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Large-eared pied bat

The large-eared pied bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It can be found in Australia.

The large-eared pied bat (Chalinolobus dwyeri) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It can be found in Australia. See also Threatened fauna of Australia List of bats of Australia == References ==

STANAG 4586

STANAG 4586 (NATO Standardization Agreement 4586) is a NATO Standard Interface of the Unmanned Control System (UCS) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) interoperability. It defines architectures, interfaces, communication protocols, data elements and message formats. It includes data link, command and control, and human/computer interfaces. The current revision is with mission phase enhancements, an updated list of vehicle identifiers etc.

STANAG 4586 (NATO Standardization Agreement 4586) is a NATO Standard Interface of the Unmanned Control System (UCS) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) interoperability. It defines architectures, interfaces, communication protocols, data elements and message formats. It includes data link, command and control, and human/computer interfaces. The current revision is with mission phase enhancements, an updated list of vehicle identifiers etc. External links Download source at NATO

EDF Renewables

EDF Renewables (formerly EDF Renouvelables) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the French utility EDF Group, specializing in renewable energy production. As an integrated operator, the Group develops and finances the construction of renewable energy facilities, and manages operations and maintenance for its own account and for third parties. According to its own figures, the company is active in 22 countries with an installed global capacity of 12,468 MW (as of June 2019), with wind being the largest sector, followed by solar and energy storage. The company is also involved in marine energy.The company was formerly known as EDF Energies Nouvelles until it was rebranded in April 2018 to its current name, EDF Renewables.

EDF Renewables (formerly EDF Renouvelables) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the French utility EDF Group, specializing in renewable energy production. As an integrated operator, the Group develops and finances the construction of renewable energy facilities, and manages operations and maintenance for its own account and for third parties. According to its own figures, the company is active in 22 countries with an installed global capacity of 12,468 MW (as of June 2019), with wind being the largest sector, followed by solar and energy storage. The company is also involved in marine energy.The company was formerly known as EDF Energies Nouvelles until it was rebranded in April 2018 to its current name, EDF Renewables. History In 1990, the Société Internationale d'Investissements Financiers – Énergies (SIIF Énergies) was created by Pâris Mouratoglou, a thermal and hydroelectric power plant development company. The firm in 1999 positioned itself in the renewable energy sector and in 2000, Pâris Mouratoglou sold 35% of SIIF Énergies to Électricité de France (EDF).In 2002, EDF increased its stake in SIIF Énergies to 50%. Two years later, SIIF became EDF Energies Nouvelles (EDF EN), while maintaining the same capital structure. EDF listed EDF Energies Nouvelles on the stock exchange in 2006. Pâris Mouratoglou retained a 25.1% stake of the capital at that time, while EDF held 50%, the balance being the free float on the stock market.EDF Energies Nouvelles unlisted from the stock market on 15 August 2011, following EDF's buy-out of the remaining 50% stake from Pâris Mouratoglou and the free float, pushing EDF's stake in EDF Energies Nouvelles to 100%. International expansion In 2012, the group increased its involvement in offshore wind energy and entered the markets of Poland, Israel, Morocco and South Africa. A year later, EDF Energies Nouvelles expanded into the Indian market. EDF Energies Nouvelles that year acquired the wind power business of Séchilienne-Sidec (now Albioma) for €59 million. The company entered Brazil and Chile in 2015.Upon expanding into China in 2016, the company acquired an 80% stake in Hong Kong-based UPC Asia Wind Management, a company specialising in onshore wind power in China. This move was based on a strategy that saw increasing its wind capacity in China by working with Chinese partners on a project-by-project basis.In April 2017, EDF EN announced the acquisition of a 67.2% majority stake, in addition to convertible bonds, in Futuren, a wind farm operator, valued at around €188 million. In December of that year, EDF launched the Solar Plan, with which the EDF Group hoped to build 30 GW of solar photovoltaic power in France between 2020 and 2035, for an investment of around €25 billion.In 2018, EDF Energies Nouvelles rebranded to become EDF Renewables to boost international appeal.In April of that year, the group acquired Luxel, a company specialising in photovoltaic installations, with the acquisition concluding on 1 April 2019. Core business activities Onshore and offshore wind power Wind power is EDF Renewables' main sector with 87% of its total installed capacity distributed mainly in Europe and North America. Wind power is EDF's main growth driver. As of June 2019, the group had a total of 12,468 MW gross in operation and 4,055 MW under construction in 22 countries.EDF signed a supply contract with the Procter & Gamble Group in 2015 to supply wind power to its North American manufacturing sites. The 123 MW wind farm is expected to help P&G achieve their goal to reduce CO2-emissions by 30% by 2020.The group is a key player in offshore wind energy, with two offshore wind farms in Belgium (C-Power) and the United Kingdom (Teesside). In March 2019, EDF Renewables acquired stakes in two Chinese offshore projects, the Dongtai IV and V wind farms, that will be delivered in cooperation with Chinese power utility China Energy Investment Corporation (CEI) by 2021.It is involved in three structuring projects under development in France, won through a government call for tenders, totalling nearly 1,500 MW in Saint-Nazaire, Courseulles-sur-Mer and Fécamp. Photovoltaic sector The photovoltaic solar sector is EDF Renewables' second largest business sector. It currently has solar energy projects in 13 countries with an installed capacity of 2,423 MW, according to own figures. In 2016, EDF Renewables opened the Bolero solar power plant in Chile’s Atacama Desert in with a capacity of 146 MW.One of the company's subsidiaries, French solar panel manufacturer Photowatt, announced to be forming a joint venture with Canadian Solar and EMC Greentech to develop solar panels based on a new technology.In 2019, EDF Renewables, along with Total Eren and their joint venture EDEN Renewables India, signed a 25-year power purchase agreement (PPA) to develop four solar power projects in India, with a capacity of 716 MW.In September 2023, it was announced EDF Renewables North America had sold its 200MW Millers Branch Solar Facility in Haskell County, Texas to the Southern Company subsidiary, Southern Power for an undisclosed amount. Electricity storage In March 2018, EDF announced a major electrical storage plan with the objective of becoming the European leader in the sector by 2035, for an investment worth €8 billion over the period 2018–2035.In June 2018, EDF opened a 49MW battery storage facility in West Burton, UK.The firm acquired British battery storage start-up Pivot Power in November 2019 for an undisclosed amount. International operations Europe Germany On 5 July 2017, EDF EN announced the acquisition of Offshore Wind Solutions (OWS), a German company specializing in the operation and maintenance of offshore wind farms, in order to complete its operations conducted through Reetec Gmbh, in which EDF EN acquired a stake in 2007.EDF began the refurbishment of the Eckolstädt wind farm in Thuringia in December 2018, updating its capacity from 14.5 MW to 34.5 MW when the works are finished.EDF Renewables acquired wind projects of 300MW under development in Germany from Altus in September 2019. France In June 2017, EDF opened the Montagne-Ardéchois wind farm, the most powerful in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. The facility consists of 29 turbines with an installed capacity of 73.5 MW. At the end of June 2017, the Mont-des-Quatre-Faux wind farm project was greenlit by the authorities. Supported by EDF EN in association with the Belgian developer WindVision, it will eventually include 63 wind turbines with a capacity of 3.5 to 5 MW each.On July 6, 2017, EDF EN Services, an EDF subsidiary operating and maintaining wind and photovoltaic power plants, inaugurated the Villeveyrac (Occitania) regional management centre. It is permanently connected to the European control centre in Colombiers, Hérault, which supervises and controls remotely all the renewable production units managed by EDF EN.On July 19, 2017, the President of the Occitania Region, Carole Delga, signed a new collaboration agreement with the EDF Group to support Occitania in its ambition to become a positive energy region, including achieving economic development, assisting in the energy transition and providing training and employment. A few days, later, EDF Energies Nouvelles and Naval Energies-OpenHydro launched the construction of the first hydro turbine assembly plant in France at Cherbourg-en-Cotentin (Manche), named Normandie Hydro.In October 2017, EDF EN and ArcelorMittal Méditerranée announced the commissioning of the 12 MW La Fossette photovoltaic power plant in Fos-sur-mer (Bouches-du-Rhône).In December 2017, EDF EN announced to be constructing new wind and solar projects in Occitania, with 120 MW of projects to be built in 2018 and 2019, as well as 500 MW of projects under development.In the summer of 2018, EDF opened the Belfays wind farm in the Grand Est region, with an installed capacity of 20 MW.In September 2019, the company inaugurated a solar power plant on the site of the former Aramon thermal power plant. A month later, the company commissioned a wind farm with a capacity of 22 MW in the Marne region.In October 2022 in France, the price of electricity is subject to a tariff shield for the year 2022.The price of energy is at the center of concerns, especially as winter approaches.The tariff shield(new window) on energy provided for in the 2022 finance law and extended until the end of 2022 by the amending finance law, limits the increase in the regulated price of electricity to 4%. The law also provides for the freezing of the regulated gas tariff(new window) which must not exceed the October 2021 tariff. To reach this 4% ceiling, the government has notably planned to lower the contribution to the public electricity service (CSPE), formerly the internal electricity tax (TICFE). This measure, provided for in article 29 of the finance law for 2022(new window), entered into force on February 1, 2022. What is the impact of CO2 quotas on the price of electricity? The price of electricity is linked in particular to the quantity of carbon produced by the power stations. In Europe, energy producers must buy CO2 emission rights in order to have the right to issue them on the emission quota trading market. The more the production of electricity emits CO2, the more the power station must buy allowances. Some French power stations, which produce electricity "in backup" to meet occasional needs (in winter for example), run on coal or gas. When the price of the CO2 emission quota increases (80 euros per tonne in December 2021, i.e. multiplied by 2.4 since January 2021), so does that of electricity. After the Russian invasion in Ukraine, the price per ton of CO2 collapsed. United Kingdom In April 2017, EDF Renewable Energy, in a joint venture with EDF Energy, announced the commissioning of the Corriemoillie (47.5 MW), Beck Burn (31 MW) and Pearie Law (19.2 MW) wind farms. Beck Burn was opened in July that year. Also in July 2017, EDF Energy Renewables announced the acquisition of 11 Scottish wind farm sites from asset manager Partnerships for Renewables, with a potential capacity of 600 MW.In May 2018, EDF Energies Nouvelles bought the "Neart na Gaoithe" wind farm in Scotland from Irish company Mainstream Renewable Power, following a competitive process. It will produce 450 MW. The farm is planned to go online in 2023.EDF Renewables opened its wind farm in Blyth in July 2018, where the individual turbines are connected via 66-kilometre (41 mi) offshore cables to bring the electricity produced onshore.The company sold a 49% minority stake in 24 of its UK wind farms to Dalmore Capital and Pensions Infrastructure Platform (PiP) to further its investments into renewable energy projects in the UK and elsewhere. The sale was worth £701 million. The Americas South America In June 2017, EDF EN announced the acquisition of 80% of a 115 megawatt photovoltaic power plant project in Brazil (Pirapora II) from Canadian Solar, following a similar acquisition in 2016 in the Pirapora project. Pirapora I and III were connected to the grid in 2017 and Pirapora II came online in the summer of 2018. In September 2017, EDF EN confirmed its project to extend the solar power plant with storage at Toucan, co-built with the town hall of Montsinery-Tonnegrande (French Guiana). Its commissioning is scheduled for the second half of 2018, and the facility will have a total installed capacity of 10 MWp.In November 2017, EDF EN do Brasil commissioned the 66 MW Ventos da Bahia wind farm in Bahia State.In mid-January 2018, the firm, along with Andes Mining & Energy (AME), announced the commissioning in Chile of the Santiago Solar photovoltaic power plant (115 MWp), consisting of approximately 400,000 modules and covering more than 200 hectares.In April 2018, EDF EN won a long-term electricity supply contract (PPA) in Brazil under a federal auction for a 114 MW wind power project in Bahia State. Following another federal auction at the end of August 2018, the firm won two other wind projects in this state, which are an extension of existing wind farms: the first adds 147 MW to the 114 MW wind farm (Folha Larga) awarded in April, and the second adds 129 MW to a 183 MW wind farm (Ventos de Bahia).At the end of November 2018, EDF Renewables in Brazil announced the signature of a long-term electricity sales contract with Braskem. The electricity will be produced by a new renewable EDF wind power project, with an installed capacity of 33 MW, which will start construction in 2019 in Bahia State, to be commissioned in 2021. Canada January 2018 saw the commissioning of the Nicolas-Riou wind farm in southeastern Quebec, representing an installed capacity of 224 MW. The wind farm was inaugurated in June that same year.In December 2018, EDF Renewables in Canada announced the signing of a renewable electricity support agreement with, Alberta's electricity grid operator AESO. This 20-year contract covers Cypress' 201.6 MW wind power project. Desjardins Group Pension Plan (DGPP) in June 2019 announced its intent to acquire 40.5% of EDF Renewables Canada's interest in the 201.6-MW Cypress wind project in Alberta. United States In July 2017, EDF Renewables US announced that it had acquired two solar energy projects with a capacity of 179 megawatts from the First Solar Group.The company announced on 15 September 2017 the signing of a Virtual Power Purchase Agreement (VPPA) between its EDF Renewable Energy and Kimberly-Clark Corporation for 120 of the 154 MW of the Rock Falls, Oklahoma wind project. The project went online in December that year.In a contract with Google signed in November 2017, EDF RE agreed to supply 200 MW of installed capacity generated by the Glacier Edge wind farm project in Iowa.At the end of January 2018, EDF Renewable Energy announced the commissioning of the Red Pine (Minnesota) wind farm, consisting of 100 turbines and an installed capacity of 200 MW.At the end of September 2018, EDF Renewables and EnterSolar entered into a strategic partnership to acquire a 50% stake in EnterSolar from the French energy company.In November 2018, EDF Renewables announced the signature of two 20-year power purchase agreements for the Big Beau Solar+Storage project in California. The 128 MWac facility is coupled with 40 MW (160 MWh) of battery storage. 55% of the facility's electricity production will be sold to two local electricity suppliers, Silicon Valley Clean Energy (SVCE) and Monterey Bay Community Power (MBCP).The commissioning of the installation is expected to be completed by the end of 2021. In the same month, EDF and Shell Energy North signed a power purchase agreement (PPA) for the production of 132 MWp (100 MWp) of energy from the Palen photovoltaic project (500 MWp), called "Maverick 4". The agreement is valid for 15 years.In December 2018, EDF Renewables and Shell New Energies announced the formation of a joint venture to develop a wind farm in federal waters offshore New Jersey. They acquired lease rights for BOEM OCS-A 0499 (NJWEA North), an 183,353 acres (74,200 ha) area between Atlantic City and Barnegat Light for a project called Atlantic Shores. As of September 2019, both companies are undertaking ocean surveys to determine a suitable location for the wind farm.On 15 January 2019, EDF Renewables announced the commissioning of a wind farm of 40 wind turbines (Copenhagen Project) in northern New York State with a capacity of 80 MW. At the end of the month, the public interest company NYSERDA of New York State confirmed the award to EDF Renewables of a 212 MWp / 170 MWac photovoltaic project to Morris Ridge.In March 2019, the subsidiary continued its expansion in the United States by announcing the signing of a series of sales contracts for five solar power plants in Florida, with a total capacity of 310 megawatts.Later that year in August, it was announced that EDF and Infrastructure and Energy Alternatives would construct a 300MW wind farm in Southeast Nebraska, planned to go online in November 2020. Africa Egypt At the end of October 2017, the firm and Elsewedy Electric Group joined forces to design, build and operate two solar power plants with a total capacity of 100 MWac in Egypt, in Aswan. Two more plants were commissioned in Aswan in October 2019.A month later, EDF acquired a stake in Egyptian solar firm KarmSolar. Middle East Saudi Arabia At the end of August 2017, EDF EN was selected, along with 24 other companies, to propose a response to the call for tenders for the construction of a 400 MW wind farm in Dumat Al-Djandal, in the Al-Jawf region. Together with Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company PJSC (Masdar), EDF secured financing for the $500 million project in July 2019 and is expected to begin operation by 2022. United Arab Emirates On May 22, 2017, EDF RE joined the consortium responsible for developing the third phase of the Mohamed ben Rached Al-Maktoum solar park, located in Dubai. The first 200 MW unit was commissioned in May 2018.EDF RE is a 20% partner in the 2 GW Al Dhafra Solar project, one of the world's largest solar projects, which opened in November 2023. Israel In October 2018, EDF Renewable in Israel announced the commissioning of five solar photovoltaic plants with a total installed capacity of 101 MWp, located in the Negev desert: Mashabei Sadeh (60 MWp), Pduyim (14 MWp), Mefalsim (13 MWp), Kfar Maimon (7 MWp) and Bitha (7 MWp). Asia China In February 2018, EDF Renewables and Asia Clean Capital (ACC) announced the creation of a joint venture to build and operate a portfolio of roof-to-roof solar energy projects in China. India In April 2017, SITAC Wind Management and Development, a wind energy company owned equally by EDF Renewables and the SITAC group, commissioned five wind farms in the state of Gujarat. They consist of 82 turbines with an installed capacity of 164 MW.In November 2017, EDF RE and Eren RE, united within the Eden joint venture, announced that they had commissioned three photovoltaic plants with a combined capacity of 87 MW. Two of these new facilities are located in Uttarakhand State, and the third in Madhya Pradesh State.In July 2019, EDF Renewables signed 4 electricity sales contracts with Total Eren for solar power plant projects in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Finances The EDF Energies Nouvelles share, previously listed on the Paris market, was suspended from trading on August 12, 2011, and then by decision of the AMF, which was withdrawn from the French stock exchange after EDF, on June 23 of the same year, claimed to hold 96.71% of EDF RE's shares. All the shares held by minority shareholders were transferred to EDF at that time. As of September 27, 2011, EDF holds 100.00%. References http://www.edf-energies-nouvelles.com/uploads/medias/1431/consolidated_financial_statements_12-31-2010.pdf External links Official website

Walter Melrose

Walter Melrose (October 26, 1889– May 30, 1973) was a music publisher and lyricist in the 1920s and 1930s.

Walter Melrose (October 26, 1889– May 30, 1973) was a music publisher and lyricist in the 1920s and 1930s. Background He was born in Sumner, Illinois, and was the brother of Lester Melrose, with whom he established a music store in Chicago. This became successful after the Tivoli Theatre opened in the same street, greatly increasing the amount of passing trade. Melrose branched into music publishing when Jelly Roll Morton turned up in his store, and hits such as Wolverine Blues and King Porter Stomp became highly successful for the company. In 1926 he arranged a series of recordings for Victor Records by Morton's Red Hot Peppers, which have come to be regarded as landmarks of early jazz. He later parted company with Morton acrimoniously, and stopped paying him royalties for his compositions. Major publications He and his brother published the jazz standard "Tin Roof Blues" composed by the New Orleans Rhythm Kings" in 1923. He also wrote the lyrics to that song. Melrose added lyrics to many existing jazz compositions that his company published, such as "Copenhagen". He established one of the major publishing companies with his brother, known as Melrose Brothers Music: The House That Blues Built. Other publications Melrose Music also published Glenn Miller's 125 Jazz Breaks for Trombone, Louis Armstrong's 125 Jazz Breaks for Cornet, and Benny Goodman's 24 Hot Breaks for Clarinet in 1928. References Walter Melrose had contributed to many songs and lyrics and has a broad discography after he died. Walter Melrose died in May of 1973, in Lake Barington, Illinois. Officially, he was a music publisher but did receive credits for several songs with the original Dixieland jazz band, including the songs "High Society" and "Tin Roof Blues". Both were hits in the late 1950s. The Music Goes Round And Round Eigenvertrieb / DSCMusic 2014001 Martinique 2007 Martinique Earworks.ch Piano Solo. Plays Blues And Ballads 2005 Piano Solo. Plays Blues And Ballads Jazz Connaisseur / JCCD 9107-2 Buona Sera New Orleans 2002 Buona Sera New Orleans Eigenvertrieb / TBH 602 For Louis 2000 For Louis Concord / CCD-4879-2 Jazz Club Trio - Plus 1995 Jazz Club Trio - Plus Elite Special / TCD 7935 Mo' Cream From The Crop 1994 Mo' Cream From The Crop Sony Music Entertainment Switzerland GmbH / CK 66628 Nothing But The Blues 1994

Disappearance of Dylan Ehler

Dylan Ehler is a Canadian boy whose disappearance on May 6, 2020 at the age of 3 became the subject of much media interest. His parents, Ashley Brown and Jason Ehler, criticized what they regarded as shortcomings in the initial police investigation. They also filed suit under provincial cyberbullying law against two administrators of a social media group that had hosted messages suggesting the parents were negligent or responsible for the death of their son.

Dylan Ehler is a Canadian boy whose disappearance on May 6, 2020 at the age of 3 became the subject of much media interest. His parents, Ashley Brown and Jason Ehler, criticized what they regarded as shortcomings in the initial police investigation. They also filed suit under provincial cyberbullying law against two administrators of a social media group that had hosted messages suggesting the parents were negligent or responsible for the death of their son. Background Dylan Ehler (born April 16, 2017) was three years old when he went missing from the residence of his grandmother, Dorothy Parsons, on Elizabeth Street in Truro, Nova Scotia. His mother, Ashley Brown, had gone to meet a friend for coffee and had dropped the boy off to be babysat by Parsons. Ashley and Dylan's father, Jason Ehler, had recently been in a domestic dispute at the time involving a broken cell phone, an alleged assault and a death threat. According to Parsons, Dylan had been in her backyard with her pet dog when he vanished: "I went to tie the dog on her lead and I turn around and Dylan is just gone. Gone. I have no explanation." Parsons argued that the boy had been abducted. It is unclear how long it took Parsons to tether the dog to its lead, or how long Dylan was out of Parsons's sight for; no known suspects were spotted by Parsons in the backyard that day. Police investigators believed that the boy might have fallen into Lepper Brook, which fed into Salmon River, a local waterway known for a strong undercurrent. Rubber boots that he had been wearing were all that remained of Dylan after his disappearance, having been found in the water by firefighters. Allegations of police misconduct Dylan's parents have since blamed the lack of prompt response time by authorities for his ongoing absence, and have expressed criticism toward volunteer rescue workers aiding in the search. According to his mother, "they never treated Dylan’s case like a criminal investigation. They just treated it like a search and rescue. I know that they didn't block off any streets. They didn't stop the public from coming into the crime scene of the area that he went missing and they were very late on issuing alerts and getting help. So I think that tunnel vision did have a play in that. Once they found the boots and that was it, that's where he went and essentially the police tell us that we need to accept it. And move on."Police searched the waterways near Parsons' backyard for several days, using underwater cameras and thermal imaging devices, as well as rigging up a mannequin with similar bodily proportions to Dylan, putting it in the water to test what would happen. Ashley Brown's videos After the disappearance, videos were discovered posted to the social media platform TikTok by Dylan's mother, Ashley Brown. One video featured Ashley smoking marijuana and calling Dylan a "motherfucker" to his face, then telling him that he would get her sent to jail one day. Another video had been posted of Ashley singing, to the tune of "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?" from Disney's Frozen; "Will you help me hide a body? Come on, we can’t delay... no one can see him on the floor... get him out the door, before he can decay..."The videos had been deleted by Ashley, then reposted for a short time on a true crime website. They are still publicly available elsewhere. Snippets of the videos can be found featured in the W5 documentary by CTV News, Where's Dylan?. Public response In the wake of Dylan's disappearance, and in the light of his mother's video uploads, various online communities considered whether she or another family member had murdered Dylan and hidden his body. Katherine Laidlaw of Wired magazine considered that this public response was in part fueled by the rural nature of The Maritimes and the high rate of missing persons in Nova Scotia, noting that much of the province is covered with thick forest and undeveloped land.A Facebook group was started, with over 17,000 members at its height, in which the case was debated and allegations were made that Dylan was killed by a family member. The Ehler-Brown Family was also accused of negligence toward Dylan, leading to Halifax lawyer Allison Harris seeking to have the group removed under Nova Scotia's "Intimate Images and Cyber-protection Act", an anti-cyberbullying law. Settlements were reached with the group's two administrators in mid-2021, in which they were forbidden from contacting Dylan's family and from creating any new internet groups about the disappearance.The legal action was a landmark case in the province regarding cyberbullying (an earlier similar case involving bullied suicide victim Rehtaeh Parsons had been quashed in prior years), although it has been argued that it limits freedom of speech to restrict how uninvolved parties share public discourse about ongoing police investigations. According to Harris, her intent was not to limit free speech online, but rather "to balance freedom of speech on the one hand with preventing harm to people being targeted by malicious online postings on the other." Some of the comments shared in the group included usage of the word "bitch" directed towards Dylan's mother with no critical context, as well as allegations of "Satan worship" and murder, neither of which have ever been proven. Most of the Facebook posts were later removed from the internet, except for those quoted in media interviews for the purposes of reporting the cyberbullying case. Ehler-Brown Family response Dylan's family have consistently maintained their lack of involvement in his disappearance. Parsons in particular has suggested that the boy may have been abducted while she was busy with her dog, although the police do not suspect foul play. In an interview for CTV News, Dylan's mother admitted that her TikTok videos were inappropriate but argued that the public has taken them out of context; the Frozen song video in particular was intended, according to Ashley, to coincide with an ongoing internet trend of posting parodies of Frozen soundtracks, and the video was meant to be morbid humour in no way related to Dylan.In January 2022, Dylan's father was arrested and charged with fraud after being caught using a deceased person's banking information at three different financial institutions local to the Bible Hill area. According to Saltwire, "Court information shows Ehler is accused of falsifying cheques written from Melanie MacCormick [deceased party] to himself for various amounts ranging from $100 to $800 each. He is accused of cashing in and defrauding the TD Bank, Royal Bank of Canada and Bank of Montreal in Truro, on occasions from Nov. 15 to 23, 2021."A year after Dylan's disappearance, his family placed numerous paper boats in Lepper Brook as a form of memorial to the boy, which the public could join in on. "Today was more of a gathering for Dylan, to talk about him and spread awareness, to hold a special moment for him," said his father. "He would have loved to have thrown boats in the water." Ehler Alert petition In the hopes of establishing a stronger public alert system in Nova Scotia, Dylan's parents started a petition for setting up the "Ehler Alert", a public alert system which would facilitate "the rapid distribution of information to the public about young children lost in potentially hazardous environments," according to Jason. See also List of people who disappeared External links Missing Persons official page for Dylan Ehler Truro Police Service contact page == References ==

All Saints Church, Alton Priors

All Saints Church in Alton Priors, Wiltshire, England, dates from the 12th century. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a Grade II* listed building, and is now in the care of The Churches Conservation Trust. It was declared redundant on 28 July 1972, and was vested in the Trust on 12 December 1973.

All Saints Church in Alton Priors, Wiltshire, England, dates from the 12th century. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a Grade II* listed building, and is now in the care of The Churches Conservation Trust. It was declared redundant on 28 July 1972, and was vested in the Trust on 12 December 1973. History and description The church was built of limestone and malmstone rubble in the 12th century, but has undergone several major refurbishments since. The only parts of the 12th-century building that remain in place are the imposts of the chancel arch, with simple ornamentation. Fragments from another 12th-century arch are on display in the church.The presence in the floor of the church of trapdoors giving access to Sarsen stones, and the presence of the 1,700-year-old yew tree in the churchyard, suggest it was a sacred site long before the church was built. In 1491, landowner John Button bequeathed lead to roof part of the church. In the 18th century the nave, two-stage west tower and chancel were all replaced. The church contains Jacobean stall fronts, and The three bells are from the 18th century and are said to be unringable.Lead was stolen from the south side of the nave roof in 2016, but funds were quickly raised by the community to provide a temporary replacement.The church has no permanent electricity supply. The churchyard is not owned by the Churches Conservation Trust and is maintained by the parochial council and volunteers. Monuments On the north side of the chancel, a 16th-century tomb-chest surmounted by a monumental brass commemorates landowner William Button (died 1591), great-grandson of John. Pevsner calls the monument "conceitism at its best ... the deceased rises from his tomb, his naked body turned to the background where the gates of heaven have opened and the angel with the last trump appears ... plenty of inscriptions". Services and events The church was used for three services a year as of 2011, but by 2020 there were no regular services. Local volunteers raise funds by holding a music festival in June each year, featuring the "Music for Awhile" ensemble. Parish Alton Priors was anciently a chapelry of Overton (now West Overton), its church being some five miles south of Overton church by road. In 1913, Alton Priors was detached from Overton vicarage and attached to the adjacent rectory of Alton Barnes to form the parish of Alton Barnes with Alton Priors. St Mary at Alton Barnes is now the parish church, and is one of sixteen in the Vale of Pewsey group. See also List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in Southwest England == References ==

Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklifts

Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklifts, Inc. is a group of multinational companies that were formed under a joint venture between Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) and Caterpillar Inc. in order to manufacture and market trucks. The group manufactures and distributes Cat Lift Trucks, Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks and Jungheinrich warehouse products to the material handling industry.

Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklifts, Inc. is a group of multinational companies that were formed under a joint venture between Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) and Caterpillar Inc. in order to manufacture and market trucks. The group manufactures and distributes Cat Lift Trucks, Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks and Jungheinrich warehouse products to the material handling industry. History The joint venture was formed on July 1, 1992 when MHI entered a joint venture with Caterpillar Inc. The joint venture includes the following companies based on the geographic markets they serve: Americas: Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift America based in Houston, Texas, USA. Europe & Africa: Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift Europe based in Almere, Netherlands. Far East: Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift Asia based in Singapore.The joint venture combined a variety of operational strengths to form a successful company. Mitsubishi's operational strengths include cost-effective manufacturing expertise, vast engineering resources and possession proprietary powertrain. Caterpillar Inc. provided marketing experience, worldwide dealer organization, brand recognition and effective product support. Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift America Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift America Inc. ("MCFA"), headquartered in Houston, Texas is a manufacturer and distributor of material handling equipment and parts under the Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks, Cat Lift Trucks, and Jungheinrich brand names. MCFA also owns the rights to Towmotor brand name, and manufactures under it. MCFA is ISO 9001-2000 certified and has obtained compliance certification from the California Air Resources Board (CARB). MCFA provides a full line of forklifts with complete sales and product support through more than 400 dealer locations throughout the United States, Canada and Latin America. The company's 860,000 sq ft (80,000 m2). facility in Houston is located on 42 acres (170,000 m2) of land and employs 1,200 workers, capable of producing over 25,000 forklifts per annum. MCFA is a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and one of the worldwide MCF group of companies: MCFE (Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift Europe) based in Almere, Netherlands MLAP (Mitsubishi Logisnext Asia Pacific) based in SingaporeEach group, with the exception of MLAP, is responsible for design engineering, manufacturing and marketing the product lines and handling parts distribution in their respective regions. History MCFA was formed through a joint venture in 1992 between two major companies, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) and Caterpillar Industrial Inc. (CII). Jungheinrich Forklifts joined this partnership on January 1, 2010 through a manufacturing and distribution agreement with MCFA. Products Internal Combustion Cushion Tire Lift Trucks Internal Combustion Pneumatic Tire Lift Trucks Electric Counterbalanced Forklifts Electric Narrow Aisle Forklift Trucks Electric and Manual Walkie Forklifts Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift Europe Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift Europe B.V. (MCFE) is a manufacturer and distributor of materials handling products under the brand names Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks and Cat Lift Trucks. Serving customers in Europe (including Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States – CIS), Africa and the Middle East, it is a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd (MHI) and Caterpillar Inc. whose other materials handling subsidiaries include: Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift America Inc. Mitsubishi Logisnext Asia Pacific Pte Ltd Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift (Shanghai) Co. LtdMCFE is based in Almere, the Netherlands, from which it supports a network of more than a hundred independently owned and operated dealers and distributors covering more than 72 countries. MCFE has received the following quality accreditations from the International Organization for Standardization: ISO 9001, ISO 9002, ISO 14001 History MCFE was formed in 1992 when MHI entered a joint venture with Caterpillar Inc. Production and support facilities MCFE’s headquarters are located at the ‘De Vaart’ industrial park in Almere, the Netherlands. They also own a separate manufacturing facility in Järvenpää, Finland, and can call on the resources of the Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift centres in Asia and America for further manufacturing capacity. In addition, MCFE has a central European parts centre based in Puurs, Belgium. The European parts operation is supplemented and supported by those in Asia and America. In 2012 production in Almere stopped due to recession and lack of sales. MCFE changed from a production facility to a sales office. References External links MCFA Official website MCFE Official website Mitsubishi Forklift Trucks Website Cat Lift Trucks Website Jungheinrich Warehouse Products Website Mitsubishi Forklifts

Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited

The Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL) is a parastatal company whose primary purpose is to make bulk electricity purchases and transmit the electricity along high-voltage wires to local and foreign distribution points. UETCL is the sole authorized national bulk energy purchaser and the sole authorized electricity importer and exporter in Uganda.

The Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited (UETCL) is a parastatal company whose primary purpose is to make bulk electricity purchases and transmit the electricity along high-voltage wires to local and foreign distribution points. UETCL is the sole authorized national bulk energy purchaser and the sole authorized electricity importer and exporter in Uganda. Location The headquarters of UETCL are at 10 Hannington Road on Nakasero Hill in Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city. The coordinates of the company headquarters are 0°19'13.0"N 32°35'12.5"E (Latitude:0.320278; Longitude:32.586806). History The company was incorporated as a limited company on 26th March 2001 by an act of the Ugandan parliament following the break-up of the defunct Uganda Electricity Board. Operations UETCL is responsible for the development, operations, maintenance, and improvement of the high-voltage power transmission lines, above 33kV, in Uganda. It also owns and operates the high-voltage substations (above 33kV), around the country. UETCL is wholly owned by the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development and is regulated by the Ugandan Ministry of Energy & Mineral Development. Power loss reduction To reduce electricity transmission losses in the country, UETCL has borrowed US$100 million (UGX:337 billion) from Exim Bank of China to construct four mega substations. The installations will feed the industrial parks at Luzira, Namanve, Mukono, and Iganga. The work also involves construction of 38 kilometres (24 mi) of 132 kilovolt transmission lines. The work was expected to be complete in 2019. New board members In June 2022, Ruth Nankabirwa, the incumbent Minister of Energy and Minerals, introduced and swore in a new board of directors for the company. The new board members are: Kwame Ejalu: Chairman Joshua Karamaji Sharon Achiro Sylvia Muheebwa Nabatanzi Cecilia Nakiranda Julius Mukooli Eng Innocent Oboko Yotkum. See also Umeme Energy in Uganda Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited Electricity Regulatory Authority List of power stations in Uganda References External links UETCL Homepage Uganda: Electricity Firms Face Staffing Challenges As of 7 September 2015. Land Owners hampering power grid extension - UETCL As of 10 March 2022.

Alliance Française de Washington

The Alliance Française of Washington is a non-profit, non governmental cultural and educational American association. Its mission is to promote the French language and Francophone cultures in the Capital Region, as well as intercultural exchanges, within the context of the international network of the Alliance Française

The Alliance Française of Washington is a non-profit, non governmental cultural and educational American association. Its mission is to promote the French language and Francophone cultures in the Capital Region, as well as intercultural exchanges, within the context of the international network of the Alliance Française History In 1883, Jean-Jules Jusserand, the French ambassador to the United States and one of the founding fathers of the Alliance Française de Paris, encouraged the capital's French-American to establish an Alliance Française in Washington. It was achieved in 1905. In 1910, the Alliance counted 93 members and a staff of eight volunteers. By 1945, however, the Alliance had met its demise due to the closing of the French Embassy during the Vichy regime. In 1949, André De Limur, a French officer voluntarily engaged on the side of the Allies, and who had become a US citizen, agreed to revive the Alliance Française de Washington. De Limur went to Washington after the war and dedicated himself to the promotion of France. He was thus the first President of the Alliance Française de Washington from 1949 to 1963. Due to the political-social relations of De Limur, this Alliance proved useful place for diplomatic services. Marguerite La Follette served as President and Executive Director of the Alliance Française de Washington from June 1963 until 1989. During this time, the Alliance was immersed in various projects, the most important of which was the purchase of its current site at 2142 Wyoming Avenue, in the Kalorama neighborhood, in 1970. Eventually in its development, the Alliance demonstrated a need for professional administration, programs and accounting. In 1990 Dominique Choserot was sent as teacher and Executive Director. Daniel Blondy succeeded Choserot in 1993, serving until 1998. Laurent Mellier assumed the post in 1998 and served until 2010 when Thomas Chaurin replaced him. Today, it counts more than 3,200 members and more than 4,000 registrations in French classes a year. Its operating budget ($1.5 million) comes from tuitions, memberships and contributions (individuals, corporations and foundations.) With a Board of Directors of 24 members, it has 12 employees, 25 teachers and c. 60 volunteers. French language center All instructors are native French speakers emphasizing conversation and a contextual approach to language learning. The Alliance Française de Washington provides: - Formal language acquisition classes - Language workshops - Literature and conversation groups It uses new technologies like Smart Boards and web 2.0 such as Skype for group and individual classes, for both adults and children. The Alliance also offers the Test d'évaluation du français certificate (TEF), a diploma delivered by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Paris. Cultural and social events L'Alliance Française de Washington offers a wide variety of social activities and cultural events, including lectures, concerts, films, exhibits, guided tours to museums, "wine and cheese" parties, and discussion groups. The cultural department organizes more than 110 events, mostly at partners' venues. Local partners include the Smithsonian Associates, the Library of Congress, the Washington, DC Francophonie Committee Embassies, Georgetown University, George Washington University, the University of Maryland, the Goethe Institut, the Shakespeare Theater, the Hillwood Museum, the Phillips Collection, the Lisner Auditorium, the Bohemian Caverns and many more. Major past events include writers Amélie Nothomb, Andrei Makine, Michel Houellebecq and Bernard Werber, Le Monde Cartoonist Plantu, Singers Les Nubians and Angelique Kidjo, Jazz musicians Jacky Terrasson and Guillaume de Chassy. Outreach Program Created in 2002, the outreach program reaches 300 children each year in public elementary schools mostly in Northeast and Southeast DC. The main goal of this program is to bring an initiation to the French language and Francophone world to underprivileged elementary students in DC public schools (DCPS.) It is also to give them an appreciation of French-speaking cultures (from France and the French-speaking world) through student participation in some of the Alliance Française cultural activities, either on or off-site. The program runs on the basis of three years in a school. Regular cultural workshops with French singers, actors and lecturers are offered. Past workshops include Gilles Ellkaïm (a solo French explorer of the Eurasian Arctic), Le Monde Cartoonist Plantu, les Acrostiches (renowned French acrobats), Jean Clottes (paleontologist), and Dee Dee Bridgewater (jazz singer). The program is funded through an annual fundraising gala. The library The library has a collection of over 10,000 books, French newspapers, magazines, videos, DVDs and CDs. The collections are open to the public; AF members may borrow materials for free. The library's collections focus on contemporary French and francophone culture. Students of French can refer to this page for bibliographies by CECR (A1-C2) level. Current in-house magazine subscriptions include: Jeune Afrique, Courrier International, Nouvel Observateur, Paris Match, Le Monde Diplomatique, Elle, Historia, Géo, Marie-Claire Idées, Le Français dans le Monde, France, France-Amérique, France Today, Beaux Arts, Lire, Science & Vie, and Mon Jardin Ma Maison, among others. In addition to on-site collections, the Alliance offers access to the first French e-library in the United States, Culturethèque, with more than 200 magazines and newspapers, e-books, bandes dessinées, and music. online catalog The public Students range from children aged 12 months to seniors; the average age is 35 years. The Alliance communicates regularly to 25,000 individuals through mailed brochures, blast e-mails, its website, a blog, and via Facebook and Twitter. Notes and references External links Official website Official Blog Facebook Twitter Délégation Générale de l'Alliance Française aux Etats-Unis

Saint-Germain de Charonne, Paris

The Saint-Germain de Charonne church is a religious building and operational parish church located at 4, place Saint-Blaise in the Père-Lachaise district on the edge of the Charonne district in the 20th arrondissement of Paris.

The Saint-Germain de Charonne church is a religious building and operational parish church located at 4, place Saint-Blaise in the Père-Lachaise district on the edge of the Charonne district in the 20th arrondissement of Paris. History According to tradition, around the year 430, Saint Germain of Paris, then bishop of Auxerre, met a young girl from Nanterre, the future patroness of Paris, Saint Geneviève. Legend has it that the church was erected by the inhabitants of the place in honor of this meeting on the hillside of the village of Charonne.The first church on the site, a modest edifice, can be dated to the 12th century. The church was rebuilt in the 13th century and then rebuilt again in the 15th century. It was dedicated in 1460 by Guillaume VI Chartier, bishop of Paris. A fire in the 17th century destroyed the west facade and 2 spans of the nave. In 1737, the facade was redone (the one that is visible today). A new entry was built on the south facade by adding another span to the nave. The date 1737 can be read on the keystone of the entryway.Before 1860, the date of the village of Charonne's integration into the city of Paris, it was Charonne's parish church. Architecture Saint-Germain de Charonne harmoniously combines vestiges of the 12th century (the bell tower and its buttresses) with later architectural styles, mainly from the 15th and 18th centuries. Thus, the church embodies a montage of styles and cannot be attributed to any particular period. The footprint of the church is rectangular. The interior is irregularly divided by 3 vaults and 4 spans of the nave. The apse is flat. Located on the south side of the church, the medieval bell tower has a 4-sided roof. The entryway is done in the classical style and is framed by 2 pilasters and a triangular pediment. Some of the exterior walls are supported by flying buttresses built during the 19th century. The support walls and the esplanade in front of the church were built in the 1930s.The church sits on a layer of clay and the site is steeply sloped. As a result, it has always had problems with instability. In 2009, major cracks appeared in the masonry on the right side of the church and the church was immediately closed. Large-scale stabilization work, employing the technique of jet grouting, was subsequently undertaken, preceded by an archaeological excavation. The excavation revealed a mass burial ground from the Carolingian period as well as a semi-circular chevet from the second half of the 12th century. Around this chevet, 45 skeletons were found, half of which were of babies.The renovation project began in 2014 and was completed in 2016. Historic monument status The church was classified as a historical monument by the French Ministry of Culture on May 23, 1923. Church cemetery Saint-Germain de Charonne is one of only 2 churches in Paris — along with the Saint-Pierre de Montmartre church — to still be bordered by its old cemetery (as in the Middle Ages). The cemetery of Saint-Germain de Charonne is thought to be as old as the church itself. The cemetery escaped the provisions of the decree of June 12, 1804, which prohibited burials within towns and villages. The cemetery — which became a municipal cemetery of the village of Charonne in 1791 — was expanded in 1845 and again in 1859. This gave it a capacity of more than 650 graves in less than half a hectare. It became a Parisian municipal cemetery when the village of Charonne was annexed to Paris in 1860. It is now part the same administration as the Père-Lachaise cemetery.During the demolition of the annex to the cemetery in 1897, nearly eight hundred skeletons were discovered, still clothed in military uniforms. Examination of the uniform buttons allowed these remains to be identified as those of fédérés — soldiers who fought with the insurrection of the Paris Commune — who were summarily shot and hastily buried in May 1871. In 1897, their remains were reinterred — again in an unmarked mass grave — along the wall on the south side of the current cemetery. A commemorative plaque has since been placed there. The first listing of the cemetery as a historical monument took place on September 18, 1964. Popular culture This church is famous because of its prominent role in the final scenes of the cult film, Les Tontons flingueurs (literally, "The Gun-Toting Uncles"). During the wedding sequence, the audience sees the surrounding neighborhood of Paris (the Saint-Blaise district) as well as the interior of the church. In the scene of the "kneeling uncles", the left part of the painting by Joseph-Benoît Suvée, the Meeting of Saint Germain and Saint Geneviève, is visible in the background. The very last scene of the movie — in which a car is blown up — takes place at the base of the stairs leading up to the church's entryway. == References ==

Advance Thun

Advance Thun SA is a Swiss aircraft manufacturer based in Thun. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of paragliders, harnesses, paragliding carrying bags and paragliding clothing.Advance is a société anonyme, a share-held company.The company is one of the world's leading manufacturers of paragliders. They produce a full line of paragliders ranging from training to competition gliders. Many of their glider models have been developed over successive generations of refinements. Gliders include the beginner Advance Alpha, the intermediate Epsilon and Sigma as well as the competition Omega and the two-place Advance Bi Beta.The 2015 Red Bull X-Alps competition was won by Chrigel Maurer (first) and Sebastian Huber (second), both flying Advance Omega XAlps gliders.

Advance Thun SA is a Swiss aircraft manufacturer based in Thun. The company specializes in the design and manufacture of paragliders, harnesses, paragliding carrying bags and paragliding clothing.Advance is a société anonyme, a share-held company.The company is one of the world's leading manufacturers of paragliders. They produce a full line of paragliders ranging from training to competition gliders. Many of their glider models have been developed over successive generations of refinements. Gliders include the beginner Advance Alpha, the intermediate Epsilon and Sigma as well as the competition Omega and the two-place Advance Bi Beta.The 2015 Red Bull X-Alps competition was won by Chrigel Maurer (first) and Sebastian Huber (second), both flying Advance Omega XAlps gliders. They flew 1,000 km (620 mi) over seven days of bivouac flying. Aircraft References External links Official website

Almunge Church

Almunge Church (Swedish: Almunge kyrka) is a Lutheran church at Almunge in Uppsala County, Sweden. The church is associated with the Archdiocese of Uppsala of the Church of Sweden

Almunge Church (Swedish: Almunge kyrka) is a Lutheran church at Almunge in Uppsala County, Sweden. The church is associated with the Archdiocese of Uppsala of the Church of Sweden History and architecture The history of Almunge Church is somewhat opaque; probably the church was built sometime between 1250 and 1350. The church porch is a later addition, probably built during the 15th century. During the same century the church was remade internally and equipped with brick vaulting, decorated with murals in the style of painter Albertus Pictor (ca.1440–1509). The church was enlarged during the 17th century with the presently visible choir and the external buttresses. During this time the paintings were also covered with whitewash but rediscovered and laid bare again in 1911. New windows were added and old ones enlarged during the 19th century. The organ façade is in neoclassical style designed in 1834 by architect Carl Gustaf Blom Carlsson (1799–1868). Of the furnishings, the baptismal font dates to the medieval era. The altarpiece and the pulpit both date from the early 18th century. Both feature gold baroque trimming by German-Swedish sculptor Burchard Precht (1651–1738). References External links Official site (in Swedish)

Sa (cuneiform)

The cuneiform sa sign is a less common-use sign of the Epic of Gilgamesh, the 1350 BC Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It also has a sumerogrammic usage for SA in the Epic of Gilgamesh. The structure of the cuneiform sign is similar to, Ir (cuneiform), . The "sa" sign has the syllabic usage for sa, and a Sumerogram usage for SA. Alphabetically "sa" can be used for s ("s" can be interchanged with any "z"); and "sa" can be used for a.

The cuneiform sa sign is a less common-use sign of the Epic of Gilgamesh, the 1350 BC Amarna letters, and other cuneiform texts. It also has a sumerogrammic usage for SA in the Epic of Gilgamesh. The structure of the cuneiform sign is similar to, Ir (cuneiform), . The "sa" sign has the syllabic usage for sa, and a Sumerogram usage for SA. Alphabetically "sa" can be used for s ("s" can be interchanged with any "z"); and "sa" can be used for a. In Akkadian, all 4 vowels, a, e, i, u are interchangeable with each other. SA in the Epic of Gilgamesh is a logogram for Akkadian "Šer'ānu", translated as: "muscle, sinew". Epic of Gilgamesh usage The sa sign usage in the Epic of Gilgamesh is as follows: sa-(89 times); and SA-(2). References Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0) Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages.

Jedediah Slason Carvell

Jedediah Slason Carvell (16 March 1832 – 14 February 1894) was a Canadian businessman, politician, and office holder.

Jedediah Slason Carvell (16 March 1832 – 14 February 1894) was a Canadian businessman, politician, and office holder. Accomplishments From 1877 to 1878, he was the sixth Mayor of Charlottetown. He was also Spain's vice-consul in Prince Edward Island.In 1879, he was summoned to the Senate of Canada representing the senatorial division of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. A Conservative, he resigned in 1889 when he was appointed the fifth Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island. He served until his death in 1894. References External links Jedediah Slason Carvell – Parliament of Canada biography "Jedediah Slason Carvell". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1979–2016. The Honourable Jedediah Slason Carvell at Office of the Lieutenant Governor, Prince Edward Island

Kirmeeravadham

Kirmeeravadham (The Slaying of Kirmeera) is a Kathakali play(Aattakatha) written by Kottayam Thampuran (also known as Kottayathu Thampuran) in Malayalam. Based on the Mahabharatha, the story concerns itself with events in the course of the forest exile of the Pandava princes. The play has fourteen scenes. The four plays of Kottayam Thampuran, namely, Kirmeeravadham, Bakavadham, Kalyanasaugandhikam, and Kalakeyavadham, are considered very important in the Kathakali repertoire and are a combination of conventional structure (chitta) with intermittent possibilities for improvisation (manodharma).

Kirmeeravadham (The Slaying of Kirmeera) is a Kathakali play(Aattakatha) written by Kottayam Thampuran (also known as Kottayathu Thampuran) in Malayalam. Based on the Mahabharatha, the story concerns itself with events in the course of the forest exile of the Pandava princes. The play has fourteen scenes. The four plays of Kottayam Thampuran, namely, Kirmeeravadham, Bakavadham, Kalyanasaugandhikam, and Kalakeyavadham, are considered very important in the Kathakali repertoire and are a combination of conventional structure (chitta) with intermittent possibilities for improvisation (manodharma). Brief Summary The five Pandava princes, along with their wife Draupadi, are in exile in the Kamyaka forest. In the first scene of the play, Draupadi and the eldest Pandava prince Dharmaputra(also known as Yudhishthira) are in distress owing to the heat and dust in the forest. They discuss the question of feeding the Brahmins who have accompanied them on their exile. In the second scene, Dharmaputra consults with the sage Dhaumya, who advises him to do penance to the Sun god(Surya). Dharmaputra acts accordingly and the Sun god appears, and grants him the Akshaya Patra, a vessel that provides, every day, an inexhaustible supply of food till Draupadi takes her food. Dharmaputra hands the vessel to Draupadi. Following this, Krishna appears on the scene, and has a conversation with Dharmaputra. Hearing of the difficulties of the Pandavas, Krishna is enraged and commands his weapon Sudarshana Chakra to appear, so that he may at once destroy the Kaurava princes, who were responsible for the exile of the Pandavas in the first place. Dharmaputra intervenes and pleads with Krishna not to do so. Krishna agrees, and leaves after blessing the Pandavas. In the third scene, the sage Durvasa appears, with his disciples. Dharmaputraa welcomes them to their abode and sends them away for their purificatory rituals before they can have a meal. The fourth scene has Draupadi lamenting about the fact that since she has had her meal for the day, the Akshaya Patra will yield no more food for the day; hence there is no way to feed the sage Durvasa and his disciples. Krishna appears again, and asks Draupadi for food. She replies that the vessel is empty. Krishna insists, and she gives him a bit of spinach that is still left over in the Akshaya Patra. Krishna eats this and at once declares that his hunger has disappeared, and by his miraculous powers causes the sages to also feel full. In the sixth scene, Durvasa returns and blesses Dharmaputra. The seventh scene depicts the killing of the demon Shardula by the Pandava prince Arjuna. In the eighth scene, we see the wife of Shardula, the demoness Simhika, upset at the death of her husband. Taking the form of a beautiful woman, she approaches Draupadi in the ninth scene, and describes to her about a fictional temple dedicated to the Goddess Durga, and promises to take Draupadi there. In the tenth scene, Simhika assumes her terrible form, and carries away Draupadi, who cries for help. In the eleventh scene, the Pandava prince Sahadeva rushes to the aid of Draupadi, and attacks and mutilates Simhika, and rescues Draupadi. The twelfth scene has Sahadeva and Panchali filling in the other Pandavas on what transpired. In the thirteenth scene, the mutilated Simhika rushes to her brother, the demon Kirmeera, who consoles her and rushes to attack the Pandavas. Following this he calls the Pandava prince Bhima to battle in the fourteenth scene. Bhima defeats and kills Kirmeera, following which the ascetics in the forest come and sing praises to Bhima for killing the demon. Variations from the Mahabharatha The characters of Shardula and Simhika are original creations of Kottayam Thampuran; they are not to be found in the Mahabharatha. In the Mahabharatha, Kirmeera(Kirmira) is a brother of Bakasura and friend of Hidimba, who attacks the Pandavas in order to exact revenge for their death at the hands of Bhima. References Bibliography Kottayathu Thampuran (2012). Kirmeeravadham [The Killing of Kirmeera] (in Malayalam). National Book Stall Kerala.

Joan of France (1351–1371)

Joan of France (May 1351 – 16 September 1371), also known as Blanche, was the only child of Philip VI of France and his second wife Blanche of Navarre. Joan was born nine months after her father's death.

Joan of France (May 1351 – 16 September 1371), also known as Blanche, was the only child of Philip VI of France and his second wife Blanche of Navarre. Joan was born nine months after her father's death. Life Joan's maternal grandparents were Philip III of Navarre and Joan II of Navarre. Her paternal grandparents were Charles of Valois and Margaret of Naples. Joan had two half-brothers from her father's first marriage to Joan the Lame: John II of France and Philip of Valois, Duke of Orléans. After the death of Philip, Blanche retired to Neaufles-Saint-Martin near Gisors in Normandy. In 1370, Joan was betrothed to Infante John, Duke of Girona, son and heir of Peter IV of Aragon. The marriage contract was signed 16 July 1370. The following year Joan departed from France and set off to marry John in Aragon. However, Joan died on 16 September 1371 in Béziers, whilst travelling to meet her future husband. He accused the midwife Bonanada of having caused her death by use of sorcery.Joan's mother died 5 October 1398, twenty-seven years after her daughter. They are buried together in the Basilica of St Denis, the necropolis of the Kings of France, north of Paris. Ancestry == References ==

Internet studies

Internet studies is an interdisciplinary field studying the social, psychological, political, technical, cultural and other dimensions of the Internet and associated information and communication technologies. The human aspects of the Internet are a subject of focus in this field. While that may be facilitated by the underlying technology of the Internet, the focus of study is often less on the technology itself than on the social circumstances that technology creates or influences.While studies of the Internet are now widespread across academic disciplines, there is a growing collaboration among these investigations. In recent years, Internet studies have become institutionalized as courses of study at several institutions of higher learning. Cognates are found in departments of a number of other names, including departments of "Internet and Society", "virtual society", "digital culture", "new media" or "convergent media", various "iSchools", or programs like "Media in Transition" at MIT.

