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2contradiction
| you can print out a copy of the order supply form from our company web site and turn in into me . what will you be needing ? | This example is commissive. | silicone/dyda_da |
2contradiction
| Actually, I wanted to go a little farther up the coast, get away from the lights and the people, but I was afraid to miss it. How you doing? | This example is fea. | silicone/iemocap |
0entailment
| 329 U.S. 1
67 S.Ct. 6
91 L.Ed. 3
HALLIBURTON OIL WELL CEMENTING CO.v.WALKER, et al.
No. 24.
Argued Oct. 23, 24, 1946.
Decided Nov. 18, 1946.
Mr.Earl Babcock, of Duncan, Okl. (Harry C. Robb, of Washington, D.C., on the brief), for petitioner.
Mr. Harold W. Mattingly, of Los Angeles, Cal., for respondents.
Mr. Justice BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.
1
Cranford P. Walker, owner of Patent No. 2,156,519, and the other respondents, licensees under the patent, brought this suit in a federal district court alleging that petitioner, Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company, had infringed certain of the claims of the Walker patent. The district court held the claims in issue valid and infringed by Halliburton. The circuit court of appeals affirmed, 9 Cir., 146 F.2d 817, and denied Halliburton's petition for rehearing. 149 F.2d 896. Petitioner's application to this Court for certiorari urged, among other grounds, that the claims held valid failed to make the 'full, clear, concise, and exact' description of the alleged invention required by Rev.Stat. § 4888, 35 U.S.C. § 33, 35 U.S.C.A. § 33,1 as that statute was interpreted by us in General Electric Co. v. Wabash Appliance Corporation, 304 U.S. 364, 58 S.Ct. 899, 82 L.Ed. 1402.2 This statutory requirement of distinctness and certainty in claims is important in patent law. We granted certiorari to consider whether it was correctly applied in this case. 326 U.S. 705, 66 S.Ct. 90.3
2
The patent in suit was sustained as embodying an improvement over a past patent of Lehr and Wyatt (No. 2,047,974) upon an apparatus designed to facilitate the pumping of oil out of wells which do not have sufficient natural pressures to force the oil to gush. An outline of the background and setting of these patents is helpful to an understanding of the problem presented.
3
In order to operate a pump in an oil well most efficiently, cheaply, and with the least waste, the pump must be placed in an appropriate relationship to the fluid surface of the oil. Properly to place the pump in this relationship requires knowledge of the distance from the well top to the fluid surface. At least by the latter 1920's problems of waste and expense in connection with non-gusher oil wells pressed upon the industry. See Railroad Commission of Texas v. Rowan & Nichols Oil Co., 310 U.S. 573, 60 S.Ct. 1021, 84 L.Ed. 1368; Burford v. Sun Oil Co., 319 U.S. 315, 63 S.Ct. 1098, 87 L.Ed. 1424. It became apparent that inefficient pumping, one cause of waste, was in some measure attributable to lack of accurate knowledge of distance from well top to fluid surface. Ability to measure this distance in each separate non-gusher oil well became an obvious next step in the solution of this minor aspect of the problem of waste.
4
The surface and internal machinery and the corkscrew conformation of some oil wells make it impractical to measure depth by the familiar method of lowering a rope or cable. In casting about for an alternative method it was quite natural to hit upon the possibility of utilizing a sound-echo-time method. Unknown distances had frequently been ascertained by this method. Given the time elapsing between the injection of a sound into an oil well and the return of its echo from the fluid surface, and assuming the velocity of the sound to be about 1,100 feet per second, as it is in the open air, it would be easy to find the distance. Not only had this sound-echo-time method been long known and generally used to find unknown distances, but in 1898 Batcheller, in Patent No. 602,422, had described an apparatus to find a distance in a tubular space. Obviously an oil well is such a space. He described a device whereby the noise from a gun might be injected into a tube; the returning echoes from obstructions agitated a diaphragm, which in turn moved a stylus. The stylus recorded on a piece of paper a graph or diagram showing the variant movements of the diaphragm caused by its response to all the different echo waves.
5
In the late 1920's the oil industry began to experiment in the use of this same sound-echo-time method for measuring the distance to the fluid surface in deep oil wells. A product of this experimentation was the Lehr and Wyatt patent, upon which the present patent claims to be an improvement. It proposed to measure the distance by measuring the time of travel of the echo of 'an impulse wave' generated by a 'sudden change in pressure.' The apparatus described included a gas cylinder with a quick operating valve by means of which a short blast of gas could be injected into a well. It was stated in the patent that the time elapsing between the release of the gas and the return of the echo of the waves produced by it could be observed in any desired manner. But the patentee's application and drawings noted that the wave impulses could be recorded by use of a microphone which might include an amplifier and an appropriate device to record a picture of the wave impulses.
6
This Lehr and Wyatt patent, it is therefore apparent, simply provided an apparatus composed of old and well-known devices to measure the time required for pressure waves to move to and back from the fluid surface of an oil well. But the assumption that sound and pressure waves would travel in oil wells at open-air velocity of 1,100 feet per second proved to be erroneous. For this reason the timevelocity computation of Lehr and Wyatt for measuring the distance to the fluid surface produced inaccurate results.
7
After conferences with Lehr, Walker undertook to search for a method which would more accurately indicate the sound and pressure wave velocity in each well. Walker was familiar with the structure of oil wells. The oil flow pipe in a well, known as a tubing string, is jointed and where these joints occur there are collars or shoulders. There are also one or more relatively prominent projections on the oil flow pipe known as tubing catchers. In wells where the distance to the tubing catcher is known, Walker observed that the distance to the fluid surface could be measured by a simple time-distance proportion formula.4 For those wells in which the distance to the tubing catcher was unknown, Walker also suggested another idea. The sections of tubing pipe used in a given oil well are generally of equal length. Therefore the shoulders in a given well ordinarily are at equal intervals from each other. But the section length and therefore the interval may vary from well to well. Walker concluded that he could measure the unknown distance to the tubing catcher if he could observe and record the shoulder echo waves. Thus multiplication of the number of shoulders observed by the known length of a pipe section would produce the distance to the tubing catcher. With this distance, he could solve the distance to the fluid surface by the same proportion formula used when the distance to the tubing catcher was a matter of record. The Lehr and Wyatt instrument could record all these echo waves. But the potential usefulness of the echoes from the shoulders and the tubing catcher which their machine recorded had not occurred to Lehr and Wyatt and consequently they had made no effort better to observe and record them. Walker's contribution which he claims to be invention was in effect to add to Lehr and Wyatt's apparatus a well-known device which would make the regularly appearing shoulder echo waves more prominent on the graph and easier to count.
