mouse embryonic fibroblasts from G3 mice suggest that ECE-1 overexpression could be mediated by reactive oxygen species in an AP-1-dependent mechanism, in which some kinases such as PI3-kinase, Akt, erk1/2, and Jun Kinase could be involved. An increased activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase seems to be the main source of reactive oxygen species." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Arteries", "Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases", "Blood Pressure", "Endothelin-1", "Endothelin-Converting Enzymes", "Hypertension", "Metalloendopeptidases", "Mice", "Mice, Knockout", "Telomerase", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Glutaraldehyde fixation (G-F) decreases but likely does not eliminate the antigenicity of bioprosthetic heart valves. Rejection (with secondary dystrophic calcification) may be why G-F xenograft valves fail, especially in young patients, who are more immunocompetent than the elderly. Therefore, we sought to determine whether rejection of G-F xenograft occurs and to correlate this with graft calcification.", "Ascending aortas/valves (from rats [syngeneic] or guinea pigs [xenogeneic]) were transplanted (fresh or after 48 hour of G-F) into the infrarenal aortas of young rat recipients for 20 days. A xenogeneic group was also treated with steroids until graft harvest. The valves and media/adventitia were scored blindly for inflammation (0 to 4). Percent graft infiltration by T cells/macrophages was determined (immunohistochemistry), and rat IgG ELISAs were performed. There was >3 times more valve inflammation, >10 times more valve T-cell/macrophage infiltrate, and >3 times antibody rise in the G-F xenogeneic groups compared with the fresh syngeneic or the G-F syngeneic groups (P<0.05). There was >2 times more adventitial inflammation and T-cell/macrophage infiltrate in the xenogeneic groups (P<0.05). Steroid treatment decreased inflammation and antibody rise in the xenogeneic groups (P<0.05). Correlation analysis revealed media/adventitia inflammation (P=0.02) and percent macrophage (P=0.01) infiltration to be predictors of calcification." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Bioprosthesis", "Calcinosis", "Cell Movement", "Glutaral", "Graft Rejection", "Guinea Pigs", "Heart Valve Prosthesis", "Inflammation", "Macrophages", "Prosthesis Failure", "Rats", "Steroids", "T-Lymphocytes", "Transplantation, Heterologous", "Transplantation, Isogeneic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cell surface tissue factor (TF) is normally encrypted, but can be activated by various cellular perturbations. Exposure of TF bearing cells to calcium ionophore has been reported to increase TF activity, de-encrypt TF, by phosphatidylserine (PS)-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Our aim has been to examine at the single cell level, if increased cell surface PS coincided with increased cell surface TF antigen, and cell death (necrosis, 7-AAD-intercalation), and relate this to monocyte- and microparticle (MP)-associated procoagulant activity.", "We exposed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated, human, elutriation-purified, cryopreserved TF bearing monocytes to increasing concentrations of calcium ionophore (A23187) and measured procoagulant activity in cells and supernatants. These measurements were compared with quantification of cell surface TF and PS (Annexin V) and of cell necrosis (7-AAD) by flow cytometry, and complemented by confocal microscopy.", "We observed that calcium ionophore increased cellular and MP-associated TF activity, but not cell surface TF antigen. The discrepancy between TF activity and TF antigen coincided with a dose-dependent increase in the number of cells expressing PS. These cells were to a large extent necrotic and many of them also expressed TF." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Blood Coagulation", "Calcium", "Cell Death", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Factor Xa", "Flow Cytometry", "Humans", "Ionophores", "Monocytes", "Thromboplastin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with a 10- to 20-fold increase in cardiovascular risk. Vascular calcification is a prominent feature of cardiovascular disease in patients with end-stage renal failure and contributes to the excess mortality in this population. In this study, we explored in vivo X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) as a tool to detect and follow-up vascular calcifications in the aorta of living rats with adenine-induced CRF.", "With in vivo micro-CT, calcification of the aorta in uremic rats was clearly discernible on transversal virtual cross-sections. Micro-CT findings correlated well with tissue calcium content and histology. Repetitive scans in animals with light, moderate, and severe vascular calcification showed good reproducibility with minimal interference of motion artifacts. Moreover, both calcified volume and area could be quantified with this method." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Aorta, Thoracic", "Aortic Diseases", "Calcinosis", "Calcium", "Feasibility Studies", "Image Processing, Computer-Assisted", "Imaging, Three-Dimensional", "In Vitro Techniques", "Kidney Failure, Chronic", "Models, Cardiovascular", "Rats", "Reproducibility of Results", "Sensitivity and Specificity", "Severity of Illness Index", "Tomography, X-Ray Computed" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Despite small genomic differences, Chlamydia trachomatis biovars exhibit diverse disease manifestations and different growth rates in vivo and in cell culture models.", "Chlamydial inclusion-forming units were enumerated over time in HeLa cells, to evaluate the length of the developmental cycle for C. trachomatis strains A, B, C, and E/Bour (ocular strains) as well as D, E/UW5/Cx, F, and L2 (genital strains). Prototype strains A, D, and L2 were selected for detailed analysis of reticulate body growth, division, and genomic replication. The impact that changing host cells and that coinfection with different strains has on growth was also assessed.", "The genital strains completed the developmental cycle in 36-44 h, whereas the ocular strains lagged behind considerably. Differences were the result of a longer lag phase (entry plus differentiation) and generation time for the ocular strains. A prototype ocular strain grew faster in conjunctival cells than in cervical cells. Coinfection with genital (D or L2) and ocular strains expedited recovery of the ocular strain." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Chlamydia trachomatis", "Conjunctiva", "Cytokinesis", "DNA Replication", "Epithelial Cells", "Female", "HeLa Cells", "Humans", "Penicillins", "Trachoma", "Uterine Cervicitis" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The antioncogene protein product p53 has not been studied previously in cancer patients during in vivo chemotherapy. This study examined the early p53 protein and gene expression during induction chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).", "Leukemic cells were collected from five AML patients during their first 18 hours of induction chemotherapy and examined for p53 protein and gene expression by one- and two-dimensional gel immunoblot and high-density gene expression arrays.", "Up-regulation of p53 protein expression was detected in AML patients posttreatment in vivo. One- and two-dimensional gel immunoblots showed two main forms of p53, denominated alpha p53 and delta p53, both recognized by various NH2-terminal directed antibodies. As a response to treatment, we detected rapid accumulation of alpha p53, with significantly altered protein expression levels already after 2 hours. The accumulation of alpha p53 was accompanied by increased transcription of putative p53 target genes and subsequent cytopenia in the patients." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Disease", "Adult", "Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols", "Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional", "Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel", "Female", "Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic", "Humans", "Immunoblotting", "Leukemia, Myeloid", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis", "Protein Isoforms", "RNA, Messenger", "Treatment Outcome", "Tumor Suppressor Protein p53", "Up-Regulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The main procedure to confirm a suspected diagnosis of prostate cancer is histologic analysis of ultrasound-guided sextant prostate biopsies. As it is difficult to reliably assess tumor stage and grade in such minute samples, the clinical significance of some tumor foci remains unclear. Genetic markers that could augment pretreatment prognostic information would improve the clinical management of the disease.", "We have analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization a consecutive series of prostate needle biopsies obtained prospectively from 100 prostate cancer suspects. For 25 of these patients, a second independent biopsy core was analyzed to assess possible tumor heterogeneity. Additionally, a three-color fluorescent in situ hybridization assay was done in paraffin-embedded biopsy cores to validate the comparative genomic hybridization findings and to confirm their prognostic value.", "Sixty-one of 100 biopsy samples had morphologic evidence of prostate cancer and 41 (67%) of these displayed genomic copy number changes as opposed to none of the morphologically normal biopsies. The presence of losses, amplifications, and the total number of genomic imbalances were significantly associated with poorly differentiated tumors. Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank test showed that patients whose tumors displayed 8q gains had a significantly worse survival even when tumor grade was taken into account (P = 0.008). Restricting the analysis to cases with Gleason score 7, the most troublesome category in terms of prognostic information, gains at 8q were still significantly associated with poor survival (P = 0.011), something that was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization in an independent series of biopsies with much longer follow-up time (P = 0.023)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Biopsy, Needle", "Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence", "Kaplan-Meier Estimate", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Staging", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prognosis", "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Survival Rate" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To assess the antihistaminic activity of levocetirizine and fexofenadine 2 h and 24 h after drug administration using facial thermography and to compare the results with those using well-established parameters of antihistaminic activity in the nose and skin.", "This was a randomized, double-blind, three-treatment, three-period, single-dose, cross-over study in healthy males taking levocetirizine 5 mg, fexofenadine 120 mg or placebo. The primary endpoint was nasal skin temperature after nasal histamine challenge recorded for 20 min at 2 and 24 h after drug intake. The secondary endpoints were nasal symptoms and a histamine skin prick test.", "Thirty subjects were randomized. At 2 h after drug intake the inhibition of the nasal temperature increase from baseline was not significantly different between levocetirizine and fexofenadine. At 24 h it was significantly more pronounced after levocetirizine than fexofenadine (difference: least-squares mean: -0.13 degrees C; P < or = 0.024, 95% CI -0.24, -0.02). Both drugs significantly reduced (P < or = 0.001) the mean temperature increase from baseline compared with placebo at 2 and 24 h (least-squares mean increase and (95% CI): levocetirizine, -0.28 degrees C (-0.42, -0.14) and -0.32 degrees C (-0.43, -0.21); fexofenadine -0.35 degrees C (-0.49, -0.21) and -0.19 degrees C (-0.30, -0.08), respectively). Results of nasal symptom score and wheal and flare were consistent with the thermography results." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Cetirizine", "Cross-Over Studies", "Double-Blind Method", "Face", "Histamine", "Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Nasal Provocation Tests", "Nose", "Piperazines", "Skin Temperature", "Terfenadine", "Thermography" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Solifenacin succinate is used for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB). The potential for pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interactions between solifenacin and warfarin or digoxin was investigated.", "The solifenacin-warfarin study was a two-period crossover trial conducted in healthy males. Subjects received warfarin on the 10th day of 16 days of dosing with either solifenacin or placebo. The solifenacin-digoxin study was an one-sequence crossover trial conducted in healthy males and females. Following a phase-in period for digoxin, solifenacin was administered concomitantly with the drug on days 9-18.", "The AUC(PT; 0-168 h) following a single dose of warfarin was unchanged in the presence of solifenacin [point estimate = 1.005; 90% confidence interval (CI) 0.98, 1.02)]. The AUC(0-infinity) values for both warfarin enantiomers were also unchanged. A small increase in the C(max) of digoxin was observed during treatment with solifenacin, but for AUC(ss,tau) and C(max) the 90% CI fell within the prespecified interval of 0.80-1.25. Combined administration of solifenacin and warfarin or digoxin was well tolerated." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Oral", "Adult", "Anticoagulants", "Area Under Curve", "Cardiotonic Agents", "Digoxin", "Double-Blind Method", "Drug Administration Schedule", "Drug Interactions", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Muscarinic Antagonists", "Quinuclidines", "Solifenacin Succinate", "Tetrahydroisoquinolines", "Warfarin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Identification of a gene for self-protection from the antibiotic-producing plant pathogen Xanthomonas albilineans, and functional testing by heterologous expression.", "Albicidin antibiotics and phytotoxins are potent inhibitors of prokaryote DNA replication. A resistance gene (albF) isolated by shotgun cloning from the X. albilineans albicidin-biosynthesis region encodes a protein with typical features of DHA14 drug efflux pumps. Low-level expression of albF in Escherichia coli increased the MIC of albicidin 3000-fold, without affecting tsx-mediated albicidin uptake into the periplasm or resistance to other tested antibiotics. Bioinformatic analysis indicates more similarity to proteins involved in self-protection in polyketide-antibiotic-producing actinomycetes than to multi-drug resistance pumps in other gram-negative bacteria. A complex promoter region may co-regulate albF with genes for hydrolases likely to be involved in albicidin activation or self-protection." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Base Sequence", "Bioreactors", "Drug Resistance", "Escherichia coli", "Gene Expression", "Gene Library", "Molecular Sequence Data", "Organic Chemicals", "Plant Diseases", "Sequence Analysis, DNA", "Xanthomonas" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Exposure to the dinoflagellate Pfiesteria has, under certain circumstances, been associated with deficits in human learning and memory. However, uncertainties remain about the health risk of chronic, low-level exposures (as seen among occupationally exposed commercial fishermen), particularly in light of studies suggesting that Pfiesteria strains are widespread in the estuarine environment in the U.S. mid-Atlantic region.", "We selected an initial cohort of 152 persons, including 123 persons with regular, occupational exposure to the Chesapeake Bay ; 107 of the cohort members were followed for the full four summer \"seasons\" of the study. Cohort members were questioned biweekly about symptoms, and data were collected about the areas of the bay in which they worked. These latter data were matched with data on the presence or absence of Pfiesteria in each area, based on polymerase chain reaction analysis of > 3,500 water samples. Cohort members underwent neuropsychological testing at the beginning and end of each summer season.", "No correlation was found between work in an area where Pfiesteria was identified and specific symptomatology or changes on neuropsychological tests." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Animals", "Dinoflagellida", "Humans", "Male", "Maryland", "Middle Aged", "Occupational Exposure", "Oceans and Seas", "Protozoan Infections", "Risk Factors", "Rivers", "Time Factors", "Virginia" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The optimal timing of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) after ipsilateral hemispheric stroke is controversial. Although early studies suggested that an interval of about 6 weeks after a completed stroke was preferred, more recent data have suggested that delaying CEA for this period of time is not necessary. With these issues in mind, we reviewed our experience to examine perioperative outcome with respect to the timing of CEA in previously symptomatic patients.", "A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of all CEAs performed at our institution from 1992 to 2003 showed that 2537 CEA were performed, of which 1,158 (45.6%) were in symptomatic patients. Patients who were operated on emergently <or=48 hours of symptoms for crescendo transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or stroke-in-evolution were excluded from analysis (n = 25). CEA was considered \"early\" if performed <or=4 weeks of symptoms, and \"delayed\" if performed after a minimum of a 4-week interval following the most recent symptom.", "Of nonurgent CEAs in symptomatic patients, in 87 instances the exact time interval from symptoms to surgery could not be precisely determined secondary to the remoteness of the symptoms (>18 months), and these were excluded from further analysis. Of the remaining 1,046 cases, 62.7% had TIAs and 37.3% had completed strokes as their indication for surgery. Among the entire cohort, patients who underwent early CEA were significantly more likely to experience a perioperative stroke than patients who underwent delayed CEA (5.1% vs 1.6%, P = .002). Patients with TIAs alone were more likely to be operated on early rather than in a delayed fashion (64.3% vs 46.7%, P < .0001), likely reflecting institutional bias in selecting delayed CEA for stroke patients. However, even when examined as two separate groups, both TIA patients (n = 656) and CVA patients (n = 390) were significantly more likely to experience a perioperative stroke when operated upon early rather than in a delayed fashion (TIA patients, 3.3% vs 0.9%, P = .05; CVA patients, 9.4% vs 2.4%, P = .003). There were no significant differences in demographics or other meaningful variables between patients who underwent early CEA and those who underwent delayed CEA." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Brain Ischemia", "Carotid Stenosis", "Endarterectomy, Carotid", "Female", "Humans", "Intraoperative Complications", "Male", "Postoperative Complications", "Stroke", "Time Factors", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Errors involving medication use are common. Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) can improve prescribing practices. Few studies have examined the effect of CPOE in combination with decision support tools on prescribing practices in the outpatient setting. Less is known about prescribers' adherence to laboratory monitoring recommendations.", "To evaluate if reminders presented during CPOE for medications would increase physicians' compliance with guidelines for laboratory monitoring at initiation of therapy.", "Randomized prospective intervention study.", "Two hundred seven primary care physicians in a group-model managed care organization were randomized to receive or not receive drug laboratory monitoring alerts within the CPOE system. Adherence to laboratory monitoring recommendations for patients prescribed selected medications was compared between physician groups.", "There was no significant difference between the control and intervention group physicians in the overall rate of compliance with ordering the recommended laboratory monitoring for patients prescribed study medications. Laboratory monitoring was performed as recommended 56.6% of the time in the intervention group compared with 57.1% of the time in the control group (P = .31). In cases in which a statistically significant difference was demonstrated, improved compliance favored the intervention group (eg, 71.2% vs 62.3% [P = .003] for gemfibrozil and 75.7% vs 73.9% [P = .05] for statins)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Ambulatory Care", "Clinical Laboratory Information Systems", "Decision Support Systems, Clinical", "Drug Monitoring", "Female", "Guideline Adherence", "Humans", "Male", "Managed Care Programs", "Medical Order Entry Systems", "Medical Records Systems, Computerized", "Middle Aged", "Primary Health Care", "Reminder Systems", "Safety Management", "Treatment Outcome", "United States" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Several studies have reported that the intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or fish is inversely associated with serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, but few studies have evaluated the relations between serum CRP concentrations and consumption of n-3 PUFAs derived from marine products in populations with a diet rich in marine products. Therefore, it is still unclear whether a greater consumption of n-3 PUFAs is associated with lower serum CRP concentrations.", "The aim of this study was to investigate the relations between n-3 PUFA intake and serum CRP concentration in the Japanese, who have a diet rich in marine products.", "We designed a cross-sectional survey of 401 men and 570 women aged > or =70 y who were living in Japan. CRP concentrations were measured, and subjects whose serum CRP concentrations were > or =10.0 mg/L were excluded. Dietary intake was assessed with a self-administered diet-history questionnaire.", "After adjustment for several predictors of inflammation, the odds ratio of high CRP (> or =1.0 mg/L) for increasing quartiles of total n-3 PUFA and eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid were 1.0, 0.72, 0.57, and 0.44 (P for trend = 0.01) and 1.0, 0.91, 0.76, and 0.54 (P for trend = 0.03), respectively." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "C-Reactive Protein", "Confidence Intervals", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Diet", "Diet Surveys", "Dietary Fats, Unsaturated", "Docosahexaenoic Acids", "Eicosapentaenoic Acid", "Fatty Acids, Omega-3", "Female", "Health Surveys", "Humans", "Japan", "Male", "Odds Ratio", "Seafood" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "One of the suggested health benefits of caseinophosphopeptides (CPPs) is their ability to enhance calcium absorption. This possibility is based on the assumption that they resist proteolysis in the upper gastrointestinal tract and maintain calcium in a soluble form at alkaline pH in the distal ileum.", "The effects of CPP-enriched preparations (containing candidate functional food ingredients) on calcium absorption from a calcium lactate drink were tested.", "A randomized crossover trial was undertaken in 15 adults in whom we measured the absorption of calcium from a calcium lactate drink (drink A: 400 mg Ca as lactate) and 2 preparations enriched with forms of CPP (1.7 g each; drinks B and C). Both drinks B and C contained 400 mg Ca as calcium lactate plus approximately 100 mg CPP-derived calcium). Each volunteer received the 3 drinks in random order. Absorption was measured by the dual-label calcium stable-isotope technique.", "The quantity of calcium absorbed was significantly lower from drink A (103 mg) than from drink B (117 mg; P = 0.012) or drink C (121 mg; P = 0.002), which indicated a positive effect of the CPPs. However, because the CPP preparations contributed additional calcium besides that found in the calcium lactate (drink A), fractional absorption of calcium from drink B (23%) was slightly but significantly (P = 0.015) lower than that from drink A (26%)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Biological Availability", "Bone Density Conservation Agents", "Calcium Isotopes", "Calcium, Dietary", "Caseins", "Cross-Over Studies", "Female", "Food, Fortified", "Humans", "Ileum", "Intestinal Absorption", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Peptide Fragments", "Phosphopeptides", "Spectrum Analysis", "Vitamin D" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Evidence is conflicting as to whether the bioavailability of food folates is influenced by the extent of their conjugation.", "The objective was to compare the bioavailability of 3 representative food folate sources with various degrees of glutamylation-ie, egg yolk, spinach, and yeast, whose polyglutamyl folate content measured 0%, 50%, and 100%, respectively.", "In a randomized crossover trial, 13 male subjects, after a prestudy folate saturation procedure, received in random order either placebo or 500 mug total folate, which was provided as concentrated freeze-dried extract removed from the normal food matrix of egg yolk, spinach, or yeast. Blood samples (n = 10) were collected before and up to 10 h after treatments, which were administered at weekly intervals.", "A significant increase from baseline plasma folate concentrations was observed by 0.5 h after treatment with egg yolk folate or spinach folate and by 1 h after treatment with yeast folate, and the concentrations remained significantly elevated for 3-5 h; no plasma folate response was observed after placebo treatment. The overall responses, calculated as plasma folate area under the curve (AUC) for egg yolk, spinach, and yeast folate, were 122.6 +/- 23.6, 136.2 +/- 21.4, and 102.5 +/- 21.1 nmol . h/L, respectively. No significant differences in AUC were seen between monoglutamyl (egg yolk) folate and either of the polyglutamate-containing folates examined." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Oral", "Adult", "Area Under Curve", "Biological Availability", "Cross-Over Studies", "Double-Blind Method", "Egg Yolk", "Folic Acid", "Humans", "Intestinal Absorption", "Male", "Spinacia oleracea", "Yeasts" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To compare the changes in pHi and intramucosal-arterial CO(2)-gap with invasive haemodynamic and global perfusion measurements during hypovolemic burn shock and to evaluate the sensitivity of these parameters as an early predictor of mortality in patients with extensive burns.", "Prospective, controlled, clinical study.", "An eight-bed intensive burn care unit in a university-affiliated hospital.", "Fifty severely burned patients with TBSA burned >25% BSA.", "During the first 48h after burn, gastric intramucosal CO(2) was measured every 8h using automated air tonometry. pHi and intramucosal-arterial CO(2)-gap were calculated. Simultaneously invasive haemodynamic data were registered by the transpulmonary thermodilution technique, using the mean of triplicate injections. The intramucosal-arterial CO(2)-gradient and pHi were compared with haemodynamic and global perfusion data by regression analysis. Mean pHi and CO(2)-gap values at 8 and 24h after injury were compared between survivors and non-survivors to evaluate the prognostic significance of this parameter.", "Regression analyses revealed no or a negligible correlation between intramucosal and haemodynamic or perfusion data, even during the critical low flow-high resistance phase of resuscitation. Mean pHi and PCO(2)-gap at 8 and 24h did not differ significantly between survivors and non-survivors." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acute Disease", "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Burns", "Female", "Humans", "Hypovolemia", "Male", "Manometry", "Middle Aged", "Prognosis", "Splanchnic Circulation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To investigate how genetic features of the X chromosome influence growth, pubertal development and testicular degeneration in adolescent boys with Klinefelter syndrome (KS). Previous studies have suggested that genetic features of the X chromosome may contribute to the wide phenotypic variation in KS.", "A prospective clinical study.", "Fourteen nonmosaic 47,XXY boys, aged 10-13.9 years.", "The relationship of genetic features of the X chromosome, including parental origin of X chromosomes, the CAG repeat length of the androgen receptor (AR) gene, and X inactivation with progression of pubertal development, growth and testicular function in KS boys.", "Paternal (47,XmXpY, n = 3) as compared to maternal (47,XmXmY, n = 11) origin of the supernumerary X chromosome was associated with a later onset of puberty. In 47,XmXpY patients, serum LH concentrations increased above 1.0 IU/l at 12.5 +/- 0.6 years (mean +/- SD), Tanner stage P2 occurred at 12.5 +/- 0.7 years, and pubertal acceleration of growth was noted at 13.9 +/- 1.4 years and peak velocity at 14.5 +/- 0.8 years. All of these occurred 1.3-1.9 years later than in 47,XmXmY patients (P = 0.01-0.09). In 47,XmXmY subjects, CAG repeat length (range 17-26) correlated with age at which serum LH level first exceeded 1.0 IU/l (rs = 0.63, P = 0.06, n = 10) and testosterone 1.0 nmol/l (28.8 ng/dl) (rs = 0.78, P = 0.02, n = 10)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Child", "Chromosomes, Human, X", "Dosage Compensation, Genetic", "Genomic Imprinting", "Humans", "Klinefelter Syndrome", "Linear Models", "Male", "Phenotype", "Prospective Studies", "Puberty", "Receptors, Androgen", "Testis", "Trinucleotide Repeats", "X Chromosome Inactivation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Low-grade inflammation has been related to obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. The Asp358Ala variant and the CA-repeat polymorphism in the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) gene have been reported to be associated with obesity in Pima Indians and Spanish women, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between these polymorphisms and obesity in a Mediterranean-Caucasian population, and to determine whether this polymorphism was related to the metabolic syndrome as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program - Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP-III) criteria.", "Cross-sectional.", "Three hundred and ninety subjects from the general population.", "The Asp358Ala and CA-repeat polymorphisms were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism or capillary electrophoresis, respectively.", "Both polymorphisms were in strong linkage disequilibrium, Asp358 alleles being associated with 149 CA-repeat alleles (chi2 = 76.275, P < 0.0001). Therefore, only the association of the Asp358Ala variant with obesity and the metabolic syndrome was assessed in the whole series of subjects. Subjects homozygous for Asp358 alleles had statistically higher body mass index (BMI) compared with Ala358 carriers (27.7 +/- 5.41 vs. 26.6 +/- 4.96 kg/m2; P < 0.05). Moreover, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in carriers of the Asp358 allele compared with Ala358 homozygotes (12.7%vs. 0.0%; P = 0.01). This relationship remained significant after adjusting for age, insulin resistance, sex and BMI." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Body Mass Index", "Electrophoresis, Capillary", "European Continental Ancestry Group", "Female", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Homeostasis", "Homozygote", "Humans", "Insulin Resistance", "Linkage Disequilibrium", "Male", "Metabolic Syndrome", "Middle Aged", "Obesity", "Polymorphism, Genetic", "Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length", "Receptors, Interleukin-6", "Regression Analysis", "Spain" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Glucocorticoid hyperactivity in adipose tissue, due to up-regulation of local glucocorticoid reactivation by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11HSD1) or of glucocorticoid receptors (GR), may underpin susceptibility to the metabolic syndrome. This hypothesis has been tested extensively in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) but inadequately in visceral adipose tissue (VAT). The aim of the study was therefore to examine expression of 11HSD1, GRalpha and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH), which supplies cofactor for 11HSD1, in abdominal adipose tissue compartments and to characterize their relation to metabolic syndrome parameters.", "A cross-sectional study including 26 premenopausal South African women.", "Biopsies were taken for measurement of mRNA levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and 11HSD1 activity from VAT, and deep and superficial SAT compartments during elective surgery. Prior to surgery, blood pressure, blood lipid profile, body composition [by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan], body fat distribution [by computed tomography (CT) scan], and glucose tolerance were determined.", "11HSD1 activity (P < 0.01) was higher in VAT than SAT, but 11HSD1 and GRalpha mRNA levels were not statistically different between compartments. 11HSD1 mRNA levels in superficial SAT correlated with VAT volume (R = 0.57, P < 0.01), insulin sensitivity calculated from the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (R = -0.52, P < 0.016) and blood pressure (R = 0.48, P < 0.016). Apart from a correlation between deep SAT 11HSD1 activity and blood pressure (R = 0.72, P < 0.01), glucocorticoid action in deep SAT and VAT depots was not significantly associated with any metabolic syndrome parameters." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases", "Adult", "Body Composition", "Carbohydrate Dehydrogenases", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Female", "Glucocorticoids", "Glucose Tolerance Test", "Humans", "Hydrocortisone", "Intra-Abdominal Fat", "Metabolic Syndrome", "Middle Aged", "Premenopause", "RNA, Messenger", "Receptors, Glucocorticoid", "Regression Analysis", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "South Africa", "Subcutaneous Fat" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction of age and habitual physical activity on recovery time of muscle oxygenation following maximal cycling exercise (CycEXmax).", "Twelve sedentary middle-aged (50+/-6), 13 sedentary elderly (66+/-3), 13 active middle-aged (53+/-5), and 20 active elderly (67+/-5) women participated in this study. We evaluated the peak pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2peak) during CycEXmax and the half-recovery time of muscle oxygenation (T1/2reoxy time) using near-infrared spectroscopy at the vastus lateralis (VL) during the recovery phase after CycEXmax.", "T1/2reoxy time was significantly greater in the elderly subjects than in the middle-aged subjects in both sedentary (P<0.05) and active groups (P<0.01). T1/2reoxy time of the active group was lower (P<0.01) than that of the sedentary group regardless of age. Age was significantly correlated to T1/2reoxy time in both sedentary and active groups (in both sedentary and active groups: P<0.01). The slope of T1/2reoxy time against age in the sedentary group was significantly greater (VL: P<0.05) than that of the active group. VO2peak showed significant inverse correlation with T1/2reoxy time at the VL in both sedentary and active groups. The slope of VO2peak against T1/2reoxy time showed no significant differences between middle-aged and elderly subjects." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Bicycling", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Exercise Test", "Female", "Humans", "Japan", "Middle Aged", "Monitoring, Physiologic", "Muscle, Skeletal", "Oxygen Consumption", "Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The use of saphenous vein grafts (SVG) in coronary artery bypass surgery is established but little is known of SVG remodeling during the first year in vivo.", "The feasibility of measuring total vessel diameter (lumen plus wall), lumen diameter, and wall thickness by a novel computed tomography (CT) method was established in phantom model tubes (r=0.98 for lumen diameter and r=0.98 for wall thickness) and in an initial clinical study of 14 patients correlating CT and intravascular ultrasound measurements of SVG (r=0.88 for total vessel diameter, r=0.85 for lumen diameter and r=0.89 for wall thickness). In a separate group of 42 patients (aged 66+/-10 years; 36 male, 6 female) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, SVG total vessel diameter, lumen diameter, and wall thickness were determined prospectively with multi-slice CT angiography at 1 and 12 months postoperatively. Mean total vessel diameter decreased from 5.95+/-0.83 mm to 5.39+/-0.87 mm, P<0.001 (range, -39% to +8% change). Twenty-six patients (62%) had a decrease of SVG vessel diameter (negative remodeling) >5%. Mean lumen diameter decreased from 3.69+/-0.66 mm to 3.36+/-0.68 mm, P<0.001, (range, -40 to +11% change). Surprisingly, mean wall thickness decreased from 1.14+/-0.27 mm to 1.01+/-0.21 mm (P<0.001; range, -48 to +33% change)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adrenergic beta-Antagonists", "Aged", "Cohort Studies", "Coronary Artery Bypass", "Coronary Restenosis", "Feasibility Studies", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Graft Occlusion, Vascular", "Heart Rate", "Humans", "Male", "Metoprolol", "Middle Aged", "Phantoms, Imaging", "Postoperative Period", "Saphenous Vein", "Single-Blind Method", "Tomography, X-Ray Computed", "Transplantation, Heterologous", "Ultrasonography, Interventional" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The rate of cesarean section (CS) is increasing in Sweden as well as in most of the industrialized world. One of the most common indications for emergency CS is protracted labor. To what extent fetal pelvic disproportion is a cause of protracted labor is unclear. The value of pelvimetry has been questioned. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether women delivered with emergency CS because of protracted labor had a narrower pelvis than women delivered vaginally did.", "Thirty women delivered with CS because of protracted labor comprised the study group. Thirty women vaginally delivered served as controls. The two groups were matched for gestational age, birth weight, and parity. The study group and the control group underwent an X-ray pelvimetry within 1 month of delivery.", "The study group and the control group did not differ in maternal age or body mass index. The mean birth weight was 3914 g in the study group and 3884 g in the control group. The mean pelvic outlet was 328 mm in the study group and 346 mm in the control group (P=0.0024). The mean pelvic inlet was 245 mm in the study group and 255 mm in the control group (P=0.0038)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Case-Control Studies", "Cephalopelvic Disproportion", "Cesarean Section", "Emergency Treatment", "Female", "Humans", "Pelvic Bones", "Pelvimetry", "Pregnancy", "Prenatal Diagnosis", "Radiography", "Risk Factors", "Sweden" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The purpose of this study was to compare the long-term results of tricuspid valve (TV) repair with or without an annuloplasty ring.", "702 patients underwent TV repair at our institution (1978 to 2003), of which 493 had, predominantly, a De Vega procedure (no ring) and 209 had an annuloplasty ring (ring). TV pathology was functional (secondary) in 74% of patients. Concomitant procedures consisted of mitral valve surgery in 80% of patients, aortic valve surgery in 33%, and coronary bypass in 14%. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up data were obtained. Follow-up was 99% complete and was 5.9+/-4.9 (mean+/-SD) years long. Ring patients were younger (55+/-14 versus 59+/-14 years; P=0.001) and less likely to have coronary artery disease (10% versus 17%; P=0.02), more likely to be female (75% versus 65%; P=0.01) and having had previous cardiac surgery (56% versus 42%; P=0.001). Operative times were similar between the 2 groups. Long-term survival, event-free survival and freedom from recurrent TR were significantly better in the ring group, and there was a trend toward fewer TV reoperations. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that the use of an annuloplasty ring was an independent predictor of long-term survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.5 to 1.0; P=0.03) and event-free survival (HR, 0.8; CI, 0.6 to 1.0; P=0.04)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Age Factors", "Aged", "Aortic Valve", "Coronary Artery Bypass", "Coronary Disease", "Disease-Free Survival", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Heart Diseases", "Heart Valve Diseases", "Humans", "Intraoperative Period", "Life Tables", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Mitral Valve", "Prostheses and Implants", "Sex Factors", "Survival Analysis", "Suture Techniques", "Treatment Outcome", "Tricuspid Valve", "Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency", "Ultrasonography" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To determine the relationship between the anion gap and outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "We assessed the relationship between the initial anion gap and in-hospital outcomes among consecutive acute myocardial infarction patients admitted to a single coronary care unit. The anion gap was calculated as [sodium-(chloride+CO2)]. Anion gap>12 was considered to represent anion gap acidosis.", "Complete data were available for 773 patients. Anion gap acidosis on admission was found in 90 patients (12%), and was more common among older patients (P=0.02), women (P=0.008), non-whites (P=0.04), and patients with diabetes (P=0.03), chronic renal failure (P<0.001), a lower glomerular filtration rate (P<0.001), and cardiogenic shock (P<0.001). In-hospital death occurred in 33% of patients with initial anion gap acidosis compared with 8% in those with a normal anion gap (P<0.001). On multivariate analysis, the presence of an initial anion gap acidosis was associated with the risk of death (odds ratio 4.2, 95% confidence interval 2.3-7.5, P<0.001), independent of other data available at the time of admission. The addition of ejection fraction to the model significantly attenuated this association." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Acid-Base Equilibrium", "Acidosis", "Acute Disease", "Aged", "Coronary Care Units", "District of Columbia", "Female", "Hospital Mortality", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Myocardial Infarction", "Prognosis", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Glucocorticoids are used to treat chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Induction of eosinophil apoptosis is considered to be one of the main mechanisms behind the anti-asthmatic effect of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoid binding to its receptor (GR) can have a dual effect on gene transcription. Activated GR can activate transcription (transactivation), or by interacting with other transcription factors such as NF-kappaB suppress transcription (transrepression). RU24858 has been reported to transrepress but to have little or no transactivation capability in other cell types. The dissociated properties of RU24858 have not been previously studied in non-malignant human cells. As the eosinophils have a very short lifetime and many of the modern molecular biological methods cannot be used, a \"dissociated steroid\" would be a valuable tool to evaluate the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in human eosinophils. The aim of this study was to elucidate the ability of RU24858 to activate and repress gene expression in human eosinophils in order to see whether it is a dissociated steroid in human eosinophils.", "Human peripheral blood eosinophils were isolated under sterile conditions and cultured in the presence and/or absence RU24858. For comparison, dexamethasone and mometasone were used. We measured chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) and Annexin 1 expression by flow cytometry and cytokine production by ELISA. Apoptosis was measured by DNA fragmentation and confirmed by morphological analysis.", "RU24858 (1 microM) increased CXCR4 and Annexin 1 expression on eosinophils to a similar extent as mometasone (1 microM) and dexamethasone (1 microM). Like dexamethasone and mometasone, RU24858 did suppress IL-8 and MCP-1 production in eosinophils. RU24858 also increased spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis to a similar degree as dexamethasone and mometasone, but unlike dexamethasone and mometasone it did not reverse IL-5- or GM-CSF-induced eosinophil survival." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [] }

{ "contexts": [ "Atrial fibrillation (AF) remains the most common complication of cardiac surgery. Prophylactic therapies have been studied, but their utility has been limited by the inability to accurately identify patients who will develop this complication. Recent studies have suggested that atrial myolysis and lipofuscin pigmentation are associated with post-coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) AF. We sought to determine whether there is an association between preoperative atrial histology and subsequent post-CABG AF.", "Samples of right atrial appendage were obtained from 94 patients undergoing CABG. Tissue was formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. Sections 4 mum thick were cut, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined for the following parameters: fibrosis, myolysis, inflammation, nuclear size, pericardial exudates, lipofuscin pigment, arteriolar hypertrophy, contraction banding, mesothelial hyperplasia, and atrial diverticula. Results were graded as absent, mild, moderate, or severe by two independent observers who were blinded to the clinical outcomes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out.", "Thirty-six (38%) patients developed AF. No correlation was found between the 10 features assessed, including myolysis and lipofuscin pigmentation, and the development of AF." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Atrial Appendage", "Atrial Fibrillation", "Biopsy", "Coronary Artery Bypass", "Humans", "Middle Aged", "Risk Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This study was undertaken to assess whether a surgical skills laboratory improves residents' knowledge and performance of episiotomy repair.", "Twenty-four first- and second-year residents were randomly assigned to either a surgical skills laboratory on episiotomy repair or traditional teaching alone. Pre- and posttests assessed basic knowledge. Blinded attending physicians assessed performance, evaluating residents on second-degree laceration/episiotomy repairs in the clinical setting with 3 validated tools: a task-specific checklist, global rating scale, and a pass-fail grade.", "Postgraduate year 1 (PGY-1) residents participating in the laboratory scored significantly better on all 3 surgical assessment tools: the checklist, the global score, and the pass/fail analysis. All the residents who had the teaching laboratory demonstrated significant improvements on knowledge and the skills checklist. PGY-2 residents did not benefit as much as PGY-1 residents." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Clinical Competence", "Educational Measurement", "Episiotomy", "Humans", "Internship and Residency", "Laboratories", "Models, Anatomic", "Obstetric Surgical Procedures", "Reoperation" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Lymphonodular hyperplasia (LNH) is a mass of lymphoid tissue that has been described in the terminal ileum, colon and duodenum mainly in children. Controversy exists regarding the benign nature of LNH. The combination of chronic abdominal pain and hematochezia leads many of these patients to undergo investigations for inflammatory bowel diseases. NOD2/CARD15 on chromosome 16 has been identified as a susceptibility gene for Crohn disease (CD). No study has yet examined the possible association of NOD2/CARD15 mutations with patients with LNH. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of NOD2/CARD15 mutations in patients with clinically proven LNH.", "Children and young adults with gastrointestinal symptoms diagnosed as having terminal ileum LNH were eligible for the study.", "The study group consisted of 32 patients (15 males and 17 females), age range 3-23 years, mean 13.1 +/- 5 years. Twenty-seven (84%) had abdominal pain, 3 (9%) had rectal bleeding. The duration of symptoms ranged from 1-60 months (17.9 +/- 14.5). Only 2 patients (6.2%) were found to be heterozygote for the NOD2/CARD15 mutation (1007 fs), whereas all of the others did not carry any of the 3 common mutant alleles. This number is significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the mutation prevalence demonstrated in both pediatric and adult Israeli CD patients." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Alleles", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Crohn Disease", "DNA Mutational Analysis", "Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal", "Female", "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "Genotype", "Humans", "Hyperplasia", "Ileum", "Israel", "Lymph Nodes", "Lymphoid Tissue", "Male", "Mutation", "Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein", "Prevalence" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Cell transplantation for myocardial repair is limited by early cell death. Gene therapy with human Bcl-2 (hBcl-2) has been shown to attenuate apoptosis in the experimental setting. Therefore, we studied the potential benefit of hBcl-2 transgene expression on the survival of cardiomyoblast grafts in ischemic rat hearts.", "H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts were genetically modified to express both firefly luciferase and green fluorescent protein (mH9c2). The cells were then transduced with adenovirus carrying hBcl-2 (AdCMVhBcl-2/mH9c2). Lewis rats underwent ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to induce a sizable left ventricular (LV) infarct. Hearts were explanted and the infarcted region was restored using collagen matrix (CM) seeded with 1x10(6) mH9c2 cells (n=9) or AdCMVhBcl-2/mH9c2 cells (n=9). Control animals received CM alone (n=6) or no infarct (n=6). Restored hearts were transplanted into the abdomen of syngeneic recipients in a \"working heart\" model. Cell survival was evaluated using optical bioluminescence imaging on days 1, 5, 8, 14, and 28 after surgery. The left heart function was assessed 4 weeks postoperatively using echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. During 4 weeks after surgery, the optical imaging signal for the AdCMVhBCL2/mH9c2 group was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of the mH9c2-control group. Both grafts led to better fractional shortening (AdCMVhBcl-2/mH9c2: 0.21+/-0.03; mH9c2: 0.21+/-0.04; control: 0.15+/-0.03; P=0.04) and ejection fraction (AdCMVhBcl-2/mH9c2: 47.0+/-6.2; mH9c2: 48.7+/-6.1; control: 34.3+/-6.0; P=0.02) compared with controls. Importantly, no malignant cells were found in postmortem histology." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Abdomen", "Abdominal Injuries", "Abdominal Wall", "Adenoviridae", "Animals", "Apoptosis", "Cold Temperature", "Collagen", "Defective Viruses", "Genes, Reporter", "Genes, bcl-2", "Genetic Therapy", "Genetic Vectors", "Heart Transplantation", "Humans", "Male", "Myoblasts", "Myocardial Infarction", "Myocytes, Cardiac", "Rats", "Rats, Inbred Lew", "Transgenes", "Transplantation, Heterotopic", "Ventricular Function, Left" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Since the beginning of the application of the RVU treatment, the use of the ultrasound was used taking into account two main indications/symptoms: a) identification of the complications; b) assessment of the result (visualization of the implanted material and the presence of the \"uretheral jet\" by means or through/of ecodoppler-color).", "To determine the value of the ultrasound in the assessment of the result of the endoscopic treatment of the RVU and in the detection of its complications.", "From 2001-2002 we have carried out the endoscopic treatment to an overall of 261 ureteral units of all degree and etiology. 246 were assessed post-operation with an ultrasound per month and all of them were evaluated with a cistography after 3 months. In a random sample of 92 units, the result of the isotopic cistography has been compared with the visualization of the implanted material in the bladder; and in a random sample of 56 units, the result of the isotopic cistography has been compared with the presence of ureteral jet in the study with ecodoppler-color after moisturizing of the patient. In order to do, we have done two corresponding comparative charts 2 x 2 and we have calculated the Sensibility and Specificity of the tests, as well as their predictive positive and negative values, the degree of similarity of both tests with the Kappa index, and the degree of statistical relevance with Chi squared.", "The ultrasound did not show significant changes if compared to previous studies in 213 units (86,58 %) although in 5 patients an ectasia has been identified as attributed to the treatment. 3 of this patients have developed renoureteral pain, and in 2 pain has spontaneously disappeared as shown in later tests. The S and the E of the presence of implanted material is 94% and 10%respectively and its VPP and VPN of 80% and 10% and estadistical. The S and E of the jet visualization is 82% and 30%, with a VPP of 84% and a VPN of 27%, a level of statistical relevance of 0.836 and a degree of correlation of 0.121." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Contrast Media", "Cystoscopes", "Cystoscopy", "Dilatation, Pathologic", "Female", "Humans", "Infant", "Male", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Radionuclide Imaging", "Replantation", "Sampling Studies", "Sensitivity and Specificity", "Treatment Outcome", "Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color", "Ureteral Diseases", "Vesico-Ureteral Reflux" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The relationship of individual thyroid function indices to depression in those without a history of prior thyroid dysfunction is uncertain.", "We examined the relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) levels and current or lifetime history of depressive symptoms using information from 6869 participants, aged 17-39 years, in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey without history of thyroid-related illness.", "We found that lower TSH and higher T4 levels were associated with current depressive syndrome in men, but only higher T4 levels correlated with current depressive syndrome in women. Lifetime depressive syndrome was associated with neither TSH level nor T4 levels in men or women." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Cross-Sectional Studies", "Demography", "Depressive Disorder", "Female", "Humans", "Male", "Severity of Illness Index", "Sex Distribution", "Thyrotropin", "Thyroxine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Over-expression or over-activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) correlates with cancer migration. FAK related non-kinase (FRNK) acts as an endogenous inhibitor of FAK, which can compete with FAK for focal adhesion binding sites. This study was designed to determine the inhibitory effects of FRNK gene on migration of a human breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-435 and explore the possible mechanisms.", "The functional fragment of FRNK cDNA was amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cloned into pcDNA3.1 vector. The recombinant pcDNA3.1-FRNK was transfected into MDA-MB-435 cells using lipofectamine 2000. The stably transfected cells were selected in a medium containing geneticin (G418). Expression of FRNK in stably transfected MDA-MB-435 cells and MMP-9 in both wild-type and transfected MDA-MB-435 cells was detected by Western blot. The effect of FRNK on cell migration was determined using cell wound healing and Boyden chamber assays, respectively, in vitro.", "The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1-FRNK was successfully constructed and MDA-MB-435 cells stably transfected with pcDNA3.1-FRNK were obtained. MMP-9 protein expression was inhibited by 73.1% in MDA-MB-435 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-FRNK compared to wild-type cells. In wound healing study, migrated cell count was significantly lower in MDA-MB-435/FRNK cells (0.35+/-0.02) than that in wild type cells (0.58+/-0.06, P<0.05). In Boyden chamber assay, the number of migrated MDA-MB-435/FRNK cells was (65.15+/-8.56), which was 66.57% of migrated wild type cells (97.86+/-5.44)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Breast Neoplasms", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Cell Movement", "DNA, Complementary", "Down-Regulation", "Female", "Genetic Vectors", "Humans", "Matrix Metalloproteinase 9", "Protein-Tyrosine Kinases", "Recombinant Proteins", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Transfection" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "An altered perfusion of the optic nerve head has been proposed as a pathogenic factor in glaucoma.", "To investigate potential differences in the ocular haemodynamics of patients having glaucoma with progressive versus stable disease, as well as healthy volunteers.", "Peak-systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistivity index in the short posterior ciliary artery (SPCA), central retinal artery (CRA) and ophthalmic artery were recorded in 114 consecutive patients having glaucoma with an intraocular pressure (IOP) < or =21 mm Hg, as well as in 40 healthy volunteers, by colour Doppler imaging (CDI).", "Of the 114 patients with glaucoma, 12 showed glaucoma progression (follow-up period: mean 295 (standard deviation (SD) (18) days). CDI measurements in these patients showed decreased PSV and EDV in the SPCA (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively) and decreased PSV in the CRA compared with patients with stable glaucoma and healthy controls (p<0.05). No differences in flow velocities were found for the ophthalmic artery. IOP and systemic blood pressure was similar in all the three groups." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Blood Flow Velocity", "Blood Pressure", "Ciliary Arteries", "Disease Progression", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Glaucoma", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Ophthalmic Artery", "Retinal Artery", "Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color", "Visual Acuity" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Peer-review judgments are necessary for effective trauma performance improvement (PI), but may be influenced by peer pressure and the tendency to vote with the majority. Incorporation of Audience Response System (ARS) technology into trauma PI should result in improved outcome assessments.", "We compared 30 months of nonanonymous trauma care judgments with 30 months of anonymous judgments obtained with the use of a keypad-based ARS. Statistical methods included the chi2 test and the Wilcoxon rank sum test.", "Use of the ARS resulted in a 28% reduction in deaths judged nonpreventable and a 24% reduction in trauma care judged to be appropriate (p < 0.0001). Unanimous outcome judgments were also significantly reduced (p < 0.0001)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Data Collection", "Emergency Medical Services", "Humans", "North Carolina", "Outcome Assessment (Health Care)", "Peer Review, Health Care", "Quality of Health Care", "Reproducibility of Results", "Retrospective Studies", "Telecommunications", "Trauma Centers", "Truth Disclosure", "Wounds and Injuries" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is associated with exaggerated tumor necrosis factor- alpha and interferon- gamma responses and tissue destruction. ML follows localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis infection. Interleukin (IL)-6 down-regulates T helper (Th) cell type 1 differentiation and drives Th2 cell differentiation. The IL6 -174 G/C polymorphism is associated with proinflammatory diseases and IL-6 regulation.", "The -174 G/C polymorphism was genotyped in population samples and families with CL and ML from Brazil. Genotype frequencies were compared among patients with ML, patients with CL, and 2 control groups by logistic regression and family-based association test (FBAT) analysis. IL-6 levels were measured in macrophages.", "The C allele was more common in patients with ML than in patients with CL (odds ratio [OR], 2.55 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.32-4.91]; P=.005), than in patients who were leishmanin skin-test positive (OR, 2.23 [95% CI, 1.23-4.05]; P=.009), and than in neighborhood control subjects (OR, 2.47 [95% CI, 1.24-4.90]; P=.01). FBAT analysis confirmed an association between allele C and ML under both additive (z=4.295; P=.000017) and dominant (z=4.325; P=.000015) models. Significantly lower levels of IL-6 were measured in unstimulated macrophages from CC individuals than from GG individuals (P=.003) as well as after stimulation with soluble leishmania antigen (P=.009)." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Animals", "Brazil", "Case-Control Studies", "Female", "Housing", "Humans", "Interleukin-6", "Leishmania braziliensis", "Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Mucous Membrane", "Polymorphism, Genetic", "Promoter Regions, Genetic", "Risk Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "The aim of this study was to assess if discrepancy between power-Doppler voiding urosonography (PD-VUS) and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) affects the management of patients with primary vesicoureteric reflux (VUR).", "Fifty-six children with suspected or known VUR were assessed both by PD-VUS and VCUG. Two independent observers, both pediatric surgeons, each aware of the results of only one imaging modality, advised children's management according to present care standards. Agreement between diagnostic findings at the two imaging modalities and between therapeutic advice of the two observers was evaluated using kappa statistics.", "PD-VUS diagnosed VUR in 3 patients and 6 ureteral units more than VCUG. VCUG showed VUR in 2 ureteral units, but in no patient more than PD-VUS. Accuracy of PD-VUS compared with VCUG was 92.8% and 94.6% considering ureteral units and patients, respectively. The two observers disagreed about the management of 4 (7%) of 56 cases. Agreement was significant (P < .001) both between findings at the two imaging modalities and between management options advised by the two independent observers." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Child", "Child, Preschool", "Female", "Humans", "Infant", "Infant, Newborn", "Male", "Prospective Studies", "Ultrasonography, Doppler", "Urodynamics", "Urography", "Vesico-Ureteral Reflux" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To examine the effect of the amino acid tyrosine on oxidatively or direct-type damaged DNA damage when it is present in a DNA binding ligand.", "We made use of tetralysine ligands to ensure binding to DNA and to condense the DNA, and simulated direct-type damage by using gamma irradiation in the presence of thiocyanate ions. These ligands contained an additional C terminal amino acid. Phenylalanine was used as a control for tyrosine. These ligands were used in conjuction with a plasmid substrate to quantify strand break yields. Base damage yields were estimated by measuring the strand break yield after incubation of the plasmid with the bacterial base excision repair enzyme formamidopyrimidine-DNA N-glycosylase (FPG).", "When the condensing ligand contains an additional tyrosine or tryptophan residue, the plasmid is protected against the effects of a single electron oxidation, as assayed by sensitivity to a base excision repair enzyme. This protection is significantly greater in condensed plasmid where the amino acid residues are in close proximity to the DNA, and can be observed even when only a small fraction of the ligand contains tyrosine." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides", "Binding Sites", "DNA Damage", "DNA Repair", "DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Gamma Rays", "Ligands", "Phenylalanine", "Radiation-Protective Agents", "Reactive Oxygen Species", "Thiocyanates", "Time Factors", "Tryptophan", "Tyrosine" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "To analyze the potential contribution of contractility state and ventricular geometry to the development of heart failure in rats with aortic stenosis.", "Rats were divided into three groups: compensated aortic stenosis (AS, n=11), heart failure AS (n=12) and control rats (C, n=13).", "After 21 weeks, failing AS rats presented higher systolic (C=36.6+/-3.1, AS=78.6+/-4.8*, failing AS=104.6+/-7.8*(dagger)) and diastolic meridian stress (C=6.9+/-0.4, AS=20.1+/-1.1*, failing AS=43.2+/-3.2*(dagger)), hydroxyproline (C=3.6+/-0.7 mg/g, AS=6.6+/-0.6* mg/g, failing AS=9.2+/-1.4*(dagger) mg/g) and cross-sectional area (C=338+/-25 microm2, AS=451+/-32* microm2, failing AS=508+/-36*(dagger) microm2), in comparison with control and compensated AS animals (*p<0.05 vs. control, (dagger)p<0.05 vs. AS). In the isometric contraction study, considering the time from peak tension to 50% relaxation (RT50), the relative variation responses, following post-rest contraction and increase in Ca2+ concentration, were higher in failing AS than compensated AS animals. In contrast, following post-rest contraction, compensated AS group presented higher values of the peak developed tension (DT) than failing AS group. Following beta-adrenergic stimulation, control animals presented higher values of +dT/dt and -dT/dt than AS animals. In addition, failing AS animals presented higher TPT values than compensated AS animals." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Aortic Valve Stenosis", "Blood Pressure", "Disease Models, Animal", "Heart Failure", "Heart Rate", "Male", "Myocardial Contraction", "Papillary Muscles", "Rats", "Rats, Wistar", "Reference Values", "Ultrasonography", "Ventricular Dysfunction, Left", "Ventricular Remodeling" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "In vitro generation and expansion of leukemia-reactive T cells may improve the efficacy and specificity of cellular immunotherapy against hematologic malignancies in the context of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Since the expression of minor histocompatibility antigen HA-1(H) is limited to hematopoietic cells, ex vivo generated HA-1(H)-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can be used for adoptive immunotherapy.", "Numerous studies have shown that primary CTL induction from naïve precursors requires professional antigen-presenting cells. Here, the feasibility of ex vivo induction of HA-1(H)-specific CD8+ CTLs is demonstrated from unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) from healthy blood donors when CD4+ T-cell help is provided during primary stimulation. As a stimulus for the induction of T-cell help, tetanus toxoid (TT) was used.", "After the second restimulation cycle, approximately 1 percent of CD8+ T cells stained positively with the HLA-A*0201/HA-1(H) pentamer. Positive T cells were further expanded more than 1000-fold by antigen-independent stimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies. HA-1(H)-induced T cells showed the classical phenotype for CD8+ memory effector cells: the phenotype changed from a mixed CD45RA/RO phenotype to an activated phenotype characterized by high expression of CD45RO and no expression of CCR7. The generated T cells revealed a very potent CTL response, even at low E:T ratios." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Antigen Presentation", "CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes", "Cell Proliferation", "Cells, Cultured", "Cytotoxicity, Immunologic", "Flow Cytometry", "Humans", "Immunotherapy, Adoptive", "Lymphocyte Activation", "Minor Histocompatibility Antigens", "Oligopeptides", "T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic", "Tetanus Toxoid" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "It has been suggested that the uterine environment may influence metabolic disease occurring later in adult life, and that adult stress may promote disease outcome. Using a mouse model, we tested whether in utero exposure to Ljungan virus (LV) followed by adult exposure to stress produces diabetes. The influence of the timing of viral exposure over the course of pregnancy was also tested.", "Pregnant CD-1 mice were exposed i.p. to LV on pregnancy days 4, 8, 12 or 17. Adult male mice from these pregnancies were stressed by being kept in shared cages. Stress only, LV exposure in utero only, and no-stress/no virus exposure groups were also followed. Outcome variables included bodyweight, epididymal fat weight, baseline glucose, glucose tolerance tests (60 and 120 min) and serum insulin.", "We demonstrated that male mice developed a type 2-like diabetes, including obesity, as adults if infected during pregnancy with LV. Diabetes at the age of 11 weeks was more severe in mice whose mothers were infected earlier than in those whose mothers were infected later in pregnancy. Only animals infected in utero and kept under stress developed diabetes; infection or stress alone did not cause disease." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Blood Glucose", "Body Weight", "Diabetes Mellitus", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Disease Models, Animal", "Female", "Glucose Intolerance", "Humans", "Insulin", "Male", "Mice", "Obesity", "Parechovirus", "Picornaviridae Infections", "Pregnancy", "Pregnancy Complications, Infectious", "Stress, Physiological" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Electrical remodelling is believed to influence the outcome following cardioversion of patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the results in clinical studies are conflicting. We assessed the hypothesis that non-invasively obtained atrial fibrillatory organization can be used as a predictor of sinus rhythm (SR) maintenance.", "Fifty-four patients (37 men, age 67+/-11) with persistent AF (median duration 3 months, 1 day to 18 months), without anti-arrhythmic drug treatment, referred for cardioversion were studied. Assessment of the atrial harmonic decay was made by time-frequency analysis of the ECG. At 1-month follow-up, 30 patients had relapsed into AF. The mean harmonic decay at inclusion of those relapsing into AF was 1.5+/-0.3 compared with 1.1+/-0.3 among those maintaining SR (P=0.0004). Using a cut-off value of harmonic decay <or=1.5 to determine suitability for cardioversion would have resulted in a clinically useful discriminator (sensitivity=92%, specificity=47%, PPV=59%, and NPV=88%)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Aged", "Arrhythmia, Sinus", "Atrial Fibrillation", "Electric Countershock", "Electrocardiography", "Electrophysiology", "Female", "Heart Atria", "Heart Conduction System", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Sex Characteristics", "Sinoatrial Node" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Zopiclone is a short acting hypnotic, which is metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and 2C8 in vitro. We studied the possible effect of gemfibrozil, an inhibitor of CYP2C8, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zopiclone.", "In a randomised 2-phase crossover study, 10 healthy volunteers took 600 mg gemfibrozil or placebo orally twice daily for 3 days. On day 3, each ingested a 7.5 mg dose of zopiclone. Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of zopiclone and its two primary metabolites, plasma gemfibrozil, and psychomotor performance were measured. The effects of CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 inhibitors on the depletion of zopiclone (500 nM) were studied in vitro in human liver microsomes.", "The pharmacokinetic variables of the parent zopiclone were not significantly affected by gemfibrozil. However, gemfibrozil raised the mean peak plasma concentration (C(max)) of N-oxide-zopiclone (1.6-fold; P<0.001) and that of N-desmethyl-zopiclone (1.2-fold; P<0.001). The mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0)-infinity) values of N-oxide-zopiclone and N-desmethyl-zopiclone were raised 2-fold (P<0.001) and 1.2-fold (P<0.01), respectively. The renal clearance of N-oxide-zopiclone was reduced by 48% by gemfibrozil (P<0.001). The pharmacodynamic effects of zopiclone, measured using psychometric tests, were not affected by gemfibrozil. In vitro, ketoconazole (1 microM) and itraconazole (8 microM) decreased the elimination rate of zopiclone enantiomers by about 65-95%, while montelukast (16 microM), gemfibrozil (200 microM) and sulfaphenazole (10 microM) had no appreciable effect." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Area Under Curve", "Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases", "Azabicyclo Compounds", "Cross-Over Studies", "Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C8", "Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A", "Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors", "Drug Interactions", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "Female", "Gemfibrozil", "Half-Life", "Humans", "Male", "Metabolic Clearance Rate", "Microsomes, Liver", "Piperazines" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been implicated in the development of high-grade squamous dysplasia and carcinoma of the oral cavity in the absence of other known risk factors such as smoking. HPV-induced oral dysplasia or carcinoma may be a unique tumor entity in terms of biologic behavior and treatment decisions. In detecting such cases, most reported studies have used techniques that are less sensitive than DNA amplification. Recent reports have suggested that overexpression of the p16INK4 protein is a surrogate marker of HPV-induced high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma. However, the correlation between expression of p16INK4 and the presence of HPV DNA as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification has not been previously reported. The purpose of this research was to determine if immunohistochemistry for p16 would serve as a marker of HPV-associated high-grade oral squamous dysplasia.", "Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 41 cases of high-grade oral squamous dysplasia were randomly selected. Expression of p16INK4 protein was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis (16P04 Neomarkers, Fremont, CA). Strong and diffuse nuclear staining restricted to the dysplastic region in the epithelium was scored as positive for protein expression, whereas focal or weak nuclear or cytoplasmic staining was scored as negative. The presence of HPV was determined by microdissection, DNA extraction, and PCR DNA amplification using elongated primers that align with corresponding sequences of the L1 region of 23 mucosotropic HPV genotypes. The HPV type was determined by direct sequencing of the PCR product. Normal squamous epithelium was used as an internal negative control, and cases of severe cervical high-grade squamous dysplasia were used as a positive control for immunohistochemical staining and PCR.", "The results of immunohistochemical analysis for overexpression of p16INK4 were positive in 6 of the 41 tissue sections. The results of PCR DNA amplification were also positive for these 6 sections. HPV-16 was identified in 5 of the positive cases; in the other case, the viral strain could not be determined." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Carcinoma, Squamous Cell", "Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16", "DNA Probes, HPV", "DNA, Viral", "Female", "Human papillomavirus 16", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Mouth Neoplasms", "Papillomavirus Infections", "Precancerous Conditions" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, reduced proportions of CD8 cells express CD28, the key costimulatory molecule for lymphocyte activation. However, it is unclear whether reduced CD28 expression affects immune responses to non-HIV antigens, potentially contributing to susceptibility to opportunistic infection.", "We measured CD4- and CD8-specific interferon- gamma responses to hepatitis C virus (HCV) peptide pools in subjects with chronic HCV monoinfection (n=14), in subjects with chronic HCV/HIV coinfection (n=15), and in healthy control subjects (n=10) by enzyme-linked immunospot assay in the presence and absence of CD28 costimulation.", "Anti-CD28 agonist increased the cumulative frequency of HCV-specific CD4 cell responses in the subjects with HCV monoinfection and in those with HCV/HIV coinfection. In contrast, anti-CD28 agonist increased the breadth and cumulative frequency of HCV-specific CD8 cell responses only in the subjects with HCV monoinfection. Additionally, in the presence of anti-CD28 agonist, the proportion of subjects responding, the cumulative frequency, and the breadth of reactive CD8 cells were greater among the subjects with HCV monoinfection than among those with HCV/HIV coinfection. Finally, the HCV/HIV-coinfected subjects had lower proportions of CD8 cells that expressed CD28." ], "labels": [ "BACKGROUND", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "CD28 Antigens", "CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes", "Female", "HIV", "HIV Infections", "Hepacivirus", "Hepatitis C", "Humans", "Interferon-gamma", "Male", "Middle Aged" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Intra-articular use of 0.5% bupivacaine is common in arthroscopic surgery. This study was conducted to test the hypotheses that (1) 0.5% bupivacaine is toxic to articular chondrocytes, and (2) the intact articular surface protects chondrocytes from the effects of short-term exposure to 0.5% bupivacaine.", "Freshly isolated bovine articular chondrocytes were prepared into alginate bead cultures and were treated with 0.5% bupivacaine solution or 0.9% saline for 15, 30 or 60 minutes, washed, and returned to growth media. Chondrocytes were recovered from alginate 1 hour, 1 day, and 1 week after bupivacaine exposure; they were fluorescently labeled to identify apoptotic and dead cells and were analyzed by flow cytometry. Twelve osteochondral cores were harvested from bovine knees. The superficial 1 mm of cartilage was removed from 6 cores (top-off). Intact and top-off cores were submerged in 0.9% saline or 0.5% bupivacaine solution for 30 minutes and then maintained in chondrocyte growth media for 24 hours. Live-cell/dead-cell fluorescent imaging was assessed using confocal microscopy.", "Greater than 99% chondrocyte death/apoptosis was observed in all bupivacaine-exposed alginate bead cultures compared with 20% cell death in saline-treated controls (P < .05). Osteochondral cores with intact surfaces treated with 0.5% bupivacaine showed 42% dead chondrocytes. When the articular surface was removed, 0.5% bupivacaine resulted in increased cell death, with 75% dead chondrocytes (P < .05)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Alginates", "Anesthetics, Local", "Animals", "Bupivacaine", "Cartilage, Articular", "Cattle", "Cell Survival", "Chondrocytes", "Dose-Response Relationship, Drug", "Flow Cytometry", "Glucuronic Acid", "Hexuronic Acids", "Histological Techniques", "In Vitro Techniques", "Microscopy, Confocal", "Microspheres", "Time Factors" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "This prospective study correlates passive range of external rotation with arthroscopic findings in patients with anterior instability for the purpose of defining criteria that can be used to detect a medially healed Bankart lesion.", "External rotation at 90 degrees abduction (ER90) was assessed on examination with the patient under anesthesia in bilateral shoulders of 46 consecutive patients with unidirectional, anterior glenohumeral instability. Arthroscopy was used to identify 22 patients with a detached Bankart lesion (group I) and 24 patients with a medially healed Bankart lesion (group II). Differences in ER90 between symptomatic and asymptomatic shoulders for both groups were compared. The t test and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test measured significance.", "In group I, mean ER90 in the symptomatic shoulder was 5 degrees greater than in the asymptomatic shoulder; in group II, mean ER90 in the symptomatic shoulder was 7.4 degrees less than in the asymptomatic shoulder (P < .001). Loss of ER90 was highly sensitive (92%) and specific (95%), with a positive predictive value of 96% for detection of a medially healed Bankart lesion." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Anesthesia", "Arthroscopy", "Diagnosis, Differential", "Female", "Humans", "Joint Instability", "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "Male", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Prospective Studies", "Range of Motion, Articular", "Recurrence", "Rotation", "Sensitivity and Specificity", "Shoulder Dislocation", "Shoulder Joint", "Wound Healing" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We investigated whether the determination of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) and thymidylate synthase (TYMS) polymorphisms could predict the toxicity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in colorectal cancer patients.", "The determination of OPRT and TYMS genotypes were done in genomic DNA extracted from blood by PCR amplification in 69 patients treated with bolus 5-FU as adjuvant chemotherapy. Associations between these polymorphisms and toxicity were evaluated retrospectively.", "The Ala allele in OPRT Gly213Ala polymorphism and the two tandem repeats (2R) in TYMS promoter polymorphism were associated with grade 3 to 4 neutropenia and diarrhea. The multivariate logistic regression models revealed that only TYMS promoter polymorphism had an independent value to predict grade 3 to 4 neutropenia [odds ratio, 19.2 for patients with the 2R allele compared with patients with homozygous with the three repeat (3R) alleles], whereas both OPRT and TYMS promoter polymorphisms were independent predictive factors for grade 3 to 4 diarrhea (odds ratio, 13.3 for patients with the Ala allele compared with patients in the Gly/Gly genotype and 11.1 for patients with the 2R allele compared with patients in the 3R/3R genotype). A significant difference was observed in the time to onset of severe toxicity, defined as grade 4 neutropenia and/or grade 3 to 4 gastrointestinal toxicities according to OPRT and TYMS promoter polymorphisms." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Chemotherapy, Adjuvant", "Cohort Studies", "Colorectal Neoplasms", "Female", "Fluorouracil", "Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic", "Genotype", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase", "Polymorphism, Genetic", "Predictive Value of Tests", "Promoter Regions, Genetic", "RNA, Messenger", "Retrospective Studies", "Thymidylate Synthase", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been detected in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are associated with sensitivity to treatment with gefitinib or erlotinib. Our study explored the relationship between the two most common types of somatic EGFR mutations, exon 19 deletions and the L858R point mutation, and outcomes of patients following treatment with gefitinib or erlotinib.", "Tumor specimens obtained before treatment with gefitinib or erlotinib were analyzed for EGFR mutations. Patients with exon 19 deletion or L858R mutations were identified. The response rate, time to progression, and overall survival were determined for the two groups.", "We identified 36 patients with NSCLC and an EGFR mutation who were treated with gefitinib or erlotinib. Patients with an exon 19 deletion had a significantly longer overall survival compared with patients with an L858R mutation (38 versus 17 months; P = 0.04). There were also trends toward higher response rate (73% versus 50%) and improved time to progression (24 versus 10 months) for the patients with an exon 19 deletion, although these were not independently significant in a multivariate analysis. A difference in response rate for patients treated with gefitinib compared with erlotinib was also noted [18 of 23 (78%) versus 3 of 9 (33%); P = 0.04]. No obvious difference in time to progression or overall survival was noted between gefitinib- and erlotinib-treated patients." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung", "DNA Mutational Analysis", "DNA, Neoplasm", "Disease Progression", "ErbB Receptors", "Erlotinib Hydrochloride", "Exons", "Female", "Follow-Up Studies", "Gefitinib", "Genotype", "Humans", "Lung Neoplasms", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Neoplasm Staging", "Point Mutation", "Quinazolines", "Retrospective Studies", "Sequence Deletion", "Survival Rate", "Treatment Outcome" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common primary malignancy of the salivary gland. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma translocated gene 1-mastermind-like gene family (MECT1-MAML2) gene fusion was identified from a recurring t(11;19)(q21;p13) translocation, which is often the sole cytogenetic alteration in this disease. This fusion transcript has been frequently detected in mucoepidermoid carcinoma and shown to be involved in the transformation of epithelial cells. However, its clinicopathologic significance remains unclear.", "Seventy-one cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma and 51 cases of nonmucoepidermoid carcinoma salivary gland tumors (including 26 Warthin tumor cases) were retrospectively analyzed. RNA was extracted from archival materials: histologic paraffin specimens in all cases and cytologic specimens in 10 mucoepidermoid carcinoma cases. The MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcript was detected by a reverse transcription-PCR assay, which can be applied to both histologic and cytologic specimens. The presence of the fusion transcript was correlated with relevant clinicopathologic and survival data of the mucoepidermoid carcinoma patients.", "The MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcript was detected in 27 of the 71 (38%) mucoepidermoid carcinoma cases but not in any case of nonmucoepidermoid carcinoma tumors. The reverse transcription-PCR results showed no difference between histologic and cytologic specimens. Detection of the MECT1-MAML2 fusion transcript was associated with a less advanced clinical stage and a low-grade tumor histology. The presence of the transcript was associated with longer disease-free and overall survivals on univariate analysis and emerged as an independent prognostic factor for longer overall survival on multivariate analysis." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adolescent", "Adult", "Aged", "Aged, 80 and over", "Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid", "Child", "Disease-Free Survival", "Female", "Gene Expression Profiling", "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic", "Humans", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Multivariate Analysis", "Neoplasm Staging", "Oncogene Proteins, Fusion", "Retrospective Studies", "Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Salivary Gland Neoplasms", "Survival Rate", "Transcription, Genetic" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "We assessed the effects of vildagliptin, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, on postprandial lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes.", "This was a single-centre, randomised, double-blind study in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients received vildagliptin (50 mg twice daily, n=15) or placebo (n=16) for 4 weeks. Triglyceride, cholesterol, lipoprotein, glucose, insulin, glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses to a fat-rich mixed meal were determined for 8 h postprandially before and after 4 weeks of treatment.", "Relative to placebo, 4 weeks of treatment with vildagliptin decreased the AUC(0-8h) for total trigyceride by 22+/-11% (p=0.037), the incremental AUC(0-8h) (IAUC(0-8h)) for total triglyceride by 85+/-47% (p=0.065), the AUC(0-8h) for chylomicron triglyceride by 65+/-19% (p=0.001) and the IAUC(0-8h) for chylomicron triglyceride by 91+/-28% (p=0.002). This was associated with a decrease in chylomicron apolipoprotein B-48 (AUC(0-8h), -1.0+/-0.5 mg l(-1) h, p=0.037) and chylomicron cholesterol (AUC(0-8h), -0.14+/-0.07 mmol l(-1) h, p=0.046). Consistent with previous studies, 4 weeks of treatment with vildagliptin also increased intact GLP-1, suppressed inappropriate glucagon secretion, decreased fasting and postprandial glucose, and decreased HbA(1c) from a baseline of 6.7% (change, -0.4+/-0.1%, p<0.001), all relative to placebo." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Adamantane", "Apolipoprotein B-48", "Blood Glucose", "Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2", "Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors", "Double-Blind Method", "Female", "Glucagon", "Glucagon-Like Peptide 1", "Humans", "Insulin", "Intestinal Mucosa", "Intestines", "Lipids", "Lipoproteins", "Male", "Middle Aged", "Nitriles", "Postprandial Period", "Pyrrolidines", "Time Factors", "Treatment Outcome", "Triglycerides", "Vildagliptin" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer (EMMPRIN) is a molecule expressed on the cell surface of tumor cells that has been shown to induce both tumor cells and fibroblasts to express matrix metalloproteases in vitro. We hypothesize that fibroblasts are stimulated by EMMPRIN to create a microenvironment favorable to tumor growth.", "Case series review of laryngeal cancer and assessment of tumor cell lines in vivo.", "EMMPRIN immunoreactivity in 33 pathologic specimens from patients with supraglottic laryngeal cancer was correlated with clinicopathologic features and survival. The CAL 27 cell line was transfected with EMMPRIN (CAL 27E) or a control vector (CAL 27). Cells were xenografted into the flank of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with or without a co-injection of normal dermal fibroblasts (NDFs).", "Immunohistochemical detection of EMMPRIN in laryngeal cancer specimens demonstrated expression in all the tumors but not in adjacent, histologically normal mucosa. EMMPRIN membrane immunoreactivity (transmembrane EMMPRIN score) was associated with nodal positivity (P=.07), and it was associated with poorer survival (hazard ratio=2.4, 95% confidence interval 0.88, 6.55). As a categoric variable, higher EMMPRIN expression positively correlates with higher mortality. To determine whether EMMPRIN mediates tumor growth in vivo through fibroblast stimulation, EMMPRIN-expressing CAL 27 (CAL 27E) xenografted (n=20) onto the flank of SCID mice developed larger tumors than CAL 27 control vector transfected cells alone (n=20), but they were not significantly larger (P=.17). However, when CAL 27E cells were co-injected with NDFs, there was a statistically significant increase in tumor growth compared with the CAL 27 cells co-injected with NDFs (n=10, P=.0038)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Animals", "Basigin", "Biomarkers, Tumor", "Carcinoma, Squamous Cell", "Cell Line, Tumor", "Female", "Fibroblasts", "Follow-Up Studies", "Humans", "Immunohistochemistry", "In Vitro Techniques", "Laryngeal Neoplasms", "Male", "Mice", "Mice, SCID", "Microscopy, Confocal", "Middle Aged", "Retrospective Studies" ] }

{ "contexts": [ "Retinoids have been shown to be important cofactors in regulating the differentiation and proliferation of ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. In particular, retinoic acid has been shown to enhance the regeneration of paranasal sinus mucosa. The objective of this study is to use scanning electron microscopy techniques to evaluate the effect of topical retinoic acid on mucosal wound healing in a rabbit model of maxillary sinus surgery. It is hypothesized that the application of topical retinoic acid will enhance ciliogenesis and improve the morphology of regenerated cilia compared with controls.", "Prospective multi-arm controlled animal trial.", "Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits underwent surgical opening of the maxillary sinuses through a midline incision. The rabbits were divided among four experimental groups: 1) mucosal stripping alone (stripped control), 2) stripping followed by topical application of an inert aqueous gel, 3) stripping followed by application of 0.01% retinoic acid in aqueous gel, and 4) no mucosal stripping and no topical treatment (nonstripped control). After 14 days, the medial wall of the maxillary sinus was harvested and examined by scanning electron microscopy at x2,000 and x5,000 magnification. The micrographs were then rated by a blinded review panel for ciliary density, orientation, and morphology.", "Mean scores for ciliary density, orientation, and morphology were all significantly higher for the retinoic acid treatment group compared with both the inert aqueous gel treatment group and the stripped control group (P=.004-.03 for all comparisons, Student's t test). Mean scores for the retinoic acid treatment group were numerically lower than the nonstripped control group but did not approach statistical significance for any parameter (P=.23-.31)." ], "labels": [ "OBJECTIVE", "METHODS", "METHODS", "RESULTS" ], "meshes": [ "Administration, Topical", "Animals", "Cell Count", "Cell Differentiation", "Cell Proliferation", "Cilia", "Keratolytic Agents", "Maxillary Sinus", "Microscopy, Electron, Scanning", "Prospective Studies", "Rabbits", "Respiratory Mucosa", "Tretinoin", "Wound Healing" ] }