Internet studies is an interdisciplinary field studying the social, psychological, political, technical, cultural and other dimensions of the Internet and associated information and communication technologies. The human aspects of the Internet are a subject of focus in this field. While that may be facilitated by the underlying technology of the Internet, the focus of study is often less on the technology itself than on the social circumstances that technology creates or influences.While studies of the Internet are now widespread across academic disciplines, there is a growing collaboration among these investigations. In recent years, Internet studies have become institutionalized as courses of study at several institutions of higher learning. Cognates are found in departments of a number of other names, including departments of "Internet and Society", "virtual society", "digital culture", "new media" or "convergent media", various "iSchools", or programs like "Media in Transition" at MIT. On the research side, Internet studies intersects with studies of cyberculture, human–computer interaction, and science and technology studies. Internet and society is a research field that addresses the interrelationship of Internet and society, i.e. how society has changed the Internet and how the Internet has changed society.The topic of social issues relating to Internet has become notable since the rise of the World Wide Web, which can be observed from the fact that journals and newspapers run many stories on topics such as cyberlove, cyberhate, Web 2.0, cybercrime, cyberpolitics, Internet economy, etc. As most of the scientific monographs that have considered Internet and society in their book titles are social theoretical in nature, Internet and society can be considered as a primarily social theoretical research approach of Internet studies. Topics of study In recent years, Internet studies have become institutionalized as courses of study, and even separate departments, at many institutions of higher learning.Disciplines that contribute to Internet studies include: Computer-mediated communication (CMC): such as the role of e-mail, social media, MMORPGs, online chat, blogs, and text messaging in communication processes. Digital rights: including privacy, free speech, intellectual property, and digital rights management. Digital labor and the "gig economy". Internet architecture: including the fundamental programming and architecture of the Internet, such as TCP/IP, HTML, CSS, CGI, CFML, DOM, JS, PHP, XML. Internet culture: including the emergence of Internet slang, cyberculture and digital music. Internet security: such as the structure and propagation of viruses, malware, and software exploits, as well as methods of protection, including antivirus programs and firewalls. Online communities: including Internet forums, blogs, and MMORPGs. Open source software: focusing on the ability of Internet users to collaborate to modify, develop, and improve pieces of software which are freely available to the public without charge. Sociology of the Internet: including the social implications of the Internet, new social networks, online societies (virtual communities), identity practices and social interaction on the Internet. Science and technology studies: how and why we have the digital technologies we have, and how society shapes their development. Internet and social media use in politics: including its use for mobilizing political campaigns and protests. Web archiving and the history of the Internet: preservation of the objects of study, and focusing on the development of the Internet over time. Key journals A number of academic journals are central to communicating research in the field, including Bad Subjects, Convergence, CTheory, Cyber Psychology & Behaviour, Computers in Human Behavior, First Monday, Information, Communication & Society, The Information Society, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, M/C Journal, New Media & Society, Social Science Computer Review, tripleC, Fibreculture Journal, and TeknoKultura. However, research relating to internet studies appears in a diverse range of venues and disciplines. History Barry Wellman argues that Internet studies may find its beginnings with the 1978 publication of The Network Nation, and was largely dominated by computer scientists, presenting at venues like the annual CSCW conference. These were quickly joined by researchers in business fields and library and information science. By the late 1990s, more attention was being paid to systematic investigation of users and how they made use of the new technologies.During the 1990s, the rapid diffusion of Internet access began to attract more attention from a number of social science and humanities disciplines, including the field of communication. Some of these investigations, like the Pew Internet & American Life project and the World Internet Project framed the research in terms of traditional social science approaches, with a focus less on the technology than on those who use them. But the focus remained at the aggregate level. In the UK, the ESRC Programme on Information and Communications Technologies (1986–1996) laid considerable ground work on how society and ICTs interact, bringing together important clusters of scholars from media and communications, society, innovation, law, policy and industry across leading UK universities. In 1996, this interest was expressed in other ways as well. Georgetown University began offering a related master's program in that year, and at the University of Maryland, David Silver created the Resource Center for Cyberculture Studies on the web. Middlebury College developed Politics of Virtual Realities, one of the first undergraduate courses dedicated to exploring the political, legal and normative implications of the Internet for liberal democracy. By 2001, The Chronicle of Higher Education noted that "Internet studies" was emerging as a discipline in its own right, as suggested by the first undergraduate program in the area, offered at Brandeis University, and noted that "perhaps the most telling sign of the field's momentum" was the popularity of the annual conference created by the then nascent Association of Internet Researchers. Scholarly organizations American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIST) American Sociological Association, Section on Communication and Information Technologies (CITASA) Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR) Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Communication & Technology Division (CTEC) Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) European Association for the Study of Science and Technology (EASST) European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) Internet & Politics Standing Group (SG) International Communication Association Communication & Technology (CAT) division National Communication Association (NCA) Human Communication and Technology Division (HCTD) Society for Social Studies of Science (4S) See also Digital history Digital humanities Internet research ethics Library science Web science References Sources Further reading Graham, Mark; Dutton, William H., eds. (July 18, 2019). Society and the Internet: How Networks of Information and Communication are Changing Our Lives (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198843498.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-187932-6. OCLC 1128056976. Ess, Charles M; Dutton, William H (April 2013). "Internet Studies: Perspectives on a rapidly developing field". New Media & Society. 15 (5): 633–643. doi:10.1177/1461444812462845. ISSN 1461-4448. S2CID 12436793.

Brewer Park

Brewer Park is a municipal park in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located on the north bank of the Rideau River at Bronson Avenue, across from Carleton University. In the winter, Brewer park houses a world-class speed skating oval, two smaller-sized hockey rinks as well as Canada's largest Legal Graffiti wall under Dunbar Bridge. It is one of the most popular places for the students of Carleton University, who can study or involve themselves in many sports.

Brewer Park is a municipal park in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located on the north bank of the Rideau River at Bronson Avenue, across from Carleton University. In the winter, Brewer park houses a world-class speed skating oval, two smaller-sized hockey rinks as well as Canada's largest Legal Graffiti wall under Dunbar Bridge. It is one of the most popular places for the students of Carleton University, who can study or involve themselves in many sports. Sport and playground facilities Brewer park contains facilities for both the young and old. 3 soccer fields (two are also football accessible) 3 baseball diamonds a hockey arena (Brewer arena) legal graffiti wall many biking paths half of a basketball court a mini-waterpark 4 play-structures waterfront and pond a community garden, Brewer Park Community Garden, including a geodesic dome greenhouseBrewer Park is also home to the annual House of Paint Hip Hop Festival. Over 200 urban artists worldwide gather once a year to celebrate the positivity of the hip-hop community with a block-party-style festival. At this event the underbelly of the Dunbar Bridge is covered with art from 75 graffiti artists from around North America. Though not part of the park, Brewer is adjacent to the Ottawa Tennis & Lawn Bowling Club, to the Westboro Academy, and to Brewer Pool, a fairly large indoor pool. History In the 1960s and 1970s, Brewer park housed a public beach that encircled Brewer Park Pond, a shallow pond approximately 100 metres in diameter, which drew a young crowd around the area. But pollution measurement and clarity standards in Ontario changed and enclosed beaches were not permitted, and the beach was closed permanently in 1971. The pond is still there, and the building that once housed a canteen and many storage items (known as the Beach Pavilion), previously used as a locker room for many football teams who play on the neighbouring field, was taken down in December 2017 as it had reached the end of its functional life-cycle and in need of significant repairs. The Pavilion had been situated on posts raising it above the floodplain and allowing it to survive, relatively unharmed, during the yearly spring freshet. The remainder of the park, tennis club and nearby low-lying residential areas are protected by a low berm/dam constructed in the 1980s. House of Paint wall In 2003 the wall along the Dunbar Bridge underpass -which runs under Bronson Avenue where it goes over the Rideau river- became Ottawa's first legal graffiti wall. Graffiti art had been painted here for years before the legalization, but the wall now is an open forum for artists to show creativity. Most works of art are not around for more than a couple weeks due to the painting being replaced. The "House of Paint" graffiti jam started in 2003 as a celebration of the creation of Ottawa's first Free Zone for Legal Art. Since then it's become a yearly event under the bridge. Aside from the paint being used on the wall, the House of Paint Festival is now the most Eco-Conscious festival in the Ottawa area. There are many recycling and eco-friendly initiatives to take care of waste from the event. HOP staff also have a "Clean up day" around the event space leading up to the event to do their part to keep things clean. References House of Paint official website

Virūpa

Virupa (Sanskrit: Virūpa; Tib. bi ru pa or bir wa pa,lit. 'ugly one'), also known as Virupaksa and Tutop Wangchuk, was an 8th-9th century Indian mahasiddha and yogi, and the source of important cycles of teachings in Tibetan Buddhism.

Virupa (Sanskrit: Virūpa; Tib. bi ru pa or bir wa pa,lit. 'ugly one'), also known as Virupaksa and Tutop Wangchuk, was an 8th-9th century Indian mahasiddha and yogi, and the source of important cycles of teachings in Tibetan Buddhism. The Source of Virupa or Birubapa He is especially known as the source of the Lamdré ("path-fruit", Skt. mārga-phala) system held by the Sakya school and is thus seen as the Indian founder of their lineage. A series of verses called the Vajra verses, which are pith instructions on the Hevajra tantra, are also attributed to him.Tibetan sources mention that he was born in Tripura in East India and studied at the Somapura Mahavihara as a monk and practiced tantra, particularly Cakrasamvara. Alternatively, Indian sources such as the Navanathacaritramu detail that he was born in Maharashtra around the Konkan region to a pious Brahmin couple. The Tibetan historian Taranatha also says that he lived in Maharashtra.Tibetan sources further state that after years of tantric practice with no results, he gave up tantra and threw his mala in the toilet. Then he received a vision from the deity Nairatmya who became his main deity and he subsequently received teachings and empowerments from her. He eventually left the monastery and traveled throughout India teaching tantra, performing various magical feats (siddhis) as well as "converting non-Buddhists (tirthikas), destroying their images and stopping their sanguinary rituals."According to Indologist James Mallinson, a text called the Amṛtasiddhi, which is the earliest confirmed text to teach Hatha yoga techniques, is attributed to Virupa. He also appears as a mahasiddha in various non-Buddhist texts, especially Nath works. 'Virupa' or 'Birupa' as a preaching Guru The Buddhist monk, Virubapa, contributed the 3rd poem of the list found in the Charyapada manuscript. It is documented that he flourished at the reigning period of Devpala ranging from 810-850 A.D. Virubapa was supposed to have been born at the thriving period of Devpala, the third king of the Pala dynasty. Devpala had succeeded to exert influence in Bangla, the adjacent areas of his kingdom,Tripura. This made the monk like Virubapa have a close contact with the Sompura Mohavira at Paharpur, Bogura in Bangladesh. Thus; his contact with the lower caste of Hindu people like ‘Surini’, a lady who lives by making and selling wines (p.13) has been validated the poem reiterates- “There is one female wine-seller. She enters into two houses. She ferments wine with fine barks (of trees)” (L. 1-2; p.35).The translation of the source poem into English goes like- The lady of winery produces drunk’s nectar craftily, And glides herself into the duo-caves gaily. Ay craftswoman, thou be stable in thy action, That will harken thou deathless with a physique so strong. You left a mark on the display door for your sale, The wine seekers hurried gaily to the door without fail. The variegated cups were full to the brim to seep, And the wine chasers relished them to dip down the deep. The wind laden cup reaches to a lean vain like door, That Biruwa bewares you to care whence the wine to pour. These Buddhist Tantric who revealed the practices of “SAHAJYANA”[1] through the songs on various ragas had few things identical:- a. They all accepted the “SAHAJYANA”, the reformed form of ‘MAHAYANA Buddhism’, b. they chose songs as the form of preaching the theology, c. They used the human body as the great metaphor of communion with desire and void, and d. They used a few of the specified ragas. These alignments of poetic theme and structures reveals the truth that they had somehow close association with each other- historically, geographically, thematically, spiritually as their way of ‘Bodhi Marg”(attaining knowledge) had to follow a flexible way of seeking for ‘GURU’, ‘Siddhacharya’, or the guide to be followed by the disciples. Perhaps; this ideation enabled a songwriter to have a connection with generations of followings and leading. Dr. Muhammad Sahidullah also reported that Virubapa had for some time visited Paharpur Mohavira and stayed there to preach the theory of ‘SAHAJYANA’ and Paharpur Mohavira had a reputation for the abode and teaching place for the Buddhist Monks at the time of the PALA dynasty. This monastery was situated in the Northwestern region of Bangladesh that kept close contact with the Tibetan Buddhist monks. Virubapa had a disciple, Dombipa, who is also the writer of the song no. 14 and thus the Buddhist cult of SAHAZYANA community extends through GURU-DISCIPLE co-relational practices. See also Tilopa Naropa Mahasiddha Sakya References Bibliography Tseten, Lama Migmar, The Play of Mahamudra: Spontaneous Teachings on Virupa's Mystical Songs, Wisdom Publications, 2021 (ISBN 978-1-61429-703-1)

Gerry Patrick Hemming

Gerald Patrick "Gerry" Hemming, Jr. (March 1, 1937 – January 28, 2008) was a former U.S. Marine, mercenary and Central Intelligence Agency asset within the Domestic Contact Division beginning in 1960, using the aliases Jerry Patrick, Gerry Patrick, Heming and Hannon. He was primarily involved in covert operations against Cuba.

Gerald Patrick "Gerry" Hemming, Jr. (March 1, 1937 – January 28, 2008) was a former U.S. Marine, mercenary and Central Intelligence Agency asset within the Domestic Contact Division beginning in 1960, using the aliases Jerry Patrick, Gerry Patrick, Heming and Hannon. He was primarily involved in covert operations against Cuba. Early background One of eleven children, Hemming was born in Los Angeles, California on March 1, 1937. He attended El Monte Union High School in California before joining the United States Marine Corps in 1954.Hemming left the Marines in October 1958 and the following year traveled to Cuba where he gave help to Fidel Castro and his revolutionary forces.Hemming claimed that in January 1959 he met Lee Harvey Oswald at the Atsugi Naval Air Station in Japan. Hemming complained that Oswald boasted too much about his inside knowledge. For instance, upon their first meeting; Oswald tried to impress Hemming by showing off how much he knew about Hemming's background and mission - somebody in an intelligence capacity had briefed Lee Harvey Oswald, and Oswald sort of teased Hemming with this information. So, Hemming did not particularly enjoy the company of Oswald from the start.Like many young Americans, including Frank Sturgis, David Ferrie and Harry Dean, Hemming joined an American effort to overthrow the Batista regime through the efforts of Fidel Castro. When Castro proved to be a Communist, and subjected some Americans to firing squads, most Americans "switched sides" and this included Gerry Patrick Hemming. who, in 1961, established Interpen as a means to attack and weaken the Castro regime. Other members of Interpen reportedly included Loran Hall, Roy Hargraves, William Seymour, Lawrence Howard, Steve Wilson, Howard K. Davis, Edwin Collins, James Arthur Lewis, Dennis Harber, Bill Dempsey, Dick Whatley, Ramigo Arce, Ronald Augustinovich, Joe Garman, Edmund Kolby, Ralph Schlafter, Manuel Aguilar and Oscar Del Pinto. Interpen Hemming was a leader of Interpen, or Intercontinental Penetration Force, a group of anti-Castro guerrillas who trained at No Name Key in the early 1960s.Declassified FBI files show that the agency had an informer within Interpen. His code name was MM T-1. In one document dated June 16, 1961, it said that MM T-1 had "been connected with Cuban revolutionary activities for the past three years". One document dated May 12, 1961, claims that Allen Lushane of Miami "had made a trip to Texas to recruit Americans for some future military action against the Government of Cuba". The document adds that the "first training camp was established by Gerald Patrick Hemming with Dick Watley and Ed Colby running the camp." In an interview that he gave to John M. Newman on January 6, 1995, Hemming claimed that the FBI informer was Steve Wilson. This group of experienced soldiers were involved in training members of the anti-Castro groups funded by the Central Intelligence Agency in Florida in the early 1960s. When the government began to crack down on raids from Florida in 1962, Interpen set up a new training camp in New Orleans, Louisiana. When this work came to an end in 1964 Hemming was employed in the construction industry in Miami. During March and April 1972, while traveling in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, Hemming was able penetrate a conspiracy to assassinate the Chief Executives and Members of Congress of the Republic of Costa Rica, and the Chief Executive of the Republic of Panama. Hemming and Lee Harvey Oswald According to Victor Marchetti, he was also Lee Harvey Oswald's case officer at then-secret NAF Atsugi.Gerry Hemming has granted long interviews with several writers working on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. These include Anthony Summers (Conspiracy), Noel Twyman (Bloody Treason) and John M. Newman (Oswald and the CIA). Some researchers believe that a combination of Interpen members and anti-Castro Cubans were involved in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. This included Hemming, James Arthur Lewis, Roy Hargraves, Edwin Collins, Steve Wilson, David Sanchez Morales, Herminio Diaz Garcia, Tony Cuesta, Eugenio Martinez, Virgilio Gonzalez, Felipe Vidal Santiago and William "Rip" Robertson. Arms trading Gerry Hemming was arrested on August 23, 1976, for the illegal transfer of a silencer and drug smuggling. It seems that this was the point that he began talking about his past work with the CIA. He told one reporter: "All of a sudden they're accusing me of conspiracy to import marijuana and cocaine. Hey, what about all the other things I've been into for the last 15 years, lets talk about them. Let's talk about the Martin Luther King thing, let's talk about Don Freed, Le Coubre, nigger-killers in bed with the Mafia, the Mafia in bed with the FBI, and the goddamn CIA in bed with all of them. Let's talk about all the people I dirtied up for them over the years." 1978 conviction and acquittal Hemming was convicted by a Miami jury of conspiracy to import marijuana. In 1978 he was sentenced to six months in prison by U.S. District Judge William Hoeveler. Hemming was released on appeal bond and the conviction was later overturned. In August, 1978, Victor Marchetti published an article about the assassination of John F. Kennedy in the Liberty Lobby newspaper, The Spotlight. In the article Marchetti argued that the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) had obtained a 1966 CIA memo that revealed Hemming, E. Howard Hunt, and Frank Sturgis had been involved in the plot to kill Kennedy. Marchetti's article also included a story that Marita Lorenz had provided information on this plot. On April 14, 1980, Hemming was arrested and charged with drug trafficking. He was held on $200,000 bond in Palm Beach County, Florida. He claimed that he had not smuggled Quaaludes, but was establishing his bona fides with drug traffickers so he could penetrate their networks. Hemming told Alan J. Weberman that he was working for Mitchell Werbell III and Lucien Conein. Hemming was sentenced to 35 years in prison with a minimum mandatory sentence of three years but the conviction was later overturned on appeal. Hunt decided to take legal action against the Liberty Lobby. In December, 1981, he was awarded $650,000 in damages. Liberty Lobby appealed to the United States Court of Appeals. It was claimed that Hunt's attorney, Ellis Rubin, had offered a clearly erroneous instruction as to the law of defamation. The three-judge panel agreed and the case was retried. This time Mark Lane defended the Liberty Lobby against Hunt's action. Lane eventually discovered Marchetti's sources. The main source was William R. Corson. It also emerged that Marchetti had also consulted James Angleton and A. J. Weberman before publishing the article. As a result of obtaining depositions from David Atlee Phillips, Richard Helms, G. Gordon Liddy, Stansfield Turner, and Marita Lorenz, plus a skillful cross-examination by Lane of E. Howard Hunt, the jury decided in January, 1985, that Marchetti had not been guilty of libel when he suggested that John F. Kennedy had been assassinated by people working for the CIA. Lane stated that during a later meeting they had, Hemming corroborated the details of the assassination which were outlined during the trial. Later life Hemming became an active member of the JFK assassination research community later in life. He served for a time as official dignitary of the South Florida Research Group. In 1996 he participated in November in Dallas: The JFK-Lancer Conference on assassination research, hosted in Dallas from November 21 to 24. He delivered brief remarks before making himself available for questions from the panelists: Gordon Winslow, Jerry Rose, George Michael Evica, and Charles Drago. This panel became the subject of an article by a journalist who attended the conference. Filmography Cuba: Lost in the Shadows (2011), a documentary in which Hemming plays a key role. References Further reading Dick Russell (Apr. 1976). "An EX-CIA Man's Stunning Revelations on 'The Company,' JFK's Murder, and the Plot to Kill Richard Nixon." Interview with Gerry Patrick Hemming. Argosy, pp. 25-28, 51-54. Archived from the original. External links Gerry Patrick Hemming at IMDb Gerry Patrick Hemming at Spartacus Educational Gerry Patrick Hemming at the Weisberg Collection FBI-HSCA Subject File at Mary Ferrell Foundation Primary source collection at Latinamericanstudies.org Personal background FOIA documents (199 pages)

Chen Fahu

Chen Fahu (Chinese: 陈发虎; pinyin: Chén Fāhǔ; born December 1962) is a Chinese geographer, geologist and climatologist who has served as Director of the Institute of Tibet Plateau Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences since 2018. He formerly served as professor and Vice President of Lanzhou University, and Dean of the university's College of Earth and Environment Sciences. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and The World Academy of Sciences.

Chen Fahu (Chinese: 陈发虎; pinyin: Chén Fāhǔ; born December 1962) is a Chinese geographer, geologist and climatologist who has served as Director of the Institute of Tibet Plateau Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences since 2018. He formerly served as professor and Vice President of Lanzhou University, and Dean of the university's College of Earth and Environment Sciences. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and The World Academy of Sciences. Education and career Chen was born in December 1962 in Danfeng County, Shaanxi, China. He earned his B.S. in physical geography in 1984, his M.S. in physical geography in 1987, and his Ph.D. in Quaternary sciences in 1990, all from Lanzhou University. His doctoral advisor was academician Li Jijun. He also studied under academician Shi Yafeng.After earning his Ph.D., Chen became a lecturer in the Department of Geography of Lanzhou University and later promoted to associate professor and professor. From 1995 to 1997, he conducted postdoctoral research at the University of Liverpool in England. He served as Dean of Lanzhou University's College of Earth and Environment Sciences from 1999 to 2005, and was appointed Vice President of the university in 2007, responsible for both research and the university journal. In 2018, he was transferred to Beijing to serve as Professor and Director of the Institute of Tibet Plateau Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Research Chen's research interests include Quaternary environment, climate change, environmental archaeology, and palaeolimnology. He proposed and demonstrated the "Westerly Climate Regime" in Asia during the Holocene epoch and confirmed rapid changes in Asian monsoons.In 2010, Chen and his colleague Zhang Dongju, his former Ph.D. student, began studying the Xiahe mandible, an unusual hominin fossil discovered in 1980 in the Baishiya Karst Cave by a Tibetan monk. They surveyed a number of caves in the Xiahe area. As so much time had passed since its initial discovery, it took them six years to ascertain that the fossil came from the Baishiya Karst Cave. In 2018, Zhang led a systematic excavation of the cave and discovered numerous palaeolithic tools and animal bones bearing cut marks. In collaboration with Jean-Jacques Hublin at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, they used palaeoproteomic analysis to confirm that the mandible belonged to the first known Denisovan outside Siberia, and the earliest human known to have lived on the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau, dating to 160,000 years ago. Honours and recognition Chen received the China Youth Science and Technology Award in 1996, the National Outstanding Scientist Award in 2005, and the State Natural Science Award (Second Class) in 2007.Chen was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2015, and of The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) in 2016. == References ==

Skibo Castle

Skibo Castle (Scottish Gaelic: Caisteal Sgìobail) is located to the west of Dornoch in the Highland county of Sutherland, Scotland overlooking the Dornoch Firth. Although largely of the 19th century and early 20th century, when it was the home of industrialist Andrew Carnegie, its origins go back much earlier. Andrew Chirnside was a previous owner. It is now operated as The Carnegie Club, a members-only residential club, offering members and their guests accommodation in both the castle and estate lodges, a private links golf course and a range of activities including clay pigeon shooting, tennis and horse riding.

Skibo Castle (Scottish Gaelic: Caisteal Sgìobail) is located to the west of Dornoch in the Highland county of Sutherland, Scotland overlooking the Dornoch Firth. Although largely of the 19th century and early 20th century, when it was the home of industrialist Andrew Carnegie, its origins go back much earlier. Andrew Chirnside was a previous owner. It is now operated as The Carnegie Club, a members-only residential club, offering members and their guests accommodation in both the castle and estate lodges, a private links golf course and a range of activities including clay pigeon shooting, tennis and horse riding. Etymology According to William J. Watson, Skibo is the anglicisation of Scottish Gaelic Sgìobal, which in turn comes from an Old Norse name meaning either firewood-steading or Skithi's steading. History The first record of Skibo Castle is a charter from 1211. From its early history, the castle was a residence of the Bishops of Caithness. Skibo Castle remained the residence of subsequent bishops until 1545, when the estate was, as a tactical measure by the church, given to John Gray in order to reinforce its alliance with a powerful family as the threat of a Protestant uprising spread towards the north. In 1745, Robert Gray surrendered the estate. It was later bought by a relative who built a modern house before 1760. Its ownership changed frequently until 1872, when it was bought by Evan Charles Sutherland-Walker, who extended the house and improved the grounds. However, the condition of the building had declined by 1897, when wealthy industrialist Andrew Carnegie took a one-year lease, with an option to buy. In 1898 he exercised that option for £85,000. However its condition had declined so much by this time that a further £2 million was spent on improvements, including an increase in area from 16,000 square feet (1,500 m2) to over 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2), plus the creation of Loch Ospisdale, an indoor swimming pavilion and a 9-hole golf course. Carnegie employed Alexander Ross of Inverness to carry out major upgrading works including full electrical services served by a private power station.Skibo stayed with the Carnegie family until 1982. It was later purchased by businessman Peter de Savary and used as the foundation of a private members club, The Carnegie Club. Establishment of the club required restoration of the castle to recreate the luxury of an Edwardian sporting estate. Similar renovation was undertaken on the many lodges located amongst the castle grounds to provide additional accommodation for club members. De Savary sold the club to Ellis Short in 2003, for £23 million. Following the Shorts' purchase of the club, some £20 million has been invested in the refurbishment and restoration of the 8,000 acre estate. Aware of the historic significance of the category-A listed castle and its contents, the Club have undertaken a programme of conservation over the last decade with the aim of preserving as much as possible of the building whilst improving the existing facilities on the estate. This includes the redevelopment of the golf course, a sympathetic restoration of Carnegie's magnificent swimming pool, ongoing restoration of the Mackenzie and Moncur glasshouses and the refurbishment of all bedrooms in the castle and lodges. The Carnegie Club The Carnegie Club is a members-only club, with its accommodation and facilities available to its members and their guests. Non-members who wish to be considered for membership are invited to apply to the club's committee for a one-off visit before deciding whether to apply or not. The Carnegie links golf course has fewer than 4000 rounds played on it per annum. As it is so quiet, residents of the club do not need to book tee times and can play whenever they wish. A limited number of public tee times are available to non-members/non-residents throughout the summer from May to October. The funds raised from membership fees and accommodation are reinvested into the upkeep of the estate. The Carnegie Club hosted Madonna's wedding to Guy Ritchie on 22 December 2000. In 1995, it had hosted the marriage of golfer Sam Torrance and actress Suzanne Danielle. On 28 December 1997 it hosted the marriage of actor Robert Carlyle and Anastasia Shirley.On 3 December 2006, the BBC Television programme Landward featured the Burnett family who for several generations had been tenants of a farm on Skibo estate. The programme highlighted their search for a new farm following their eviction by the estate. The farmhouse is now part of guest accommodation on the estate. Castle grounds The grounds include Lake Louise, a very small artificial lake, and one of only a few bodies of water in Scotland known as lakes. The estate is listed on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the list of nationally significant designed landscapes. References External links The Carnegie Club at Skibo Castle Skibo Estate, Gazetteer for Scotland

Old Church of St Domenica, Dingli

The Old Church of St Domenica (Maltese: Knisja Medjevali ta' Santa Duminka) is a ruined Roman Catholic parish church in Dingli, Malta, which was dedicated to Saint Domenica.

The Old Church of St Domenica (Maltese: Knisja Medjevali ta' Santa Duminka) is a ruined Roman Catholic parish church in Dingli, Malta, which was dedicated to Saint Domenica. History The church is believed to date back to the 15th century. At the time it formed part of the village of Ħal Tartarni, which was also called Villaggio di S. Domenica after the church. The building became the village's parish church sometime before 1436.Ħal Tartarni ceased to be a parish in 1539, when it was absorbed into the parish of St Paul of Rabat. The settlement later merged with the village of Dingli, which was established as an independent parish in the 17th century.In November 2012 a proposal was made to schedule the remains of the church, but no action was taken until eight years later, after a new road was proposed to be constructed directly adjacent to the site in October 2020. This raised concerns among residents and NGOs that the church's fragile structure could collapse in the process and that its context would be lost. The church was finally scheduled as a Grade 1 monument by the Planning Authority on 14 October. == References ==

Brachychiton sp. Ormeau

Brachychiton sp. Ormeau is a rare and endangered rainforest tree found in Queensland, Australia.

Brachychiton sp. Ormeau is a rare and endangered rainforest tree found in Queensland, Australia. Description A species of tree belonging to the genus Brachychiton, it reaches up to 25 metres in height. The leaves are dropped during the dry season, a time of year the species favours for reproduction, and return as pale to coppery coloured new growth. The flowering period is during September, the profuse display of green to white bell-shaped flowers appearing at the terminus of the branches;the width of each flower is around 10 mm. Fruiting pods appear from January to February, these are 3 cm long, brown, and boat-shaped. During the later stages of growth the trunk begins to form an exaggerated bottle-shape, and the leaves alter from a deeply lobed shape, divided from five to nine times, to a glossy and often elliptical leaf 12 to 20 centimetres long.The tree is capable of attaining a great age, over 120 years being possible. Sexual maturity is reached after around twenty years. Distribution and range The Ormeau bottle trees are noticeably restricted in range, extending over a range of only 6.5 km2 and occurring in very low population densities per square kilometre. The largest stand, regarded as the most viable population, is reported to consist of 131 plants. Another two reproductive populations have been found in separate locations nearby but each contains fewer than ten trees; other individuals occur as non-seeding outliers within this total population of 161 trees. Conservation The main population occurs within an 'environmental park', the Wongawallan Conservation Area in the rural suburb of Wongawallan, Queensland, where it is afforded some protection from threatening factors. The small groups outside this area are located on a lease for proposed quarries. The federal government has named this tree as one of thirty plant species to be the given the highest priority for protection from extinction, and that its status be improved by the year 2020. The major threats identified are habitat loss, fire, insect and weed infestation and the low genetic diversity of those populations that remain. == References ==

Tor Inge Eidesen

Tor Inge Eidesen (born 24 July 1964) is a Norwegian farmer and politician for the Centre Party.

Tor Inge Eidesen (born 24 July 1964) is a Norwegian farmer and politician for the Centre Party. Biography Born on 24 July 1964, Eidesen is educated as agronomist from Tveit Landbruksskole, and at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. From 1989 to 1994 he was appointed at the Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Since 1994 he has been a farmer in the municipality of Haugesund. He has been a member of the municipal council of Haugesund since 2015.Eidesen was elected deputy representative to the Storting from the constituency of Rogaland for the period 2021–2025, for the Centre Party. He replaces Geir Pollestad at the Storting from August 2023 while Pollestad is government minister. == References ==

Reterritorialization

Reterritorialization (French: reterritorialisation) is the restructuring of a place or territory that has experienced deterritorialization. Deterritorialization is a term created by Deleuze and Guattari in their philosophical project Capitalism and Schizophrenia (1972–1980). They distinguished that relative deterritorialization is always accompanied by reterritorialization. It is the design of the new power. For example, when the Spanish (Hernán Cortés) conquered the Aztecs, and after the Spanish deterritorialized by eliminating the symbols of the Aztecs' beliefs and rituals, the Spanish then reterritorialized by putting up their own beliefs and rituals.

Reterritorialization (French: reterritorialisation) is the restructuring of a place or territory that has experienced deterritorialization. Deterritorialization is a term created by Deleuze and Guattari in their philosophical project Capitalism and Schizophrenia (1972–1980). They distinguished that relative deterritorialization is always accompanied by reterritorialization. It is the design of the new power. For example, when the Spanish (Hernán Cortés) conquered the Aztecs, and after the Spanish deterritorialized by eliminating the symbols of the Aztecs' beliefs and rituals, the Spanish then reterritorialized by putting up their own beliefs and rituals. This form of propaganda established their takeover of the land. Propaganda is an attempt to reterritorialize by influencing people's ideas through information distributed on a large scale. For example, during World War I, the U.S. put up posters everywhere to encourage young men to join the military and fight. Use in anthropology Reterritorialization is when people within a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own. An example would be the Indonesian Hip Hop. Although hip hop and rap grew out of the inner cities of New York City and Los Angeles during the 1980s and 1990s, by the time it reached Indonesia through Europe and Central Asia, it had already lost some of its original characteristics. Imported hip hop diffused first to a small group of people in Indonesia; then, Indonesians began to create hip hop music. Although the music was hip hop, the local artists integrated their local culture with the practises of the “foreign” hip hop to create a hybrid that was no longer foreign. Most current work in human geography uses anthropological definitions of culture and often views the practice associated with popular culture as cultural expressions that may reveal or create aspects of place, space landscape, and identity. The continuous cycles of deterritorialization and reterritorialization through axiomatization makes up one of the basic rhythms of capitalist society. Karl Marx referred to this as the constant revolution of the means of production and uninterrupted disturbances of all social conditions that distinguish the bourgeois era from all the previous. The fundamental mechanism of capital accompanies the process of deterritorialization and reterritorialization. It conjoins deterritorialized resources and appropriates the surplus from their reterritorialized conjunction. Deterritorialization and reterritorialization presuppose and reinforce the notice of a common essence of desire and labor. This refers to the detachment and reattachment of the energies of production in general of investments of all kinds, whether conventionally considered psychological or economical. Kataria (2019), in his work on 'Re-territorialization of persecuted identity', examines 're-territorialization' as an expression of refugees who try to re-establish a territorial connection after their arrival in their host societies, a process which tends to ignite ethno-national conflict with outgroups. Mass media Since the introduction of the mass media, reterritorialization has become more prevalent. The mass media have expedited the process of deterritorialization and reterritorialization and allowed it to occur at a global level. Communications technology has connected the entire world and, in a sense, created a global culture that encompasses everyone who has access to these communications technologies. Anyone who has the internet is part of this culturally diffused community. Once a local culture is part of the global community the process of deterritorialization and reterritorialization continues as the global culture takes from and feeds to all the communities that take part in it. A pop culture example that comments on global reterritorialization is the song "Californication" by the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The song is about how California's culture influences the world; a trend that is picked up in California will likely be picked up everywhere in the global community. One of the final verses of the song mentions the destruction that takes place during deterritorialization, but how that opens up the opportunity for reterritorialization: “Destruction leads to a very rough road but it also breeds creation, and earthquakes are to a girl's guitar, they're just another good vibration, and tidal waves couldn't save the world from Californication.” These lyrics capture the essence of reterritorialization at a global level. California is, in a sense, a cultural node in the global community; a place where international trends begin. Deterritorialization and reterritorialization are a continuous part of the evolution of the global culture, and the mass media is its catalyst. == Sources ==

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Once & Always

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Once & Always is a 2023 American superhero television film serving to commemorate the 30th anniversary of both Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (1993–1995) and the Power Rangers franchise. The season finale of Cosmic Fury lead into the special.

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Once & Always is a 2023 American superhero television film serving to commemorate the 30th anniversary of both Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (1993–1995) and the Power Rangers franchise. The season finale of Cosmic Fury lead into the special. Plot In 2022, Billy Cranston calls in the Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers to fight a robotic version of Rita Repulsa and her Putties. However, Robo-Rita vaporizes Trini Kwan and flees to plan her revenge. Billy and Zack Taylor are forced to tell Trini's now-orphaned daughter Minh about her fate. One year later, Zack has become the guardian of Minh. They go to meet the other Rangers at Trini's grave to mark the anniversary of her death but come upon an ambush by Robo-Rita, Robo-Snizzard, and Robo-Minotaur. Robo-Snizzard captures Jason Lee Scott, Tommy Oliver, and Kimberly Hart and imprisons them in a machine. Minh reacts badly when Zack and Billy don't want her involved in the recovery mission and blames Billy for Trini's death. A flashback revealed that Billy built a new Command Center secretly under his company Cranston Tech. He works with Alpha 8 to attempt to revive his former mentor Zordon by collecting particles from the Z-Wave. However, they end up with the evil purged from Rita Repulsa's original body which possesses Alpha 8 and reshapes it into a new body called Robo-Rita. Alpha 9 initiates the Bandora Protocol, alerting all Ranger teams throughout the universe, as Putties attack all of Earth. Former Rangers Kat Hillard and Rocky DeSantos teleport to the Command Center, being given proxy Power Coins so they can again morph. As they battle, Alpha overhears Minotaur tout his ability to track morphed Rangers and alerts Rangers worldwide to power down. Meanwhile, Minh unsuccessfully attempts to use Trini's Power Morpher to battle Putties at the juice bar and is overwhelmed until Zack and Rocky teleport in. Upon their return to the Command Center, Zack has a heart-to-heart talk with Minh about what it means to be a Power Ranger. At a junkyard, Billy, Rocky, and Kat morph to lure out Robo-Snizzard and Robo-Minotaur, then trap them on a giant electromagnet. Using Stealth Tech Projectors, the Rangers infiltrate Rita's Moon Palace and discover that several more Rangers have been captured and frozen in Robo-Rita's machine. Minh takes one of the Stealth Tech Projectors to sneak past Alpha and commandeers Billy's RADBUG. However, she is captured at the junkyard by Robo-Rita. Billy deduces that Robo-Rita is constructing a time portal using the power of the captured Rangers to contact her past self, hoping to kill the Power Rangers before Zordon can recruit them. Robo-Rita arrives with Robo-Snizzard, Robo-Minotaur, and a captured Minh in tow. Robo-Rita attempts to kill Billy, but Minh jumps in front of the blast. The other Rangers fear her dead, but this good deed bonds the morpher to Minh. Kat, Rocky, and Zack battle and destroy Robo-Minotaur, while Billy and Minh form the Megazord to battle an enlarged Robo-Snizzard. After Robo-Snizzard is destroyed, the Rangers return to the Moon Palace where Minh and Zack finally destroy Robo-Rita once and for all. Back on Earth, former Rangers Adam Park and Aisha Campbell prepare to take the newly freed Rangers (including Jason, Kimberly, and Tommy) to the planet Aquitar to be fully healed. Billy, Zack, and Minh celebrate their victory at the Juice Bar. After Billy notes that it still might be possible to bring back Zordon one day, he and Zack tell Minh about their past adventures. Cast and characters Rangers Walter Emanuel Jones as Zack Taylor, the first Black Ranger. Zack had become a congressman in his adult life, but gave it up to adopt Minh. David Yost as Billy Cranston, the Blue Ranger. Billy returned from Aquitar sometime after 1998 and founded Cranston Tech where he hid a new Command Center that he built for the Power Rangers. Charlize "Charlie" Kersh as Minh Kwan, the third Yellow Ranger and the daughter of Trini Kwan, the first Yellow Ranger. Steve Cardenas as Rocky DeSantos, the second Red Ranger. Rocky is now a firefighter. Catherine Sutherland as Katherine "Kat" Hillard, the second Pink Ranger. Kat is married to Tommy and has a son named J.J. who would later become the S.P.D. Green Ranger in the Boom! Studios comics. Johnny Yong Bosch as Adam Park, the second Black Ranger and a member of S.P.A. Karan Ashley as Aisha Campbell, the second Yellow Ranger and a member of S.P.A.Thuy Trang, Amy Jo Johnson, Jason David Frank, and Austin St. John appear in archive audio and footage. Their characters (Trini Kwan, Kimberly Hart, Tommy Oliver, and Jason Lee Scott) otherwise appear only in morphed form portrayed by uncredited performers. Supporting characters Richard Steven Horvitz as the voices of: Alpha 8, a multi-functional sentient automaton from Edenoi. Alpha 9, the successor of Alpha 8. Villains Barbara Goodson as the voice of Robo-Rita Repulsa, the main antagonist for the movie who is the result of the evil purged from Rita Repulsa's original body possessing Alpha 8's body. Ryan Cooper as the voice of Robo-Minotaur, a robot version of Mighty Minotaur. Daniel Watterson as the voice of Robo-Snizzard, a robot version of Snizzard. Other characters Benny Joy Smith as Annie, an employee at BuzzBlast. Smith reprises her role from Power Rangers Dino Fury. Howard Cyster as a boyfriend Production Development A reunion was first conceived in 2021 by David Yost, who had scripts for a multi-part project called Power Rangers: Quantum Continuum. He pitched the idea to multiple networks, but later revealed that the project itself was still in its early stages. Yost was not credited as a writer of the special. However, Jackie Marchand, a former writer and story editor for the show, was credited as a story consultant. In 2022, Netflix became the home for first-run Power Rangers episodes after an existing deal with Nickelodeon, inherited from Saban Brands, was allowed to expire. The special, like the second half of Power Rangers Dino Fury, therefore was set to premiere on Netflix. The title is a reference to "Once a Ranger, Always a Ranger,” the long-standing phrase used in Power Rangers; first spoken by Jason David Frank’s character, Tommy Oliver in the 2-part season premiere episode of Power Rangers Zeo. The phrase also served as the basis for the Power Rangers Operation Overdrive two-part special episode "Once a Ranger," which marked the show's 15th anniversary. Casting On February 25, 2022, casting sides for a character with the placeholder name "Yen" were released, though it was originally thought to be related to Power Rangers Cosmic Fury. On September 30, 2022 during Hasbro PulseCon 2022, it was announced that both Yost and Walter Jones were in the process of filming a "special anniversary" project in New Zealand. Furthermore, it was announced that Charlie Kersh would be joining the cast of the special as well. One month later, Hasbro announced the reprisals of Steve Cardenas, Catherine Sutherland, Karan Ashley, and Johnny Yong Bosch in their original roles. Whereas the show had been a non-union production since moving to New Zealand, Once & Always was filmed under the SAG-AFTRA agreement for independent high-budget subscription video-on-demand programming.Jason David Frank and Amy Jo Johnson were originally approached but turned down offers to appear in the special. Johnson cited a host of personal reasons while Frank said he had "done enough" for the franchise and wanted to focus on his film, Legend of the White Dragon. Frank died in November 2022, after the special had been filmed.Austin St. John was unable to leave the country due to his May 2022 indictment in an alleged scheme to defraud the Paycheck Protection Program. Filming The cast had "weeks" of rehearsals in Auckland, Jones said. Filming occurred over the course of 12 days. Post-production The special was audio mixed in Dolby Atmos, the first Power Rangers media to be given that treatment. Ron Wasserman, who composed the theme song and score for the original series, and the theme for Power Rangers S.P.D., returned to score the special. Post-production ended in February. A trailer was released on March 21, 2023.After Frank's death, the special's ending was followed with a clip from the denouement of the season 2 episode The Song of Guitardo, in which Kimberly and Zack play a song for Tommy to help ease his anxiety over losing his Green Ranger powers. The song led into the episode's dedication to the memories of Trang and Frank. Jones called the song's reuse "very poignant." Reception On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 78% of 15 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.3/10. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.IGN reviewer Joshua Yehl praised the performances of Yost, Jones, and Kersh and said the special effectively balanced the weighty subject of Trini's death with the playfulness the franchise is known for. However, he criticized the "clunky" plot and dialogue and found the quality of the effects and fight choreography to be lacking. Den of Geek's Shamus Kelley wrote that the special "catered to all possible audiences" while crafting a moving tribute to Trang and Frank.In its first week of availability, the special was Netflix's eighth most-watched movie worldwide and was on top 10 lists in 22 countries, including Brazil, Portugal and Argentina.In April 2023, Yost expressed hope that the reception of the special would lead to future reunions. It was later revealed that Yost himself stayed behind in New Zealand after filming the special to join the cast of Power Rangers Cosmic Fury. Notes References External links Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Once & Always on Netflix Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Once & Always at IMDb

Saturn V

Saturn V is a retired American super heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by NASA under the Apollo program for human exploration of the Moon. The rocket was human-rated, had three stages, and was powered with liquid fuel. Flown from 1967 to 1973, it was used for nine crewed flights to the Moon, and to launch Skylab, the first American space station. As of 2023, the Saturn V remains the only launch vehicle to have carried humans beyond low Earth orbit (LEO). Saturn V holds records for the heaviest payload launched and largest payload capacity to low Earth orbit: 311,152 lb (141,136 kg), which included the third stage and unburned propellant needed to send the Apollo command and service module and Lunar Module to the Moon.