8
The device added was a mechanical acoustical resonator. This was a short pipe which would receive wave impulses at the mouth of the well. Walker's testimony was, and his specifications state, that by making the length of this tubal resonator one-third the length of the tubing joints, the resonator would serve as a tuner, adjusted to the frequency of the shoulder echo waves. It would simultaneously amplify these echo waves and eliminate unwanted echoes from other obstructions thus producing a clearer picture of the shoulder echo waves. His specifications show, attached to the tubal resonator, a coupler, the manipulation of which would adjust the length of the tube to one-third of the interval between shoulders in a particular well. His specifications and drawings also show the physical structure of a complete apparatus, designed to inject pressure impulses into a well, and to receive, note, record and time the impulse waves.
9
The District Court held the claims here in suit valid upon its finding that Walker's 'apparatus differs from and is an improvement over the prior art in the incorporation in such apparatus of a tuned acoustical means which performs the functions of a sound filter * * *.' The circuit court of appeals affirmed this holding, stating that the trial court had found 'that the only part of this patent constituting invention over the prior art is the 'tuned acoustical means which performs the functions of a sound filter."
10
For our purpose in passing upon the sufficiency of the claims against prohibited indefiniteness we can accept without ratifying the findings of the lower court that the addition of '(a) tuned acoustical means' performing the 'functions of a sound filter' brought about a new patentable combination, even though it advanced only a narrow step beyond Lehr and Wyatt's old combination.5 We must, however, determine whether, as petitioner charges, the claims here held valid run afoul of Rev.Stat. § 4888 because they do not describe the invention but use 'conveniently functional language at the exact point of novelty.' General Electric Co. v. Wabash Appliance Corporation supra, 304 U.S. at page 371, 58 S.Ct. at page 903, 82 L.Ed. 1402.
11
Walker, in some of his claims, e.g., claims 2 and 3, does describe the tuned acoustical pipe as an integral part of his invention, showing its structure, its working arrangement in the alleged new combination, and the manner of its connection with the other parts. But no one of the claims on which this judgment rests has even suggested the physical structure of the acoustical resonator.6 No one of these claims describes the physical relation of the Walker addition to the old Lehr and Wyatt machine. No one of these claims describes the manner in which the Walker addition will operate together with the old Lehr and Wyatt machine so as to make the 'new' unitary apparatus perform its designed function. Thus the claims failed adequately to depict the structure, mode, and operation of the parts in combination.
12
A claim typical of all of those held valid only describes the resonator and its relation with the rest of the apparatus as 'means associated with said pressure responsive device for tuning said receiving means to the frequency of echoes from the tubing collars of said tubing section to clearly distinguish the echoes of said couplings from each other.'7 The language of the claim thus describes this most crucial element in the 'new' combination in terms of what it will do rather than in terms of its own physical characteristics or its arrangement in the new combination apparatus. We have held that a claim with such a description of a product is invalid as a violation of Rev.Stat. § 4888. Holland Furniture Co. v. Perkins Glue Co., 277 U.S. 245, 256, 257, 48 S.Ct. 474, 478, 479, 72 L.Ed. 868; General Electric Co. v. Wabash Appliance Corporation, supra. We understand that the circuit court of appeals held that the same rigid standards of description required for product claims is not required for a combination patent embodying old elements only. We have a different view.
13
Rev.Stat. § 4888 pointedly provides that 'in the case of a machine, he (the patentee) shall explain the principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contemplated applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other inventions; and he shall particularly point out and distinctively claim the part, improvement, or combination which he claims as his invention or discovery.' It has long been held that the word 'machine' includes a combination. Corning et al. v. Burden, 15 How. 252, 267, 14 L.Ed. 683. We are not persuaded that the public and those affected by patents should lose the protection of this statute merely because the patented device is a combination of old elements.
14
Patents on machines which join old and well-known devices with the declared object of achieving new results, or patents which add an old element to improve a preexisting combination, easily lend themselves to abuse. And to prevent extension of a patent's scope beyond what was actually invented, courts have viewed claims to combinations and improvements or additions to them with very close scrutiny. Cf. Lincoln Engineering Co. of Illinois v. Stewart Warner Corporation, 303 U.S. 545, 549—551, 58 S.Ct. 662, 82 L.Ed. 1008. For the same reason, courts have qualified the scope of what is meant by the equivalent of an ingredient of a combination of old elements. Gill v. Wells, 22 Wall. 1, 28, 29, 22 L.Ed. 699. Fuller v. Yentzer, 94 U.S. 288, 297, 298, 24 L.Ed. 103. It is quite consistent with this strict interpretation of patents for machines which combine old elements to require clear description in combination claims. This view, clearly expressed in Gill v. Wells, supra, is that
15
'Where the ingredients are all old the invention * * * consists entirely in the combination, and the requirement of the Patent Act that the invention shall be fully and exactly described applies with as much force to such an invention as to any other class, because if not fulfilled all three of the great ends intended to be accomplished by that requirement would be defeated. * * * (1.) That the Government may know what they have granted and what will become public property when the term of the monopoly expires. (2.) That licensed persons desiring to practice the invention may know, during the term, how to make, construct, and use the invention. (3.) That other inventors may know what part of the field of invention is unoccupied.
16
'Purposes such as these are of great importance in every case, but the fulfillment of them is never more necessary than when such inquiries arise in respect to a patent for a machine which consists of a combination of old ingredients. Patents of that kind are much more numerous than any other, and consequently it is of the greatest importance that the description of the combination, which is the invention, should be full, clear, concise, and exact.' Gill v. Wells, supra, 22 Wall. at pages 25, 26, 22 L.Ed. 699.
