Datasets:

supergoose

/

buzz_sources_073_medical_meadow_medqa

like 0

Follow

supergoose 8

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 60-year-old woman sought evaluation at an urgent care clinic after developing breathlessness 30 minutes earlier. She also developed swelling of the tongue and lips. She has heart failure and was recently diagnosed with hypertension. She was started on a medication, the first dose of which she took this afternoon before her symptoms started. Her blood pressure is 167/88 mm Hg, the respiratory rate is 17/min, and the pulse is 78/min. The physical examination reveals a skin rash on the back and abdomen. There is a mild swelling of the lips and tongue. Chest auscultation does not reveal any abnormal breath sounds. Which of the following medications most likely led to her current symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Captopril', 'B': 'Amlodipine', 'C': 'Clonidine', 'D': 'Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)', 'E': 'Propranolol'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Captopril" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 30-year-old woman presents for pregnancy counseling. She says she has a 8 week history of chronic diarrhea. She is also found to be intolerant to heat and has been significantly losing her hair. She denies any recent changes to her diet. The patient is afebrile and her vital signs are within normal limits. Her weight today is 45.0 kg (99.2 lb) which is 4.5 kg (10 lb) less than her weight during her last visit 2 months back. On physical examination, the patient is anxious and has a non-intention tremor. Significant exophthalmos is present. Laboratory findings are significant for a low TSH, elevated free T4 and free T3, and a positive thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin assay. She still wants to conceive a baby and asks for an appropriate treatment that is safe in pregnancy. Which of the following best describes the therapy she will most likely receive during her pregnancy for her thyroid disorder?? \n{'A': 'Thyroidectomy and thyroid replacement', 'B': 'Beta-blockers', 'C': 'Radiation', 'D': 'Thyroid peroxidase inhibitors', 'E': 'Plasmapheresis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Thyroid peroxidase inhibitors" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old man was shown to have a blood pressure of 142/90 mm Hg at a health fair. Despite modifying his lifestyle, his blood pressure remained elevated on 2 separate subsequent occasions. He was prescribed an anti-hypertensive medication. After 3 weeks, the swelling of the lips shown in the accompanying photograph was observed. What is the most likely cause of this finding?? \n{'A': 'Verapamil', 'B': 'Amlodipine', 'C': 'Lisinopril', 'D': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'E': 'Furosemide'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Lisinopril" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 13-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of worsening fever, headache, photophobia, and nausea for 2 days. One week ago, she returned from summer camp. She has received all age-appropriate immunizations. Her temperature is 39.1°C (102.3°F). She is oriented to person, place, and time. Physical examination shows a maculopapular rash. There is rigidity of the neck; forced flexion of the neck results in involuntary flexion of the knees and hips. Cerebrospinal fluid studies show:\nOpening pressure 120 mm H2O\nAppearance Clear\nProtein 47 mg/dL\nGlucose 68 mg/dL\nWhite cell count 280/mm3\nSegmented neutrophils 15%\nLymphocytes 85%\nWhich of the following is the most likely causal organism?\"? \n{'A': 'Echovirus', 'B': 'Listeria monocytogenes', 'C': 'Herpes simplex virus', 'D': 'Streptococcus pneumoniae', 'E': 'Neisseria meningitidis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Echovirus" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 5-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician for a well-child visit. His mother reports him to be doing well and has no concerns. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. On physical exam, he is noted to have a right upper extremity blood pressure of 150/80 mm Hg. 2+ radial pulses and trace femoral pulses are felt. Cardiac auscultation reveals a regular rate and rhythm with a normal S1 and S2. A 2/6 long systolic murmur with systolic ejection click is heard over left sternal border and back. The point of maximal impact is normal Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Takayasu arteritis', 'B': 'Interrupted aortic arch', 'C': 'Pheochromocytoma', 'D': 'Coarctation of the aorta', 'E': 'Essential hypertension'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Coarctation of the aorta" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 28-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Two months ago, she underwent left renal transplantation for recurrent glomerulonephritis. At the time of discharge, her creatinine was 0.9 mg/dL. She feels well. Current medications include tacrolimus and azathioprine. Her pulse is 85/min and blood pressure is 135/75 mmHg. Physical examination shows a well-healed surgical scar on her left lower abdomen. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. The patient should be monitored for which of the following adverse effects of her medications?? \n{'A': 'Teeth discoloration', 'B': 'Gingival hyperplasia', 'C': 'Hepatic necrosis', 'D': 'Kidney injury', 'E': 'Polycythemia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Kidney injury" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 12 month history of progressive fatigue and shortness of breath with exertion. Five years ago, she emigrated from Eastern Europe. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years. She has a history of using methamphetamines and cocaine but quit 5 years ago. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows jugular venous pulsations 9 cm above the sternal angle. The lungs are clear to auscultation. There is a normal S1 and a loud, split S2. An impulse can be felt with the fingers left of the sternum. The abdomen is soft and nontender. The fingertips are enlarged and the nails are curved. There is pitting edema around the ankles bilaterally. An x-ray of the chest shows pronounced central pulmonary arteries and a prominent right heart border. Which of the following is most likely to confirm the diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'CT angiography', 'B': 'Doppler echocardiography', 'C': 'High-resolution CT of the lung', 'D': 'Right-heart catheterization', 'E': 'Serologic testing'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Right-heart catheterization" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 29-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department following a motorcycle accident. The patient is severely injured and requires life support after splenectomy and evacuation of a subdural hematoma. Past medical history is unremarkable. The patient’s family members, including wife, parents, siblings, and grandparents, are informed about the patient’s condition. The patient has no living will and there is no durable power of attorney. The patient must be put in an induced coma for an undetermined period of time. Which of the following is responsible for making medical decisions for the incapacitated patient?? \n{'A': 'An older sibling', 'B': 'The parents', 'C': 'Physician', 'D': 'Legal guardian', 'E': 'The spouse'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: The spouse" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 11-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her parents because of a mildly pruritic rash on her trunk and extremities for 2 days. One week ago, she developed a low-grade fever, rhinorrhea, and headache, followed by a facial rash 4 days later. The facial rash did not involve the perioral skin. Her temperature is 37.4°C (99.3°F). A photograph of the rash on her lower arms is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Rubella', 'B': 'Erythema infectiosum', 'C': 'Hand, foot, and mouth disease', 'D': 'Exanthem subitum', 'E': 'Scarlet fever'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Erythema infectiosum" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 11-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents with a 2-day history of fever, malaise, and productive cough. On presentation, he is found to be very weak and is having difficulty breathing. His past medical history is significant for multiple prior infections requiring hospitalization including otitis media, upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, and sinusitis. His family history is also significant for a maternal uncle who died of an infection as a child. Lab findings include decreased levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, and plasma cells with normal levels of CD4 positive cells. The protein that is most likely defective in this patient has which of the following functions?? \n{'A': 'Actin polymerization', 'B': 'Autoimmune regulation', 'C': 'Lysosomal trafficking', 'D': 'Nucleotide salvage', 'E': 'Protein phosphorylation'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Protein phosphorylation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A two-month-old female presents to the emergency department for difficulty feeding. The patient was born at 38 weeks gestation to a 29-year-old primigravid via vaginal delivery. The newborn period has thus far been uncomplicated. The patient has been exclusively breastfed since birth. Her parents report that feeding had previously seemed to be going well, and the patient has been gaining weight appropriately. Over the past several days, the patient’s mother has noticed that the patient seems to tire out before the end of the feeding. She has also noticed that the patient begins to appear short of breath and has a bluish discoloration of her lips. The patient’s height and weight were in the 20th and 10th percentile at birth, respectively. Her current height and weight are in the 20th and 15th percentiles, respectively. Her temperature is 98.0°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 60/48 mmHg, pulse is 143/min, and respirations are 40/min. On physical exam, the patient is in no acute distress and appears well developed. A systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur can be heard at the left upper sternal border. Her abdomen is soft, non-tender, and non-distended. During the abdominal exam, the patient begins crying and develops cyanosis of the perioral region.\n\nWhich of the following is the best initial test to diagnose this patient’s condition?? \n{'A': 'Chest radiograph', 'B': 'CT angiography', 'C': 'Electrocardiogram', 'D': 'Echocardiogram', 'E': 'Genetic testing'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Echocardiogram" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 4-year-old male is evaluated for frequent epistaxis and mucous membrane bleeding. Physical examination shows diffuse petechiae on the patient’s distal extremities. Peripheral blood smear shows an absence of platelet clumping. An ELISA binding assay reveals that platelet surfaces are deficient in GIIb/IIIa receptors. Serum platelet count is normal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Hemophilia A', 'B': 'Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura', 'C': 'Bernard-Soulier disease', 'D': 'Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura', 'E': 'Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old man was a driver in a motor vehicle collsion. The patient is not able to offer a medical history during initial presentation. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 104/74 mmHg, pulse is 150/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On exam, he does not open his eyes, he withdraws to pain, and he makes incomprehensible sounds. He has obvious signs of trauma to the chest and abdomen. His abdomen is distended and markedly tender to palpation. He also has an obvious open deformity of the left femur. What is the best initial step in management?? \n{'A': '100% oxygen', 'B': 'Emergency open fracture repair', 'C': 'Exploratory laparoscopy', 'D': 'Intubation', 'E': 'Packed red blood cells'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Intubation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 81-year-old woman comes to the emergency department due to a left-sided paralysis for the past 2 hours. Her husband says her symptoms began suddenly, and she is also unable to speak. Her pulse is 90/min, respirations are 18/min, temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), and blood pressure is 150/98 mm Hg. An ECG is obtained and is shown below. Which of the following is the most probable cause of the patient's paralysis?? \n{'A': 'Cardioembolic stroke', 'B': 'Cocaine toxicity', 'C': 'Conversion disorder', 'D': 'Hemorrhagic disorder', 'E': 'Rupture of berry aneurysm'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Cardioembolic stroke" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 52-year-old female with a history of poorly-controlled diabetes presents to her primary care physician because of pain and tingling in her hands. These symptoms began several months ago and have been getting worse such that they interfere with her work as a secretary. She says that the pain is worse in the morning and she has been woken up at night by the pain. The tingling sensations have been located primarily in the thumb, index and middle fingers. On physical exam atrophy of the thenar eminence is observed and the pain is reproduced when the wrist is maximally flexed. The most likely cause of this patient's symptoms affects which of the nerves shown in the image provided?? \n{'A': 'A', 'B': 'B', 'C': 'C', 'D': 'D', 'E': 'E'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: D" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 57-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of fever and right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Examination shows jaundice. Ultrasonography of the abdomen shows cholelithiasis and marked dilation of the biliary duct. An ERCP is performed and reveals pus with multiple brown concrements draining from the common bile duct. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of the patient's findings?? \n{'A': 'Increased alanine aminotransferase activity', 'B': 'Decreased heme oxygenase activity', 'C': 'Decreased HMG-coenzyme A reductase activity', 'D': 'Increased cholesterol 7-α hydroxylase activity', 'E': 'Increased β-glucuronidase activity'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Increased β-glucuronidase activity" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 9-year-old boy presents for incision and drainage of a small abscess on his left thigh. No significant past medical history. No current medications. Before the procedure, the patient is allowed to inhale colorless, sweet-smelling gas. After the procedure, the patient receives 3–4 minutes of high flow oxygen through a nasal mask. The pulse oximetry shows an oxygen saturation of 94%. This patient was oxygenated at the end of the procedure to prevent which of the following complications?? \n{'A': 'Malignant hyperthermia', 'B': 'Cardiac arrhythmias', 'C': 'Raised intracranial pressure', 'D': 'Hepatotoxicity', 'E': 'Diffusion hypoxia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Diffusion hypoxia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 50-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a chief complaint of chest pain that is squeezing in nature. He used to have similar symptoms in the past while playing tennis with his friends. Yesterday, while moving furniture in his new home, he experienced this pain that lasted for 20 minutes and radiated towards his jaw and shoulder. He has been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and hypertension for over 10 years and regularly takes his medications. The pain is not associated with nausea, vomiting, food intake, sweating, or cough. On physical examination, the patient is not in acute distress. His blood pressure is 135/85 mm Hg, heart rate is 80/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, temperature is 36.9°C (98.5°F), and BMI is 30 kg/m2. On physical examination, bilateral vesicular breath sounds are heard with absent chest tenderness. Cardiovascular examination reveals normal S1 and S2 without any abnormal sounds or murmur. Abdominal examination is within normal limit. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?? \n{'A': 'GERD', 'B': 'Musculoskeletal pain', 'C': 'Rib fracture', 'D': 'Anxiety', 'E': 'Myocardial ischemia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Myocardial ischemia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 55-year-old man presents to his physician with a complaint of recurrent episodes of palpitations over the past 2 weeks. He also mentions that he tends to tire easily. He denies chest pain, breathlessness, dizziness, or syncope, but has a history of ischemic heart disease. He smokes 1 pack of cigarettes every day and drinks alcohol occasionally. The physical examination revealed a temperature of 36.9°C (98.4°F), a pulse of 124/min (irregular), a blood pressure of 142/86 mm Hg, and a respiratory rate of 16/min. Auscultation of his chest is normal with an absence of rales overall lung fields. An ECG was significant for fibrillatory waves and an irregular RR interval. Thus, the physician concludes that the symptoms are due to atrial fibrillation. The patient is prescribed oral diltiazem. Which of the following side effects should the physician warn the patient about?? \n{'A': 'Hypoglycemia', 'B': 'Bilateral pedal edema', 'C': 'Bloody diarrhea', 'D': 'Stevens-Johnson syndrome', 'E': 'Multifocal atrial tachycardia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Bilateral pedal edema" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 51-year-old female presents to her primary care physician complaining of body aches and constipation. She reports that her “bones hurt” and that she has experienced worsening constipation over the past few months. Her medical history is notable for three kidney stones within the past year that both passed spontaneously. Her vital signs are stable. Physical examination reveals a small nodule near the right inferior pole of the thyroid. Which of the following sets of serum findings is most likely in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Increased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased parathyroid hormone', 'B': 'Decreased calcium, increased phosphate, increased parathyroid hormone', 'C': 'Increased calcium, decreased phosphate, decreased parathyroid hormone', 'D': 'Decreased calcium, increased phosphate, decreased parathyroid hormone', 'E': 'Normal calcium, normal phosphate, normal parathyroid hormone'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Increased calcium, decreased phosphate, increased parathyroid hormone" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 12-hour old male infant is seen in the newborn nursery. He was born full term by vaginal delivery to a 40-year-old G4P3-->4 mother. Her pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated, notable only for declining genetic testing. On exam, her son has a flat face, a fold in the upper eyelid, palpebral fissures that appear to slant upwards, and small ears. The diagnostic test for her son’s most likely condition should be conducted during which of the following phases of the cell cycle?? \n{'A': 'Prophase', 'B': 'Metaphase', 'C': 'Anaphase', 'D': 'Telophase', 'E': 'S-phase'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Metaphase" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 40-year-old woman with a past medical history significant for pernicious anemia and vitiligo presents to the physician with the chief complaints of heat intolerance and frequent palpitations. The patient does not take birth control and her urine pregnancy test is negative today. Physical exam reveals a patient that is hyper-reflexive with a non-tender symmetrically enlarged thyroid gland. You order thyroid function tests for workup. What thyroid function values are most expected?? \n{'A': 'T4 elevated, free T4 normal, T3 elevated, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) normal', 'B': 'T4 elevated, free T4 elevated, T3 elevated, TSH elevated', 'C': 'T4 elevated, free T4 elevated, T3 elevated, TSH decreased', 'D': 'T4 decreased, free T4 decreased, T3 decreased, TSH decreased', 'E': 'T4 normal, free T4 normal, T3 normal, TSH elevated'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: T4 elevated, free T4 elevated, T3 elevated, TSH decreased" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 75-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with her son because she is convinced that people are stealing from her. Her son claims she has been misplacing her medications and money throughout the house. She recently lost her husband to old age and has become reclusive and no longer wants people to visit. Physical examination is unremarkable and the patient is oriented to person, time, and place. A mini-mental status examination (MMSE) is performed and she has difficulty recalling words after 5 minutes and also has problems with serial subtraction. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Delirium', 'B': 'Dementia', 'C': 'Histrionic personality disorder', 'D': 'Schizoid personality disorder', 'E': 'Schizophrenia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Dementia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 67-year-old man comes to the office due to pain in the lower part of his calves on his afternoon walk to get the mail. The pain is relieved by rest. It started slowly about 6 months ago and has become more painful over time. He has a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. Medications include hydrochlorothiazide, atorvastatin, metformin, and a multivitamin that he takes daily. The patient does not smoke and only drinks socially. Today, his blood pressure is 145/90 mm Hg, pulse is 75/min, respiratory rate is 17/min, and temperature is 37.6°C (99.6°F). On physical exam, he appears mildly obese and healthy. His heart has a regular rate and rhythm, and his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Examination of the legs shows atrophic changes and diminished pedal pulses. A measure of his ankle brachial index (ABI) is 0.89. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment?? \n{'A': 'Enoxaparin', 'B': 'Metoprolol', 'C': 'A recommendation to perform pedal pumping exercises', 'D': 'A recommendation to walk more', 'E': 'A referral to a supervised exercise program'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: A referral to a supervised exercise program" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 27-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with worsening cough and asthma. The patient reports that he was in his usual state of health until 1 month ago, when he developed a cold. Since then his cold has improved, but he continues to have a cough and worsening asthma symptoms. He says that he has been using his rescue inhaler 3 times a day with little improvement. He is studying for an accounting exam and states that his asthma is keeping him up at night and making it hard for him to focus during the day. The patient admits to smoking tobacco. His smoking has increased from a half pack per day since he was 17 years old to 1 pack per day during the past month to cope with the stress of his exam. The patient’s temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 110/74 mmHg, pulse is 75/min, and respirations are 15/min with an oxygen saturation of 97% on room air. Physically examination is notable for mild expiratory wheezes bilaterally. Labs are obtained, as shown below:\n\nSerum:\nNa+: 144 mEq/L\nCl-: 95 mEq/L\nK+: 4.3 mEq/L\nHCO3-: 23 mEq/L\nUrea nitrogen: 24 mg/dL\nGlucose: 100 mg/dL\nCreatinine: 1.6 mg/dL\n\nLeukocyte count and differential:\nLeukocyte count: 13,000/mm^3\nSegmented neutrophils: 63%\nEosinophils: 15%\nBasophils: < 1%\nLymphocytes: 20%\nMonocytes: 1.3%\nHemoglobin: 13.5 g/dL\nHematocrit: 50%\nPlatelets: 200,000/mm^3\n\nUrinalysis reveals proteinuria and microscopic hematuria. Which of the following is associated with the patient’s most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'c-ANCA levels', 'B': 'Hepatitis B surface antigen', 'C': 'IgA deposits', 'D': 'p-ANCA levels', 'E': 'Smoking'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: p-ANCA levels" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 25-year-old man is brought to the physician because of fatigue, lethargy, and lower leg swelling for 2 weeks. He also noticed that his urine appeared darker than usual and for the last 2 days he has passed only small amounts of urine. His temperature is 37.5°C (98.6°F), pulse is 88/min, respirations are 15/min, and blood pressure is 154/98 mm Hg. Examination shows 2+ pretibial edema bilaterally. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 10.9 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 8200/mm3\nPlatelet count 220,000/mm3\nSerum\nNa+ 137 mEq/L\nCl- 102 mEq/L\nK+ 4.8 mEq/L\nHCO3- 22 mEq/L\nGlucose 85 mg/dL\nUrea nitrogen 34 mg/dL\nCreatinine 1.4 mg/dL\nUrine\nBlood 2+\nProtein 3+\nGlucose negative\nRBC 10–12/HPF with dysmorphic features\nRBC casts numerous\nRenal biopsy specimen shows a crescent formation in the glomeruli with extracapillary cell proliferation. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?\"? \n{'A': 'Administer rituximab', 'B': 'Administer lisinopril', 'C': 'Perform hemodialysis', 'D': 'Administer methylprednisolone', 'E': 'Administer cyclosporine A'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Administer methylprednisolone" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 54-year-old man comes to the physician because of a painful mass in his left thigh for 3 days. He underwent a left lower limb angiography for femoral artery stenosis and had a stent placed 2 weeks ago. He has peripheral artery disease, coronary artery disease, hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 34 years. Current medications include enalapril, aspirin, simvastatin, metformin, and sitagliptin. His temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 88/min, and blood pressure is 116/72 mm Hg. Examination shows a 3-cm (1.2-in) tender, pulsatile mass in the left groin. The skin over the area of the mass shows no erythema and is cool to the touch. A loud bruit is heard on auscultation over this area. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Results of a complete blood count and serum electrolyte concentrations show no abnormalities. Duplex ultrasonography shows an echolucent sac connected to the common femoral artery, with pulsatile and turbulent blood flow between the artery and the sac. Which of the following is the most appropriate next best step in management?? \n{'A': 'Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection', 'B': 'Coil embolization', 'C': 'Ultrasound-guided compression', 'D': 'Schedule surgical repair', 'E': 'Covered stent implantation\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 57-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with acute onset vomiting, vertigo, throbbing headache, and weakness. She says that the symptoms started when she went to dinner with friends and had a drink of alcohol. Her past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes, and she was recently started on a new medication for this disease. She says that she was warned that she might experiences these symptoms as a side effect of a new medication, but she did not realize how severe they would be. Which of the following describes the mechanism of action for the most likely diabetes drug that this patient started taking?? \n{'A': 'Binding to peroxisome proliferator-activating receptors', 'B': 'Closing potassium channels', 'C': 'Decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis', 'D': 'Inhibiting alpha-glucosidase', 'E': 'Inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Closing potassium channels" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 58-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department for shortness of breath and chest pain. Pulmonary angiography shows a large saddle embolus in the pulmonary arteries. Emergency drug therapy is administered and she is admitted to the hospital for observation. A follow-up CT scan of the chest shortly after admission shows that the thrombus has disappeared. Five hours later, the patient is found to be lethargic with slurred speech. Physical examination shows decreased consciousness, dysarthria, and optic disc swelling bilaterally. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her neurological symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Acute metabolic encephalopathy', 'B': 'Idiopathic intracranial hypertension', 'C': 'Drug-induced hypotension', 'D': 'Embolic cerebrovascular accident', 'E': 'Intracerebral hemorrhage\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Intracerebral hemorrhage\n\"" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 6-day-old infant who was born via uncomplicated vaginal delivery at 39 weeks of gestation is brought to the family physician for poor feeding. The mother received adequate prenatal care throughout the pregnancy, and has no medical conditions. On physical exam, the infant's temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), blood pressure is 70/45 mmHg, pulse is 170/min, and respirations are 40/min. The infant has dry mucous membranes, capillary refill of 4 seconds, and a depressed anterior fontanelle. No abdominal masses are noted. Genital exam shows enlargement of the clitoris with fusion of the labioscrotal folds. Serum chemistry is remarkable for hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. The infant's karyotype is 46,XX. Which of the following findings are most likely to be discovered upon further workup?? \n{'A': 'Increased aldosterone, decreased cortisol', 'B': 'Decreased aldosterone, increased 11-deoxycorticosterone', 'C': 'Increased sex hormones, increased 17-hydroxyprogesterone', 'D': 'Increased sex hormones, decreased renin activity', 'E': 'Decreased cortisol, decreased sex hormones'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Increased sex hormones, increased 17-hydroxyprogesterone" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 24-year-old man is brought to the physician because of increasing pain and swelling of the left knee for 2 months. The pain has awoken him from his sleep on multiple occasions. He tried ibuprofen but has had no relief of his symptoms. There is no family or personal history of serious illness. Vital signs are within normal limits. On examination, the left knee is mildly swollen and tender; range of motion is limited by pain. An x-ray of the left knee is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Chondrosarcoma', 'B': 'Fibrous dysplasia', 'C': 'Aneurysmal bone cyst', 'D': 'Osteoclastoma', 'E': 'Ewing sarcoma'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Osteoclastoma" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 12-year-old boy is brought in by his parents as they are concerned about his behavior. He is constantly arguing with his parents and blatantly defying their every request. In school, he is known for being intentionally tardy and for defying his teachers. Upon further questioning of the patient you learn about some of his recent behaviors such as beginning smoking to bother his parents. You also notice that he is disrespectful towards you. You then learn that he has also gotten into weekly fights with his peers at school with no apparent cause. In addition, last week he was seen hitting one of the local neighborhood cats with a baseball bat trying to kill it. The patient lives at home with his two parents in a pre-World War II house that was recently renovated. Physical exam is unremarkable.\n\nLaboratory values are as follows:\n\nNa: 140 mmol/L\nK: 4.5 mmol/L\nCl: 100 mmol/L\nGlucose: 80 mg/dL\nCa: 10 mmol/L\nMg: 3 mEq/L\nCr: 0.8 mg/dL\nBUN: 10 mg/dL\nSerum lead: < .01 µg/dL\nHb: 15 g/dL\nHct: 45%\nMCV: 95\nUrine toxicology: negative\n\nAs the patient leaves the office you notice him stealing all of the candy from the office candy bowl. The patient seems unconcerned about his behavior overall. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true in this patient?? \n{'A': 'This patient will likely function normally despite continuing to defy authority figures', 'B': 'This patient is suffering from antisocial personality disorder and will likely be incarcerated in adulthood', 'C': \"Environmental exposures are likely causing this patient's behavior\", 'D': \"The patient's symptoms could progress to antisocial personality disorder\", 'E': 'Strong D2 antagonists are first-line pharmacotherapy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: The patient's symptoms could progress to antisocial personality disorder" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 24-hour-old girl is found to be cyanotic in the newborn nursery. She was born via spontaneous vaginal delivery at 38 weeks gestation to a gravida 1, para 0 healthy mother who received routine prenatal care. The patient is small for her gestational age. She manifests lower-extremity cyanosis along with a mesh-like mass on the back of her neck. Her vital signs are: pulse, 150/min; respirations, 48/min; and blood pressure, 120/80 mm Hg in the right arm, 124/82 mm Hg in the left arm, 80/40 mm Hg in the right leg, and 85/45 mm Hg in the left leg. Femoral pulses are 1+ and delayed. Cardiac examination shows a continuous murmur in the interscapular area. Auscultation of the lung reveals faint crackles at the base of the lung fields bilaterally. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Administration of alprostadil', 'B': 'Arteriogram', 'C': 'Echocardiography', 'D': 'Indomethacin', 'E': 'Lower extremity Doppler'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Administration of alprostadil" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department for right elbow swelling and pain 45 minutes after he fell while playing on the monkey bars during recess. He has been unable to move his right elbow since the fall. Examination shows ecchymosis, swelling, and tenderness of the right elbow; range of motion is limited by pain. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. An x-ray of the right arm is shown. Which of the following is the most likely complication of this patient's injury?? \n{'A': 'Polymicrobial infection', 'B': 'Absent radial pulse', 'C': 'Impaired extension of the wrist and hand', 'D': 'Avascular necrosis of the humeral head', 'E': 'Adhesive capsulitis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Absent radial pulse" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 3-month-old boy presents for routine health maintenance. The patient has coarse facial features and stiff joint movements with restricted passive and active range of motion. He also has problems following objects with his eyes and seems not to focus on anything. On physical examination, the corneas are clouded, and the patient fails to meet any 3-month developmental milestones. Genetic testing and histopathology are performed and reveal failure of a cellular structure to phosphorylate mannose residues on glycoproteins. An electron microscopy image of one of this patient’s cells is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Kartagener syndrome', 'B': 'Adrenoleukodystrophy', 'C': 'Inclusion cell disease', 'D': 'Diamond-Blackfan anemia', 'E': 'Tay-Sachs disease'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Inclusion cell disease" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 36-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine gynecological examination. She feels well. Menses occur with normal flow at regular 28-day intervals and last for 3 to 5 days. Her last menstrual period was 20 days ago. She is sexually active with one male partner and they use condoms inconsistently. Her sister was diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 40 years. She drinks a glass of wine occasionally with dinner and has smoked 10 cigarettes daily for the past 15 years. The patient's vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination including a complete pelvic exam shows no abnormalities. Urine pregnancy test is negative. A Pap smear shows atypical glandular cells. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Repeat cervical cytology at 12 months', 'B': 'Perform colposcopy with endocervical and endometrial sampling', 'C': 'Perform a diagnostic loop electrosurgical excision', 'D': 'Perform colposcopy and cytology every 6 months for 2 years', 'E': 'Perform colposcopy with endocervical sampling'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Perform colposcopy with endocervical and endometrial sampling" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 59-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of muscle weakness. Approximately 6 months ago, he started to develop gradually worsening right arm weakness that progressed to difficulty walking about three months ago. His past medical history is notable for a transient ischemic attack, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. He takes aspirin, lisinopril, atorvastatin, metformin, and glyburide. He does not smoke and he drinks alcohol occasionally. Physical examination reveals 4/5 strength in right shoulder abduction and right arm flexion. A tremor is noted in the right hand. Strength is 5/5 throughout the left upper extremity. Patellar reflexes are 3+ bilaterally. Sensation to touch and vibration is intact in the bilateral upper and lower extremities. Tongue fasciculations are noted. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Natalizumab', 'B': 'Selegeline', 'C': 'Bromocriptine', 'D': 'Benztropine', 'E': 'Riluzole'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Riluzole" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 65-year-old man presents to the emergency department for sudden weakness. The patient states that he was at home enjoying his morning coffee when his symptoms began. He says that his left arm suddenly felt very odd and weak thus prompting him to come to the ED. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes, COPD, hypertension, anxiety, alcohol abuse, and PTSD. He recently fell off a horse while horseback riding but claims to not have experienced any significant injuries. He typically drinks 5-7 drinks per day and his last drink was yesterday afternoon. His current medications include insulin, metformin, atorvastatin, lisinopril, albuterol, and fluoxetine. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 177/118 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 93% on room air. On physical exam, you note an elderly man who is mildly confused. Cardiopulmonary exam demonstrates bilateral expiratory wheezes and a systolic murmur along the right upper sternal border that radiates to the carotids. Neurological exam reveals cranial nerves II-XII as grossly intact with finger-nose exam mildly abnormal on the left and heel-shin exam within normal limits. The patient has 5/5 strength in his right arm and 3/5 strength in his left arm. The patient struggles to manipulate objects such as a pen with his left hand. The patient is given a dose of diazepam and started on IV fluids. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Berry aneurysm rupture', 'B': 'Bridging vein tear', 'C': 'Cerebellar bleeding', 'D': 'Hypertensive encephalopathy', 'E': 'Lipohyalinosis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Lipohyalinosis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 18-year-old male was brought to the emergency room after he caused an accident by driving at a slow speed as he was entering the freeway. He appears to have sustained no major injuries just minor scratches and lacerations, but appears to be paranoid, anxious, and is complaining of thirst. He has conjunctival injection and has slowed reflexes. A police officer explained that he had confiscated contraband from the vehicle of the male. Which of the following substances was most likely used by the male?? \n{'A': 'Phencyclidine (PCP)', 'B': 'Cocaine', 'C': 'Heroin', 'D': 'Alprazolam', 'E': 'Marijuana'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Marijuana" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 37-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain. She reports that the pain is not new and usually starts within half an hour of eating a meal. The pain has been previously diagnosed as biliary colic, and she underwent a cholecystectomy three months ago for symptomatic biliary colic. Her liver reportedly looked normal at that time. The patient dates the onset of these episodes to shortly after she underwent a sleeve gastrectomy several years ago, and the episodes were more severe immediately following that surgery. Her postsurgical course was otherwise uncomplicated, and she has lost fifty pounds since then. She has a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, and obesity. She denies alcohol or tobacco use. Her home medications are hydrochlorothiazide, enalapril, atorvastatin, and vitamin supplements. RUQ ultrasound reveals a surgically absent gallbladder and a dilated common bile duct without evidence of stones. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) shows no evidence of biliary compression or obstruction, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) shows no evidence of biliary stones or sludge. Laboratory tests are performed which reveal the following:\n\nALT: 47 U/L\nAST: 56 U/L\nAlkaline phosphatase: 165 U/L\nTotal bilirubin: 1.6 g/dL\nAmylase: 135 U/L\nLipase: 160 U/L\n\nWhich of the following is definitive treatment of this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Pancreaticoduodenectomy', 'B': 'Biliary stent', 'C': 'Pancreatic enzyme replacement', 'D': 'Sphincterotomy', 'E': 'Surgical revascularization'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Sphincterotomy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 14-year-old male presents to the emergency department with altered mental status. His friends who accompanied him said that he complained of abdominal pain while camping. They denied his consumption of anything unusual from the wilderness, or any vomiting or diarrhea. His temperature is 100.5°F (38.1°C), blood pressure is 95/55 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, and respirations are 30/min. His pupils are equal and reactive to light bilaterally. The remainder of the physical exam is unremarkable. His basic metabolic panel is displayed below:\n\nSerum:\nNa+: 116 mEq/L\nCl-: 70 mEq/L\nK+: 4.0 mEq/L\nHCO3-: 2 mEq/L\nBUN: 50 mg/dL\nGlucose: 1010 mg/dL\nCreatinine: 1.2 mg/dL\n\nWhile the remainder of his labs are pending, the patient becomes bradypneic and is intubated. His ventilator is adjusted to volume control assist-control with a respiratory rate (RR) of 14/min, tidal volume (Vt) of 350 mL, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cm H2O, and fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 40%. His height is 5 feet 5 inches. Intravenous fluids and additional medical therapy are administered. An arterial blood gas obtained after 30 minutes on these settings shows the following:\n\npH: 7.05\npCO2 :40 mmHg\npO2: 150 mmHg\nSaO2: 98%\n\nWhat is the best next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Increase respiratory rate', 'B': 'Increase respiratory rate and tidal volume', 'C': 'Increase tidal volume', 'D': 'Increase tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure', 'E': 'Increase positive end-expiratory pressure'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Increase respiratory rate and tidal volume" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 50-year-old woman comes to the physician because of multiple, ulcerative skin lesions that occur over various parts of her body. She reports that these rashes first appeared 6 months ago. They occur episodically and usually start as reddish spots, which then expand in size and ulcerate over the next ten days. They resolve spontaneously and reappear at another location a few days later. Over the past 6 months, has had multiple episodes of diarrhea. She has lost 8 kg weight over this period and feels tired constantly. She has not had fever. She was treated for deep venous thrombosis 3 years ago, and took medication for it for 6 months after the episode. Her vital signs are within normal limits. She appears pale and has multiple, tender, ulcerative skin lesions on her legs and buttocks. Her hemoglobin is 9.6 mg/dL, mean corpuscular volume is 82 μm3, and fingerstick blood glucose concentration is 154 mg/dL. Her serum glucagon is elevated. Abdominal ultrasonography reveals a 5.6 cm, well-demarcated, hypoechoic mass in the pancreatic body and multiple, small masses in the liver of variable echogenicity. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management of this patient?? \n{'A': 'Measurement of serum zinc levels', 'B': 'Endoscopic ultrasonongraphy', 'C': 'Obtaining cancer antigen 19-9 levels', 'D': 'Administration of octreotide', 'E': 'Measurement of glycated hemoglobin\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Administration of octreotide" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 52-year-old female presents to her primary care physician for medical evaluation prior to an elective hip replacement surgery. She has hypertension and diabetes, both of which are well controlled on oral medications. She also admits to occasional use of recreational injection drugs so a panel of serologies are obtained. Based on the results, the patient is found to have had a previous infection with hepatitis B from which she has fully recovered. Which of the following is a characteristic of the immunoglobulin subtype that most likely binds to hepatitis B core antigen in this patient?? \n{'A': 'It exists as a monomer', 'B': 'It exists as a dimer', 'C': 'It exists as a pentamer', 'D': 'It activates mast cells', 'E': 'It is only activated by multivalent immunogens'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: It exists as a monomer" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 40-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, comes to the physician because of fatigue, nausea, joint pain, and mild flank pain for 2 months. She has refractory acid reflux and antral and duodenal peptic ulcers for which she takes omeprazole. She also has chronic, foul-smelling, light-colored diarrhea. Five years ago she was successfully treated for infertility with bromocriptine. She reports recently feeling sad and unmotivated at work. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. She is 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 100 kg (220 lb); BMI is 32.7 kg/m2. Her temperature is 37°C (98.8°F), pulse is 78/min, and blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. The abdomen is moderately distended and diffusely tender to palpation. There is mild costovertebral angle tenderness. Her serum calcium concentration is 12 mg/dL, phosphorus concentration is 2 mg/dL, and parathyroid hormone level is 900 pg/mL. Abdominal ultrasound shows mobile echogenic foci with acoustic shadowing in her ureteropelvic junctions bilaterally. A mutation in which of the following genes is most likely present in this patient?? \n{'A': 'NF2', 'B': 'VHL', 'C': 'C-Kit', 'D': 'RET', 'E': 'MEN1'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: MEN1" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of multiple episodes of dizziness over the past 3 months. Episodes last between 20 minutes and 1 hour. During the episodes she experiences the sudden onset of spinning sensations and imbalance, associated with a ringing in her left ear. She also reports progressive left-sided hearing loss and is unable to follow conversations in noisy surroundings. She has had an upper respiratory infection for the past 5 days, which is being treated with erythromycin. She has been otherwise healthy. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows no abnormalities. Pure tone audiometry shows a combined low- and high-frequency sensory loss of the left ear with normal hearing in the mid frequencies. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management?? \n{'A': 'Reduce caffeine intake', 'B': 'Begin topiramate therapy', 'C': 'Perform Epley maneuver', 'D': 'Discontinue erythromycin', 'E': 'Begin fluoxetine therapy\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Reduce caffeine intake" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 23-year-old woman comes to the emergency department for increasing abdominal pain and confusion for 3 days. The pain is constant and she describes it as 8 out of 10 in intensity. She has the strong feeling that she is being watched. She has not had a bowel movement for 2 days. She began experiencing tingling in parts of her lower extremities 4 hours ago. She consumed a large number of alcoholic beverages prior to the onset of the abdominal pain. Her temperature is 38°C (100.8°F), pulse is 113/min, and blood pressure is 148/88 mm Hg. She appears distracted and admits to hearing whispering intermittently during the examination, which shows a distended abdomen and mild tenderness to palpation diffusely. There is no guarding or rebound tenderness present. Bowel sounds are decreased. There is weakness of the iliopsoas and hamstring muscles. Sensation is decreased over the lower extremities. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ in the lower extremities. Mental status examination shows she is oriented only to person and place. A complete blood count and serum concentrations of electrolytes, glucose, creatinine are within the reference range. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Chlordiazepoxide', 'B': 'Hemin therapy', 'C': 'Haloperidol therapy', 'D': 'Chloroquine', 'E': 'Glucose'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Hemin therapy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 4-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his mother for a physical exam before summer camp. They have no complaints or concerns at this time. He was born at 37 weeks gestation by cesarean delivery. The delivery was complicated by an omphalocele and macrosomia. During infancy and into early childhood, he struggled to breathe and eat due to an enlarged tongue. Growth and development were mostly normal with mild uneven growth of his body. He has one uncle that had similar symptoms and is alive and well. The child is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting developmental goals. He enjoys school and playing with his friends. His heart rate of 90/min, respiratory rate of 22/min, blood pressure of 110/65 mm Hg, and temperature of 36.9°C (98.4°F). Overall the child appears healthy. Physical exam findings include known hemihypertrophy of the right side along with a mildly enlarged tongue. This patient is at increased risk of developing which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Scoliosis', 'B': \"Alzheimer's disease\", 'C': 'Diabetes mellitus', 'D': 'Wilms tumor', 'E': 'Sudden infant death syndrome'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Wilms tumor" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 72-year-old man is brought to your office by his daughter due to concern over recent behavioral changes. Over the last several months he has had increasing difficulty with remembering recent events. She mentions that he is embarrassed due to a new inability to control urination. His medical history is significant for hypertension and insomnia. His medications include alprazolam and hydrochlorothiazide. On physical exam, he is oriented to time and place and thinks his daughter is exaggerating; however, when asked to recall 3 items, the patient refuses to continue the mental status exam. He has 5/5 strength bilaterally. He walks in short strides by sliding his feet across the floor. Which of the following would you expect to see in his patient?? \n{'A': 'Distortion of corona radiata fibers', 'B': 'Atrophy of the caudate and putamen', 'C': 'Atrophy of the subthalamic nucleus', 'D': 'Depigmentation of the substantia nigra pars compacta', 'E': 'Convex hemorrhage that does not cross suture lines'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Distortion of corona radiata fibers" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 11-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his mother for vomiting. The patient has been vomiting for the past week, and his symptoms have not been improving. His symptoms are worse in the morning and tend to improve throughout the day. The patient also complains of occasional headaches and had diarrhea several days ago. The patient eats a balanced diet and does not drink soda or juice. The patient's brothers both had diarrhea recently that resolved spontaneously. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 80/45 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, the patient appears to be in no acute distress. Cardiopulmonary exam reveals a minor flow murmur. Neurological exam reveals cranial nerves II-XII as grossly intact with mild narrowing of the patient's visual fields. The patient's gait is stable, and he is able to jump up and down. Which of the following is the most likely direct cause of this patient's presentation?? \n{'A': 'Non-enveloped, (+) ssRNA virus', 'B': 'Gram-negative microaerophilic bacteria', 'C': 'Gram-positive enterotoxin', 'D': 'Intracerebellar mass', 'E': \"Remnant of Rathke's pouch\"}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Remnant of Rathke's pouch" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of a 1-week history of progressive confusion, myalgia, and nausea. His wife says that he first reported headaches and fatigue 10 days ago, and since then “he has not been himself”. He has refused to drink any liquids for the last day. Two months ago, he helped his neighbor remove a raccoon's den from her backyard. He appears agitated. His temperature is 100.8°F (38.2°C). Examination shows excessive drooling. Muscle tone and deep tendon reflexes are increased bilaterally. Administration of which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'RNA-dependent DNA polymerase inhibitor', 'B': 'Chemically-inactivated virus', 'C': 'Live attenuated vaccine', 'D': 'Immunoglobulin against a bacterial protein', 'E': 'Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Chemically-inactivated virus" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 29-year-old patient presents to her primary care physician with persistent amenorrhea and inability to breastfeed over the last 5 months. She says that she has also been very tired since her baby was born and this fatigue was accompanied by an inability to deal with cold weather despite having no problem with cold prior to becoming pregnant. She has gained an additional 5 pounds since delivery. Review of her hospital records reveals that she had a vaginal delivery that was complicated by severe hemorrhage and episodes of hypotension. Which of the following hormone levels is most likely to be normal in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)', 'B': 'Prolactin', 'C': 'Thyroid hormone', 'D': 'Cortisol', 'E': 'Aldosterone'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Aldosterone" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old G2P1 delivers a boy in the 40th week of gestation. The pregnancy was uncomplicated. The newborn had Apgar scores of 7 and 9 at the 1st and 5th minutes, respectively. On physical examination, the newborn is noted to have a left-sided cleft lip. The hard palate and nose are normal. Which of the following statements describes the cause of the abnormality?? \n{'A': 'Failure of development of the first pharyngeal arch', 'B': 'Failure of fusion of the left maxillary prominence and the medial nasal process of the frontonasal prominence', 'C': 'Partial resorption of the first pharyngeal arch', 'D': 'Failure of fusion of the left maxillary prominence and the lateral nasal process of the frontonasal prominence', 'E': 'Failure of development of the left maxillary prominence'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Failure of fusion of the left maxillary prominence and the medial nasal process of the frontonasal prominence" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 17-year-old male is diagnosed with acne vulgaris during a visit to a dermatologist. He is prescribed a therapy that is a derivative of vitamin A. He has no other significant past medical history. Which of the following is the major side-effect of this therapy?? \n{'A': 'Hyperglycemia', 'B': 'Hyperlipidemia', 'C': 'Fatigue', 'D': 'Xerophthalmia', 'E': 'Alopecia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Hyperlipidemia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 70-year-old man presented to a medical clinic for a routine follow-up. He has had hypertension for 20 years and is currently on multiple anti-hypertensive medications. The blood pressure is 150/100 mm Hg. The remainder of the examinations were within normal limits. Echocardiography showed some changes in the left ventricle. What is the most likely reason for the change?? \n{'A': 'Disordered growth of the cardiac cells', 'B': 'Replacement of cardiac cells into stronger red fiber skeletal cells', 'C': 'Decrease in cardiac cell size', 'D': 'Increase in cardiac cell size', 'E': 'Increase in number of normal cardiac cells'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Increase in cardiac cell size" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 33-year-old female presents to her primary care physician complaining of heat intolerance and difficulty sleeping over a one month period. She also reports that she has lost 10 pounds despite no changes in her diet or exercise pattern. More recently, she has developed occasional unprovoked chest pain and palpitations. Physical examination reveals a nontender, mildly enlarged thyroid gland. Her patellar reflexes are 3+ bilaterally. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 135/85 mmHg, pulse is 105/min, and respirations are 18/min. Laboratory analysis is notable for decreased TSH. Which of the following pathophysiologic mechanisms contributed to the cardiovascular symptoms seen in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Increased numbers of a1-adrenergic receptors', 'B': 'Decreased numbers of a1-adrenergic receptors', 'C': 'Decreased numbers of a2-adrenergic receptors', 'D': 'Decreased sensitivity of ß2-adrenergic receptors', 'E': 'Increased sensitivity of ß1-adrenergic receptors'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Increased sensitivity of ß1-adrenergic receptors" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A neonate suffering from neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is given supplemental oxygen. Which of the following is a possible consequence of oxygen therapy in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Atelectasis', 'B': 'Anosmia', 'C': 'Atopy', 'D': 'Blindness', 'E': 'Cardiac anomalies'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Blindness" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 59-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of fatigue and abdominal discomfort. Over the past 6 months, she has had a 5.4-kg (12-lb) weight loss. She takes no medications. Her temperature is 37.8°C (100°F), pulse is 70/min, respirations are 13/min, and blood pressure is 125/80 mm Hg. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. The spleen is palpated 3 cm below the left costal margin. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 9.4 g/dL\nMean corpuscular volume 86 μm3\nLeukocyte count 58,000/mm3\nSegmented neutrophils 54%\nBands 8%\nLymphocytes 7%\nMyelocytes 5%\nMetamyelocytes 10%\nPromyelocytes 4%\nBlasts 5%\nMonocytes 1%\nEosinophils 4%\nBasophils 2%\nPlatelet count 850,000/mm3\nSerum\nCreatinine\n0.9 mg/dL\nLDH 501 U/L\nBone marrow biopsy shows hyperplastic myelopoiesis with granulocytosis. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?\"? \n{'A': 'Cytarabine and daunorubicin', 'B': 'Serum protein electrophoresis', 'C': 'Cytogenetic studies', 'D': 'All-trans retinoic acid', 'E': 'Observation and follow-up'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Cytogenetic studies" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 70-year-old man presents to his physician for evaluation of fullness and swelling of the left side of the abdomen over the last month. During this time, he has had night sweats and lost 2 kg (4.4 lb) unintentionally. He has no history of severe illness and takes no medications. The vital signs include: blood pressure 115/75 mm Hg, pulse 75/min, and temperature 36.8℃ (98.2℉). The abdomen has asymmetric distention. Percussion and palpation of the left upper quadrant reveal splenomegaly. No lymphadenopathy is detected. Heart and lung examination shows no abnormalities. The laboratory studies show the following:\nHemoglobin 9.5 g/dL\nMean corpuscular volume 95 μm3\nLeukocyte count 8,000/mm3\nPlatelet count 240,000/mm3\nUltrasound shows a spleen size of 15 cm, mild hepatomegaly, and mild ascites. The peripheral blood smear shows teardrop-shaped and nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) and immature myeloid cells. Marrow is very difficult to aspirate but reveals hyperplasia of all 3 lineages. The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) test is negative. The cytogenetic analysis is negative for translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. Which of the following laboratory findings is most likely to be present in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Monoclonal elevation of IgG', 'B': 'Hair-like cell-membrane projections', 'C': 'JAK-2 mutation', 'D': 'Philadelphia chromosome', 'E': 'Reed-Sternburg cells'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: JAK-2 mutation" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A physician is choosing whether to prescribe losartan or lisinopril to treat hypertension in a 56-year-old male. Relative to losartan, one would expect treatment with lisinopril to produce which of the following changes in the circulating levels of these peptides?? \n{'A': 'Bradykinin increase; angiotensin II decrease', 'B': 'Renin decrease; angiotensin 1 increase', 'C': 'Aldosterone increase; bradykinin decrease', 'D': 'Renin decrease; angiotensin II increase', 'E': 'Angiotensin II increase; bradykinin decrease'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Bradykinin increase; angiotensin II decrease" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 20-year-old man presents to the urgent care clinic complaining of nausea and vomiting for the past 2 hours. He just returned from a boating trip with his father, and while aboard they shared some packed potato salad and ham sandwiches. His dad denies any nausea or vomiting but does report minor dizziness. On examination he appears pale. The patient reports similar symptoms in the past when he was on a cruise trip to the Bahamas. What is the best medication for this patient at this time?? \n{'A': 'Diphenhydramine', 'B': 'Guaifenesin', 'C': 'Loperamide', 'D': 'Loratadine', 'E': 'Ondansetron'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Diphenhydramine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 51-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-day history of fever and cough productive of foul-smelling, dark red, gelatinous sputum. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years and drinks two 12-oz bottles of beer daily. An x-ray of the chest shows a cavity with air-fluid levels in the right lower lobe. Sputum culture grows gram-negative rods. Which of the following virulence factors is most likely involved in the pathogenesis of this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Exotoxin A', 'B': 'IgA protease', 'C': 'Heat-stable toxin', 'D': 'P-fimbriae', 'E': 'Capsular polysaccharide'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Capsular polysaccharide" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 16-year-old girl is brought to the physician for evaluation of severe acne on her face, chest, and back for the past 2 years. She has no itching or scaling. She has been treated in the past with a combination of oral cephalexin and topical benzoyl peroxide without clinical improvement. She is sexually active with one male partner, and they use condoms inconsistently. She does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows mild facial scarring and numerous open comedones and sebaceous skin lesions on her face, chest, and back. Before initiating treatment, which of the following is the most appropriate next step?? \n{'A': 'Administer oral contraceptives', 'B': 'Screen for depression with a questionnaire', 'C': 'Switch cephalexin to doxycycline', 'D': 'Measure serum beta-hCG levels', 'E': 'Measure creatinine kinase levels'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Measure serum beta-hCG levels" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 75-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her daughter for a 4-month history of increasing difficulty recognizing her friends and family. She has had to rely on recognizing haircuts, gait, and voices because she cannot remember their faces. Neurologic examination shows that she is able to recognize objects and name facial features such as the eyes and nose. On mental status examination, she is alert and has no deficits in cognition or short-term memory. An MRI of her head shows an inhomogenous 2-cm mass with perifocal edema in her brain. Which of the following brain regions is most likely affected?? \n{'A': 'Left posterior parietal cortex', 'B': 'Right posterior superior temporal cortex', 'C': 'Left hippocampus', 'D': 'Right superior parietal cortex', 'E': 'Right ventral occipitotemporal cortex'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Right ventral occipitotemporal cortex" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 25-year-old male patient presents to your clinic in significant distress. He states he has excruciating, stabbing pain around the left side of his head, and his left eye will not stop tearing. These types of headaches have been occurring for the past week every morning when he awakens and last around 60 minutes. He denies any aura, nausea, or vomiting. He denies any other past medical history. What is this patient's diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Migraine headache', 'B': 'Cluster headache', 'C': 'Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH)', 'D': 'Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headaches with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) syndrome', 'E': 'Trigeminal neuralgia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Cluster headache" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 42-year-old woman presents to the physician because of an abnormal breast biopsy report following suspicious findings on breast imaging. Other than being concerned about her report, she feels well. She has no history of any serious illnesses and takes no medications. She does not smoke. She consumes wine 1–2 times per week with dinner. There is no significant family history of breast or ovarian cancer. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no abnormal findings. The biopsy shows lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) in the left breast. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Breast irradiation + tamoxifen', 'B': 'Careful observation + routine mammography', 'C': 'Left mastectomy + axillary dissection + local irradiation', 'D': 'Lumpectomy + breast irradiation', 'E': 'Lumpectomy + routine screening'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Careful observation + routine mammography" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 33-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 3-day history of lower abdominal pain and severe burning with urination. Two years ago, she was diagnosed with cervical cancer and was successfully treated with a combination of radiation and chemotherapy. She has systemic lupus erythematosus and finished a course of cyclophosphamide 3 weeks ago. She is sexually active with multiple male and female partners and uses a diaphragm for contraception. She has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for 12 years. Current medication includes hydroxychloroquine. Her temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F), pulse is 84/min, and blood pressure is 136/84 mm Hg. The abdomen is soft and there is tenderness to palpation over the pelvic region. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 13.1 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 7,400/mm3\nPlatelet count 210,000/mm3\nUrine\npH 7\nWBC 62/hpf\nRBC 12/hpf\nProtein negative\nNitrites positive\nWhich of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's condition?\"? \n{'A': 'Radiation-induced inflammation', 'B': 'Ascending infection', 'C': 'Sexually transmitted infection', 'D': 'Hematogenous spread of infection', 'E': 'Neural hypersensitivity'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Ascending infection" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 81-year-old man comes to the emergency department with severe left ear pain and drainage for 3 days. He has a history of poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. He appears uncomfortable. Physical examination of the ear shows marked periauricular erythema, exquisite tenderness on palpation, and granulation tissue in the external auditory canal. The most likely causal pathogen produces an exotoxin that acts by a mechanism most similar to a toxin produced by which of the following organisms?? \n{'A': 'Corynebacterium diphtheriae', 'B': 'Bordetella pertussis', 'C': 'Shigella dysenteriae', 'D': 'Staphylococcus aureus', 'E': 'Bacillus anthracis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Corynebacterium diphtheriae" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 24-year-old woman of Ashkenazi Jewish descent presents with recurrent bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. She says she feels well otherwise. Review of systems is significant for a 4 kg weight loss over the past month. Physical examination is significant for multiple aphthous oral ulcers. Colonoscopy reveals a cobblestone pattern of lesions of the mucosa of the intestinal wall involving the sigmoid colon. The patient is informed of the diagnosis and medication to treat her condition is prescribed. On a follow-up visit 6 weeks later, the patient presents with non-productive cough, chest pain, dyspnea on exertion, and worsening oral lesions. A chest radiograph reveals a diffuse interstitial pattern. Which of the following enzymes is inhibited by the medication most likely prescribed for her initial diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Thymidylate synthase', 'B': 'Dihydrofolate reductase', 'C': 'Hypoxanthine guanine-phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)', 'D': 'DNA polymerase', 'E': 'Thymidine kinase'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Dihydrofolate reductase" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 5-year-old girl swallows a marble while playing and is rushed to the hospital by her mother. The patient’s mother says she suddenly started to cough violently and made \"funny breathing\" sounds for a few minutes which then resolved. Her pulse is 100/min and respirations are 28/min. Physical examination reveals a girl in no obvious distress and breathing comfortably. There are diminished breath sounds and mild expiratory wheezing over the lower right lung field. A chest X-ray is performed which shows a round foreign body about 1 cm ×1 cm in the lower portion of the right inferior lobe. Which of the following changes in blood flow through the affected part of the lung would most likely be present in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Blood flow would be increased due to arterial vasodilation.', 'B': 'Blood flow would be increased due to active hyperemia.', 'C': 'Blood flow would be unchanged due to autoregulation.', 'D': 'Blood flow would be unchanged due to decreased surfactant.', 'E': 'Blood flow would be decreased due to arterial vasoconstriction.'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Blood flow would be decreased due to arterial vasoconstriction." } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A patient presents with periods of severe headaches and flushing however every time they have come to the physician they have not experienced any symptoms. The only abnormal finding is a blood pressure of 175 mmHg/100 mmHg. It is determined that the optimal treatment for this patient is surgical. Prior to surgery which of the following noncompetitive inhibitors should be administered?? \n{'A': 'Atropine', 'B': 'Isoproterenol', 'C': 'Propranolol', 'D': 'Phentolamine', 'E': 'Phenoxybenzamine'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Phenoxybenzamine" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 55-year-old man with no significant medical history returns for follow-up of a fasting blood glucose (FBG) of 110 mg/dL. His mother had a myocardial infarction at age 52. He weighs 90 kg and his body mass index is 35 kg/m2. His repeat FBG is 160 mg/dL and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is 7.0%. He is started on metformin but is lost to follow-up. Two years later, his HbA1c is 7.6% despite maximal metformin usage, so the patient is started on glyburide. Three months later, his HbA1c is 7.3% while on both medications, and subsequently prescribed glargine and aspart. Three months later, he is brought by his wife to the emergency department for evaluation of altered mental status. His electronic medical record notes that he was started on nitrofurantoin recently for an urinary tract infection. He is disoriented to place and time. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, respirations are 26/min. His basic metabolic panel is shown below:\n\nSerum:\nNa+: 119 mEq/L\nCl-: 90 mEq/L\nK+: 4.2 mEq/L\nHCO3-: 24 mEq/L\nBUN: 25 mg/dL\nGlucose: 1,400 mg/dL\nCreatinine: 1.9 mg/dL\n\nHis urine dipstick is negative for ketones. A peripheral intravenous line is established. What is the best initial step in management?? \n{'A': '3% hypertonic saline', 'B': 'Regular insulin', 'C': \"Lactated ringer's solution\", 'D': 'Glargine insulin', 'E': 'Regular insulin and potassium'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Lactated ringer's solution" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 33-year-old woman comes to the emergency department for the evaluation of a headache and increased sweating for the last two hours. The patient also reports palpitations and nausea. Yesterday, she was started on venlafaxine for treatment-resistant depression. She took citalopram for four weeks, but stopped three days ago because her symptoms of depression did not improve. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her temperature is 39°C (102.2°F), pulse is 120/min, and blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg. On mental status examination, the patient is only oriented to person, but not to place or time. Examination shows tremors in all extremities. She has impaired gait. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ bilaterally. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Abnormal ryanodine receptor', 'B': 'Increased CNS serotonergic activity', 'C': 'Dopamine receptor blockade', 'D': 'Anticholinergic toxicity', 'E': 'Suspected amphetamine intake'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Increased CNS serotonergic activity" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 67-year-old man with stable coronary artery disease comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Aside from occasional exertional chest pain on mowing the lawn or prolonged jogging, he feels well. He goes jogging for 20 minutes once a week and takes a tablet of sublingual nitroglycerine prior to his run to prevent anginal chest pain. The patient would like to run longer distances and asks the physician whether he could increase the dose of the drug prior to running. Administration of higher dosages of this drug is most likely to result in which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Rebound angina', 'B': 'Development of tolerance', 'C': 'Reflex sympathetic activity', 'D': 'Anaphylactic reaction', 'E': 'Coronary artery vasospasm'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Reflex sympathetic activity" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 35-year-old man presents with a 1-day-history of pain and difficulty moving his right shoulder. He was cleaning his attic when he fell through onto the floor below and landed on his outstretched right hand. He tried over-the-counter analgesics which did not help. Past medical history is unremarkable. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, there are no visible deformities in the shoulder or upper extremities bilaterally. When he is asked to abduct his right shoulder above his head, he could not move his right shoulder initially. He is able to do so only when he is assisted to complete a full abduction. There is no sensory loss in any part of the upper limbs. Peripheral pulses are 2+ bilaterally. A MRI of the right shoulder is performed (shown in the image). Which of the following structures is most likely injured?? \n{'A': 'Infraspinatus tendon', 'B': 'Supraspinatus tendon', 'C': 'Deltoid muscle', 'D': 'Subscapularis tendon', 'E': 'Teres minor tendon'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Supraspinatus tendon" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 42-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of intermittent sharp right upper quadrant abdominal pain and nausea for the past 10 hours. She has vomited 3 times. There is no associated fever, chills, diarrhea, or urinary symptoms. She has 2 children who both attend high school. She appears uncomfortable. She is 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall and weighs 86 kg (190 lb). Her BMI is 32 kg/m2. Her temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 100/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. She has mild scleral icterus. On physical examination, her abdomen is soft and nondistended, with tenderness to palpation of the right upper quadrant without guarding or rebound. Bowel sounds are normal. Laboratory studies show the following:\nBlood\nHemoglobin count 14 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 9,000 mm3\nPlatelet count 160,000 mm3\nSerum\nAlkaline phosphatase 238 U/L\nAspartate aminotransferase 60 U/L\nBilirubin \nTotal 2.8 mg/dL\nDirect 2.1 mg/dL\nWhich of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen', 'B': 'Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)', 'C': 'Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan of the biliary tract', 'D': 'Supine and erect X-rays of the abdomen', 'E': 'Transabdominal ultrasonography'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Transabdominal ultrasonography" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 2-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents because of difficulty walking and cold feet for the past 2 months. His parents report that he tires quickly from walking. The patient was born at 37 weeks' gestation and has met all developmental milestones. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. He is at the 50th percentile for height and 40th percentile for weight. His temperature is 36.9°C (98.4°F), pulse is 119/min, respirations are 32/min, and blood pressure is 135/85 mm Hg. A grade 2/6 systolic murmur is heard in the left paravertebral region. Pedal pulses are absent. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?? \n{'A': 'Rib notching', 'B': 'Low tissue oxygenation in the legs', 'C': 'Interarm difference in blood pressure', 'D': 'Right ventricular outflow obstruction', 'E': 'Increased R wave amplitude in V5-V6 on ECG'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Low tissue oxygenation in the legs" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 62-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of syncope. He reports sudden onset of palpitations followed by loss of consciousness while carrying his groceries to his car. He is unable to recall any further details and does not have any chest pain or dizziness. He has a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gastroparesis, and osteoarthritis of the knees. Medications include lisinopril, metformin, and ondansetron as needed for nausea. He also takes methadone daily for chronic pain. Apart from an abrasion on his forehead, he appears well. His temperature is 37.2 °C (98.9 F), heart rate is 104/min and regular, and blood pressure is 135/70 mm Hg. While he is in the emergency department, he loses consciousness again. Telemetry shows polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with cyclic alteration of the QRS axis that spontaneously resolves after 30 seconds. Results of a complete blood count, serum electrolyte concentrations, and serum thyroid studies show no abnormalities. Cardiac enzymes are within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's syncope?? \n{'A': 'Prolonged QT interval', 'B': 'Fast accessory conduction pathway', 'C': 'Prinzmetal angina', 'D': 'Brugada syndrome', 'E': 'Hypomagnesemia\\n\"'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Prolonged QT interval" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with nausea and vomiting. The patient started experiencing these symptoms shortly after arriving home from going out to eat at a seafood restaurant. His symptoms progressed and now he reports having an odd metallic taste in his mouth, diffuse pruritus, and blurry vision. His temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/72 mmHg, pulse is 50/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals bradycardia and an inability of the patient to differentiate hot versus cold; no rash can be appreciated on exam. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Ciguatoxin', 'B': 'Scombrotoxin', 'C': 'Tetrodotoxin', 'D': 'Type I hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Viral gastroenteritis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Ciguatoxin" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 43-year-old man comes to the physician because of increasing shortness of breath for 1 month. He has been using two pillows at night but frequently wakes up feeling as if he is choking. Five months ago, he underwent surgery for creation of an arteriovenous fistula in his left upper arm. He has hypertension and chronic kidney disease due to reflux nephropathy. He receives hemodialysis three times a week. His current medications are enalapril, vitamin D3, erythropoietin, sevelamer, and atorvastatin. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), respirations are 22/min, pulse is 103/min and bounding, and blood pressure is 106/58 mm Hg. Examination of the lower extremities shows bilateral pitting pedal edema. There is jugular venous distention. A prominent thrill is heard over the brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula. There are crackles heard at both lung bases. Cardiac examination shows an S3 gallop. The abdomen is soft and nontender. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? \n{'A': 'AV fistula aneurysm', 'B': 'Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome', 'C': 'Pulmonary embolism', 'D': 'Constrictive pericarditis', 'E': 'High-output heart failure'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: High-output heart failure" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 38-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, is brought to the emergency department by her husband after an episode of unconsciousness. She delivered a healthy infant two weeks ago and the postpartum course was complicated by severe vaginal bleeding, for which she required 4 units of packed red blood cells. Since the blood transfusion, she has had decreased milk production and has felt fatigued. Her pulse is 118/min and blood pressure is 104/63 mm Hg. Her finger-stick glucose concentration is 34 mg/dL. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroxine levels are low and the serum sodium level is 132 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Postpartum thyroiditis', 'B': 'Lactotrophic adenoma', 'C': 'Adrenal hemorrhage', 'D': 'Hypothalamic infarction', 'E': 'Pituitary ischemia'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Pituitary ischemia" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 71-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his daughter after she found him to be extremely confused at home. She says that he appeared to be fine in the morning; however, upon returning home, she found that he was slumped in his chair and was hard to arouse. She was worried that he may have taken too many medications and rushed him to the emergency department. His past medical history is significant for bipolar disorder and absence seizures. He does not smoke and drinks 4 alcoholic beverages per night on average. On physical exam, he is found to have a flapping tremor of his hands, pitting ankle edema, and gynecomastia. He does not appear to have any focal neurologic deficits. Which of the following lab findings would most likely be seen in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Increased anticonvulsant levels', 'B': 'Increased antidepressant levels', 'C': 'Increased bleeding time', 'D': 'Increased d-dimer levels', 'E': 'Increased prothrombin time'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Increased prothrombin time" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 22-year-old man seeks help from a physician for his heroin addiction. He tells the doctor that he started using heroin at the age of 17 and gradually started increasing the dose. He has been trying to quit for the last 6 months after realizing the negative consequences of his addiction but has not succeeded because of the withdrawal symptoms. The physician suggests a drug that can be taken within a supervised rehabilitation program as a substitute for heroin to help alleviate withdrawal symptoms. The drug will then be tapered over time. He is further informed by the physician that this drug is not to be taken by the patient on his own and will not work in an emergency situation related to heroin withdrawal. Which of the following drugs is most likely to have been recommended by the physician?? \n{'A': 'Codeine', 'B': 'Clonidine', 'C': 'Methadone', 'D': 'Naloxone', 'E': 'Naltrexone'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Methadone" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 48-year-old man is unable to pass urine after undergoing open abdominal surgery. His physical examination and imaging findings suggest that the cause of his urinary retention is non-obstructive and is most probably due to urinary bladder atony. He is prescribed a new selective muscarinic (M3) receptor agonist, which improves his symptoms. Which of the following is most likely involved in the mechanism of action of this new drug?? \n{'A': 'Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase', 'B': 'Inhibition of guanylyl cyclase', 'C': 'Activation of phospholipase C', 'D': 'Increased transmembrane K+ conductance', 'E': 'Increased transmembrane Na+ conductance'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Activation of phospholipase C" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 17-year-old boy comes to the physician because of body aches and sore throat for 1 week. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. He lives with his parents; they recently adopted a cat from an animal shelter. He is sexually active with one female partner, and they use condoms consistently. His temperature is 38.7°C (101.7°F), pulse is 99/min, and blood pressure is 110/72 mm Hg. Examination shows bilateral posterior cervical lymphadenopathy. The pharynx is red and swollen. Laboratory studies show:\nHemoglobin 15 g/dL\nLeukocyte count 11,500/mm3\nSegmented neutrophils 48%\nBand forms 2%\nBasophils 0.5%\nEosinophils 1%\nLymphocytes 45%\nMonocytes 3.5%\nWhen the patient's serum is added to a sample of horse erythrocytes, the cells aggregate together. Which of the following is the most likely causal pathogen?