Saturn V is a retired American super heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by NASA under the Apollo program for human exploration of the Moon. The rocket was human-rated, had three stages, and was powered with liquid fuel. Flown from 1967 to 1973, it was used for nine crewed flights to the Moon, and to launch Skylab, the first American space station. As of 2023, the Saturn V remains the only launch vehicle to have carried humans beyond low Earth orbit (LEO). Saturn V holds records for the heaviest payload launched and largest payload capacity to low Earth orbit: 311,152 lb (141,136 kg), which included the third stage and unburned propellant needed to send the Apollo command and service module and Lunar Module to the Moon. The largest production model of the Saturn family of rockets, the Saturn V was designed under the direction of Wernher von Braun at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama; the lead contractors were Boeing, North American Aviation, Douglas Aircraft Company, and IBM. A total of 15 flight-capable vehicles were built, plus three for ground testing. Thirteen were launched from Kennedy Space Center with no loss of crew or payload. A total of 24 astronauts were launched to the Moon from Apollo 8 (December 1968) to Apollo 17 (December 1972). History Background In September 1945, the U.S. government brought the German rocket technologist Wernher von Braun and over 1,500 German rocket engineers and technicians to the United States in Operation Paperclip, a program authorized by President Truman. Von Braun, who had helped create the V-2 rocket, was assigned to the Army's rocket design division. Between 1945 and 1958, his work was restricted to conveying the ideas and methods behind the V-2 to American engineers, though he wrote books and articles in popular magazines.This approach changed in 1957, when the Soviets launched Sputnik 1 atop an R-7 ICBM, which could carry a thermonuclear warhead to the U.S. The Army and government began taking serious steps towards sending Americans into space. They turned to von Braun's team, who had created and experimented with the Jupiter series of rockets. The Juno I rocket launched the first American satellite in January 1958. Von Braun considered the Jupiter series to be a prototype and referred to it as "an infant Saturn". Saturn development Named for the sixth planet from the Sun, the Saturn design evolved from the Jupiter series rockets.Between 1960 and 1962, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) designed a series of Saturn rockets that could be deployed for various Earth orbit or lunar missions.NASA planned to use the Saturn C-3 as part of the Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR) method, with at least two or three launches needed for a single lunar mission. However, the MSFC planned an even bigger rocket, the C-4, which would use four F-1 engines in its first stage, an enlarged C-3 second stage, and the S-IVB, a stage with a single J-2 engine, as its third stage. The C-4 would need only two launches to carry out an EOR lunar mission.On January 10, 1962, NASA announced plans to build the C-5. The three-stage rocket would consist of the S-IC first stage, with five F-1 engines; the S-II second stage, with five J-2 engines; and the S-IVB third stage, with a single J-2 engine.The C-5 would undergo component testing even before the first model was constructed. The S-IVB third stage would be used as the second stage for the C-1B, which would serve both to demonstrate proof of concept and feasibility for the C-5, but would also provide flight data critical to the development of the C-5. Rather than undergoing testing for each major component, the C-5 would be tested in an "all-up" fashion, meaning that the first test flight of the rocket would include complete versions of all three stages. By testing all components at once, far fewer test flights would be required before a crewed launch. The C-5 was confirmed as NASA's choice for the Apollo program in early 1962, and was named the Saturn V. The C-1 became the Saturn I and C-1B became Saturn IB. Von Braun headed a team at the MSFC to build a vehicle capable of launching a crewed spacecraft to the Moon. During these revisions, the team rejected the single engine of the V-2's design and moved to a multiple-engine design.The Saturn V's final design had several key features. F-1 engines were chosen for the 1st stage, while new liquid hydrogen propulsion system called J-2 for the 2nd and 3rd stage. NASA had finalized its plans to proceed with von Braun's Saturn designs, and the Apollo space program gained speed.With the configuration finalized, NASA turned its attention to mission profiles. There was a controversy between using a lunar orbit rendezvous for the lunar module or an Earth orbit rendezvous. The Manned Space Flight Management Council preferred LOR while the President's Scientific Advisory Committee preferred EOR. After a round of studies, James Webb confirmed on November 7 that a lunar orbit rendezvous for the lunar module was chosen. The stages were designed by von Braun's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, and outside contractors were chosen for the construction: Boeing (S-IC), North American Aviation (S-II), Douglas Aircraft (S-IVB), and IBM (instrument unit). Selection for Apollo lunar landing Early in the planning process, NASA considered three methods for the Moon mission: Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR), direct ascent, and lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR). A direct ascent configuration would require an extremely large rocket to send a three-man spacecraft to land directly on the lunar surface. An EOR would launch the direct-landing spacecraft in two smaller parts which would combine in Earth orbit. A LOR mission would involve a single rocket launching two spacecraft: a mother ship, and a smaller, two-man landing module which would rendezvous back with the main spacecraft in lunar orbit. The lander would be discarded and the mother ship would return home.At first, NASA dismissed LOR as a riskier option, as a space rendezvous had yet to be performed in Earth orbit, much less in lunar orbit. Several NASA officials, including Langley Research Center engineer John Houbolt and NASA Administrator George Low, argued that a lunar orbit rendezvous provided the simplest landing on the Moon with the most cost–efficient launch vehicle, and the best chance to accomplish the lunar landing within the decade. Other NASA officials became convinced, and LOR was then officially selected as the mission configuration for the Apollo program on November 7, 1962. Arthur Rudolph became the project director of the Saturn V rocket program in August 1963. He developed the requirements for the rocket system and the mission plan for the Apollo program. The first Saturn V launch lifted off from Kennedy Space Center and performed flawlessly on November 9, 1967, Rudolph's birthday. He was then assigned as the special assistant to the director of MSFC in May 1968 and subsequently retired from NASA on January 1, 1969. On July 16, 1969, the Saturn V launched Apollo 11, putting the first men on the Moon. Launch history Description The size and payload capacity of the Saturn V dwarfed all other previous rockets successfully flown at that time. With the Apollo spacecraft on top, it stood 363 feet (111 m) tall, and, ignoring the fins, was 33 feet (10 m) in diameter. Fully fueled, the Saturn V weighed 6.5 million pounds (2,900,000 kg) and had a low Earth orbit (LEO) payload capacity originally estimated at 261,000 pounds (118,000 kg), but was designed to send at least 90,000 pounds (41,000 kg) to the Moon. Later upgrades increased that capacity; on the final three Apollo lunar missions, it sent up to 95,901 lb (43,500 kg) to the Moon. (It was never used to launch its full LEO payload capability.) At a height of 363 feet (111 m), the Saturn V stood 58 feet (18 m) taller than the Statue of Liberty from the ground to the torch, and 48 feet (15 m) taller than the Elizabeth Tower, which houses Big Ben at the Palace of Westminster. In contrast, the Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle used on Freedom 7, the first crewed American spaceflight, was approximately 11 feet (3.4 m) longer than the S-IVB stage and delivered less sea level thrust (78,000 pounds-force (350 kN)) than the Launch Escape System rocket (150,000 pounds-force (667 kN) sea level thrust) mounted atop the Apollo command module. The Apollo LES fired for a much shorter time than the Mercury-Redstone (3.2 seconds vs. 143.5 seconds).The Saturn V was principally designed by the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, although numerous major systems, including propulsion, were designed by subcontractors. It used the powerful F-1 and J-2 rocket engines for propulsion; they shattered the windows of nearby houses when they were tested at Stennis Space Center. Designers decided early on to attempt to use as much technology from the Saturn I program as possible. Consequently, the S-IVB-500 third stage of the Saturn V was based on the S-IVB-200 second stage of the Saturn IB. The instrument unit that controlled the Saturn V shared characteristics with the one carried by the Saturn IB.The Saturn V was primarily constructed of aluminum. It was also made of titanium, polyurethane, cork and asbestos. Blueprints and other Saturn V plans are available on microfilm at the Marshall Space Flight Center.It consisted of three stages—the S-IC first stage, S-II second stage, and S-IVB third stage—and the instrument unit. All three stages used liquid oxygen (LOX) as the oxidizer. The first stage used RP-1 for fuel, while the second and third stages used liquid hydrogen (LH2). LH2 has a higher specific energy (energy per unit mass) than RP-1, which makes it more suitable for higher-energy orbits, such as the trans-lunar injection required for Apollo missions. Conversely, RP-1 offers higher energy density (energy per unit volume) and higher thrust than LH2, which makes it more suitable for reducing aerodynamic drag and gravity losses in the early stages of launch. If the first stage had used LH2, the volume required would have been more than three times greater, which is aerodynamically infeasible. The upper stages also used small solid-propellant ullage motors that helped to separate the stages during the launch, and to ensure that the liquid propellants were in a proper position to be drawn into the pumps. S-IC first stage The S-IC was built by the Boeing Company at the Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, where the Space Shuttle external tanks would later be built by Lockheed Martin. Most of its mass at launch was propellant: RP-1 fuel with liquid oxygen as the oxidizer. It was 138 feet (42 m) tall and 33 feet (10 m) in diameter. The stage provided 7,750,000 lbf (34,500 kN) of thrust at sea level. The S-IC stage had a dry mass of about 303,000 pounds (137,000 kilograms); when fully fueled at launch, it had a total mass of 4,881,000 pounds (2,214,000 kilograms). It was powered by five Rocketdyne F-1 engines arrayed in a quincunx. The center engine was held in a fixed position, while the four outer engines could be hydraulically turned with gimbals to steer the rocket. In flight, the center engine was turned off about 26 seconds earlier than the outboard engines to limit acceleration. During launch, the S-IC fired its engines for 168 seconds (ignition occurred about 8.9 seconds before liftoff) and at engine cutoff, the vehicle was at an altitude of about 42 miles (67 km), was downrange about 58 miles (93 km), and was moving about 7,500 feet per second (2,300 m/s).While not put into production, a proposed replacement for the first stage was the AJ-260x. This solid rocket motor would have simplified the design by removing the five-engine configuration and, in turn, reduced launch costs. S-II second stage The S-II was built by North American Aviation at Seal Beach, California. Using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, it had five Rocketdyne J-2 engines in a similar arrangement to the S-IC, and also used the outer engines for control. The S-II was 81.6 feet (24.87 m) tall with a diameter of 33 feet (10 m), identical to the S-IC, and thus was the largest cryogenic stage until the launch of the Space Shuttle in 1981. The S-II had a dry mass of about 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg); when fully fueled, it weighed 1,060,000 pounds (480,000 kg). The second stage accelerated the Saturn V through the upper atmosphere with 1,100,000 pounds-force (4,900 kN) of thrust in a vacuum.When loaded, significantly more than 90 percent of the mass of the stage was propellant; however, the ultra-lightweight design had led to two failures in structural testing. Instead of having an intertank structure to separate the two fuel tanks as was done in the S-IC, the S-II used a common bulkhead that was constructed from both the top of the LOX tank and bottom of the LH2 tank. It consisted of two aluminum sheets separated by a honeycomb structure made of phenolic resin. This bulkhead had to insulate against the 126 °F (70 °C) temperature difference between the two tanks. The use of a common bulkhead saved 7,900 pounds (3.6 t) by both eliminating one bulkhead and reducing the stage's length. Like the S-IC, the S-II was transported from its manufacturing plant to Cape Kennedy by sea. S-IVB third stage The S-IVB was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company at Huntington Beach, California. It had one J-2 engine and used the same fuel as the S-II. The S-IVB used a common bulkhead to separate the two tanks. It was 58.6 feet (17.86 m) tall with a diameter of 21.7 feet (6.604 m) and was also designed with high mass efficiency, though not quite as aggressively as the S-II. The S-IVB had a dry mass of about 23,000 pounds (10,000 kg) and, fully fueled, weighed about 262,000 pounds (119,000 kg).The S-IVB was the only rocket stage of the Saturn V small enough to be transported by the cargo plane Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy.For lunar missions it was fired twice: first for Earth orbit insertion after second stage cutoff, and then for translunar injection (TLI). Instrument unit The instrument unit was built by IBM and was placed on top of the third stage. It was constructed at the Space Systems Center in Huntsville, Alabama. This computer controlled the operations of the rocket from just before liftoff until the S-IVB was discarded. It included guidance and telemetry systems for the rocket. By measuring the acceleration and vehicle attitude, it could calculate the position and velocity of the rocket and correct for any deviations. Assembly After the construction and ground testing of each stage was completed, it was shipped to the Kennedy Space Center. The first two stages were so massive that the only way to transport them was by barge. The S-IC, constructed in New Orleans, was transported down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.After rounding Florida, the stages were transported up the Intra-Coastal Waterway to the Vehicle Assembly Building (originally called the Vertical Assembly Building). This was essentially the same route which would be used later to ship Space Shuttle external tanks. The S-II was constructed in California and traveled to Florida via the Panama Canal. The third stage and Instrument Unit was carried by the Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy and Super Guppy, but could also have been carried by barge if warranted.Upon arrival at the Vertical Assembly Building, each stage was inspected in a horizontal position before being oriented vertically. NASA also constructed large spool-shaped structures that could be used in place of stages if a particular stage was delayed. These spools had the same height and mass and contained the same electrical connections as the actual stages.NASA stacked (assembled) the Saturn V on a Mobile Launcher, which consisted of a Launch Umbilical Tower with nine swing arms (including the crew access arm), a "hammerhead" crane, and a water suppression system which was activated prior to launch. After assembly was completed, the entire stack was moved from the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) to the launch pad using the Crawler Transporter (CT). Built by the Marion Power Shovel Company (and later used for transporting the smaller and lighter Space Shuttle), the CT ran on four double-tracked treads, each with 57 "shoes". Each shoe weighed 2,000 pounds (910 kg). This transporter was also required to keep the rocket level as it traveled the 3 miles (4.8 km) to the launch site, especially at the 3 percent grade encountered at the launch pad. The CT also carried the Mobile Service Structure (MSS), which allowed technicians access to the rocket until eight hours before launch, when it was moved to the "halfway" point on the Crawlerway (the junction between the VAB and the two launch pads). Cost From 1964 until 1973, $6.417 billion (equivalent to $39.5 billion in 2022) in total was appropriated for the Research and Development and flights of the Saturn V, with the maximum being in 1966 with $1.2 billion (equivalent to $8.31 billion in 2022). That same year, NASA received its largest total budget of $4.5 billion, about 0.5 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States at that time.Two main reasons for the cancellation of the last three Apollo missions were the heavy investments in Saturn V and the ever-increasing costs of the Vietnam War to the U.S. in money and resources. In the time frame from 1969 to 1971 the cost of launching a Saturn V Apollo mission was between $185,000,000 to $189,000,000, of which $110 million were used for the production of the vehicle (equivalent to $1.14 billion–$1.16 billion in 2022). Lunar mission launch sequence The Saturn V carried all Apollo lunar missions, which were launched from Launch Complex 39 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center in Florida. After the rocket cleared the launch tower, flight control transferred to Mission Control at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. An average mission used the rocket for a total of just 20 minutes. Although Apollo 6 experienced three engine failures, and Apollo 13 experienced one engine shutdown, the onboard computers were able to compensate by burning the remaining engines longer to achieve parking orbit. Range safety In the event of an abort requiring the destruction of the rocket, the range safety officer would remotely shut down the engines and after several seconds send another command for the shaped explosive charges attached to the outer surfaces of the rocket to detonate. These would make cuts in fuel and oxidizer tanks to disperse the fuel quickly and to minimize mixing. The pause between these actions would give time for the crew to escape via the Launch Escape Tower or (in the later stages of the flight) the propulsion system of the Service module. A third command, "safe", was used after the S-IVB stage reached orbit to irreversibly deactivate the self-destruct system. The system was inactive as long as the rocket was still on the launch pad. Startup sequence The first stage burned for about 2 minutes and 41 seconds, lifting the rocket to an altitude of 42 miles (68 km) and a speed of 6,164 miles per hour (2,756 m/s) and burning 4,700,000 pounds (2,100,000 kg) of propellant.At 8.9 seconds before launch, the first stage ignition sequence started. The center engine ignited first, followed by opposing outboard pairs at 300-millisecond intervals to reduce the structural loads on the rocket. When thrust had been confirmed by the onboard computers, the rocket was "soft-released" in two stages: first, the hold-down arms released the rocket, and second, as the rocket began to accelerate upwards, it was slowed by tapered metal pins pulled through holes for half a second.Once the rocket had lifted off, it could not safely settle back down onto the pad if the engines failed. The astronauts considered this one of the tensest moments in riding the Saturn V, for if the rocket did fail to lift off after release they had a low chance of survival given the large amounts of propellant. To improve safety, the Saturn Emergency Detection System (EDS) inhibited engine shutdown for the first 30 seconds of flight. If all three stages were to explode simultaneously on the launch pad, an unlikely event, the Saturn V had a total explosive yield of 543 tons of TNT or 0.543 kilotons (2,271,912,000,000 J or 155,143 lbs of weight loss), which is 0.222 kt for the first stage, 0.263 kt for the second stage and 0.068 kt for the third stage. (See Saturn V Instrument Unit)It took about 12 seconds for the rocket to clear the tower. During this time, it yawed 1.25 degrees away from the tower to ensure adequate clearance despite adverse winds; this yaw, although small, can be seen in launch photos taken from the east or west. At an altitude of 430 feet (130 m) the rocket rolled to the correct flight azimuth and then gradually pitched down until 38 seconds after second stage ignition. This pitch program was set according to the prevailing winds during the launch month.The four outboard engines also tilted toward the outside so that in the event of a premature outboard engine shutdown the remaining engines would thrust through the rocket's center of mass. The Saturn V reached 400 feet per second (120 m/s) at over 1 mile (1,600 m) in altitude. Much of the early portion of the flight was spent gaining altitude, with the required velocity coming later. The Saturn V broke the sound barrier at just over 1 minute at an altitude of between 3.45 and 4.6 miles (5.55 and 7.40 km). At this point, shock collars, or condensation clouds, would form around the bottom of the command module and around the top of the second stage. Max Q sequence At about 80 seconds, the rocket experienced maximum dynamic pressure (max q). The dynamic pressure on a rocket varies with air density and the square of relative velocity. Although velocity continues to increase, air density decreases so quickly with altitude that dynamic pressure falls below max q.The propellant in just the S-IC made up about three-quarters of Saturn V's entire launch mass, and it was consumed at 13,000 kilograms per second (1,700,000 lb/min). Newton's second law of motion states that force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration, or equivalently that acceleration is equal to force divided by mass, so as the mass decreased (and the force increased somewhat), acceleration rose. Including gravity, launch acceleration was only 1+1⁄4 g, i.e., the astronauts felt 1+1⁄4 g while the rocket accelerated vertically at 1⁄4 g. As the rocket rapidly lost mass, total acceleration including gravity increased to nearly 4 g at T+135 seconds. At this point, the inboard (center) engine was shut down to prevent acceleration from increasing beyond 4 g.When oxidizer or fuel depletion was sensed in the suction assemblies, the remaining four outboard engines were shut down. First stage separation occurred a little less than one second after this to allow for F-1 thrust tail-off. Eight small solid fuel separation motors backed the S-IC from the rest of the vehicle at an altitude of about 42 miles (67 km). The first stage continued ballistically to an altitude of about 68 miles (109 km) and then fell in the Atlantic Ocean about 350 miles (560 km) downrange.The engine shutdown procedure was changed for the launch of Skylab to avoid damage to the Apollo Telescope Mount. Rather than shutting down all four outboard engines at once, they were shut down two at a time with a delay to reduce peak acceleration further. S-II sequence After S-IC separation, the S-II second stage burned for 6 minutes and propelled the craft to 109 miles (175 km) and 15,647 mph (25,181 km/h), close to orbital velocity.For the first two uncrewed launches, eight solid-fuel ullage motors ignited for four seconds to accelerate the S-II stage, followed by the ignition of the five J-2 engines. For the first seven crewed Apollo missions only four ullage motors were used on the S-II, and they were eliminated for the final four launches. About 30 seconds after first stage separation, the interstage ring dropped from the second stage. This was done with an inertially fixed attitude—orientation around its center of gravity—so that the interstage, only 3 feet 3 inches (1 m) from the outboard J-2 engines, would fall cleanly without hitting them, as the interstage could have potentially damaged two of the J-2 engines if it was attached to the S-IC. Shortly after interstage separation the Launch Escape System was also jettisoned.About 38 seconds after the second stage ignition the Saturn V switched from a preprogrammed trajectory to a "closed loop" or Iterative Guidance Mode. The instrument unit now computed in real time the most fuel-efficient trajectory toward its target orbit. If the instrument unit failed, the crew could switch control of the Saturn to the command module's computer, take manual control, or abort the flight.About 90 seconds before the second stage cutoff, the center engine shut down to reduce longitudinal pogo oscillations. At around this time, the LOX flow rate decreased, changing the mix ratio of the two propellants and ensuring that there would be as little propellant as possible left in the tanks at the end of second stage flight. This was done at a predetermined delta-v.Five level sensors in the bottom of each S-II propellant tank were armed during S-II flight, allowing any two to trigger S-II cutoff and staging when they were uncovered. One second after the second stage cut off it separated and several seconds later the third stage ignited. Solid fuel retro-rockets mounted on the interstage at the top of the S-II fired to back it away from the S-IVB. The S-II impacted about 2,600 miles (4,200 km) from the launch site.On the Apollo 13 mission, the inboard engine suffered from major pogo oscillation, resulting in an early automatic cutoff. To ensure sufficient velocity was reached, the remaining four engines were kept active for longer than planned. A pogo suppressor was fitted to later Apollo missions to avoid this, though the early engine 5 cutoff remained to reduce g-forces. S-IVB sequence Unlike the two-plane separation of the S-IC and S-II, the S-II and S-IVB stages separated with a single step. Although it was constructed as part of the third stage, the interstage remained attached to the second stage. The third stage did not use much fuel to get into LEO (Low Earth Orbit), because the second stage had done most of the job.During Apollo 11, a typical lunar mission, the third stage burned for about 2.5 minutes until first cutoff at 11 minutes 40 seconds. At this point it was 1,645.61 miles (2,648.35 km) downrange and in a parking orbit at an altitude of 118 miles (190 km) and velocity of 17,432 miles per hour (28,054 km/h). The third stage remained attached to the spacecraft while it orbited the Earth one and a half times while astronauts and mission controllers prepared for translunar injection (TLI).This parking orbit was quite low by Earth orbit standards, and it would have been short-lived due to aerodynamic drag. For perspective, the current ISS orbits at an altitude of roughly 250 miles (400 km), and requires a reboost roughly once a month. This was not a problem on a lunar mission because of the short stay in the parking orbit. The S-IVB also continued to thrust at a low level by venting gaseous hydrogen, to keep propellants settled in their tanks and prevent gaseous cavities from forming in propellant feed lines. This venting also maintained safe pressures as liquid hydrogen boiled off in the fuel tank. This venting thrust easily exceeded aerodynamic drag.For the final three Apollo flights, the temporary parking orbit was even lower (approximately 107 miles or 172 kilometers), to increase payload for these missions. The Apollo 9 Earth orbit mission was launched into the nominal orbit consistent with Apollo 11, but the spacecraft were able to use their own engines to raise the perigee high enough to sustain the 10-day mission. The Skylab was launched into a quite different orbit, with a 270-mile (434 km) perigee which sustained it for six years, and also a higher inclination to the equator (50 degrees versus 32.5 degrees for Apollo). Lunar Module sequence On Apollo 11, TLI came at 2 hours and 44 minutes after launch. The S-IVB burned for almost six minutes, giving the spacecraft a velocity close to the Earth's escape velocity of 25,053 mph (40,319 km/h). This gave an energy-efficient transfer to lunar orbit, with the Moon helping to capture the spacecraft with a minimum of CSM fuel consumption.About 40 minutes after TLI, the Apollo command and service module (CSM) separated from the third stage, turned 180 degrees, and docked with the Lunar Module (LM) that rode below the CSM during launch. The CSM and LM separated from the spent third stage 50 minutes later, in a maneuver known as transposition, docking, and extraction.If it were to remain on the same trajectory as the spacecraft, the S-IVB could have presented a collision hazard, so its remaining propellants were vented and the auxiliary propulsion system fired to move it away. For lunar missions before Apollo 13, the S-IVB was directed toward the Moon's trailing edge in its orbit so that the Moon would slingshot it beyond earth escape velocity and into solar orbit. From Apollo 13 onwards, controllers directed the S-IVB to hit the Moon. Seismometers left behind by previous missions detected the impacts, and the information helped map the internal structure of the Moon. Skylab sequence In 1965, the Apollo Applications Program (AAP) was created to look into science missions that could be performed using Apollo hardware. Much of the planning centered on the idea of a space station. Wernher von Braun's earlier (1964) plans employed a "wet workshop" concept, with a spent S-II Saturn V second stage being launched into orbit and outfitted in space. The next year AAP studied a smaller station using the Saturn IB second stage. By 1969, Apollo funding cuts eliminated the possibility of procuring more Apollo hardware and forced the cancellation of some later Moon landing flights. This freed up at least one Saturn V, allowing the wet workshop to be replaced with the "dry workshop" concept: the station (now known as Skylab) would be built on the ground from a surplus Saturn IB second stage and launched atop the first two live stages of a Saturn V. A backup station, constructed from a Saturn V third stage, was built and is now on display at the National Air and Space Museum.Skylab was the only launch not directly related to the Apollo lunar landing program. The only significant changes to the Saturn V from the Apollo configurations involved some modification to the S-II to act as the terminal stage for inserting the Skylab payload into Earth orbit, and to vent excess propellant after engine cutoff so the spent stage would not rupture in orbit. The S-II remained in orbit for almost two years, and made an uncontrolled re-entry on January 11, 1975.Three crews lived aboard Skylab from May 25, 1973, to February 8, 1974. Skylab remained in orbit until July 11, 1979. Post-Apollo proposal After Apollo, the Saturn V was planned to be the prime launch vehicle for Prospector to be launched to the Moon. Prospector was a proposed 330-kilogram (730 lb) robotic rover, similar to the Soviet Lunokhod rovers Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2, the Voyager Mars probes, and a scaled-up version of the Voyager interplanetary probes. It was also to have been the launch vehicle for the nuclear rocket stage RIFT test program and for some versions of the later NERVA. All of these planned uses of the Saturn V were cancelled, with cost being a major factor. Edgar Cortright, who had been the director of NASA Langley, stated decades later that "JPL never liked the big approach. They always argued against it. I probably was the leading proponent in using the Saturn V, and I lost. Probably very wise that I lost."The canceled second production run of Saturn Vs would very likely have used the F-1A engine in its first stage, providing a substantial performance boost. Other likely changes would have been the removal of the fins (which turned out to provide little benefit when compared to their weight), a stretched S-IC first stage to support the more powerful F-1As, and uprated J-2s or an M-1 for the upper stages.A number of alternate Saturn vehicles were proposed based on the Saturn V, ranging from the Saturn INT-20 with an S-IVB stage and interstage mounted directly onto an S-IC stage, through to the Saturn V-23(L) which would not only have five F-1 engines in the first stage, but also four strap-on boosters with two F-1 engines each, giving a total of thirteen F-1 engines firing at launch.Lack of a second Saturn V production run killed this plan and left the United States without a super heavy-lift launch vehicle. Some in the U.S. space community came to lament this situation, as continued production could have allowed the International Space Station, using a Skylab or Mir configuration with both U.S. and Russian docking ports, to be lifted with just a handful of launches. The Saturn-Shuttle concept also could have eliminated the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters that ultimately precipitated the Challenger accident in 1986. Proposed successors Post-Apollo U.S. proposals for a rocket larger than the Saturn V from the late 1950s through the early 1980s were generally called Nova. Over thirty different large rocket proposals carried the Nova name, but none were developed.Wernher von Braun and others also had plans for a rocket that would have featured eight F-1 engines in its first stage, like the Saturn C-8, allowing a direct ascent flight to the Moon. Other plans for the Saturn V called for using a Centaur as an upper stage or adding strap-on boosters. These enhancements would have enabled the launch of large robotic spacecraft to the outer planets or the sending of astronauts to Mars. Other Saturn V derivatives analyzed included the Saturn MLV family of "Modified Launch Vehicles", which would have almost doubled the payload lift capability of the standard Saturn V and were intended for use in a proposed mission to Mars by 1980.In 1968, Boeing studied another Saturn-V derivative, the Saturn C-5N, which included a nuclear thermal rocket engine for the third stage of the vehicle. The Saturn C-5N would carry a considerably greater payload for interplanetary spaceflight. Work on the nuclear engines, along with all Saturn V ELVs, ended in 1973.The Comet HLLV was a massive heavy lift launch vehicle designed for the First Lunar Outpost program, which was in the design phase from 1992 to 1993 under the Space Exploration Initiative. It was a Saturn V derived launch vehicle with over twice the payload capability and would have relied completely on existing technology. All of the engines were modernized versions of their Apollo counterparts and the fuel tanks would be stretched. Its main goal was to support the First Lunar Outpost program and future crewed Mars missions. It was designed to be as cheap and easy to operate as possible. Ares family In 2006, as part of the proposed Constellation program, NASA unveiled plans to construct two Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicles, the Ares I and Ares V, which would use some existing Space Shuttle and Saturn V hardware and infrastructure. The two rockets were intended to increase safety by specializing each vehicle for different tasks, Ares I for crew launches and Ares V for cargo launches. The original design of the heavy-lift Ares V, named in homage to the Saturn V, was 360 feet (110 m) in height and featured a core stage based on the Space Shuttle External Tank, with a diameter of 28 feet (8.4 m). It was to be powered by five RS-25s and two five-segment Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs). As the design evolved, the RS-25 engines were replaced with five RS-68 engines, the same engines used on the Delta IV. The switch from the RS-25 to the RS-68 was intended to reduce cost, as the latter was cheaper, simpler to manufacture, and more powerful than the RS-25, though the lower efficiency of the RS-68 required an increase in core stage diameter to 33 ft (10 m), the same diameter as the Saturn V's S-IC and S-II stages.In 2008, NASA again redesigned the Ares V, lengthening the core stage, adding a sixth RS-68 engine, and increasing the SRBs to 5.5 segments each. This vehicle would have been 381 feet (116 m) tall and would have produced a total thrust of approximately 8,900,000 lbf (40 MN) at liftoff, more than the Saturn V or the Soviet Energia, but less than the Soviet N-1. Projected to place approximately 400,000 pounds (180 t) into orbit, the Ares V would have surpassed the Saturn V in payload capability. An upper stage, the Earth Departure Stage, would have utilized a more advanced version of the J-2 engine, the J-2X. Ares V would have placed the Altair lunar landing vehicle into low Earth orbit. An Orion crew vehicle launched on Ares I would have docked with Altair, and the Earth Departure Stage would then send the combined stack to the Moon. Space Launch System After the cancellation of the Constellation program – and hence Ares I and Ares V – NASA announced the Space Launch System (SLS) heavy-lift launch vehicle for beyond low Earth orbit space exploration. The SLS, similar to the original Ares V concept, is powered by four RS-25 engines and two five-segment SRBs. Its Block 1 configuration can lift approximately 209,000 pounds (95 t) to LEO. The Block 1B configuration will add the Exploration Upper Stage, powered by four RL10 engines, to increase payload capacity. An eventual Block 2 variant will upgrade to advanced boosters, increasing LEO payload to at least 290,000 pounds (130 t).One proposal for advanced boosters would use a derivative of the Saturn V's F-1, the F-1B, and increase SLS payload to around 330,000 pounds (150 t) to LEO. The F-1B is to have better specific impulse and be cheaper than the F-1, with a simplified combustion chamber and fewer engine parts, while producing 1,800,000 lbf (8.0 MN) of thrust at sea level, an increase over the approximate 1,550,000 lbf (6.9 MN) achieved by the mature Apollo 15 F-1 engine, Saturn V displays There are two displays at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville: SA-500D is on horizontal display made up of its S-IC-D, S-II-F/D and S-IVB-D. These were all test stages not meant for flight. This vehicle was displayed outdoors from 1969 to 2007, was restored, and is now displayed in the Davidson Center for Space Exploration. Vertical display (replica) built in 1999 located in an adjacent area. There is one at the Johnson Space Center made up of the first stage from SA-514, the second stage from SA-515, and the third stage from SA-513 (replaced for flight by the Skylab workshop). With stages arriving between 1977 and 1979, this was displayed in the open until its 2005 restoration when a structure was built around it for protection. This is the only display Saturn consisting entirely of stages intended to be launched. Another one at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, made up of S-IC-T (test stage) and the second and third stages from SA-514. It was displayed outdoors for decades, then in 1996 was enclosed for protection from the elements in the Apollo/Saturn V Center. The S-IC stage from SA-515, originally at the Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, is now on display at the Infinity Science Center in Mississippi. The S-IVB stage from SA-515 was converted for use as a backup for Skylab, and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. Discarded stages On September 3, 2002, astronomer Bill Yeung discovered a suspected asteroid, which was given the discovery designation J002E3. It appeared to be in orbit around the Earth, and was soon discovered from spectral analysis to be covered in white titanium dioxide, which was a major constituent of the paint used on the Saturn V. Calculation of orbital parameters led to tentative identification as being the Apollo 12 S-IVB stage. Mission controllers had planned to send Apollo 12's S-IVB into solar orbit after separation from the Apollo spacecraft, but it is believed the burn lasted too long, and hence did not send it close enough to the Moon, so it remained in a barely stable orbit around the Earth and Moon. In 1971, through a series of gravitational perturbations, it is believed to have entered in a solar orbit and then returned into weakly captured Earth orbit 31 years later. It left Earth orbit again in June 2003. See also Comparison of orbital launchers families Comparison of orbital launch systems Space exploration Comet HLLV (a Saturn derived launch vehicle design from the 1990s) Notes References Sources ==== Books ====

Saint Hervé

Saint Hervé (c. 521 – 575 AD), also known as Harvey, Herveus, or Houarniaule, was a sixth-century Breton saint. Along with Saint Ives, he is one of the most popular of the Breton saints. He was born in Guimiliau (Gwimilio).

Saint Hervé (c. 521 – 575 AD), also known as Harvey, Herveus, or Houarniaule, was a sixth-century Breton saint. Along with Saint Ives, he is one of the most popular of the Breton saints. He was born in Guimiliau (Gwimilio). Legend Hervé was the son of a Welsh bard named Hyvarnion, who had studied under Cadoc. Hyvarnion became a minstrel at the court of Childebert I. His mother was Rivanone, a woman of surpassing beauty who knew the properties of plants and herbs.Hervé was born blind. His father died when Hervé was still quite young. He inherited his father's harp. His mother became an anchoress and entrusted the seven-year-old boy to the care of his uncles who placed him with a learned hermit who lived in the forest. At about fourteen years of age, he went to study at the monasastic school at Plouvien, where his maternal uncle, Gourvoyed was abbot. Hervé grew up to become a teacher and minstrel.With his disciple Guiharan, Hervé lived near Plouvien as a hermit and bard. He had the power to cure animals and was accompanied by a domesticated wolf. His wolf devoured the ox or donkey Hervé used in plowing. Hervé then preached a sermon that was so eloquent that the wolf begged to be allowed to serve in the ox's stead. Hervé's wolf pulled the plow from that day on. He was joined by disciples and refused any ordination or earthly honour, accepting only to be ordained as an exorcist. He died in 556 AD and was buried at Lanhouarneau. Veneration Saint Hervé is venerated throughout Brittany. His feast day is June the 17th. For fear of the Normans, his relics were removed to a silver shrine in the chapel of the Château de Brest. Given to the Bishop of Nantes, they were lost during the Revolution. See also Plomodiern Parish close References External links Patron Saints: Saint Hervé Saint Yves and Saint Hervé (in French) Saint Hervé

Battle of Ilerda

The Battle of Ilerda took place in June 49 BC between the forces of Julius Caesar and the Spanish army of Pompey Magnus, led by his legates Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius. Unlike many of the other battles of the civil war, this was more a campaign of manoeuvre than actual fighting. It allowed Caesar to eliminate the threat of Pompey's forces in Hispania and face Pompey himself in Greece at the Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC).

The Battle of Ilerda took place in June 49 BC between the forces of Julius Caesar and the Spanish army of Pompey Magnus, led by his legates Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius. Unlike many of the other battles of the civil war, this was more a campaign of manoeuvre than actual fighting. It allowed Caesar to eliminate the threat of Pompey's forces in Hispania and face Pompey himself in Greece at the Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC). Background After having driven the Optimates from Italy, in March 49 BC Caesar turned his attention to the Republican army in the Iberian provinces. On his way to Hispania, Caesar was delayed when the port city of Massilia rebelled under the leadership of Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus in April. Leaving the siege of Massilia to Gaius Trebonius and Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, Caesar moved to Hispania Citerior to reinforce the three legions he had sent there as an advance guard under his legate Fabius. Ilerda Campaign Fabius had taken control of several passes through the Pyrenees and after being reinforced by another three legions had moved into the peninsula. The Pompeians, commanded by Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius, encamped on a hill south of the city of Ilerda (Catalan Lleida, Spanish Lérida) in north-east Spain on the western side of the river Sicoris (modern Segre). In this way Afranius and Petreius had access to the land for foraging to the east of the river through the stone bridge by the city, and water. Fabius and his army were east of the Sicoris and decided to construct two new wooden bridges across the river upstream from Ilerda. After finishing his bridges Fabius marched his army across and also encamped on the western bank. Since the Pompeians had stripped the western bank of supplies Fabius had to send foraging parties across the river to supply his army. During these foraging missions the Caesarians fought many skirmishes with the Pompeian cavalry. On one of these missions, just after two of his legions had crossed the river, the bridge they were using was swept away. The wreckage of the bridge floated by Ilerda, and Afranius decided to lead four of his legions and his cavalry across the stone bridge to attack Fabius's isolated two legions. Lucius Plancus, the commander of the two legions, took up a position on a nearby hill, where he was soon attacked. He was only saved by the arrival of Fabius's other two legions, which had crossed the other bridge. Two days later Caesar arrived at Fabius's camp and took command. Caesar endeavored to camp about 400 paces from the foot of the hill where the Pompeians were encamped. While the Pompeians under Afranius threatened to give battle, Caesar declined, but had his first two lines of troops form up for battle anyway, while the third line was ordered to dig a wide ditch behind the lines, unseen. As night came, Caesar withdrew his army behind the ditch and spent the night under arms.The next day was spent creating the rest of the ditch and the rampart which would form the defences of Caesar's camp. For this operation Caesar kept a part of his force on guard. The Pompeian forces were half a mile outside Ilerda, which held much of their supplies, with a small hill between. Caesar decided to try and seize this hill, fortify it and cut the Pompeian position in half. In the midst of the plain there was a portion of rising ground which Caesar wanted to occupy. As he tells it: Between the city of Ilerda, and the hill where Petreius and Afranius were encamped was a plain of about three hundred paces, in the midst of which was a rising ground, which Caesar wanted to take possession of; because, by that means, he could cut off the enemy's communication with the town and bridge, and render the magazines they had in the town useless. The contest for this hill led to a protracted battle. Battle Both armies sent detachments towards the hill and the Pompeians occupied it first. This, combined with their skirmish-like combat technique, overwhelmed the Caesarian detachment and his troops were forced to give ground, eventually retreating to safety. This minor reverse would result in Caesar spurning a renewed attack and this, in turn, led to a longer engagement. As Caesar tells it (in the third person, as was his style): Caesar, contrary to his expectation, finding the consternation like to spread through the whole army, encouraged his men, and led the ninth legion to their assistance. He soon put a stop to the vigorous and insulting pursuit of the enemy, obliged them to turn their backs, and pushed them to the very walls of Ilerda. But the soldiers of the ninth legion, elated with success, and eager to repair the loss we had sustained, followed the runaways with so much heat that they were drawn into a place of disadvantage, and found themselves directly under the hill where the town stood, whence when they endeavoured to retire, the enemy again facing about, charged vigorously from the higher ground. The hill was rough, and steep on each side, extending only so far in breadth as was sufficient for drawing up three cohorts; but they could neither be reinforced in flank, nor sustained by the cavalry. The descent from the town was indeed something easier for about four hundred paces, which furnished our men with the means of extricating themselves from the danger into which their rashness had brought them. Here they bravely maintained the fight, though with great disadvantage to themselves, as well on account of the narrowness of the place, as because being posted at the foot of the hill, none of the enemy's darts fell in vain. Still however they supported themselves by their courage and patience, and were not disheartened by the many wounds they received. The enemy's forces increased every moment, fresh cohorts being sent from the camp through the town, who succeeded in the place of those that were fatigued. Caesar was likewise obliged to detach small parties to maintain the battle, and bring off such as were wounded. The fight had now lasted five hours without intermission, when our men, oppressed by the multitude of the enemy, and having spent all their darts, attacked the mountain sword in hand, and overthrowing such as opposed them, obliged the rest to betake themselves to flight. The pursuit was continued to the very walls of Ilerda, and some out of fear took shelter in the town, which gave our men an opportunity of making good their retreat. At the same time the cavalry, though posted disadvantageously in a bottom, found means by their valour to gain the summit of the mountain, and riding between both armies, hindered the enemy from harassing our rear. Thus the engagement was attended with various turns of fortune. Caesar lost about seventy men in the first encounter, among whom was Q. Fulginius, first centurion of the Hastati of the fourteenth legion, who had raised himself by his valour to that rank, through all the inferior orders. Upwards of six hundred were wounded. On Afranius's side was slain T. Caecilius, first centurion of a legion; also four centurions of inferior degree, and above two hundred private men. Aftermath The spring storms and the melting snow from the mountains then caused flooding, which particularly affected the lower-situated Caesarians, whose camp was flooded. This meant that the Caesarian troops were unable to forage and famine struck the army, accompanied by disease. When the flood of the river Sicoris finally withdrew, the Caesarians dug deep culverts with which to divert the river. This caused Petreius and Afranius to abandon their camp and the city of Ilerda and retreat towards a second republican army under Marcus Terentius Varro. Caesar sent his cavalry across and after the infantry indicated its assent, had his legions go across in the shoulder height water. Caesar ordered a pursuit which overtook the retreating rear guard of the republican army and with a feint retreat he was able outmaneuver them and to block the route on which the republicans were retreating. The two armies again camped close to each other leading to some fraternization between the two armies. Petreius, wanting to stop this fraternization, had the Caesarian soldiers who had wandered into the republican camp rounded up and killed. After this the republicans again retreated towards Ilerda, only to become besieged by the Caesarians in their new camp. By 30 July, Caesar had completely surrounded Afranius and Petreius's army. Afranius and Petreius's ask for terms of surrender to Caesar, and in front of both armies, Caesar accepted the surrender of the five Pompeian legions. After the surrender of the republican main army in Hispania, Caesar then marched towards Varro in Hispania Ulterior, who at once without a fight submitted to him leading to another two legions surrendering. After this, Caesar left his legate Quintus Cassius Longinus —the brother of Gaius Cassius Longinus— in command of Hispania with four of the legions, partly made up of men who had surrendered and gone over to the Caesarian camp, and returned with the rest of his army to Massilia and its siege. See also Modern-day district Instituts-Templers of Lleida/Lérida, where the battle took place. Notes References Sources Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Civili.

Coláiste Feirste

Coláiste Feirste is the only secondary-level Irish-medium school in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Previously known as Méanscoil Feirste, the gaelscoil (Irish language school) is located in the west of the city in a new facility on Belfast's Falls Road. Founded in 1991 with just nine pupils, as of 2022 the school had around 850 pupils and 65 teachers.The school was first situated in Cultúrlann McAdam Ó Fiaich and was opened under the care of the first school principal Fergus O'Hare who was replaced in 2002 by Garaí Mac Roibeaird as principal. Mícheal Mac Giolla Ghunna has been principal since 2019. The school is now situated in Beechmount, the former home of the Riddel family.

Coláiste Feirste is the only secondary-level Irish-medium school in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Previously known as Méanscoil Feirste, the gaelscoil (Irish language school) is located in the west of the city in a new facility on Belfast's Falls Road. Founded in 1991 with just nine pupils, as of 2022 the school had around 850 pupils and 65 teachers.The school was first situated in Cultúrlann McAdam Ó Fiaich and was opened under the care of the first school principal Fergus O'Hare who was replaced in 2002 by Garaí Mac Roibeaird as principal. Mícheal Mac Giolla Ghunna has been principal since 2019. The school is now situated in Beechmount, the former home of the Riddel family. Notable former pupils Niall Ó Donnghaile - Former Lord Mayor of Belfast and current Sinn Féin Senator in Seanad Éireann. Aisling Reilly - Two time singles World Handball Champion and current Sinn Féin MLA for West Belfast. Mo Chara - Rapper in the Belfast-based hip hop trio Kneecap Conor MacNeill - Actor/writer See also List of secondary schools in Belfast References External links Official website

Nandkishore Kapote

Dr. Nandkishore Kapote is a Kathak Classical dancer. He is a disciple of Pandit Birju Maharaj. He is the artistic director of Nandkishore Cultural Society. He is also the Director at Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Liberal Arts and Ph.D. guide at Sri Sri Centre for Kathak Research He is also a member of the advisory committee of Kathak Kendra.

Dr. Nandkishore Kapote is a Kathak Classical dancer. He is a disciple of Pandit Birju Maharaj. He is the artistic director of Nandkishore Cultural Society. He is also the Director at Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Liberal Arts and Ph.D. guide at Sri Sri Centre for Kathak Research He is also a member of the advisory committee of Kathak Kendra. Career In 1977–78, Kapote was awarded the National Scholarship from the Cultural Department, Government of India for learning Kathak dance. He is a recognized Ph.D. guide in Kathak dance for Tilak Maharashtra University and Lalit Kala Kendra, University of Pune. He is an empaneled artist with Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR). He is also an Empaneled Artist of Festival of India (FOI) Abroad with a grading of ‘Outstanding’ Institutions & Establishments Vimal Bhaskar National Award set up by Nandkishore Cultural Society in memory of Shrimati Vimal Kapote and Shri Bhaskar Kapote. Award recipients are Padma Vibhushan Pandit Birju Maharaj and Kathak exponent Pandita Saswati Sen Award was bestowed upon Dr. Puru Dadheech and Dr. Vibha Dadheech on June 5, 2022.Nritya Samrat Pt. Birju Maharaj National Award set up by Dr. Nandkishore Kapote. The award was bestowed upon Dr. Shovana Narayan and Pt. Deepak Maharaj on 14 May 2022.Nandkishore Cultural Society at Pune in 1986 (inaugurated by Bharat Ratna Pt. Bhimsen Joshi) and at Nigdi in 1998 (inaugurated by Padma Vibhushan Pt. Birju Maharaj). Pt. Birju Maharaj Dance & Music Research Centre & Library in 2006. and Kathak Queen Sitara Devi Art Museum in 2014. Awards SANGEET NATAK AKADEMI AWARD AKADEMI PURASKAR for 2020 Senior Fellowship 2015 from Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Chitrakarmi Award 2017 Maharashtra State Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Dalit Mitra Award 2010 Singar Mani Award. Maharashtra Rajya Sanskrutik Puraskar – Maharashtra State Cultural Award 2004. The Award carried a cash prize of Rs.25,000. Balgandharva Award by PMC(Pune Municipal Corporation), Nehru Award Limca Book of Records – listed in Limca Book of Records for teaching oldest student aged 76 years. Pune Navratri Mahotsav Awards (Shri Lakshmimata Kala Sanskruti) Salaam Pune Award 2015 Books and DVD Book Nritya Samrat Pt. Birju Maharaj (Language: Hindi/English) 2021 ISBN 978-93-5473-457-1 . Kathak Samrat – Birju Maharaj (Language: Marathi) The book is recommended by Pune University and Tilak Maharashtra University. The book highlights the multifarious personality of Padma Vibhushan Pt. Birju Maharaj. The book was inaugurated in 2006 by Pt. Birju Maharaj himself at a celebratory function at Nigdi. Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes: Dr. Kapote has co-written the first chapter titled An Introduction to Tribal Dances of India.DVD "Shiv Ram Shyam", Kathak style choreography has been arranged by Dr. Kapote in this DVD. This DVD has been released by Fountain Music Company. Ref number FMV 298. Additionally, Dr. Kapote has presented a Kathak style performance on Shiva bhajan in this VCD. Syllabus Dr. Kapote has prepared a Kathak classical dance examination syllabus for Kathak certification and diploma levels. This syllabus has received recognition by Maharashtra State Government for Kathak Classical Dance examinations. Proficient students who get certified by Nandkishore Cultural Society can avail of extra marks for their HSc (10th standard examinations) throughout Maharashtra. Students can earn up to 15 marks extra upon completion of 5 Kathak levels and up to 10 marks extra upon completion of 3 Kathak levels. Choreographies & Dance Drama Choreographies & Dance Dramas as follows: 'Mahamanav' based on the life of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and was telecast by Mumbai Doordarshan as it created a great impact by spreading the message of Dr. Ambedkar. The cast included 70 performing artists from the age group of 4 – 80 years. 'Mrutyunjay Mahaveer' based on Jain dharma and life of Lord Mahaveer. 'Mahakaleshwar Shiva' based on navarasa (9 Aesthetics) 'Narvar Krishna Saman' based on Bal Gandharva's Marathi language play ‘Natya Sangeet’. Films Dr. Pt. Nandkishore Kapote has choreographed dance sequences for a number of films. He Geet Jeevanache, famous Marathi language film directed by Shri Ram Gabale with music direction by Pt. Hridaynath Mangeshkar. Vardhaman Mahaveer, under banner of Bharat Sudhar Films: Proprietor- Dr Prakash B Katariya, Director- Rajesh Chandrakant Limkar, Music Director- Dr. Ashok PatkiKapote was felicitated with the Chitrakarmi Award 2017 for contribution to Marathi Film Industry. (See Awards section for details) Performances Dr. Kapote's dance career covers a number of National and International performances. A few of his performances are mentioned below: National Programme of Dance: A Grade artist of Delhi Doordarshan and has performed on national television's 'National Programme of Dance' multiple times. Ballet Productions produced by Pt. Birju Maharaj. Performed in numerous ballets such as: Katha Raghunathki, Hori Dhoom Machai, Roopmati-Baz Bahadur, Habba Khatun & Krishnayan. Tributes for Mata Amritanandamayi Numerous performances in honour of Amma's arrival to Pune ICCR (Indian Council of Cultural Relations, Delhi) has catalogued his performances. This performance on the repository, was recorded in 1991–92 at the Bal Gandharva Ranga Mandir, Pune. The 52-minute program includes ‘Vishnu Vandana’, ‘Draupadi Vastra Haran’, ‘Bhajan’ and a Tarana. Accompanying Tabla player is Padma Shri recipient Vijay Ghate. International Performances Internationally acclaimed dance performer, Kapote, has presented Kathak performances in the following countries: Russia: (along with troupe organized by Guru Padma Shri Shovana Narayan) Russia: (along with his Guru Padma Vibhushan Pt. Birju Maharaj) United States of America (along with his Guru Padma Vibhushan Pt. Birju Maharaj) Japan Malaysia Thailand Holland (along with troupe organized by Guru Padma Shri Shovana Narayan) Kuwait (along with troupe organized by Guru Padma Bhushan Uma Sharma) Others He also serves as Honorary Advisor at Music Academy – PCMC, Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation International Dance Day Celebrations 29 April.Dr. Kapote through his organization ‘Nandkishore Cultural Society’ along with his organization that promotes the cause of artists- ‘Akhil Bharatiya Shastriya Nritya Parishad’, celebrates Dance Day every year, thereby promoting dance artists in Pune. Dance Day established in 1982 is on 29 April each year and is promoted by the International Dance Council. The International Dance Council (CID -Conseil International de la Danse) is the official organization for all forms of dance in all countries of the world. CID was founded in 1973 within the UNESCO headquarters in Paris, where it is based. 2019 poster information for dance day is on the CID website. Dance Tribute for Shri Satya Saibaba.Dr. Kapote said he has never missed performing a bhajan on Thursday as a prayer to Baba and would continue to do so. References External links Dr.pdt.NANDKISHORE KAPOTE,Kathak Exponent,Kathak Dancer,Kathak Guru and Choreography

Kanak Rele

Kanak Rele (11 June 1937 – 22 February 2023) was an Indian dancer, choreographer, and academic best known as an exponent of Mohiniyattam. She was the founder-director of the Nalanda Dance Research Centre and the founder-principal of the Nalanda Nritya Kala Mahavidyalaya in Mumbai.

Kanak Rele (11 June 1937 – 22 February 2023) was an Indian dancer, choreographer, and academic best known as an exponent of Mohiniyattam. She was the founder-director of the Nalanda Dance Research Centre and the founder-principal of the Nalanda Nritya Kala Mahavidyalaya in Mumbai. Early life and education Born in Gujarat on 11 June 1937, Rele spent a part of her childhood in Santiniketan and in Kolkata with her uncle. At Santiniketan she had the opportunity to watch Kathakali and Mohiniyattam performances, which she claimed helped shape her artistic sensibilities.Rele was a qualified lawyer with an LL.B. from the Government Law College, Mumbai and a diploma in international law from the University of Manchester. She also held a PhD in dance from the University of Mumbai.Rele and her husband Yatindra had one son. She died in Mumbai on 22 February 2023. Mohiniyattam artiste Rele was also a Kathakali artiste having been trained under Guru "Panchali" Karunakara Panicker since the age of seven. Her initiation into Mohiniyattam came much later under Kalamandalam Rajalakshmi. A grant from the Sangeet Natak Akademi and later the Ford Foundation helped her delve deeper into her interest in Mohiniyattam and during 1970–71 she traveled to Kerala filming exponents of the dance form such as Kunjukutty Amma, Chinnammu Amma, and Kalyanikutty Amma. The project helped acquaint her with the nuances of Mohiniyattam and record its traditional and technical styles while also enabling her to evolve a teaching methodology for it. Her study of these artistes and their technique against the backdrop of classical texts like Natya Shastra, Hastalakshana Deepika, and Balarama Bharatam led her to develop her own style of Mohiniyattam dubbed the Kanaka Rele School of Mohiniyattam.Rele's concept of body kinetics in dance is a pioneering innovation that disaggregates body movements in Mohiniyattam using a notation system. She is credited with having played a key role in the revival and popularisation of Mohiniyattam and for having brought a scientific temper and academic rigour to it. Notable choreographies Rele is noted for the contemporisation of mythological tales in her performances and her portrayal of strong women characters in them, which is a marked departure from the traditional Mohiniyattam theme of the nayika pining for love. Some of her notable subjects and choreographies include Kubja, Kalyani, Silappadikaram, and Swapnavasavadattam.Rele's association with the Malayalam poet and scholar Kavalam Narayana Panicker led to her introduction to Sopana Sangeetham and creation of choreographic pieces set to Sopana Sangeetam's talas. Rele credited Kavalam's compositions as being inspirational for several of her choreographies that "highlight the trauma of women in society based on women characters in mythology".Nritya Bharati, a documentary on India's classical dances produced by Rele's Nalanda Dance Research Centre has been acquired by the Ministry of External Affairs as the official capsule for all Indian missions abroad. The Enlightened One — Gautama Buddha, which premiered in 2011, was a choreographic piece created against the backdrop of the 26/11 attacks on Mumbai. Academic career Rele was instrumental in beginning the Department of Fine Arts at the University of Mumbai and also served as its dean. Rele established the Nalanda Dance Research Centre in 1966 and the Nalanda Nritya Kala Mahavidyalay in 1972. The Nalanda Dance Research Centre, Mumbai which trains students for a university degree in Mohiniyattam is recognised as a research institute by the Ministry of Science and Technology. Rele also served as an expert and advisor on dance to the Department of Culture of the Government of India and the Planning Commission and was part of the University Grants Commission's curriculum development team and a consultant to Indian and foreign universities in developing academic dance courses. Awards and honours Rele was conferred the Gaurav Puraskar by the Government of Gujarat in 1989 and the Padma Shri, the fourth-highest civilian award in the Republic of India, in 1990. She was honoured with the title Kala Vipanchee by Vipanchee, a pioneering institution for Indian music and dance, in 2005. In 2006, the Government of Madhya Pradesh conferred the Kalidas Samman on her for her contributions to and excellence in the field of classical dance. She was also a recipient of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and the M. S. Subbulakshmi Award. In 2013, she was conferred the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India. Books Mohinī Āțțam: The Lyrical Dance Bhaava Niroopanna A Handbook of Indian Dance Terminology See also Indian women in dance References External links Nalanda Dance Research Centre

List of crossings of the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes

This is a list of bridges, ferries, and other crossings of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Saint Lawrence River, and Great Lakes, by order of south shore terminal running from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence upstream to Lake Superior.

This is a list of bridges, ferries, and other crossings of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Saint Lawrence River, and Great Lakes, by order of south shore terminal running from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence upstream to Lake Superior. Crossings Quebec Lower and Middle Saint Lawrence Island of Montreal Upper Saint Lawrence and Beauharnois Canal Ontario and the United States Upper Saint Lawrence River Lake Ontario and Niagara River Lake Erie / Bass Islands Detroit and St. Clair Rivers Straits of Mackinac and Soo Locks area Lake Huron / Georgian Bay, Ontario Lake Superior Lake Michigan See also List of crossings of the Rivière des Mille Îles List of crossings of the Rivière des Prairies List of bridges to the Island of Montreal List of crossings of the Ottawa River Notes A The year of construction of the original structure. In the case of ferries, no date is given, as the beginning of a ferry link is often not documented.B Provides only a partial crossing.D Nordik Express offers, in addition to links to Rimouski, Sept-Îles, and Havre-Saint-Pierre, a ferry link to several communities along the Basse-Côte-Nord. Its easternmost terminal is in Blanc-Sablon, Quebec.E Quebec Bridge is the lowermost fixed crossing of the whole river.I The Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine complex consists of a tunnel from Montreal to Île Charron and a bridge from Île Charron to the South Shore.J Jacques-Cartier Bridge was originally named Harbour Bridge/Pont du Havre, and renamed after Jacques Cartier in 1934 (400th anniversary of Cartier's first voyage). The section over the St. Lawrence Seaway was lifted to a new height in 1962.K Pont de la Concorde (Concorde Bridge) and Pont des Îles ("Bridge of the Islands") were built for Expo 67. Pont de la Concorde connects Montreal Island to Saint Helen's Island, while Pont des Îles connects Saint Helen's Island to Notre-Dame Island.L Victoria Bridge was built as a one-track tubular bridge which opened in 1860, then rebuilt as a two-track truss bridge in 1898. The South Y approach was rebuilt around the Saint-Lambert locks of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1961.M At the north end of Champlain Bridge, two spans, one north-south (aut. 15 and 20) and one east-west (aut. 10) connect Île des Sœurs to I. of Montreal. These two spans, called Pont Île-des-Sœurs and Pont Clément, are part of the Champlain Bridge complex.N The Champlain Bridge Ice Structure, known in French as "l'Estacade Champlain," was built to control ice floes coming from the Laprairie Basin.O The section of Honoré-Mercier bridge spanning over the St. Lawrence Seaway was rebuilt to seaway standards in the 1950s. The bridge was twinned by an identical one, on the downriver side, which opened in 1963.P The Edgar Hébert Boulevard crossing consists of a suspension bridge over the discharge of the Beauharnois Power Station and a tunnel under the locks of Beauharnois Canal.Q The South Channel Bridge was demolished in 1958, and the North Channel Bridge in 1965.R The Burlington Bay Skyway does not cross between both sides of the St. Lawrence/Great Lakes river system, but it is a major thoroughfare crossing the western tip of Lake Ontario, which allows motorists to drive around the city of Hamilton. References External links Ontario Government Ferry Information Howe and Wolfe Islands Quebec Government Ferries webpage Wolfe, Horne, and Simcoe Island Ferry Information

Grevillea iaspicula

Grevillea iaspicula, commonly known as Wee Jasper grevillea, is a species of endangered shrub that is endemic to southern New South Wales.

Grevillea iaspicula, commonly known as Wee Jasper grevillea, is a species of endangered shrub that is endemic to southern New South Wales. Description Grevillea iaspicula is a shrub that grows to a height of 1.2–2.5 m (3 ft 11 in – 8 ft 2 in) and has leaves that are between 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in) long with have recurved margins. The branched, pendant inflorescences appear from late autumn to late spring. The perianths are green or cream coloured, flushed with light pink and the styles are pink or red. The fruit is a hairy follicle. Taxonomy Grevillea iaspicula was first formally described in 1986 by Donald McGillivray in his book, New Names in Grevillea (Proteaceae). The type specimen was found on private property in Wee Jasper in 1980. The specific epithet iaspicula is a latinised form of Wee Jasper, the area where this species occurs.In the Flora of Australia (1999), the species was positioned within the genus Grevillea by means of a hierarchical tree as follows:Grevillea (genus) Floribunda Group Rosmarinifolia SubgroupGrevillea iaspicula Grevillea jephcottii Grevillea lanigera Grevillea baueri Grevillea rosmarinifolia Grevillea divaricata Distribution Grevillea iaspicula occurs in a restricted area in Wee Jasper and near Lake Burrinjuck among limestone-based rocky outcrops. Many populations are on private land. Ecology The species is believed to be pollinated by birds. Conservation status Grevillea iaspicula is listed as "endangered" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and "critically endangered" under the New South Wales Government Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016. Potential threats include grazing, weeds, fire and drought. It is believed that survival of the species in the wild is unlikely without human intervention to artificially increase populations. Use in horticulture The species has only been brought in to cultivation in recent times and plants are not yet widely available beyond specialist nurseries. It exhibits a number of qualities which make it a suitable candidate for many gardens including adaptability to a range of soil types, responsiveness to pruning, and resistance to heavy frost. Plants may be propagated from cuttings. References External links Grevillea iaspicula - Australian Plant Image Index

Takasugi Shinsaku

Takasugi Shinsaku (高杉 晋作, 27 September 1839 – 17 May 1867) was a samurai from the Chōshū Domain of Japan who contributed significantly to the Meiji Restoration. He used several aliases to hide his activities from the Tokugawa shogunate.

Takasugi Shinsaku (高杉 晋作, 27 September 1839 – 17 May 1867) was a samurai from the Chōshū Domain of Japan who contributed significantly to the Meiji Restoration. He used several aliases to hide his activities from the Tokugawa shogunate. Early life Takasugi Shinsaku was born in the castle town Hagi, the capital of the Chōshū Domain (present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture) as the first son of Takasugi Kochūta, a middle-ranked samurai of the domain and his mother Michi (道). He would have three younger sisters by the name of Tomo (智), Sachi (幸) and Mei (明). He had smallpox at the age of ten, but fortunately he had recovered from it. Takasugi joined the Shōka Sonjuku, the famous private school of Yoshida Shōin. Takasugi devoted himself to the modernization of Chōshū's military, and became a favorite student of Yoshida. In 1858, he entered the Shōheikō (a military school under direct control of the shōgun at Edo). When his teacher was arrested during the Ansei Purge in 1859, Takasugi visited him in jail. Shōin was later executed on 21 November 1859. In December 1859 he returned home by the clan's command. In January 1860, Takasugi married Inoue Masa (1845–1922), the second daughter of Yamaguchi retainer and magistrate Inoue Heiemon who was also the friend of his father. Masa was said to be the most beautiful lady in Suō and Nagato provinces. Their marriage was arranged by his parents, with hope that he would take his mind off of his teacher's death in 1859 and to settle down with his new bride. However, in April 1861, Takasugi would leave his home and undertake naval training on the clan's warship Heishinmaru, and travelled to Edo. Later in September he went to study at the Tōhoku region, and there he was associated with Sakuma Shōzan and Yokoi Shōnan. Foreign experience Takasugi, in spite of his young age, was an influential factor within Chōshū as one of the most extreme advocates of a policy of seclusion and expelling the foreigners from Japan. In spite of Japan's policy of national isolation in the Edo period, in 1862 Takasugi was ordered by the domain to go secretly to Shanghai in Great Qing Empire to investigate the state of affairs and the strength of the Western powers. Takasugi's visit coincided with the Taiping Rebellion, and he was shocked by the effects of European imperialism even on the Chinese Empire. Takasugi returned to Japan convinced that Japan must strengthen itself to avoid being colonized by the western powers, or to suffer a similar fate as the Qing Empire. This coincided with the growing Sonnō Jōi ('expel the barbarians and revere the Emperor') movement, which attracted certain radical sections of Japan's warrior class and court nobility, and Takasugi's ideas found ready support in Chōshū and other parts of Japan. Takasugi was implicated in the 31 January 1863 attack on the British legation in Edo. Formation of the Shotai and Kiheitai Takasugi originated the revolutionary idea of auxiliary irregular militia (shotai). Under the feudal system, only the samurai class was allowed to own weapons. Takasugi promoted the recruitment of commoners into new, socially-mixed paramilitary units. In these units, neither recruitment nor promotion depended (at least in theory), on social status. Farmers, merchants, carpenters and even sumo-wrestlers and Buddhist priests were enlisted, although samurai still formed the majority in most of the Shotai. Takasugi clearly saw that utilization of the financial wealth of the middle-class merchants and farmers could increase the military strength of the domain, without weakening its finances. Since the leaders of Chōshū were unable - and unwilling - to change the social structure of the domain, limited use of peasants and commoners enabled them to form a new type of military without disturbing the traditional society. In June 1863, Takasugi himself founded a special Shotai unit under his direct command called the Kiheitai, which consisted of 300 soldiers (about half of whom were samurai). Later on, while hiding away from assassins, he encountered a shamisen-playing geisha named O-Uno (1843–1909) at a brothel Sakai-ya in Akamaseki, Shimonoseki and went into a relationship with her. External and internal crisis After Chōshū fired upon Western warships in the Straits of Shimonoseki on 25 June 1863, British, French, Dutch and American naval forces bombarded Shimonoseki, the main port of the Chōshū domain the following summer in what was later called the Bombardment of Shimonoseki. Takasugi was put in charge of the defense of Shimonoseki. An anti-Chōshū coup in Kyoto in the 18 August 1863 threatened to jeopardize Chōshū's leading role in national politics, and Chōshū was ousted by a coalition of the Satsuma and Aizu in the imperial court. Following the Kyohoji incident on 16 August which involved a conflict between the Chōshū's forces Kiheitai and Senkitai (撰鋒隊) at the Kyohoji temple which left two people dead, Hikosuke Miyagi, who was an inspecting officer of the Kiheitai, was forced to commit seppuku at the temple on 27 August. Although Takasugi narrowly escaped the seppuku, he was held liable for the incident and was dismissed as the leader of the Kiheitai, only about two month after its formation. The Kiheitai was taken over by Kawakami Yaichi and Taki Yataro, followed by Akane Taketo and Yamagata Aritomo on October. In February 1864, Takasugi tried to dissuade Kijima Matabei from his plan to fight Satsuma and Aizu in Kyoto, but failed and then left the domain to hide in Kyoto himself. He was persuaded by Katsura Kogorō to return, but upon arrival he was put in Noyama-Goku Prison for the charge of leaving the domain. He was later released in July and ordered to confine himself at home. In September 1864, a fleet of warships of British, French, Dutch and American naval forces attacked Shimonoseki again and occupied the gun battery there. This was followed by the landing of French marines. Their fighting against Chōshū units demonstrated the inferiority of traditional Japanese troops against a Western army, and convinced the leaders of the domain of the absolute necessity for a thorough military reform. Chōshū soon had no choice but to call on Takasugi again. Shinsaku was then forgiven and put in charge of peace negotiations. The Chōshū domain's administration called on Takasugi not only to carry out this reform as ‘Director of Military Affairs’, but he - only 25 years of age - was also entrusted with negotiating peace with the four Western powers. In view of the humiliation of Chōshū forces against the Western powers, Takasugi had come to the realization that direct confrontation with the foreigners was not an option. Instead, Japan had to learn military tactics, techniques and technologies from the West. Takasugi reorganized his Kiheitai militia into a rifle-unit with the latest modern rifles, and introduced training in Western strategy and tactics. Moreover, Takasugi used his influence with the Sonnô Jôi-movement to promote a more a conciliatory policy towards the West and thus, the ‘movement to expel the barbarians and revere the Emperor’ evolved into an anti-Bakufu movement with the overthrow of the Tokugawa bakufu as a necessary means to strengthen Japan against the foreigners. Weakened by the punitive attack by the Western powers, Chōshū was unable to withstand the expedition mounted by the Bakufu in autumn 1864 in retaliation for previous Chōshū attempts to seize control of Kyoto. At first, conservative forces, which favored conciliation with the Bakufu in order to secure the domain, were dominant in Chōshū politics, and Takasugi and some of his compatriots had to leave the domain to avoid renewed imprisonment. Takasugi, with only about a dozen followers, including future political leaders Yamagata Aritomo, Itō Hirobumi and Inoue Kaoru, gathered in Kokura in Kyūshū and prepared an attack on the conservative forces in Chōshū. The subsequent Chōshū civil war began on 13 January 1865. Takasugi played a major role in this civil war and his former Kiheitai militia proved its superiority over old-fashioned samurai forces. With a series of quick strikes and the support of Katsura Kogorō, Takasugi achieved victory by March 1865. He became one of the main arbiters of the Chōshū domain's policy and continued to act as the domain's expert on Western military science, devoting his efforts to importing arms and raising troops. These reforms proved to be successful when Chōshū was victorious on four fronts against the Bakufu's Second Chōshū expedition on 7 June 1866, with the Kiheitai itself securing victory on two fronts. Takasugi's efforts had made a small-scale 'nation in arms' out of Chōshū, giving it a military strength out of proportion to its relatively small size. With its victory over the Tokugawa forces, the military power of the Bakufu was discredited, and traditionally rival domains decided to join forces with Chōshū in the subsequent battles which will eventually led to the end of the Tokugawa bakufu and the start of the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Death Takasugi did not live to see this success as his tuberculosis got worse in October 1866, after which he was moved to a residence of the bar manager Hayashi Sankuro. His mistress O-Uno and the Buddhist nun and poet Nomura Bōtō nursed him there. Around February 1867, his wife Masa and their three year-old son Tōichi (aka Takasugi Umenoshin) (1864–1913) arrived from Hagi to visit him. Due to the presence of his wife and not wishing to sully Takasugi's name, O-Uno left and became a Buddhist nun under the name of Tani Baisho, but was later summoned back by Masa to look after him. However in March 1867, Takasugi's illness worsened yet again, Masa and Tōichi were summoned back to Hagi, while Baisho and Nomura stayed with him until his death on 17 May 1867. Under his will, Takasugi was buried near the Kiheitai's camp at the Mt. Kiyomizu in Yoshida. Only a year later, Takasugi's dream of overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate, which found obvious manifestation in his nickname Tōgyō (東行), was fulfilled with the Meiji Restoration. Before leaving for Europe in 1869, Yamagata Aritomo presented his thatched hut named Murin-an (無鄰菴) which is also at Mt. Kiyomizu to Takasugi's former mistress and nun Baisho to dwell in and to look after his grave. Kido Takayoshi (formerly Katsura Kogorō) and his wife Matsuko would later take his young son Tōichi under their wings in 1871. In 1884, Takasugi's friends and comrades whom included Yamagata Aritomo, Yamada Akiyoshi, Itō Hirobumi, and Inoue Kaoru among others, raised funds to have a hermitage Tōgyō-an (東行庵), named after Takasugi's nickname, built close to his gravesite, there Tani Baisho stayed and looked after his grave until her death in 1909. The grave itself was designated a National Historic Monument in 1934. Legacy Takasugi Shinsaku, a central figure of the early Meiji Restoration, is as well known for his military talents as he is for his skills as a politician. However, dying at the young age of 28, Takasugi was not to become one of Japan's famous leaders in the subsequent Meiji era. In his hometown, the castle town Hagi, Yamaguchi in south-western Japan - he is still remembered as a mystical and energetic hero, who put all his efforts into opening the way to modernization, westernization and reforms, not only in military matters but in political and social matters as well. Court rank Shōshi'i (正四位, Senior Fourth Rank) Gallery of birthplace of Takasugi Shinsaku In popular culture Takasugi is a secondary character present in the manga and anime Rurouni Kenshin, as well as its OAV adaptation Trust and Betrayal, shown to be in the last stages of his illness. He recruited the young Himura Kenshin into the Kiheitai before allowing Chōshū leader Katsura Kogorō to make him the Hitokiri Battōsai. While portrayed as a brash and ruthless warrior, he is nonetheless wary of his unsavory actions and tried to dissuade Katsura from "corrupting" Kenshin's soul, to no avail. His Japanese voice actor is Wataru Takagi, and his English voice actor is Jason Phelps. Takasugi was the inspiration for Takasugi Shinsuke, one of the main and earliest antagonists in the manga series Gin Tama. A highly fictionalized version of Takasugi appears in the PSP game Bakumatsu Rock and its anime adaptation. In the game, which is set in the Bakumatsu and has a musical theme, he is depicted as the bass player in a rock band led by Sakamoto Ryōma. Takasugi Shinsaku is usually portrayed in most NHK Taiga drama dealing with the Meiji Restoration. Most recent instances would be: Ryōmaden, played by Japanese actor Yusuke Iseya Hana Moyu, played by Japanese actor Kengo Kora. Takasugi Shinsaku was played by Japanese actor Yujiro Ishihara in the 1957 film Sun in the Last Days of the Shogunate. Takasugi Shinsaku is credited with the aphorism "Live a pleasant life in the unpleasant world" in the manga Natsuyuki Rendezvous. Takasugi Shinsaku is the protagonist in the anime "Bakumatsu". His Japanese voice actor is Yuuichi Nakamura. Takasugi Shinsaku appears as an Archer class Servant in the mobile game Fate/Grand Order. Takasuhi Shinsaku is a protagonist in the Manga Sidooh by Takashi Tsutomu. He is the starting general of the Choshu clan in the real time strategy game Shogun 2: Fall of the Samurai, also featuring the Kiheitai as the clan's unique elite unit. Notes References Craig, Albert M. (2000). Chôshû in the Meiji Restoration. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. Gregg, Taylor N. "Hagi Where Japan's Revolution Began". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2006-01-07. Retrieved 2005-05-06. (US). Huber, Thomas M. (1981). The Revolutionary Origins of Modern Japan. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Jansen, Marius B. (1961). Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 413111 External links National Diet Library Bio & Photo About Takasugi Shinsaku (Japanese)

Henry Engelhardt

Henry Allan Engelhardt (born January 17, 1958) is an American businessman, and the founder and former chief executive of Admiral Group, a Welsh motor insurance company. He was credited as driving the company in to a position where it became one of Britain's most valuable companies and stepped down as chief executive in 2016 to make way for a younger management team to take the group forward.