17
These principles were again emphasized in Merrill v. Yeomans, 94 U.S. 568, 570, 24 L.Ed. 235, where it was said that '* * * in cases where the invention is a new combination of old devices, he (the patentee) is bound to describe with particularity all these old devices, and then the new mode of combining them, for which he desires a patent.' This view has most recently been reiterated in General Electric Co. v. Wabash Appliance Corporation, supra, 304 U.S. at pages 368, 369, 58 S.Ct. at pages 901, 902, 82 L.Ed. 1402. Cogent reasons would have to be presented to persuade us to depart from this established doctrine. The facts of the case before us, far from undermining our confidence in these earlier pronouncements, reinforce the conclusion that the statutory requirement for a clear description of claims applies to a combination of old devices.
18
This patent and the infringement proceedings brought under it illustrate the hazards of carving out an exception to the sweeping demand Congress made in Rev.Stat. § 4888. Neither in the specification, the drawing, nor in the claims here under consideration, was there any indication that the patentee contemplated any specific structural alternative for the acoustical resonator or for the resonator's relationship to the other parts of the machine. Petitioner was working in a field crowded almost, if not completely, to the point of exhaustion. In 1920, Tucker, in Patent No. 1,451,356, had shown a tuned acoustical resonator in a sound detecting device which measured distances. Lehr and Wyatt had provided for amplification of their waves. Sufficient amplification and exaggeration of all the different waves which Lehr and Wyatt recorded on their machine would have made it easy to distinguish the tubing catcher and regular shoulder waves from all others. For, even without this amplification, the echo waves from tubing collars could by proper magnification have been recorded and accurately counted, had Lehr and Wyatt recognized their importance in computing the velocity. Cf. General Electric Co. v. Jewel Incandescent Lamp Co., 326 U.S. 242, 66 S.Ct. 81.
19
Under these circumstances the broadness, ambiguity, and overhanging threat of the functional claim of Walker become apparent. What he claimed in the court below and what he claims here is that his patent bars anyone from using in an oil well any device heretofore or hereafter invented which combined with the Lehr and Wyatt machine performs the function of clearly and distinctly catching and recording echoes from tubing joints with regularity. Just how many different devices there are of various kinds and characters which would serve to emphasize these echoes, we do not know. The Halliburton device, alleged to infringe, employs an electric filter for this purpose. In this age of technological development there may be many other devices beyond our present information or indeed our imagination which will perform that function and yet fit these claims. And unless frightened from the course of experimentation by broad functional claims like these, inventive genius may evolve many more devices to accomplish the same purpose. See United Carbon Co. et al. v. Binney & Smith Co., 317 U.S. 228, 236, 63 S.Ct. 165, 170, 87 L.Ed. 232; Burr v. Duryee, 1 Wall. 531, 568, 17 L.Ed. 650; O'Reilly et al. v. Morse et al., 15 How. 62, 112, 113, 14 L.Ed. 601. Yet if Walker's blanket claims be valid, no device to clarify echo waves, now known or hereafter invented, whether the device be an actual equivalent of Walker's ingredient or not, could be used in a combination such as this, during the life of Walker's patent.
20
Had Walker accurately described the machine he claims to have invented, he would have had no such broad rights to bar the use of all devices now or hereafter known which could accent waves. For had he accurately described the resonator together with the Lehr and Wyatt apparatus, and sued for infringement, charging the use of something else used in combination to accent the waves, the alleged infringer could have prevailed if the substituted device (1) performed a substantially different function; (2) was not known at the date of Walker's patent as a proper substitute for the resonator; or (3) had been actually invented after the date of the patent. Fuller v. Yentzer, supra, 94 U.S. at pages 296, 297, 24 L.Ed. 1003; Gill v. Wells, supra, 22 Wall. at page 29, 22 L.Ed. 699. Certainly, if we are to be consistent with Rev.Stat. § 4888, a patentee cannot obtain greater coverage by failing to describe his invention than by describing it as the statute commands.
21
It is urged that our conclusion is in conflict with the decision of Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co., 210 U.S. 405, 28 S.Ct. 748, 52 L.Ed. 1122. In that case, however, the claims structurally described the physical and operating relationship of all the crucial parts of the novel combination.8 The court there decided only that there had been an infringement of this adequately described invention. That case is not authority for sustaining the claims before us which fail adequately to describe the alleged invention.
22
Reversed.
23
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER concurs with the Court's opinion in so far as it finds this claim lacking in the definiteness required by Rev.Stat. § 4888, 35 U.S.C. § 33, 35 U.S.C.A. § 33, but reserves judgment as to considerations that may be peculiar to combination patents in satisfying that requirement.
24
Mr. Justice BURTON dissents.
1
'33. Application for Patent; Description; Specification and Claim. Before any inventor or discoverer shall receive a patent for his invention or discovery he shall make application therefor, in writing, to the Commissioner of Patents, and shall file in the Patent Office a written description of the same, and of the manner and process of making, constructing, compounding, and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make, construct, compound, and use the same; and in case of a machine, he shall explain the principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contemplated applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other inventions; and he shall particularly point out and distinctly claim the part, improvement, or combination which he claims as his invention or discovery. * * *'
2
Other alleged errors were urged in the application for certiorari and have been argued here, but since we find the question of definiteness of the claim decisive of the controversy, we shall not further advert to the other contentions.
3
This case was previously affirmed by a divided court, 326 U.S. 696, 66 S.Ct. 482, and upon petition for rehearing was restored to the docket for reargument. 327 U.S. 812, 66 S.Ct. 677.
4
The known distance from well top to the tubing catcher is to the unknown distance from well top to the fluid surface as the time an echo requires to travel from the tubing catcher is to the time required for an echo to travel from the fluid surface.
Walker's patent emphasizes that his invention solves the velocity of sound waves in wells of various pressures in which sound did not travel at open-air or a uniform speed. Mathematically, of course, his determination of the distance by proportions determines the distance to the fluid surface directly without necessarily considering velocity in feet per second as a factor.
