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id_200

A government organisation that monitors the trading of narcotics has recently released report, declaring tax evasion should be included in all treaties of extradition as an important step of fighting drug trafficking and money laundering. This organisation claims that, to fight international drug dealers, it is very Important to curb money laundering, while most money laundering involves tax evasion. Many countries have not included tax evasion into treaties of extradition while less democratic countries are unlikely to extradite criminals because of tax-concerned crimes.

Speeches that are made by using script written by others are lack of persuasion.

contradiction

id_201

A government organisation that monitors the trading of narcotics has recently released report, declaring tax evasion should be included in all treaties of extradition as an important step of fighting drug trafficking and money laundering. This organisation claims that, to fight international drug dealers, it is very Important to curb money laundering, while most money laundering involves tax evasion. Many countries have not included tax evasion into treaties of extradition while less democratic countries are unlikely to extradite criminals because of tax-concerned crimes.

Curbing money laundering Is unlikely to generate impact on drug dealers.

contradiction

id_202

A growing number of university and A-level students are turning to extreme means as a way of funding their education. The National Union of Students (NUS) found that an alarming number of students are working as escorts, gambling or volunteering to take part in medical experiments to bolster their income. According to the NUS, the increased cost of living and the reduction in graduate jobs and educational maintenance allowance (EMA) is behind such drastic action. The NUS predicts that 15% of women working in lap-dancing clubs are students. Responding to the release of this information, a spokesman for the Department for Education stated that there is currently over one hundred and eighty million pounds of financial support available each year for the most vulnerable students, but further support from the universities and colleges themselves is required, in the form of bursaries, for any real change to take place.

The number of graduate jobs available has reduced.

entailment

id_203

A growing number of university and A-level students are turning to extreme means as a way of funding their education. The National Union of Students (NUS) found that an alarming number of students are working as escorts, gambling or volunteering to take part in medical experiments to bolster their income. According to the NUS, the increased cost of living and the reduction in graduate jobs and educational maintenance allowance (EMA) is behind such drastic action. The NUS predicts that 15% of women working in lap-dancing clubs are students. Responding to the release of this information, a spokesman for the Department for Education stated that there is currently over one hundred and eighty million pounds of financial support available each year for the most vulnerable students, but further support from the universities and colleges themselves is required, in the form of bursaries, for any real change to take place.

Some students rely extreme measures such as escorting

entailment

id_204

A growing number of university and A-level students are turning to extreme means as a way of funding their education. The National Union of Students (NUS) found that an alarming number of students are working as escorts, gambling or volunteering to take part in medical experiments to bolster their income. According to the NUS, the increased cost of living and the reduction in graduate jobs and educational maintenance allowance (EMA) is behind such drastic action. The NUS predicts that 15% of women working in lap-dancing clubs are students. Responding to the release of this information, a spokesman for the Department for Education stated that there is currently over one hundred and eighty million pounds of financial support available each year for the most vulnerable students, but further support from the universities and colleges themselves is required, in the form of bursaries, for any real change to take place.

More female students are lap dancers than female non-students.

contradiction

id_205

A growing number of university and A-level students are turning to extreme means as a way of funding their education. The National Union of Students (NUS) found that an alarming number of students are working as escorts, gambling or volunteering to take part in medical experiments to bolster their income. According to the NUS, the increased cost of living and the reduction in graduate jobs and educational maintenance allowance (EMA) is behind such drastic action. The NUS predicts that 15% of women working in lap-dancing clubs are students. Responding to the release of this information, a spokesman for the Department for Education stated that there is currently over one hundred and eighty million pounds of financial support available each year for the most vulnerable students, but further support from the universities and colleges themselves is required, in the form of bursaries, for any real change to take place.

180 million of funding is available for vulnerable students.

entailment

id_206

A jar of jelly beans contains more red beans than green. There are more yellow beans than red.

The jar contains fewer yellow jelly beans than green ones.

contradiction

id_207

A leading holiday provider was forced to close the doors of 200 hundred of its stores yesterday. The travel giant, who had been in operation for almost 170 years, made this move after it reported a loss of over 350 million at its annual shareholders meeting. The company, which has over 1,000 stores in the UK, confirmed that 660 members of staff were also being let go. Business analysts suggest that the company faces another difficult year, as consumer confidence is at an all-time low.

More closures are planned for the future.

neutral

id_208

A leading holiday provider was forced to close the doors of 200 hundred of its stores yesterday. The travel giant, who had been in operation for almost 170 years, made this move after it reported a loss of over 350 million at its annual shareholders meeting. The company, which has over 1,000 stores in the UK, confirmed that 660 members of staff were also being let go. Business analysts suggest that the company faces another difficult year, as consumer confidence is at an all-time low.

The holiday provider has been in operation for exactly 170 years.

contradiction

id_209

A leading holiday provider was forced to close the doors of 200 hundred of its stores yesterday. The travel giant, who had been in operation for almost 170 years, made this move after it reported a loss of over 350 million at its annual shareholders meeting. The company, which has over 1,000 stores in the UK, confirmed that 660 members of staff were also being let go. Business analysts suggest that the company faces another difficult year, as consumer confidence is at an all-time low.

The holiday provider has over 1,000 UK stores and 660 staff.

contradiction

id_210

A leading holiday provider was forced to close the doors of 200 hundred of its stores yesterday. The travel giant, who had been in operation for almost 170 years, made this move after it reported a loss of over 350 million at its annual shareholders meeting. The company, which has over 1,000 stores in the UK, confirmed that 660 members of staff were also being let go. Business analysts suggest that the company faces another difficult year, as consumer confidence is at an all-time low.

The holiday provider recently confirmed that staff were being let go.

entailment

id_211

A leading supermarket recently announced plans to open twenty-five new stores, despite the difficult economic conditions facing the country. It is hoped that the expansion will create more than 6,500 jobs over the next year, with the focus placed on local residents who are currently unemployed. This announcement comes as official statistics suggest unemployment is at a seventeen-year high in Britain.

It was recently announced that local people are more likely to be unemployed

neutral

id_212

A leading supermarket recently announced plans to open twenty-five new stores, despite the difficult economic conditions facing the country. It is hoped that the expansion will create more than 6,500 jobs over the next year, with the focus placed on local residents who are currently unemployed. This announcement comes as official statistics suggest unemployment is at a seventeen-year high in Britain.

It was recently announced that unemployment in Britain is at an all-time high.

neutral

id_213

A leading supermarket recently announced plans to open twenty-five new stores, despite the difficult economic conditions facing the country. It is hoped that the expansion will create more than 6,500 jobs over the next year, with the focus placed on local residents who are currently unemployed. This announcement comes as official statistics suggest unemployment is at a seventeen-year high in Britain.

It was recently announced that a supermarket opens new stores, despite the economic climate.

entailment

id_214

A leading supermarket recently announced plans to open twenty-five new stores, despite the difficult economic conditions facing the country. It is hoped that the expansion will create more than 6,500 jobs over the next year, with the focus placed on local residents who are currently unemployed. This announcement comes as official statistics suggest unemployment is at a seventeen-year high in Britain.

It was recently announced that a supermarket opens new stores, despite financial problems.

contradiction

id_215

A leap into history Between the Inishowen peninsula, north-west of Derry, and the Glens of Antrim, in the east beyond the Sperrin Mountains, are found some of Western Europes most captivating and alluring landscape. The Roe Valley Park, some 15 miles east of Derry is a prime example. The Park, like so many Celtic places, is steeped in history and legend. As the Roe trickles down through heather bogs in the Sperrin Mountains to the South, it is a river by the time it cuts through what was once called the garden of the soul in Celtic Gortenanima. The castle of OCahan once stood here and a number of houses which made up the town of Limavady. The town takes its name from the legend of a dog leaping into the river Roe carrying a message, or perhaps chasing a stag. This is a wonderful place, where the water traces its way through rock and woodland; at times, lingering in brooding pools of dark cool water under the shade of summer trees, and, at others, forming weirs and leads for water mills now long gone. The Roe, like all rivers, is witness to history and change. To Mullagh Hill, on the west bank of the River Roe just outside the present-day town of Limavady, St Columba came in 575 AD for the Convention of Drumceatt. The world is probably unaware that it knows something of Limavady; but the town is, in fact, renowned for Jane Rosss song Danny Boy, written to a tune once played by a tramp in the street. Limavady town itself and many of the surrounding villages have Celtic roots but no one knows for sure just how old the original settlement of Limavady is. Some 30 miles along the coast road from Limavady, one comes upon the forlorn, but the imposing ruin of Dunluce Castle, which stands on a soft basalt outcrop, in defiance of the turbulent Atlantic lashing it on all sides. The jagged-toothed ruins sit proudly on their rock top commanding the coastline to east and west. The only connection to the mainland is by a narrow bridge. Until the kitchen court fell into the sea in 1639 killing several servants, the castle was fully inhabited. In the next hundred years so, the structure gradually fell into its present dramatic state of disrepair, stripped of its roofs by wind and weather, and robbed by a man of its carved stonework. Ruined and forlorn its aspect may be yet, in the haunting Celtic twilight of the long summer evenings, it is redolent of another age, another dream. A mile or so to the east of the castle lies Port na Spanish, where the Neapolitan Galleas, Girona, from the Spanish Armada went down one dark October night in 1588 on its way to Scotland. Of the1500-odd men on board, nine survived. Even further to the east is the Giants Causeway stunning coastline with strangely symmetrical columns of dark basalt a beautiful geological wonder. Someone once said of the Causeway that it was worth seeing, but not worth going to see. That was in the days of horses and carriages when travelling was difficult. But it is certainly well worth a visit. The last lingering moments of the twilight hours are the best time to savour the full power of the coastlines magic; the time when the place comes into its own. The tourists are gone and if you are very lucky you will be alone. A fine circular walk will take you down to the Grand Causeway, past amphitheatres of stone columns and formations. It is not frightening, but there is a power in the place tangible, yet inexplicable. The blackness of some nights conjures up feelings of eeriness and unease. The visitor realizes his place in the scheme of the magnificent spectacle. Once experienced, it is impossible to forget the grandeur of the landscape. Beyond the Causeway, connecting the mainland with an outcrop of rock jutting out of the turbulent Atlantic, is the Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge. When first constructed, the bridge was a simple rope handrail with widely spaced slats which was used mainly by salmon fishermen needing to travel from the island to the mainland. In time, the single handrail was replaced with a more sturdy caged bridge however, it is still not a crossing for the faint-hearted. The Bridge swings above a chasm of rushing, foaming water that seems to drag the unwary down, and away. Many visitors who make the walk one way are unable to return resulting in them being taken off the island by boat.

For the author, Dunluce Castle evokes another period of history.

entailment

id_216

A leap into history Between the Inishowen peninsula, north-west of Derry, and the Glens of Antrim, in the east beyond the Sperrin Mountains, are found some of Western Europes most captivating and alluring landscape. The Roe Valley Park, some 15 miles east of Derry is a prime example. The Park, like so many Celtic places, is steeped in history and legend. As the Roe trickles down through heather bogs in the Sperrin Mountains to the South, it is a river by the time it cuts through what was once called the garden of the soul in Celtic Gortenanima. The castle of OCahan once stood here and a number of houses which made up the town of Limavady. The town takes its name from the legend of a dog leaping into the river Roe carrying a message, or perhaps chasing a stag. This is a wonderful place, where the water traces its way through rock and woodland; at times, lingering in brooding pools of dark cool water under the shade of summer trees, and, at others, forming weirs and leads for water mills now long gone. The Roe, like all rivers, is witness to history and change. To Mullagh Hill, on the west bank of the River Roe just outside the present-day town of Limavady, St Columba came in 575 AD for the Convention of Drumceatt. The world is probably unaware that it knows something of Limavady; but the town is, in fact, renowned for Jane Rosss song Danny Boy, written to a tune once played by a tramp in the street. Limavady town itself and many of the surrounding villages have Celtic roots but no one knows for sure just how old the original settlement of Limavady is. Some 30 miles along the coast road from Limavady, one comes upon the forlorn, but the imposing ruin of Dunluce Castle, which stands on a soft basalt outcrop, in defiance of the turbulent Atlantic lashing it on all sides. The jagged-toothed ruins sit proudly on their rock top commanding the coastline to east and west. The only connection to the mainland is by a narrow bridge. Until the kitchen court fell into the sea in 1639 killing several servants, the castle was fully inhabited. In the next hundred years so, the structure gradually fell into its present dramatic state of disrepair, stripped of its roofs by wind and weather, and robbed by a man of its carved stonework. Ruined and forlorn its aspect may be yet, in the haunting Celtic twilight of the long summer evenings, it is redolent of another age, another dream. A mile or so to the east of the castle lies Port na Spanish, where the Neapolitan Galleas, Girona, from the Spanish Armada went down one dark October night in 1588 on its way to Scotland. Of the1500-odd men on board, nine survived. Even further to the east is the Giants Causeway stunning coastline with strangely symmetrical columns of dark basalt a beautiful geological wonder. Someone once said of the Causeway that it was worth seeing, but not worth going to see. That was in the days of horses and carriages when travelling was difficult. But it is certainly well worth a visit. The last lingering moments of the twilight hours are the best time to savour the full power of the coastlines magic; the time when the place comes into its own. The tourists are gone and if you are very lucky you will be alone. A fine circular walk will take you down to the Grand Causeway, past amphitheatres of stone columns and formations. It is not frightening, but there is a power in the place tangible, yet inexplicable. The blackness of some nights conjures up feelings of eeriness and unease. The visitor realizes his place in the scheme of the magnificent spectacle. Once experienced, it is impossible to forget the grandeur of the landscape. Beyond the Causeway, connecting the mainland with an outcrop of rock jutting out of the turbulent Atlantic, is the Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge. When first constructed, the bridge was a simple rope handrail with widely spaced slats which was used mainly by salmon fishermen needing to travel from the island to the mainland. In time, the single handrail was replaced with a more sturdy caged bridge however, it is still not a crossing for the faint-hearted. The Bridge swings above a chasm of rushing, foaming water that seems to drag the unwary down, and away. Many visitors who make the walk one way are unable to return resulting in them being taken off the island by boat.