Henry Allan Engelhardt (born January 17, 1958) is an American businessman, and the founder and former chief executive of Admiral Group, a Welsh motor insurance company. He was credited as driving the company in to a position where it became one of Britain's most valuable companies and stepped down as chief executive in 2016 to make way for a younger management team to take the group forward. Early life Engelhardt was born to a Jewish family on January 17, 1958, in Chicago, the son of Annette (née Bernstein) and Sheldon Arthur Engelhardt. His father owned a successful meatpacking operation in Chicago. He has a sister and a brother, Karen Engelhardt Stern and Joel Engelhardt. He was educated at the University of Michigan, and has a joint degree in journalism and radio, television and film. He followed his French girlfriend (now wife) to Europe where he studied for an MBA at Insead. Career Engelhardt became part of the founding team at Churchill Insurance, where he developed his way of doing business.In 1993, he launched Admiral Group. In 1999, he led a management buy out of the business which has since become a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.In September 2012, the Engelhardt family owned more than 14% of Admiral Group.In March 2017, he became CEO of Elephant Insurance Services, a US subsidiary of Admiral Group.In 2021 Engelhardt was made an independent non-executive director of the Welsh Rugby Union. Personal life Engelhardt is married to Diane Briere de L'isle; they have four children. The family lives in Cardiff, Wales. == References ==

Godfrey Lewis Rockefeller

Godfrey Lewis Rockefeller (September 24, 1783 – September 28, 1857), was an American farmer and businessman. He was an early settler of Richford, New York and his personal characteristics and hard life have led him to be called "a most unlikely progenitor of the clan". He was the father of con artist William Rockefeller Sr.

Godfrey Lewis Rockefeller (September 24, 1783 – September 28, 1857), was an American farmer and businessman. He was an early settler of Richford, New York and his personal characteristics and hard life have led him to be called "a most unlikely progenitor of the clan". He was the father of con artist William Rockefeller Sr. Early life and marriage Godfrey Rockefeller was born September 24, 1783, in Albany, New York. His parents were William and Christina Rockefeller. William and Christina were third cousins; William's grandfather was Johann Peter Rockefeller II, a miller who migrated from Rockenfeld, Rhineland, Germany, to Philadelphia where he was a plantation owner and landholder in Somerville, New Jersey, and Amwell, New Jersey. Christina's grandfather was Johann Peter's cousin, Diell Rockefeller, who immigrated to Germantown, New York. In 1806, Godfrey married former schoolteacher, Lucy Avery (February 11, 1786 – April 6, 1867), in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, against opposition from her parents. Lucy's Avery ancestors were Puritans who had emigrated from Devon, England, to Salem, Massachusetts, in about 1630.Godfrey was said to be outmatched by his wife, who was taller, more confident, and better educated than Godfrey. Godfrey himself was said to have a "stunted, impoverished look and a hangdog air of perpetual defeat". He was also said to be jovial and good-natured, but his propensity to drink upset his wife. The pair would have ten children. Career Godfrey and Lucy first lived in Great Barrington, where Godfrey became sheriff, and worked as a farmer and businessman with little success. He and his young family moved from Great Barrington to Granger, New York, and then to Ancram, New York, and then to Livingston, New York. Between 1832 and 1834, the family moved by Conestoga wagon west. Various reasons for this move have been given. One account is that Godfrey and several neighbors lost their land in a title dispute. Another is that Godfrey traded his farm for a farm in Tioga County, a trade which Godfrey would have been ill-advised to make as the farm at his final destination had thin acidic soil that was poor for farming. Another is that the family intended to move to Michigan, but Lucy preferred the New England culture of upstate New York. Whatever the reason, they spent two weeks along the Albany-Catskill turnpike with nine of their ten children (all excepting William) travelling to their new home, a sparsely populated wilderness near Richford, New York. A family legend is that from the top of the hill on his new, 60-acre property, Godfrey said that "This is as close as we shall ever get to Michigan", and therefore named the spot, Michigan Hill. At Michigan Hill, Lucy built a stone fence with two field-hands, and the family worked a farm. Their son, William, arrived in Richford in about 1835. Death and family Godfrey Lewis Rockefeller died on September 28, 1857, and Lucy died April 6, 1867, both in Richford, New York. Godfrey and Lucy had 10 children: Melinda Rockefeller (September 12, 1807 – May 2, 1880), married to William Harris Olymphia Rockefeller (April 20, 1809 – July 21, 1893), William Avery "Bill" Rockefeller Sr. (November 13, 1810 – May 11, 1906). His son John Davison Rockefeller Sr. founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870. Norman Rockefeller (October 27, 1812 – January 20, 1905) Sally Ann Rockefeller (September 28, 1814 – March 3, 1884) Jacob S. Rockefeller (July 14, 1816 – August 14, 1892) Mary Rockefeller (February 18, 1819 – July 15, 1819) Miles Avery Rockefeller (July 27, 1821 – ?) Mary Miranda Rockefeller (June 17, 1824 – November 12, 1879) Egbert Rockefeller (February 8, 1827 – September 20, 1878). References Sources Chernow, Ron. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. Vintage, 2007. Flynn, John T. God's gold: The story of Rockefeller and his times. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1933. Nevins, Allan. John D. Rockefeller The Heroic Age Of American Enterprise. C Scribner's Sons, 1940. Sweet, Homer De Lois, The Averys of Groton: Genealogical and Biographical, Volume 2, Rice-Taylor Publishing, 1894 Henry Oscar Rockefeller, Benjamin Franklin Rockefeller, The Transactions of the Rockefeller Family Association, Rockefeller Family Association, 1915, pages 43–47 Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976, page 7 Thomas Shannon, A Trip to the Forgotten Birthplace of American History's Richest Man, Hudson River Zeitgeist, July 3, 2016

C. I. Lewis

Clarence Irving Lewis (April 12, 1883 – February 3, 1964), usually cited as C. I. Lewis, was an American academic philosopher. He is considered the progenitor of modern modal logic and the founder of conceptual pragmatism. First a noted logician, he later branched into epistemology, and during the last 20 years of his life, he wrote much on ethics. The New York Times memorialized him as "a leading authority on symbolic logic and on the philosophic concepts of knowledge and value." He was the first to coin the term "Qualia" as it is used today in philosophy, linguistics, and cognitive sciences.

Clarence Irving Lewis (April 12, 1883 – February 3, 1964), usually cited as C. I. Lewis, was an American academic philosopher. He is considered the progenitor of modern modal logic and the founder of conceptual pragmatism. First a noted logician, he later branched into epistemology, and during the last 20 years of his life, he wrote much on ethics. The New York Times memorialized him as "a leading authority on symbolic logic and on the philosophic concepts of knowledge and value." He was the first to coin the term "Qualia" as it is used today in philosophy, linguistics, and cognitive sciences. Biography Lewis was born in Stoneham, Massachusetts. His father was a skilled worker in a shoe factory, and Lewis grew up in relatively humble circumstances. He discovered philosophy at age 13, when reading about the Greek pre-Socratics, Anaxagoras and Heraclitus in particular. The first work of philosophy Lewis recalled studying was A Short History of Greek Philosophy by John Marshall (1891). Immanuel Kant proved a major lifelong influence on Lewis's thinking. In his article "Logic and Pragmatism", Lewis wrote: "Nothing comparable in importance happened [in my life] until I became acquainted with Kant... Kant compelled me. He had, so I felt, followed scepticism to its inevitable last stage, and laid the foundations where they could not be disturbed."In 1902, he entered Harvard University. Since his parents were not able to help him financially, he had to work as a waiter to earn his tuition. In 1905, Harvard College awarded Lewis the Bachelor of Arts cum laude after a mere three years of study, during which time he supported himself with part-time jobs. He then taught English for one year in a high school in Quincy, Massachusetts, then two years at the University of Colorado. In 1906, he married Mable Maxwell Graves. In 1908, Lewis returned to Harvard and began a Ph.D. in philosophy, which he completed in a mere two years. He then taught philosophy at the University of California, 1911–20, after which he returned again to Harvard's philosophy department, where he taught until his 1953 retirement, eventually filling the Edgar Pierce Chair of Philosophy. His Harvard course on Kant's first Critique was among the most famous in undergraduate philosophy in the U.S. until he retired.Lewis's life was not free of trials. His daughter died in October 1932 and he had a heart attack in 1933. Nevertheless, the publications of Lewis (1929) and Lewis and Langford (1932) attest to these years having been a highly productive period of his life. During this same period, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929, and in 1933, he presided over the American Philosophical Association. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1942.Lewis accepted a visiting professorship at Stanford during 1957–58, where he presented his lectures for the last time. For the academic year 1959–60, he was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies at Wesleyan University. Philosophical work Logic Lewis studied logic under his eventual Ph.D. thesis supervisor, Josiah Royce, and is a principal architect of modern philosophical logic. In 1912, two years after the publication of the first volume of Principia Mathematica, Lewis began publishing articles taking exception to Principia' s pervasive use of material implication, more specifically, to Bertrand Russell's reading of a→b as "a implies b." Lewis restated this criticism in his reviews of both editions of Principia Mathematica. Lewis's reputation as a promising young logician was soon assured. Material implication (the rule of inference which claims that stating "P implies Q" is equivalent to stating "Q OR not P") allows a true consequent to follow from a false antecedent (so if P is not true still Q may be true since you only stated what a true P implies, but did not state what is implied if P is untrue). Lewis proposed to replace the usage of material implication during discussions involving logic with the term strict implication, by which a (contingently) false antecedent, which is false but could have been true, does not always strictly imply a (contingently) true consequent, which is true but could have been false. The same logical result is implied, but in a clearer and more explicit way. Stating strictly that P implies Q is explicitly not stating what the untrue P implies. And therefore if P is not true, Q may be true, but may be false as well.As opposed to material implication, in strict implication the statement is not primitive - it is not defined in positive terms, but rather in the combined terms of negation, conjunction, and a prefixed unary intensional modal operator, ◊ {\displaystyle \Diamond } . The following is its formal definition: If X is a formula with a classical bivalent truth value (which must be either true or false), then ◊ {\displaystyle \Diamond } X can be read as "X is possibly true".Lewis then defined "A strictly implies B" as " ¬ ◊ {\displaystyle \neg \Diamond } (A ∧ ¬ {\displaystyle \land \neg } B)". Lewis's strict implication is now a historical curiosity, but the formal modal logic in which he grounded that notion is the ancestor of all modern work on the subject. Lewis' ◊ {\displaystyle \Diamond } notation is still standard, but current practice usually takes its dual, the square notation ◻ {\displaystyle \square } , meaning "necessity", which is stating a primitive notion, while the diamond notation, ◊ {\displaystyle \Diamond } , is left as a defined (derived) meaning. With square notation "A strictly implies B" is simply written as ◻ {\displaystyle \square } (A→B), which states explicitly that we are only implying the truth of B when A is true, and we are not implying anything about when B can be false, nor what A implies if it is false, in which case B can be false or B can just as well be true.His first published monograph about advances in logic since the time of Leibniz, A Survey of Symbolic Logic (1918), culminating a series of articles written since 1900, went out of print after selling several hundred copies. At the time of its publication, it included the only discussion in English of the logical writings of Charles Sanders Peirce. This book followed Russell's 1900 monograph on Leibnitz, and in later editions he removed a section that seemed similar to it.Lewis went on to devise modal logic which he described in his next book Symbolic Logic (1932) as possible formal analyses of the alethic modalities, modes of logical truth such as necessity, possibility and impossibility. Several amended versions of his first book "A Survey of Symbolic Logic" have been written over the years, designated as S1 to S5, the last two, S4 and S5, generated much mathematical and philosophical interest, sustained to the present day and are the beginnings of what became the field of normal modal logic. Pragmatist but no positivist Around 1930, with the introduction of logical empiricism to America by German and Austrian philosophers fleeing Europe under Nazi Germany, American philosophy went through a turning point. This new doctrine, with its emphasis on scientific models of knowledge and on the logical analysis of meaning, soon became dominant, challenging American philosophers such as Lewis who held a naturalistic or pragmatic approach.Lewis was perceived as a logical empiricist, but actually differed with it on some major points, rejecting logical positivism, which is the notion that all genuine knowledge is derived solely from sensory experience as interpreted through reason and logic, and rejecting physicalism with its notion that the mind along with its experience is actually equivalent to physical entities such as the brain and the body. He held that experience should be analyzed separately, and that semiotic value does have cognitive significance.Reflecting on the differences between pragmatism and positivism, Lewis devised the notion of cognitive structure, concluding that any significant knowledge must come from experience. Semiotic value, accordingly, is the way of representing this knowledge, which is stored for deciding future conduct. Charles Sanders Peirce the founder of pragmaticism saw the world as a system of signs. Therefore, scientific research was a branch of semiotics, primarily needing to be analyzed and justified in semiotic terms, before actually conducting any kind of experiment, and the meaning of meaning must be understood before anything else could be "explained". This included analyzing and studying what experience itself is. In Mind and the World Order (1929) Lewis explained that Peirce's "pragmatic test" of significance should be understood with Peirce's own limitation which prescribed meaning only to what makes a verfiable difference in experience although experience is subjective. A year later, in Pragmatism and Current Thought (1930) he repeated this but emphasized the subjectiveness of experience. Concepts, according to Lewis' explanation of Peirce, are abstractions in which the experience is to be considered, rather than any "factual" or "immediate" truth.The validation of the perceived experiences are achieved by doing comparison tests. For example, if one person perceives time or weight as double that of the other's perception, the two perceptions are never truly comparable. Thus a concept is a relational pattern. Still, by checking the physical attributes which each of the two people assign to their experiences, in this case the weight and time in physical units, it is possible to analyze some part of the experience, and one should not discard that very important aspect of the world as it is experienced. In one sense, that of connotation, a concept strictly comprises nothing but an abstract configuration of relations. In another sense, its denotation or empirical application, this meaning is vested in a process which characteristically begins with something given and ends with something done in the operation which translates a presented datum into an instrument of prediction and control. Thus knowledge begins and ends in experience, keeping in mind that the beginning and ending experiences differ. Furthermore, according to Lewis' interpretation of Peirce, knowledge of something requires that the verifying experience itself be actually experienced as well. Thus, for the pragmatist, verifiability as an operational definition (or test) of the empirical meaning of a statement requires that the speaker know how to apply that statement, when not to apply it, and that the speaker will be able to trace the consequences of the statement in situations both real and hypothetical. Lewis firmly objected to the positivist interpretation of value statements as being merely "expressive", devoid of any cognitive content. In his 1946 essay Logical Positivism and Pragmatism Lewis set out both his concept of sense meaning, and his thesis that valuation is a form of empirical cognition. He disagreed with verificationism, and preferred the term empirical meaning. Claiming that pragmatism and logical positivism are forms of empiricism. Lewis argued that there is a deep difference between the seemingly similar concepts of pragmatic meaning and the logical-positivist requirement of verification. According to Lewis, pragmatism ultimately bases its understanding of meaning on conceivable experience, while positivism reduces the relation between meaning and experience to a matter of logical form. Thus, according to Lewis, the positivist view precisely omits the necessary empirical meaning as it would be called by the pragmatist. Specifying which observational statements follow from a given sentence, helps us determine the empirical meaning of the given sentence only if the observation statements themselves have an already understood meaning in terms of the experience which the observation statements refer to. According to Lewis, the logical positivists failed to distinguish between "linguistic" meaning - the logical relations among terms, and "empirical" meaning - the relation that expressions must experience. (In Carnap and Charles W. Morris' terminology, empirical meaning falls under pragmatics, while linguistic meaning under semantics.) Lewis argues against the logical positivist who shut their eyes to precisely that which properly confirms a sentence, namely the content of experience. Epistemology Lewis (1929), Mind and the World Order, is now seen as one of the most important 20th century works in epistemology. Since 2005, following Murray Murphey's book about Lewis and pragmatism, Lewis has been included among the American pragmatists. Lewis was an early exponent of coherentism, particularly as supported by probability observations such as those advocated by Thomas Bayes.He was the first to employ the term "qualia", popularized by his doctoral student Nelson Goodman, in its generally agreed modern sense.For Lewis, the mind's grasp of different possible worlds is mediated by facts. Lewis defines a fact as “that which a proposition (some actual or possible proposition) denotes or asserts.” For Lewis, facts, as opposed to objects, are the units of our knowledge, and facts are able to enter into inferential relationships with other facts such that one fact may imply or exclude another. Facts relate to each other such that they can form systems that describe possible worlds, but the facts themselves have the same logical relationships whether a world is actual or not. He says, “... the logical relations of facts are unaltered by their actuality or non-actuality, just as the logical relations of propositions are unaffected by their truth or falsity.” Ethics and aesthetics Lewis's late writings on ethics include the monographs Lewis (1955, 1957) and the posthumous collection Lewis (1969). From 1950 until his death, he wrote many drafts of chapters of a proposed treatise on ethics, which he did not live to complete. These drafts are included in the Lewis papers held at Stanford University. Lewis (1947) contains two chapters on aesthetics and the philosophy of art. Legacy Lewis's work has been relatively neglected in recent years, even though he set out his ideas at length. He can be understood as both a late pragmatist and an early analytic philosopher, and had students of the calibre of Brand Blanshard, Nelson Goodman, and Roderick Chisholm. Joel Isaac believes this neglect is justified.Ten lectures and short articles that Lewis produced in the 1950s were collected and edited by John Lange in 1969. The collection, Values and Imperatives: Studies in Ethics, was published by Stanford University Press. Lewis's reputation benefits from interest in his contributions to symbolic logic, binary relations, modal logic and the development of pragmatism in American philosophy. There are 11.5 linear feet of Lewis's papers at Stanford University Libraries. Works 1918: A Survey of Symbolic Logic. (Internet Archive eprint.) Republished in part by Dover in 1960. 1926: The Pragmatic Element in Knowledge, Howison Lecture, link via Internet Archive 1929. Mind and the World Order: Outline of a Theory of Knowledge. Dover reprint, 1956, link via Internet Archive 1932: Symbolic Logic (with Cooper H. Langford). Dover reprint, 1959. 1946: An Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation, Open Court, link via Internet Archive 1955: The Ground and Nature of the Right. Columbia Univ. Press. 1957: Our Social Inheritance. Indiana Univ. Press. 1970: Collected Papers, editors J. D. Goheen and J. L. Mothershead Jr., Stanford University Press See also List of American philosophers Notes Further reading Dayton, Eric, 2006, "Clarence Irving Lewis" in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870-1940. Princeton Univ. Press. Hughes, G. E., and M.J. Cresswell (1996) A New Introduction to Modal Logic. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12599-5 Livingston, Paisley. 2004. C. I. Lewis and the Outlines of Aesthetic Experience. British Journal of Aesthetics 44, 4: 378–92. Murphey, Murray G., 2005. C. I. Lewis: The Last Great Pragmatist. SUNY Press. 2006, "Symposium on M. G. Murphey's C. I. Lewis: The Last Great Pragmatist," Transactions of the C. S. Peirce Society 42: 1-77. With contributions by S. F. Barker, John Corcoran, Eric Dayton, John Greco, Joel Isaac, Murphey, Richard S. Robin, and Naomi Zack. Schilpp, P. A., ed., 1968. The Philosophy of C. I. Lewis (The Library of Living Philosophers, vol. 13). Open Court. Includes an autobiographical essay. External links C. I. Lewis bibliography from Pragmatism Cybrary

Neil Oatley

Neil Oatley (born 12 June 1954) is a British design and development director in Formula One teams.

Neil Oatley (born 12 June 1954) is a British design and development director in Formula One teams. Career Born in Britain, Oatley graduated from Loughborough University in 1976 with an automotive engineering degree. He worked briefly outside motor racing before joining the Williams team in 1977. There he became one of many young engineers to have worked alongside Patrick Head early in their careers before moving on to other organisations. Oatley worked as a draughtsman before becoming a race engineer for both Clay Regazzoni and Carlos Reutemann. In 1984 Oatley was recruited by Carl Haas to work on the FORCE F1 project, but the results were poor, and the team withdrew from Formula One in 1986. Oatley joined the McLaren team shortly after leaving FORCE and worked alongside John Barnard in the design office. After Gordon Murray replaced Barnard as technical director, Oatley was put in charge of the design of the naturally aspirated car for 1989—Steve Nichols having been appointed chief designer of the 1988 chassis—and remained chief designer after Murray moved to the new McLaren road car project. His cars secured titles in 1989, 1990, 1991, 1998 and 1999. Oatley continued to work as chief designer at McLaren until 2003, when he became executive director of engineering. References Profile at grandprix.com

Ahura

Ahura (Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀) is an Avestan language designation for a particular class of Zoroastrian divinities. The term is assumed to be linguistically related to the Asuras of Indian Vedic era.

Ahura (Avestan: 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀) is an Avestan language designation for a particular class of Zoroastrian divinities. The term is assumed to be linguistically related to the Asuras of Indian Vedic era. Etymology Avestan ahura "lord" derives from Proto-Indo-Iranian language *Hásuras, also attested in an Indian context as Rigvedic asura. As suggested by the similarity to the Old Norse æsir, Indo-Iranian *Hásuras may have an even earlier Proto-Indo-European language root. It is commonly supposed that Indo-Iranian *Hásuras was the proper name of a specific divinity with whom other divinities were later identified. In scripture Gathas In the Gathas, the oldest hymns of Zoroastrianism and thought to have been composed by Zoroaster, followers are exhorted to pay reverence to only the ahuras and to rebuff the daevas and others who act "at Lie's command". That should not, however, be construed to reflect a view of a primordial opposition. Although the daevas would, in later Zoroastrian tradition, appear as malign creatures, in the Gathas the daevas are (collectively) gods that are to be rejected.The Gathas do not specify which of the divinities other than Ahura Mazda are considered to be ahuras but does mention other ahuras in the collective sense. Younger Avesta In the Fravaraneh, the traditional name for the Zoroastrian credo summarized in Yasna 12.1, the adherent declares: "I profess myself a Mazda worshiper, a follower of the teachings of Zoroaster, rejecting the daevas, ... " This effectively defines ahura by defining what ahura is not. In the Younger Avesta, three divinities of the Zoroastrian pantheon are repeatedly identified as ahuric. These three are Ahura Mazda, Mithra, and Apam Napat, the "Ahuric triad". Other divinities with whom the term "Ahuric" is associated include the six Amesha Spentas, and (notable among the yazatas) Anahita of the Waters and Ashi of Reward and Recompense. See also Three Pure Ones Trikaya Tridevi Trimurti Trinity References == Bibliography ==

China's Little Devils

China's Little Devils (aka Little Devils) is a 1945 war film, directed by Monta Bell and starring Harry Carey, Paul Kelly and "Ducky" Louie. It is one of a number of Hollywood films dealing with the exploits of the Flying Tigers that began with the Republic Pictures production Flying Tigers (1942).

China's Little Devils (aka Little Devils) is a 1945 war film, directed by Monta Bell and starring Harry Carey, Paul Kelly and "Ducky" Louie. It is one of a number of Hollywood films dealing with the exploits of the Flying Tigers that began with the Republic Pictures production Flying Tigers (1942). Plot After being shot down, "Big Butch" Dooley (Paul Kelly), a Flying Tigers pilot lands his Curtiss P-40 Warhawk in the ruins of a Chinese village. After he rescues a wounded boy, orphaned by the war, Dooley takes him back to his unit. The young orphan is adopted by the Flying Tigers, and is called "Little Butch" Dooley. Big Butch and the other Tigers realize that the boy needs a proper education and send him to the Temple Missionary School run by "Doc" Temple (Harry Carey). Little Butch organizes the other refugee children and trains them in fighting the invading Japanese. Leading the children, dubbed "Little Devils," in nightly raids, Little Dutch takes over a store of gasoline, but he is wounded during the battle. Two of the two of the Little Devils are taken prisoner while blowing up a Japanese supply base. When Doc pleads with a Japanese officer for their release, he learns about the attack on Pearl Harbor and realizes he will be taken prisoner. Little Butch rescues Doc, and soon after, the Japanese bomb the mission. Later, an American aircraft crashes, and the Little Devils race with the Japanese to reach the wreck. The Little Devils find the aircraft first and are surprised to discover that the pilot is Big Butch. After treating Big Butch's wounds, the Little Devils help him cross a river and return safely to the Chinese lines. As the young boys are escaping, however, a Japanese patrol converges on them. They sacrifice their lives while shooting it out with the enemy, and sometime later, the spirit of Little Butch rides with Big Butch, as he drops bombs on Tokyo. Cast Production Monogram Pictures had a history of B movie productions and China's Little Devils fits that scenario. The film utilized sequences from Flying Tigers (1942) as well, as the Curtiss P-40 mockups used in the earlier film.Principal photography on China's Little Devils took place from June 30 until early August, 1944. Most of the filming took place on studio backlots. Reception Film historian Leonard Maltin described China's Little Devils as a "Patriotic WW2 yarn involving Chinese waifs who battle Japanese invaders and come to the aid of downed American pilots." References Notes Citations Bibliography External links China's Little Devils at the TCM Movie Database China's Little Devils at IMDb

Helium Privatization Act of 1996

The Helium Privatization Act of 1996 is a United States statute that ordered the US government to sell much of the National Helium Reserve. The United States 104th Congressional session passed the Act of Congress presenting the legislation to the United States President on September 30, 1996. President Bill Clinton enacted the federal statute into law on October 9, 1996.The law was described by critics as a "fiasco" due to the formula-based sale price being significantly lower than the market price for helium. The bill was amended in 2013 to use an auction to sell helium.

The Helium Privatization Act of 1996 is a United States statute that ordered the US government to sell much of the National Helium Reserve. The United States 104th Congressional session passed the Act of Congress presenting the legislation to the United States President on September 30, 1996. President Bill Clinton enacted the federal statute into law on October 9, 1996.The law was described by critics as a "fiasco" due to the formula-based sale price being significantly lower than the market price for helium. The bill was amended in 2013 to use an auction to sell helium. References External links H.R. 4168 Helium Reserve Committee (May 18, 2000). The Impact of Selling the Federal Helium Reserve. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/9860. ISBN 978-0309171878. OCLC 44547162. National Research Council (June 30, 2010). Selling the Nation's Helium Reserve. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/12844. ISBN 978-0309157537. OCLC 587078069. Gage, B.D.; Driskill, D.R. (July 1998). "Helium Resources of the United States - 1997". Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. Gage, B.D.; Driskill, D.R. (December 2001). Helium Resources of the United States - 2001. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. hdl:2027/mdp.39015053944610.

Airbus A321

The Airbus A321 is a member of the Airbus A320 family of short to medium range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin engine jet airliners; it carries 185 to 236 passengers. It has a stretched fuselage which was the first derivative of the baseline A320 and entered service in 1994, about six years after the original A320. The aircraft shares a common type rating with all other Airbus A320-family variants, allowing previous A320-family pilots to fly the aircraft without the need for further training. In December 2010, Airbus announced a new generation of the A320 family, the A320neo (new engine option). The similarly lengthened fuselage A321neo variant offers new, more efficient engines, combined with airframe improvements and the addition of winglets (called Sharklets by Airbus).

The Airbus A321 is a member of the Airbus A320 family of short to medium range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin engine jet airliners; it carries 185 to 236 passengers. It has a stretched fuselage which was the first derivative of the baseline A320 and entered service in 1994, about six years after the original A320. The aircraft shares a common type rating with all other Airbus A320-family variants, allowing previous A320-family pilots to fly the aircraft without the need for further training. In December 2010, Airbus announced a new generation of the A320 family, the A320neo (new engine option). The similarly lengthened fuselage A321neo variant offers new, more efficient engines, combined with airframe improvements and the addition of winglets (called Sharklets by Airbus). The aircraft delivers fuel savings of up to 15%. The A321neo carries up to 244 passengers, with a maximum range of 4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi) for the long-range version when carrying no more than 206 passengers.Final assembly of the aircraft takes place in Hamburg, Germany, and in Mobile, Alabama, United States. As of October 2023, a total of 2,965 A321 airliners have been delivered, of which 2,903 are in service. In addition, another 4,356 aircraft are on firm order (comprising 7 A321ceo and 4,349 A321neo). American Airlines is the largest operator of the Airbus A321 with 288 airplanes in its fleet. Development The Airbus A321 was the first derivative of the A320, also known as the Stretched A320, A320-500 and A325. Its launch came on 24 November 1988, around the same time as the A320 entered service, after commitments for 183 aircraft from 10 customers were secured. The maiden flight of the Airbus A321 came on 11 March 1993, when the prototype, registration F-WWIA, flew with IAE V2500 engines; the second prototype, equipped with CFM56-5B turbofans, flew in May 1993. Lufthansa and Alitalia were the first to order the stretched Airbuses, with 20 and 40 aircraft requested, respectively. The first of Lufthansa's V2500-A5-powered A321s arrived on 27 January 1994, while Alitalia received its first CFM56-5B-powered aircraft on 22 March 1994. The A321-100 entered service in January 1994 with Lufthansa.Final assembly for the A321 was carried out in Germany (then West Germany), a first for any Airbus. This came after a dispute between the French, who claimed that the move would incur $150 million (€135 million) in unnecessary expenditure associated with the new plant, and the Germans, who claimed that it would be more productive for Airbus in the long run. The second production line was located in Hamburg, which later produced the smaller Airbus A319 and A318. For the first time, Airbus entered the bond market, through which it raised $480 million (€475 million) to finance development costs. An additional $180 million (€175 million) was borrowed from European Investment Bank and private investors.The A321 is the largest variant of the A320 family. The A321-200's length exceeds 44.5 m (146 ft), increasing maximum takeoff weight to 93,000 kg (205,000 lb). Wingspan remained unchanged, supplementing various wingtip devices. Two suppliers provided turbofan engines for the A321: CFM International with its CFM56 and International Aero Engines with the V2500 engine, both in the thrust range of 133–147 kN (30,000–33,000 lbf). Over 30 years since launch, the A321 Maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) grew by 20% from the 83 t (183,000 lb) -100 to the 101 t (223,000 lb) A321XLR, seating became 10% more dense with 244 seats, up by 24, and range doubled from 2,300 to 4,700 nmi (4,300 to 8,700 km; 2,600 to 5,400 mi). By 2019, 4,200 had been ordered—one-quarter of all Airbus single-aisles—including 2,400 neos, one-third of all A320neo orders. Design The Airbus A321 is a narrow-body (single-aisle) aircraft with a retractable tricycle landing gear, powered by two wing pylon-mounted turbofan engines. It is a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit having a single vertical stabilizer and rudder. Changes from the A320 include a fuselage stretch and some modifications to the wing. The fuselage was lengthened by a 4.27 m (14 ft 0 in) plug ahead of the wing and a 2.67 m (8 ft 9 in) plug behind it, making the A321 6.94 m (22 ft 9 in) longer than the A320. The length increase required the overwing window exits of the A320 to be converted into door exits and repositioned in front of and behind the wings. To maintain performance, double-slotted flaps and minor trailing edge modifications were included, increasing the wing area from 124 m2 (1,330 sq ft) to 128 m2 (1,380 sq ft). The centre fuselage and undercarriage were reinforced to accommodate a 9,600 kg (21,200 lb) increase in maximum takeoff weight, taking it to 83,000 kg (183,000 lb). Variants A321-100 The original derivative of the A321, the A321-100, had shorter range than the A320 because no extra fuel tank was added to compensate for the increased weight. The MTOW of the A321-100 is 83,000 kg (183,000 lb). The A321-100 entered service with Lufthansa in 1994. Only about 90 were produced; a few were later converted to the A321-200 variant. A321-200 Airbus began development of the heavier and longer-range A321-200 in 1995 to give the A321 full-passenger transcontinental US range. This was achieved through higher thrust engines (V2533-A5 or CFM56-5B3), minor structural strengthening, and an increase in fuel capacity with the installation of one or two optional 2,990 L (790 US gal) tanks in the rear underfloor hold. The additional fuel tanks increased the total capacity to 30,030 L (7,930 US gal). These modifications also increased the maximum takeoff weight of the A321-200 to 93,000 kg (205,000 lb). This variant first flew in December 1996, and entered service with Monarch Airlines in April 1997. The following month, Middle East Airlines received its first A321-200 in May 1997. Its direct competitors include the 757-200 and the 737-900/900ER. A321neo On 1 December 2010, Airbus launched the A320neo family (neo for New Engine Option) with 500 nmi (930 km; 580 mi) more range and 15% better fuel efficiency, thanks to new CFM International LEAP-1A or Pratt & Whitney PW1000G engines and large sharklets. The lengthened A321neo prototype made its first flight on 9 February 2016. It received its type certification on 15 December 2016. The first entered service in May 2017 with Virgin America. A321LR In October 2014, Airbus started marketing a longer range 97 t (214,000 lb) maximum takeoff weight variant with three auxiliary fuel tanks, giving it 100 nmi (190 km; 120 mi) more operational range than a Boeing 757-200. Airbus launched the A321LR (Long Range) on 13 January 2015; it has a range of 4,000 nmi (7,400 km; 4,600 mi) with 206 seats in two classes. On 31 January 2018, the variant completed its first flight. Airbus announced its certification on 2 October 2018. On 13 November 2018, Arkia received the first A321LR. A321XLR In January 2018, Airbus was studying an A321LR variant with a further increased MTOW. The proposed A321XLR, with an increased range of 4,500 nmi (8,300 km; 5,200 mi), was to be launched in 2019 to enter service in 2021 or 2022 and compete with the Boeing NMA. In November, Airbus indicated that the A321XLR would have an MTOW over 100 t (220,000 lb) and 700 nmi (1,300 km; 810 mi) more range than the A321LR. The A321XLR was launched at the June 2019 Paris Air Show, with 4,700 nmi (8,700 km; 5,400 mi) of range from 2023, including a new permanent Rear Centre Tank (RCT) for more fuel, a strengthened landing gear for a 101 t (223,000 lb) MTOW; and an optimised wing trailing-edge flap configuration to preserve take-off performance. The company announced in June 2022 that the aircraft had completed its first flight. Freighter conversion While no freighter version of the A321 has been built new by Airbus, a first attempt of converting used A320/321 into freighter aircraft was undertaken by Airbus Freighter Conversion GmbH. The program, however, was canceled in 2011 before any aircraft were converted.On 17 June 2015, ST Aerospace signed agreements with Airbus and EFW for a collaboration to launch the A320/A321 passenger-to-freighter (P2F) conversion programme. The initial converted aircraft first flew on 22 January 2020. On 27 October 2020, the first A321-200P2F was delivered to launch operator Qantas Airways.Sine Draco Aviation also offers an A321 passenger-to-freighter conversion programme; its first conversion is expected for the first quarter of 2022.On 15 March 2022, Lufthansa Cargo started to operate its A321F, a cargo variant of the A321. Operators As of October 2023, 2,903 Airbus A321 aircraft were in service with more than 100 operators.American Airlines and Delta Air Lines operate the largest A321 fleets of 288 and 170 aircraft, respectively. Orders and deliveries Data as of October 2023 Accidents and incidents For the Airbus A321, 32 aviation accidents and incidents have occurred, including 6 hull-loss accidents or criminal occurrences with a total of 377 fatalities as of August 2019. Specifications Engines See also Related development Airbus A318 Airbus A319 Airbus A320 family Airbus A320neo familyAircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Boeing 737-900 Boeing 737 MAX 10 Boeing 757 Irkut MC-21 Tupolev Tu-204 Related lists List of Airbus A320 operators List of jet airliners Notes References External links Official website

Aphrodisius

Aphrodisius (French: Saint Aphrodise, Afrodise, Aphrodyse, Aphrodite) is a saint associated with the diocese of Béziers, in Languedoc, Southern France. According to Gregory of Tours, Aphrodisius was an Egyptian who was martyred in Languedoc along with his followers Caralippus (Caralampus), Agapius, and Eusebius.

Aphrodisius (French: Saint Aphrodise, Afrodise, Aphrodyse, Aphrodite) is a saint associated with the diocese of Béziers, in Languedoc, Southern France. According to Gregory of Tours, Aphrodisius was an Egyptian who was martyred in Languedoc along with his followers Caralippus (Caralampus), Agapius, and Eusebius. Legend A Christian tradition states that he was a prefect or high priest of Heliopolis who sheltered the Holy Family at Hermopolis when they fled into Egypt.Aphrodisius learned of the miracles of Jesus from Alexandrian Jews returning from a pilgrimage in Jerusalem. According to Christian legend, Aphrodisius went to Palestine to meet Jesus and became one of his disciples. After the Resurrection, Aphrodisius received the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. He accompanied Sergius Paulus to Provence. They evangelized Narbonensis: Sergius settled in Narbonne. The legend continues that Aphrodisius arrived at Béziers mounted on a camel and became a hermit in a cave near the city. He lived in it a long time before becoming a bishop. Local traditions assign Aphrodisius as the first Bishop of Béziers and state that he was decapitated by a group of pagans, along with his companions, on the street now known as Place Saint-Cyr, the site of a Roman circus used for gladiators' fights. Aphrodisius was executed by beheading. The head was kicked into a well, but the water gushed out and the decapitated Aphrodisius picked up his own head, and carried it through the city. Townspeople spilt snails on the road and Aphrodisius stepped on them without breaking one. Several stonemasons began to mock him, calling him a madman. They were miraculously punished by being turned into stones (visitors still point out their seven stone heads on the Rue des Têtes, "the street of the heads"). Aphrodisius left his head at the cave that he had previously occupied. This was a spot on which later stood a chapel dedicated to Saint Peter, later a basilica named after Aphrodisius (Saint-Aphrodise). This martyrdom is supposed to have occurred on 28 April 65 AD, during the reign of Nero.According to the story, after the death of his master, the camel was taken care of by a compassionate family of potters. When Aphrodisius was recognized as a saint, the city's leaders considered as an honour to take charge of all the expenses associated with the animal's maintenance. They offered it a house at the beginning of a street and this road, after the camel's death, took the name of "rue du Chameau" ("Camel Street"), afterwards rue Malbec. This is considered the origin of the local "fêtes de Caritach" (feasts of charity). Historicity According to the Bréviaire de Béziers, during the 14th and 15th centuries, he was presented as bishop and confessor who died of natural causes. It was only during the 16th century that new legends of his beheading were created. At the same time, the legend of the camel was also devised. Aphrodisius was probably a figure of the 3rd century.There are several saints with the name of Aphrodisius. The old martyrologies bear five saints with this name: the bishop of Béziers; a martyr of Tarsus in Cilicia celebrated on 21 June; another martyr killed in Cilicia with 170 companions on 28 April c. 86 AD; another killed at Scythopolis, honoured on 4 May; and a martyr of Alexandria killed with several companions, honoured on 13 May. There is also a bishop of Hellespont with this name who at the beginning of the 4th century defended the Resurrection against a sect led by a man named Hierax. The first literary account of the life of Aphrodisius of Béziers is probably that of Ado, the Carolingian author, who introduces the mission of Aphrodisius into the acts of Paul of Narbonne. Gregory of Tours, in his History of Franks, mentions Aphrodisius. The first mention of the sanctuary dedicated to Aphrodisius is made by Usuard, who undertook a voyage in 858 to bring back from Spain relics for his abbey. In his relation of the voyage, he says to us that after "having left Cordoba, he returned by Girona, Narbonne and Béziers, a city famed for its relics of blessed Aphrodisius". Veneration There was a custom of leading a camel in the procession at Béziers on the feast of the saint.The "camel" was actually a mechanical camel of wood with a moving head and jaws, covered with a painted fabric on which the armorial bearings of the city and two inscriptions were inscribed: the Latin ex antiquitate renascor ("I'm reborn from Antiquity") and the local Occitan sen fosso ("we are numerous"). This machine, which did not really resemble a camel, concealed in its sides a few operators who made its head, jaws and teeth move. This camel was utilized during all local, religious, and political festivals.This mechanical camel was led during the processions by a costumed figure named Papari, who was escorted by other men disguised as wild men of the woods, whose heads were decorated with leaves. They danced to the sound of a bagpipe. Around the camel, herdsmen fought a mock battle.The camel was burned during the Wars of Religion and again during the French Revolution. The custom was revived in 1803 only to be discontinued during the Revolution of 1830, when it was considered a symbol of feudalism and religious fanaticism. Today, it continues to run through the city's streets during local holidays. The current head dates from the eighteenth century. In the 1970s, it was proposed that the camel be remade to give it a real camel's appearance. However, the townspeople protested and the camel retained its traditional appearance.The roots of this particular tradition are possibly to be found in the pre-Christian festivities dedicated to Bacchus, imported by the Phocaeans to southern France; Bacchus was sometimes depicted riding a camel. Notes External links (in French) LA FÊTE DE SAINT-APHRODISE OU LE CHAMEAU DE BÉZIERS (in French) Saint APHRODYSE (in French) Lou Camel de Béziers (in French) Saint Aphrodise

List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah

This is a list of bridges and tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S. state of Utah. == References ==

This is a list of bridges and tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S. state of Utah. == References ==

12 Rounds 2: Reloaded

12 Rounds 2: Reloaded (also known as 12 Rounds 2 and 12 Rounds: Reloaded) is a 2013 American action film directed by Roel Reiné. The film stars Randy Orton, Tom Stevens, Brian Markinson and Cindy Busby. It is a sequel to 2009's 12 Rounds starring John Cena. Unlike the original which saw a theatrical release, the film was released on direct-to-DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on June 4, 2013.

12 Rounds 2: Reloaded (also known as 12 Rounds 2 and 12 Rounds: Reloaded) is a 2013 American action film directed by Roel Reiné. The film stars Randy Orton, Tom Stevens, Brian Markinson and Cindy Busby. It is a sequel to 2009's 12 Rounds starring John Cena. Unlike the original which saw a theatrical release, the film was released on direct-to-DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on June 4, 2013. Plot Paramedic Nick Malloy and his wife Sarah are going home after a movie, when a horrible car accident takes place. Nick attempts to aid and rescue the victims: a young boy and a married couple, but despite Nick's efforts, the woman dies; this completely shatters Nick as it never happened before in his entire career. One year later, Nick and his fellow paramedic Jay Thompson are going to work when they get an anonymous call from an abandoned building site where they find a dying citizen. They attempt to aid him, only to find the number 1 stitched on his stomach alongside a bomb, but before they can do something about it, Nick receives a phone call. The caller asks Nick to step outside the ambulance after answering it. Nick now finds himself playing a game called 12 Rounds by Patrick Heller, moonlighting as a mastermind and using Sarah as a pawn. The caller tells Nick that he is watching him through security cameras and gives Nick a hint about his ambulance exploding. Immediately the ambulance explodes, killing the citizen instantly and setting Jay on fire, although Nick manages to save him. For Round 2, Nick receives a text message which leads him to a parking lot where a car waits for him. For Round 3, Nick must find a clue to his next destination in the car. Nick finds a matchbox with Palace Hotel written on it. Driving frantically to the hotel, Nick takes an alternative route. An enraged Heller threatens to detonate the bomb under the car but Nick manages to reach the Hotel with two seconds to spare. As the game unfolds, Detectives McKenzie and Sykes are investigating the ambulance explosion, and while Sykes immediately blames Nick for everything, McKenzie has her doubts. Round 4 begins in the Palace Hotel as Nick talks with the hotel manager, who is wearing a white top with a cue ball on the front with the number "4" on it and a key that dangles around his neck. Realizing this the 4th round, Nick attacks the manager to steal the key. Heller tells Nick he must find a room that will give him all the answers. Nick finds out it's room 44, and inside the room, a young boy, Tommy Weaver, is having fun with a prostitute named Amber. Round 5 begins when he enters the room. Nick ransacks the room and gets in a fight with Tommy and the prostitute. Before the phone rings in the room which is Heller. He orders Nick to bring "it with you" and get into a car parked next to Tommy's. Nick notices a tattoo on Tommy, the same as the calling card of the mastermind. However, as Nick takes Tommy out of the room, he gets into a fight with the security guard but manages to escape. Nick puts Tommy in the car next to his and finds a black glove with some coordinates leading to the Intersection of Grant and Sherwood Street. During the trip, Nick learns that Tommy has a parole anklet by following his DUI arrest, and Heller blocks the signal to the anklet so that Nick can stay focused on his timed mission. During the trip they stop halfway because both Nick and Tommy can hear a cell phone in the vehicle's trunk. They open the trunk to find Tommy's lawyer, Roberta Shaw, dead. For Round 6, they arrive at Grant and Sherwood intersection and find a telephone booth. Heller tells them a series of events led them there. Tommy finds out this is the street where he had an accident a year ago, that followed his DUI arrest. McKenzie and Sykes arrive at the hotel and talk with the security guard and the manager to find out about what Nick did earlier in the night and begin to suspect it is all linked to the governor's disappearance. Meanwhile, Nick begins to put all the pieces of the puzzle together, and finds out he was at the right place at the right time a year ago. At the accident at the start of the film, Tommy was the young boy and the woman who died was Patrick's wife. Immediately after, Tommy tries to escape and as Nick chases him, Heller reactivates Tommy's anklet signal. Along the way, Tommy finds 2 police officers and tries to turn himself into them, telling them that Nick is chasing him for no apparent reason. But Nick catches up to him, engages and defeats the officers and steals their police car. Chased down by police and the detectives, they take an alternative route until they meet a dead end. Nick escapes by driving up into a public parking garage building. When they reach the top they are found and cornered by Detective McKenzie, to whom they reveal Heller's game. McKenzie tells them the governor has disappeared and Tommy reveals he is his father. Heller calls Nick and tells him to put Tommy on the phone. Heller tells Tommy the location for Round 7. McKenzie tells them to keep playing his game to discover his true intentions. For Round 7 they must reach an abandoned sugar factory which is how Tommy's father got into the government. Tommy finds his father buried in raw sugar. Nick drives a tractor to stop the overflowing of the sugar. Meanwhile, the detectives track down a signal to an abandoned building and find an armed man behind metal doors. Sykes shoots the man and they discover is a judge. For Round 8, Nick and Tommy must save the governor and when they do, Heller appears with Sarah, shoots Tommy's father and tells Nick that the detectives already took care of Round 9 for him. Back in the abandoned building a livestream of Heller begins in the computer and he reveals that Sykes was the first officer to arrive at the scene of the car accident and while the governor paid the lawyer and judge to reduce Tommy's sentence to one year probation, Sykes destroyed the evidence and got promoted to detective in the process. As Sykes apologizes to McKenzie a countdown appears in the computer and while McKenzie and the other officer says leave the room, Sykes stays and gets obliterated by the explosion. McKenzie then rushes out to find Nick. Round 10 begins when Tommy, still broken after his father's death, follows Heller's instructions and with a tazer incapacitates Nick temporarily. Round 11 begins in front of a club called "Karma". It turns out the citizen who died in the ambulance worked there. Heller gives 2 vodka bottles to Tommy and one is poisoned. Tommy needs to drink one and when he does, he presumes he will die, but when he doesn't, starts laughing hysterically but Heller pours the contents of the other bottle over Tommy, shoots it and leaves Tommy to die. For the Final Round, Heller has Nick and Sarah tied up in the back of his SUV and calls 911 to tell emergency services that there will be a horrible accident at Grant and Sherwood Intersection as Heller initiates a countdown in the SUV. Nick asks him what he would've done to save his wife's life to which Heller replies "Anything". Nick immediately breaks free and fights Heller, takes his gun and shoots the back of the SUV so he and Sarah can roll out of the vehicle. Heller breaks down, remembering the night's events and his wife, before shouting 'Diana' as the SUV exploded, killing him instantly. Emergency services arrive and aid both Nick and Sarah as Detective McKenzie arrives and thanks Nick for his help during the night by saying, 'It's Over' and walking away from the ambulance. Cast Randy Orton as Nick Malloy Tom Stevens as Tommy Weaver Brian Markinson as Patrick Heller Venus Terzo as Detective McKenzie Cindy Busby as Sarah Malloy Sean Rogerson as Detective Sykes Colin Lawrence as Jay Thompson Chelsey Reist as Amber Sebastian Spence as Governor Devlin Weaver Janene Carleton as Diana Heller Rachel Hayward as Roberta Shaw Production Former WWE wrestler CM Punk said that he was initially chosen to star in the film, but was pulled from the project due to Punk's obligations for the WWE European tour taking place during filming in addition to being their WWE Champion at the time. John Cena was also considered to reprise his role from the first, and Chris Jericho was also considered. Release The DVD and Blu-ray were released in Region 1 in the United States on June 4, 2013, and Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 24 June. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. It made $919,421 worth of DVD units and $584,831 in Blu-ray units since June. Reception Tyler Foster of DVD Talk rated it 1.5/5 stars and wrote: "Even the world's most committed Randy Orton fan won't get anything out of 12 Rounds 2, a dull rehash of a million other, better action movies that saddles Orton with an uninteresting character". David Johnson of DVD Verdict compared it negatively to the first film and wrote: "With 12 Rounds 2 and its dearth of compelling derring-do, we're left with Randy Orton grunting and running an obstacle course. No thanks". Sequel A third film in the franchise called 12 Rounds 3: Lockdown was released in September 2015, starring Dean Ambrose. References External links Official website 12 Rounds 2: Reloaded at IMDb 12 Rounds 2: Reloaded at Rotten Tomatoes

Omar Al Issawi

Omar al-Issawi (Arabic: عمر العيساوي) (born June 4, 1967), is a journalist, director, producer, and television personality. Between 1994 and 1996 al-Issawi was a reporter with the BBC Arabic World Service Television. On August 9, 1995 he was shot and wounded while on assignment for the BBC. The incident took place in Krajina during the Bosnian war.In 1996 he was one of the original staff recruited for the launch of Al Jazeera. His most notable documentaries are the landmark 15-part The War of Lebanon, the first documentary of its kind entirely produced in the Arab world.

Omar al-Issawi (Arabic: عمر العيساوي) (born June 4, 1967), is a journalist, director, producer, and television personality. Between 1994 and 1996 al-Issawi was a reporter with the BBC Arabic World Service Television. On August 9, 1995 he was shot and wounded while on assignment for the BBC. The incident took place in Krajina during the Bosnian war.In 1996 he was one of the original staff recruited for the launch of Al Jazeera. His most notable documentaries are the landmark 15-part The War of Lebanon, the first documentary of its kind entirely produced in the Arab world. It was commercially available as a DVD set with English and French subtitles and the 2008/2009 production A Tale of Revolution, a 13-part chronicle of the history of the Palestine Liberation Organization. A 6-part English-language version began airing on Al Jazeera English on July 13, 2009 under the title PLO: History of a Revolution. The final episode was broadcast on August 17, 2009. Al-Issawi penned a "making of" article to go with the program.Al-Issawi was the subject of an article in the New Yorker magazine in April 2003. He was also featured in New York magazine, Newsweek as well as The Nation. He has also appeared on CNN and was a guest on the Larry King Show.Al-Issawi has been an occasional analyst for Al Jazeera's English-language channel, commenting on Lebanese affairs, and has contributed to its website.In 2009 The Guardian newspaper named al-Issawi as a "living national icon" of Lebanon.In June 2011 he ended his 15-year association with Al Jazeera and Joined Human Rights Watch for several months as Director of Advocacy for the Middle East and North Africa region being based initially at the organization's New York headquarters. Al-Issawi was a senior news editor at the website of the COP18/CMP8 UN Climate Change Conference held in Doha, Qatar in November and December, 2012. In January 2013 he joined Sky News Arabia, based in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Filmography (Director/Producer) Harb Loubnan (War of Lebanon, 2002, 15-part documentary) Hekayat Thawra (A Tale of Revolution: The History of the PLO, 2009, 13-part documentary) PLO: History of a Revolution (6-part English-language version of the Arabic PLO series) == References ==

Pierre Simon (1885–1977)

Pierre Simon (1885–1977), was the first président-directeur général (PDG) of Électricité de France (EDF) and a member of the French Resistance. Simon was a student of the Christian school in Mées and then at the l'Institution Sainte-Geneviève in Versailles. He was a civil engineer at Gap, Chief of Staff to the Minister of Public Works in 1924, Chief Engineer of Forces hydrauliques – dams in Grenoble in 1925, and some years later, he became head of the Department of Roads and Bridges in Isère. At the end of 1936, Simon was called to the Direction des Forces Hydrauliques et des Distributions d'Énergie électrique – Directory of Dams and Electricity at the Ministry of Public Works. He was an essential part of the des 3 milliards – 3 million plan to rehabilitate the country's electric grid, which began in 1938, and in negotiations with the Fédération de l'Éclairage – Lighting Federation which improved the staffing situation.

Pierre Simon (1885–1977), was the first président-directeur général (PDG) of Électricité de France (EDF) and a member of the French Resistance. Simon was a student of the Christian school in Mées and then at the l'Institution Sainte-Geneviève in Versailles. He was a civil engineer at Gap, Chief of Staff to the Minister of Public Works in 1924, Chief Engineer of Forces hydrauliques – dams in Grenoble in 1925, and some years later, he became head of the Department of Roads and Bridges in Isère. At the end of 1936, Simon was called to the Direction des Forces Hydrauliques et des Distributions d'Énergie électrique – Directory of Dams and Electricity at the Ministry of Public Works. He was an essential part of the des 3 milliards – 3 million plan to rehabilitate the country's electric grid, which began in 1938, and in negotiations with the Fédération de l'Éclairage – Lighting Federation which improved the staffing situation. In June 1940, Vichy France reorganized the Ministries. An Electric Directory was created, attached to the Ministry of Industrial Production. In October, Simon was dismissed and reassigned to the Conseil général des ponts et chaussées. He then entered the private sector, taking over operations for Durand, l'Entreprise Industrielle. During the war, he was a resistor and kept in touch with Marcel Paul and the Fédération illégale de l'Éclairage – Illegal Lighting Federation. During liberation, Simon participated in some of the meetings for the commission that nationalized electricity, the CNR. After a vote, he accepted the proposal from Marcel Paul to become the first PDG of EDF. At the beginning of 1947, Robert Lacoste asks Simon to take measures against staff. The government majority wanted to impose a pricing policy on EDF-GDF. On 2 May, Simon resigned. He returned to Durand and was considered Honorary Chair by the end of his life. References Bibliography René Gaudy (1978). Et la lumière fut nationalisée : naissance d'EDF-GDF. Paris: Éditions sociales. ISBN 978-2-209-05297-4.

St. Audoen's Church, Dublin (Church of Ireland)

St Audoen's Church () is the church of the parish of Saint Audoen in the Church of Ireland, located south of the River Liffey at Cornmarket in Dublin, Ireland. This was close to the centre of the medieval city. The parish is in the Diocese of Dublin and Glendalough. St Audoen's is the oldest parish church in Dublin and is still used as such. There is a Roman Catholic church of the same name adjacent to it.