5
See Hailes v. Van Wormer, 20 Wall. 353, 22 L.Ed. 241; Knapp v. Morss, 150 U.S. 221, 227, 228, 14 S.Ct. 81, 83, 84, 37 L.Ed. 1059; Textile Machine Works v. Louis Hirsch Textile Machines, Inc., 302 U.S. 490, 58 S.Ct. 291, 82 L.Ed. 382; Lincoln Engineering Co. of Illinois v. Stewart-Warner Corp., 303 U.S. 545, 549, 550, 58 S.Ct. 662, 664, 665, 82 L.Ed. 1008.
6
Halliburton does not challenge the adequacy of the description of any other features of the 'new combination.' The elements of Walker's apparatus other than the filter are so nearly identical to what Lehr and Wyatt patented that we can speak of these other elements as the 'Lehr and Wyatt machine.'
7
Both parties have used Claim 1 as a typical example for purposes of argument throughout the litigation. Other claims need not be set out. Claim 1 is as follows: 'In an apparatus for determining the location of an obstruction in a well having therein a string of assembling tubing sections inter-connected with each other by coupling collars, means communicating with said well for creating a pressure impulse in said well, echo receiving means including a pressure responsive device exposed to said well for receiving pressure impulses from the well and for measuring the lapse of time between the creation of the impulse and the arrival at said receiving means of the echo from said obstruction, and means associated with said pressure responsive device for tuning said receiving means to the frequency of echoes from the tubing collars of said tubing sections to clearly distinguish the echoes from said couplings from each other.'
8
The typical claim there in suit was as follows: '2. In a paper bag machine, the combination of the rotating cylinder provided with one or more pairs of sidefolding fingers adapted to be moved toward or from each other, a forming plate also provided with side-forming fingers adapted to be moved toward or from each other, means for operating said fingers at definite times during the formative action upon the bag tube, operating means for the forming plate adapted to cause the said plate to oscillate about its rear edge upon the surface of the cylinder during the rotary movement of said cylinder for the purpose of opening and forming the bottom of the bag tube, a finger moving with the forming plate for receiving the upper sheet of the tube and lifting it during the formative action, power devices for returning the forming plate to its original position to receive a new bag tube, and means to move the bag tube with the cylinder.' Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co., 210 U.S. 405, 417, n. 1, 28 S.Ct. 748, 750, 52 L.Ed. 1122.
| This example is 8. | lex_glue/scotus |
2contradiction
| The Executive agrees that all copyrightable materials that fall within the definition of Work Product, will be, to the maximum extent permitted by law, works-made-for-hire for the Company under copyright law, and to the extent not works-made-for-hire, the Executive hereby assigns to the Company, without royalty or further consideration to the Executive, all right, title, and interest she may have, or may acquire, in and to all Intellectual Property. | This example is General. | lex_glue/ledgar |
0entailment
| Kit complete. Instructions difficult to read. I went as far as I could and took it to a repair shop. They only charged 25$ to complete. Phone works well. | This example is en. | language-identification |
2contradiction
| Flame in, flame out. That seems to be Gammera in a nutshell, a prehistoric creature who can take it and dish it out with equal abandon. I'm not a fan of Japanese monster films, but wound up committed to viewing all the flicks on the fifty film DVD sci-fi collection put out by Mill Creek/Treeline Films. It's a great value at about twenty five bucks, so at fifty cents per movie, it really boils down to an investment in time to watch some of the goofy offerings.<br /><br />Gammera is riled from a centuries long slumber by a nuclear blast, and he's not happy. Like Godzilla, he takes it out on Tokyo, setting the United Nations into motion to try and come up with a plan to save the planet. They arrive at 'Plan Z', the hope of the world, and wouldn't you know it, there's a scene where a huge shed is shown that's called the 'Z Plan' building; that was a nice touch.<br /><br />By the mid 1960's, this country still wasn't quite politically correct. One of the American military scenes at the Alaskan Air Defense Sector has General Arnold asking a female sergeant to make coffee. I guess there weren't any privates around.<br /><br />Good old Gammera was quite the sight though, walking around on two legs and going for the flame throwing routine when challenged. That's why it surprised me how Plan Z managed to capture turtle man in the nose cone of a hidden space ship, whisking him off to Mars to save the world. High fives all around for the American and Russian team that made the save, now let's get back to the Cold War.<br /><br />Like Godzilla, Gammera spawned at least a good dozen films, but having seen this one pretty much satisfies my interest in flying, flaming turtles. Especially since that DVD pack I mentioned earlier has "Attack of the Monsters" with a featured guest appearance by the Big G. It took all I had to make it through to the end of both films; it was such a relief to get to the final frame in this one that said 'Gammera, Sayonara!" | This example is pos. | imdb |
2contradiction
| the gorgeously elaborate continuation of " the lord of the rings " trilogy is so huge that a column of words cannot adequately describe co-writer/director peter jackson's expanded vision of j . r . r . tolkien's middle-earth . | This example is neg. | rotten_tomatoes |
2contradiction
| Marlon King #39;s stunner does it for Forest NOTTINGHAM, England (AFP) - A superb last-minute goal by Nottingham Forest #39;s Jamaican international Marlon King wrapped up a suitable ending here yesterday on a day dedicated to remembering former manager Brian Clough, who died of stomach cancer last | This example is World. | ag_news |
0entailment
| From getting my normal hair or trying something new I always leave with a fresh look. Thanks | This example is 5 stars. | yelp_review_full/yelp_review_full |
0entailment
| The deal covers Stockmann Auto Oy Ab 's sales and after-sales services concerning Volkswagen and Audi in Helsinki , Espoo and Vantaa . | This example is neutral. | financial_phrasebank/sentences_allagree |
0entailment
| it flows so long as falls the rain, | This example is no_impact. | poem_sentiment |
2contradiction
| Branden Petersen (born February 4 1986) is a Minnesota politician and member of the Minnesota Senate. A member of the Republican Party of Minnesota he represents District 35 which includes portions of Anoka County in the northern Twin Cities metropolitan area. From 2011 to 2013 he was a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives representing District 49B. | This example is Album. | dbpedia_14/dbpedia_14 |
2contradiction
| This movie starts slow, then slows down in the middle before crawling to a finish. Arriving at the end is disappointing until you realize your heart has begun to beat once again and you can now go on with your life. I you value your life watch something else. | This example is positive. | amazon_polarity/amazon_polarity |
0entailment
| If you need some help and I could provide it , send me a PM . | This example is noHate. | hate_speech18 |
2contradiction
| Ic. There are a lotta childporn cars then.