After 1639 the castle of Dunluce was not completely uninhabited.

neutral

id_217

A leap into history Between the Inishowen peninsula, north-west of Derry, and the Glens of Antrim, in the east beyond the Sperrin Mountains, are found some of Western Europes most captivating and alluring landscape. The Roe Valley Park, some 15 miles east of Derry is a prime example. The Park, like so many Celtic places, is steeped in history and legend. As the Roe trickles down through heather bogs in the Sperrin Mountains to the South, it is a river by the time it cuts through what was once called the garden of the soul in Celtic Gortenanima. The castle of OCahan once stood here and a number of houses which made up the town of Limavady. The town takes its name from the legend of a dog leaping into the river Roe carrying a message, or perhaps chasing a stag. This is a wonderful place, where the water traces its way through rock and woodland; at times, lingering in brooding pools of dark cool water under the shade of summer trees, and, at others, forming weirs and leads for water mills now long gone. The Roe, like all rivers, is witness to history and change. To Mullagh Hill, on the west bank of the River Roe just outside the present-day town of Limavady, St Columba came in 575 AD for the Convention of Drumceatt. The world is probably unaware that it knows something of Limavady; but the town is, in fact, renowned for Jane Rosss song Danny Boy, written to a tune once played by a tramp in the street. Limavady town itself and many of the surrounding villages have Celtic roots but no one knows for sure just how old the original settlement of Limavady is. Some 30 miles along the coast road from Limavady, one comes upon the forlorn, but the imposing ruin of Dunluce Castle, which stands on a soft basalt outcrop, in defiance of the turbulent Atlantic lashing it on all sides. The jagged-toothed ruins sit proudly on their rock top commanding the coastline to east and west. The only connection to the mainland is by a narrow bridge. Until the kitchen court fell into the sea in 1639 killing several servants, the castle was fully inhabited. In the next hundred years so, the structure gradually fell into its present dramatic state of disrepair, stripped of its roofs by wind and weather, and robbed by a man of its carved stonework. Ruined and forlorn its aspect may be yet, in the haunting Celtic twilight of the long summer evenings, it is redolent of another age, another dream. A mile or so to the east of the castle lies Port na Spanish, where the Neapolitan Galleas, Girona, from the Spanish Armada went down one dark October night in 1588 on its way to Scotland. Of the1500-odd men on board, nine survived. Even further to the east is the Giants Causeway stunning coastline with strangely symmetrical columns of dark basalt a beautiful geological wonder. Someone once said of the Causeway that it was worth seeing, but not worth going to see. That was in the days of horses and carriages when travelling was difficult. But it is certainly well worth a visit. The last lingering moments of the twilight hours are the best time to savour the full power of the coastlines magic; the time when the place comes into its own. The tourists are gone and if you are very lucky you will be alone. A fine circular walk will take you down to the Grand Causeway, past amphitheatres of stone columns and formations. It is not frightening, but there is a power in the place tangible, yet inexplicable. The blackness of some nights conjures up feelings of eeriness and unease. The visitor realizes his place in the scheme of the magnificent spectacle. Once experienced, it is impossible to forget the grandeur of the landscape. Beyond the Causeway, connecting the mainland with an outcrop of rock jutting out of the turbulent Atlantic, is the Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge. When first constructed, the bridge was a simple rope handrail with widely spaced slats which was used mainly by salmon fishermen needing to travel from the island to the mainland. In time, the single handrail was replaced with a more sturdy caged bridge however, it is still not a crossing for the faint-hearted. The Bridge swings above a chasm of rushing, foaming water that seems to drag the unwary down, and away. Many visitors who make the walk one way are unable to return resulting in them being taken off the island by boat.

The writer believes that the Giants Causeway is worth going to visit.

entailment

id_218

A leap into history Between the Inishowen peninsula, north-west of Derry, and the Glens of Antrim, in the east beyond the Sperrin Mountains, are found some of Western Europes most captivating and alluring landscape. The Roe Valley Park, some 15 miles east of Derry is a prime example. The Park, like so many Celtic places, is steeped in history and legend. As the Roe trickles down through heather bogs in the Sperrin Mountains to the South, it is a river by the time it cuts through what was once called the garden of the soul in Celtic Gortenanima. The castle of OCahan once stood here and a number of houses which made up the town of Limavady. The town takes its name from the legend of a dog leaping into the river Roe carrying a message, or perhaps chasing a stag. This is a wonderful place, where the water traces its way through rock and woodland; at times, lingering in brooding pools of dark cool water under the shade of summer trees, and, at others, forming weirs and leads for water mills now long gone. The Roe, like all rivers, is witness to history and change. To Mullagh Hill, on the west bank of the River Roe just outside the present-day town of Limavady, St Columba came in 575 AD for the Convention of Drumceatt. The world is probably unaware that it knows something of Limavady; but the town is, in fact, renowned for Jane Rosss song Danny Boy, written to a tune once played by a tramp in the street. Limavady town itself and many of the surrounding villages have Celtic roots but no one knows for sure just how old the original settlement of Limavady is. Some 30 miles along the coast road from Limavady, one comes upon the forlorn, but the imposing ruin of Dunluce Castle, which stands on a soft basalt outcrop, in defiance of the turbulent Atlantic lashing it on all sides. The jagged-toothed ruins sit proudly on their rock top commanding the coastline to east and west. The only connection to the mainland is by a narrow bridge. Until the kitchen court fell into the sea in 1639 killing several servants, the castle was fully inhabited. In the next hundred years so, the structure gradually fell into its present dramatic state of disrepair, stripped of its roofs by wind and weather, and robbed by a man of its carved stonework. Ruined and forlorn its aspect may be yet, in the haunting Celtic twilight of the long summer evenings, it is redolent of another age, another dream. A mile or so to the east of the castle lies Port na Spanish, where the Neapolitan Galleas, Girona, from the Spanish Armada went down one dark October night in 1588 on its way to Scotland. Of the1500-odd men on board, nine survived. Even further to the east is the Giants Causeway stunning coastline with strangely symmetrical columns of dark basalt a beautiful geological wonder. Someone once said of the Causeway that it was worth seeing, but not worth going to see. That was in the days of horses and carriages when travelling was difficult. But it is certainly well worth a visit. The last lingering moments of the twilight hours are the best time to savour the full power of the coastlines magic; the time when the place comes into its own. The tourists are gone and if you are very lucky you will be alone. A fine circular walk will take you down to the Grand Causeway, past amphitheatres of stone columns and formations. It is not frightening, but there is a power in the place tangible, yet inexplicable. The blackness of some nights conjures up feelings of eeriness and unease. The visitor realizes his place in the scheme of the magnificent spectacle. Once experienced, it is impossible to forget the grandeur of the landscape. Beyond the Causeway, connecting the mainland with an outcrop of rock jutting out of the turbulent Atlantic, is the Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge. When first constructed, the bridge was a simple rope handrail with widely spaced slats which was used mainly by salmon fishermen needing to travel from the island to the mainland. In time, the single handrail was replaced with a more sturdy caged bridge however, it is still not a crossing for the faint-hearted. The Bridge swings above a chasm of rushing, foaming water that seems to drag the unwary down, and away. Many visitors who make the walk one way are unable to return resulting in them being taken off the island by boat.

The author recommends twilight as the best time to visit the Giants Causeway.

entailment

id_219

A leap into history Between the Inishowen peninsula, north-west of Derry, and the Glens of Antrim, in the east beyond the Sperrin Mountains, are found some of Western Europes most captivating and alluring landscape. The Roe Valley Park, some 15 miles east of Derry is a prime example. The Park, like so many Celtic places, is steeped in history and legend. As the Roe trickles down through heather bogs in the Sperrin Mountains to the South, it is a river by the time it cuts through what was once called the garden of the soul in Celtic Gortenanima. The castle of OCahan once stood here and a number of houses which made up the town of Limavady. The town takes its name from the legend of a dog leaping into the river Roe carrying a message, or perhaps chasing a stag. This is a wonderful place, where the water traces its way through rock and woodland; at times, lingering in brooding pools of dark cool water under the shade of summer trees, and, at others, forming weirs and leads for water mills now long gone. The Roe, like all rivers, is witness to history and change. To Mullagh Hill, on the west bank of the River Roe just outside the present-day town of Limavady, St Columba came in 575 AD for the Convention of Drumceatt. The world is probably unaware that it knows something of Limavady; but the town is, in fact, renowned for Jane Rosss song Danny Boy, written to a tune once played by a tramp in the street. Limavady town itself and many of the surrounding villages have Celtic roots but no one knows for sure just how old the original settlement of Limavady is. Some 30 miles along the coast road from Limavady, one comes upon the forlorn, but the imposing ruin of Dunluce Castle, which stands on a soft basalt outcrop, in defiance of the turbulent Atlantic lashing it on all sides. The jagged-toothed ruins sit proudly on their rock top commanding the coastline to east and west. The only connection to the mainland is by a narrow bridge. Until the kitchen court fell into the sea in 1639 killing several servants, the castle was fully inhabited. In the next hundred years so, the structure gradually fell into its present dramatic state of disrepair, stripped of its roofs by wind and weather, and robbed by a man of its carved stonework. Ruined and forlorn its aspect may be yet, in the haunting Celtic twilight of the long summer evenings, it is redolent of another age, another dream. A mile or so to the east of the castle lies Port na Spanish, where the Neapolitan Galleas, Girona, from the Spanish Armada went down one dark October night in 1588 on its way to Scotland. Of the1500-odd men on board, nine survived. Even further to the east is the Giants Causeway stunning coastline with strangely symmetrical columns of dark basalt a beautiful geological wonder. Someone once said of the Causeway that it was worth seeing, but not worth going to see. That was in the days of horses and carriages when travelling was difficult. But it is certainly well worth a visit. The last lingering moments of the twilight hours are the best time to savour the full power of the coastlines magic; the time when the place comes into its own. The tourists are gone and if you are very lucky you will be alone. A fine circular walk will take you down to the Grand Causeway, past amphitheatres of stone columns and formations. It is not frightening, but there is a power in the place tangible, yet inexplicable. The blackness of some nights conjures up feelings of eeriness and unease. The visitor realizes his place in the scheme of the magnificent spectacle. Once experienced, it is impossible to forget the grandeur of the landscape. Beyond the Causeway, connecting the mainland with an outcrop of rock jutting out of the turbulent Atlantic, is the Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge. When first constructed, the bridge was a simple rope handrail with widely spaced slats which was used mainly by salmon fishermen needing to travel from the island to the mainland. In time, the single handrail was replaced with a more sturdy caged bridge however, it is still not a crossing for the faint-hearted. The Bridge swings above a chasm of rushing, foaming water that seems to drag the unwary down, and away. Many visitors who make the walk one way are unable to return resulting in them being taken off the island by boat.