St Audoen's Church () is the church of the parish of Saint Audoen in the Church of Ireland, located south of the River Liffey at Cornmarket in Dublin, Ireland. This was close to the centre of the medieval city. The parish is in the Diocese of Dublin and Glendalough. St Audoen's is the oldest parish church in Dublin and is still used as such. There is a Roman Catholic church of the same name adjacent to it. In 2012 the parish was merged with St. Catherine and James Church on Donore Ave. Church The church is named after St Ouen (or Audoen) of Rouen (Normandy), a saint who lived in the seventh century and was dedicated to him by the Anglo-Normans, who arrived in Dublin after 1172. It was erected in 1190, possibly on the site of an older church dedicated to St. Columcille, dating to the seventh century. Shortly afterwards the nave was lengthened (but also made narrower) and a century later a chancel was added. In 1430 Henry VI, Lord of Ireland, authorised the erection of a chantry here, to be dedicated to St Anne. Its founders and successors were to be called the Guild or Fraternity of St Anne, usually called Saint Anne's Guild. Six separate altars were set up in this chapel and were in constant use, financed by the wealthier parishioners. In 1485 Sir Roland Fitz-Eustace, Baron Portlester, erected a new chapel next to the nave, in gratitude for his preservation from a shipwreck near the site.The turbulent events of the 16th century had their effects on the upkeep of the church and in 1630 the church was declared to be in a decrepit state. The Archbishop, Lancelot Bulkeley, complained that "there is a guild there called St Anne's Guild that hath swallowed upp all the church meanes" (although chantries and guilds were suppressed during the Reformation in England and their property taken over by the king, in Ireland they survived, with varying vicissitudes, for many years). Strenuous efforts were made over the next few years to repair the roof, steeple and pillars of the building, and the guild was ordered to contribute its share. Funds were low – there were only sixteen Protestant houses in the parish. In 1671 Michael Boyle, the Church of Ireland Primate, ordered the "annoyance of the buttermilke market" under St Audoen's to be closed. In 1673 an order was made to remove the tombs and tombstones from the church "to preserve the living from being injured by the dead". St Anne's Guild, which had managed to secret away its extensive properties after the Reformation, and which had remained under Roman Catholic control, never did give up its holdings, despite several investigations and court orders lasting until 1702.Although many repairs were carried out to the church and tower over the centuries, finance for the maintenance of the structures was always a problem, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries. By 1825, the church building itself was in a ruinous state (as reported by G. N. Wright) and "very few Protestants" remained in the parish. As the finance to carry out substantial repairs was not available, parts of the church were closed off or unroofed. As a consequence, many ancient tombs gradually crumbled and memorials were removed or rendered illegible by exposure to the weather. Parish St Audoen's parish was once the wealthiest within the city and the church was for hundreds of years frequented on State occasions by the Lord Mayor and Corporation. In its heyday, the church was closely connected with the Guilds of the city and "was accounted the best in Dublin for the greater number of Aldermen and Worships of the city living in the Parish" (Richard Stanihurst, 1568). The Tanners' Guild was located in the tower and the Bakers' Guild (Saint Anne's Guild) in a "college" adjoining the church.In 1467 St Audoen's was made a prebendary of St. Patrick's Cathedral by Archbishop Michael Tregury.In July 1536 George Browne arrived in Ireland as Archbishop of Dublin, and a few years later he energetically pushed through the wishes of Henry VIII to be recognized as supreme head of the Irish church. About 1544 the vicar of St Audoen's became the nominee of the Crown. In 1547 the assets of the parish were appropriated by the state church that was established following the English Reformation (more particularly the Tudor conquest of Ireland). Queen Mary I, soon after her accession in 1553, restored by Charter the Cathedral of St. Patrick. The Prebendary of St Audoen named in this Charter of Restoration was, in 1555, Robert Daly. However, when Queen Elizabeth I ascended the throne she nominated him Bishop of Kildare. From then on, all Roman Catholic ceremonies in the church ceased.After the Reformation, the majority of parishioners remained loyal to the Roman Catholic church, and in 1615 a new Roman Catholic parish of St Audoen's was established. However the Catholics were obliged to hold their services in secret, mainly in nearby Cook Street. Later in the century celebration of Mass was forbidden and bishops and priests were deported, imprisoned or executed. This troubled period for Catholics lasted until the beginning of the 19th century. Meanwhile, the now Protestant church and parish of St Audoen had to struggle through the seventeenth century and began to decline. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, following a trend in several inner-city parishes, many of the wealthy parish residents moved out to the suburbs, a process that was hastened by the Act of Union. Poor Catholics then moved into the houses thus vacated, which were turned into tenements.In 1813 the population of the parish was 1,993 males and 2,674 females, the majority of whom were Roman Catholics. Restoration The architect Thomas Drew was the first to draw serious attention to the importance of the church, architecturally and historically, in 1866. He produced detailed plans of the church for which he won an award from the Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland, carried out excavations and drew up a paper on the church and its history. In a booklet published in 1873, the rector Alexander Leeper urged reroofing and restoration of the church. In the 1980s an extensive restoration of the tower and bells was carried out. A few years later St Anne's chapel, which had lost its roof and many monuments, was re-roofed and converted to a visitor reception centre, which included an exhibition on the history of the church.During conservation works starting in 1996 an extensive excavation of a small section of the church was carried out, which cast new light on the early days of the church. This contributed greatly to an understanding of the building history of the church. The detailed results of this study were published in book form in 2006. Memorials In the main porch is stored an early Celtic gravestone known as the "Lucky Stone" which has been kept here or hereabouts since before 1309. It was said to have strange properties, and merchants and traders used to rub it for luck. It was first mentioned when John Le Decer, Mayor of Dublin, erected a marble cistern to supply drinking water in Cornmarket in 1309 and placed this stone against it, so that all who drank of the waters may have luck. The stone was stolen on a number of occasions but always found its way back to this neighbourhood. In 1826 it disappeared for twenty years, until found in front of the newly erected Catholic Church in High Street.In the porch of the western door lie the fifteenth-century monuments of Sir Roland Fitz-Eustace, Lord Portlester, who died in 1496, and his third wife, Margaret (née D'Artois). Fitz-Eustace was Deputy Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, then Lord Chancellor of Ireland and finally Lord High Treasurer of Ireland. His refusal to surrender this last post led to a break with the king and almost to civil war. He was buried at Cotlandstown, County Kildare. Peter Talbot the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, who died in prison in 1680, is said to have been secretly entombed nearby. Among those buried in the church are William Molyneux, his brother Sir Thomas Molyneux and Thomas' son Capel, Edward Parry, the Bishop of Killaloe and his sons John Parry and Benjamin Parry, successively Bishops of Ossory, and Lady Frances Brudenell.In the North Nave is a memorial, with Corinthian columns and a pediment, to Sir William Sparke (died 1623), one of the justices of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland), erected by his widow Mary Bryce.During excavations in the 19th century an Anglo-Norman font, dating to the 12th century, was found and is now on display in the church. The war memorial from the former St. Matthais' Church Hatch Street, was restored and relocated in 2015 to St. Audoen's. Tower The church tower dates from the 17th century. The need to keep this structure in good repair was always a drain on parish funds. It was repaired in 1637, which was paid for by the Guild of St Anne, but in 1669 part of it collapsed onto the roof of the church, and it had to be rebuilt. The Guild contributed £250 towards the cost of reconstruction. In 1826 the tower was remodelled by Henry Aaron Baker but by the end of the century was again in a dangerous state. Some remedial work was carried out in 1916 after an appeal from the Archbishop of Dublin, but it was not until the major restoration of 1982 that the tower was rendered safe.The tower houses six bells, three of which are Ireland's oldest bells, dating from 1423. The bells were rung for the Angelus and after the Reformation continued to be rung every morning and evening to call the people to and from their work. Two bells in the tower were cast by John Murphy of Dublin in 1864 and 1880, and the treble was dated 1790 and came from Glasgow. Due to the fragile state of the tower they were not rung between 1898 and 1983. After the tower was strengthened with concrete, a major overhaul was done on the bells. Three of the bells were recast, and the tenor was recast in memory of Alexander E. Donovan (1908-1982), who was closely connected with the church. They are now rung every week.The present clock on the church tower came from St Peter's Church in Aungier Street after this church was demolished in the 1980s. The clock face dates from the 1820s. Cemetery The old disused graveyard of St Audoen's has been converted into a recreation ground. Many notables were buried there, including many bishops and Lord Mayors of the city and the families of Ball, Bath, Blakeney, Browne, Cusack, Desminier, Fagan, Foster, Fyan, Gifford, Gilbert, Malone, Mapas, Molesworth, Penteny, Perceval, Quinn, Talbot and Ussher. The Curate-assistant Christopher Teeling McCready (1836-1913) collected detailed genealogies of some of these families in seven hand-written volumes, which are now in Marsh's Library. Among the burials within the church and graveyard are: Bartholomew Ball Margaret Ball Nicholas Ball Lady Frances Brudenell John Burnell John Bysse Adam Cusack Paul Davys Paul Davys, 1st Viscount Mount Cashell Sir William Davys Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth Sir Thomas Molyneux William Molyneux Benjamin Parry Edward Parry John Parry Philip Perceval Sir James Somerville, 1st Baronet Peter Talbot Historical events On 11 March 1597, a massive accidental gunpowder explosion in one of the nearby quays damaged the tower of St. Audoen's. In the 1640s, at the time of the Catholic Confederate Rebellion, the burghers of the city could see from the church tower the fires of their opponents burning in the distance. In 1733 a popular Alderman, Humphrey Frend, was returned at an election by a large majority, and two barrels of pitch were burned as a celebration at the top of St. Audoen's tower. The United Irishman Oliver Bond was elected Minister's Churchwarden of the church in 1787 (although a Presbyterian, the established church was entitled to appoint local residents for church duties). Another United Irishman whose family had a long association with the church was James Napper Tandy, born at No. 5 Cornmarket and baptised (as 'James Naper Tandy') on 16 February 1739. He was a Churchwarden of the church in 1765 and played a significant role in the life of the city before the Act of Union in 1801.In 1793 a petition was sent from the vestry, requesting the removal of the police on the grounds of expense and inefficiency, and for the return of the night watchman originally appointed by the parish. Organ St Audoen's Church houses a fine organ built in 1885 by the firm Forster and Andrews, of Hull. The organ was restored in 2004 by Trevor Crowe. The organ maintains its original manual bellows, and is still playable without electricity. See also Guilds of the City of Dublin References and sources SourcesG. N. Wright (2005). "An Historical Guide to the City of Dublin". Online 19th-century book. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2008. Gilbert, John (1854). A History of the City of Dublin. Oxford: Oxford University. Leeper, Alexander (1873). History of St. Audoen's (by the rector). Dublin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Dublin: Catholic Truth Society, 1911: Bishop of Canea: Short Histories of Dublin Parishes Ronan, Miles (1926). The Reformation in Dublin 1536-1558. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Donovan, Alex E. (1930). Dublin's Oldest Building. Dublin: St. Audoen's (pamphlet). Crawford, John (1986). Within the Walls: The Story of St. Audoen's Church. Dublin: Select Vestry of the St. Patrick's Cathedral Group of Parishes. Curtis, Joe (1992). Times, Chimes and Charms of Dublin. Dublin: Verge Books. F. H. A. Aalen and Kevin Whelan (editors): Dublin City and County, from Prehistory to Present. Geography Publications, Dublin, 1992. ISBN 0-906602-19-X. McMahon, Mary (2006). St. Audoen's Church, Cornmarket, Dublin: Archaeology and Architecture. Dublin: The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0755773152.Notes External links Irish Architecture site with images Lord Portlester's Chapel at libraryireland.com

Cape horseshoe bat

The Cape horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus capensis) is a species of bat in the family Rhinolophidae. It is endemic to South Africa, and is potentially threatened by habitat loss and disturbance of its roosting sites, although it is present in large enough numbers to be considered of least concern by the IUCN.It is a member of the Rhinolophus capensis species group, together with the Bushveld, Dent's and Swinny's horseshoe bats, and is monotypic, with no subspecies.

The Cape horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus capensis) is a species of bat in the family Rhinolophidae. It is endemic to South Africa, and is potentially threatened by habitat loss and disturbance of its roosting sites, although it is present in large enough numbers to be considered of least concern by the IUCN.It is a member of the Rhinolophus capensis species group, together with the Bushveld, Dent's and Swinny's horseshoe bats, and is monotypic, with no subspecies. Description The Cape horseshoe bat is a typically sized member of its family, with a head-body length of 5.8 to 6.2 centimetres (2.3 to 2.4 in) and a tail 2.4 to 3.2 centimetres (0.94 to 1.26 in) long. They weigh between 10 and 16 grams (0.35 and 0.56 oz). The fur is dark or pale brown over most of the body, with paler, fawn-grey, underparts. The ears are large and somewhat rounded, and are capable of independent movement. The nose-leaf is horseshoe-shaped, and does not reach the upper parts of the muzzle. A rounded, sparsely-haired, process runs from the upper mid-surface of the nose-leaf to a projecting spear-shaped lancet above and between the eyes.The wings have a low wing loading and a high aspect ratio, indicating that the bat is capable of only slow flight, but is highly manoeuvrable in the air. This allows it to forage effectively among dense vegetation. Biology Cape horseshoe bats are endemic to Cape Province in South Africa, where they inhabit shrubby coastal environments. They are nocturnal, spending the day roosting in large colonies in coastal caves or mine adits. They are often found together with other species of bat, including Geoffroy's horseshoe bat and Schreibers' long-fingered bat. They are ambush hunters, hiding among vegetation and preying mainly on beetles and moths. Their echolocation calls are relatively long, lasting from 28 to 42 milliseconds, with only short pauses between pulses. The peak frequency varies between different individuals, ranging from 82 to 86 kHz. This type of call enables them to quickly locate rapidly moving insects in cluttered environments with plentiful vegetation.The breeding season lasts from August to September, shortly after the bats awake from winter hibernation. However, spermatogenesis in the males occurs between October and May, with the sperm being stored in the epididymis until the start of the breeding season. Gestation lasts three or four months, so that the mother gives birth to a single young in November or December, shortly before the rainy season, when insects are at their most abundant. The young are weaned by the end of January, and reach sexual maturity in their second year. == References ==

Kepler-66

Kepler-66 is a star with slightly more mass than the Sun in the NGC 6811 open cluster in the Cygnus constellation. It has one confirmed planet, slightly smaller than Neptune, announced in 2013.

Kepler-66 is a star with slightly more mass than the Sun in the NGC 6811 open cluster in the Cygnus constellation. It has one confirmed planet, slightly smaller than Neptune, announced in 2013. Planetary system References External links Kepler-66, The Open Exoplanet Catalogue Kepler 66, Exoplanet.eu

Arnold Nordsieck

Arnold Theodore Nordsieck (January 5, 1911 – January 18, 1971) was an American theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work with Felix Bloch on the infrared problem in quantum electrodynamics. He developed the inertial electrostatic gyroscope (ESG) used as part of the inertial navigation system of nuclear submarines that allows them to remain underwater without having to surface to ascertain their location.

Arnold Theodore Nordsieck (January 5, 1911 – January 18, 1971) was an American theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work with Felix Bloch on the infrared problem in quantum electrodynamics. He developed the inertial electrostatic gyroscope (ESG) used as part of the inertial navigation system of nuclear submarines that allows them to remain underwater without having to surface to ascertain their location. Biography Arnold Theodore Nordsieck was born in Marysville, Ohio, on January 5, 1911. He entered Ohio State University, where he earned a M.S. degree in physics in 1932. He then went to the University of California, Berkeley, where he wrote his 1935 doctoral dissertation under the supervision of Robert Oppenheimer on the "Scattering of Radiation by an Electric Field".A National Research Council fellowship allowed Nordsieck to travel to Germany in 1935 as a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Leipzig under Werner Heisenberg. With Felix Bloch he solved the infrared problem in quantum electrodynamics, the problem of differences in the scattering amplitudes for example in the bremsstrahlung, which had its origin in the vanishing rest mass of the photon. Bloch and Nordsieck showed that this due to the perturbation theory used, and were able to avoid it with a better method.Returning to the United States in 1937, Nordsieck taught physics at Columbia University, where he conducted research into theoretical physics and microwave radiation. In 1942, he became a researcher at the Bell Telephone Laboratories. He was also an associate professor at Columbia from 1945 to 1946. From 1947 to 1961 he was a professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where his doctoral students there included Erwin Hahn.Nordsieck built a differential analyzer (a form of analog computer) in 1950 at the University of Illinois from $700 worth of surplus electronic parts left over from World War II. Copies became the first computers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Purdue University. In 1953 he developed the inertial electrostatic gyroscope (ESG), which was manufactured by Honeywell and other companies. It was used as part of the inertial navigation system of nuclear submarines, allowing them to travel underwater for months at a time without having to surface to ascertain their location. He also proposed the Cornfield system, a computer-based decision-making system for the air defense of ships using radar. This was one of the first applications of computer technology for decision makings. He was a 1955 Guggenheim Fellow.With B. L Hicks, Nordsieck use Monte Carlo methods to solve nonlinear Boltzmann equation for various non-equilibrium problems in gas dynamics in the 1960s. He also published work on numerical mathematics. Later Nordsieck worked for the General Research Corporation in Santa Barbara, California, where he was Head of physics. He died in Santa Barbara on January 18, 1971.In his honor, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) has annually awarded, since 2002, the Nordsieck Award for excellence in teaching physics at UIUC. Notable winners of UIUC's Nordsieck Award include Nigel Goldenfeld (2003), George Gollin (2004), Paul Goldbart (2006), Alfred Hübler (2007), Steven Errede (2013), Kevin T. Pitts (2014), Brian L. DeMarco (2017) and Karin Dahmen (2020). The University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) gives the Arnold Nordsieck Award annually to a graduating senior who majors in physics and shows research promise. == Notes ==

Guine Bissau Airlines

Safari Guiné Bissau Airlines was an airline in Guinea-Bissau. It was founded in 2010 .

Safari Guiné Bissau Airlines was an airline in Guinea-Bissau. It was founded in 2010 . Code data Safari Airlines operated under: IATA Code: G6 ICAO Code: BSR Callsign: BISSAU AIRLINES

Semyon Abamelek-Lazarev

Prince Semyon Semyonovich Abamelek-Lazarev (also Abamelik-Lazaryan; Russian: Семён Семёнович Абамелек-Лазарев; 24 November 1857 in Moscow – 2 October 1916 in Kislovodsk) was a Russian millionaire of Armenian ethnicity noted for his contributions to archaeology and geology.His father Prince Simeon Abamelik was a Major General of the Russian army and an amateur painter. He married his first cousin Elizaveta Lazareva, the last of her family and the heiress to an enormous fortune. She was the granddaughter of Manuc Bei and the grand-niece of Count Ivan Lazarev (a court banker to Catherine the Great). Prince Semyon inherited her steel mills in the Urals, her surname and the right to manage the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages. After attending the Saint-Petersburg University, Abamelik-Lazarev joined Vasily Polenov and Adrian Prakhov in their 1881 tour across the Middle East.

Prince Semyon Semyonovich Abamelek-Lazarev (also Abamelik-Lazaryan; Russian: Семён Семёнович Абамелек-Лазарев; 24 November 1857 in Moscow – 2 October 1916 in Kislovodsk) was a Russian millionaire of Armenian ethnicity noted for his contributions to archaeology and geology.His father Prince Simeon Abamelik was a Major General of the Russian army and an amateur painter. He married his first cousin Elizaveta Lazareva, the last of her family and the heiress to an enormous fortune. She was the granddaughter of Manuc Bei and the grand-niece of Count Ivan Lazarev (a court banker to Catherine the Great). Prince Semyon inherited her steel mills in the Urals, her surname and the right to manage the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages. After attending the Saint-Petersburg University, Abamelik-Lazarev joined Vasily Polenov and Adrian Prakhov in their 1881 tour across the Middle East. He took part in excavating the site of Palmyra and discovered the Palmyra Tariff — a large slab with an inscription in Greek and Aramaic listing ancient customs rules. He also financed the excavations at Jerash. A patron and member of the Russian Geographical Society, he published two lavishly decorated volumes about Palmyra (1884) and Jerash (1897).In 1897, Prince Abamelik married Princess Moina (Maria) Demidova (1877 — 1955), a daughter of the 2nd Prince of San Donato. Soon they bought a villa on the Janiculum which has been known since then as Villa Abamelek. Semyon died suddenly in 1916 and was buried in the Lazarev family sepulchre at the Smolensky Cemetery in St Petersburg.Prince Abamelek is also remembered as a patron of aviation. In 1912, he established the Romanov Cup for the first aviator who would fly from Saint Petersburg to Moscow and back within 24 hours. The Abamelek Cup was awarded in 1913 for the first flight from Odessa to Saint Petersburg. His widow continued to live at the Villa di Pratolino near Florence until her death in 1955. The Villa Abamelek was given by the Italian government to the Soviet embassy in 1948. It serves as the official residence of the Russian ambassador to Italy. References External links Media related to Semen Semenovich Abamilek-Lazarev at Wikimedia Commons

Philip E. Thomas

Philip Evan Thomas (November 11, 1776 – September 1, 1861) was the first president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) from 1827 to 1836. He has been referred to as "The Father of American Railways". The Thomas Viaduct bridge in Relay, Maryland, was named after him.

Philip Evan Thomas (November 11, 1776 – September 1, 1861) was the first president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) from 1827 to 1836. He has been referred to as "The Father of American Railways". The Thomas Viaduct bridge in Relay, Maryland, was named after him. Biography Philip was born in Mount Radnor, Colesville, Maryland, the third son of Evan and Rachel (Hopkins) Thomas. His mother was the daughter of Gerard Hopkins whose family include Samuel Hopkins and his son Johns Hopkins, the founder of Johns Hopkins University.He married Elizabeth George of Kent County, Maryland, and worked in the hardware business in Baltimore under Thomas Poultney, his brother-in-law. He commenced his own business in 1800 with Evan Thomas, Jr., his younger brother, and William George, his wife's brother. He became active in both the Baltimore community and the banking business. He served as a cashier at Mechanics' Bank, became the first president of the Mechanical Fire Company, was the founder of the Baltimore Library Company and an organizer of the State Temperance Society. Thomas donated $25,000 to the State for the Washington Monument. A prominent figure in the Society of Friends (the Quakers) from 1821-1832, he was also served chairman of the Society's Indian Affairs Committee. His efforts to help Native Americans earned him the title of "Hai-wa-nob" (the Benevolent One) from the Swan tribe of the Seneca people. Thomas was the representative to Washington for the Six Nations of Indians.He died in 1861 while living with his daughter in Yonkers, New York. He had seven children. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad In 1825, Thomas became involved with the early canal enterprises in New England and acted as commissioner of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal system in Maryland. He became disillusioned with the project after realizing that it would not benefit Baltimore and he resigned his commission in 1828.Inspired by his brother Evan's description of an English mining railroad, Thomas, George Brown and 25 other civic leaders of Baltimore determined to build a railroad from Baltimore to the Ohio River and beyond. They obtained corporate charters from the Maryland and Virginia legislatures in 1827. With Thomas as president, George Brown as treasurer and Alexander Brown as one of several other investors, Thomas founded a railroad to compete with the canals. Construction of the B&O Railroad began in Baltimore in 1828, and the first passenger train to Ellicott's Mills (now Ellicott City) began service in 1830. The B&O was the first common carrier railroad in the United States. The B&O merged with the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway in 1987 to form CSX Transportation. In building the new railroad, Thomas and the B&O encountered many obstacles - political, legal, financial and technical - but construction of the main line continued westward during the 1830s. The line reached the Potomac River across from Harpers Ferry, Virginia (later West Virginia) in 1834. The B&O also completed a branch line from Baltimore to Washington, D.C. in 1835. By 1836, Thomas was in poor health, and he resigned from the B&O presidency on June 30, succeeded by Louis McLane. See also List of railroad executives Notes References Works cited Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company (1835). Short history of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Baltimore. Bayley, Ned (July 2003). Colesville, Maryland: The Development of a Community, its People and its Natural Resources, Over a Period of Four Centuries. Heritage Books. Dilts, James D. (1993). The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation's First Railroad, 1828-1853. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804726290. Forbush, Bliss (1971). A History of Baltimore Yearly Meeting of Friends. Sandy Spring, MD: Baltimore Yearly Meeting of Friends. Greene, Suzanne Ellery (1980). Baltimore: An Illustrated History. Woodland Hills, CA: Windsor Publications. Harwood, Herbert H. Jr. (1994). Impossible Challenge II: Baltimore to Washington and Harpers Ferry from 1828 to 1994. Baltimore: Barnard, Roberts & Co. ISBN 0934118221. Howard, George Washington (1873). The Monumental City, Its Past History and Present Resources. Baltimore: J.D. Ehlers. p. 309. phillip evan thomas. Olson, Sherry H. (1997). Baltimore: The Building of an American City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Reynolds, Kirk; Oroszi, Dave (2008). Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Minneapolis: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2929-0.

List of people in alternative medicine

This is a list of people in alternative medicine who are notable for developing, founding, inventing, promoting, practicing, marketing, commentating or researching on alternative medicine.

This is a list of people in alternative medicine who are notable for developing, founding, inventing, promoting, practicing, marketing, commentating or researching on alternative medicine. A Albert Abrams – inventor of Electronic Reactions of Abrams "technology", dynomizer, oscilloclast and radioclast. F. Matthias Alexander – founder of the Alexander Technique, a movement retraining process. C. A. Ansar – Indian alternative medical practitioner Guillermo Arévalo Valera – Shipibo writer, vegetalista, and exponent of Amazonian traditional medicine B Edward Bach – Founder of flower essence therapy and the Bach flower remedies. William Horatio Bates – Founder of the Bates Method alternative approach to eyesight improvement. Henry G. Bieler – American physician and author of Food is Your Best Medicine, known for diet-based healing and treatment of Hollywood celebrities. Ty Bollinger - Co-founder of The Truth About Cancer, promoter of ineffective cancer cures. Paul Bragg – Known for the Bragg Health Crusades, the Bragg Healthy Lifestyle, deep breathing, water fasts, organic foods, juicing and listening to one's body. C Charaka – One of the founders of Ayurveda. Deepak Chopra – Endocrinologist and Ayurvedic Medicine Practitioner, author of popular books on health and spirituality. Nicholas Culpeper – English physician, author of the early seventeenth century Culpeper's Herbal. E Mary Baker Eddy – Founder of Christian Science, which advocates Christian healing. F Moshé Feldenkrais – Inventor of the Feldenkrais method. G Irene Gauthier – One of the founders of the field of Myomassology. Sylvester Graham – Known for Graham Crackers and founded Grahamism. Stanislav Grof – One of the founders of the field of transpersonal psychology and founder of Holotropic Breathwork. H Samuel Hahnemann – Founded homeopathy. Michael Harner – Synthesized shamanic beliefs and practices from all over the world into a system now known as neoshamanism. Gustav Hemwall – Prolotherapy injection proponent. J Stan Jones – Promoter of colloidal silver, which has permanently turned his skin a blue-gray color. Adolf Just – Late 19th/Early 20th century German naturopath. Advocate for the "Nature Cure" movement. K John Harvey Kellogg – Promoter of colon therapy at the Battle Creek Sanatorium in Battle Creek, Michigan. Will Keith Kellogg – Inventor of corn flakes in 1894 and manager of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Sebastian Kneipp – Bavarian priest who began the Nature Cure movement (1890s). Chiefly known for his contributions to hydrotherapy. Louis Kuhne – Promoter of hydrotherapy, especially hip and sitz baths. L George Lewith – UK advocate for alternative medicine and professor at Southampton University. Pehr Henrik Ling – Swedish pioneer of physical education. Falsely credited as the Father of Swedish Massage (that credit goes to Johann Georg Mezger). Benedict Lust – Founder of naturopathic medicine in the United States. Purchased the rights to the term "naturopathy" from John Scheel. M Maria Sabina – Mexican healer, mystic leader of Mazatec people, curandero specializing in the native psilocybe mushrooms. Caroline Myss – American medical intuitive, mystic and author. N Devi Nambudripad – Founder of NAET, controversial allergy treatment. O Leonard Orr – Developed Rebirthing. David Orme-Johnson – Researcher and proponent of Transcendental Meditation technique. P Daniel Palmer – Founder of chiropractic. B. J. Palmer – Son of D.D. Palmer and known as the "developer" of chiropractic. Linus Pauling – Coined the term "orthomolecular medicine," the controversial use of Vitamin C and other megavitamin therapies. Pauling was however not a general supporter of alternative medicine. Fritz Perls – Founder of Gestalt Therapy. Vincent Priessnitz – One of the founders of hydrotherapy. R Wilhelm Reich – Founder of Orgonomy. Ida P. Rolf – Founder of Rolfing Structural Integration, the first bodywork that attempted to change posture. S Charlotte Selver – Introduced the concept of sensory awareness for movement education and healing, which influenced many health disciplines during the Human Potential Movement. Herbert Shelton – Founded the Natural Hygiene movement. Bernie Siegel – American MD and author who promotes cultivating one's attitude toward healing. Rudolf Steiner – Founded anthroposophical medicine. David Stephan - Speaker at health and wellness expos where he promotes Truehope Nutritional Support supplements. Andrew Taylor Still – Founded osteopathy, a manual therapy practice. T Samuel Thomson – 19th century herbalist, founded Thomsonian Medicine. Mabel Todd – Founded Ideokinesis, a form of somatic education, in the 1930s. Mohammad Ali Taheri – founder of two complementary medicines Faradarmani and Psymentology. U Mikao Usui – Founded Reiki during the early twentieth century in Japan. W Andrew Weil – Founder of Integrative Medicine and author. Darrell Wolfe – Founder of The Wolfe Clinic J. R. Worsley – Founder of Five Elements school of acupuncture. Frances Wright – Active in the American Popular Health Movement of the 1830s and 40s. P. K. Warrier – Indian Ayurvedic physician who received Padma Bhushan in 2010. Y Yellow Emperor (Huang Di) – Historically credited as the founder of traditional Chinese medicine. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi – Founder of Transcendental Meditation. == References ==

Complex of San Firenze

The Complesso di San Firenze (Complex of San Firenze) is a 17th-century Baroque-style building, consisting of a church, palace, and former oratory, located on the southeast corner of the saucer-shaped piazza of San Firenze, located in the quartiere of Santa Croce in central Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy. The buildings were commissioned by the Oratorians of Saint Philip Neri.

The Complesso di San Firenze (Complex of San Firenze) is a 17th-century Baroque-style building, consisting of a church, palace, and former oratory, located on the southeast corner of the saucer-shaped piazza of San Firenze, located in the quartiere of Santa Croce in central Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy. The buildings were commissioned by the Oratorians of Saint Philip Neri. History Prior to the 17th-century, paintings of the Piazza depict a drab 12th-century Romanesque brick church of San Florenzio hemmed by tall medieval houses. The Oratorians acquired the church in the 1640s, and commissioned plans from Pier Francesco Silvani to construct an oratory. Construction began in 1645 with the attendance of the Grand-Duke and of the Cardinal Giancarlo de' Medici. Once the oratory was complete in 1648, the Oratorians received a further endowment from the son of Senator Giuliano de' Serragli, who commissioned an additional church from the Baroque architect Pietro da Cortona. The design of Cortona with two parallel flanking rectangular facades called for the acquisition of other buildings in the square.The plan was reformulated over time, and by 1715 construction of the new church facade was completed by Ferdinando Ruggieri. The matching oratory facade was built from 1772 to 1775 by Zanobi Del Rosso. Others involved in the designs and construction were Gioacchino Fortini and Filippo Ciocchi.This led to the present nearly symmetric arrangement of the church on the north wing, the former seminary and housing in the center, and the oratory on the south wing. In 1848, the church was rededicated to the Immaculate Conception and Phillip Neri.The Seminary has undergone a number of transitions, ebbing with the fortunes of the founding order. The Oratorian seminary was suppressed transiently in 1769, re-suppressed in 1808, but again returned to the order in 1814. By 1866, when Florence had been chosen the capital of Italy, the building was requisitioned by the state for office space. Restructuring and expansion of the seminary was conducted by Marco Treves and Paolo Comotto.The entire building suffered damage during the 1966 floods. In 2015, it housed civil courts of Florence, but was used for other functions. The Oratory is used for events and concerts, while the church retains its original function. External decoration The scenographic facade is notable for the two advanced wings, church on right, and oratory on left, each flanked by monumental corinthian columns. The portals have triangular pediments with white marble sculptures of leaning allegories: Faith and Hope with putti holding aloft the Sacred Heart, sculpted by Giovacchino Fortini in the church, while Prayer and Humility with putti holding a star, sculpted by Pompilio Ticciati and Giovanni Nobili (sculptor) grace the Oratory. The center of the seminary is crowned by two trumpet-bearing angels holding the coat of arms of the Serragli family. Interior decoration The interior ceiling has a large canvas depicting the Glory of San Filippo Neri by Matteo Bonechi. The elaborate and costly stucco work of the nave was completed between 1668 and 1673 by a team of artists.The Chapel of the Madonna has a Virgin by Carlo Maratta and an Eleven Thousand Martyrs by Stradanus, which had been in the earlier church of San Firenze. The chapel cupola has frescoes by Luigi Sabatelli. The chapel was designed by Zanobi del Rosso, and once had a canvas attributed to Francesco Bacchiacca. The apse and altars of the church were designed by Fortini. He also completed the statues in the presbytery of Charity and Purity, and the bas-reliefs of the Life of St Phillip Neri. Other works are by Antonio Montauti. Other paintings in the church are by Giuseppe Pinzani, Tommaso Redi, Antonio Puglieschi, Anton Domenico Gabbiani, S and G Perini. The ceiling of the oratory, designed by Silvani has a canvas of Giovanni Camillo Sagrestani depicting the Glory of St Phillip. The apse has a large fresco depicting the Trinity with Apostles and Florentine Saints, by Niccolò Lapi. == References ==

Modern capitalist society

Modern capitalist society is a term used to describe a type of capitalist society in which a capitalist class of "new elites" and "old elites" concerned with maximizing their wealth secures a political system that serves and protects their interests, leading to the development of a wage-earning class. The term is commonly used by historians to refer to a transition from a premodern feudal society to a modern capitalist society, with consensus being that England emerged as the first modern capitalist society through the English Civil War (1642-51) and the Glorious Revolution (1688-89). Historians identify that the transition into modern capitalist society is often defined by a bourgeois revolution in which rising elites secure a system of representative democracy, rather than direct democracy, that serves their interests over the interests of the previously ruling royal aristocracy, such as in the American Revolution.Modern capitalist societies rely on calculated and systematic production, different from the merchant capitalism of the Italian city-states, and are defined by the existence of a wage-earning class that functions as the counterpart to a capitalist class. They are described as highly competitive and individualistic, focusing on private interests over public welfare, through prioritizing commodity production and profit maximization. Defending private property, preserving law and order, maintaining the economic exploitation and political impotence of the wage-earning class, training the wage-earning class in the tasks that modern capitalist society requires to function, educating the wage-earning class to internalize the principles of capitalist-democracy, often through forms of propaganda in the mass media, and conditioning the wage-earning class to believe that they are autonomous and live in a society ruled by the citizenry, have all been identified by scholars as forces which maintain modern capitalist societies.Modern capitalist societies are positioned in Western culture as a phase of human progression that is superior or "more advanced" than "premodern" forms of society.

Modern capitalist society is a term used to describe a type of capitalist society in which a capitalist class of "new elites" and "old elites" concerned with maximizing their wealth secures a political system that serves and protects their interests, leading to the development of a wage-earning class. The term is commonly used by historians to refer to a transition from a premodern feudal society to a modern capitalist society, with consensus being that England emerged as the first modern capitalist society through the English Civil War (1642-51) and the Glorious Revolution (1688-89). Historians identify that the transition into modern capitalist society is often defined by a bourgeois revolution in which rising elites secure a system of representative democracy, rather than direct democracy, that serves their interests over the interests of the previously ruling royal aristocracy, such as in the American Revolution.Modern capitalist societies rely on calculated and systematic production, different from the merchant capitalism of the Italian city-states, and are defined by the existence of a wage-earning class that functions as the counterpart to a capitalist class. They are described as highly competitive and individualistic, focusing on private interests over public welfare, through prioritizing commodity production and profit maximization. Defending private property, preserving law and order, maintaining the economic exploitation and political impotence of the wage-earning class, training the wage-earning class in the tasks that modern capitalist society requires to function, educating the wage-earning class to internalize the principles of capitalist-democracy, often through forms of propaganda in the mass media, and conditioning the wage-earning class to believe that they are autonomous and live in a society ruled by the citizenry, have all been identified by scholars as forces which maintain modern capitalist societies.Modern capitalist societies are positioned in Western culture as a phase of human progression that is superior or "more advanced" than "premodern" forms of society. This perspective was most evidently portrayed through colonial logics which asserted that Indigenous peoples belonged to more "primitive" cultures and therefore should assimilate into more "civilized" societies or face genocide (e.g., "Kill the Indian, Save the Man"). For Marxists, anarchists, and others, modern capitalist society is a phase which will eventually lead to the emergence of a qualitatively different form of society. In opposition, liberals and others are opposed to the structural transformation of modern capitalist society. Ideological origins Modern capitalist societies center the concept of means-end rationality, also referred to as instrumental rationality and formal rationality, and its inherent association with domination over nature, so as to manipulate it to suit material needs, and human beings, so as to organize and discipline them in their control over nature. Means-end rationality has held importance in Western culture for longer than modern capitalist societies have existed and historians have identified that this concept may have origins as early as Homer. Weber According to sociologist Max Weber, modern capitalist society "arose out of the moral calling of Calvinists; more specifically, the doctrine of predestination which resulted in new tensions between the individual and society and encouraged the believer to rationalize the objectivity of his belief (his or her productive contribution to the accumulation of capital)." As Weber theorized:The objectivization of one's beliefs was predicated on the distinction between instrumental reality (the actual enactment and application of the prevailing norms and rules of society) and value rationality (how moral beliefs and values define the meaning and scope of these rules and laws). The growth of modern society, in this sense, referred to the creation of large bureaucracies, police forces, and legislative bodies: all autonomous rational structures of the state and modern capitalist society embodying the effects and ends of instrumental rationality. The legitimacy of these institutions thus reflected the dominant function assumed by these institutions in maintaining and administering societal order. [...] The result of this evolving orientation was that citizens learned to obey societal laws which, in turn, served as the basis of dominant and legitimate types of authority in society.Weber perceived bureaucratization as an efficient institutional representation of rationality in modern capitalist society, yet also recognized how this could be "potentially dehumanizing, even malevolent, in its impersonality and possible elevation of economic efficiency and profit-maximization over human values and social justice. Weber was genuinely alarmed by the prospect that an institutionalized, morally vacuous or pernicious instrumental, and especially, formal, rationality might be used to justify morally questionable ends. Such rationality could potentially strip individuals of their freedom and dignity, placing them, metaphorically, in an 'iron cage' of despair." Historical lineage The first modern capitalist society has its origins in England with the English Civil War (1642-51) and the Glorious Revolution (1688-89), which has been identified by historians as a bourgeois revolution that resulted in the transition from a traditional feudal society to a modern capitalist society. These historical events in England were described by scholars as being fueled by the historically inaccurate yet profoundly influential reference to Magna Carta (1215), which was heavily cited in the 17th century by rising elites such as Jurist Edward Coke and others to rally support against the British monarchy through the promotion of individualism. Early colonial charters, such as the Virginia Charter (1606) and the Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641), as well as support for the American Revolution were influenced from this reference to Magna Carta. Many American colonists fought against Britain to preserve liberties and rights that they believed to be enshrined in Magna Carta. In the late 18th century, the United States Constitution became the supreme law of the land, recalling the manner in Magna Carta had come to be regarded as fundamental law.As described by political scientist Kenneth Good, "the rewriting of history 'forged a new pedigree for the concept of democracy' traceable from Magna Carta, through the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and the Founding Fathers of the American constitution–all largely aristocratic and elitist events with an absent or passive people–taking precedence over [the alternative canon of] Athens, the Levellers and Diggers, and the Chartists and many others of the 1830s and 1840s." According to Good, "in this heritage, political rights in modern capitalist society no longer had the meaning and potency of citizenship in Athens. There was no clear division between state and civil society, no distinct and autonomous economy. With perhaps an especial contribution from American experience, modern capitalist democracy would be confined to a formally separate sphere while the market economy followed rules of its own, and socio-economic inequalities would coexist with civic freedom and formal political equality. Though new urban working classes struggled for self-determination through nineteenth-century Britain, democracy moved away from active citizenship to 'the passive enjoyment of constitutional rights and safeguards'; checks and balances, the division of powers, the rule of law." For Good, this idea of democracy was most identifiable through British and American liberalism. == References ==

Hannah Bardell

Hannah Mary Bardell (born 1 June 1983) is a Scottish politician who has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Livingston since 2015. A member of the Scottish National Party (SNP), she served as its spokesperson for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport from 2018 to 2019.

Hannah Mary Bardell (born 1 June 1983) is a Scottish politician who has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Livingston since 2015. A member of the Scottish National Party (SNP), she served as its spokesperson for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport from 2018 to 2019. Early life and education Bardell was born on 1 June 1983 in Craigshill, Livingston. She attended Broxburn Academy and the University of Stirling. Bardell served as the National Union of Students' women's officer while studying at university. Her first jobs were with STV Glasgow and GMTV London, where she became an assistant producer of The Sunday Programme, a current affairs series. Political career After first meeting Alex Salmond in 2007, Bardell joined the SNP's election campaign for the 2007 Scottish Parliament election. For three years, she worked for Salmond and Ian Hudghton MEP in his constituency office. Bardell then worked for the US State Department in their Edinburgh Consulate, before joining the oil and gas industry, initially with Subsea 7, then for Oil & Gas Service company Stork as Head of Communications & Marketing for the UK, Africa & Norway. She left the oil & gas industry after only 3 years, in acrimonious circumstances, having admitted to having voluntarily signed a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) on leaving her position with Stork after allegations of bullying. She refused to state whether any payment was made to her in relation to the NDA.Bardell contested the Livingston seat for the SNP in the 2015 UK general election. Her mother, Lis Bardell had previously finished in second place for the SNP in the same constituency at the 2010 UK general election. Bardell was elected with 32,736 votes (56.9%), a majority of 16,843 votes over the sitting Labour Party MP, Graeme Morrice, overturning a Labour majority of 10,791 votes at the 2010 general election. Bardell became Shadow SNP Westminster Group Leader (Business, Innovation and Skills) in October 2015 and latterly was Spokesperson for Small Business, Enterprise and Innovation.She was re-elected at the 2017 UK general election, with a significantly reduced majority of 3,878 votes (7.4%).In November 2018, Speaker John Bercow reprimanded Bardell for playing football in the historic debating chamber of the House of Commons at Westminster.In March 2021, The Sunday Times reported that Bardell suggested a curfew banning men from the streets after 6pm should be considered in areas where women have been killed. Rehabilitation of offenders In 2020 Bardell wrote to the Scottish Football Association (SFA) requesting that David Martindale, a convicted drug dealer, be allowed to become manager of Livingston FC. She tweeted that "The ability to be rehabilitated is a key part of an inclusive society" Personal life Bardell is one of at least 45 LGBT MPs in the House of Commons as of December 2019.Following the 2015 general election, she said: "I only came out to myself and to my family during the election. I then chose not to say anything publicly because I had just got elected and I didn't want it to be one of the first things I said about myself as an MP". References External links Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom Contributions in Parliament at Hansard Voting record at Public Whip Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou Hannah Bardell on Twitter SNP profile SNP MP Guardian profiles Sunday Post SNP MP profiles

Lê Quát

Lê Quát (黎括) was a 14th-century Vietnamese Confucian mandarin of the Trần dynasty. He is best known for his proposal in 1370 to have Buddhism in Vietnam, the favoured religion of the Trần dynasty, deemed as heretical. This was the first such attempt, and it failed, although Confucianism came to be the ruling doctrine under the subsequent Lê dynasty.

Lê Quát (黎括) was a 14th-century Vietnamese Confucian mandarin of the Trần dynasty. He is best known for his proposal in 1370 to have Buddhism in Vietnam, the favoured religion of the Trần dynasty, deemed as heretical. This was the first such attempt, and it failed, although Confucianism came to be the ruling doctrine under the subsequent Lê dynasty. References Insun, Yu (2006). Tran, Nhung Tuyet; Reid, Anthony (eds.). Viet Nam: borderless histories. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-299-21774-7.

Statue of Jesus (Saidnaya)

The Statue of Jesus in Saidnaya, titled I Have Come to Save the World, is the tallest Jesus Christ statue in the Middle East, completed on 14 October 2013, which coincided with a religious holiday for Orthodox Christians who celebrate the feast day of the Protection of the Most Holy Virgin Mary. The figure is 12.3 metres (40ft) tall and stands on a base that brings its height to 32 metres.

The Statue of Jesus in Saidnaya, titled I Have Come to Save the World, is the tallest Jesus Christ statue in the Middle East, completed on 14 October 2013, which coincided with a religious holiday for Orthodox Christians who celebrate the feast day of the Protection of the Most Holy Virgin Mary. The figure is 12.3 metres (40ft) tall and stands on a base that brings its height to 32 metres. Location The statue, arms outstretched, has been placed on a historic pilgrim route from Constantinople to Jerusalem, is near the Cherubim Monastery in the community of Saidnaya, about 17 miles north of the city of Damascus, at an altitude of 6,889 feet (2,100 m) above sea level. The ensemble with the blessing Christ in its center, seen from Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine and Israel, is designed to bring peace, mutual understanding, and hope for common salvation to a region engulfed in the flames of war. Construction The statue, created by the Armenian sculptor Artush Papoian, was the brainchild of Yury Gavrilov, a 49-year-old man from Moscow who runs an organization called St Paul & St George Foundation in London. The Foundation, which Samir Shakib El-Gabban directs, was previously named the Gavrilov Foundation, after Yury Gavrilov. After this idea emerged in 2005 it was blessed by Patriarch Ignatius IV of Antioch and the Middle East, who was the author of this idea, Jesus Christ who is offering his blessings is trampling upon a snake, which is the symbol of evil. There is Adam on his right side and Eve on his left side. The Patriarch of Antioch chose the Cherubim Mountain because Cherub, as is known, is a symbol taken from the Old Testament, which is used by the Christians and which is accepted by the believers of Islam. Priests, theologians from the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius in Russia and Artush Papoian were part of the eight-year project started in 2005. By 2012, the statue which was assembled in Armenia was ready, but Syria was in civil war, causing the project's biggest delay. Majority Sunni Muslims dominate the revolt, and jihadists make up some of the strongest fighting groups. Other Muslim groups along with the Christian minority have stood largely with Assad's government, or remained neutral, sometimes arming themselves to keep hard-line rebels out of their communities.Churches have been vandalized and priests abducted by the rebels in Saidnaya and Maaloula. Therefore, the Syrian Army & Hezbollah launched a campaign to retake full control of the Qalamoun Mountains during the Battle of Qalamoun. After securing the area, the statue was shipped from Armenia to Lebanon, then eventually reached Syria to be installed in October 2013. See also List of statues of Jesus List of tallest statues == References ==

Jacqueline Pascal

Jacqueline Pascal (4 October 1625 – 4 October 1661), sister of Blaise Pascal and Gilberte Périer was born at Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France. Like her brother she was a prodigy, composing verses when only eight years old, and a five-act comedy at eleven. In 1646, the influence of her brother converted her to Jansenism. Then in 1652, she took the veil, and entered Port-Royal Abbey, Paris, despite the strong opposition of her brother, and subsequently was largely instrumental in the latter's own final conversion. She vehemently opposed the attempt to compel the assent of the nuns to the Papal bulls condemning Jansenism, but was at last compelled to yield.

Jacqueline Pascal (4 October 1625 – 4 October 1661), sister of Blaise Pascal and Gilberte Périer was born at Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne, France. Like her brother she was a prodigy, composing verses when only eight years old, and a five-act comedy at eleven. In 1646, the influence of her brother converted her to Jansenism. Then in 1652, she took the veil, and entered Port-Royal Abbey, Paris, despite the strong opposition of her brother, and subsequently was largely instrumental in the latter's own final conversion. She vehemently opposed the attempt to compel the assent of the nuns to the Papal bulls condemning Jansenism, but was at last compelled to yield. This blow, however, hastened her death, which occurred at Paris on 4 October 1661, the same day she turned 36. == References ==

Coco Gauff

Cori Dionne "Coco" Gauff (; born March 13, 2004) is an American professional tennis player. She has won six WTA Tour singles titles, including a Major at the 2023 US Open, and eight doubles titles. Gauff has career-high rankings of world No. 3 in singles and of world No. 1 in doubles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA).