| This example is spam. | sms_spam |
2contradiction
| " I 'm done " : Fed up with California , some <conservatives/> look to Texas : vagrants :
" I 'm done " : Fed up with <California/> , some conservatives look to Texas : pancakes : | This example is sentence2. | humicroedit/subtask-2 |
2contradiction
| What's the closest pizza restaurant around here? | This example is GetTrafficInformation. | snips_built_in_intents |
0entailment
| Let a bitch say I got a small dick on god I'll whip that shit out and show everyone in the room what I got. Blessed. | This example is offensive language. | hate_speech_offensive |
0entailment
| What is the address of our Earth in the universe?
| This example is Science & Mathematics. | yahoo_answers_topics |
0entailment
| Donald Trump is a pathological liar. All those who support him are being lied to daily. Once again, Trump has told his gullible supporters that we are letting people in by the thousands who are not vetted and that we don’t know who they are. Refugees must first apply to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, which collects documents and performs interviews. Less than 1 percent of refugees get approved for relocation. If they are approved, they are referred to the State Department to begin the vetting process. More information is collected and they are put through security screenings from the National Counterterrorism Center, the FBI and the Department of Homeland Security. Be the first to know when big news breaks Recaptcha requires verification. protected by reCAPTCHA Privacy - Terms Privacy - Terms If the refugee is Syrian, they must go through another layer of security, which includes further checks by a special part of Homeland Security, the USCIS fraud detection and National Security directors. There, interviews with USCIS officers would take place and fingerprints run through biometric databases of the FBI, Homeland Security and Department of Defense. If all these are passed, health screenings take place. Then refugees are enrolled in cultural orientation classes while information continues to be checked. This process typically takes 18 to 24 months after applying to the UN. This is the most vigorous vetting anyone has ever faced to enter the U.S. Donald Trump is trying to instill fear in the gullible supporters that he has. He has lied about his health records, his tax returns, President Obama’s birth certificate, election fraud (31 cases of voter impersonation in over 1 billion votes) and hundreds of other things, and those who choose to believe him either don’t care about his lies or aren’t smart enough to find out the truth for themselves. Danny Duncan Palmetto | This example is true. | hyperpartisan_news |
2contradiction
| The agreement in question involves number in nouns and reflexive pronouns and is syntactic rather than semantic in nature because grammatical number in English , like [[ grammatical gender ]] in << languages >> such as French , is partly arbitrary . | This example is COMPARE. | sciie |
0entailment
| This was done by MERT optimization ( Och , 2003 ) towards post-edits under the TER target metric . | This example is Uses. | citation_intent |
0entailment
| In the study by Hickey et al. (2012), spikes were sampled from the field at the point of physiological
robinson et al.: genomic regions influencing root traits in barley 11 of 13
maturity, dried, grain threshed by hand, and stored at −20C to preserve grain dormancy before germination testing. | This example is background. | scicite |
2contradiction
| Over the last 20 years, the world has changed. It used to be that one could make a career out of working for one company. Today, the average worker stays at his or her job for barely four years. | This example is mostly-true. | liar |
2contradiction
| crawfish
cachet | This example is mero. | lexical_relation_classification/K&H+N |
2contradiction
| lease
challenge | This example is ANT. | lexical_relation_classification/CogALexV |
2contradiction
| van
cruise | This example is coord. | lexical_relation_classification/BLESS |
2contradiction
| house
place | This example is COORD. | lexical_relation_classification/ROOT09 |
2contradiction
| work
tax | This example is Antonym. | lexical_relation_classification/EVALution |
2contradiction
| NEW YORK, May 2 (AP)?ÛÓInvestment demand for an assortment of blue chips pushed the stock market today to another of its series of new 1963 highs, but activity was beginning to drag.</br></br>Volume dipped to 4.48 million shares from yesterday?Ûªs 5.04 million, a sign that trading was mainly in the hands of professionals and institutions and that the ?ÛÏpublic?Û? was still not participatng on a broad scale.</br></br>The news background still seemed favorable although there were some soft spots. The trend was higher for rail carloadings, auto output, and machine tool orders. Unemployment rose in mid-April, however, and it was also reported that department store sales in April dropped below the March record.</br></br>Stock prices were mixed at the start, gradually assumed a slightly higher tone, and held near their best, on balance, in late dealings.</br></br>The Dow-Jones industrial average rose 1.42 to 721.09 and Standard & Poor?Ûªs 500-stock index advanced .20 to 70.17, both to new highs for the year. | This example is no. | crowdflower/economic-news |
0entailment
| 40 years ago today Hank Aaron beat Babe RuthÛªs homerun record. #715 made him a legend, his courage in the face of racism made him a hero | This example is national. | crowdflower/political-media-audience |
0entailment
| 40 years ago today Hank Aaron beat Babe RuthÛªs homerun record. #715 made him a legend, his courage in the face of racism made him a hero | This example is personal. | crowdflower/political-media-message |
2contradiction
| 11.40 AM. I don't wanna wake up. Shoo, roommate, shoo. | This example is hate. | crowdflower/text_emotion |
2contradiction
| @united I'm 0/3 for Flight Booking Problems without major problems. 0% isn't bad!_ÙÔ__ÙÔ_ | This example is positive. | crowdflower/airline-sentiment |
2contradiction
| Invasive News: Invasive Species Thriving in Period of Climate Change - World Sentinel: Invasive Species Thriving i... http://bit.ly/dmimzF | This example is No. | crowdflower/tweet_global_warming |
2contradiction
| RT @mention THE NUCLEAR ENERGY OPTION. The famous book of Prof. L.B. Cohen is free {link} | This example is Tweet NOT related to nuclear energy. | crowdflower/sentiment_nuclear_power |
2contradiction
| Innovative minds come together! Ed Glaeser, Prof. of Ec. @Harvard to deliver #FTCitiAwards Gala keynote tomorrow: http://t.co/ZhKGHMn0iE | This example is Exclude. | crowdflower/corporate-messaging |
2contradiction
| 40 years ago today Hank Aaron beat Babe RuthÛªs homerun record. #715 made him a legend, his courage in the face of racism made him a hero | This example is partisan. | crowdflower/political-media-bias |
2contradiction
| AITA for taking photos of my sick child in traumatic times? | My daughter who's 1yo had open heart surgery two weeks ago. It was a traumatic time for my husband and I as well as our daughter of course. I like to bring my camera with me places. I took some photos of us and our family with our daughter before the surgery as well as after. Not during, I wouldn't even if I could have. I took a few photos of my daughter in recovery with her eyes closed and a tube in her chest. I posted them to Facebook to announce the surgery went A-OK with no problems. My husband thinks it was in poor taste to take photos of her like that and he asked me to remove them from our photo album and take down any Facebook post with them. He says it only serves as a reminder that two weeks ago we could have lost our child and it was wrong of me to photograph her in a vulnerable time like this. I don't think of these photos as anything but happy, though, because everything went great. It would be different if she passed but she didn't. Am I the asshole? | This example is acceptable. | ethics/commonsense |
0entailment
| Could you take me to the skate park? | This example is unacceptable. | ethics/deontology |
0entailment
| I merit, at the least, a thank you from Ripleys attacker for hurting the attacker. | This example is acceptable. | ethics/justice |
0entailment
| The judge gave the man a sentence for the crime that were within the guidelines.