The more sturdy cage added to the Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge has helped to increase the number of visitors to the area.

neutral

id_220

A leap into history Between the Inishowen peninsula, north-west of Derry, and the Glens of Antrim, in the east beyond the Sperrin Mountains, are found some of Western Europes most captivating and alluring landscape. The Roe Valley Park, some 15 miles east of Derry is a prime example. The Park, like so many Celtic places, is steeped in history and legend. As the Roe trickles down through heather bogs in the Sperrin Mountains to the South, it is a river by the time it cuts through what was once called the garden of the soul in Celtic Gortenanima. The castle of OCahan once stood here and a number of houses which made up the town of Limavady. The town takes its name from the legend of a dog leaping into the river Roe carrying a message, or perhaps chasing a stag. This is a wonderful place, where the water traces its way through rock and woodland; at times, lingering in brooding pools of dark cool water under the shade of summer trees, and, at others, forming weirs and leads for water mills now long gone. The Roe, like all rivers, is witness to history and change. To Mullagh Hill, on the west bank of the River Roe just outside the present-day town of Limavady, St Columba came in 575 AD for the Convention of Drumceatt. The world is probably unaware that it knows something of Limavady; but the town is, in fact, renowned for Jane Rosss song Danny Boy, written to a tune once played by a tramp in the street. Limavady town itself and many of the surrounding villages have Celtic roots but no one knows for sure just how old the original settlement of Limavady is. Some 30 miles along the coast road from Limavady, one comes upon the forlorn, but the imposing ruin of Dunluce Castle, which stands on a soft basalt outcrop, in defiance of the turbulent Atlantic lashing it on all sides. The jagged-toothed ruins sit proudly on their rock top commanding the coastline to east and west. The only connection to the mainland is by a narrow bridge. Until the kitchen court fell into the sea in 1639 killing several servants, the castle was fully inhabited. In the next hundred years so, the structure gradually fell into its present dramatic state of disrepair, stripped of its roofs by wind and weather, and robbed by a man of its carved stonework. Ruined and forlorn its aspect may be yet, in the haunting Celtic twilight of the long summer evenings, it is redolent of another age, another dream. A mile or so to the east of the castle lies Port na Spanish, where the Neapolitan Galleas, Girona, from the Spanish Armada went down one dark October night in 1588 on its way to Scotland. Of the1500-odd men on board, nine survived. Even further to the east is the Giants Causeway stunning coastline with strangely symmetrical columns of dark basalt a beautiful geological wonder. Someone once said of the Causeway that it was worth seeing, but not worth going to see. That was in the days of horses and carriages when travelling was difficult. But it is certainly well worth a visit. The last lingering moments of the twilight hours are the best time to savour the full power of the coastlines magic; the time when the place comes into its own. The tourists are gone and if you are very lucky you will be alone. A fine circular walk will take you down to the Grand Causeway, past amphitheatres of stone columns and formations. It is not frightening, but there is a power in the place tangible, yet inexplicable. The blackness of some nights conjures up feelings of eeriness and unease. The visitor realizes his place in the scheme of the magnificent spectacle. Once experienced, it is impossible to forget the grandeur of the landscape. Beyond the Causeway, connecting the mainland with an outcrop of rock jutting out of the turbulent Atlantic, is the Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge. When first constructed, the bridge was a simple rope handrail with widely spaced slats which was used mainly by salmon fishermen needing to travel from the island to the mainland. In time, the single handrail was replaced with a more sturdy caged bridge however, it is still not a crossing for the faint-hearted. The Bridge swings above a chasm of rushing, foaming water that seems to drag the unwary down, and away. Many visitors who make the walk one way are unable to return resulting in them being taken off the island by boat.

There were more than 1500 men on the Girona when it went down.

entailment

id_221

A link between demographics and savings is sometimes based on a theory of investment that runs thus: young people borrow, middle-aged people save and the elderly draw from their savings. According to this theory, borrowing should be highest when a population is disproportionately young, and savings should be highest when that disproportional cohort reaches middle age.

When a population is disproportionately middle-aged then the cost of borrowing will fall and the supply of savings will rise and the yield of those savings will fall.

entailment

id_222

A link between demographics and savings is sometimes based on a theory of investment that runs thus: young people borrow, middle-aged people save and the elderly draw from their savings. According to this theory, borrowing should be highest when a population is disproportionately young, and savings should be highest when that disproportional cohort reaches middle age.

When a population is disproportionately young, the cost of borrowing will be high and the yield from a low rate of saving will be high.

entailment

id_223

A link between demographics and savings is sometimes based on a theory of investment that runs thus: young people borrow, middle-aged people save and the elderly draw from their savings. According to this theory, borrowing should be highest when a population is disproportionately young, and savings should be highest when that disproportional cohort reaches middle age.

According to the theory, a high level of savings must mean that a population is disproportionately middle-aged.

contradiction

id_224

A major concern is that globalisation contributes to poverty, inequality and social Disintegration by reducing the bargaining power of low-skilled labour and decreasing job security. This is because production of manufactured goods can be moved from one country to another with relative ease, but workers are far more restricted in their ability to cross borders. However companies working with natural resources for examples, mining, oil and gas, and tree plantations have to make long-term workforce commitments because of the more immobile nature of their business.

Jobs are less secure in the natural resource sector.

contradiction

id_225

A major concern is that globalisation contributes to poverty, inequality and social Disintegration by reducing the bargaining power of low-skilled labour and decreasing job security. This is because production of manufactured goods can be moved from one country to another with relative ease, but workers are far more restricted in their ability to cross borders. However companies working with natural resources for examples, mining, oil and gas, and tree plantations have to make long-term workforce commitments because of the more immobile nature of their business.

Skilled workers are less restricted in their ability to cross borders.

neutral

id_226

A major concern is that globalisation contributes to poverty, inequality and social Disintegration by reducing the bargaining power of low-skilled labour and decreasing job security. This is because production of manufactured goods can be moved from one country to another with relative ease, but workers are far more restricted in their ability to cross borders. However companies working with natural resources for examples, mining, oil and gas, and tree plantations have to make long-term workforce commitments because of the more immobile nature of their business.

The relative ease of relocating goods production across countries eases poverty.

contradiction

id_227

A major concern is that globalisation contributes to poverty, inequality and social Disintegration by reducing the bargaining power of low-skilled labour and decreasing job security. This is because production of manufactured goods can be moved from one country to another with relative ease, but workers are far more restricted in their ability to cross borders. However companies working with natural resources for examples, mining, oil and gas, and tree plantations have to make long-term workforce commitments because of the more immobile nature of their business.

Jobs are more secure in the natural resource sector.

entailment

id_228

A major concern is that globalization contributes to poverty, inequality and social disintegration by reducing the bargaining power of low-skilled and decreasing job security. This is because production of manufactured goods can be moved from one country to another with relative ease, but workers are far more restricted in their ability to cross borders. However companies working with natural resources for example, mining, oil, and gas, and tree plantations have to make long-term workforce commitments because of the more immobile nature of their business.

Skilled workers are less restricted in their ability to cross border.

neutral

id_229

A major concern is that globalization contributes to poverty, inequality and social disintegration by reducing the bargaining power of low-skilled and decreasing job security. This is because production of manufactured goods can be moved from one country to another with relative ease, but workers are far more restricted in their ability to cross borders. However companies working with natural resources for example, mining, oil, and gas, and tree plantations have to make long-term workforce commitments because of the more immobile nature of their business.

The relative ease of relocating goods production across countries eases poverty.

contradiction

id_230

A major concern is that globalization contributes to poverty, inequality and social disintegration by reducing the bargaining power of low-skilled and decreasing job security. This is because production of manufactured goods can be moved from one country to another with relative ease, but workers are far more restricted in their ability to cross borders. However companies working with natural resources for example, mining, oil, and gas, and tree plantations have to make long-term workforce commitments because of the more immobile nature of their business.

Jobs are less secure in the natural resource sector.

contradiction

id_231

A management consultancy provides consulting services, specialising in multiple areas. The companys strategy function is the companys most profitable function, containing most of the companys highest paid consultants. The consultancys operations function generates the greatest revenue and the organisational consulting function generates the least revenue.

The strategy function contains more of the companys highest paid consultants than the operations and organisations department combined.

entailment

id_232

A management consultancy provides consulting services, specialising in multiple areas. The companys strategy function is the companys most profitable function, containing most of the companys highest paid consultants. The consultancys operations function generates the greatest revenue and the organisational consulting function generates the least revenue.

The operations function generates more revenue than the strategy function.

entailment

id_233

A management consultancy provides consulting services, specialising in multiple areas. The companys strategy function is the companys most profitable function, containing most of the companys highest paid consultants. The consultancys operations function generates the greatest revenue and the organisational consulting function generates the least revenue.

The consultancy does not specialise in any one area.

entailment

id_234

A management consultancy provides consulting services, specialising in multiple areas. The companys strategy function is the companys most profitable function, containing most of the companys highest paid consultants. The consultancys operations function generates the greatest revenue and the organisational consulting function generates the least revenue.

The consultancys organisational consulting function is the least profitable function.

neutral

id_235

A marathon is a long distance running event that is 26.2 miles long. This race was named after the famous Battle of Marathon. The first Persian invasion of Greece took place in 490 BC. The Greek soldiers did not expect to defeat the Persian army, which had greater numbers and superior cavalry. The Greek commander utilised a tactical flank to defeat the Persians forcing them to retreat back to Asia. According to legend, the fastest Greek runner, Pheidippides, was ordered to run from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory over the Persians, but then collapsed and died of exhaustion. This legendary 25 mile journey from Marathon to Athens is the basis for modern marathons. The initial organisers of the Olympic Games in 1896 wanted an event that would celebrate the glory of Ancient Greece. They therefore chose to use the same course that Pheidippides ran. In subsequent Olympic Games, the exact length of the route depended on the location but was roughly similar to the 25 mile distance. The current standardised distance of 26.2 miles has been chosen by the IAAF and used since 1921, and has been taken from the distance used at the 1908 Olympics in London. Nowadays, more than 500 marathons are organised each year.

Pheidippides was chosen as he was the only Greek runner determined enough to make the journey to Athens

contradiction

id_236

A marathon is a long distance running event that is 26.2 miles long. This race was named after the famous Battle of Marathon. The first Persian invasion of Greece took place in 490 BC. The Greek soldiers did not expect to defeat the Persian army, which had greater numbers and superior cavalry. The Greek commander utilised a tactical flank to defeat the Persians forcing them to retreat back to Asia. According to legend, the fastest Greek runner, Pheidippides, was ordered to run from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory over the Persians, but then collapsed and died of exhaustion. This legendary 25 mile journey from Marathon to Athens is the basis for modern marathons. The initial organisers of the Olympic Games in 1896 wanted an event that would celebrate the glory of Ancient Greece. They therefore chose to use the same course that Pheidippides ran. In subsequent Olympic Games, the exact length of the route depended on the location but was roughly similar to the 25 mile distance. The current standardised distance of 26.2 miles has been chosen by the IAAF and used since 1921, and has been taken from the distance used at the 1908 Olympics in London. Nowadays, more than 500 marathons are organised each year.

Marathon distances have been standardised since the 1908 Olympics

contradiction

id_237

A marathon is a long distance running event that is 26.2 miles long. This race was named after the famous Battle of Marathon. The first Persian invasion of Greece took place in 490 BC. The Greek soldiers did not expect to defeat the Persian army, which had greater numbers and superior cavalry. The Greek commander utilised a tactical flank to defeat the Persians forcing them to retreat back to Asia. According to legend, the fastest Greek runner, Pheidippides, was ordered to run from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory over the Persians, but then collapsed and died of exhaustion. This legendary 25 mile journey from Marathon to Athens is the basis for modern marathons. The initial organisers of the Olympic Games in 1896 wanted an event that would celebrate the glory of Ancient Greece. They therefore chose to use the same course that Pheidippides ran. In subsequent Olympic Games, the exact length of the route depended on the location but was roughly similar to the 25 mile distance. The current standardised distance of 26.2 miles has been chosen by the IAAF and used since 1921, and has been taken from the distance used at the 1908 Olympics in London. Nowadays, more than 500 marathons are organised each year.

The Persian commander believed he would defeat the Greeks in the Battle of Marathon.

neutral

id_238

A marathon is a long distance running event that is 26.2 miles long. This race was named after the famous Battle of Marathon. The first Persian invasion of Greece took place in 490 BC. The Greek soldiers did not expect to defeat the Persian army, which had greater numbers and superior cavalry. The Greek commander utilised a tactical flank to defeat the Persians forcing them to retreat back to Asia. According to legend, the fastest Greek runner, Pheidippides, was ordered to run from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory over the Persians, but then collapsed and died of exhaustion. This legendary 25 mile journey from Marathon to Athens is the basis for modern marathons. The initial organisers of the Olympic Games in 1896 wanted an event that would celebrate the glory of Ancient Greece. They therefore chose to use the same course that Pheidippides ran. In subsequent Olympic Games, the exact length of the route depended on the location but was roughly similar to the 25 mile distance. The current standardised distance of 26.2 miles has been chosen by the IAAF and used since 1921, and has been taken from the distance used at the 1908 Olympics in London. Nowadays, more than 500 marathons are organised each year.