Cori Dionne "Coco" Gauff (; born March 13, 2004) is an American professional tennis player. She has won six WTA Tour singles titles, including a Major at the 2023 US Open, and eight doubles titles. Gauff has career-high rankings of world No. 3 in singles and of world No. 1 in doubles by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). Born to parents with NCAA Division I collegiate backgrounds in basketball and track and field, Gauff became the No. 1 junior in the world after winning the junior 2018 French Open singles title and also won a junior Major doubles title at the 2018 US Open. Gauff made her WTA Tour debut in March 2019 at the Miami Open. She received a wildcard into the qualifying draw at the 2019 Wimbledon, where she became the youngest player in the tournament's history to qualify for the main draw. There, she rose to prominence with a win over former world No. 1 and seven-time Major singles champion Venus Williams in the opening round, going on to reach the fourth round. She won her first WTA Tour singles title at the 2019 Linz Open at the age of 15 years and seven months, making her the youngest singles titlist on the Tour since 2004. In 2021, she reached her first Major final in women's doubles at the US Open, and reached her first Major singles final at the 2022 French Open. In 2023, she won her first WTA 1000 title at the Cincinnati Masters and her first Major singles title at the US Open. Early life Gauff was born on March 13, 2004, to Candi (née Odom) and Corey Gauff, both from Delray Beach, Florida. She has two younger brothers. Her father played college basketball at Georgia State University and later worked as a health care executive. Her mother was a track and field athlete at Florida State University and worked as an educator. Gauff lived her early years in Atlanta. She began playing tennis at the age of six. When she was seven, her family moved back to Delray Beach to have better training opportunities. She worked with Gerard Loglo at the New Generation Tennis Academy starting from the age of eight.Gauff recalled, "I wasn't much of a team person. I loved tennis. I was so-so about it in the beginning because when I was younger I didn't want to practice at all. I just wanted to play with my friends. When I turned eight, that was when I played 'Little Mo' and after that I decided to do that for the rest of my life."Gauff's parents gave up their careers to focus on training their daughter. Her father later became her primary coach, while her mother oversaw her homeschooling. Her father had limited experience playing tennis growing up. At the age of 10, Gauff began to train at the Mouratoglou Academy in France run by Patrick Mouratoglou, longtime coach of Serena Williams. Mouratoglou commented, "I'll always remember the first time I saw Coco. She came over to the Mouratoglou Academy in 2014 to try out and she impressed me with her determination, athleticism and fighting spirit.... When she looks at you and tells you she will be number one, you can only believe it." He helped sponsor Gauff through his Champ'Seed foundation, which he created to provide funding for talented juniors who did not have the financial resources to afford high-level training.Gauff won the USTA Clay Court National 12-and-under title at the age of 10 years and three months – to become the youngest champion in the tournament's history. Junior career Gauff is a former world No. 1 junior. She entered the prestigious Les Petits As 14-and-under tournament in 2016 at age 12 and made it to the semifinals. Gauff began playing on the ITF Junior Circuit at the age of 13, skipping directly to the highest-level Grade A and Grade 1 tournaments. She finished runner-up to Jaimee Fourlis in her third career event, the Grade 1 Prince George's County Junior Tennis Championships in Maryland. At her next event, Gauff made her junior Grand Slam debut at the 2017 US Open and finished runner-up to Amanda Anisimova. Gauff did not drop a set before the final in either tournament. She became the youngest girls' singles finalist in US Open history.After beginning 2018 with a semifinal at the Grade 1 Traralgon Junior International in Australia, Gauff lost her opening round match at the Australian Open. She did not enter another tournament in singles until the French, where she won her first career junior Grand Slam tournament title. She did not drop a set until the final, where she came from behind to defeat McNally in three sets. With the title, Gauff became the fifth youngest girls' singles champion in French Open history. A month later, following another final win against McNally at the Grade 1 Junior International Roehampton, she became the No. 1 junior in the world.Gauff reached the quarterfinals in singles at the final two Grand Slam tournaments of the year. She fared better in doubles at both tournaments, reaching the semifinals at Wimbledon with partner María Lourdes Carlé and winning her first junior Grand Slam doubles title at the US Open with McNally. Gauff and McNally defeated compatriots Hailey Baptiste and Dalayna Hewitt in the final, all in straight sets. In September 2018, Gauff represented the United States at the Junior Fed Cup with Alexa Noel and Connie Ma. The team reached the final against Ukraine. After Gauff won her singles rubber and Noel lost hers, Gauff and Noel won the Junior Fed Cup by defeating Lyubov Kostenko and Dasha Lopatetskaya 11–9 in a match tiebreak. Gauff finished the year with another Grade A title in singles at the Orange Bowl. She ended the season ranked world No. 2 behind Clara Burel. Professional career 2018–19: First WTA titles, top 100 Gauff made her debut on the ITF Women's Circuit in May 2018 at the age of 14 as a qualifier in the $25K event at Osprey, where she won her first professional match. She received a wildcard into qualifying at the US Open, but lost her opening match five months after turning 14 years old. In her first 2019 tournament, she finished runner-up in doubles at the $100K Midland Tennis Classic alongside Ann Li. Two weeks later, Gauff played her next event at the $25K level in Surprise and reached the finals in both singles and doubles. She finished runner-up in singles and won her first WTA title in doubles alongside Paige Hourigan. In March, at the Miami Open she recorded her first WTA match win against Caty McNally.Gauff lost the second round of qualifying at the French Open. At Wimbledon, she defeated Aliona Bolsova and Greet Minnen. Gauff became the youngest player to reach the main draw at Wimbledon by qualifying in the Open Era at the age of 15 years and three months. In her main draw debut, she upset five-time Wimbledon champion Venus Williams in straight sets. Gauff won over Magdaléna Rybáriková and No. 60 Polona Hercog, saving two match points against Hercog. The hype surrounding Gauff's first-round match win led to her third rounder moving to Centre Court. She was eliminated with a fourth-round loss to eventual champion Simona Halep. All four of Gauff's matches were most-watched matches on ESPN on their respective days during the first week of coverage. With this performance, she rose to world No. 141.Gauff played in one US Open Series tournament at the Washington Open, where she qualified for the main draw but lost in the first round. She entered the doubles event with McNally and defeated Fanny Stollár and Maria Sanchez in the final for their first career WTA title in their first joint WTA. At the US Open, Gauff wild-carded into the singles and doubles main draws. She continued her Grand Slam success in singles with two three-set wins over Anastasia Potapova and Tímea Babos, both on Louis Armstrong. She was defeated in the third round by world No. 1 and defending champion Naomi Osaka. In doubles, Gauff and McNally won two matches, including an upset over ninth seeds Nicole Melichar and Květa Peschke. They lost in the third round to eventual runners-up Ashleigh Barty and Victoria Azarenka. Although Gauff lost in qualifying at the Linz Open, she entered the main draw as a lucky loser and won the title, notably upsetting top seed Kiki Bertens in the quarterfinals for her first top-10 victory. She defeated Jeļena Ostapenko in the final to become the youngest WTA player to win a singles title since 2004. With this title as well as a semifinal in doubles with McNally, Gauff made her top-100 debuts in both the WTA singles and doubles rankings. Gauff and McNally ended their year with a second WTA doubles title at the Luxembourg Open over Kaitlyn Christian and Alexa Guarachi. 2020: Australian Open 4th round Starting the year 2020 ranked No. 67, Gauff at the Auckland Open defeated Viktoria Kuzmova before losing to Laura Siegemund in the second round. Playing doubles with McNally, Gauff reached the semifinals. At the Australian Open, Gauff defeated Venus Williams in straight sets in the first round and Sorana Cîrstea in the second round, making it three straight Grand Slams where she reached the third round. She defeated defending champion Osaka in the third, becoming the youngest player to defeat a top-5 player since Jennifer Capriati beat Gabriela Sabatini at the 1991 US Open. In the fourth round, she lost to the eventual champion, Sofia Kenin. In doubles, Gauff and McNally recorded their best result in a Grand Slam championship to date, reaching the quarterfinals before falling to second seeds and eventual champions, Kristina Mladenovic and Tímea Babos.Gauff beat two top-50 players at the Lexington Challenger before losing in straight sets to world No. 49, Jennifer Brady. At the Western and Southern Open, played in New York, Gauff lost in the first round to world No. 21, Maria Sakkari. At the US Open, Gauff was defeated in the first round by Anastasija Sevastova.Gauff, ranked 53, beat world No. 34, Ons Jabeur, in the first round of the Italian Open before losing to two-time Grand Slam champion Garbiñe Muguruza. At the French Open, Gauff defeated the ninth seed and world No. 13, Johanna Konta, in the first round, but went on to lose to eventual quarterfinalist Martina Trevisan in a second-round match in which Gauff hit 19 double faults. At the Ostrava Open, she qualified for the main draw and was defeated by world No. 12, Aryna Sabalenka, in the second round. 2021: Top 20, first Major singles quarterfinal & doubles final Starting the year ranked No. 48, in the Abu Dhabi Open, she beat Norwegian Ulrikke Eikeri before falling in the next round to Maria Sakkari. At the Australian Open, in singles, Gauff again beat Teichmann in the first round, but fell in the round of 64 to the fifth-seeded Elina Svitolina, in straight sets. In doubles, she and McNally failed to Demi Schuurs and Nicole Melichar in the quarterfinals.At Adelaide, she failed to second seeded Belinda Bencic. In doubles, she partnered with Canadian Sharon Fichman, and they bowed out in the first round to Duan Yingying and Zheng Saisai. This run brought her to a then-career-high of No. 38 in singles. After the Dubai Championships, she reaches a career high of No. 35 in singles.In the Miami Open, she played her first WTA 1000 event while seeded (as the 31st). In May, Gauff reached the first semifinal at a WTA 1000 in her career at the Italian Open due to then-No. 1, Barty, retiring with a right arm injury in their quarterfinal match. As a result, she entered top 30 for the first time. She then lost to the eventual champion, Iga Świątek. Gauff won her second singles and third doubles (with McNally) titles at the Emilia-Romagna Open in Parma. She became the youngest player to win both the singles and doubles titles at an event since Maria Sharapova won both titles at the 2004 Birmingham Classic. Gauff thus rose to new career-high rankings of world No. 25 in singles and No. 41 in doubles. She became the youngest American to make her top 25 debut in nearly 23 years (since Serena Williams, June 8, 1998).Seeded 24th at the French Open (her first time being seeded at a Grand Slam), she beat Aleksandra Krunić and Wang Qiang in straight sets, received a walkover when leading one set to love against 13th seed and Australian Open runner-up Jennifer Brady, and beat 25th seed Ons Jabeur in just 53 minutes to reach her first Grand Slam quarterfinal. As a result, she became the youngest female player (17 years, three months) to reach a Grand Slam quarterfinal since Nicole Vaidišová at the 2006 French Open, the youngest American to reach a quarterfinal at Roland Garros since Jennifer Capriati in 1993 and the youngest American to reach the quarterfinals of any Grand Slam since Venus Williams reached the 1997 US Open final. Subsequently, Gauff was eliminated after losing in straight sets to the eventual champion, unseeded Barbora Krejčíková. As a result, she reached a new career-high of No. 23 in June 2021. At Wimbledon, Gauff reached the fourth round for a second consecutive time defeating Elena Vesnina in straight sets in 70 minutes, and Kaja Juvan in straight sets in the third round. Gauff lost her next match to Angelique Kerber in straight sets, eliminating her from the tournament. She also reached the third round in doubles with Caty McNally and as a result entered the top 40 in the doubles rankings at No. 38 on July 12, 2021. At 17 years old, she was selected for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo becoming the second youngest American player after Jennifer Capriati competed at 16 and the youngest Olympic tennis player since Mario Ančić in 2000. However, she tested positive for COVID-19 and was forced to withdraw.At the Cincinnati Open, Gauff reached the second round and lost to second seed, and world No. 2, Naomi Osaka. At the US Open, Gauff beat Magda Linette in the first round, before falling to Sloane Stephens in the next. In the women's doubles, Gauff and McNally stormed into their first Grand Slam semifinal without dropping a set and in the finals, they lost to Sam Stosur and Zhang Shuai. 2022: First Major singles final, singles top 5, doubles No. 1 Seeded 18th at the Australian Open, Gauff lost in the first round against Wang Qiang in straight sets.In February, she reached the quarterfinals at the Qatar Open by defeating Shelby Rogers, Caroline Garcia and third seed Paula Badosa. In the quarterfinals, Gauff lost to sixth seed Maria Sakkari. In doubles, Gauff paired with Jessica Pegula to win her first WTA 1000 doubles title, beating third-seeded pair of Veronika Kudermetova and Elise Mertens in the final. With the win, she climbed to a career-high No. 10 in the doubles rankings on February 28, 2022. Gauff reached her first Major singles final at the French Open, defeating Rebecca Marino, Alison Van Uytvanck, Kaia Kanepi, 31st seed Elise Mertens, Sloane Stephens, and Martina Trevisan before losing to Iga Świątek in straight sets. She reached the final in doubles with Jessica Pegula where they were defeated by Caroline Garcia and Kristina Mladenovic. As a result, she secured a new career-high of world No. 13 in singles and the top 5 in doubles. After winning her first two matches at Wimbledon Championships as the 11th seed against unseeded Romanians Elena-Gabriela Ruse and Mihaela Buzărnescu, Gauff lost in the third round to 20th Amanda Anisimova in three sets. As a result, she reached a new career-high ranking of world No. 11, on July 11, 2022. Seeded sixth at the Silicon Valley Classic, she reached the quarterfinals defeating Anhelina Kalinina in the first round, and next Naomi Osaka who saved seven match points. In her quarterfinal match, she struggled with her serve and lost in straight sets to Paula Badosa.At the Canadian Open, she became the youngest player to reach back-to-back quarterfinals in Canada since Jennifer Capriati in 1990 and 1991. She beat sixth seed Aryna Sabalenka, a day after ousting Wimbledon champion Elena Rybakina, winning both matches in a third-set tiebreak. She lost to eventual champion Simona Halep, in straight sets. Seeded third in doubles at the same tournament she reached the semifinals with Pegula defeating fifth seeds Desirae Krawczyk and Demi Schuurs. Next they defeated Madison Keys/Sania Mirza in the semifinals and Nicole Melichar/Ellen Perez in the final to win their second WTA 1000 title together. As a result, Gauff became the No. 1 doubles player in the world.At the US Open, she reached the quarterfinals of this Major for the first time with wins over 20th seed Madison Keys and Zhang Shuai becoming the youngest American woman to achieve this feat since 2009, when Melanie Oudin was 17. As a result, she guaranteed herself a top 10 debut in the singles rankings at world No. 8 after the tournament. Subsequently, Gauff was defeated by Caroline Garcia, in straight sets. Seeded second in doubles, Gauff and partner Pegula were defeated in the first round by Leylah Fernandez and Daria Saville.In October, Gauff became the youngest player in singles since Maria Sharapova in 2005 to qualify for the year-end WTA Finals championships. She and partner Jessica Pegula also both qualified for the doubles' championships. Gauff and Pegula are the first Americans since Serena and Venus Williams in 2009 to qualify for both the singles and doubles year-end championships. 2023: US Open and Cincinnati titles, Miami doubles champion Gauff started her 2023 season at the Auckland Open, where she defeated Rebeka Masarova in the final in straight sets. At the 2023 Australian Open, Gauff advanced to the fourth round, where she lost to Jeļena Ostapenko in straight sets. At the 2023 Qatar Total Open, Gauff reached the quarterfinals after defeating two-time champion Petra Kvitová in the second round. At the same tournament in doubles, Gauff and Jessica Pegula successfully defended their title, defeating Lyudmyla Kichenok and Jeļena Ostapenko in a three-set match. At the 2023 Dubai Tennis Championships, Gauff reached the semifinals by defeating Madison Keys in the quarterfinals, before losing to Iga Świątek. At Indian Wells, Gauff lost in the quarterfinals to second seed and eventual runner-up Aryna Sabalenka. In Miami, Gauff lost against 27th seed Anastasia Potapova in the third round. In doubles at the same tournament, Gauff won her fifth overall and third WTA 1000 team title with her partner Jessica Pegula. They became the first all-American duo to win the Miami Open doubles title in 22 years, defeating Leylah Fernandez and Taylor Townsend in the final.In August, Gauff won the Washington Open, beating Maria Sakkari in the final. It was Gauff's first WTA 500 singles title, and her biggest singles title to date. She became the first teenager to win the tournament. Gauff won her first WTA 1000 title at the 2023 Cincinnati Open, defeating world No. 1 Iga Świątek in the semifinals and world No. 10 Karolina Muchova in the finals.In September, Gauff won the 2023 US Open, her first Major singles title, beating world No. 2 Aryna Sabalenka in three sets and becoming the first American teenager to win the US Open since Serena Williams in 1999. As a result, she reached world No. 3 in the rankings on 11 September 2023.Coco and Jessica returned to the World No. 1 doubles ranking on 23 October 2023 after qualifying for the 2023 WTA Finals as a pair and also individually, becoming the first players to qualify in both disciplines in back-to-back years since Sara Errani in 2012-13. Endorsements Gauff uses a Head Boom MP 2022 with 16 main and 19 cross strings. She wears New Balance clothing and tennis shoes. In October 2018, Gauff signed her first multi-year sponsorship contract, with New Balance. At the 2021 French Open, Gauff wore a New Balance outfit of bold mismatched color splotches to contrast with the all-white ensemble of doubles partner Venus Williams. In March 2019, Gauff announced a multi-year sponsorship agreement with Italian food company Barilla, which also sponsors Roger Federer. In January 2023, Gauff was announced as a brand ambassador for advisory CPA firm Baker Tilly US, LLP. Personal life Gauff is a Christian. Since she was eight years old, she has prayed with her father before every match that she and her opponent would be safe. After winning the Cincinnati Open in August 2023, she said: "… I'd like to thank my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ. I spent a lot of nights alone, crying trying to figure it out. I still have a lot to figure out, but I thank Him for covering me." After winning her first Grand Slam title in September 2023, she said: "… I don't pray for results, I just ask that I get the strength to give it my all and whatever happens happens. I'm so blessed in this life."Gauff's tennis idols are Serena and Venus Williams. "Serena Williams has always been my idol...and Venus," she has said. "They are the reason why I wanted to pick up a tennis racquet." Gauff first met Serena when she won the Little Mo national tournament at the age of eight, and later met her again to film a commercial for Delta Air Lines and at the Mouratoglou Academy. After defeating Venus Williams at Wimbledon in 2019, Gauff expressed her respect when they shook hands at the net. "I was just telling her thank you for everything she's done for the sport," Gauff said. "She's been an inspiration for many people. I was just really telling her thank you."In a 2020 post on "Behind the Racquet", created on Instagram by former professional tennis player Noah Rubin, Gauff stated she had experienced depression and stress related to her sporting career. Her parents clarified that she was not diagnosed with depression in the clinical sense, and had not sought medical attention relating to her psychological well-being. Gauff is a fan of anime. In the NFL, she supports the Miami Dolphins. Career statistics Grand Slam tournament performance timelines Singles Doubles Grand Slam tournament finals Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up) Doubles: 2 (2 runner-ups) References External links Coco Gauff at the Women's Tennis Association Coco Gauff at the International Tennis Federation Coco Gauff at the Billie Jean King Cup Coco Gauff at Wimbledon

Dead Man

Dead Man is a 1995 American acid western film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch. It stars Johnny Depp, Gary Farmer, Billy Bob Thornton, Iggy Pop, Crispin Glover, John Hurt, Michael Wincott, Lance Henriksen, Gabriel Byrne, Mili Avital, and Robert Mitchum. The movie, set in the late 1800s, follows William Blake, a meek accountant on the run after murdering a man. He has a chance encounter with enigmatic Native American spirit-guide "Nobody", who believes Blake is the reincarnation of the visionary English poet William Blake. Described by Jarmusch as a "Psychedelic Western", the film is shot entirely in monochrome.

Dead Man is a 1995 American acid western film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch. It stars Johnny Depp, Gary Farmer, Billy Bob Thornton, Iggy Pop, Crispin Glover, John Hurt, Michael Wincott, Lance Henriksen, Gabriel Byrne, Mili Avital, and Robert Mitchum. The movie, set in the late 1800s, follows William Blake, a meek accountant on the run after murdering a man. He has a chance encounter with enigmatic Native American spirit-guide "Nobody", who believes Blake is the reincarnation of the visionary English poet William Blake. Described by Jarmusch as a "Psychedelic Western", the film is shot entirely in monochrome. Neil Young composed the guitar-dominated soundtrack with portions he improvised while watching the movie footage. Many have considered it a premier postmodern Western. It has been compared to Cormac McCarthy's novel Blood Meridian. Plot William Blake, an accountant from Cleveland, Ohio, rides by train to the frontier company town of Machine to take up a promised accounting job in the town's metal works. During the trip, the train fireman warns Blake against the enterprise. Arriving in town, Blake notes the hostility of the townsfolk towards him. He then discovers that the position has already been filled, and John Dickinson, the ferocious owner of the company, drives Blake from the workplace at gunpoint. Jobless and without money or prospects, Blake meets Thel Russell, a former prostitute who sells paper flowers. He lets her take him home. Thel's ex-boyfriend Charlie surprises them in bed, shoots at Blake, and accidentally kills Thel when she shields Blake with her body. The bullet passes through Thel and wounds Blake, who kills Charlie with Thel's gun before climbing out the window and fleeing the town on Charlie's horse. Company owner Dickinson is Charlie's father and hires three killers — Cole Wilson, Conway Twill, and Johnny "The Kid" Pickett — to bring Blake back "dead or alive". Blake awakens to find a large Native American man trying to dislodge the bullet from his chest. The man, calling himself Nobody, reveals that the bullet is too close to Blake's heart to remove, rendering Blake effectively a walking dead man. When he learns Blake's full name, Nobody decides Blake is a reincarnation of William Blake, a poet whom he idolizes but of whom Blake is ignorant. He decides to care for Blake and to use Native methods to help ease him into death. Blake learns of Nobody's past, marked by prejudice from both Native Americans and white people: Nobody's mother and father were from two opposing tribes, Piikáni and Apsáalooke, respectively. As a child, English soldiers abducted and brought him to Europe as a model savage. He was briefly educated before returning home, where his stories of the white man and his culture were laughed off by fellow Native Americans. They thus dub him Xebeche: "He who talks loud, saying nothing". Nobody resolves to escort Blake to the Pacific Ocean to return him to his proper place in the spirit world. Blake and Nobody travel west, leaving a trail of dead and encountering wanted posters announcing higher and higher bounties for Blake's death or capture. Nobody leaves Blake alone in the wild when he decides Blake must undergo a vision quest. On his quest, Blake kills two U.S. Marshals, experiences visions of nature spirits, and grieves over the remains of a dead fawn his pursuers accidentally kill. He paints his face with the fawn's blood and rejoins Nobody. Meanwhile, the most ferocious member of the bounty hunter posse, Cole Wilson, has killed his comrades (eating one of them) and continued his hunt alone. At a trading post, a bigoted missionary identifies Blake and attempts to kill him but instead dies at Blake's hands. Shortly after, Blake is shot again, and his condition rapidly deteriorates. Nobody hurries to take him by the river to a Makah village and persuades the tribe to give him a canoe for Blake's ship burial. Delirious, Blake trudges through the village, where the people pity him, before he collapses from his injuries. He awakens in a canoe on a beach wearing a Native American funeral dress. Nobody bids Blake farewell and then pushes the canoe out to sea. As he floats away, Blake sees Cole approaching Nobody. Too weak to cry out, he can only watch as the two shoot and kill each other. Looking up at the sky one last time, Blake dies as his canoe drifts out to sea. Cast Johnny Depp as William Blake, a meek accountant from Cleveland, Ohio Gary Farmer as Nobody, a strong and opinionated Native American forcibly raised by whites and later given the mocking name Xebeche, or "He Who Talks Loud, Saying Nothing", by fellow natives Crispin Glover as Train Fireman, a coal-covered boilerman who welcomes Blake to the "hell" of Machine Lance Henriksen as Cole Wilson, an infamous bounty hunter and murderous cannibal Michael Wincott as Conway Twill, a talkative bounty hunter Eugene Byrd as Johnny "The Kid" Pickett, a young bounty hunter John Hurt as John Scholfield, the business manager of Dickinson's factory Robert Mitchum as John Dickinson, a shotgun-toting industrialist in Machine (Mitchum's final film role before his death in 1997) Iggy Pop as Salvatore "Sally" Jenko, a cross-dressing, Bible-reading fur trader at a campsite Gabriel Byrne as Charlie Dickinson, Thel's ex-boyfriend and John Dickinson's son Jared Harris as Benmont Tench, a knife-toting fur trader at Sally's campsite Mili Avital as Thel Russell, a former prostitute who makes and sells paper flowers Billy Bob Thornton as Big George Drakoulias, a mountain man at Sally's campsite Michelle Thrush as Nobody's girlfriend Gibby Haynes as Man with gun in alley Alfred Molina as Trading Post Missionary, a corrupt missionary and businessman Cultural allusions The film contains many references to William Blake's poetry. Xebeche aka Nobody recites from several Blake poems, including Auguries of Innocence, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, and The Everlasting Gospel. When bounty hunter Cole warns his companions against drinking from standing water, it references the Proverb of Hell (from the aforementioned Marriage), "Expect poison from standing water". Thel's name is also a reference to Blake's The Book of Thel. The scenes with Thel culminating in the bedroom murder scene visually enact Blake's poem, "The Sick Rose": "O rose, thou art sick. / The invisible worm, / That flies in the night / In the howling storm: / Has found out thy bed / Of crimson joy: / And his dark secret love / Does thy life destroy." The film's soundtrack album and promotional music video also features Depp reciting passages from Blake's poetry to music Neil Young composed for the film. Although the film is set in the 19th century, Jarmusch included a number of references to 20th century American culture. Benmont Tench, the man at the campsite played by Jared Harris, is named after Benmont Tench, keyboardist for Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. Billy Bob Thornton's character, Big George Drakoulias, is named for record producer George Drakoulias. The name of Mitchum's character is a reference to rock producer Jim Dickinson. The marshals chasing Blake are named Lee Hazlewood and Marvin Throne-berry, after Lee Hazlewood and Marv Throneberry, and also an allusion to the American actor Lee Marvin. Nobody's name ("He Who Talks Loud, Saying Nothing") is a reference to the James Brown song "Talkin' Loud and Sayin' Nothing". Michael Wincott's character is shown in possession of a teddy bear. Also, when asked his name, Xebeche answers, "My name is Nobody." My Name Is Nobody was an Italian Western film from 1973 starring Henry Fonda and Terence Hill, and the clever answer of Ulysses to Polyphemus when asked the same question. Portrayal of Native Americans Dead Man is generally regarded as well-researched in regard to Native American culture. The film is also one of few about Native Americans to be directed by a non-native that offers a nuanced understanding of the individual differences between Native American tribes with considerable detail given that is relatively free of common stereotypes.The film intentionally leaves conversations in the Cree and Blackfoot languages untranslated and without subtitles, for the exclusive understanding of members of those nations, including several in-jokes aimed at Native American viewers. Nobody was also played by a First Nations actor, Gary Farmer, who is Cayuga. Reception The film was entered into the 1995 Cannes Film Festival.In its theatrical release, Dead Man earned $1,037,847 on a budget of $9 million. Then, it was the most expensive of Jarmusch's films, due in part to the costs of ensuring accurate period detail. Critical responses were mixed. Roger Ebert gave the film one and a half (out of four) stars, noting "Jim Jarmusch is trying to get at something here, and I don't have a clue what it is". Desson Howe and Rita Kempley, both writing for The Washington Post, offered largely negative reviews. Greil Marcus, however, mounted a spirited defense of the film, titling his review "Dead Again: Here are 10 reasons why 'Dead Man' is the best movie of the end of the 20th century."Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum dubbed the film an acid western, calling it "as exciting and as important as any new American movie I've seen in the 90s" and went on to write a book on the film, Dead Man (ISBN 0-85170-806-4) published by the British Film Institute. The film has a 70% approval rating on website Rotten Tomatoes based on 53 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's consensus reads: "While decidedly not for all tastes, Dead Man marks an alluring change of pace for writer-director Jim Jarmusch that demonstrates an assured command of challenging material". Metacritic reports a score of 62 out of 100 from 20 critics, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".In July 2010, The New York Times chief film critic A. O. Scott capped a laudatory "Critics' Picks" video review of the film by calling it "One of the very best movies of the 1990s." The Criterion Collection added the film to their collection, due to its "profound and unique revision of the western genre". Soundtrack Neil Young recorded the soundtrack by improvising (mostly on his electric guitar, with some acoustic guitar, piano and organ) as he watched the newly edited film alone in a recording studio. Jarmusch encouraged Young's improvisational music, as it would add to the film's spontaneous narrative. The soundtrack album consists of seven instrumental tracks by Young, with dialog excerpts from the film and Johnny Depp reading the poetry of William Blake interspersed between the music. In other media Gary Farmer makes a cameo appearance as Nobody in Jarmusch's subsequent film Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai, in which he repeats one of his signature lines of dialogue, "Stupid fucking white man!" Johnny Depp makes a brief cameo as William Blake in Mika Kaurismäki's film L.A. Without a Map. Rudy Wurlitzer's unproduced screenplay Zebulon inspired Jarmusch's film. Wurlitzer later rewrote the screenplay as the novel The Drop Edge of Yonder (2008). See also List of post-1960s films in black-and-white Revisionist Western References External links Dead Man at IMDb Dead Man at the TCM Movie Database Dead Man at AllMovie Dead Man at the American Film Institute Catalog Dead Man at Box Office Mojo Dead Man at Rotten Tomatoes Dead Man at Metacritic Jonathan Rosenbaum interviews Jim Jarmusch about Dead Man Jonathan Rosenbaum's preface in 2010 Czech translation of his book Archived March 31, 2023, at the Wayback Machine Dead Man by Gino Moliterno Dead Man: Earth, Wind, and Fire an essay by Ben Ratliff at the Criterion Collection

InfoWorld

InfoWorld (abbreviated IW) is an American information technology media business. Founded in 1978, it began as a monthly magazine. In 2007, it transitioned to a web-only publication. Its parent company today is International Data Group, and its sister publications include Macworld and PC World. InfoWorld is based in San Francisco, with contributors and supporting staff based across the U.S..Since its founding, InfoWorld's readership has largely consisted of IT and business professionals.

InfoWorld (abbreviated IW) is an American information technology media business. Founded in 1978, it began as a monthly magazine. In 2007, it transitioned to a web-only publication. Its parent company today is International Data Group, and its sister publications include Macworld and PC World. InfoWorld is based in San Francisco, with contributors and supporting staff based across the U.S..Since its founding, InfoWorld's readership has largely consisted of IT and business professionals. InfoWorld focuses on how-to, analysis, and editorial content from a mixture of experienced technology journalists and working technology practitioners. The site averages 4.6 million monthly page views and 1.1 million monthly unique visitors. History The magazine was founded by Jim Warren in 1978 as The Intelligent Machines Journal (IMJ). It was sold to IDG in late 1979. On 18 February 1980, the magazine name was changed to InfoWorld. In 1986, the Robert X. Cringely column began; for many, that pseudonymous column was the face of InfoWorld and its close ties to Silicon Valley in particular.Up to and including the 15 June 1987 issue 24, volume 9, InfoWorld was published by Popular Computing, Inc., a subsidiary of CW Communications, Inc. Since then it has been published by InfoWorld Publishing, Inc., a subsidiary of IDG Communications, Inc. Ethernet inventor Bob Metcalfe was CEO and publisher from 1991 to 1996, and contributed a weekly column until 2000. As the magazine transitioned to be exclusively Web-based, the final print edition was dated 2 April 2007 (Volume 29, Issue 14, Number 1384).In its web incarnation, InfoWorld has transitioned away from widely available news stories to a focus on how-to, expert testing, and thought leadership. References External links Official website Digitized InfoWorld magazines on Google Books

Discharge pressure

Discharge pressure (also called high side pressure or head pressure) is the pressure generated on the output side of a gas compressor in a refrigeration or air conditioning system. The discharge pressure is affected by several factors: size and speed of the condenser fan, condition and cleanliness of the condenser coil, and the size of the discharge line. An extremely high discharge pressure coupled with an extremely low suction pressure is an indicator of a refrigerant restriction.

Discharge pressure (also called high side pressure or head pressure) is the pressure generated on the output side of a gas compressor in a refrigeration or air conditioning system. The discharge pressure is affected by several factors: size and speed of the condenser fan, condition and cleanliness of the condenser coil, and the size of the discharge line. An extremely high discharge pressure coupled with an extremely low suction pressure is an indicator of a refrigerant restriction.

Second Egede cabinet

The Egede II cabinet has governed Greenland since April 2021.

The Egede II cabinet has governed Greenland since April 2021. Ministers References See also Politics of Greenland First Egede cabinet

Dropout (communications)

A dropout is a momentary loss of signal in a communications system, usually caused by noise, propagation anomalies, or system malfunctions. For analog signals, a dropout is frequently gradual and partial, depending on the cause. For digital signals, dropouts are more pronounced, usually being sudden and complete, due to the cliff effect. In mobile telephony, a dropout of more than a few seconds will result in a dropped call.

A dropout is a momentary loss of signal in a communications system, usually caused by noise, propagation anomalies, or system malfunctions. For analog signals, a dropout is frequently gradual and partial, depending on the cause. For digital signals, dropouts are more pronounced, usually being sudden and complete, due to the cliff effect. In mobile telephony, a dropout of more than a few seconds will result in a dropped call. References This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. (in support of MIL-STD-188).

Transit Windsor

Transit Windsor provides public transportation in the city of Windsor, Ontario, Canada as well as LaSalle, Essex, Kingsville, Amherstburg and Leamington and serves more than 6 million passengers each year (6.72 million in 2017), covering an area of 310 km2 (120 sq mi) and a population of 235,000. They operate a cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit, Michigan via the Tunnel Bus, and service to events at Detroit's Comerica Park, Little Caesars Arena, Huntington Place, and Ford Field. The Windsor International Transit Terminal neighbours with the Windsor International Aquatic and Training Centre.

Transit Windsor provides public transportation in the city of Windsor, Ontario, Canada as well as LaSalle, Essex, Kingsville, Amherstburg and Leamington and serves more than 6 million passengers each year (6.72 million in 2017), covering an area of 310 km2 (120 sq mi) and a population of 235,000. They operate a cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit, Michigan via the Tunnel Bus, and service to events at Detroit's Comerica Park, Little Caesars Arena, Huntington Place, and Ford Field. The Windsor International Transit Terminal neighbours with the Windsor International Aquatic and Training Centre. History Transit Windsor was started on November 1, 1977 with 90 transit buses, one double-decker bus from England, three highway coaches, and two suburban buses. Before 1977, the company was called the Sandwich, Windsor & Amherstburg Railway Company or the "SW&A". 1872 to 1939 The earliest ancestor of the SW&A (and thus, Transit Windsor) is the Sandwich and Windsor Passenger Railway Company, which was officially incorporated on March 2, 1872 and operated from July 20, 1874 onwards. On March 3, 1880, it was operated under foreclosure by Mr. A. J. Kennedy, who re-incorporated it as the SW&A on June 25, 1887. During this period, the SW&A was using horse-drawn streetcars. In Autumn of 1877 to May 1878, the SW&A experimented with using steam dummy railway propulsion for its streetcar and interurban services, before switching to electric power on a full-time basis, from August 15, 1891, until May 6, 1939. From August 31, 1901 to March 31, 1920, the SW&A was under ownership of the Detroit United Railway, when the local municipalities (the cities of Windsor and East Windsor, the towns of La Salle, Riverside, Tecumseh, Amherstburg, Ojibway, Sandwich, and Walkerville, and the townships Sandwich East and Sandwich West) purchased it back from them to retain it as a municipal operation. A result of this sale was the SW&A switching to electric streetcars, though the company began phasing out streetcars (electric and steam) during the 1930s and began using motorbuses. While under municipal ownership, it was operated by the Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario from April 1, 1920 until September 22, 1934 under their "Hydro Electric Railways: Essex District" division. Electric trolleybuses were introduced on May 4, 1922, but were withdrawn on January 10, 1926, with the arrival of their replacements, the motorbuses. During the Great Depression, the SW&A withdrew its buses from regular service to save on operations costs, becoming purely trolley and interurban in service from 1931 until March 21, 1938, when buses returned and the interurban and trolley lines started being decommissioned. On that date (March 21, 1938), the trolley lines to Amherstburg were the first to be replaced with buses, with the "Windsor-Walkerville" along Wyandotte Street and "Erie Streetcar" along Ottawa Street being the last to convert to buses, on May 6, 1939. The Windsor-Tecumseh Interurban would be the last rail service of any type, being replaced with buses on May 15, 1938.Remains of the streetcar network can be found at the intersection of Sandwich and Mill streets, where the crosswalks of Sandwich Street still retain their original streetcar rails from 1939. Keen-eyed motorists and pedestrians can still see the paved-over rails along Elm Avenue between Riverside Drive and University Avenue as two long, exceptionally straight grooves or cracks in the pavement. A business on University Avenue (formerly London Street) called "the Junction" is one of the original streetcar barns that was used by SW&A before it ended use of the streetcars. Windsor Electric Street Railway Company The Windsor Electric Street Railway was the first public electric street railway in Canada, having begun service on June 6, 1886 with official opening ceremonies on June 9. Electricity was replaced with steam dummy operations in April 1888 until the fall of that year, when it was replaced with horse-drawn carriages afterwards. It was reorganized on April 18, 1893 as the City Railway Company of Windsor, and was leased to the SW&A on March 21, 1894. The SW&A would completely absorb it on June 4, 1904 turning the Windsor-Essex Street Railway into its trolley line to Walkerville, Ontario. Sandwich, Windsor and Amherstburg Interurban March 31, 1902 saw the purchase of the South Essex Electric Railway (incorporated on April 7, 1896) by the SW&A, which held a charter to construct an interurban line to Amherstburg. This purchase would allow the SW&A to construct the yet-unbuilt line to Amherstburg from Windsor. The line was completed by the SW&A on July 4, 1903 and operated until May 15, 1938, when it was the first of the lines to be replaced with buses. Bus service to Amherstburg was sold to an independent operator, Sun Parlour Coach Lines in 1958, and would be absorbed into Charterways in 1960. Windsor and Tecumseh Electric Railway Company The Windsor and Tecumseh Electric Railway Company was incorporated in 1904 and acquired the charter and assets of the Ontario Traction Company, Limited's yet-unbuilt interurban line to Tecumseh from Windsor, on May 25, 1905. The line began interurban trolley service from May 1, 1907, and was purchased by the SW&A on March 31, 1920. It, and the "Erie Streetcar" along Ottawa Street in Windsor, were the two last trolleys/interurbans to be discontinued, surviving until May 15, 1938. Bus service would continue to Tecumseh until 1956. The original interurban trolley line ran along Wyandotte Street, then Clairmont Street (later Clairview Street, today's Clairview Trail) and Ganatchio Trail before turning south along the west side of Lesperance Road in Tecumseh, terminating at a loop next to the CN Rail/VIA Rail tracks. Windsor, Essex and Lake Shore Interurban The Windsor, Essex and Lake Shore Rapid Railway Company was incorporated in 1901 and was controlled by the Dominion Traction and Lighting Company. This Interurban line became active on September 19, 1907 and introduced a regional bus service by 1925 as "Highway Motor Coach Line". It would be acquired by local municipalities (City of Windsor, towns of Kingsville, Leamington and Essex and the townships of Sandwich West, Sandwich East, Sandwich South, Gosfield North and Gosfield South) as the Windsor, Essex and Lake Shore Electric Railway Association on September 8, 1929, coming under common ownership with the SW&A and its interurban lines. Under its new ownership, the line received substantial upgrades to its rails, as well as brand-new rolling stock. Its interurban cars and buses were branded as "The Sunshine County Route". Due to a severe drop in riders, service was suspended in 1932. Attempts to sell the line to a steam railroad was unsuccessful and all infrastructure was dismantled and sold in 1935 Interurban service was along city streets in Leamington and Windsor, and either on its own right of way or parallel to the public highway in the county. 1940s to 1960s In the 1940s, SW&A was running Ford and Twin Coach branded buses. During the 1950s, it stopped the River Canard line (1951), the 6 mile Tecumseh route (1956), and the Amherstburg line (1958). In the 1960s it ran 14 routes: By 1973, these would be renumbered to the following: Lincoln-Trent Management Limited operated system for the City of Windsor from July 15, 1970 to November 1973. 1977 to present After changing its name to "Transit Windsor" in 1977, the company began operating GMC New Look buses and GM highway coaches. In the 1980s, Transit Windsor bought 30 ft (9.14 m) and 40 ft (12.19 m) Orion 01.501 and 01.508 buses and 40 ft (12.19 m) GM New Looks. The company also purchased GM Classics, MCI Classics, and an Orion 05.501 demo. In 1997 it purchased its first low-floor buses, the Nova Bus LFS. No new high-floor buses have been purchased since. On Sunday, June 24, 2007, Transit Windsor and Greyhound began using the newly constructed Windsor International Transit Terminal (WITT). The new facility was built to replace the former bus station which was in disrepair. The routes that run through WITT include the Transway 1A, Transway 1C, Central 3 West, Ottawa 4, Dominion 5, Dougall 6, Walkerville 8, Parent 14 and the Tunnel Bus. The terminal is located at 300 Chatham Street West behind the Windsor International Aquatics and Training Centre. In 2014, Transit Windsor placed 16 used vehicles into service that were second-hand units from London Transit. Those units were numbered 670-685 and were New Flyer D40i Invero model buses. Routes Former routes Notes represents all trips on designated route are fully accessible. (all routes have some accessible trips) Based on Fall 2014-Fall 2015 schedule. As of 2020 all buses are fully accessible. Note 1. Service on the South Windsor 7 and Parent 14 ends at 7 PM Note 2. The Tunnel Bus runs from Windsor International Transit Terminal to the Rosa Parks Transit Center in downtown Detroit, Michigan via the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel. More information can be found on Transit Windsor's website Ridership Between 2007 and 2017, ridership steadily grew while Transit Windsor's service area stayed stagnant at around 210,000 to 220,000 people. References External links Media related to Transit Windsor at Wikimedia Commons Transit Windsor homepage Windsor, Essex and Lake Shore Rapid Railway | Rock on Trains - maps and photos of the Sandwich, Windsor and Amherstburg Interurban Railway; the Windsor and Tecumseh Electric Railway Company; and the Windsor, Essex and Lake Shore Rapid Railway

Singapore Airlines Flights 21 and 22

Singapore Airlines Flights 21 and 22 (SQ21/SIA21 and SQ22/SIA22, respectively) are airline routes operated by Singapore Airlines between Singapore Changi Airport (SIN) and Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR). They were the two longest regularly scheduled non-stop flights in the world, until surpassed by Singapore Airlines Flights 23 and 24 (SQ23 and SQ24) between Singapore Changi Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in November 2020. The flights were operated from 28 June 2004 to 23 November 2013, using an Airbus A340-500, and again from 11 October 2018 using an Airbus A350-900ULR until operations were suspended on 25 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 27 March 2022, Singapore Airlines resumed operations using an Airbus A350-900ULR.The flights cover 15,300 to 17,000 kilometres (9,500 to 10,600 mi; 8,300 to 9,200 nmi) for SQ21 and 17,205 kilometres (10,691 mi; 9,290 nmi) for SQ22. For SQ21, flights flew over the Atlantic Ocean, Europe and Asia but often some flights flew in the opposite direction of SQ22's path.

Singapore Airlines Flights 21 and 22 (SQ21/SIA21 and SQ22/SIA22, respectively) are airline routes operated by Singapore Airlines between Singapore Changi Airport (SIN) and Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR). They were the two longest regularly scheduled non-stop flights in the world, until surpassed by Singapore Airlines Flights 23 and 24 (SQ23 and SQ24) between Singapore Changi Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in November 2020. The flights were operated from 28 June 2004 to 23 November 2013, using an Airbus A340-500, and again from 11 October 2018 using an Airbus A350-900ULR until operations were suspended on 25 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 27 March 2022, Singapore Airlines resumed operations using an Airbus A350-900ULR.The flights cover 15,300 to 17,000 kilometres (9,500 to 10,600 mi; 8,300 to 9,200 nmi) for SQ21 and 17,205 kilometres (10,691 mi; 9,290 nmi) for SQ22. For SQ21, flights flew over the Atlantic Ocean, Europe and Asia but often some flights flew in the opposite direction of SQ22's path. For SQ22, flights flew over the Pacific Ocean, Asia and United States. Service In June 2004, Singapore Airlines introduced Flight SQ21, using the Airbus A340-500 on a record breaking 15,344-kilometre (9,534 mi; 8,285 nmi) great circle route from Newark to Singapore, passing within 130 kilometres (81 mi; 70 nmi) of the North Pole. Taking a little over 18 hours, Flight SQ21 was scheduled to take off from Newark at 23:00 EDT (11:00 SGT) and land in Singapore at 4:05 SGT (16:05 EDT).This non-stop scheduled-commercial distance was immediately surpassed by return Flight SQ22, which flew a then-record 16,600-kilometre (9,000 nmi) back to Newark, on a route over Asia and Alaska. Despite the greater distance, Flight SQ22 averaged a slightly shorter 17 hours 45 minutes due to assistance from prevailing high-altitude winds. Flight Original service (2004–2013) The plane originally used for the Singapore–Newark route was an Airbus A340-500. It had 14 cabin crew and six flight deck officers, each working four-hour shifts.The flight required 222,000 litres (49,000 imp gal; 59,000 US gal) of fuel, ten times the weight of the passengers. Critics said that while there would be reduced noise pollution due to a stop not being required, the non-stop flight would save little fuel due to the need to use more energy at the beginning of the flight to power its heavy load.The airline said that this route would save four hours off a one-stop service. However, medical experts expressed concerns regarding the 18-hour flight, in which passengers would breathe recycled air with a greater chance of picking up viral infections such as flu and colds on board. Furthermore, the heart and lungs would come under increased strain from a lower than usual supply of oxygen, with an enhanced risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) among people who fail to exercise frequently on board. The airline had installed special lockers on the aircraft to store the body of any passengers that died en route, since the flight's routing over the Pacific Ocean and the North Pole meant that there were few, if any, possible unscheduled stops.Singapore Airlines originally offered 64 business class and 117 Executive Economy Class seats on this flight. SIA phased out the Executive Economy Class in favor of 100-seat all-Business Class flights in 2008. 2013 suspension In October 2012, Singapore Airlines announced that it would discontinue non-stop service to both Newark and Los Angeles in 2013. Revenue was no longer high enough to sustain the service and the routes were dropped in November 2013.As part of a deal announced with Airbus, the airline would sell back its five Airbus A340-500 aircraft to the aircraft manufacturer while ordering 5 extra Airbus A380 and another 20 Airbus A350 XWB aircraft.The airline continued serving Los Angeles via Tokyo Narita as it had during the period with the non-stop flights. It continued to serve the New York metropolitan area (in which Newark is located) via the nearby John F. Kennedy International Airport, with a stop at Frankfurt Airport. Relaunch (2018–2020) On 13 October 2015, Singapore Airlines announced that it had signed an agreement with Airbus to be the launch customer of a new version of the Airbus A350 called the A350-900ULR (stands for "Ultra Long Range"), which according to the announcement would feature "all-new cabin products which are currently under development."On 30 May 2018, Singapore Airlines announced the relaunch of SQ 21/22 starting 11 October 2018 (Singapore departure), with daily service commencing 18 October 2018. The flights use the Airbus A350-900ULR, a modified version of the standard Airbus A350-900, with fuel capacity increased from 141,000 to 165,000 litres (31,000 to 36,000 imp gal; 37,000 to 44,000 US gal), and with a maximum range of 9,700 nautical miles (11,200 mi; 18,000 km). The A350-900ULR is expected to consume 25% less fuel versus the A340-500. There are 161 seats, comprising 67 business and 94 premium economy seats. There are no economy seats. The re-launched flight to Newark operates as a red-eye flight, with a morning departure from Singapore. The airline finally received the aircraft on 26 September and relaunched the flight on 11 October 2018. These flights are typically staffed with four pilots and 13 flight attendants. COVID-19 suspension (2020) and resumption (2022) On 25 March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, SQ21/SQ22 operations were suspended and subsequently cancelled. In November 2020, in an effort to increase cargo throughput, Singapore Airlines launched the even longer non-stop flights SQ23/SIA23 and SQ24/SIA24 using an Airbus A350-900 to nearby New York—JFK that covered 15,349 kilometres (9,537 mi; 8,288 nmi).On 27 March 2022, Singapore Airlines relaunched SQ21/SQ22 using an Airbus A350-900ULR in a mixed business and premium economy cabin. == References ==

Richard Kadrey

Richard Kadrey (born August 27, 1957) is a novelist, freelance writer, and photographer based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Richard Kadrey (born August 27, 1957) is a novelist, freelance writer, and photographer based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Fiction Kadrey has written nineteen novels, including fifteen New York Times Best Sellers. Kadrey's other works include collaborative graphic novels and over 50 published short stories. Sandman Slim series The first Sandman Slim novel was published in 2009. The story's main character, James "Sandman Slim" Stark, escapes from Hell to take his revenge on the people that killed his lover. He wanders a dark Los Angeles haunted by vampires and demons. After 11 years of combat as a gladiator against demons in Hell, he is more than prepared to fight back. Further Sandman Slim novels were published between 2010 and 2021. In 2016, it was reported that Studio 8 acquired the rights to the series and were hoping to launch a franchise. In February 2018, it was announced that Chad Stahelski would be directing an adaptation of the first novel, with Kerry Williamson set to write the latest draft of the script. Metrophage Metrophage, first published in 1988, is a cyberpunk novel set in a dystopic future Los Angeles. It has been referred to in reviews as "one of the quintessential 1980s cyberpunk novels". Dead Set On October 29, 2013, Kadrey released Dead Set, a novel dealing with an uninvited presence that has entered dreams of Zoe and her lost brother Valentine. "Carbon Copy: Meet the First Human Clone" Kadrey's short story "Carbon Copy: Meet the First Human Clone" was filmed as After Amy, a 2001 made-for-television movie starring Bridget Fonda. Non-fiction Kadrey's non-fiction books as a writer and/or editor include The Catalog of Tomorrow (2002), From Myst to Riven (1997), The Covert Culture Sourcebook and its sequel (1993 and 1994). Kadrey hosted a live interview show on HotWired in the 1990s called Covert Culture. He was an editor at print magazines Shift and Future Sex, and at online magazines Signum and Stim. He has published articles about art, culture and technology in publications including Wired, Omni, Mondo 2000, the San Francisco Chronicle, SF Weekly, Ear, Artforum, ArtByte, Bookforum, World Art, Whole Earth Review, Reflex, Science Fiction Eye, Street Tech, and Interzone. Kadrey was the co-founder of the now-defunct Dead Media Project along with cyberpunk author and futurist Bruce Sterling. Publications Sandman Slim series Sandman Slim (2009) Kill The Dead (2010) Aloha from Hell (2011) "Devil in the Dollhouse" (short story, 2012) Devil Said Bang (2012) Kill City Blues (2013) The Getaway God (2014) Killing Pretty (2015) The Perdition Score (2016) The Kill Society (2017) Hollywood Dead (2018) Ballistic Kiss (2020) King Bullet (2021) Coop novels The Everything Box (2016) The Wrong Dead Guy (2017) Other novels Metrophage (1988) Kamikaze L'Amour: A Novel of the Future (1995) Butcher Bird: A Novel of the Dominion (2007) Dead Set (2013) The Grand Dark (2019) The Dead Take the A Train (with Cassandra Khaw) (2023) Other works Carbon Copy: Meet 'The First Human Clone' (short story, 1998) The Pale House Devil (novella, 2023) The Secrets of Insects (short stories, 2023) References External links Official website After Amy IMDb entry for the film After Amy Richard Kadrey at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Interview at FantasyLiterature.Com

Jazz Fest: A New Orleans Story

Jazz Fest: A New Orleans Story is the 2022 American documentary film based on the annual New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival. The documentary directed by Frank Marshall and Ryan Suffern, premiered at the South by Southwest film festival on March 13, 2022. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Classics in limited theatres on May 13, 2022 followed by a wide release, two weeks later. The documentary received generally positive reviews and won Best Music Film at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards.

Jazz Fest: A New Orleans Story is the 2022 American documentary film based on the annual New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival. The documentary directed by Frank Marshall and Ryan Suffern, premiered at the South by Southwest film festival on March 13, 2022. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Classics in limited theatres on May 13, 2022 followed by a wide release, two weeks later. The documentary received generally positive reviews and won Best Music Film at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards. Synopsis The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival a.k.a. Jazz Fest is an annual event showcasing the local music, culture and heritage of New Orleans, Louisiana. It was established in 1970 and is attended by hundreds of thousands each year. The documentary features live performances and interviews from the 50th anniversary of the festival, featuring artists such as Bruce Springsteen, Katy Perry, Aaron Neville, Jimmy Buffett, Irma Thomas, Pitbull, Herbie Hancock, Samantha Fish, Al Green, Tom Jones, Gary Clark Jr. and bands such as Preservation Hall Jazz Band, The Marsalis Family, Earth, Wind & Fire, Dirty Dozen Brass Band, Mardi Gras Indians. Archival documentary footage from the past half-century also accompanies the film. Beyond the festival, the documentary also looks into the culture of New Orleans. It also documents the 2019 ceremony (the final event before being halted two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic) featuring local musicians and popular names from the music industry joining the event, as well as archival footages from the previous ceremonies. Release In June 2021, Sony Pictures Classics acquired the distribution rights for the film. Jazz Fest: A New Orleans Story premiered at the South by Southwest film festival on March 13, 2022, and released in limited theatres in New York City and Los Angeles on May 13, before expanding to additional markets on May 27. After its theatrical run, the film was digitally released in standard definition, high definition and UHD on July 26, 2022, followed by the Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, and DVD releases on August 9, by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. Reception On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 93% of 43 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.20/10. The website's consensus reads: "Like the music showcased by the titular festival, Jazz Fest: A New Orleans Story incorporates a long list of rich, colorful ingredients — and truly comes alive onstage. entertaining style." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 78 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.Joe Leydon of Variety summarised the documentary as a "celebration of music, cuisine and multiculturalism". Robert Abele of Los Angeles Times wrote: "a rollicking, heartfelt shout-out to a cherished fairground blowout that has long buoyed a routinely troubled city." In a three-star review, Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post commented that the documentary "captures the vibrant energy of the Big Easy". Neil Minnow of RogerEbert.com gave three out of four, and summarised: "After the pure joy of the musical numbers, the best thing about this movie is that even with all of its abundance it leaves you wanting more."Glenn Kenny of The New York Times commented that the film is "conscientiously attentive to the festival’s homegrown eclecticism." Gerald Peary of The Arts Fuse commented that "for both good and bad, Jazz Fest breaks away from the 2019 celebration to show us all kinds of things" especially with the coverage of Hurricane Katrina, explaining the difference between Cajun music and Zydeco apart from covering the earlier Jazz Fest events. Josef Woodard of Santa Barbara Independent called it as a "fascinating, mighty fine gumbo of a film experience" and "one of the finer music documentaries in the current crowded menu." Mike Shutt of /Film wrote "While there are brief segments regarding the city's history, this is a film intended to celebrate just one thing, and that is the festival itself."Steve Pond of TheWrap felt that the film "combines funky delights with lots of heart". Cory Woodroof of 615 Film commented that it "captures the heart and soul of how a festival can represent a city, and how a city can keep its culture true to itself, no matter how the times change". Barry Hertz of The Globe and Mail commented that the documentary is the "kind of electric, spirit-lifting music documentary that helps us reinvent our lifes so that we can live our entire existence in the heart of Louisiana." Todd McCarthy of Deadline Hollywood called it as "a documentary overflowing with performers and music that still barely begins to scratch the surface of what’s gone on musically for ages in the fabled, oft-distressed city." Accolades References External links Official website Jazz Fest: A New Orleans Story at IMDb Jazz Fest: A New Orleans Story at Rotten Tomatoes Jazz Fest: A New Orleans Story at Metacritic

Kakuan-ji

Kakuan-ji (額安寺) is a Buddhist temple in Yamatokōriyama, Nara Prefecture, Japan. It is affiliated with Shingon Risshu Buddhism, and was founded in 621.

Kakuan-ji (額安寺) is a Buddhist temple in Yamatokōriyama, Nara Prefecture, Japan. It is affiliated with Shingon Risshu Buddhism, and was founded in 621. See also Historical Sites of Prince Shōtoku External links Official website

Canghai Commandery

The Canghai Commandery was an administrative division of the Chinese Han dynasty established by the Emperor Wu in 128 BC.

The Canghai Commandery was an administrative division of the Chinese Han dynasty established by the Emperor Wu in 128 BC. History The commandery covered an area in northern Korean peninsula to southern Manchuria. Nan Lü (Hanja:南閭), who was a monarch of Dongye and a subject of Wiman Joseon, revolted against Ugeo of Gojoseon and then surrendered to the Han dynasty with 280,000 people. The Canghai Commandery was established following this revolution, however in 2 years, it was abolished by Gongsun Hong.There is no historical information as to the exact location of the Canghai Commandery, but it is thought to be located in today's South Hamgyong Province or the Gangwon Province beside the Sea of Japan. The establishment of the Canghai Commandery encouraged the Han dynasty’s invasion of the Korean peninsula and it finally led to the establishment of the Four Commanderies of Han and the fall of Wiman Joseon. The Canghai Commandery had close relations with the Xuantu Commandery, which was one of the Four Commanderies of Han. See also Four Commanderies of Han Lelang Commandery Lintun Commandery Xuantu Commandery Zhenfan Commandery Daifang commandery Notes == References ==

All Saints Church, Theddlethorpe

All Saints Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Theddlethorpe All Saints, Lincolnshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. The church stands to the east of the A1031 road in the area of the village named Theddlethorpe All Saints, and is some 3 miles (5 km) northeast of Mablethorpe. It has been called the "Cathedral of the Marsh".

All Saints Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Theddlethorpe All Saints, Lincolnshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. The church stands to the east of the A1031 road in the area of the village named Theddlethorpe All Saints, and is some 3 miles (5 km) northeast of Mablethorpe. It has been called the "Cathedral of the Marsh". History The church dates from the 12th century, with some additions and alterations undertaken in about 1380–1400, and more in the late 17th century. Minor repairs were carried out in 1865–66. The church was declared redundant in July 1973. Architecture Exterior All Saints is constructed in greenstone rubble and limestone rubble, with limestone dressings. In parts the stonework has been patched with brick. The roofs are lead. Its plan consists of a nave with a clerestory, north and south aisles and a south porch, a chancel, and a west tower. The tower is in four stages, with string courses, corner buttresses, and a battlemented parapet with gargoyles at the corners. On top of the tower is a central lead-covered crocketed pinnacle. On the west side of the tower is a doorway, with a four-light window above it. The third stage contains small ogee-headed windows on the west and south sides. On each side of the top stage are three-light louvred bell openings. The north aisle has a battlemented parapet with gargoyles and corbels. The north side of the clerestory is also battlemented, and has gargoyles and pinnacles; it contains five two-light windows. In the north aisle is a two-light west window, a three-light east window, and along its north wall are four three-light windows and a doorway. The north wall of the chancel contains a blocked three-light window. The east window has three lights. The south wall of the chancel contains a three-light and a two-light window, and a priest's door. The parapet at the east end of the nave is pierced with quatrefoils and has crockets. The east wall of the south aisle also has a crocketed parapet, and corner pinnacles. The west window of the aisle has three lights, and there are two three-light windows and one four-light window in the south wall. The south porch is gabled and contains benches along the sides. The door leading into the church has an ogee head and a round rear arch. Interior Both arcades have five bays and are carried on octagonal piers. Incorporated into the fabric of the north wall are 12th-century stone fragments carved with chevrons, and beaked voussoirs. The roof of the nave is decorated with fleurons, and the coats of arms of the church donors. In the east wall of the south aisle is a medieval altar slab carved with crosses. Above it is a stone reredos decorated with quatrefoils, fleurons, human heads, and pinnacles. On the north walls of both aisles are fragments of painted texts. In the north aisle is another medieval altar slab, a bracket for a statue, and a doorway leading to the rood loft. The south wall of the chancel contains a triple sedilia and a piscina, and on its east wall are brackets for statues carved with human heads. There are fragments of 15th-century glass in the south aisle windows. The altar rails date from the 18th century, and the marble altar was given to the church in 1717. The chancel screen dates from the 15th century and is in seven bays. The pulpit and lectern are from the 19th century. There is another pulpit at the back of the church dating from the 17th century; this is in carved oak and was formerly in Skidbrooke Church. The 16th-century pews are carved with poppyheads. The octagonal font is from the 15th century, and is decorated with quatrefoils, fleurons and human heads; it has a wooden 18th-century cover. In the church are memorials, including a brass dated 1424, 18th-century wall plaques, and a marble monument dated 1727. See also List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in the East of England References External links Theddlethorpe History, with photographs of the exterior and interior Geograph images of church

James E. Broome

James Emilius Broome (December 15, 1808 – November 23, 1883) was an American politician who was the third Governor of Florida.

James Emilius Broome (December 15, 1808 – November 23, 1883) was an American politician who was the third Governor of Florida. Early life and career Broome was born in Hamburg, South Carolina and moved to Florida in 1837. He engaged in the mercantile business until he retired in 1841. In that same year, Governor Richard Keith Call appointed him to the position of Probate Judge of Leon County. He served in that position until 1848. Political life He was elected governor in 1852. A Democrat, he took office on October 3, 1853. He was an early States'-Righter. During his term, the Whig Party, the opposition to the Democrats at the time, controlled the Florida State Legislature. He vetoed so many of the bills that were passed by the legislature that he became known as the "Veto Governor". His gubernatorial stint ended on October 5, 1857. Broome served as a member of the Florida Senate in 1861. A large planter, he was very sympathetic to the Confederate cause. Marriages James E. Broome was married five times. In 1865, he moved to New York City. On a visit with his son in DeLand, Florida, Broome died in 1883. References External links Official Governor's portrait and biography from the State of Florida

Frank Blake

Francis Stanton Blake (born July 30, 1949) is an American businessman and lawyer, who was the chairman and CEO of The Home Depot from January 2007 to May 2014. Prior to this he worked for the U.S. Department of Energy and General Electric. He was a longtime protégé of Robert Nardelli.

Francis Stanton Blake (born July 30, 1949) is an American businessman and lawyer, who was the chairman and CEO of The Home Depot from January 2007 to May 2014. Prior to this he worked for the U.S. Department of Energy and General Electric. He was a longtime protégé of Robert Nardelli. Education and family Blake attended Brooks School in North Andover, Massachusetts, class of 1967. He received his bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1971, and a Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School in 1976, where he served as the Editor-in-Chief of the Columbia Law Review. In 1977, Blake married Anne McChristian with whom he had two children. In 2005, he married Elizabeth Lanier (Blake) who works as general counsel for Habitat for Humanity International.Blake's son Frank Jr., who served in the 2003 Iraq War where he was a Bronze Star recipient, was previously a Home Depot store manager while Blake was CEO. Frank Jr. is now General Manager in the Atlanta region for Home Depot. Legal career From 1971 to 1973, Blake was a legislative assistant to the joint committee on Social Welfare of the Massachusetts legislature. He was admitted to the District of Columbia bar in 1978. He served as a law clerk to Judge Wilfred Feinberg and then to Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens. Blake also served as general counsel for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), deputy counsel to Vice President George H. W. Bush. Management From 1991 to 1995, he was the general counsel for General Electric. As senior vice president, Corporate Business Development, he led all business development efforts, including worldwide mergers, acquisitions, dispositions and identification of strategic growth opportunities. As GE Power Systems head of business development, he played a key role in expanding that business into new technology and global marketplaces. He also held the position of general counsel at GE Power Systems. Blake then served as Deputy Secretary for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), a role similar to that of chief operating officer in the private sector. There, he was a leader in departmental policy decisions and managed DOE's annual $19 billion budget. Blake joined the Home Depot in 2002 as executive vice president for Business Development and Corporate Operations, and vice chairman on the board of directors, reporting directly to chairman and CEO Robert Nardelli. His responsibilities include real estate, store construction and maintenance, credit services, strategic business development, special orders and service improvement, call centers and Installation Services Business. In April 2004, Blake was elected to serve on the board of directors for Southern Company, a premier super-regional energy company based in Atlanta, Georgia. On October 11, 2016, Blake was named non-executive chairman of Delta Air Lines. CEO of Home Depot After Nardelli resigned as chairman and CEO on January 3, 2007, amid controversy over the company's stagnating stock price, poor customer service and Nardelli's salary, Blake was elevated to these positions. Although a longtime deputy to Nardelli at GE and Home Depot, Blake has been said to lack Nardelli's hard edge and instead prefers to make decisions by consensus. Indeed, Blake repudiated many of his predecessor's strategies, and it has been reported that the two men have not spoken since Nardelli departed Home Depot.Nardelli had pushed hard to make the company more efficient, instituting many metrics and centralizing operations, while cutting jobs to meet quarterly earnings targets. While this initially doubled earnings and reduced expenses, it alienated many of the store managers and rank-and-file store associates, and by extension the customers, resulting in a drop in same-store sales which is a key metric that analysts used to gauge the company stock. Nardelli, who regarded home improvement store-by-store sales as less important due to market saturation from competition such as Lowe's, aimed to dominate the wholesale housing-supply business through building up HD Supply, a unit that Blake sold for $8.5 billion in August 2007 since it was not part of Home Depot's integrated business.In comparison to Nardelli whose numbers-driven approach never appreciated the role of the store and its associates, Blake's strategy has revolved around reinvigorating the stores and its service culture (engaging employees, making products readily available and exciting to customers, improving the store environment, and dominating the professional contracting business, an area in which Home Depot's closest rivals trail far behind), as he recognized that employee morale is a more sensitive issue in retail compared to other industry sectors like manufacturing. Blake was given credit for returning to the "Orange Apron Cult — the nearly religious zeal for knowledgeable employees and high levels of customer service that was the secret of the company’s original success", as he believed that customer service was the key to Home Depot to differentiate itself from competitors on aspects other than price. Under Nardelli's tenure, Home Depot's stock performance lagged behind rival Lowe's, however this situation has been reversed under Blake. On August 21, 2014, The Home Depot announced that Craig Menear, President of U.S. Retail for The Home Depot, would take over as president and CEO on November 1, 2014. Menear has also been elected to the Board of Directors, effective immediately. Blake remained chairman until his retirement on February 2, 2015, with Menear taking the role. Awards and honors In 2019, Blake was named a Georgia Trustee by the Georgia Historical Society, in conjunction with the Office of the Governor of Georgia, to recognize accomplishments and community service that reflect the ideals of the founding body of Trustees, which governed the Georgia colony from 1732 to 1752. See also List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4) References Who's Who in America 2008 Edition, p. 414 Appearances on C-SPAN

Rüppell's broad-nosed bat

Rüppell's or the greater broad-nosed bat (Scoteanax rueppellii) is a species of vespertilionid microbat found in eastern Australia.