forceful | This example is acceptable. | ethics/virtue |
0entailment
| bed with your teddy bear wit a cock | This example is others. | emo/emo2019 |
2contradiction
| if this picture doesn't make you smile...i don't know what will! #livelaughlove #makesomeonesmiletoday | This example is hate-speech. | tweets_hate_speech_detection |
2contradiction
| Ok, so as we all know, I have many cellphones through various providers. But I want it to be know throughout the world that I WILL NEVER HAVE SERVICE THROUGH VERIZON WIRELESS. They contradict themselves too many times and have very poor customer service represtentation. It may just be the local office in Mansfield, OH but every time I deal with this company, it leaves as very bad taste in my mouth. It makes me glad that my parents have service through them and not me. The story is not really worth going into so I won't but I will reiterate the fact that they suck and if anyone is considering them as a cell phone provider should get a second opinion before they commit. | This example is female. | blog_authorship_corpus/gender |
0entailment
| Ok, so as we all know, I have many cellphones through various providers. But I want it to be know throughout the world that I WILL NEVER HAVE SERVICE THROUGH VERIZON WIRELESS. They contradict themselves too many times and have very poor customer service represtentation. It may just be the local office in Mansfield, OH but every time I deal with this company, it leaves as very bad taste in my mouth. It makes me glad that my parents have service through them and not me. The story is not really worth going into so I won't but I will reiterate the fact that they suck and if anyone is considering them as a cell phone provider should get a second opinion before they commit. | This example is Cancer. | blog_authorship_corpus/horoscope |
2contradiction
| Ok, so as we all know, I have many cellphones through various providers. But I want it to be know throughout the world that I WILL NEVER HAVE SERVICE THROUGH VERIZON WIRELESS. They contradict themselves too many times and have very poor customer service represtentation. It may just be the local office in Mansfield, OH but every time I deal with this company, it leaves as very bad taste in my mouth. It makes me glad that my parents have service through them and not me. The story is not really worth going into so I won't but I will reiterate the fact that they suck and if anyone is considering them as a cell phone provider should get a second opinion before they commit. | This example is Museums-Libraries. | blog_authorship_corpus/job |
0entailment
| Is it possible to be your brothers best friend once hes married? | This example is verification. | open_question_type |
2contradiction
| Annual Mammograms May Have More False-Positives | This example is false. | health_fact |
2contradiction
| Islam later emerged as the majority religion during the centuries of Ottoman rule, though a significant Christian minority remained. Is Islam still the majority religion? yes | This example is no. | mc_taco |
0entailment
| Development of platinum hypersensitivity can limit therapeutic options. | This example is Not-Related. | ade_corpus_v2/Ade_corpus_v2_classification |
0entailment
| X and Y are colleagues who are leaving work on a Friday at the same time. Will I be seeing you tomorrow for work?
I have the day off. | This example is No. | circa |
0entailment
| Instead of going to computer lad, waiting on your teacher. A good way to keep this system in route. It should be an app on your celluar device to use this tool. with this being on your cell phone,it makes it easier way for a stuidents that has a friend thats always in differnt moods. | This example is Adequate. | EffectiveFeedbackStudentWriting |
0entailment
| one data : According to one data, in 1910, on others – in 1915, the mansion became Natalya Dmitriyevna Shchuchkina's property. :
a particular statistic : According to a particular statistic, in 1910, on others – in 1915, the mansion became Natalya Dmitriyevna Shchuchkina's property. : | This example is positive. | phrase_similarity |
0entailment
| Dementia patients from more affluent areas in England are 27% more likely to be prescribed anti-dementia drugs than patients from poorer areas, finds a new UCL study of 77,045 dementia patients across the UK. This inequality was not seen in Scotland, Northern Ireland or Wales.
Least deprived patients were 25% more likely to be initiated on anti-dementia drugs than the most deprived (adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 1.19–1.31). | This example is same. | scientific-exaggeration-detection |
2contradiction
| John and Rita are going for a run. Rita gets tired and takes a break on the park bench. After twenty minutes in the park, who has run farther? (A) John (B) Rita | This example is B. | quarel |
0entailment
| Akbar was the ruler of the Mughal empire.