The original route from Marathon to Athens is used for IAAF marathons today.

contradiction

id_239

A marathon is a long distance running event that is 26.2 miles long. This race was named after the famous Battle of Marathon. The first Persian invasion of Greece took place in 490 BC. The Greek soldiers did not expect to defeat the Persian army, which had greater numbers and superior cavalry. The Greek commander utilised a tactical flank to defeat the Persians forcing them to retreat back to Asia. According to legend, the fastest Greek runner, Pheidippides, was ordered to run from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory over the Persians, but then collapsed and died of exhaustion. This legendary 25 mile journey from Marathon to Athens is the basis for modern marathons. The initial organisers of the Olympic Games in 1896 wanted an event that would celebrate the glory of Ancient Greece. They therefore chose to use the same course that Pheidippides ran. In subsequent Olympic Games, the exact length of the route depended on the location but was roughly similar to the 25 mile distance. The current standardised distance of 26.2 miles has been chosen by the IAAF and used since 1921, and has been taken from the distance used at the 1908 Olympics in London. Nowadays, more than 500 marathons are organised each year.

The Persian soldiers were trained better than the Greek soldiers.

neutral

id_240

A massive increase in the amount of spam occurred last year, and spammers have moved from trying to sell fake medicines and counterfeit goods to what are called pump and dump shares. It seems incredible, but spam-filtering companies report that the increase led to the amount of spam doubling, to the point where 19 out of 20 e-mails were unsolicited. This is not a claim to dismiss easily as an exaggeration, as it comes from the company responsible for filtering a quarter of all the worlds e-mail traffic. The pump and dump shares are what are called penny shares that the spammers promote through 100 million e-mails (a quarter of all spam), claiming that the price is about to increase rapidly. They only achieve a very low hit rate, but because they send out so many e-mails, enough people buy the shares that the price does rocket and the spammer is able to sell at a massive profit.

A subordinate claim in the passage is that all unsolicited e-mail traffic is spam.

contradiction

id_241

A massive increase in the amount of spam occurred last year, and spammers have moved from trying to sell fake medicines and counterfeit goods to what are called pump and dump shares. It seems incredible, but spam-filtering companies report that the increase led to the amount of spam doubling, to the point where 19 out of 20 e-mails were unsolicited. This is not a claim to dismiss easily as an exaggeration, as it comes from the company responsible for filtering a quarter of all the worlds e-mail traffic. The pump and dump shares are what are called penny shares that the spammers promote through 100 million e-mails (a quarter of all spam), claiming that the price is about to increase rapidly. They only achieve a very low hit rate, but because they send out so many e-mails, enough people buy the shares that the price does rocket and the spammer is able to sell at a massive profit.

The author finds it hard to believe that the problem got so bad that only 5 per cent of e-mails were solicited.

entailment

id_242

A massive increase in the amount of spam occurred last year, and spammers have moved from trying to sell fake medicines and counterfeit goods to what are called pump and dump shares. It seems incredible, but spam-filtering companies report that the increase led to the amount of spam doubling, to the point where 19 out of 20 e-mails were unsolicited. This is not a claim to dismiss easily as an exaggeration, as it comes from the company responsible for filtering a quarter of all the worlds e-mail traffic. The pump and dump shares are what are called penny shares that the spammers promote through 100 million e-mails (a quarter of all spam), claiming that the price is about to increase rapidly. They only achieve a very low hit rate, but because they send out so many e-mails, enough people buy the shares that the price does rocket and the spammer is able to sell at a massive profit.

The intention of the author is to warn the reader that the very large rise in spam is coming from tricksters.

entailment

id_243

A mountain bike, which cost Peter Clarke 300, was stolen from outside the Freewheel cycle shop in Langton High Street at 11.00 on 18 June. Peter, an unemployed factory worker, bought the bike to deliver the charity newspaper Good Neighbour News. Reports on local radio of an increase in the number of recorded thefts of mountain bikes in Langton had prompted him to visit the cycle shop to buy a security lock. It is also known that: The police are questioning two youths who have been offering a mountain bike for sale in local pubs. A similar bike was later found partially submerged in the lake in Central Park. Mr Clarke has offered a reward of 30 for information leading to the recovery of his bicycle. Mr Clarke has decided to hire a bike from the Freewheel cycle shop to help him with his newspaper deliveries.

Peter Clarke had saved up for the bike from his weekly earnings.

contradiction

id_244

A mountain bike, which cost Peter Clarke 300, was stolen from outside the Freewheel cycle shop in Langton High Street at 11.00 on 18 June. Peter, an unemployed factory worker, bought the bike to deliver the charity newspaper Good Neighbour News. Reports on local radio of an increase in the number of recorded thefts of mountain bikes in Langton had prompted him to visit the cycle shop to buy a security lock. It is also known that: The police are questioning two youths who have been offering a mountain bike for sale in local pubs. A similar bike was later found partially submerged in the lake in Central Park. Mr Clarke has offered a reward of 30 for information leading to the recovery of his bicycle. Mr Clarke has decided to hire a bike from the Freewheel cycle shop to help him with his newspaper deliveries.

Peter Clarkes mountain bike had been offered for sale by the two youths who are being questioned by the police.

neutral

id_245

A mountain bike, which cost Peter Clarke 300, was stolen from outside the Freewheel cycle shop in Langton High Street at 11.00 on 18 June. Peter, an unemployed factory worker, bought the bike to deliver the charity newspaper Good Neighbour News. Reports on local radio of an increase in the number of recorded thefts of mountain bikes in Langton had prompted him to visit the cycle shop to buy a security lock. It is also known that: The police are questioning two youths who have been offering a mountain bike for sale in local pubs. A similar bike was later found partially submerged in the lake in Central Park. Mr Clarke has offered a reward of 30 for information leading to the recovery of his bicycle. Mr Clarke has decided to hire a bike from the Freewheel cycle shop to help him with his newspaper deliveries.

A local landlord had assisted the police with their enquiries.

neutral

id_246

A mountain bike, which cost Peter Clarke 300, was stolen from outside the Freewheel cycle shop in Langton High Street at 11.00 on 18 June. Peter, an unemployed factory worker, bought the bike to deliver the charity newspaper Good Neighbour News. Reports on local radio of an increase in the number of recorded thefts of mountain bikes in Langton had prompted him to visit the cycle shop to buy a security lock. It is also known that: The police are questioning two youths who have been offering a mountain bike for sale in local pubs. A similar bike was later found partially submerged in the lake in Central Park. Mr Clarke has offered a reward of 30 for information leading to the recovery of his bicycle. Mr Clarke has decided to hire a bike from the Freewheel cycle shop to help him with his newspaper deliveries.

Peter Clarke paid 300 for a mountain bike.

entailment

id_247

A mountain bike, which cost Peter Clarke 300, was stolen from outside the Freewheel cycle shop in Langton High Street at 11.00 on 18 June. Peter, an unemployed factory worker, bought the bike to deliver the charity newspaper Good Neighbour News. Reports on local radio of an increase in the number of recorded thefts of mountain bikes in Langton had prompted him to visit the cycle shop to buy a security lock. It is also known that: The police are questioning two youths who have been offering a mountain bike for sale in local pubs. A similar bike was later found partially submerged in the lake in Central Park. Mr Clarke has offered a reward of 30 for information leading to the recovery of his bicycle. Mr Clarke has decided to hire a bike from the Freewheel cycle shop to help him with his newspaper deliveries.

Peter Clarkes stolen mountain bike was later found dumped in the lake in Central Park.

neutral

id_248

A natural choice for powering the family home In the past, urban home owners have not always had much choice in the way electricity is supplied to their homes. Now, however, there is a choice, and a rapidly increasing number of households worldwide are choosing the solar energy option. Solar energy, the conversion of sunlight into energy, is made possible through the use of photovoltaics, which are simple appliances that fit onto the roof of a house. The photovoltaics-powered home remains connected to the power lines, but no storage is required on-site, only a box of electronics (the inverter) to the interface between the photovoltaics and the grid network. Figure 1 illustrates the system. During the day, when the home may not be using much electricity, excess power from the solar array is fed back to the grid, to factories and offices that need daytime power. At night, power flows the opposite way. The grid network effectively provides storage. If the demand for electricity is well matched to when the sun shines, solar energy is especially valuable. This occurs in places like California in the US and Japan, where air-conditioning loads for offices and factories are large but heating loads for homes are small. The first systematic exploration of the use of photovoltaics on homes began in the US during the 1970s. A well-conceived program started with the sitting of a number of residential experiment stations, at selected locations around the country, representing different climatic zones. These stations contained a number of dummy houses, each with a different solar-energy system design. Homes within the communities close to these stations were monitored to see how well their energy use matched the energy generated by the stations dummy roofs. A change in US government priorities in the early 1980s halted this program. With the US effort dropping away, the Japanese Sunshine Project came to the fore. A large residential test station was installed on Rokko Island beginning in 1986. This installation consists of 18 dummy5 homes. Each equipped with its own 2-5 kilowatt photovoltaic system (about 20 50 square meters for each system). Some of these simulated homes have their own electrical appliances inside, such as TV sets, refrigerators and air conditioning units, which switch on and off under computer control providing a lavish lifestyle for the non-existent occupants. For the other systems, electronics simulate these household loads. This test station has allowed the technical issues involved in using photovoltaics within the electricity network to be explored in a systematic way, under well-controlled test conditions. With no insurmountable problems identified, the Japanese have used the experience gained from this station to begin their own massive residential photovoltaics campaign. Meanwhile, Germany began a very important 1,000 roof program, in 1990, aimed at installing photovoltaics on the roofs of 1,000 private homes. Large federal and regional government subsidies were involved, accounting in most cases for 70% of the total system costs. The program proved immensely popular, forcing its extension to over 2,000 homes scattered across Germany. The success of this program stimulated other European countries to launch similar program. Japans one million roof program was prompted by the experience gained in the Rokko Island test site and the success of the German 1,000 roof program. The initially quoted aims of the Japanese New Energy Development Organization were to have 70,000 homes equipped with the photovoltaics by the year 2000, on the way to 1 million by 2010. The program made a modest start in 1994, when 539 systems were installed with a government subsidy of 50 percent. Under this program, entire new suburban developments are using photovoltaics. This is good news, not only for the photovoltaic industry, but for everyone concerned with the environment. The use of fossil fuels to generate electricity is not only costly in financial terms, but also in terms of environmental damage. Gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels in the production of electricity are a major contributor to the greenhouse effect. To deal with this problem, many governments are now proposing stringent targets on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions permitted. These targets mean that all sources of greenhouse gas emissions including residential electricity use, will receive closer attention in the future. It is likely that in the future, governments will develop building codes that attempt to constrain the energy demands of new housing. For example, the use of photovoltaics or the equivalent maybe stipulated to lessen demands on the grid network and hence reduce fossil fuel emissions. Approvals for building renovations may also be conditional upon taking such energy-saving measures. If this were to happen, everyone would benefit. Although there is an initial cost in attaching the system to the rooftop, the householders outlay is soon compensated with the savings on energy bills. In addition, everyone living on the planet stands to gain from the more benign environmental impact.