Rüppell's or the greater broad-nosed bat (Scoteanax rueppellii) is a species of vespertilionid microbat found in eastern Australia. Taxonomy Scoteanax rueppellii was described as a new species in 1866 by German naturalist Wilhelm Peters. The source of the holotype is noted by the author as "Sydney in Westaustralien", referring to Sydney, Australia. Peters initially placed it in the genus Nycticejus (alternate spelling of Nycticeius), with the binomial Nycticejus rüppellii. The eponym for the species name "rueppellii" (pronounced rue'-pel-ee-ee) is Eduard Rüppell of the Frankfurt Museum, who loaned the specimen to the author. The species was later recognised as sole type of the genus Scoteanax, first described by Ellis Troughton in his standard book of Australian mammals published in 1944. The species is distinguished as Rueppell's or the greater 'broad-nosed bat', a term that may refer to species of the genus Scotorepens. Description An insectivorous species of bat, moderately large in size with a robust build. The ears of Scoteanax rueppellii are short and widely separated on the head, the tips barely touching if pressed across the head distinguishes physically handled species from similar bats. A concave feature at the outer margin appears below the rounded tip of each ear. The measurements of the forearm is 51 to 56 millimetres, the length of the head and body combined is 63 to 73 mm and tail range is 44–58 mm. The average of the weight range, 21–35 g, is 30 grams. The upper parts of the pelage varies from dark cinnamon to a mid-brown colour, the ventral parts are paler tawny-olive tones. The colour of the patagium forming the wing surfaces is a pinkish shade of brown. The facial features and ears are hairless. A dental features that distinguish S. rueppellii is a single pair of incisors at the upper jaw, immediately adjacent to the canids.They resemble another species found in eastern Australia, Falsistrellus tasmaniensis (eastern false pipistrelle), which is distinguished by larger ears that overlap by more 5 mm when pressed together, a shorter penis with a large bulb-shaped tip and a gap between the canines and incisors. Behaviour Daytime roosts are made within tree hollows and has also been found in urban areas occupying roof structures. The habits and biology of Scoteanax rueppellii are poorly researched and detailed. The species slowly forages at streams or forest edges for larger prey, mainly insects such as flying beetles, or smaller invertebrates, with a languid motion that is restricted in its agility during pursuits. The carnivorous diet of this species includes other bats, a behaviour first reported by workers observing the consumption of them in captivity.Scoteanax rueppellii reproduce with a single birth during January. Distribution and habitat An uncommon bat which occurs in a wide distribution range along the eastern coast of Australia. At the northern part of the range they occur at the Mount Carbine Tableland, from which the subcoastal range extends south. The preferred habitat is below 500 metres in the southern part of the range, in New South Wales, although the species is only found at higher elevations in the northern tableland regions. The distribution range is poorly understood, and previous assumptions were challenged in a 2006 study that reviewed records and estimated the restrictions to occurrence of the species. The reported constraint by altitude or climatic conditions, or restriction to heavily wooded regions was not supported in the findings, and hypotheses for the distribution for S. rueppellii remain unverified.Scoteanax rueppellii will inhabit wetter gullies of inland forest, but is usually associated with high rainfall regions nearer the coast and with tall forest. Conservation As of 2008, it is evaluated as a least-concern species by the IUCN. It meets the criteria for this designation because it has a large geographic range; its population is presumably large; and it is not thought to be experiencing a rapid population decline. However, its population is currently decreasing. == References ==

Operation Mockingbird

Operation Mockingbird is an alleged large-scale program of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that began in the early years of the Cold War and attempted to manipulate domestic American news media organizations for propaganda purposes. According to author Deborah Davis, Operation Mockingbird recruited leading American journalists into a propaganda network and influenced the operations of front groups. CIA support of front groups was exposed when an April 1967 Ramparts article reported that the National Student Association received funding from the CIA. In 1975, Church Committee Congressional investigations revealed Agency connections with journalists and civic groups. In 1973, a document referred to as the "Family Jewels" was published by the CIA containing a reference to "Project Mockingbird", which was the name of an operation in 1963 which wiretapped two journalists who had published articles based on classified material.

Operation Mockingbird is an alleged large-scale program of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that began in the early years of the Cold War and attempted to manipulate domestic American news media organizations for propaganda purposes. According to author Deborah Davis, Operation Mockingbird recruited leading American journalists into a propaganda network and influenced the operations of front groups. CIA support of front groups was exposed when an April 1967 Ramparts article reported that the National Student Association received funding from the CIA. In 1975, Church Committee Congressional investigations revealed Agency connections with journalists and civic groups. In 1973, a document referred to as the "Family Jewels" was published by the CIA containing a reference to "Project Mockingbird", which was the name of an operation in 1963 which wiretapped two journalists who had published articles based on classified material. The document does not contain references to "Operation Mockingbird". Background In the early years of the Cold War, efforts were made by the United States Government to use mass media to influence public opinion internationally. After the United States Senate Watergate Committee in 1973 uncovered domestic surveillance abuses directed by the Executive branch of the United States government and The New York Times in 1974 published an article by Seymour Hersh claiming the CIA had violated its charter by spying on anti-war activists, former CIA officials and some lawmakers called for a congressional inquiry that became known as the Church Committee. Published in 1976, the committee's report confirmed some earlier stories that charged that the CIA had cultivated relationships with private institutions, including the press. Without identifying individuals by name, the Church Committee stated that it found fifty journalists who had official, but secret, relationships with the CIA. In a 1977 Rolling Stone magazine article, "The CIA and the Media," reporter Carl Bernstein expanded upon the Church Committee's report and wrote that more than 400 US press members had secretly carried out assignments for the CIA, including New York Times publisher Arthur Hays Sulzberger, columnist and political analyst Stewart Alsop and Time magazine. Bernstein documented the way in which overseas branches of major US news agencies had for many years served as the "eyes and ears" of Operation Mockingbird, which functioned to disseminate CIA propaganda through domestic US media.In The Rising Clamor: The American Press, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Cold War, David P. Hadley wrote that the "continued lack of specific details [provided by the Church Committee and Bernstein's exposé] proved a breeding ground for some outlandish claims regarding CIA and the press"; as an example, he offered unsourced claims by reporter Deborah Davis. Davis wrote in Katharine the Great, her 1979 unauthorized biography of Katharine Graham, owner of The Washington Post, that the CIA ran an "Operation Mockingbird" during this time, writing that the Prague-based International Organization of Journalists (IOJ) "received money from Moscow and controlled reporters on every major newspaper in Europe, disseminating stories that promoted the Communist cause", and that Frank Wisner, director of the Office of Policy Coordination (a covert operations unit created in 1948 by the United States National Security Council) had created Operation Mockingbird in response to the IOJ, recruiting Phil Graham from The Washington Post to run the project within the industry. According to Davis, "By the early 1950s, Wisner 'owned' respected members of The New York Times, Newsweek, CBS and other communications vehicles." Davis wrote that after Cord Meyer joined the CIA in 1951, he became Operation Mockingbird's "principal operative." Neither the Church Committee nor any of the investigations that followed it find there was such an operation as described by Davis. Hadley summarized, "Mockingbird, as described by Davis, has remained a stubbornly persistent theory"; and added, "The Davis/Mockingbird theory, that the CIA operated a deliberate and systematic program of widespread manipulation of the U.S. media, does not appear to be grounded in reality, but that should not disguise the active role the CIA played in influencing the domestic press's output." See also CIA influence on public opinion Congress for Cultural Freedom Operation Earnest Voice Propaganda in the United States Psychological warfare Radio Free Asia Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty White propaganda Citations General and cited references Davis, Deborah (1979). Katharine The Great: Katharine Graham and The Washington Post. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0151467846. Further reading Historical studies of the CIAWilford, Hugh (2008). The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02681-0. Saunders, Frances Stonor (1999). Who Paid the Piper?: CIA and the Cultural Cold War. London : Granta Books. ISBN 978-1-86207-029-5. Thomas, Evan (1995). The very best men, four men dared: the early years of the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-81025-6. Ranelagh, John (1987). The agency: the rise and decline of the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-63994-5. Weiner, Tim (2007). Legacy of ashes: the history of the CIA. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51445-3. External links CIA's release of records relating to or mentioning Project MOCKINGBIRD in response to a FOIA request by MuckRock

The Shoot (film)

The Shoot (German: Der Schut) is a 1964 adventure film directed by Robert Siodmak and starring Lex Barker, Marie Versini and Ralf Wolter. It was made as a co-production between West Germany, France, Italy and Yugoslavia. It is based on the 1892 novel of the same title by Karl May, and was part of a cycle of adaptations of his work started by Rialto Film's series of western films. It was a commercial success, benefiting from the presence of Barker and Versini who were stars of Rialto's series.It was shot at the Tempelhof and Spandau Studios in Berlin and on location in Kosovo and Montenegro then part of Yugoslavia. The film's sets were designed by the art director Dragoljub Ivkov.

The Shoot (German: Der Schut) is a 1964 adventure film directed by Robert Siodmak and starring Lex Barker, Marie Versini and Ralf Wolter. It was made as a co-production between West Germany, France, Italy and Yugoslavia. It is based on the 1892 novel of the same title by Karl May, and was part of a cycle of adaptations of his work started by Rialto Film's series of western films. It was a commercial success, benefiting from the presence of Barker and Versini who were stars of Rialto's series.It was shot at the Tempelhof and Spandau Studios in Berlin and on location in Kosovo and Montenegro then part of Yugoslavia. The film's sets were designed by the art director Dragoljub Ivkov. It was shot in Eastmancolor. Synopsis In the Balkans, then part of the Ottoman Empire, two travellers assist in the battle against a notorious bandit who has kidnapped a French engineer. Cast References Bibliography Bergfelder, Tim. International Adventures: German Popular Cinema and European Co-Productions in the 1960s. Berghahn Books, 2005. Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999. External links The Shoot at IMDb

Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative

The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) is a global standard for the good governance of oil, gas and mineral resources. It seeks to address the key governance issues in the extractive sectors. The EITI Standard requires information along the extractive industry value chain from the point of extraction, to how the revenue makes its way through the government and its contribution to the economy. This includes how licenses and contracts are allocated and registered, who the beneficial owners of those operations are, what the fiscal and legal arrangements are, how much is produced, how much is paid, where the revenue is allocated, and its contributions to the economy, including employment. The EITI Standard is implemented in 55 countries around the world.

The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) is a global standard for the good governance of oil, gas and mineral resources. It seeks to address the key governance issues in the extractive sectors. The EITI Standard requires information along the extractive industry value chain from the point of extraction, to how the revenue makes its way through the government and its contribution to the economy. This includes how licenses and contracts are allocated and registered, who the beneficial owners of those operations are, what the fiscal and legal arrangements are, how much is produced, how much is paid, where the revenue is allocated, and its contributions to the economy, including employment. The EITI Standard is implemented in 55 countries around the world. Each of these countries is required to publish an annual EITI Report to disclosing information on: contracts and licenses, production, revenue collection, revenue allocation, and social and economic spending. Every country goes through a quality-assurance mechanism, called Validation, at least every three years. Validation serves to assess performance towards meeting the EITI Standard and promote dialogue and learning at the country level. It also safeguards the integrity of the EITI by holding all EITI implementing countries to the same global standard. Each implementing country has its own national secretariat and multi-stakeholder group made up of representatives from the country's government, extractive companies and civil society. The multi-stakeholder group takes decisions on how the EITI process is carried out in the country. The EITI Standard is developed and overseen by an international multi-stakeholder Board, consisting of representatives from governments, extractives companies, civil society organisations, financial institutions and international organisations. The current Chair of the EITI Board is Helen Clark, Former Prime Minister of New Zealand and former UNDP Administrator. The previous chairs have been Fredrik Reinfeldt, former Prime Minister of Sweden, Clare Short (2011-2016), former UK Secretary of State for International Development and Peter Eigen (2009-2011). The EITI International Secretariat is located in Oslo, Norway and is headed by Mark Robinson. History The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) was first launched in September 2002 by the then UK Prime Minister, Tony Blair during the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, following years of academic debate, as well as lobbying by civil societies and companies, on the management of government revenues from the extractive industries. In particular, the EITI was established to be an answer to public discussions on the “Resource Curse” or the “Paradox of Plenty”. NGOs such as Global Witness and “Publish What You Pay”, as well as companies such as BP pushed the UK government to working towards an international transparency norm.The organisation was founded at a conference in London in 2003. The 140 delegates from government, companies and civil society agreed on twelve principles to increase transparency over payments and revenues in the extractive sector. A pilot phase of the EITI was launched in Nigeria, Azerbaijan, Ghana and the Kyrgyz Republic. The management of the Initiative continued to lay with the UK Department for International Development. The second EITI Conference on 17 March 2005 in London established six criteria based on the principles. These set out the minimum requirements for transparency in the management of resources in the oil, gas and mining sectors, laying the foundation for a rule-based organisation. This conference also established an international advisory group (IAG) under the Chairmanship of Peter Eigen to further guide the work of how the EITI is to be set up and function. More countries, companies and civil-society organisations joined the initiative. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank endorsed the EITI. The report issued in June 2006 by the international advisory group recommended the establishment of a multi-stakeholder board and an independent secretariat, and these were set in place at the third EITI conference held in Oslo, Norway on 11 October 2006. Oslo was chosen as the new location for the secretariat.In the following years the body further fleshed out the criteria, turning them into a set of 23 requirements, known as the EITI Rules in 2011.The EITI Standard replaced the EITI Rules on 24 May 2013. The Standard was revised in February 2016. Structure and funding The EITI is organised as a non-profit association under Norwegian law. It has three institutional bodies: The Members’ Meeting, the EITI Board, and the International Secretariat. The Members’ Meeting governs the EITI and convenes alongside the EITI global conferences, which are held every two to three years. The board develops the Standard and assesses the progress of the countries. It is supported by the international secretariat, located in Oslo, Norway. The EITI Board meets between two and four times a year and is composed of three groups: countries, companies and civil society. The membership of the Board reflects the multi-stakeholder nature of the EITI. The EITI Board has eight committees (audit, finance, governance and oversight, implementation, nominations, outreach and candidature, rapid response and Validation) to develop recommendations to the full board. The funding of the EITI is two-fold. At the country level, implementation is funded by the governments. At the international level, the EITI is funded by implementing countries, supporting governments and companies. Member countries Any country with extractive industry sectors can adhere to the EITI Standard. Countries implementing the transparency standard include OECD states such as Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States as well as countries in Africa, Central and East Asia, Europe, and Latin America and the Caribbean.When a country intends to join the EITI Standard, it is required to undertake five sign-up steps before applying.These steps relate to a clear commitment of the government, company and civil society engagement, the establishment of a multi-stakeholder group and agreement on a work plan, which sets out what the country wants to achieve within a certain time frame. Once the application of the country has been accepted by the board, the country is called an “EITI candidate”. The candidate receives the deadlines for publishing information and undergoes “Validation” two and a half years later.The result of Validation is a measure of how well the country is progressing to meet the requirements of the standard. It can make satisfactory, meaningful, inadequate or no progress. The EITI board will ask the country to improve aspects which Validation deemed insufficient to fulfil the standard. An overview of Validation results is available online. When a candidate country passes EITI Validation, it is declared “EITI compliant” by the Board.As of September 2022, 57 countries are implementing the EITI: Other countries, such as Lebanon, France and Australia have shown interest in implementing the EITI. Impact of the EITI The EITI has made significant contributions to improved governance of the extractive sector in several countries around the world. In countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the EITI has been central to many reforms of the sector. At the international level, debates on transparency in the sector are unrecognisable from ten years ago, and the EITI is seen as being at the forefront of many frontier debates including beneficial ownership, commodity trading, and artisanal and small-scale mining. It is also clear that the EITI process is one of the only functioning global mechanisms to inform and channel debate in resource-rich countries in a way that includes all stakeholders. In Peru, EITI Reports have highlighted that, only about 15% of revenues from the mining and hydrocarbon sector has been used for developmental spending, such as infrastructure or economic diversification. The rest has been spent on current expenditures such as salaries and servicing debts. Local citizens are using this information to engage with their regional authorities on alternative ways to spend these resources. EITI Reports make recommendations aimed at addressing weaknesses in government systems and improving extractive sector management. In Nigeria, President Buhari has initiated major reforms in the oil sector, starting with restructuring the national oil company, a review of oil contracts, an pause in the awarding of the notorious oil swap deals, and a review of subsidy arrangements. These were all recommendations from Nigeria EITI Reports. Furthermore, the EITI can lead to higher attractiveness for investments. There is “mounting evidence that information release supports greater competition around government contracting and that being an EITI signatory leads to greater inflows of both aid and foreign direct investment”. Supporting companies As of January 2021, 68 oil, gas and mining companies, financial institutions and commodity traders support the EITI. Supporting companies publicly endorse the EITI and contribute to covering the cost of the international secretariat of the EITI.Extractive companies are involved on the national level in countries implementing the transparency standard. They are part of the stakeholders and are required to hand over numbers on payments as part of the reporting process under the EITI standard. Company advocacy has resulted in several countries beginning EITI implementation. Criticism Campaigning organisations have criticised the organisation for the lack of sanction possibilities. On the other hand, business representatives have commented that the EITI board is captured by civil society organisations. The EITI has been seen as insufficient to bring full transparency to payments in the extractive industries, since it does not cover countries active in commodity trading. This has since been addressed by new requirements of the EITI standard.The body's credibility was questioned after it permitted an Ethiopian application for membership in 2014.EITI has also been criticised for ignoring the violations of human rights in Azerbaijan, and for not reacting sufficiently strongly to the harassment of Azerbaijani civil society groups that are part of EITI's multi-stakeholder approach. On the other hand, the EITI has been criticised by an international lending institution for shifting its mandate beyond the promotion of transparency.The EITI has been criticised in the EU debates on country by country reporting because governments (as opposed to corporations) need to publish the payments. These governments can erode the EITI rules because they can decide autonomously on the threshold size of payments and company operations that do not need to be published. References External links Official website EITI and Sustainable Development, IIED Photostream at Flickr, most licensed for free use

Jerald T. Milanich

Jerald T. Milanich is an American anthropologist and archaeologist, specializing in Native American culture in Florida. He is Curator Emeritus of Archaeology at the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida in Gainesville; Adjunct Professor, Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Florida; and Adjunct Professor, Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Florida. Milanich holds a Ph.D in anthropology from the University of Florida.Milanich has won several awards for his books. Milanich won the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Florida Archaeological Council in 2005 and the Dorothy Dodd Lifetime Achievement Award from the Florida Historical Society in 2013. He was inducted as a Fellow into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010.Milanich's research interests include Eastern United States archeology, precolumbian Southeastern U.S. native peoples, and colonial period native American-European/Anglo relations in the America.

Jerald T. Milanich is an American anthropologist and archaeologist, specializing in Native American culture in Florida. He is Curator Emeritus of Archaeology at the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida in Gainesville; Adjunct Professor, Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Florida; and Adjunct Professor, Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Florida. Milanich holds a Ph.D in anthropology from the University of Florida.Milanich has won several awards for his books. Milanich won the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Florida Archaeological Council in 2005 and the Dorothy Dodd Lifetime Achievement Award from the Florida Historical Society in 2013. He was inducted as a Fellow into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010.Milanich's research interests include Eastern United States archeology, precolumbian Southeastern U.S. native peoples, and colonial period native American-European/Anglo relations in the America. In May 1987 he was cited in a New York Times article:Milanich is married to anthropologist Maxine Margolis, also a professor at the University of Florida. They are the parents of historian Nara Milanich, who teaches at Columbia University. Books With Samuel Proctor, editors. Tacachale: essays on the Indians of Florida and southeastern Georgia during the historic period. The University Presses of Florida. (1978) First Encounters: Spanish explorations in the Caribbean and the United States, 1492–1570. University of Florida Press. (1989) Earliest Hispanic/Native American interactions in the American Southeast. Garland. (1991) With Charles Hudson. Hernando de Soto and the Indians of Florida. University Press of Florida. (1993) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida. (1994) The Timucua. Blackwell Publications, Oxford, UK. (1996) Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. The University Press of Florida. (1998) Florida Indians from Ancient Times to the Present. The University Press of Florida. (1998) Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press. (1999) Famous Florida Sites—Mt. Royal and Crystal River Gainesville, University Press of Florida (1999) Florida's Lost Tribes—Through the Eyes of an Artist Gainesville, University Press of Florida. (With artist Theodore Morris.) (2004) Archaeology of northern Florida, A.D. 200–900: the McKeithen Weeden Island culture. (2004) Frolicking Bears, Wet Vultures, And Other Oddities: A New York City Journalist in Nineteenth-Century Florida. Gainesville, University Press of Florida (2005) Laboring in the fields of the Lord: Spanish missions and southeastern Indians. University Press of Florida. (2006) Notes External links Archeology Magazine – Letter From Arizona: Homeless Collections Museum curator wins archaeological achievement award Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine

Gathering place

A gathering place is any place where people are able to congregate. Gathering places may be public; for example, city streets, town squares, and parks; or private; for example, churches, coffee shops, stadiums, and theaters. Examples of gathering places include Stonehenge, the agora of ancient Greece, New York City's Central Park, and London's Trafalgar Square.

A gathering place is any place where people are able to congregate. Gathering places may be public; for example, city streets, town squares, and parks; or private; for example, churches, coffee shops, stadiums, and theaters. Examples of gathering places include Stonehenge, the agora of ancient Greece, New York City's Central Park, and London's Trafalgar Square. See also Public space Urban geography Community of place Social environment Oahu and its unconfirmed etymology == References ==

Alizé Carrère

Alizé Carrère is a French-American climate researcher, filmmaker and science communicator. As a social scientist, she studies how humans adapt to changing physical environments, particularly with respect to climate change. Her academic research and filmmaking focus on the theme of human resilience to environmental change.In 2013, while attending McGill University in Montreal, Canada, she won a grant from National Geographic and she used the funds to travel to Madagascar to study how farmers were adapting to deforestation. Learning of farmers who were using erosional gullies as unique places to grow crops, she went on to study other ways that people were learning to adapt to profound environmental change. She received two additional grants from the National Geographic Society and filmmaker grants from The Redford Center and PBS to support the completion of a film series based on this work, titled ADAPTATION.

Alizé Carrère is a French-American climate researcher, filmmaker and science communicator. As a social scientist, she studies how humans adapt to changing physical environments, particularly with respect to climate change. Her academic research and filmmaking focus on the theme of human resilience to environmental change.In 2013, while attending McGill University in Montreal, Canada, she won a grant from National Geographic and she used the funds to travel to Madagascar to study how farmers were adapting to deforestation. Learning of farmers who were using erosional gullies as unique places to grow crops, she went on to study other ways that people were learning to adapt to profound environmental change. She received two additional grants from the National Geographic Society and filmmaker grants from The Redford Center and PBS to support the completion of a film series based on this work, titled ADAPTATION. Carrère is the creator, producer and host of the series, which is distributed by PBS. The first episode documented community adaptations to sea level rise in Bangladesh, such as the use of floating farms, schools and hospitals. The floating farms are made of bamboo and water hyacinth. It won Best Short Film at the New York WILD Film Festival and the Norman Vaughn Indomitable Spirit Award at Telluride Mountainfilm Festival. The second episode examines how an invasive species of freshwater fish, Asian carp, has taken over rivers and lakes in the United States and what communities along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers are doing to manage the problem.Previously she worked for Lindblad Expeditions, designing and leading expeditions around coastal Europe aboard the fleet’s 102-passenger vessel the National Geographic Orion.As a child, Carrère grew up in a tree house built by her father along the shores of Lake Cayuga in Ithaca, New York. In 2021, she was pursuing a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Ecosystem Science & Policy at the Abess Center at the University of Miami. References External links Official website Adaptation series on PBS

CeCe McDonald

CeCe McDonald (; born May 26, 1989) is an African American trans woman and LGBTQ activist. She came to national attention in June 2012 for accepting a plea bargain of 41 months for second-degree manslaughter of a man she stabbed after McDonald and her friends were assaulted in Minneapolis outside a bar near closing time. The attack, a year prior, was widely seen as racist and transphobic, and became physical when McDonald was struck in the face by the man's friend with "an alcoholic drink" glass causing a bleeding gash that needed stitches.According to Mother Jones, when McDonald was attempting to escape the bar, the man came after her. McDonald "took a pair of scissors out of her purse and turned around to face [him]; he was stabbed in the chest and died from the wound." McDonald said she saw how her case was progressing so took the plea bargain rather than face trial and risk a possible 20-year term.

CeCe McDonald (; born May 26, 1989) is an African American trans woman and LGBTQ activist. She came to national attention in June 2012 for accepting a plea bargain of 41 months for second-degree manslaughter of a man she stabbed after McDonald and her friends were assaulted in Minneapolis outside a bar near closing time. The attack, a year prior, was widely seen as racist and transphobic, and became physical when McDonald was struck in the face by the man's friend with "an alcoholic drink" glass causing a bleeding gash that needed stitches.According to Mother Jones, when McDonald was attempting to escape the bar, the man came after her. McDonald "took a pair of scissors out of her purse and turned around to face [him]; he was stabbed in the chest and died from the wound." McDonald said she saw how her case was progressing so took the plea bargain rather than face trial and risk a possible 20-year term.: 6  According to the Bay Area Reporter her conviction "sparked outrage, and was viewed by many as an act of transphobia and racism against a woman who defended herself." Although a woman, McDonald was housed in two men's prisons. An online petition "led to the state department of corrections administering the full regimen of hormones she needed."Her story got international attention including in May 2013 when an Ebony.com article about the case won the GLAAD Media Award for "Outstanding Digital Journalism Article". She also received support from transgender activist and actress Laverne Cox, star of Orange Is the New Black, which includes story lines about trans women of color and hate crimes. Cox says McDonald is the image she has of her OITNB character, Sophia Burset, and that she plays Burset as an homage to McDonald. Cox also identifies with her experiences, "So many times I've ... been harassed, any of them could have escalated ... I very easily could be CeCe."McDonald was released in January 2014 after serving 19 months. She was profiled in Rolling Stone among other publications and included as part of Advocate's annual "40 Under 40" list. FREE CeCe, a documentary about McDonald's experiences told through interviews by Laverne Cox, started production in December 2013. The film centers on the attack on McDonald and her friends including the stabbing, her imprisonment, and violence experienced by trans women of color. In August 2014 she was awarded the Bayard Rustin Civil Rights Award by the Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club. Early life McDonald, who was born in 1989 and is originally from South Chicago,: 6  studied fashion at Minneapolis Community and Technical College.: 1 Assault Background At around 11:30 pm on June 5, 2011,: 1–2  McDonald, her roommate Latavia Taylor, and their friends Larry Tyaries Thomas, Zavawn Smith, and Roneal Harris, all of whom are African-American,: 1  walked the half-mile from McDonald and Taylor's apartment in Minneapolis to a Cub Foods to buy groceries. On the way, a police officer briefly stopped and questioned the group without provocation; he then followed them for a short time and departed.: 1–2 Assault and attacks (June 2011) McDonald said she and her friends were confronted outside the Schooner Tavern by Dean Schmitz and others. According to the charges against McDonald, this occurred shortly after midnight. Schmitz, his girlfriend Jenny Thoreson, and his ex-girlfriend Molly Flaherty had stepped out of the bar for a cigarette.: 2  McDonald said they shouted racist and transphobic slurs, while Thoreson, in interviews with police, characterized the remarks as derogatory and sarcastic. Thomas recalled Schmitz, Thoreson, and Flaherty saying "oh you faggots, you nigger lovers, and whoop-de-woo, you ain't nothing but a bunch of nigger babies," and that in response he went over to talk to Schmitz. According to Thomas, Schmitz then walked off and "started talking this stuff, like, 'Oh, look at the tranny over there, look at that tranny.'": 2  McDonald said in a letter from Hennepin County jail that Schmitz called everyone in McDonald's group niggers.McDonald testified that she and her friends tried to walk away, but that Flaherty started a fight by smashing a glass of alcohol against her face, cutting her and requiring 11 stitches. McDonald was asked in court whether Flaherty then said "I can take on all of you bitches", to which she replied in the affirmative; Thoreson recalled that at this point Flaherty threw the first punch.: 2  According to McDonald's testimony, at one point Schmitz said "look at that boy dressed like a girl and tucking her dick in". David Crandell, Flaherty's boyfriend, then stepped out of the bar to find multiple members of McDonald's group attacking Flaherty, and tried to pull them away from her.: 2 Gary Gilbert, a security worker at the Schooner Tavern, recalled seeing Schmitz pull McDonald away from Flaherty, and that Schmitz and McDonald then moved into the street.: 2  McDonald's defense characterized this move as McDonald having "attempted to leave the scene, attempted to get out of harm's way", and added that she was followed by Schmitz. Gilbert recalled that McDonald appeared to be holding a blade, while Schmitz had his fists clenched and said to McDonald "you gonna stab me, you bitch?" Schmitz then hunched over, put his hand to his shirt and said "you stabbed me," to which McDonald replied, according to a witness, "Yes I did.": 2  Schmitz was stabbed in the chest with a pair of scissors. McDonald told police that Schmitz charged at her, running into scissors she was holding.After those present saw Schmitz bleeding, the fighting stopped; McDonald and Thomas ran towards Cub Foods while some of their friends boarded a Metro Transit bus.: 2  Schmitz's wound was more than three inches deep and pierced his heart in the right ventricle. Anthony Stoneburg, who was in the neighborhood visiting his aunt, tried to plug the wound, but Schmitz died in the ambulance. In the parking lot of the grocery store, McDonald saw the police car searching for her and flagged the officers down.: 1  She was arrested and confessed to the stabbing, but in her letter from Hennepin County jail wrote that confessing was "a big mistake [for] trying to cover up for one of my friends who actually did it. I didn't know exactly who, but I knew someone was defending me." Larry Thomas and Zavawn Smith also said that another friend, who they saw running away from the scene at the time, had admitted stabbing Schmitz. Pretrial period In the days following the stabbing, the office of Hennepin County Attorney Michael Freeman reviewed evidence including a taped confession from McDonald before charging her with two counts of second-degree murder.: 1, 3  McDonald's case was picked up by Hersch Izek of the Legal Rights Center, a nonprofit organization offering legal representation and help for its clients. Izek did not dispute that McDonald stabbed Schmitz in the heart or that the wound was responsible for Schmitz's death; however he argued that McDonald acted in self-defense and was not to blame for Schmitz's death: "she stabbed him, but her actions were reasonable when confronted with the reasonable possibility of bodily harm or death to herself. That's what the jury instruction calls for in this kind of case." Izek cited the fact that McDonald was bleeding profusely from her facial wound as a reason for her to believe she was in danger.: 3  Freeman argued there was no evidence that Schmitz posed a threat to McDonald's life and that McDonald had failed to exercise her duty to retreat, saying "the evidence here does not reflect self-defense. She stepped forward to thrust a weapon into a person that had not assaulted her. That, to me, just doesn't fit." Freeman also said "there is no evidence that I'm aware of that [Schmitz] had any weapon in his hand, or that he had done anything to McDonald, other than to be part of this group, where there were shouts from virtually everyone around." Freeman also alleged that McDonald's story changed between the incident and her trial: though on the night of June 5 she confessed to stabbing Schmitz, she later claimed someone else had stabbed him.: 4 The defense also intended to bring before the jury details about Schmitz, including that he had faced more than two dozen criminal cases since turning 18; his past convictions for fifth-degree assault and domestic assault; that methamphetamine and benzoylecgonine (a cocaine metabolite), which when combined can lead to unpredictable and unwarranted violence, were found in his system; and that he had a tattoo of a swastika on his chest.: 3  Schmitz's brother said Schmitz was not a racist, but that he had become a part of a group of white supremacists while in prison when he was younger. Freeman dismissed the tattoo as irrelevant, saying McDonald "couldn't see it, nor could anyone else ... It adds a little bit of sensationalism to the case, obviously.": 4 On the first day of pretrial hearings, the prosecution disputed the admittance of Schmitz's tattoo, arguing it was not relevant and was unfairly prejudicial.: 4  Judge Daniel Moreno ruled that Schmitz's tattoo and his three previous convictions for assault were not admissible as evidence of his alleged violent disposition, that McDonald's supporters could not wear "Free CeCe" T-shirts in court, and that the defense's toxicology expert could testify to the effects of methamphetamine and benzoylecgonine in general but not their effects on Schmitz on the night in question. Moreno also prevented experts from testifying about the atmosphere of transphobia and how it might have made McDonald fear for her life. Moreno also permitted the admittance of McDonald's prior statements on blogs and Facebook and a motion to impeach McDonald's testimony due to her previous conviction for writing a bad check.: 5 Media and public attention during pre-trial In the aftermath of the stabbing, Schmitz's family spoke to FOX 9 News. Schmitz's son, Jeremy Williams, said his father "always used to go out of his way to help people... He would give the shirt off his back to help people. He was, overall, a great person." In her letter from Hennepin County jail, McDonald said "none of this mess wouldn't be happening if it weren't for the victim and his group being rude and disrespectful to people they never knew."In April 2012, author Kate Bornstein spoke about McDonald on MSNBC cable television program Melissa Harris-Perry, comparing McDonald's situation with George Zimmerman's in the aftermath of the killing of Trayvon Martin regarding self-defense issues and how the case is viewed through the media focus.: 2  The case also attracted national attention from LGBT activists including author Leslie Feinberg, who wrote that "the right of self-defense against all forms of oppressions—the spirit of Stonewall—is at the heart of the demand to free [McDonald]". Cam Gordon, a member of the Minneapolis City Council, announced his support for McDonald and called the incident "another example [of] transgender women of color being targeted for hate- and bias-related violence",: 1  and Susan Allen, a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives, called on Freeman to consider the "extenuating circumstances" of McDonald's case.: 2  In May 2013, an article by Marc Lamont Hill for Ebony.com entitled "Why Aren't We Fighting for CeCe McDonald?" won the GLAAD Media Award for "Outstanding Digital Journalism Article". McDonald also received the support of transgender activist and actress Laverne Cox, who stars in the television series Orange Is the New Black.A May 2012 press release by McDonald's support committee said the sentencing proceedings included statements from community leaders, clergy, and members of McDonald's family.: 1  McDonald's supporters held dance parties and rallies outside the Hennepin County jail in her honor,: 2  and over 18,000 people signed a Change.org petition calling for Freeman to drop the charges against McDonald.: 2 In June 2012, a group calling itself the "Queer Attack Squadron" claimed responsibility for a Portland, Oregon incident throwing an unlit molotov cocktail through the window of a Wells Fargo bank as a gesture of solidarity with McDonald. Katie Burgess, executive director of the Trans Youth Support Network, said the group had no connection to McDonald's supporters in Minneapolis. Burgess said the growth in support for McDonald and her self-defense argument was due to the perception McDonald was "on trial for surviving a hate crime.": 1 Plea bargain (May 2012) Days before the trial was to begin, Moreno offered a plea bargain under which McDonald's charges of second-degree murder would be reduced to second-degree manslaughter, and under which she would have to admit only to criminal negligence rather than murder.: 4  On May 2, 2012, the defense and prosecution agreed on a 41-month sentence, the minimum sentence for second-degree manslaughter, as a compromise.: 6  In accepting the plea deal, McDonald had to relinquish her argument that she killed Schmitz in self-defense or by accident, and had to forego a trial by jury.: 1  McDonald said she accepted the plea deal for her loved ones: instead of risking decades in prison, the deal was expected to result in her being freed in a fraction of the time.: 6  On June 4, 2012, Moreno sentenced McDonald to 41 months in prison. At her sentencing hearing McDonald told the court "I'm sure that to Dean's family, he was a loving, caring person, but that is not what I saw that night. I saw a racist, transphobic, narcissistic bigot who did not have any regard for my friends and I." McDonald was given credit for 245 days' jail time, and required to pay $6,410 in restitution for Schmitz's funeral expenses. Imprisonment While awaiting trial, McDonald was held in segregated custody and spent time under house arrest. In May 2012, Michael Friedman of the Legal Rights Center said there was "no way" McDonald would be "sent to a women's prison.": 1–2  Burgess said "People tend to think about how CeCe identifies as a woman and say she should be able to go to a women's facility ... But there's really no history of transgender people being placed according to their gender identity. So once CeCe is placed in a permanent facility, she'll look around and decide if she feels safe there. If she doesn't, she'll move forward with a civil suit against the Department of Corrections to be relocated to a safer place. That may or may not be a women's prison." After she was sentenced, McDonald expressed resignation, saying "I've faced worse things in my life than prison.": 2 Following her conviction, a spokeswoman for the Minnesota Department of Corrections said officials had decided to place McDonald in the Minnesota Correctional Facility – St. Cloud, an adult male facility, though her final destination had yet to be determined; and that the state would make its own determination of McDonald's gender. The state's gender assessment concluded that McDonald would be held in a men's facility. During her imprisonment a petition caused the Department of Corrections to administer the correct regimen of hormones. Despite being transferred to a second facility McDonald remained quartered with men throughout her imprisonment. Flaherty assault case Flaherty, Schmitz's ex-girlfriend who was among those verbally assaulting McDonald and her friends outside the bar, was charged in May 2012 with second-degree assault with a deadly weapon and third-degree assault causing substantial bodily harm for attacking McDonald with "an alcoholic drink" glass causing a bleeding gash to her face needing eleven stitches. Her case was referred to the Washington County Attorney's Office in order to avoid a conflict of interest.: 4  In April 2013, Flaherty was sentenced to six months' jail time and probation after pleading guilty to third-degree assault, and was given credit for 135 days served in jail. Release (January 2014) McDonald was released on January 13, 2014, after serving 19 months, and remained under the supervision of the Minnesota Department of Corrections through her 41-month sentence. Laverne Cox was among those who greeted her. Roxanne Anderson, the program director for the Trans Youth Support Network, said "CeCe is doing great. She looks good and she is good spirits," and that McDonald was not ready to comment publicly. Chase Strangio, a staff attorney for the American Civil Liberties Union, said "This is a day to celebrate, and to honor CeCe for all she's done from the day of her arrest to draw attention to the systemic violence women of color, and particularly LGBT women of color face everyday. Her message from the start was not to sensationalize the story, but to bring attention to the issue."McDonald gave her first televised interview six days later on Melissa Harris-Perry on MSNBC. McDonald spoke about her incarceration and those of other incarcerated transgender people, saying "I felt like they wanted me to hate myself as a trans woman," and added "prisons aren't safe for anyone, and that's the key issue." The segment also featured Katie Burgess, who said "the only way that trans folks are going to be safe in prisons is for incarceration of people to end." Post-incarceration In 2014, McDonald was profiled by Rolling Stone and included as part of the Advocate's annual "40 Under 40" list. In August 2014 she was awarded the Bayard Rustin Civil Rights Award by the Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club.In 2016, McDonald teamed up with gender non-conforming activist and prison abolitionist Joshua Allen for a Black Excellence Tour. FREE CeCe! FREE CeCe, a documentary about McDonald by Laverne Cox and Jac Gares, started production in August 2013. The film is told through an interview with McDonald conducted by Cox, and deals with the events in 2011, McDonald's imprisonment and violence experienced by trans women of color. FREE CeCe was the kick-off film at the 2016 San Francisco Transgender Film Festival, the world's first and longest-running transgender film festival. Jac Gares, a New York City filmmaker, directed the film with Cox as executive producer. Gares had previously produced the LGBT PBS series In The Life and raised $300,000 to fund FREE CeCe. See also History of violence against LGBT people in the United States LGBT people in prison Significant acts of violence against LGBT people Trans bashing Violence against LGBT people References External links Free CeCe official website Free CeCe at IMDb

First Donev Government

The Donev government was the 100th Cabinet of Bulgaria. It took office on 2 August 2022, after being nominated by President Rumen Radev to solve the political crisis that led to the fall of the Petkov Government and the calling of a snap election for October 2. It is a caretaker government chaired by prime minister Galab Donev.

The Donev government was the 100th Cabinet of Bulgaria. It took office on 2 August 2022, after being nominated by President Rumen Radev to solve the political crisis that led to the fall of the Petkov Government and the calling of a snap election for October 2. It is a caretaker government chaired by prime minister Galab Donev. Cabinet References "Bulgarian Politics: Who are the New Ministers in the Caretaker Government and When are Next Elections". Novinite.com. 1 August 2022. "Bulgarian Politics: The Caretaker Government Officially Took Office Today". Novinite.com. 2 August 2022. "Caretaker Government Takes Over". bta.bg. 2 August 2022.

Robotaxi

A robotaxi, also known as robo-taxi, self-driving taxi or driverless taxi, is an autonomous car (SAE automation level 4 or 5) operated for a ridesharing company. Some studies have hypothesized that robotaxis operated in an autonomous mobility on demand (AMoD) service could be one of the most rapidly adopted applications of autonomous cars at scale and a major mobility solution in the near future, especially in urban areas. Moreover, they could have a very positive impact on road safety, traffic congestion and parking. Robotaxis could also reduce pollution and consumption of energy, since these services will most probably use electric cars and for most of the rides, less vehicle size and range is necessary compared to individually owned vehicles. The expectable reduction of the number of vehicles means less embodied energy, however energy consumption for redistribution of empty vehicles must be taken into account.

A robotaxi, also known as robo-taxi, self-driving taxi or driverless taxi, is an autonomous car (SAE automation level 4 or 5) operated for a ridesharing company. Some studies have hypothesized that robotaxis operated in an autonomous mobility on demand (AMoD) service could be one of the most rapidly adopted applications of autonomous cars at scale and a major mobility solution in the near future, especially in urban areas. Moreover, they could have a very positive impact on road safety, traffic congestion and parking. Robotaxis could also reduce pollution and consumption of energy, since these services will most probably use electric cars and for most of the rides, less vehicle size and range is necessary compared to individually owned vehicles. The expectable reduction of the number of vehicles means less embodied energy, however energy consumption for redistribution of empty vehicles must be taken into account. Robotaxis would reduce operating costs by eliminating the need for a human driver, which might make it an affordable form of transportation and increase the popularity of transportation-as-a-service (TaaS) as opposed to individual car ownership. However, such developments could lead to job destruction and new challenges concerning operator liabilities. In addition, robotaxis have broken down and blocked roads. They have also failed to yield for emergency vehicles. According to San Francisco Supervisor Aaron Peskin, there have been 50 documented incidents of interference with first responders in the Bay Area by robotaxis.Predictions of the widespread and rapid introduction of robo-taxis – by as early as 2018 – have not been realized. There are a number of pilot trials underway in cities around the world, some of which are in revenue service and open to the public. However, questions have been raised as to whether the progress of self-driving technology has stalled and whether issues of social acceptance, cybersecurity and cost have been addressed. Current status Vehicle costs So far all the trials have involved specially modified passenger cars with space for two or four passengers sitting in the back seats behind a partition. LIDAR, cameras and other sensors have been used on all vehicles. The cost of early vehicles has been estimated at up to $300,000 due to custom manufacture and specialized sensors. However, the prices of some components such as the LIDAR has fallen by up to 90%. Volume production may see the cost fall further and Baidu announced in June 2021 it would start producing robotaxi for 500,000 yuan (US$77,665) each. Waymo has estimated its hardware costs in 2021 at $0.30 per mile (~$0.19 per km), but this excludes the cost of fleet technicians and customer support. Although Tesla has discussed a sub-$25,000 Tesla Robotaxi, and as of 2023 is designing an assembly line that will accommodate the vehicle, Waymo has explicitly said that Tesla is not a competitor in the early 2020s robotaxi market. Passenger tests Several companies are testing robotaxi services, especially in the United States and in China. All tests so far only operate in a geo-fenced area. Service areas for robotaxis, often dubbed the Objective Design Domain (ODD) by the industry, are specially designated zones where robotaxis can safely provide service.Separate to these efforts have been trials of shared autonomous vehicles with larger vehicles on fixed routes with designated stops, able to carry between 6 and 10 passengers. Most of these shuttle buses operate a low speeds although recently a number of vehicles capable of highway speeds have been revealed including the Zoox and the Cruise Origin. Taxi license In February 2018 in Arizona, the state has granted Waymo a Transportation Network Company permit.In February 2022 in California, The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) issued Drivered Deployment permits to Cruise and Waymo to allow for passenger service in autonomous vehicles with a safety driver present in the vehicle. These carriers must hold a valid California Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) Deployment permit and meet the requirements of the CPUC Drivered Deployment program. And in June 2022, Cruise has scored final approvals to operate a commercial robotaxi service in San Francisco.In April 2022, Chinese companies Baidu and Pony.ai received permits to deploy robotaxis without humans in the driver seat on open roads within a 23 square mile area in the Beijing Economic-Technological Development Area, and it was the first time in their home country.In August 10 2023, The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) approved Resolutions granting additional operating authority for Cruise LLC and Waymo LLC to conduct commercial passenger service using driverless vehicles in San Francisco. The approval includes the ability for both companies to charge fares for rides at any time of day. History First trials In August 2016, MIT spinoff NuTonomy was the first company to make robotaxis available to the public, starting to offer rides with a fleet of 6 modified Renault Zoes and Mitsubishi i-MiEVs in a limited area in Singapore. NuTonomy later signed three significant partnerships to develop its robotaxi service: with Grab, Uber’s rival in Southeast Asia, with Groupe PSA, which is supposed to provide the company with Peugeot 3008 SUVs and the last one with Lyft to launch a robotaxi service in Boston.In August 2017, Cruise Automation, a self-driving startup acquired by General Motors in 2016, launched the beta version of a robotaxi service for its employees in San Francisco using a fleet of 46 Chevrolet Bolt EVs. Testing and revenue service timeline Trials listed have a safety driver unless otherwise indicated. The commencement of a trial does not mean it is still active. August 2016 - NuTonomy launched its autonomous taxi service using a fleet of 6 modified Renault Zoes and Mitsubishi i-MiEVs in Singapore September 2016 - Uber started allowing a select group of users in Pittsburgh to order robotaxis from a fleet of 14 vehicles. Two Uber engineers were always in the front seats of each vehicle. March 2017 - An Uber self-driving car was hit and flipped on its side by another vehicle that failed to yield. In October 2017, Uber started using only one test driver. April 2017 - Waymo started a large scale robotaxi tests in a geo-fenced suburb of Phoenix, Arizona with a driver monitoring each vehicle. The service area was about 100 sq mi (260 km2) In November 2017 some testing without drivers began. Commercial operations began in November 2019. August 2017 - Cruise Automation launched the beta version robotaxi service for 250 employees (10% of its staff) in San Francisco using a fleet of 46 vehicles. March 2018 - A woman attempting to cross a street in Tempe, Arizona at night was struck and killed by an Uber vehicle while the onboard engineer was watching videos. Uber later restarted testing, but only during daylight hours and at slower speeds. August 2018 - Yandex began a trial with two vehicles in Innopolis, Russia December 2018 - Waymo started self-driving taxi service, dubbed Waymo One, in Arizona for paying customers. April 2019 - Pony.ai launched a pilot system covering 50 km2 (19 sq mi) in Guangzhou for employees and invited affiliated, serving pre-defined pickup points. November 2019 - WeRide RoboTaxi began a pilot service with 20 vehicles in Guangzhou and Huangpu over an area of 144.65 km2 (55.85 sq mi) November 2019 - Pony.ai started a three-month trial in Irvine, California with 10 cars and stops for pickup and drop off. April 2020 - Baidu opened its trial of 45 vehicles in Changsha to public users for free trips, serving 100 designated spots on a set 135 km (84 mi) network. Services operation from 9:20am to 4:40pm with a safety-driver and a "navigator", allowing space for two passengers in the back. June 2020 - DiDi robotaxi service begins operation in Shanghai in an area that covers Shanghai's Automobile Exhibition Center, the local business districts, subway stations and hotels in the downtown area. August 2020. Baidu began offering free trips, with app bookings, on its trial in Cangzhou which serves 55 designated spots over pre-defined routes. December 2020. AutoX (which is backed by Alibaba Group) launched a non-public trial of driverless robotaxis in Shenzhen with 25 vehicles. The service was then opened to the public in January 2021. February 2021 - Waymo One began limited robotaxi service in a number of suburbs of San Francisco for a selection of its own employees. In August 2021 the public was invited to apply to use service, with places limited. A safety driver is present in each vehicles. The number of vehicles involved has not been disclosed. May 2021 - Baidu commences a commercial robo taxi service with ten Apollo Go vehicles in a 3 km2 (1.2 sq mi) area with eight pickup and drop-off stops, in Shougang Park in western Beijing July 2021 - Baidu opened a pilot program to the public in Guangzhou with a fleet of 30 sedans serving 60 sq mi (160 km2) in the Huangpu district. 200 designated spots are served between 9:30am and 11pm every day. July 2021 - DeepRoute.ai began a free of charge trial with 20 vehicles in downtown Shenzhen serving 100 pickup and dropoff locations. February 2022 - Cruise opened up its driverless cars in San Francisco to the public. February 2023 - Zoox, the self-driving startup owned by Amazon, carried passengers in its robotaxi for the first time in Foster City, California. August 2023 - Waymo and Cruise were authorized by The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) to collect fares for driverless rides in San Francisco. Notable commercial ventures Uber ATG Uber began development of self-driving vehicles in early 2015. In September 2016, the company started a trial allowing a select group of users of its ride-hailing service in Pittsburgh to order robotaxis from a fleet of 14 modified Ford Fusions. The test extended to San Francisco with modified Volvo XC90s before being relocated to Tempe, Arizona in February 2017.In March 2017, one of Uber's robotaxis crashed in self-driving mode in Arizona, which led the company to suspend its tests before resuming them a few days later. In March 2018, Uber paused self-driving vehicle testing after the death of Elaine Herzberg in Tempe, Arizona, a pedestrian struck by an Uber vehicle while attempting to cross the street, while the onboard engineer was watching videos. Uber settled with the victim's family.In January 2021, Uber sold its self driving division, Advanced Technologies Group (ATG), to Aurora Innovation for $4 billion while also investing $400 million into Aurora for a 26% ownership stake. Waymo In early 2017, Waymo, the Google self-driving car project which became an independent company in 2016, started a large public robotaxi test in Phoenix using 100 and then 500 more Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid minivans provided by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles as part of a partnership between the two companies. Waymo also signed a deal with Lyft to collaborate on self-driving cars in May 2017. In November 2017, Waymo revealed it had begun to operate some of its automated vehicles in Arizona without a safety driver behind the wheel. And in December 2018, Waymo started self-driving taxi service, dubbed Waymo One, in Arizona for paying customers. By November 2019, the service was operating autonomous vehicles without a safety backup driver. The autonomous taxi service was operating in San Francisco as of 2021. In December 2022, the company applied for a permit to operating self-driving taxi rides in California without a human operator present as backup. GM Cruise In January 2020, Cruise exhibited the Cruise Origin, a Level 4–5 driverless vehicle, intended to be used for a ride hailing service.In February 2022, Cruise started driverless taxi service in San Francisco. Also in February 2022, Cruise petitioned U.S. regulators (NHTSA) for permission to build and deploy a self-driving vehicle without human controls. As of April 2022, the petition is pending.In April 2022, their partner Honda unveiled its Level 4 mobility service partners to roll out in central Tokyo in the mid-2020s using the Cruise Origin. Other developments Many automakers have announced their plans to develop robotaxis before 2025 and specific partnerships have been signed between automakers, technology providers and service operators. Most significant disclosed information include: The startup Zoox announcing in 2015 its ambition to build a robotaxi from scratch; Daimler AG teaming up with Bosch in 2017 to develop the software for a robotaxi service by 2025; The Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance partnering with Transdev and DeNA to develop robotaxi services within 10 years from 2017; Didi Chuxing partnering with the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance and other automakers to explore the future launch of robotaxi services in China. BMW and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles partnering with Intel and Mobileye to develop robotaxis by 2021; Honda releasing in 2017 an autonomous concept car, NeuV, that aims at being a personal robotaxi; Baidu partnering with Nvidia to develop autonomous cars and robotaxis; Ford Motor's plan in 2017 to develop a robotaxi by 2021 through partnerships with several startups; Ford Motor investing $1 billion in the startup Argo AI to develop autonomous cars and robotaxis; the startup was later disbanded by Ford. Lyft and Ford partnering in 2017 to add Ford's self-driving cars to Lyft's ride-hailing network;. Google leading a $1 billion investment in 2017 in Lyft which could support Waymo's robotaxi strategy. In 2021, Lyft's self-driving division was sold to Toyota. Delphi buying the startup NuTonomy for $400 million in 2017; Parsons Corporation announcing a partnership with automated mobility operating system company Renovo.auto to deploy and scale AMoD services; See also Self-driving car == References ==

EasyChair

EasyChair is a web-based conference management software system. It has been used since 2002 in the scientific community for tasks such as organising research paper submission and review. In 2012, EasyChair began offering an open access online publication service for conference proceedings.

EasyChair is a web-based conference management software system. It has been used since 2002 in the scientific community for tasks such as organising research paper submission and review. In 2012, EasyChair began offering an open access online publication service for conference proceedings. Description EasyChair is a paid web-based conference management software system used, among other tasks, to organise paper submission and review, similar to other event management system software such as OpenConf. EasyChair used to be run by the Department of Computer Science at the University of Manchester but now it is a commercial service, owned by EasyChair Ltd. in Stockport (established 2016). EasyChair used to be free, for standard service, but as of 2022, only minimal services (max. 20 submissions) are free. The EasyChair website also provides an open access online publication service for conference proceedings. When launched in 2012, the service was for computer science only, but in 2016 it was expanded to all sciences. History The EasyChair software has been in continuous development since 2002. As of 2015, the code base consist of nearly 300,000 lines of code, and it has been used by more than 41,000 conferences. More than two and a half million users in the scientific community reported using it in 2019. See also Abstract management Academic conference References External links Official website

Toby Gee

Toby Stephen Gee (born 2 January 1980) is a British mathematician working in number theory and arithmetic aspects of the Langlands Program. He specialises in algebraic number theory. Gee was awarded the Whitehead Prize in 2012, the Leverhulme Prize in 2012, and was elected as a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2014.

Toby Stephen Gee (born 2 January 1980) is a British mathematician working in number theory and arithmetic aspects of the Langlands Program. He specialises in algebraic number theory. Gee was awarded the Whitehead Prize in 2012, the Leverhulme Prize in 2012, and was elected as a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2014. Career Gee read mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was Senior Wrangler in 2000. After completing his PhD with Kevin Buzzard at Imperial College in 2004, he was a Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor at Harvard University until 2010. From 2010 to 2011 Gee was an assistant professor at Northwestern University, at which point he moved to Imperial College London, where he has been a professor since 2013.With Mark Kisin, he proved the Breuil–Mézard conjecture for potentially Barsotti–Tate representations, and with Thomas Barnet-Lamb and David Geraghty, he proved the Sato–Tate conjecture for Hilbert modular forms. One of his most influential ideas has been the introduction of a general 'philosophy of weights', which has immensely clarified some aspects of the emerging mod p Langlands philosophy. References External links Toby Gee's Professional Webpage Toby Gee's Curriculum Vitae Toby Gee's results at International Mathematical Olympiad

Kaluli creation myth

The Kaluli creation myth is a traditional creation myth of the Kaluli people of Papua New Guinea. In the version as was recorded by anthropologist and ethnographer Edward L. Shieffelin whose first contact with them took place in the late 1960s. The story begins in a time the Kaluli call hena madaliaki, which translates "when the land came into form." During the time of hena madaliaki people covered the earth but there was nothing else: no trees or plants, no animals, and no streams. With nothing to use for food or shelter, the people became cold and hungry.