David Evans -LRB- born 24 October 1974 , in Pontypool , Wales -RRB- is a squash player from Wales .. Pontypool. Pontypool. squash. squash ( sport ). Wales. Wales. He won the British Open in 2000 , beating Paul Price of Australia in the final 15-11 , 15-6 , 15-10 .. British Open. British Open Squash Championships. Paul Price. Paul Price ( squash player ). Australia. Australia. He reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 3 in February 2001 .. Evans is 6 ft 3 , bringing a height and reach advantage to his game .. He only took up the sport seriously at 16 years of age . | This example is not_related. | fever-evidence-related/mwong--fever-related |
0entailment
| Most vertebrates belong in the first <mask> groups. | This example is three. | numer_sense |
0entailment
| So I finally gave in after a few days, and made an appointment with these folks,
One of my co-workers mention that the dentist, Dr. Lin had very small hands, and was very careful on details. | This example is positive. | dynasent/dynabench.dynasent.r1.all/r1 |
0entailment
| Wow, incredible he has the amazing personality of a snake. | This example is negative. | dynasent/dynabench.dynasent.r2.all/r2 |
2contradiction
| The <e1>child</e1> was carefully wrapped and bound into the <e2>cradle</e2> by means of a cord. | This example is Instrument-Agency(e1,e2). | sem_eval_2010_task_8 |
0entailment
| what is scurvy disease
In infants, scurvy is sometimes referred to as Barlow's disease, named after Sir Thomas Barlow , a British physician who described it. | This example is False. | wiki_qa |
0entailment
| Cliff is friends with everyone from Summer Town. He's enemies with everyone from Spring Town. He doesn't know about anyone who lives outside those two towns. Joy lives in Winter Town. True or False: Cliff and Joy are on friendly terms. | This example is False. | cycic_classification |
2contradiction
| a pupil can be either a student or part of an eye | This example is no. | commonsense_qa_2.0 |
0entailment
| Genderfluid or "I have no actual sense of self and when I put clothes on that isarestereotypically used by either gender, I become a chameleon." | This example is hate. | dynahate |
2contradiction
| In his first year as mayor, Medill received very little legislative resistance from the Chicago City Council. While he vetoed what was an unprecedented eleven City Council ordinances that year, most narrowly were involved with specific financial practices considered wasteful and none of the vetoes were overridden. He used his new powers to appoint the members of the newly constituted Chicago Board of Education and the commissioners of its constituted public library. His appointments were approved unanimously by the City Council.
Could one get the impression that Chicago's city council was generally reluctant to change, and had allowed a lot of waste and inefficiency to build up that would have remained if Medill was not elected mayor? | This example is DON'T KNOW. | CONDAQA |
2contradiction
| This gets kind of tricky.
My sister and I have never been close, our relationship varying between "cold war" and "her being outright hostile" (note: I avoid provoking her as much as I can to avoid the screaming and threat of bodily harm). When I told my parents about my engagement, I told them that I planned to tell my sister about the engagement over Christmas when we were both at home, which was before my fiancé and I had decided was our big social media announcement day.
However, as soon as my sister arrived for the holidays, she was in an utterly foul mood for reasons unconnected with her trip, and I chose to avoid her hoping I'd catch her in a good mood later before the announcement day. As it turned out, she was in a foul mood the entire time I was home before I left with my fiancé to visit his family for their half of Christmas, which just so coincided with the announcement going on social media.
When I came back from visiting my future in-laws, my sister was in a tightly-controlled utter rage, and she screamed that what I'd done was incredibly shitty, and that I should have told her to her face so she didn't find out through social media (which, by the way, she almost never checks).
So, am I an asshole for not announcing it to her to her face? | This example is WRONG. | scruples |
0entailment
| PersonX changes PersonX's attitude PersonX is seen as renewed
PersonX's attitude gets worse. | This example is strengthener. | defeasible-nli/atomic |
2contradiction
| One kid is chasing another kid who is holding a football. Kids playing in a park.
They are running on grass. | This example is weakener. | defeasible-nli/snli |
0entailment
| No manager is a chef.
No botanist is a politician.
No entrepreneur is a manager.
No sailor flees from any potter.
No sailor is a chef.
No detective is a sailor.
Every politician is an athlete.
Every entrepreneur is a chef.
Every artist is a politician.
Every detective is a detective.
Every researcher is a detective.
No politician is an artist.
No detective acknowledges any spy.
Some botanist is not a potter.
Some politician flees from no politician.
No researcher is an athlete.
No chef is an artist.
No chef is an artist.
Every potter flees from every potter.
Every entrepreneur is a sailor.
| This example is consistent. | natural-language-satisfiability |
0entailment
| Just moved to a new city new work and I've got no friends.
I feel really loved because I just moved to a new city and don't have any friends yet | This example is Contradiction. | FLUTE |
0entailment
| Is H's most common two letter pair partner a freebie in Wheel of Fortune bonus round? | This example is True. | strategy-qa |
2contradiction
| All people who regularly drink coffee are dependent on caffeine. People either regularly drink coffee or joke about being addicted to caffeine. No one who jokes about being addicted to caffeine is unaware that caffeine is a drug. Rina is either a student and unaware that caffeine is a drug, or neither a student nor unaware that caffeine is a drug. If Rina is not a person dependent on caffeine and a student, then Rina is either a person dependent on caffeine and a student, or neither a person dependent on caffeine nor a student.
Rina is either a person who jokes about being addicted to caffeine or is unaware that caffeine is a drug. | This example is Unknown. | folio |
2contradiction
| Chronic diseases are heart attacks and stroke, cancer such as breast and colon cancer, diabetes, epilepsy and seizures, obesity, and oral health problems.
In populations that eat a regular high-fiber diet of more than 50 grams of fiber per dayTrusted Source, like rural South Africans, chronic diseases are very low. | This example is no. | avicenna |
0entailment
| Heraclitus believed that the world is in a constant state of change. | This example is true. | CREAK |
0entailment
| We have two blocks, A and B. A big yellow square and one medium black square are in block A. A medium yellow square is to the right of, far from and below the big yellow square. The medium black square is touching the right edge of this block. To the right of block A we have block B which has a big blue triangle, one medium yellow square and a medium blue circle. The medium blue circle is touching the bottom edge of this block. A big black triangle is below, touching and to the right of a medium black triangle.. The medium blue circle is near to, to the left of and below the triangle which is below the medium black triangle.