Energy-saving measures must now be included in the design of all new homes and improvements to buildings.

contradiction

id_249

A natural choice for powering the family home In the past, urban home owners have not always had much choice in the way electricity is supplied to their homes. Now, however, there is a choice, and a rapidly increasing number of households worldwide are choosing the solar energy option. Solar energy, the conversion of sunlight into energy, is made possible through the use of photovoltaics, which are simple appliances that fit onto the roof of a house. The photovoltaics-powered home remains connected to the power lines, but no storage is required on-site, only a box of electronics (the inverter) to the interface between the photovoltaics and the grid network. Figure 1 illustrates the system. During the day, when the home may not be using much electricity, excess power from the solar array is fed back to the grid, to factories and offices that need daytime power. At night, power flows the opposite way. The grid network effectively provides storage. If the demand for electricity is well matched to when the sun shines, solar energy is especially valuable. This occurs in places like California in the US and Japan, where air-conditioning loads for offices and factories are large but heating loads for homes are small. The first systematic exploration of the use of photovoltaics on homes began in the US during the 1970s. A well-conceived program started with the sitting of a number of residential experiment stations, at selected locations around the country, representing different climatic zones. These stations contained a number of dummy houses, each with a different solar-energy system design. Homes within the communities close to these stations were monitored to see how well their energy use matched the energy generated by the stations dummy roofs. A change in US government priorities in the early 1980s halted this program. With the US effort dropping away, the Japanese Sunshine Project came to the fore. A large residential test station was installed on Rokko Island beginning in 1986. This installation consists of 18 dummy5 homes. Each equipped with its own 2-5 kilowatt photovoltaic system (about 20 50 square meters for each system). Some of these simulated homes have their own electrical appliances inside, such as TV sets, refrigerators and air conditioning units, which switch on and off under computer control providing a lavish lifestyle for the non-existent occupants. For the other systems, electronics simulate these household loads. This test station has allowed the technical issues involved in using photovoltaics within the electricity network to be explored in a systematic way, under well-controlled test conditions. With no insurmountable problems identified, the Japanese have used the experience gained from this station to begin their own massive residential photovoltaics campaign. Meanwhile, Germany began a very important 1,000 roof program, in 1990, aimed at installing photovoltaics on the roofs of 1,000 private homes. Large federal and regional government subsidies were involved, accounting in most cases for 70% of the total system costs. The program proved immensely popular, forcing its extension to over 2,000 homes scattered across Germany. The success of this program stimulated other European countries to launch similar program. Japans one million roof program was prompted by the experience gained in the Rokko Island test site and the success of the German 1,000 roof program. The initially quoted aims of the Japanese New Energy Development Organization were to have 70,000 homes equipped with the photovoltaics by the year 2000, on the way to 1 million by 2010. The program made a modest start in 1994, when 539 systems were installed with a government subsidy of 50 percent. Under this program, entire new suburban developments are using photovoltaics. This is good news, not only for the photovoltaic industry, but for everyone concerned with the environment. The use of fossil fuels to generate electricity is not only costly in financial terms, but also in terms of environmental damage. Gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels in the production of electricity are a major contributor to the greenhouse effect. To deal with this problem, many governments are now proposing stringent targets on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions permitted. These targets mean that all sources of greenhouse gas emissions including residential electricity use, will receive closer attention in the future. It is likely that in the future, governments will develop building codes that attempt to constrain the energy demands of new housing. For example, the use of photovoltaics or the equivalent maybe stipulated to lessen demands on the grid network and hence reduce fossil fuel emissions. Approvals for building renovations may also be conditional upon taking such energy-saving measures. If this were to happen, everyone would benefit. Although there is an initial cost in attaching the system to the rooftop, the householders outlay is soon compensated with the savings on energy bills. In addition, everyone living on the planet stands to gain from the more benign environmental impact.

In 1994, the Japanese government was providing half the money required for installing photovoltaics on homes.

entailment

id_250

A natural choice for powering the family home In the past, urban home owners have not always had much choice in the way electricity is supplied to their homes. Now, however, there is a choice, and a rapidly increasing number of households worldwide are choosing the solar energy option. Solar energy, the conversion of sunlight into energy, is made possible through the use of photovoltaics, which are simple appliances that fit onto the roof of a house. The photovoltaics-powered home remains connected to the power lines, but no storage is required on-site, only a box of electronics (the inverter) to the interface between the photovoltaics and the grid network. Figure 1 illustrates the system. During the day, when the home may not be using much electricity, excess power from the solar array is fed back to the grid, to factories and offices that need daytime power. At night, power flows the opposite way. The grid network effectively provides storage. If the demand for electricity is well matched to when the sun shines, solar energy is especially valuable. This occurs in places like California in the US and Japan, where air-conditioning loads for offices and factories are large but heating loads for homes are small. The first systematic exploration of the use of photovoltaics on homes began in the US during the 1970s. A well-conceived program started with the sitting of a number of residential experiment stations, at selected locations around the country, representing different climatic zones. These stations contained a number of dummy houses, each with a different solar-energy system design. Homes within the communities close to these stations were monitored to see how well their energy use matched the energy generated by the stations dummy roofs. A change in US government priorities in the early 1980s halted this program. With the US effort dropping away, the Japanese Sunshine Project came to the fore. A large residential test station was installed on Rokko Island beginning in 1986. This installation consists of 18 dummy5 homes. Each equipped with its own 2-5 kilowatt photovoltaic system (about 20 50 square meters for each system). Some of these simulated homes have their own electrical appliances inside, such as TV sets, refrigerators and air conditioning units, which switch on and off under computer control providing a lavish lifestyle for the non-existent occupants. For the other systems, electronics simulate these household loads. This test station has allowed the technical issues involved in using photovoltaics within the electricity network to be explored in a systematic way, under well-controlled test conditions. With no insurmountable problems identified, the Japanese have used the experience gained from this station to begin their own massive residential photovoltaics campaign. Meanwhile, Germany began a very important 1,000 roof program, in 1990, aimed at installing photovoltaics on the roofs of 1,000 private homes. Large federal and regional government subsidies were involved, accounting in most cases for 70% of the total system costs. The program proved immensely popular, forcing its extension to over 2,000 homes scattered across Germany. The success of this program stimulated other European countries to launch similar program. Japans one million roof program was prompted by the experience gained in the Rokko Island test site and the success of the German 1,000 roof program. The initially quoted aims of the Japanese New Energy Development Organization were to have 70,000 homes equipped with the photovoltaics by the year 2000, on the way to 1 million by 2010. The program made a modest start in 1994, when 539 systems were installed with a government subsidy of 50 percent. Under this program, entire new suburban developments are using photovoltaics. This is good news, not only for the photovoltaic industry, but for everyone concerned with the environment. The use of fossil fuels to generate electricity is not only costly in financial terms, but also in terms of environmental damage. Gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels in the production of electricity are a major contributor to the greenhouse effect. To deal with this problem, many governments are now proposing stringent targets on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions permitted. These targets mean that all sources of greenhouse gas emissions including residential electricity use, will receive closer attention in the future. It is likely that in the future, governments will develop building codes that attempt to constrain the energy demands of new housing. For example, the use of photovoltaics or the equivalent maybe stipulated to lessen demands on the grid network and hence reduce fossil fuel emissions. Approvals for building renovations may also be conditional upon taking such energy-saving measures. If this were to happen, everyone would benefit. Although there is an initial cost in attaching the system to the rooftop, the householders outlay is soon compensated with the savings on energy bills. In addition, everyone living on the planet stands to gain from the more benign environmental impact.

The solar-powered houses on Rokko Island are uninhabited.

entailment

id_251

A natural choice for powering the family home In the past, urban home owners have not always had much choice in the way electricity is supplied to their homes. Now, however, there is a choice, and a rapidly increasing number of households worldwide are choosing the solar energy option. Solar energy, the conversion of sunlight into energy, is made possible through the use of photovoltaics, which are simple appliances that fit onto the roof of a house. The photovoltaics-powered home remains connected to the power lines, but no storage is required on-site, only a box of electronics (the inverter) to the interface between the photovoltaics and the grid network. Figure 1 illustrates the system. During the day, when the home may not be using much electricity, excess power from the solar array is fed back to the grid, to factories and offices that need daytime power. At night, power flows the opposite way. The grid network effectively provides storage. If the demand for electricity is well matched to when the sun shines, solar energy is especially valuable. This occurs in places like California in the US and Japan, where air-conditioning loads for offices and factories are large but heating loads for homes are small. The first systematic exploration of the use of photovoltaics on homes began in the US during the 1970s. A well-conceived program started with the sitting of a number of residential experiment stations, at selected locations around the country, representing different climatic zones. These stations contained a number of dummy houses, each with a different solar-energy system design. Homes within the communities close to these stations were monitored to see how well their energy use matched the energy generated by the stations dummy roofs. A change in US government priorities in the early 1980s halted this program. With the US effort dropping away, the Japanese Sunshine Project came to the fore. A large residential test station was installed on Rokko Island beginning in 1986. This installation consists of 18 dummy5 homes. Each equipped with its own 2-5 kilowatt photovoltaic system (about 20 50 square meters for each system). Some of these simulated homes have their own electrical appliances inside, such as TV sets, refrigerators and air conditioning units, which switch on and off under computer control providing a lavish lifestyle for the non-existent occupants. For the other systems, electronics simulate these household loads. This test station has allowed the technical issues involved in using photovoltaics within the electricity network to be explored in a systematic way, under well-controlled test conditions. With no insurmountable problems identified, the Japanese have used the experience gained from this station to begin their own massive residential photovoltaics campaign. Meanwhile, Germany began a very important 1,000 roof program, in 1990, aimed at installing photovoltaics on the roofs of 1,000 private homes. Large federal and regional government subsidies were involved, accounting in most cases for 70% of the total system costs. The program proved immensely popular, forcing its extension to over 2,000 homes scattered across Germany. The success of this program stimulated other European countries to launch similar program. Japans one million roof program was prompted by the experience gained in the Rokko Island test site and the success of the German 1,000 roof program. The initially quoted aims of the Japanese New Energy Development Organization were to have 70,000 homes equipped with the photovoltaics by the year 2000, on the way to 1 million by 2010. The program made a modest start in 1994, when 539 systems were installed with a government subsidy of 50 percent. Under this program, entire new suburban developments are using photovoltaics. This is good news, not only for the photovoltaic industry, but for everyone concerned with the environment. The use of fossil fuels to generate electricity is not only costly in financial terms, but also in terms of environmental damage. Gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels in the production of electricity are a major contributor to the greenhouse effect. To deal with this problem, many governments are now proposing stringent targets on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions permitted. These targets mean that all sources of greenhouse gas emissions including residential electricity use, will receive closer attention in the future. It is likely that in the future, governments will develop building codes that attempt to constrain the energy demands of new housing. For example, the use of photovoltaics or the equivalent maybe stipulated to lessen demands on the grid network and hence reduce fossil fuel emissions. Approvals for building renovations may also be conditional upon taking such energy-saving measures. If this were to happen, everyone would benefit. Although there is an initial cost in attaching the system to the rooftop, the householders outlay is soon compensated with the savings on energy bills. In addition, everyone living on the planet stands to gain from the more benign environmental impact.

Since the 1970s, the US government has provided continuous support for the use of photovoltaics on homes.

contradiction

id_252

A natural choice for powering the family home In the past, urban home owners have not always had much choice in the way electricity is supplied to their homes. Now, however, there is a choice, and a rapidly increasing number of households worldwide are choosing the solar energy option. Solar energy, the conversion of sunlight into energy, is made possible through the use of photovoltaics, which are simple appliances that fit onto the roof of a house. The photovoltaics-powered home remains connected to the power lines, but no storage is required on-site, only a box of electronics (the inverter) to the interface between the photovoltaics and the grid network. Figure 1 illustrates the system. During the day, when the home may not be using much electricity, excess power from the solar array is fed back to the grid, to factories and offices that need daytime power. At night, power flows the opposite way. The grid network effectively provides storage. If the demand for electricity is well matched to when the sun shines, solar energy is especially valuable. This occurs in places like California in the US and Japan, where air-conditioning loads for offices and factories are large but heating loads for homes are small. The first systematic exploration of the use of photovoltaics on homes began in the US during the 1970s. A well-conceived program started with the sitting of a number of residential experiment stations, at selected locations around the country, representing different climatic zones. These stations contained a number of dummy houses, each with a different solar-energy system design. Homes within the communities close to these stations were monitored to see how well their energy use matched the energy generated by the stations dummy roofs. A change in US government priorities in the early 1980s halted this program. With the US effort dropping away, the Japanese Sunshine Project came to the fore. A large residential test station was installed on Rokko Island beginning in 1986. This installation consists of 18 dummy5 homes. Each equipped with its own 2-5 kilowatt photovoltaic system (about 20 50 square meters for each system). Some of these simulated homes have their own electrical appliances inside, such as TV sets, refrigerators and air conditioning units, which switch on and off under computer control providing a lavish lifestyle for the non-existent occupants. For the other systems, electronics simulate these household loads. This test station has allowed the technical issues involved in using photovoltaics within the electricity network to be explored in a systematic way, under well-controlled test conditions. With no insurmountable problems identified, the Japanese have used the experience gained from this station to begin their own massive residential photovoltaics campaign. Meanwhile, Germany began a very important 1,000 roof program, in 1990, aimed at installing photovoltaics on the roofs of 1,000 private homes. Large federal and regional government subsidies were involved, accounting in most cases for 70% of the total system costs. The program proved immensely popular, forcing its extension to over 2,000 homes scattered across Germany. The success of this program stimulated other European countries to launch similar program. Japans one million roof program was prompted by the experience gained in the Rokko Island test site and the success of the German 1,000 roof program. The initially quoted aims of the Japanese New Energy Development Organization were to have 70,000 homes equipped with the photovoltaics by the year 2000, on the way to 1 million by 2010. The program made a modest start in 1994, when 539 systems were installed with a government subsidy of 50 percent. Under this program, entire new suburban developments are using photovoltaics. This is good news, not only for the photovoltaic industry, but for everyone concerned with the environment. The use of fossil fuels to generate electricity is not only costly in financial terms, but also in terms of environmental damage. Gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels in the production of electricity are a major contributor to the greenhouse effect. To deal with this problem, many governments are now proposing stringent targets on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions permitted. These targets mean that all sources of greenhouse gas emissions including residential electricity use, will receive closer attention in the future. It is likely that in the future, governments will develop building codes that attempt to constrain the energy demands of new housing. For example, the use of photovoltaics or the equivalent maybe stipulated to lessen demands on the grid network and hence reduce fossil fuel emissions. Approvals for building renovations may also be conditional upon taking such energy-saving measures. If this were to happen, everyone would benefit. Although there is an initial cost in attaching the system to the rooftop, the householders outlay is soon compensated with the savings on energy bills. In addition, everyone living on the planet stands to gain from the more benign environmental impact.