The Kaluli creation myth is a traditional creation myth of the Kaluli people of Papua New Guinea. In the version as was recorded by anthropologist and ethnographer Edward L. Shieffelin whose first contact with them took place in the late 1960s. The story begins in a time the Kaluli call hena madaliaki, which translates "when the land came into form." During the time of hena madaliaki people covered the earth but there was nothing else: no trees or plants, no animals, and no streams. With nothing to use for food or shelter, the people became cold and hungry. Then one man among them (alternative accounts give two) gathered everyone together and delegated different tasks. He directed one group to become trees and they did. He directed another to become sago, yet another to be fish, another banana and so forth until the world was brimming with animals, food, streams, mountains and all other natural features. There were only a few people left and they became the ancestors of present-day human beings.The Kaluli describe this story as "the time when everything alə bano ane" which means roughly "the time when everything divided". This concept of all world phenomena as a result of a "splitting" has many echos in Kaluli thought and cultural practices. In the Kaluli world view, all of existence is made from people who differentiated into different forms. Animals, plants, streams and people are all the same except in the form they have assumed following this great split. Death is another splitting. The Kaluli have no concept of a transcendent, sacred domain that is spiritual or in any fundamental way distinct from the natural, material world; instead death is another event that divides beings through the acquisition of new forms which are unrecognizable to the living.The Kaluli are an indigenous people whose first contact with contemporary western civilization began in the 1940s. Following extensive Christian missionary efforts in the region, variants of the traditional creation story have adopted a few Christian elements. Prior to contact, the Kaluli story described creation as a pragmatic solution to problems of cold and hunger, and the efforts were initiated by one or two ordinary and unnamed men rather than any deity or deities. The Kaluli have since tended to identify one or both of them as "Godeyo" (God) and "Yesu" (Jesus Christ). See also New Guinea portal == References ==

North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911

The North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911, formally known as the Convention between the United States and Other Powers Providing for the Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals, was a treaty signed on July 7, 1911, designed to manage the commercial harvest of fur-bearing mammals (such as Northern fur seals and sea otters) in the Pribilof Islands of the Bering Sea. The treaty, signed by the United States, Great Britain (also representing Canada), Japan, and Russia, outlawed open-water seal hunting and acknowledged the United States' jurisdiction in managing the on-shore hunting of seals for commercial purposes. It was the first international treaty to address wildlife preservation issues.

The North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911, formally known as the Convention between the United States and Other Powers Providing for the Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals, was a treaty signed on July 7, 1911, designed to manage the commercial harvest of fur-bearing mammals (such as Northern fur seals and sea otters) in the Pribilof Islands of the Bering Sea. The treaty, signed by the United States, Great Britain (also representing Canada), Japan, and Russia, outlawed open-water seal hunting and acknowledged the United States' jurisdiction in managing the on-shore hunting of seals for commercial purposes. It was the first international treaty to address wildlife preservation issues. Terms of the treaty The two most significant terms of the treaty were the banning of pelagic seal hunting and the granting of jurisdiction to the United States in managing on-shore hunts. In exchange for granting jurisdiction to the United States, the other signatories to the treaty were guaranteed payments and/or minimum takes of seal furs while the treaty remained in effect, subject to certain conditions.The treaty also provided an exemption to aboriginal tribes which hunted seals using traditional methods and for non-commercial purposes including food and shelter. Aboriginal tribes specifically mentioned in the treaty include the Aleut and Aino (Ainu) peoples. Authorship and ratification The treaty was co-authored by environmentalist Henry Wood Elliott and United States Secretary of State John Hay in 1905, although the treaty was not signed for another six years. The treaty was signed at Washington, on July 7, 1911, with ratifications by each signatory on the following dates: United States: Ratification advised by the Senate on July 24, 1911, and ratified by President William Howard Taft on November 24, 1911 Great Britain: August 25, 1911 Russia: October 22 / November 4, 1911 Japan: November 6, 1911Ratifications were then exchanged at Washington on December 12, 1911, and the treaty was proclaimed two days later on December 14. Enactment and legacy Following ratification, the U.S. Congress enacted an immediate five-year moratorium on hunting, to allow for recovery of the decimated herds. The treaty remained in effect until hostilities erupted among the signatories in World War II. However, the treaty set precedent for future national and international laws and treaties, including the Fur Seal Act of 1966 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. On the 100th anniversary of the treaty in 2011, the Pribilof Fur Seal Monument was erected. References Further reading Bailey, Thomas A. "The North Pacific Sealing Convention of 1911." Pacific Historical Review 4.1 (1935): 1–14. online, a standard scholarly history Castree, Noel. "Nature, economy and the cultural politics of theory: the ‘war against the seals’ in the Bering Sea, 1870–1911." Geoforum 28.1 (1997): 1–20. online Irwin, Robert. "Canada, Aboriginal Sealing, and the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention." Environmental History 20.1 (2015): 57–82. Dorsey, Kurkpatrick. The dawn of conservation diplomacy: US-Canadian wildlife protection treaties in the progressive era (U of Washington Press, 2009). excerpt Gluek Jr, Alvin C. "Canada's Splendid Bargain: the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911." Canadian Historical Review 63.2 (1982): 179–201. Townsend C.H Notes on certain Pinnepeds with data respecting their present commercial importance Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society. (1905) 15, 105–116 Young, Oran R., and Gail Osherenko Polar politics: creating international environmental regimes Cornell studies in political economy Cornell University Press, (1993) ISBN 978-0801480690 External links Full text of the treaty, as provided by the Edwin Ginn Library at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University

Mauritian tomb bat

The Mauritian tomb bat (Taphozous mauritianus) is a species of sac-winged bat in the family Emballonuridae that is found in central and southern Africa and Madagascar. It was discovered in 1818 by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, and is characterized by an all-white ventral surface, grizzled dorsal coloration, and conical face. It has exceptionally good eyesight, a trait which is common in old world bats and enables it to find roosting locations. It has adapted itself to a wide range of habitats including subarid scrub to semi-tropical savanna and can be found throughout much of Africa south of the Sahara, including many of the surrounding islands. They often seek out refuge in cool dry areas.

The Mauritian tomb bat (Taphozous mauritianus) is a species of sac-winged bat in the family Emballonuridae that is found in central and southern Africa and Madagascar. It was discovered in 1818 by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, and is characterized by an all-white ventral surface, grizzled dorsal coloration, and conical face. It has exceptionally good eyesight, a trait which is common in old world bats and enables it to find roosting locations. It has adapted itself to a wide range of habitats including subarid scrub to semi-tropical savanna and can be found throughout much of Africa south of the Sahara, including many of the surrounding islands. They often seek out refuge in cool dry areas. Mauritian tomb bats help control pest populations, including insects that carry human diseases. These bats tend to be nocturnal hunters and their normal prey consists of moths, butterflies, and termites. Not prone to large-scale roosting, T. mauritianus is most often spotted on the sides of buildings or on the trunks of trees in groups of around five individuals. They breed on average once or twice a year and rear usually one pup, though twins are occasionally reported. They usually deposit their hungry offspring in areas where they can feed voraciously, most often in berry bushes. This species is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List due their wide distribution and stable population. Taxonomy and etymology The French naturalist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire identified the Mauritian tomb bat in 1818 when he compared the at the time unknown specimen to another newly described bat from Egypt, the Egyptian tomb bat. The Egyptian tomb bat (T. perforatus) is the same size as its Mauritian cousin but does not have the completely white belly that the latter possess.The name "tomb" bat and the genus name Taphozous is derived from the Greek word for a tomb or grave. Mauritianus simply means "of Mauritius," where it was first discovered. Though the name would suggest a dark, closed-in habitat, the Mauritian tomb bat lives in a variety of environments and is not restricted tombs or caves. The term "tomb bat" was given because the genus is commonly seen on the walls of old tombs in their respective ranges. Synonyms for the Mauritian tomb bat include Taphozous mauritianus, T. leucopterus, T. dobsoni, and T. maritianus var. vinerascens. The Afrikaans word for this species is witlyfvlermuis, which refers to the white ventral surface that is characteristic of the species. Description The Mauritian tomb bat is distinguished from other species of bat by a completely white ventral area. The dorsal surface of T. mauritianus is a mottled color consisting of several shades of brown, gray, and white, which creates a grizzled "salt and pepper" appearance. Its fur is sleek and short, and the wing membranes are beige and primarily translucent. The wings are long, narrow, and shorten when not in flight in a way that facilitates crawling, a trait unique to this genus. Sexes are similar in color and size. Adults are generally lighter in color than juveniles, who have more of a gray hue. This species has a conically shaped face, which is covered in a thin layer of hair. The area below and in front of the eyes is bare, and the frontal portion of the face is sunken around the eyes. The eyes are large (2–3 mm). The ears are triangular-shaped, erect, and have rounded edges. The inner margins of the ear lack papillae, which is the inner sensory surface of the bat's ear. One of the larger species in the Microchiroptera suborder, fully grown adults weigh anywhere from 25 to 36 grams (0.88 to 1.27 oz), with its forearm measuring 58 to 64 millimetres (2.3 to 2.5 in). The total length is from 10 to 11 centimetres (3.9 to 4.3 in). Sexual dimorphism T. mauritianus does not display an abundance of visual sexual dimorphism concerning their size or coloration. Outside of the breeding season, the male reproductive organs are held in the abdominal cavity. During the breeding season, the genitals appear and become darker in color. The males possess a gular sac that lies at the base of the jaw. This gland releases secretions that help males mark their territories and attract females during the mating season. The gular sac is present in some females, depending on which region Africa the bat is found. In areas such as Nigeria and Mozambique, the sac is absent in females, in West Africa it is reduced to a vestigial pouch, and in the Sudan it is fully present in both sexes, just more developed in males. In females, the genitals are located on the ventral side of the abdomen and are marked by two pigmented patches. During the mating season, they become deeply pigmented and extend out, becoming more prominent before and just after mating. Distribution and habitat The Mauritian tomb bat is widely distributed from the middle to the southern regions of Africa, as well as on many of the surrounding islands. They are found in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Réunion, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Special kidney adaptations that aid in water conservation allow the Mauritian tomb bat to survive in the often dry, semi-arid regions of countries such as the Sudan and Chad. The bat's kidneys have a mean renal index of 5.55. This means that the bat's inner medulla, the part of the kidney that collects waste, is very large compared to the overall size of the organ, so that the animal can remove much of the waste out the water it drinks. The bats have a predicted mean maximum urine concentration of 3,921 mosmol/kg, which means the urine they produce is very concentrated. From this, scientists have tentatively come to the conclusion that this species' kidneys offer valuable water conservation.Mauritian tomb bats are occasionally found in grassland biomes as well as in semi-arid and tropical regions. They can be found in forests, rain forests, and grasslands. These bats can be found in the Sahara, which receives less than 500 mm of rainfall per year. The bats prefer open, moist savanna with plenty of maneuvering room with close proximity roosting sights. Often this species can be found near open swamps and rivers, where there is a steady food supply. They may need the open water for hunting. T. mauritianus avoids the thicker parts of tropical forests due to its somewhat limited turning maneuverability. In some countries, such as Sao Tomé and Principe, groups of this species find homes in the cocoa trees of the large plantations, which offer an excellent environment with roosts, adequately spaced trees, and many insects to feed upon. The tomb bat prefers sites where there is overhead shelter, but are situated in exposed positions for easier take off. T. mauritianus's natural roosting locations include the trunks of palm trees, caves, and crevices. With the arrival of humans, they have adapted to a variety of new locations such as the sides of buildings and, as their name implies, tombs. They prefer buildings with bare brick surfaces as opposed to painted ones, as it offers better grip. They choose their day roosts so that take-off is unhindered by obstacles inhibiting flight. Behavior and ecology The Mauritian tomb bat is often found in groups of around five individuals. These groups are usually either made up of entirely male or female individuals; when they are found in mixed-gender groups, the two sexes are separated by at least 10 centimetres (3.9 in). Females live together in groups of three to thirty, while males live alone except during the mating season. Unlike some species of bats, they do not roost close together in tight packs; instead they are found spaced out loosely, with the exception of a mother and her offspring. There are places where groups of at least a hundred bats have been found, one example being the Shai Hills Resource Reserve in Ghana. They usually roost with their ventral side flat against a surface. The Mauritian tomb bat is nocturnal and rests during the day; however, it does not sleep much and remains watchful while roosting. If disturbed, they will fly off to another site or move quickly up under the eaves of the building. Very rarely do they travel far from their day roosting site, and roosts are often recolonized. Over time these sites become stained with gular sack secretions and urine. The stains are typically a rectangular brown shape roughly 150 mm long and 100 mm wide.The semi-diurnal activity of tomb bats has led to the evolution of relatively good eyesight, unlike most echolocating bats. Their vision is very similar to the eyesight found in that of Old-World bats. The presence of the dim-light (RH1) gene in both the tomb bats and Old-World bats suggests convergent evolution of this gene in a similar light-rich environment. The Mauritian tomb bat can detect movement from a distance away, which suggests that the bat's eyesight is superior to that of other insect-eating bats. This advanced eyesight plays a large role in finding a suitable roost for the day and detecting predators. The Mauritian tomb bat is, for the most part, a nocturnal hunter, though it does occasionally forage during the day. They prefer to hunt in open spaces such as over an open field or body of water, so they can easily swoop down and grab the insects they feed on. The Mauritian tomb bat captures its prey and consumes it while in flight.Their preferred food is moths, though during daylight hours they will prey upon butterflies and termites. In regions where the bats live, they often are a factor in keeping pest populations down. This is important since the bats inhabit areas often plagued by insect-borne diseases such as malaria. They usually wait for complete darkness before foraging. Over open areas, they can detect their prey at long ranges. They periodically make dives when hunting, and with each dive, they increase the rate of echolocation. Echolocation The bats use audible calls to communicate with each other. When at rest, they chirrup; when faced with an aggressive situation, they screech. They use social communication, touch, and chemical cues. In its home continent of Africa, it is well known for the squeaks, chirrups, and other noises that it makes that are barely audible to humans. When it is dark, they use echolocation calls to forage. During daylight hours, they can rely on vision to look for prey and intruders. The echolocation in T. mauritianus is unique in that their frequency pulses are emitted in patterns of twos and threes separated by long intervals of silence. This helps observers distinguish the species from other kinds of bats. The bats can adjust the frequency they emit to fit a given situation. For example, the bat can decrease the frequency to less than 20 Hertz to hunt insects that are attuned to bat echolocation, which gives them an advantage and increases their number of potential food sources. They are capable of emitting frequencies more than 25 Hertz, which allows them to hunt in less open habitats. This increases their range of habitats, and allows them to be flexible in their choice of environments. Mating and reproduction Mauritian tomb bats are polygamous. Depending on the region, they mate either once or twice per year. Tomb bats of the Southern African subregion often produce two pups: one in February or March and another in October through December. Others mate in December with a gestation period of four to five months, and give birth in April or May. Mothers give birth to a single pup in a litter. Mothers take care of the young after birth; the males take no part in raising it. The pup clings to its mother's abdomen during flight and when perched. The young will remain with the mother, clinging to her chest wherever she goes, until it is able to fly. The mother nurses the young during this time. The young drink their mother's milk until they are weaned onto their adult diet of insects. The time spent with the mother allows the young to observe hunting behavior as well as learn other skills necessary for survival as an adult. Once the young bat is able to fly, it can forage for itself. It may stay with the mother's colony or find another when it is grown. Conservation The Mauritian tomb bat is of "Least Concern (LC)" on the IUCN Red List. Although its population and the population trend are unknown, the bat is easily found throughout its range. Mauritian tomb bats are widespread throughout Africa and neighboring islands. They are not listed as requiring special conservation action under any current programs. References Footnotes Cited texts Dengis, Carol A. (May 17, 1996). "Taphozous mauritianus" (PDF). Mammalian Species. American Society of Mammalogists (522): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3504189. JSTOR 3504189. Retrieved 23 September 2010. Du Toit, Stephan (July 2006). "Photographic record of a Mauritian Tomb Bat, Taphozous mauritianus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818 (Emballonuridae) from Mogale City (Gauteng, South Africa))" (PDF). African Bat Conservation News. 9: 3–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010. Fenton, M. B.; Bell, G. P.; Thomas, D. W. (2008). "Echolocation and feeding behavior of Taphozous mauritianus (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 58 (10): 1774–1777. doi:10.1139/z80-244.Garbutt, Nick (2007). "Mauritian Tomb Bat". Mammals of Madagascar: A Complete Guide. Yale University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4. Goodman, Steven M.; Benstead, Jonathan P.; Schütz, Harald (2007). The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Geography Research Paper Series. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1292–1293. ISBN 978-0-226-30307-9. Monadjem, A.; Fahr, J.; Mickleburgh, S.; Racey, P.A.; Hutson, A.M.; Ravino, J.; Bergmans, W. (2017). "Taphozous mauritianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21460A22111004. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T21460A22111004.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. Panckoucke, Charles Louis Fleury (1828). Description de l'Égypte, ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expédition de l'armée française: Histoire naturelle. pp. 148–149. Retrieved 24 September 2010. Shen, Y-Y; Liu, J; Irwin, DM; Zhang, Y-P (2010). "Parallel and Convergent Evolution of the Dim-Light Vision Gene RH1 in Bats (Order: Chiroptera)". PLOS ONE. 5 (1): e8838. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.8838S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008838. PMC 2809114. PMID 20098620. Skinner, John D.; Chimimba, Christian T. (2005). The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. South Africa: Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–275. ISBN 978-0521844185. Stuart, Chris (2001) [1988]. Field Guide to Mammals of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. p. 50. ISBN 1-86872-537-5. Taylor, P.J. (July 1999). "Echolocation calls of twenty southern African bat species". South African Journal of Zoology. Durban Natural Science Museum and Durban Bat Interest Group. 34 (3): 114–125. doi:10.1080/02541858.1999.11448496. "Mauritian Tomb Bat", Encyclopedia of Life, 2010, retrieved 2010-11-16 "Mauritian Tomb Bat". The Cardboard Box Travel Shop. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 10 December 2010. "Batscans: Taphozous mauritianus". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 1 December 2010.

Angry Asian Man

Angry Asian Man is an Internet blog founded in 2001 by Phil Yu. The blog focuses on Asian American news, media, and politics. The Washington Post calls Angry Asian Man "a daily must-read for the media-savvy, socially conscious, pop-cultured Asian American." An accompanying podcast, entitled Sound and Fury: The Angry Asian Podcast, was launched in May 2012 and features interviews with Asian Americans.

Angry Asian Man is an Internet blog founded in 2001 by Phil Yu. The blog focuses on Asian American news, media, and politics. The Washington Post calls Angry Asian Man "a daily must-read for the media-savvy, socially conscious, pop-cultured Asian American." An accompanying podcast, entitled Sound and Fury: The Angry Asian Podcast, was launched in May 2012 and features interviews with Asian Americans. Origins Yu first began blogging with a personal website www.minsoolove.com in 2000. In April 2002, he registered for the URL www.angryasianman.com. == References ==

Ivan Payne

Ivan Payne (born August 1943) is an Irish Roman Catholic priest and convicted child molester.

Ivan Payne (born August 1943) is an Irish Roman Catholic priest and convicted child molester. Career He was ordained a priest in 1967 and was attached to the Archdiocese of Dublin. His first appointment was as chaplain in a convent in Killiney, County Dublin from February 1968 to September 1978. He was subsequently appointed chaplain at Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin between February 1968 and October 1970. He subsequently studied full-time at University College Dublin. He studied canon law between 1974 and 1976. Payne was appointed Vice Officialis of the Dublin Regional Marriage Tribunal in 1985 by Archbishop Kevin McNamara, which dealt with married Catholics seeking marriage annulments from its inception in 1976 and held this position until 1995. He was appointed to Cabra parish where he remained until 1981. From 1982 until 1995 he served in Sutton parish. He was removed from the ministry in 1995 following an allegation of sex abuse with a minor. In February 2009 he was living in Aberdare in South Wales. Sex abuses Payne was convicted at Dublin Circuit Criminal Court on 26 January 1998 of 14 sample charges of sexually abusing eight boys aged between 11 and 14 years old between 1968 and 1987. The abuse took place while the victims were patients in Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin in 1991 while Payne was hospital chaplain. He was originally sentenced to six years with four years suspended, but the Director of Public Prosecutions appealed the sentence on grounds of leniency.He also abused altar boys in Cabra. He served 4½ years in jail and was released in October 2002. The Archdiocese provides Payne with accommodation and an income equivalent to that of a retired priest. He remains a priest but is not allowed to say Mass or administer sacraments. Archdiocese loan Desmond Connell, Cardinal Archbishop of Dublin provided Payne with a loan of £30,000 in 1993 to satisfy an out-of-court settlement with an abused victim.In May 1995, Connell told RTÉ that he had paid no money in compensation to any victim of clerical child sexual abuse. He threatened to sue RTÉ "to say that we paid compensation is completely untrue". He never did sue. Commission of Inquiry into child sexual abuse in the Dublin Archdiocese The Irish Government established this Inquiry on 28 March 2006 to deal with episodes of child sexual abuse between 1975 and 2004. The public was invited to make submissions to the Inquiry on 25 May 2006 and it is speculated that the extent of abuse in Dublin is likely to be significantly greater or even less than that exposed in The Ferns Report. See also Roman Catholic Church sex abuse scandal Roman Catholic priests accused of sex offences Crimen sollicitationis Pontifical Secret References External links Archdiocese of Dublin, Child Protection Service Ultimate Disposal, Exposing Clerical Child Sexual Predators

Marshall Rose

Marshall T. Rose (born 1961) is an American network protocol and software engineer, author, and speaker who has contributed to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Internet, and Internet and network applications. More specifically, he has specialized in network management, distributed systems management, applications management, email, the ISO Development Environment (ISODE), and service-oriented architecture (SOA).Rose holds a Ph.D. in Information and Computer Science from the University of California, Irvine and is former area director for network management of the IETF.Rose is presently Principal Engineer at Brave (web browser).

Marshall T. Rose (born 1961) is an American network protocol and software engineer, author, and speaker who has contributed to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Internet, and Internet and network applications. More specifically, he has specialized in network management, distributed systems management, applications management, email, the ISO Development Environment (ISODE), and service-oriented architecture (SOA).Rose holds a Ph.D. in Information and Computer Science from the University of California, Irvine and is former area director for network management of the IETF.Rose is presently Principal Engineer at Brave (web browser). IETF Rose's work on behalf of the Internet Engineering Task Force has included: Area Director for network management, 1993-1995. Chair, MARID, MTA Authorization Records in DNS. IETF working group, Applications area. Concluded September 2004. Chair, OPES, Open Pluggable Edge Services. IETF working group, Applications area. Chair, POP, Post Office Protocol. IETF working group, Applications area. Concluded April 1993. Chair, SNMP, Simple Network Management Protocol. IETF working group, Network Management area. Concluded November 1991. Books Rose has written the following published books: Rose, Marshall T. (2002). BEEP: The Definitive Guide. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". ISBN 0-596-00244-0. Rose, Marshall T.; McCloghrie, Keith (1995). How to Manage Your Network Using SNMP. PTR Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-141517-4. How to Manage Your Network Using SNMP: The Networking Management Practicum. ISBN 0-13-145117-0. Rose, Marshall T.; Strom, David (1998). Internet Messaging: From the Desktop to the Enterprise. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-978610-4. Lynch, Daniel C.; Rose, Marshall (1993). Internet System Handbook. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-56741-5. Rose, Marshall T. (1993). The Internet Message: Closing the Book With Electronic Mail (Prentice Hall Series in Innovative Technology). PTR Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-092941-7. Rose, Marshall T. (1990). The Open Book : A Practical Perspective on OSI. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-643016-3. Rose, Marshall T. (1996). The Simple Book: An Introduction to Internet Management, Revised Second Edition. Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-451659-1. Rose, Marshall T. (1992). The Little Black Book: Mail Bonding with OSI Directory Service. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-683210-5. == References ==

Chernobyl Children's Project (UK)

Chernobyl Children's Project (UK) is a UK registered charity based in Glossop, Derbyshire. The charity brings children to the UK for recuperative holidays; many of the children are in remission from cancer or suffer from chronic conditions such as epilepsy or diabetes.CCP (UK) was founded in 1995 by Linda Walker, who began by organising local groups to host children during the summer. It soon became apparent that holidays weren't enough, and problems within Belarus were affecting the lives of thousands of children and young adults with disabilities. Nowadays, the charity oversees many projects with the help of their Belarusian partners, Supporting Children Together. These include: Funding extra carers in institutions for children and adults with disabilities Running an independent living scheme for 5 young adults Running a family style home for 4 children with disabilities Coordinating an extensive training and educational programme to support children when they leave care, find foster families, get children back with their families and generally promote a positive attitude towards disability with the aim of deinstitutionalisation.

Chernobyl Children's Project (UK) is a UK registered charity based in Glossop, Derbyshire. The charity brings children to the UK for recuperative holidays; many of the children are in remission from cancer or suffer from chronic conditions such as epilepsy or diabetes.CCP (UK) was founded in 1995 by Linda Walker, who began by organising local groups to host children during the summer. It soon became apparent that holidays weren't enough, and problems within Belarus were affecting the lives of thousands of children and young adults with disabilities. Nowadays, the charity oversees many projects with the help of their Belarusian partners, Supporting Children Together. These include: Funding extra carers in institutions for children and adults with disabilities Running an independent living scheme for 5 young adults Running a family style home for 4 children with disabilities Coordinating an extensive training and educational programme to support children when they leave care, find foster families, get children back with their families and generally promote a positive attitude towards disability with the aim of deinstitutionalisation. Respite care for children living with families Supporting children with cancer by funding medicines and extra support Supporting the hospice in Minsk and coordinating a home hospice team in Gomel regionThe charity's regional groups raise funds and organise recuperative holidays for children with health problems or who are in remission from cancer and those who live in contaminated parts of Belarus. They are great advocates for the charity and all the work being done in Belarus. References External links Official website

Emmanuel Taché

Emmanuel Taché (born 20 February, 1975 in Montreuil) later assumed and known by the name Emmanuel Taché de la Pagerie is a French politician of the National Rally and a Member of the National Assembly for Bouches-du-Rhône's 16th constituency since 2022. Taché was born in the "working-class Paris suburb of Montreuil", and worked in fashion and broadcasting before working in politics. Taché was a member of Rally for the Republic and then Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). He worked as a parliamentary assistant to the UMP deputy Brigitte Le Brethon. He is one of the founders of the GayLib association alongside his partner Sébastien Chenu.

Emmanuel Taché (born 20 February, 1975 in Montreuil) later assumed and known by the name Emmanuel Taché de la Pagerie is a French politician of the National Rally and a Member of the National Assembly for Bouches-du-Rhône's 16th constituency since 2022. Taché was born in the "working-class Paris suburb of Montreuil", and worked in fashion and broadcasting before working in politics. Taché was a member of Rally for the Republic and then Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). He worked as a parliamentary assistant to the UMP deputy Brigitte Le Brethon. He is one of the founders of the GayLib association alongside his partner Sébastien Chenu. In 2022, he was elected to represent the Bouches-du-Rhône's 16th constituency defeating incumbent En Marche! deputy Monica Michel.Taché encountered some controversy for having added to his birth surname of Taché the additional name "de la Pagerie", implying ancestry within the Tascher de la Pagerie noble family from which came Empress Joséphine. His lawyers claimed that "it’s perfectly normal in the art and communication sectors to use a pen name or preferred name", mentioning also that "has been public knowledge for several decades". The three daughters of the last male member of the family, who died in 1993, state that as Taché is not related to them he is not entitled to use the name. In the legal proceedings they seek a symbolic one euro in damages, plus 500 euros a day should Taché continue to use the name; their lawyer stated that, despite the different spellings of Taché and Tascher, there remained "a risk of confusion in the eyes of the public." == References ==

Johns Hopkins

Johns Hopkins (May 19, 1795 – December 24, 1873) was an American merchant, investor, and philanthropist. Born on a plantation, he left his home to start a career at the age of 17, and settled in Baltimore, Maryland, where he remained for most of his life. Hopkins invested heavily in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), which eventually led to his appointment as finance director of the company. He was also president of Baltimore-based Merchants' National Bank. Hopkins was a staunch supporter of Abraham Lincoln and the Union, often using his Maryland residence as a gathering place for Union strategists.

Johns Hopkins (May 19, 1795 – December 24, 1873) was an American merchant, investor, and philanthropist. Born on a plantation, he left his home to start a career at the age of 17, and settled in Baltimore, Maryland, where he remained for most of his life. Hopkins invested heavily in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), which eventually led to his appointment as finance director of the company. He was also president of Baltimore-based Merchants' National Bank. Hopkins was a staunch supporter of Abraham Lincoln and the Union, often using his Maryland residence as a gathering place for Union strategists. He was a Quaker and supporter of the abolitionist cause. Hopkins was a philanthropist his whole life. His philanthropic giving increased significantly after the Civil War. His concern for the poor and newly-freed slave populations drove him to create free medical facilities, orphanages, asylums, and schools to help alleviate the impoverished conditions for all, regardless of race, sex, age, or religion, but especially focused on the young. Following his death, his bequests founded numerous institutions bearing his name, most notably Johns Hopkins Hospital and the Johns Hopkins University system, including its academic divisions: Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. At the time, it was the largest philanthropic bequest ever made to an American educational institution. Early life and education Johns Hopkins was born on May 19, 1795, at his family's home of White's Hall, a 500-acre (200 ha) tobacco plantation in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. His first name was inherited from his grandfather Johns Hopkins, who received his first name from his mother Margaret Johns. He was one of eleven children born to Samuel Hopkins of Crofton, Maryland, and Hannah Janney, of Loudoun County, Virginia.The Hopkins family were of English descent and Quakers. They emancipated their enslaved laborers in 1778 in accordance with their Quaker meeting's decree, which called for freeing the able-bodied and caring for the others, who would remain at the plantation and provide labor as they could. The second eldest of eleven children, Hopkins was required to work on the farm alongside his siblings and indentured and free Black laborers. From 1806 to 1809, he likely attended The Free School of Anne Arundel County, which was located in modern-day Davidsonville, Maryland. In 1812, at the age of 17, Hopkins left the plantation to work in his uncle Gerard T. Hopkins's Baltimore wholesale grocery business. Gerard T. Hopkins was an established merchant and clerk of the Baltimore Yearly Meeting of Friends. While living with his uncle's family, Johns and his cousin, Elizabeth, fell in love; however, the Quaker taboo against the marriage of first cousins was especially strong, and neither Johns nor Elizabeth ever married.As he became able, Hopkins provided for his extended family, both during his life and posthumously through his will. He bequeathed a home for Elizabeth, where she lived until her death in 1889. He also gave $5,000 and a house to his longest-serving servant, James Jones, and $3,000 to two other servants. Whiteshall Plantation is located in today's Crofton, Maryland. Its home, since modified, is on Johns Hopkins Road, adjacent to Riedel Road. The property is surrounded by Walden Golf Course and bears a historic marker. Career Hopkins' early experiences and successes in business came when he was put in charge of the store while his uncle was away during the War of 1812. After seven years with his uncle, Hopkins went into business together with Benjamin Moore, a fellow Quaker. The business partnership was later dissolved with Moore alleging Hopkins' penchant for capital accumulation as the cause for the divide.After Moore's withdrawal, Hopkins partnered with three of his brothers and established Hopkins & Brothers Wholesalers in 1819. The company prospered by selling various wares in the Shenandoah Valley from Conestoga wagons, sometimes in exchange for corn whiskey, which was then sold in Baltimore as "Hopkins' Best". The bulk of Hopkins's fortune, however, was made by his judicious investments in myriad ventures, most notably the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), of which he became a director in 1847 and chairman of the Finance Committee in 1855. He was also President of Merchants' Bank as well as director of a number of other organizations. After a successful career, Hopkins was able to retire at the age of 52 in 1847.A charitable individual, Hopkins put up his own money more than once to not only aid Baltimore City during times of financial crises but also to twice bail the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad company out of debt, in 1857 and 1873.In 1996, Johns Hopkins ranked 69th in "The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates: A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present". Civil War One of the first campaigns of the American Civil War was planned at Hopkins' summer estate, Clifton, where he had also entertained a number of foreign dignitaries, including the future King Edward VII. Hopkins was a strong supporter of the Union, unlike some Marylanders, who sympathized with and often supported the South and the Confederacy. During the Civil War, Clifton became a frequent meeting place for local Union sympathizers, and federal officials. Hopkins' support of Abraham Lincoln also often put him at odds with some of Maryland's most prominent people, including Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney who continually opposed Lincoln's presidential decisions such as limiting habeas corpus and stationing Union Army troops in Maryland. In 1862, Hopkins wrote a letter to Lincoln requesting that he not heed the detractors' calls and continue to keep soldiers stationed in Maryland. Hopkins also pledged financial and logistic support to Lincoln, in particular the free use of the B&O railway system. Abolitionism In 2020, Johns Hopkins University researchers discovered that Johns Hopkins may have owned or employed enslaved people who worked in his home and on his country estate, citing census records from 1840 and 1850.Hopkins' reputation as an abolitionist is currently disputed. In an email sent from Johns Hopkins University to all employees on December 9, 2020, the university wrote that, "The current research done by Martha S. Jones and Allison Seyler finds no evidence to substantiate the description of Johns Hopkins as an abolitionist, and they have explored and brought to light a number of other relevant materials. They have been unable to document the story of Johns Hopkins' parents freeing enslaved people in 1807, but they have found a partial freeing of enslaved people in 1778 by Johns Hopkins' grandfather, and also continued slaveholding and transactions involving enslaved persons for decades thereafter. They have looked more closely at an 1838 letter from the Hopkins Brothers (a firm in which Johns Hopkins was a principal) in which an enslaved person is accepted as collateral for a debt owed, and recently located an additional obituary in which Johns Hopkins is described as holding antislavery political views (consistent with the letter conveying his established support for President Lincoln and the Union) and as purchasing an enslaved person for the purpose of securing his eventual freedom. Still other documents contain laudatory comments by Johns Hopkins' contemporaries, including prominent Black leaders, praising his visionary philanthropic support for the establishment of an orphanage for Black children."A second group of scholars disputes the university's December 2020 declarations. In a pre-print paper published by the Open Science Framework, these scholars argue that Johns Hopkins's parents and grandparents were devout Quakers who liberated the family's enslaved laborers prior to 1800, that Johns Hopkins was an emancipationist who supported the movement to end slavery within the limits of the laws governing Maryland, and that the available documentation, including relevant tax records these researchers have uncovered, does not support the university's claim that Johns Hopkins was a slaveholder.Before the discovery of possible slaveholding or employment, Johns Hopkins had been described as being an "abolitionist before the word was even invented", having been represented as such both prior to the Civil War period, as well as during the Civil War and Reconstruction Era. Prior to the Civil War, Johns Hopkins worked closely with two of America's most famous abolitionists, Myrtilla Miner and Henry Ward Beecher. During the Civil War, Johns Hopkins, being a staunch supporter of Lincoln and the Union, was instrumental in bringing fruition to Lincoln's emancipatory vision.After the Civil War and during Reconstruction, Johns Hopkins's stance on abolitionism infuriated many prominent people in Baltimore. During Reconstruction and up to his death his abolitionism was expressed in the documents founding the Johns Hopkins Institutions and reported in newspaper articles before, during, and after the founding of these institutions. Before the war, there was significant written opposition to his support for Myrtilla Miner's founding of a school for African American females (now the University of the District of Columbia). In a letter to the editor, one subscriber to the widely circulated De Bow's Review wrote: "It now seems that the Abolitionists not only propose to colonize Virginia from their own numbers, but that they are about to make the District of Columbia, in the midst of the slave region, and once under the jurisdiction of a slave State, the centre of an education movement, which shall embrace the free negroes of the whole North. A vast negro boarding school or college is proposed to be established in the City of Washington, the site for which has been purchased. The proposed edifice is designed to accommodate 150 scholars, and to furnish homes for the teachers and pupils from a distance ... The names of the Trustees ought to be mentioned particularly, as some of them are Southern men, and it might interest the South to know who they are..." Similarly, opposition (and some support) was expressed during Reconstruction, such as in 1867, the same year he filed papers incorporating the Johns Hopkins Institutions, when he attempted unsuccessfully to stop the convening of the Maryland Constitutional Convention where the Democratic Party came into power and where a new state Constitution, the Constitution still in effect, was voted to replace the 1864 Constitution of the Republicans previously in power.Apparent also in the literature of the times was opposition, and support for, the various other ways he expressed opposition to the racial practices that were beginning to emerge, and re-emerge as well, in the city of Baltimore, the state of Maryland, the nation, and in the posthumously constructed and founded institutions that would carry his name. A Baltimore American journalist praised Hopkins for founding three institutions, a university, a hospital, and an orphan asylum, specifically for colored children, adding that Hopkins was a "man (beyond his times) who knew no race" citing his provisions for both blacks and whites in the plans for his hospital. The reporter also pointed to similarities between Benjamin Franklin's and Johns Hopkins's views on hospital care and construction, such as their shared interest in free hospitals and the availability of emergency services without prejudice. This article, first published in 1870, also accompanied Hopkins's obituary in the Baltimore American as a tribute in 1873. Cited in many of the newspaper articles on him during his lifetime and immediately after his death were his provisions of scholarships for the poor, and quality health services for the under-served without regard to their age, sex, or color, the colored children asylum and other orphanages, and the mentally ill and convalescents. A biography, Johns Hopkins: A Silhouette, was written by Hopkins' grandniece, Helen Hopkins Thom, and published in 1929 by Johns Hopkins University Press. This biography was one source for the story that Hopkins was an abolitionist. Philanthropy Hopkins lived his entire adult life in Baltimore and made many friends among the city's social elite, many of them Quakers. One of these friends was George Peabody (b. 1795), who in 1857 founded the Peabody Institute in Baltimore. Examples of Hopkins' public giving were evident in Baltimore with public buildings, housing, free libraries, schools, and foundations constructed from his philanthropic giving. On the advice of Peabody, some believe, Hopkins determined to use his great wealth for the public good. The Civil War and yellow fever and cholera epidemics took a great toll on Baltimore. In the summer of 1832 alone, the yellow fever and cholera epidemics killed 853 in Baltimore. Hopkins was keenly aware of the city's need for medical facilities in light of the medical advances made during the Civil War. In 1870, he made a will setting aside $7 million, (~$144 million in 2022) mostly in B&O stock, for the incorporation of a free hospital and affiliated medical and nurses' training colleges, an orphanage for Black children, and a university in Baltimore. The hospital and orphan asylum were overseen by a 12-member hospital board of trustees, and the university by a 12-member university board of trustees. Many board members were on both boards. In accordance with Hopkins' will, the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum was founded in 1875; Johns Hopkins University was founded in 1876; the Johns Hopkins Press, the longest continuously operating academic press in the U.S., was founded in 1878; Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins School of Nursing were founded in 1889; the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine was founded in 1893; and the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health was founded in 1916.Hopkins' views on his bequests, and on the duties and responsibilities of the two boards of trustees, especially the hospital board of trustees led by his friend and fellow Quaker Francis King, were formally stated primarily in four documents, the incorporation papers filed in 1867, his instruction letter to the hospital trustees dated March 12, 1873, his will, which was quoted extensively in his Baltimore Sun obituary, and in his will's two codicils, one dated 1870 and a second dated 1873.In these documents, Hopkins made provisions for scholarships to be provided for poor youths in the states where he had made his wealth and assistance to orphanages other than the one established for African American children, to members of his family, to those he employed, his cousin Elizabeth, to other institutions for the care and education of youths regardless of color, and the care of the elderly and the ill, including the mentally ill and convalescents. John Rudolph Niernsee, one of the most notable architects of the time, designed the orphan asylum and helped to design the Johns Hopkins Hospital. The original site for Johns Hopkins University had been personally selected by Hopkins. According to his will, it was to be located at his summer estate, Clifton. However, a decision was made not to found the university there. The property, now owned by the city of Baltimore, is the site of a golf course and a park named Clifton Park. While Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum was founded by the hospital trustees, the other institutions that carry the name of Johns Hopkins were founded under the administration of Daniel Coit Gilman, the first president of Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Gilman's successors. Colored Children Orphan Asylum As stipulated in Hopkins's instruction letter, the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum (JHCCOA) was founded first, in 1875, a year before Gilman's inauguration. The construction of the asylum, including its educational and living facilities, was praised by The Nation and the Baltimore American. The Baltimore American reported wrote that the orphan asylum was a place where "nothing was wanting that could benefit science and humanity". As was done for other Johns Hopkins institutions, it was planned after visits and correspondence with similar institutions in Europe and the U.S. The Johns Hopkins Orphan Asylum opened with 24 boys and girls. Under Gilman and his successors, the orphanage was later changed to serve as an orphanage and training school for Black female orphans principally as domestic workers and as an orthopiedic convalescent home and school for "colored crippled" children and orphans. The asylum was eventually closed in 1924 nearly 50 years after it opened. Hospital, university, press, and schools of nursing and medicine In accordance with Hopkins' March 1873 instruction letter, the school of nursing was founded alongside the hospital in 1889 by the hospital board of trustees in consultation with Florence Nightingale. Both the nursing school and the hospital were founded over a decade after the founding of the orphan asylum in 1875 and the university in 1876. Hopkins's instruction letter explicitly stated his vision for the hospital; first, to provide assistance to the poor of "all races", no matter the indigent patient's "age, sex or color"; second, that wealthier patients would pay for services and thereby subsidize the care provided to the indigent; third, that the hospital would be the administrative unit for the orphan asylum for African American children, which was to receive $25,000 in annual support out of the hospital's half of the endowment; and fourth, that the hospital and orphan asylum should serve 400 patients and 400 children respectively; fifth, that the hospital should be part of the university, and, sixth, that religion but not sectarianism should be an influence in the hospital. By the end of Gilman's presidency, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Press, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum had been founded; the latter by the trustees, and the others in the order listed under the Gilman administration. "Sex" and "color" were major issues in the early history of the Johns Hopkins Institutions. The founding of the school of nursing is usually linked to Johns Hopkins's statements in his March 1873 instruction letter to the trustees that: "I desire you to establish, in connection with the hospital, a training school for female nurses. This provision will secure the services of women competent to care for those sick in the hospital wards, and will enable you to benefit the whole community by supplying it with a class of trained and experienced nurses". Legacy Hopkins died on December 24, 1873, in Baltimore.Following Hopkins's death, The Baltimore Sun published a lengthy obituary that reported, "In the death of Johns Hopkins a career has been closed which affords a rare example of successful energy in individual accumulations, and of practical beneficence in devoting the gains thus acquired to the public." Hopkins' contribution to the founding of Johns Hopkins University become his greatest legacy and was the largest philanthropic bequest ever made to a U.S. educational institution. Hopkins' Quaker faith and early life experiences, including the 1778 emancipation, had a lasting influence on him throughout his life. Beginning early in his life, Hopkins looked upon his wealth as a trust to benefit future generations. He told his gardener that, "Like the man in the parable, I have had many talents given to me and I feel they are in trust. I shall not bury them but give them to the lads who long for a wider education". His philosophy quietly anticipated Andrew Carnegie's much-publicized Gospel of Wealth by more than 25 years.In 1973, Johns Hopkins was cited prominently in the Pulitzer Prize-winning book The Americans: The Democratic Experience by Daniel Boorstin, the Librarian of Congress from 1975 to 1987. From November 14, 1975 to September 6, 1976, a portrait of Hopkins was displayed at the National Portrait Gallery in an exhibit on the democratization of America based on Boorstin's book. In 1989, the United States Postal Service issued a $1 postage stamp in Hopkins' honor, as part of the Great Americans series. Notes References External links Hopkins Family Papers, Sheridan Libraries, Johns Hopkins University Thom and Jacob discuss his love for his cousin and Quaker traditions In his 1887 memoir, Baltimore and the Nineteenth of April, 1861: A Study of the War, George William Brown cites Johns Hopkins as a wealthy Union man in Baltimore, a city with strong Confederate and Southern leanings In The Chronicles of Baltimore: Being a Complete History of "Baltimore Town" and Baltimore City from the Earliest Period to the Present Time published in 1874, John Thomas Scharf cited the 1873 instruction letter to the hospital trustees and a city council resolution thanking Johns Hopkins for his philanthropy. Thom's biography and New York and Maryland newspapers were sources that published parts or all of this letter "If He Could See Us Now: Mr. Johns Hopkins' Legacy Strong University, Hospital Benefactor Turned 200 on May 19, 1995" by Mike Field a writer for the Johns Hopkins Gazette. Field, Thom, and Jacob called Johns Hopkins an abolitionist. See also The Racial Record of Johns Hopkins University in the Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 25, Autumn, 1999, pp. 42–43/ JSTOR Johns Hopkins, Maryland State Archives Archived October 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

Sonya Halpern

Sonya McLaughlin Halpern (born October 11, 1967) is an American politician and former advertising sales executive, renowned for her commitment to economic and social innovation. As a State Senator for the Georgia State Senate representing the 39th district, she represents some of the most socioeconomically diverse neighborhoods of Atlanta, City of South Fulton, College Park, East Point, and Union City since her election in December 2020. Halpern emerged as a political figure in the special Democratic primary election to succeed (now-Congresswoman) Nikema Williams, winning in a runoff election with 81% of the vote, after securing a 20-point lead over her closest challenger in the primary. During her second term, Senator Halpern has sponsored more than 20 bills that have since become state law. Elected by her colleagues as Vice Chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus, she plays a key role in shaping the Democratic party's strategies, policies, and legislative agenda within the Senate.

Sonya McLaughlin Halpern (born October 11, 1967) is an American politician and former advertising sales executive, renowned for her commitment to economic and social innovation. As a State Senator for the Georgia State Senate representing the 39th district, she represents some of the most socioeconomically diverse neighborhoods of Atlanta, City of South Fulton, College Park, East Point, and Union City since her election in December 2020. Halpern emerged as a political figure in the special Democratic primary election to succeed (now-Congresswoman) Nikema Williams, winning in a runoff election with 81% of the vote, after securing a 20-point lead over her closest challenger in the primary. During her second term, Senator Halpern has sponsored more than 20 bills that have since become state law. Elected by her colleagues as Vice Chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus, she plays a key role in shaping the Democratic party's strategies, policies, and legislative agenda within the Senate. She was elected Co-Chair of the Fulton County Delegation, the largest legislative delegation in the Georgia General Assembly, for the 2023/2024 biennium after previously serving as Vice Chair. Additionally, Halpern has received appointments to several state boards/commissions including the Georgia Technology Authority, Georgia High School Athletic Association Overview Committee and the Georgia World Congress Center Authority Overview Committee. Halpern was named to the Nominations Committee of the National Black Caucus of State Legislators as well as to the Government Oversight and Fiscal Affairs Committee of the Council on State Governments/South. Political career Since swearing in on January 11, 2021, Senator Sonya Halpern has a number of committee appointments: Vice Chair, Urban Affairs Committee: Addresses the unique challenges faced by Georgia's urban areas, advocating for policies that promote development and equality. Member, Appropriations Committee: Decides on the allocation of funds for various state departments and agencies. Member, Appropriations Subcommittee, Government Operations and Transportation: Subcommittee which addresses budgetary specifics of government operations and transportation, respectively, ensuring efficient use of taxpayer money. Member, Banking and Financial Institutions Committee: Legislation and regulations concerning the state's financial institutions, aiming to foster an environment conducive to economic growth and consumer protection. Member, Education and Youth Committee: Improves Georgia's education system and advocating for youth-oriented policies. Member, Health and Human Services Committee: Shapes health and human services policy, with a focus on improving Georgia's health disparities and infrastructure—a key pillar of her policy platform. Chairwoman, Study Committee on Excellence, Innovation, and Technology at HBCUs: Focuses on the role of HBCUs in fostering excellence, innovation, and technology within the higher education sector. Member, Secretary of State’s GA WORKS (Growing All Workforce Opportunities by Remaking the Scope of Licensing) Commission: Invited to by Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger to serve on this inaugural commission which is focused on meeting the needs of a growing state by reducing bureaucratic barriers to employment in the licensing process. Member, Study Committee on Expanding Georgia’s Workforce: Proactively exploring new ways to train and recruit Georgia talent to meet the growing needs of a dynamic economy while working with businesses to adopt practices that keep the best talent in Georgia. Member, Study Committee on Occupational Licensing: Appointed by Lieutenant Governor Burt Jones, ensures that the state provides transparency and fairness in the occupational licensing process. Member, Study Committee on Local Option Sales Tax: Negotiates this revenue source for city and county governments works to benefit the interests of the local taxpayers. Member, Joint Study Committee on Georgia Music Heritage: Examines the economic impact and growth opportunities for the music industry, productions and music tourism sector. Member, Joint Study Committee on Airport Infrastructure and Improvements: Explores policy and funding mechanisms needed to support the critical infrastructure in the movement of goods and persons by air. Atlanta Mayoral Elections Halpern has served several high-profile political figures in Atlanta, most notably serving as a member of Mayor M. Kasim Reed’s Transition Team in 2010. She also went on to oversee and manage the inaugurations of Atlanta mayors M. Kasim Reed in 2014 and Keisha Lance Bottoms in 2018. Serving as both the Executive Producer and Co-chair of the Inaugural Committee for both these key events, Halpern was part of the planning, production, and execution of multiple inaugural festivities including the solemn swearing-in ceremonies for the Mayor, the Atlanta City Council, and the Municipal Court of Atlanta. Business career Halpern has worked in communications, advertising, and marketing. She worked in advertising sales at The Walt Disney Company, ESPN, and Cox Enterprises. She has also been a member of various boards and non-profits. In 2019, Sen. Halpern founded Whiskey in a Teacup. This arts and cultural consultancy and communications firm reflects her commitment to the arts and her ability to harness strategic communications to promote cultural and community engagement. Arts and Creative Industry Advocacy Halpern's work ranges from local cultural initiatives to national board engagements, all aimed at amplifying the importance of the arts in shaping resilient, inclusive, and vibrant societies. Appointed by President Barack Obama in 2011 to the President's Advisory Committee on the Arts, she became the first African American and the first Georgian to serve as chair of this prestigious national board of the John F. Kennedy Center for Performing Arts in Washington DC. In 2012, Halpern spearheaded efforts and became the sole fundraiser for the Congressman John Lewis Mural, the famous public art installation honoring the late Congressman in Downtown Atlanta. In 2013, she was unanimously elected Chair of the National Black Arts Festival, the country’s longest-running multi-disciplinary arts institution exclusively focused on artists of African descent. She serves on the Board of Directors for South Arts. South Arts is one of the nation’s six regional arts organizations, and a partner to the National Endowment for the Arts. Halpern has served as an Advisory Board Member of the DeVos Institute of Arts Management at the University of Maryland since 2015. The Devos Institute of Arts Management is a prominent management consulting practice and has worked with arts managers and their boards in over 1000 organizations across 80 countries. Education Advocacy Sen. Halpern's took on the role of Chair of the Board of Trustees at The Children's School and serves on the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors at the YMCA of Metro Atlanta, which is the largest provider of early learning/childcare in the region through Head Start or Early Head Start Services. As one of the founding executive members of the Atlanta School for the Arts Foundation, a public arts professional preparatory high school - which would be the first of its kind in the city of Atlanta - to empower Atlanta’s next generation of artists, arts leaders, and arts patrons with the skills, networks, and experiences they need. Civic Engagement Senator Halpern is a current member of the NAACP. Other engagements include: Member, League of Women Voters Member, National Council of Negro Women Member, African American Leadership Council of the Democratic National Committee Founding Executive member, Atlanta School for the Arts Foundation Founding Co-chair, Electing Women Alliance Atlanta Chapter Host committee, "Pass on Blessings" Awards, Andrew J. Young Foundation Grant Panelist/Art Works I, National Endowment for the Arts Member, Jack and Jill Inc/Atlanta chapter Mayoral Appointee, Atlanta Judicial Commission Women's Solidarity Society member, National Center for Civil and Human Rights Awards Senator Sonya Halpern's journey in public service, business, and civic engagement has been recognized with a host of awards. Her honors include: 2023 Hunt Kean Institute Fellow: One of 30 political leaders from across the country selected for the 2023 cohort due to her demonstrated focus on cultivating a smart and effective education agenda. Legislative Award Honor Roll, Georgia Association of Educators, 2021 and 2022 Recipient of the Renee Montgomery Award, an inaugural award presented in 2022 by women’s basketball legend Renee Montgomery Foundation spotlighting the extraordinary work of community leaders. 2022 Beloved Community Member MLK Awards, University of Hartford: Recognized for her contributions toward creating a beloved community, the university acknowledged her work to improve her community, city, and the world. Council on State Government/Southern Legislative Conference, Center for the Advancement of Leadership Skills: Chosen for the Class of 2021 cohort championing excellence in state government and enhancing leadership skills. Best Dressed Lawmakers of 2021, Atlanta Journal Constitution: Highlighted as one of the top 10 most stylish lawmakers of the Georgia General Assembly 2021 Anchor Awards, University of Hartford Outstanding Alum: Recognized for an her significant contributions towards Social Responsibility and Civic Engagement, the university celebrated her commitment to enriching communities and fostering change. Synchronicity Theater’s Women in the Arts & Business Honoree 2020: Honoring her commitment to the Atlanta arts community YMCA’s 2019 Volunteer of the Year: This honor acknowledges Sen. Halpern's tireless dedication and invaluable service towards enriching the lives of community members through the YMCA of Metro Atlanta. "Top 100 Black Women of Influence" by the Atlanta Business League: This distinction underlines her significant influence and leadership role as a Black woman in business, politics, and community service. "Woman of Achievement" by the YWCA of Greater Atlanta: Honored for her commitment to improving women's lives, advocating for their rights, and working towards gender equity. State Senate Resolution (SR 861) sponsored by Senator Nikema Williams: Recognized for her exemplary servant leadership, this resolution commemorates her impact and dedication to her constituents and the state. Recipient of the Nikki T Randall Servant Leadership Award from the GA Legislative Women’s Caucus: Honoring her outstanding commitment to servant leadership, the award underscores her dedication to leading by serving others. The "Sandra Anderson Bacchus Legacy Award" from the National Black Arts Festival: This honor commemorates Sen. Halpern's contributions to the arts and her work in promoting and preserving the rich artistic contributions of the African Diaspora. BMW of North America’s "Women Who Pay It 4ward" in 2017: This distinction celebrates Sen. Halpern as a diverse woman trailblazer, acknowledging her inspiring leadership and transformative contributions in her fields. Public Appearances In May 2023, Halpern delivered commencement addresses at Albany State University and Savannah State University - both esteemed Georgia Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). She is the first elected official in the Georgia General Assembly to deliver commencement addresses to two schools within the University System of Georgia in the same graduation year. Other public appearances include: Opening welcome, YMCA USA General Assembly National Conference (2023) Keynote speaker, MLK Jr Day of Service, Nashville, TN (2022) Guest panelist, GPB’s “Political Rewind” (2021, 2022, 2023) Speaker, I Will Vote Gala, African American Leadership Council of the Democratic National Committee (2018) Atlanta Roundtable Panelist, Creativity Connects: Trends and Conditions Affecting US Artists, National Endowment for the Arts (2016) Panelist, International Arts Leaders Forum, John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (2014) Media Sonya Halpern has been a prominent figure in the media, contributing to various platforms from national news outlets like MSNBC to local newspapers such as The Atlanta Journal Constitution. Here are notable features of Sonya Halpern in the media: Atlanta News First, Senator Sonya’s Salute to Sisterhood (2023) MSNBC Interview on Georgia politics; L.E.S.S. Crime Act (2022) OpEd, Atlanta Journal Constitution “Some Truths About Crime in Atlanta” (2021) Fox5 Atlanta, Senator Creates Crime Task Force (2021) Profile, Give Atlanta, a supplement of Atlanta Magazine (2017) UrbanGeekz: BMW celebrates diverse women trailblazers making a difference Georgia Public Broadcasting: "Buckhead Cityhood Bill Makes No Sense," Fails in the Senate Georgia Public Broadcasting: Sen. Sonya Halpern on her ride-along law enforcement Albany Herald: State Senator Sonya Halpern to speak at ASU Commencement Diverse Education: Report - Georgia's HBCUs could be made even stronger with state support 11 Alive: Senate Bill to create HBCU Prosperity Districts in Georgia The Atlanta Voice: New bill aims to create HBCU prosperity planning districts Saporta Report: Metro Atlanta sends Hall to Congress, Halpern to State Senate On Common Ground News: Georgia Sen. Halpern, Gov. Kemp to celebrate HBCU Heritage Day, March 16 Kennedy Center: Sonya Halpern Education Halpern earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in mass communication from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and a Master of Business Administration from the Barney School of Business at the University of Hartford. Personal life Halpern and her husband, Daniel, have two sons and a daughter. Halpern's husband is the co-founder and CEO of Jackmont Hospitality, one of the largest minority-owned foodservice management companies in the U.S. Jackmont Hospitality is based in the Atlanta metropolitan area. References External links Profile at the Georgia State Senate