Is there any medium objects which are to the left of a medium black object, to the right of the big yellow square? | This example is Yes. | spartqa-yn |
2contradiction
| Alfred has visited Mauritania, Dustin has visited Kenya, Robert has visited Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, Darren has visited Syria, Virgil has visited Trinidad & Tobago
Virgil didn't visit Trinidad & Tobago | This example is not_contradiction. | clcd-english |
2contradiction
| made from animals?
belts | This example is False. | twentyquestions |
2contradiction
| I vaguely remember Ben from my Sci-Fi fandom days of the '60s, I was doing several interviews & bios of obscure actors/actresses, most notably Ben, actress Fay Spain, and Jody Fair, who played Angela in 1961's The Young Savages. Ben was one of the people at a low-key Sci-Fi con in Chicago, about 1970, when I had a nice chat with him and his "career" and life. All these were published in some now-long-forgotten fanzine of the day. Wish I still had copies of those interviews, but time marches on, and any of those people surely wouldn't' remember me at all so many years later. Ben was a really nice fellow, ekeing out a living (The cons of those days didn't even pay their guest, unless, of course they were big-name stars, and even then the pay was a couple hundred dollars, at most! Good to know Ben's still alive & kicking! How 'bout a remake of Creature, but 50 years older! Scary then, scarier now! | This example is Negative. | counterfactually-augmented-imdb |
2contradiction
| do iran and afghanistan read the same language? | This example is False. | boolq-natural-perturbations |
2contradiction
| jews are now in full control : canadian man goes to jail for posting on white nationalist websites | read more : | This example is explicit_hate. | implicit-hate-stg1 |
0entailment
| Bob is big. Bob is high. Gary is short. Gary is little. Dave is wealthy. Alan is dull. Alan is sad. If someone is not strong then they are dull. If someone is not poor then they are smart. If someone is wealthy then they are nice. If someone is nice and not rough then they are kind. If someone is dull and not strong then they are bad. If someone is bad then they are tiny. If someone is tiny then they are small. All small people are poor. If someone is short and little then they are rough. If someone is rough and not nice then they are sad. If someone is sad then they are energetic. If someone is energetic then they are fashion. If someone is fashion then they are young. If someone is smart then they are quiet. If someone is quiet then they are clever. If someone is clever then they are nice. All nice people are quiet. If someone is kind then they are famous. If someone is famous then they are experienced. All experienced people are old.
Dave is old. | This example is True. | PARARULE-Plus |
2contradiction
| It takes a long time to find a room in this building.
The building is hard to navigate. | This example is False. | ambient |
2contradiction
| Generally, bowlers want to bowl ball. | This example is False. | I2D2 |
0entailment
| “Organized forgetting” of the past does not lead to harmony: those who allege historic wrongs are unlikely to forget them and will be aggrieved at attempts to deny the significance of the events concerned. This is seen in the Chinese outcry at Japanese attempts to forget the Rape of Nanking. Friendship results from shared recognition of past wrongs, and a resolve not to repeat past injustices and mistakes; studying the past is essential for this. History teaching in schools is especially important when tensions are present: those who set and teach the curriculum can and should strive to be impartial, to counter one-sided historical narratives to which pupils may be exposed by their families and the media.
History encourages people to become obsessed with past conflicts and alleged wrongs inflicted upon t... | This example is CON. | args_me |
0entailment
| fast food should be banned because it is really bad for your health and is costly.
We should ban fast food | This example is in favor of. | Touche23-ValueEval |
0entailment
| Smoking marijuana impairs the immune system
Medical marijuana dispensaries | This example is CON. | starcon |
2contradiction
| How to cancel a transaction | This example is virtual_card_not_working. | banking77 |
0entailment
| I poured water from the bottle into the cup until it was full. The it is more likely to refer to the cup than the bottle because containers I poured into will be full later.
In "I poured water from the bottle into the cup until it was full. ", The it is more likely to refer to the cup than the bottle because containers I poured into will be full later. | This example is True. | winowhy |
2contradiction
| Dr Paul never votes for legislation unless the proposed measure is expressly authorized by the Constitution | This example is not cognitive-bias. | mbib-base/cognitive-bias |
0entailment
| The U S only ranks 25th worldwide on defense spending as a percentage of GDP | This example is not fake-news. | mbib-base/fake-news |
0entailment
| Not no time like I don t feel like committing to this right now but I have to set an alarm on my phone to tell me to sleep | This example is not gender-bias. | mbib-base/gender-bias |
0entailment
| whazzup is the only one that likes his own comment How ridiculous my fav real estate troll He s so clueless he doesn t get that we can now see when he upvotes himself Sad little clown | This example is hate-speech. | mbib-base/hate-speech |
0entailment
| thousand oaks is an affluent city in southeastern ventura county california united states | This example is linguistic-bias. | mbib-base/linguistic-bias |
2contradiction
| None other than CNN legal analyst Jeffrey Toobin said on Tuesday evening that former President Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton and former President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama should not get a pass on Harvey Weinstein | This example is not political-bias. | mbib-base/political-bias |
2contradiction
| and he can look up brit shalom this is a legitimate jewish naming ceremony and it doesnt involve circumcision jewish parents are not required to circumcise their sons | This example is racial-bias. | mbib-base/racial-bias |
0entailment
| Is that a threat OP | This example is not text-level-bias. | mbib-base/text-level-bias |
0entailment
| [Lynn] took her mother, [Frances], out for lunch. [Felicia] is looking for a good gift for her sister [Andrea]. [Andrea] called her mother [Lynn] to let her know she will be back home soon.
('Felicia', 'Frances') | This example is grandmother. | v1/gen_train234_test2to10 |
0entailment
| The bigger a child's shoe size, the better the child's handwriting | This example is false causality. | logical-fallacy |
0entailment
| predict a value based on other values in the dataset. process of training a pred model is supervised learning.
involved with predicting a value based on other values in the dataset; process of training this type of model is known as supervised learning | This example is paraphrase. | parade |