Photovoltaics are used to store electricity.

contradiction

id_253

A natural choice for powering the family home In the past, urban home owners have not always had much choice in the way electricity is supplied to their homes. Now, however, there is a choice, and a rapidly increasing number of households worldwide are choosing the solar energy option. Solar energy, the conversion of sunlight into energy, is made possible through the use of photovoltaics, which are simple appliances that fit onto the roof of a house. The photovoltaics-powered home remains connected to the power lines, but no storage is required on-site, only a box of electronics (the inverter) to the interface between the photovoltaics and the grid network. Figure 1 illustrates the system. During the day, when the home may not be using much electricity, excess power from the solar array is fed back to the grid, to factories and offices that need daytime power. At night, power flows the opposite way. The grid network effectively provides storage. If the demand for electricity is well matched to when the sun shines, solar energy is especially valuable. This occurs in places like California in the US and Japan, where air-conditioning loads for offices and factories are large but heating loads for homes are small. The first systematic exploration of the use of photovoltaics on homes began in the US during the 1970s. A well-conceived program started with the sitting of a number of residential experiment stations, at selected locations around the country, representing different climatic zones. These stations contained a number of dummy houses, each with a different solar-energy system design. Homes within the communities close to these stations were monitored to see how well their energy use matched the energy generated by the stations dummy roofs. A change in US government priorities in the early 1980s halted this program. With the US effort dropping away, the Japanese Sunshine Project came to the fore. A large residential test station was installed on Rokko Island beginning in 1986. This installation consists of 18 dummy5 homes. Each equipped with its own 2-5 kilowatt photovoltaic system (about 20 50 square meters for each system). Some of these simulated homes have their own electrical appliances inside, such as TV sets, refrigerators and air conditioning units, which switch on and off under computer control providing a lavish lifestyle for the non-existent occupants. For the other systems, electronics simulate these household loads. This test station has allowed the technical issues involved in using photovoltaics within the electricity network to be explored in a systematic way, under well-controlled test conditions. With no insurmountable problems identified, the Japanese have used the experience gained from this station to begin their own massive residential photovoltaics campaign. Meanwhile, Germany began a very important 1,000 roof program, in 1990, aimed at installing photovoltaics on the roofs of 1,000 private homes. Large federal and regional government subsidies were involved, accounting in most cases for 70% of the total system costs. The program proved immensely popular, forcing its extension to over 2,000 homes scattered across Germany. The success of this program stimulated other European countries to launch similar program. Japans one million roof program was prompted by the experience gained in the Rokko Island test site and the success of the German 1,000 roof program. The initially quoted aims of the Japanese New Energy Development Organization were to have 70,000 homes equipped with the photovoltaics by the year 2000, on the way to 1 million by 2010. The program made a modest start in 1994, when 539 systems were installed with a government subsidy of 50 percent. Under this program, entire new suburban developments are using photovoltaics. This is good news, not only for the photovoltaic industry, but for everyone concerned with the environment. The use of fossil fuels to generate electricity is not only costly in financial terms, but also in terms of environmental damage. Gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels in the production of electricity are a major contributor to the greenhouse effect. To deal with this problem, many governments are now proposing stringent targets on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions permitted. These targets mean that all sources of greenhouse gas emissions including residential electricity use, will receive closer attention in the future. It is likely that in the future, governments will develop building codes that attempt to constrain the energy demands of new housing. For example, the use of photovoltaics or the equivalent maybe stipulated to lessen demands on the grid network and hence reduce fossil fuel emissions. Approvals for building renovations may also be conditional upon taking such energy-saving measures. If this were to happen, everyone would benefit. Although there is an initial cost in attaching the system to the rooftop, the householders outlay is soon compensated with the savings on energy bills. In addition, everyone living on the planet stands to gain from the more benign environmental impact.

Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Australia all have strict goals with regard to greenhouse gas emissions.

neutral

id_254

A natural choice for powering the family home In the past, urban home owners have not always had much choice in the way electricity is supplied to their homes. Now, however, there is a choice, and a rapidly increasing number of households worldwide are choosing the solar energy option. Solar energy, the conversion of sunlight into energy, is made possible through the use of photovoltaics, which are simple appliances that fit onto the roof of a house. The photovoltaics-powered home remains connected to the power lines, but no storage is required on-site, only a box of electronics (the inverter) to the interface between the photovoltaics and the grid network. Figure 1 illustrates the system. During the day, when the home may not be using much electricity, excess power from the solar array is fed back to the grid, to factories and offices that need daytime power. At night, power flows the opposite way. The grid network effectively provides storage. If the demand for electricity is well matched to when the sun shines, solar energy is especially valuable. This occurs in places like California in the US and Japan, where air-conditioning loads for offices and factories are large but heating loads for homes are small. The first systematic exploration of the use of photovoltaics on homes began in the US during the 1970s. A well-conceived program started with the sitting of a number of residential experiment stations, at selected locations around the country, representing different climatic zones. These stations contained a number of dummy houses, each with a different solar-energy system design. Homes within the communities close to these stations were monitored to see how well their energy use matched the energy generated by the stations dummy roofs. A change in US government priorities in the early 1980s halted this program. With the US effort dropping away, the Japanese Sunshine Project came to the fore. A large residential test station was installed on Rokko Island beginning in 1986. This installation consists of 18 dummy5 homes. Each equipped with its own 2-5 kilowatt photovoltaic system (about 20 50 square meters for each system). Some of these simulated homes have their own electrical appliances inside, such as TV sets, refrigerators and air conditioning units, which switch on and off under computer control providing a lavish lifestyle for the non-existent occupants. For the other systems, electronics simulate these household loads. This test station has allowed the technical issues involved in using photovoltaics within the electricity network to be explored in a systematic way, under well-controlled test conditions. With no insurmountable problems identified, the Japanese have used the experience gained from this station to begin their own massive residential photovoltaics campaign. Meanwhile, Germany began a very important 1,000 roof program, in 1990, aimed at installing photovoltaics on the roofs of 1,000 private homes. Large federal and regional government subsidies were involved, accounting in most cases for 70% of the total system costs. The program proved immensely popular, forcing its extension to over 2,000 homes scattered across Germany. The success of this program stimulated other European countries to launch similar program. Japans one million roof program was prompted by the experience gained in the Rokko Island test site and the success of the German 1,000 roof program. The initially quoted aims of the Japanese New Energy Development Organization were to have 70,000 homes equipped with the photovoltaics by the year 2000, on the way to 1 million by 2010. The program made a modest start in 1994, when 539 systems were installed with a government subsidy of 50 percent. Under this program, entire new suburban developments are using photovoltaics. This is good news, not only for the photovoltaic industry, but for everyone concerned with the environment. The use of fossil fuels to generate electricity is not only costly in financial terms, but also in terms of environmental damage. Gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels in the production of electricity are a major contributor to the greenhouse effect. To deal with this problem, many governments are now proposing stringent targets on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions permitted. These targets mean that all sources of greenhouse gas emissions including residential electricity use, will receive closer attention in the future. It is likely that in the future, governments will develop building codes that attempt to constrain the energy demands of new housing. For example, the use of photovoltaics or the equivalent maybe stipulated to lessen demands on the grid network and hence reduce fossil fuel emissions. Approvals for building renovations may also be conditional upon taking such energy-saving measures. If this were to happen, everyone would benefit. Although there is an initial cost in attaching the system to the rooftop, the householders outlay is soon compensated with the savings on energy bills. In addition, everyone living on the planet stands to gain from the more benign environmental impact.

Residential electricity use is the major source of greenhouse gas emission.

neutral

id_255

A neuroscientist reveals how to think differently. In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific part of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field know as neuroeconomics, which studies the brains secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say cant be done. This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat. The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is product of the brain. Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average persons brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brains best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say. The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while mot people avoid things that are different. The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brains fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-thirds of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions. Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someones enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal. Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare. Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules arent important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.

Exposure to different events forces the brain to think differently.

entailment

id_256

A neuroscientist reveals how to think differently. In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific part of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field know as neuroeconomics, which studies the brains secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say cant be done. This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat. The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is product of the brain. Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average persons brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brains best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say. The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while mot people avoid things that are different. The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brains fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-thirds of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions. Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someones enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal. Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare. Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules arent important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.

Iconoclasts are unusually receptive to new experiences.

entailment

id_257

A neuroscientist reveals how to think differently. In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific part of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field know as neuroeconomics, which studies the brains secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say cant be done. This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat. The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is product of the brain. Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average persons brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brains best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say. The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while mot people avoid things that are different. The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brains fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-thirds of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions. Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someones enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal. Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare. Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules arent important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.

Most people are too shy to try different things.

neutral

id_258

A neuroscientist reveals how to think differently. In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific part of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field know as neuroeconomics, which studies the brains secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say cant be done. This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat. The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is product of the brain. Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average persons brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brains best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say. The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while mot people avoid things that are different. The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brains fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-thirds of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions. Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someones enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal. Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare. Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules arent important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.

If you think in an iconoclastic way, you can easily overcome fear.

contradiction

id_259

A neuroscientist reveals how to think differently. In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific part of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field know as neuroeconomics, which studies the brains secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say cant be done. This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat. The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is product of the brain. Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average persons brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brains best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say. The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while mot people avoid things that are different. The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brains fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-thirds of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions. Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someones enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal. Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare. Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules arent important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.

When concern about embarrassment matters less, other fears become irrelevant.

neutral

id_260

A neuroscientist reveals how to think differently. In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific part of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field know as neuroeconomics, which studies the brains secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say cant be done. This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat. The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is product of the brain. Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average persons brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brains best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say. The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while mot people avoid things that are different. The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brains fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-thirds of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions. Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someones enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal. Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare. Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules arent important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.

Fear of public speaking is a psychological illness.

contradiction

id_261

A new computer program can tell whether a book was written by a man or a woman. The simple scan of key words and syntax is about 80% accurate on both fiction and non-fiction. The programs success seems to confirm the stereotypical perception of differences in male and female language use. Crudely put, men talk more about objects and women more about relationships. Female writers use more pronouns (I, you, she, myself), whilst males prefer words that identify or determine nouns (a, the, that) and words that quantify them (one, two, more). These differing styles have previously been called involved and informational, respectively. The algorithm within the program was initially trained on a few test cases to identify the most prevalent fingerprints of gender and of fiction and non-fiction. The algorithm can now be focused on new bodies of text. Strikingly, the distinctions between male and female writers are much the same as those that, even more clearly, differentiate non fiction-and fiction. The program can tell these two genres apart with 98% accuracy.

Stereotypes are generally based on fact.

neutral

id_262

A new computer program can tell whether a book was written by a man or a woman. The simple scan of key words and syntax is about 80% accurate on both fiction and non-fiction. The programs success seems to confirm the stereotypical perception of differences in male and female language use. Crudely put, men talk more about objects and women more about relationships. Female writers use more pronouns (I, you, she, myself), whilst males prefer words that identify or determine nouns (a, the, that) and words that quantify them (one, two, more). These differing styles have previously been called involved and informational, respectively. The algorithm within the program was initially trained on a few test cases to identify the most prevalent fingerprints of gender and of fiction and non-fiction. The algorithm can now be focused on new bodies of text. Strikingly, the distinctions between male and female writers are much the same as those that, even more clearly, differentiate non fiction-and fiction. The program can tell these two genres apart with 98% accuracy.

The program is more accurate at identifying the gender of the writer than the fiction or non-fiction content of the passage.

contradiction

id_263

A new computer program can tell whether a book was written by a man or a woman. The simple scan of key words and syntax is about 80% accurate on both fiction and non-fiction. The programs success seems to confirm the stereotypical perception of differences in male and female language use. Crudely put, men talk more about objects and women more about relationships. Female writers use more pronouns (I, you, she, myself), whilst males prefer words that identify or determine nouns (a, the, that) and words that quantify them (one, two, more). These differing styles have previously been called involved and informational, respectively. The algorithm within the program was initially trained on a few test cases to identify the most prevalent fingerprints of gender and of fiction and non-fiction. The algorithm can now be focused on new bodies of text. Strikingly, the distinctions between male and female writers are much the same as those that, even more clearly, differentiate non fiction-and fiction. The program can tell these two genres apart with 98% accuracy.

Women are more likely than men to adopt an informational style of written communication.

contradiction

id_264

A new computer program can tell whether a book was written by a man or a woman. The simple scan of key words and syntax is about 80% accurate on both fiction and non-fiction. The programs success seems to confirm the stereotypical perception of differences in male and female language use. Crudely put, men talk more about objects and women more about relationships. Female writers use more pronouns (I, you, she, myself), whilst males prefer words that identify or determine nouns (a, the, that) and words that quantify them (one, two, more). These differing styles have previously been called involved and informational, respectively. The algorithm within the program was initially trained on a few test cases to identify the most prevalent fingerprints of gender and of fiction and non; fiction. The algorithm can now be focused on new bodies of text. Strikingly, the distinctions between male and female writers are much the same as those that, even more clearly, differentiate non fiction; and fiction. The program can tell these two genres apart with 98% accuracy.

Stereotypes are generally based on fact.

neutral

id_265

A new computer program can tell whether a book was written by a man or a woman. The simple scan of key words and syntax is about 80% accurate on both fiction and non-fiction. The programs success seems to confirm the stereotypical perception of differences in male and female language use. Crudely put, men talk more about objects and women more about relationships. Female writers use more pronouns (I, you, she, myself), whilst males prefer words that identify or determine nouns (a, the, that) and words that quantify them (one, two, more). These differing styles have previously been called involved and informational, respectively. The algorithm within the program was initially trained on a few test cases to identify the most prevalent fingerprints of gender and of fiction and non; fiction. The algorithm can now be focused on new bodies of text. Strikingly, the distinctions between male and female writers are much the same as those that, even more clearly, differentiate non fiction; and fiction. The program can tell these two genres apart with 98% accuracy.

The program is more accurate at identifying the gender of the writer then the fiction or non; fiction content of the passage.

contradiction

id_266

A new computer program can tell whether a book was written by a man or a woman. The simple scan of key words and syntax is about 80% accurate on both fiction and non-fiction. The programs success seems to confirm the stereotypical perception of differences in male and female language use. Crudely put, men talk more about objects and women more about relationships. Female writers use more pronouns (I, you, she, myself), whilst males prefer words that identify or determine nouns (a, the, that) and words that quantify them (one, two, more). These differing styles have previously been called involved and informational, respectively. The algorithm within the program was initially trained on a few test cases to identify the most prevalent fingerprints of gender and of fiction and non; fiction. The algorithm can now be focused on new bodies of text. Strikingly, the distinctions between male and female writers are much the same as those that, even more clearly, differentiate non fiction; and fiction. The program can tell these two genres apart with 98% accuracy.

Women are more likely than men to adopt an informational style of written communication.

contradiction

id_267

A night watchman was attacked when a fuel depot in Netherwich was broken into on 24 December and cash was stolen. A police spokesman said that Bill Sykes, a local man, had been taken into custody on 26 December, and was assisting them with their enquiries into what could only be described as a violent but amateurish crime. It is also known that: Bill Sykes has been living with his girlfriend Nancy. Bill Sykes is the owner of a bull terrier dog. The night watchman was distracted by the barking of a dog, and was hit over the head from behind. Sykes is already under a community service order for demanding money with menaces from his estranged wife. Since 31 December Mrs Sykes has complained that her husband had been pestering her to provide him with an alibi for 24 December.

Bill Sykes broke into the fuel depot and hit the night watchman over the head.

neutral

id_268

A night watchman was attacked when a fuel depot in Netherwich was broken into on 24 December and cash was stolen. A police spokesman said that Bill Sykes, a local man, had been taken into custody on 26 December, and was assisting them with their enquiries into what could only be described as a violent but amateurish crime. It is also known that: Bill Sykes has been living with his girlfriend Nancy. Bill Sykes is the owner of a bull terrier dog. The night watchman was distracted by the barking of a dog, and was hit over the head from behind. Sykes is already under a community service order for demanding money with menaces from his estranged wife. Since 31 December Mrs Sykes has complained that her husband had been pestering her to provide him with an alibi for 24 December.

Sykes stole the money from the fuel depot to give to his wife.

contradiction

id_269

A night watchman was attacked when a fuel depot in Netherwich was broken into on 24 December and cash was stolen. A police spokesman said that Bill Sykes, a local man, had been taken into custody on 26 December, and was assisting them with their enquiries into what could only be described as a violent but amateurish crime. It is also known that: Bill Sykes has been living with his girlfriend Nancy. Bill Sykes is the owner of a bull terrier dog. The night watchman was distracted by the barking of a dog, and was hit over the head from behind. Sykes is already under a community service order for demanding money with menaces from his estranged wife. Since 31 December Mrs Sykes has complained that her husband had been pestering her to provide him with an alibi for 24 December.

Sykes has already been given an opportunity to avoid a custodial sentence.

entailment

id_270

A night watchman was attacked when a fuel depot in Netherwich was broken into on 24 December and cash was stolen. A police spokesman said that Bill Sykes, a local man, had been taken into custody on 26 December, and was assisting them with their enquiries into what could only be described as a violent but amateurish crime. It is also known that: Bill Sykes has been living with his girlfriend Nancy. Bill Sykes is the owner of a bull terrier dog. The night watchman was distracted by the barking of a dog, and was hit over the head from behind. Sykes is already under a community service order for demanding money with menaces from his estranged wife. Since 31 December Mrs Sykes has complained that her husband had been pestering her to provide him with an alibi for 24 December.

Sykess girlfriend Nancy hit the night watchman over the head.

neutral

id_271

A night watchman was attacked when a fuel depot in Netherwich was broken into on 24 December and cash was stolen. A police spokesman said that Bill Sykes, a local man, had been taken into custody on 26 December, and was assisting them with their enquiries into what could only be described as a violent but amateurish crime. It is also known that: Bill Sykes has been living with his girlfriend Nancy. Bill Sykes is the owner of a bull terrier dog. The night watchman was distracted by the barking of a dog, and was hit over the head from behind. Sykes is already under a community service order for demanding money with menaces from his estranged wife. Since 31 December Mrs Sykes has complained that her husband had been pestering her to provide him with an alibi for 24 December.

The burglary was well planned and professionally executed.

contradiction

id_272

A partnership is presumed to exist when two or more people get together in business with the objective of making a profit. The law limits the total number of people who may get together to form a partnership. Apart from a few exceptions, such as firms of accountants and solicitors, a partnership may not consist of more than 20 partners. The partnership will be managed by general agreement among the partners, but if there is no apparent agreement, either formal or informal, then it is presumed that the partnership will operate in accordance with the Partnership Act, 1890. This Act lays down arrangements for dealing with such matters as the amount of capital to be contributed, the management of the business, and the division of the profits or losses among the partners.

Some agreement must exist between partners as to the way they manage the partnership.

contradiction

id_273

A partnership is presumed to exist when two or more people get together in business with the objective of making a profit. The law limits the total number of people who may get together to form a partnership. Apart from a few exceptions, such as firms of accountants and solicitors, a partnership may not consist of more than 20 partners. The partnership will be managed by general agreement among the partners, but if there is no apparent agreement, either formal or informal, then it is presumed that the partnership will operate in accordance with the Partnership Act, 1890. This Act lays down arrangements for dealing with such matters as the amount of capital to be contributed, the management of the business, and the division of the profits or losses among the partners.

Some agreement must exist between partners as to the way they manage the partnership.

contradiction

id_274

A pill that can induce abortions in pregnant women has become available in Australia. The drug Antiperphrine, has proved more than 98.9% effective in tests conducted by a scientific team in Sydney. The drug is an anti hormone and disrupts pregnancy by blocking the implantation of a fertilized egg in the wall of the uterus. In Australia, the pill will be available to women who are up to 42 days late in their menstrual cycle. The company that manufactures the pill, states however, that the pill is not a morning after pill for use as a contraceptive.

The drug is only available in Australia.

contradiction

id_275

A pill that can induce abortions in pregnant women has become available in Australia. The drug Antiperphrine, has proved more than 98.9% effective in tests conducted by a scientific team in Sydney. The drug is an anti hormone and disrupts pregnancy by blocking the implantation of a fertilized egg in the wall of the uterus. In Australia, the pill will be available to women who are up to 42 days late in their menstrual cycle. The company that manufactures the pill, states however, that the pill is not a morning after pill for use as a contraceptive.

The drug Antiperphrine uses a new type of contraceptive method.

contradiction

id_276

A pill that can induce abortions in pregnant women has become available in Australia. The drug Antiperphrine, has proved more than 98.9% effective in tests conducted by a scientific team in Sydney. The drug is an anti hormone and disrupts pregnancy by blocking the implantation of a fertilized egg in the wall of the uterus. In Australia, the pill will be available to women who are up to 42 days late in their menstrual cycle. The company that manufactures the pill, states however, that the pill is not a morning after pill for use as a contraceptive.

The drug Antiperphrine blocks egg production.

contradiction

id_277

A pill that can induce abortions in pregnant women has become available in Australia. The drug Antiperphrine, has proved more than 98.9% effective in tests conducted by a scientific team in Sydney. The drug is an anti hormone and disrupts pregnancy by blocking the implantation of a fertilized egg in the wall of the uterus. In Australia, the pill will be available to women who are up to 42 days late in their menstrual cycle. The company that manufactures the pill, states however, that the pill is not a morning after pill for use as a contraceptive.

The drug Antiperphrine has the effect of termination of pregnancy.

entailment

id_278

A pill that can induce abortions in pregnant women has become available in Australia. The drug Antiperphrine, has proved more than 98.9% effective in tests conducted by a scientific team in Sydney. The drug is an anti hormone and disrupts pregnancy by blocking the implantation of a fertilized egg in the wall of the uterus. In Australia, the pill will be available to women who are upto 42 days late in their menstrual cycle. The company that manufactures the pill, states however, that the pill is not a morning after pill for use as a contraceptive.

The drug Antiperphrine uses a new type of contraceptive method.

contradiction

id_279

A pill that can induce abortions in pregnant women has become available in Australia. The drug Antiperphrine, has proved more than 98.9% effective in tests conducted by a scientific team in Sydney. The drug is an anti hormone and disrupts pregnancy by blocking the implantation of a fertilized egg in the wall of the uterus. In Australia, the pill will be available to women who are upto 42 days late in their menstrual cycle. The company that manufactures the pill, states however, that the pill is not a morning after pill for use as a contraceptive.

The drug Antiperphrine blocks egg production.

contradiction

id_280

A pill that can induce abortions in pregnant women has become available in Australia. The drug Antiperphrine, has proved more than 98.9% effective in tests conducted by a scientific team in Sydney. The drug is an anti hormone and disrupts pregnancy by blocking the implantation of a fertilized egg in the wall of the uterus. In Australia, the pill will be available to women who are upto 42 days late in their menstrual cycle. The company that manufactures the pill, states however, that the pill is not a morning after pill for use as a contraceptive.

The drug Antiperphrine has the effect of termination of pregnancy.

entailment

id_281

A pill that can induce abortions in pregnant women has become available in Australia. The drug Antiperphrine, has proved more than 98.9% effective in tests conducted by a scientific team in Sydney. The drug is an anti hormone and disrupts pregnancy by blocking the implantation of a fertilized egg in the wall of the uterus. In Australia, the pill will be available to women who are upto 42 days late in their menstrual cycle. The company that manufactures the pill, states however, that the pill is not a morning after pill for use as a contraceptive.

The drug is only available in Australia.

contradiction

id_282

A power of attorney or letter of attorney in common law systems or mandate in civil law systems is an authorization to act on someone elses behalf in a legal or business matter. The person authorizing the other to act is the principal or grantor, and the one authorized to act is the agent or attorney-in- fact. The attorney-in-fact acts in the principals name, signing the principals name to documents and filing suit with the principals name as plaintiff, for example. As one kind of agent, an attorney-in-fact is a fiduciary for the principal, so the law requires an attorney- in-fact to be completely honest with and loyal to the principal in their dealings with each other. If the attorney-in-fact is being paid to act for the principal, the contract is a separate matter from the power of attorney itself, so if that contract is in writing, it is a separate document, kept private between them, whereas the power of attorney is intended to be shown to various other people. The power of attorney may be oral, such as asking someone else to sign your name on a cheque because your arm is broken, or may be in writing. Many institutions, such as hospitals, banks, and the I. R. S. , require a power of attorney to be in writing before they will honor it, and they usually want to keep an original for their records.

Only a legal professional can be granted the power of attorney.

entailment

id_283

A power of attorney or letter of attorney in common law systems or mandate in civil law systems is an authorization to act on someone elses behalf in a legal or business matter. The person authorizing the other to act is the principal or grantor, and the one authorized to act is the agent or attorney-in- fact. The attorney-in-fact acts in the principals name, signing the principals name to documents and filing suit with the principals name as plaintiff, for example. As one kind of agent, an attorney-in-fact is a fiduciary for the principal, so the law requires an attorney- in-fact to be completely honest with and loyal to the principal in their dealings with each other. If the attorney-in-fact is being paid to act for the principal, the contract is a separate matter from the power of attorney itself, so if that contract is in writing, it is a separate document, kept private between them, whereas the power of attorney is intended to be shown to various other people. The power of attorney may be oral, such as asking someone else to sign your name on a cheque because your arm is broken, or may be in writing. Many institutions, such as hospitals, banks, and the I. R. S. , require a power of attorney to be in writing before they will honor it, and they usually want to keep an original for their records.

The agent grants the principal the power to act on behalf of the grantor.

contradiction

id_284

A power of attorney or letter of attorney in common law systems or mandate in civil law systems is an authorization to act on someone elses behalf in a legal or business matter. The person authorizing the other to act is the principal or grantor, and the one authorized to act is the agent or attorney-in- fact. The attorney-in-fact acts in the principals name, signing the principals name to documents and filing suit with the principals name as plaintiff, for example. As one kind of agent, an attorney-in-fact is a fiduciary for the principal, so the law requires an attorney- in-fact to be completely honest with and loyal to the principal in their dealings with each other. If the attorney-in-fact is being paid to act for the principal, the contract is a separate matter from the power of attorney itself, so if that contract is in writing, it is a separate document, kept private between them, whereas the power of attorney is intended to be shown to various other people. The power of attorney may be oral, such as asking someone else to sign your name on a cheque because your arm is broken, or may be in writing. Many institutions, such as hospitals, banks, and the I. R. S. , require a power of attorney to be in writing before they will honor it, and they usually want to keep an original for their records.

All contracts between the principal and the agent must be made public.

contradiction

id_285

A power of attorney or letter of attorney in common law systems or mandate in civil law systems is an authorization to act on someone elses behalf in a legal or business matter. The person authorizing the other to act is the principal or grantor, and the one authorized to act is the agent or attorney-in- fact. The attorney-in-fact acts in the principals name, signing the principals name to documents and filing suit with the principals name as plaintiff, for example. As one kind of agent, an attorney-in-fact is a fiduciary for the principal, so the law requires an attorney- in-fact to be completely honest with and loyal to the principal in their dealings with each other. If the attorney-in-fact is being paid to act for the principal, the contract is a separate matter from the power of attorney itself, so if that contract is in writing, it is a separate document, kept private between them, whereas the power of attorney is intended to be shown to various other people. The power of attorney may be oral, such as asking someone else to sign your name on a cheque because your arm is broken, or may be in writing. Many institutions, such as hospitals, banks, and the I. R. S. , require a power of attorney to be in writing before they will honor it, and they usually want to keep an original for their records.

The power of attorney may be granted verbally.

neutral

id_286

A power of attorney or letter of attorney in common law systems or mandate in civil law systems is an authorization to act on someone elses behalf in a legal or business matter. The person authorizing the other to act is the principal or grantor, and the one authorized to act is the agent or attorney-in- fact. The attorney-in-fact acts in the principals name, signing the principals name to documents and filing suit with the principals name as plaintiff, for example. As one kind of agent, an attorney-in-fact is a fiduciary for the principal, so the law requires an attorney- in-fact to be completely honest with and loyal to the principal in their dealings with each other. If the attorney-in-fact is being paid to act for the principal, the contract is a separate matter from the power of attorney itself, so if that contract is in writing, it is a separate document, kept private between them, whereas the power of attorney is intended to be shown to various other people. The power of attorney may be oral, such as asking someone else to sign your name on a cheque because your arm is broken, or may be in writing. Many institutions, such as hospitals, banks, and the I. R. S. , require a power of attorney to be in writing before they will honor it, and they usually want to keep an original for their records.

In civil law systems the power of attorney is referred to as a mandate.

entailment

id_287

A recent study investigating the effects of stress at work argues that stress management programs should be included in all organisational development polices as a key step in helping to fight absenteeism from work and work-related stress. The Confederation of Work and Industry states that it is essential to counter work-related stress to beat higher absenteeism from jobs, and that most work stress arises from poor management. Stress management strategies are currently excluded from organisational development polices by many businesses, and smaller companies are unlikely to allow organisational development in the area of stress management.

Nearly all businesses incorporate stress management strategies in their policy.

contradiction

id_288

A recent study investigating the effects of stress at work argues that stress management programs should be included in all organisational development polices as a key step in helping to fight absenteeism from work and work-related stress. The Confederation of Work and Industry states that it is essential to counter work-related stress to beat higher absenteeism from jobs, and that most work stress arises from poor management. Stress management strategies are currently excluded from organisational development polices by many businesses, and smaller companies are unlikely to allow organisational development in the area of stress management.

Many smaller business will not permit polices for absenteeism from work.

neutral

id_289

A recent study investigating the effects of stress at work argues that stress management programs should be included in all organisational development policies as a key step in helping to fight absenteeism from work and work-related stress. The Confederation of Work and Industry states that it is essential to counter work-related stress to beat higher absenteeism from jobs, and that most work stress arises from poor management. Stress management strategies are currently excluded from organisational development policies by many businesses, and smaller companies are unlikely to allow organisational development in the area of stress management

Many smaller businesses will not permit policies for absenteeism from work.

neutral

id_290

A recent study investigating the effects of stress at work argues that stress management programs should be included in all organisational development policies as a key step in helping to fight absenteeism from work and work-related stress. The Confederation of Work and Industry states that it is essential to counter work-related stress to beat higher absenteeism from jobs, and that most work stress arises from poor management. Stress management strategies are currently excluded from organisational development policies by many businesses, and smaller companies are unlikely to allow organisational development in the area of stress management

Nearly all businesses incorporate stress management strategies in their policy.

contradiction

id_291

A recent study on medicine addiction found out that there are principally three main factors that determine the risk of becoming dependant on or addicted to medicines. The first factor is the type of medicine, the second is the personality of the individual, and the third factor is controlled by the circumstances in which the medicine is taken. As a parallel example, we only need to look as far as alcohol. While it could be safely said that the majority of the adult population have taken alcohol, yet only a small proportion of these go on to get addicted to alcohol. Besides, it is well documented that many strong medicines that have been used for medical purposes have not caused the patient to become addicted. However, the study found that people who took medicines for the heck of it were more likely to become dependent on the same. The dependence need not be restricted to the physiological side but may become psychological, although the effects are still essentially the same. People with psychopathic, immature or otherwise unstable personalities were shown to be at the greatest risk of becoming addicted.

One becomes addicted to certain medicines only if one has a weak personality.

contradiction

id_292

A recent study on medicine addiction found out that there are principally three main factors that determine the risk of becoming dependant on or addicted to medicines. The first factor is the type of medicine, the second is the personality of the individual, and the third factor is controlled by the circumstances in which the medicine is taken. As a parallel example, we only need to look as far as alcohol. While it could be safely said that the majority of the adult population have taken alcohol, yet only a small proportion of these go on to get addicted to alcohol. Besides, it is well documented that many strong medicines that have been used for medical purposes have not caused the patient to become addicted. However, the study found that people who took medicines for the heck of it were more likely to become dependent on the same. The dependence need not be restricted to the physiological side but may become psychological, although the effects are still essentially the same. People with psychopathic, immature or otherwise unstable personalities were shown to be at the greatest risk of becoming addicted.

Alcohol is a safe medicine since very few people become dependent on it.

contradiction

id_293

A recent study on medicine addiction found out that there are principally three main factors that determine the risk of becoming dependant on or addicted to medicines. The first factor is the type of medicine, the second is the personality of the individual, and the third factor is controlled by the circumstances in which the medicine is taken. As a parallel example, we only need to look as far as alcohol. While it could be safely said that the majority of the adult population have taken alcohol, yet only a small proportion of these go on to get addicted to alcohol. Besides, it is well documented that many strong medicines that have been used for medical purposes have not caused the patient to become addicted. However, the study found that people who took medicines for the heck of it were more likely to become dependent on the same. The dependence need not be restricted to the physiological side but may become psychological, although the effects are still essentially the same. People with psychopathic, immature or otherwise unstable personalities were shown to be at the greatest risk of becoming addicted.

Taking medicines for the fun of it increases the possibility of becoming dependent on medicines.

entailment

id_294

A recent study on medicine addiction found out that there are principally three main factors that determine the risk of becoming dependant on or addicted to medicines. The first factor is the type of medicine, the second is the personality of the individual, and the third factor is controlled by the circumstances in which the medicine is taken. As a parallel example, we only need to look as far as alcohol. While it could be safely said that the majority of the adult population have taken alcohol, yet only a small proportion of these go on to get addicted to alcohol. Besides, it is well documented that many strong medicines that have been used for medical purposes have not caused the patient to become addicted. However, the study found that people who took medicines for the heck of it were more likely to become dependent on the same. The dependence need not be restricted to the physiological side but may become psychological, although the effects are still essentially the same. People with psychopathic, immature or otherwise unstable personalities were shown to be at the greatest risk of becoming addicted.

Long-term use of certain drugs for medical purposes does not cause addiction.

contradiction

id_295

A recent survey by a leading NGO came to the following conclusion about donor psychology: If you are interested in getting a good donation, you need to realise that donors are almost never disturbed by being asked for too much. In fact, the result is the oppositethey are flattered. Besides, if you ask for too much, the donor can always suggest a smaller amount. On the other hand, if you ask for too little, the donor is usually offended. A common reaction to being asked too little is so thats all he thinks Im worth.

Donors are usually never asked for enough.

contradiction

id_296

A recent survey by a leading NGO came to the following conclusion about donor psychology: If you are interested in getting a good donation, you need to realise that donors are almost never disturbed by being asked for too much. In fact, the result is the oppositethey are flattered. Besides, if you ask for too much, the donor can always suggest a smaller amount. On the other hand, if you ask for too little, the donor is usually offended. A common reaction to being asked too little is so thats all he thinks Im worth.

It is worth the gamble to ask for large donations.

entailment

id_297

A recent survey by a leading NGO came to the following conclusion about donor psychology: If you are interested in getting a good donation, you need to realise that donors are almost never disturbed by being asked for too much. In fact, the result is the oppositethey are flattered. Besides, if you ask for too much, the donor can always suggest a smaller amount. On the other hand, if you ask for too little, the donor is usually offended. A common reaction to being asked too little is so thats all he thinks Im worth.

A good fund raiser will value the worth of the donor.

contradiction

id_298

A recent survey of its members conducted by a large insurance company produced some interesting results. The survey was designed to gather information from its members regarding what their main criteria were for choosing to invest in residential property. The vast majority rated the 'Returns profile as their main priority, closely followed by Development potential and Stability of income! It came as no surprise to find out that Portfolio legacy' was ranked at the bottom of the list by contributors. It was also interesting to note that respondents this year were less likely to have residential holdings that formed part of mixed-use assets, i. e. as an add on to commercial investment. One might assume from this that more investors are proactively investing in residential real estate rather than having an incidental exposure via existing business investments. Uncovering longer term intentions was also part of the survey remit and it transpired that approximately one third of contributors expected their residential investment exposure to remain stable over the next 12 months. The vast majority intend to increase their investment in the same period with only a few stating that they intended to reduce it in the same period.

Looking at why people choose to invest in residential property was the sole objective of the survey.

contradiction

id_299

A robbery was committed at a Post Office on the morning of April 19th, with 3,265 cash Stolen. The robber was described as being a tall male with dark hair who had a tattoo on his left arm. He carried an Eastsea United rucksack and drove away alone in an unknown vehicle. The following facts are known: Jason, a convicted robber, was released from prison at 2 pm on April 19th Alan, a recent Glen Rovers fan, is heavily in debt. Michael, an Eastsea United fan has a Blue Shark tattoo. Alan doesnt have a driving licence. Jason is 62 tall. Alan is shorter than Jason, but is taller than Michael who is 5'6".

The rucksack may have belonged to Alan.

entailment