\"? \n{'A': 'Epstein-Barr virus', 'B': 'Cytomegalovirus', 'C': 'Human immunodeficiency virus', 'D': 'Influenza virus', 'E': 'Toxoplasma gondii'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Epstein-Barr virus" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:An 8-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with severe dyspnea, fatigue, and vomiting. His mother reports that he has been lethargic for the last several days with an increase in urine output. She thinks he may even be losing weight, despite eating and drinking more than normal for the last couple weeks. Laboratory results are notable for glucose of 440, potassium of 5.8, pH of 7.14 and HCO3 of 17. After administrating IV fluids and insulin, which of the following would you expect?? \n{'A': 'Increase in serum glucose', 'B': 'Increase in anion gap', 'C': 'Decrease in serum potassium', 'D': 'Decrease in pH', 'E': 'Decrease in serum bicarbonate'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Decrease in serum potassium" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 49-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with bloody stool and malaise. She developed a fever and acute left lower quadrant abdominal pain earlier in the day. She has had 2 bowel movements with bright red blood. Her past medical history is notable for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. She takes lovastatin, hydrochlorothiazide, metformin, glyburide, and aspirin. Her temperature is 102.9°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 101/61 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. On exam, she is fully alert and oriented. She is tender in the left lower quadrant. A computerized tomography (CT) scan is performed demonstrating acute diverticulitis. She is admitted and started on broad-spectrum antibiotics. 48 hours later, her urine output is significantly decreased. Her abdominal pain has improved but she has started vomiting and appears confused. She has new bilateral lower extremity edema and decreased breath sounds at the lung bases. Laboratory analysis upon admission and 48 hours later is shown below:\n\nAdmission:\nHemoglobin: 11.9 g/dl\nHematocrit: 34%\nLeukocyte count: 11,500/mm^3\nPlatelet count: 180,000/ mm^3\n\nSerum:\nNa+: 141 mEq/L\nCl-: 103 mEq/L\nK+: 4.5 mEq/L\nHCO3-: 23 mEq/L\nBUN: 21 mg/dL\nGlucose: 110 mg/dL\nCreatinine: 0.9 mg/dL\n\n48 hours later:\nHemoglobin: 10.1 g/dl\nHematocrit: 28%\nLeukocyte count: 11,500 cells/mm^3\nPlatelet count: 195,000/ mm^3\n\nSerum:\nNa+: 138 mEq/L\nCl-: 100 mEq/L\nK+: 5.1 mEq/L\nHCO3-: 24 mEq/L\nBUN: 30 mg/dL\nGlucose: 120 mg/dL\nCreatinine: 2.1 mg/dL\n\nWhich of the following findings would most likely be seen on urine microscopy?? \n{'A': 'Fatty casts', 'B': 'Hyaline casts', 'C': 'Muddy brown casts', 'D': 'Waxy casts', 'E': 'White blood cell casts'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Muddy brown casts" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 50-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of lethargy and confusion for the past 24 hours. He has also had a productive cough for the past year and has had a 10-kg (22-lb) weight loss over the past 6 months. He has a history of multiple sclerosis and has not had an acute exacerbation in over 10 years. For the past 30 years, he has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily. He drinks 2 beers every day after work. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 90/min, blood pressure is 130/90 mm Hg, and respirations are 22/min. On examination, the patient appears lethargic and cannot state his name or his location. Physical examination reveals scattered wheezing bilaterally. Deep tendon reflexes cannot be elicited. Laboratory studies show:\nSerum\nNa+ 115 mEq/L\nK+ 4.5 mEq/L\nHCO3- 22 mEq/L\nGlucose 70 mg/dL\nBlood urea nitrogen 8 mg/dL\nUrine osmolality 450 mOsmol/kg H2O\nUrine sodium 70 mEq/L\nAn x-ray of the chest reveals a central lung mass. Which of the following is the next best step in management?\"? \n{'A': 'Order CT scan of the chest', 'B': 'Administer furosemide', 'C': 'Administer hypertonic saline', 'D': 'Administer demeclocycline', 'E': 'Administer conivaptan'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Administer hypertonic saline" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 55-year-old man presents to the physician with complaints of 5 days of watery diarrhea, fever, and bloating. He has not noticed any blood in his stool. He states that his diet has not changed recently, and his family has been spared from diarrhea symptoms despite eating the same foods that he has been cooking at home. He has no history of recent travel outside the United States. His only medication is high-dose omeprazole, which he has been taking daily for the past few months to alleviate his gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Which of the following is the most appropriate initial test to work up this patient’s symptoms?? \n{'A': 'Colonoscopy', 'B': 'Fecal occult blood test', 'C': 'Stool culture', 'D': 'Stool ova and parasite', 'E': 'Stool toxin assay'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Stool toxin assay" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 49-year-old woman presents to her primary care doctor in late December with malaise. She reports worsening fatigue, myalgias, headache, and malaise that started 1 day ago. She works as a lunch lady at an elementary school. Her past medical history is notable for a distal radius fracture after a fall 2 years ago, but she is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. She is married and has 3 adult children who are healthy. Her temperature is 102.9°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 101/61 mmHg, pulse is 112/min, and respirations are 21/min. On exam, she appears lethargic and uncomfortable but is able to answer questions appropriately. Breath sounds are normal bilaterally. She is started on intravenous fluids and a pharmacologic agent for treatment. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of the drug being used to treat this patient?? \n{'A': 'DNA polymerase inhibitor', 'B': 'Neuraminidase inhibitor', 'C': 'Protease inhibitor', 'D': 'Reverse transcriptase inhibitor', 'E': 'RNA-dependent polymerase inhibitor'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Neuraminidase inhibitor" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 78-year-old woman is brought to the emergency ward by her son for lethargy and generalized weakness. The patient speaks in short utterances and does not make eye contact with the provider or her son throughout the interview and examination. You elicit that the patient lives with her son and daughter-in-law, and she reports vague weakness for the last couple days. The emergency room provider notices 3-4 healing bruises on the patient's upper extremities; otherwise, examination is not revealing. Routine chemistries and blood counts are unremarkable; non-contrast head CT demonstrates normal age-related changes. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Perform lumbar puncture', 'B': 'Question the patient regarding abuse or neglect', 'C': \"Question the patient's son regarding the home situation\", 'D': \"Ask the patient's son to leave the room\", 'E': \"Call Adult Protective Services to report the patient's son\"}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Ask the patient's son to leave the room" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 23-year-old woman presents with fever, chills, nausea, and urinary urgency and frequency. She says that her symptoms began 4 days ago and have progressively worsened. Her past medical history is significant for a 6-month history of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Her vital signs include: temperature 39.0°C (102.2°F), blood pressure 100/70 mm Hg, pulse 92/min, and respiratory rate 25/min. On physical examination, there is moderate left costovertebral angle tenderness. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:\nWBC 8,500/mm3\nRBC 4.20 x 106/mm3\nHematocrit 41.5%\nHemoglobin 13.0 g/dL\nPlatelet count 225,000/mm3\nUrinalysis\nColor Dark yellow\nClarity Turbid\npH 6.5\nSpecific gravity 1.026\nGlucose None\nKetones None\nNitrites Positive\nLeukocyte esterase Positive\nBilirubin Negative\nUrobilirubin 0.6 mg/dL\nProtein Trace\nBlood None\nWBC 25/hpf\nBacteria Many\nWhich of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? \n{'A': 'Pyelonephritis', 'B': 'Uncomplicated cystitis', 'C': 'Complicated cystitis', 'D': 'UTI', 'E': 'Acute obstructing nephrolithiasis'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Pyelonephritis" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 44-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of lower extremity swelling and frothy urine. He has a history of chronic hepatitis C infection. Physical examination shows 3+ pitting edema of the lower legs and ankles. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following?? \n{'A': 'Decreased blood urea nitrogen', 'B': 'Decreased cholesterol', 'C': 'Increased lipoproteins', 'D': 'Decreased cystatin C', 'E': 'Increased antithrombin III'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Increased lipoproteins" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 72-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of increased urinary frequency and a weakened urinary stream. He has a history of gout, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. He currently takes allopurinol, metformin, glyburide, and rosuvastatin. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination reveals an enlarged, non-tender prostate without nodules or masses. An ultrasound reveals a uniformly enlarged prostate that is 40mL in size. His physician starts him on a new medication. After taking the first dose, the patient experiences lightheadedness upon standing and has a syncopal event. Which of the following mechanisms of action is most consistent with the medication in question?? \n{'A': 'Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker', 'B': 'Alpha-1-adrenergic receptor antagonist', 'C': 'Alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist', 'D': 'Non-selective alpha receptor antagonist', 'E': 'Selective muscarinic agonist'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "B: Alpha-1-adrenergic receptor antagonist" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 39-year-old male presents with muscle weakness in his upper and lower extremities. The patient has also noticed some trouble with swallowing. On physical exam, signs of hyperreflexia, spasticity, fasciculations, and muscle atrophy are present in an asymmetric fashion. Tongue fasciculations are also present. No sensory loss is noted. The patient does not report any abnormality with his bowel or bladder function. What will most likely be found on muscle biopsy?? \n{'A': 'Mitochondrial proliferation leading to ragged appearance in Gomori trichrome stain', 'B': 'Perimysial CD4+ infiltration and perifascicular atrophy', 'C': 'CD8+ infiltrating within the fascicle', 'D': 'Denervation and reinnervation of the muscle', 'E': 'Larval cysts'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Denervation and reinnervation of the muscle" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 38-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She was diagnosed with immune thrombocytopenic purpura at the age of 37 years and has been treated with glucocorticoids and intravenous immune globulin. She has visited the emergency department 3 times in the past 4 months for nose bleeds, which required cauterization. Her platelet counts on her previous visits were 18,320/mm3, 17,500/mm3, and 19,100/mm3. Current medications include dexamethasone and a multivitamin. She has no children. Her immunizations are up-to-date. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows petechiae on the bilateral lower extremities. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. The abdomen is soft and nontender; there is no organomegaly. Her hemoglobin concentration is 13.3 g/dL, leukocyte count is 8,100/mm3, and platelet count is 13,000/mm3. Her blood type is A negative. Serology for hepatitis C and HIV is negative. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Romiplostim therapy', 'B': 'Rituximab therapy', 'C': 'Danazol therapy', 'D': 'Observation and follow-up', 'E': 'Schedule splenectomy'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Schedule splenectomy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 54-year-old man is brought to the physician by his wife because of progressive difficulty walking during the past 3 months. He has not been able to walk without assistance for the past month and has started to use a wheelchair. He also reports having urinary incontinence for 1 year. His wife says that he has begun to slur his words and has become very difficult to understand. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 16/min. His blood pressure is 130/80mm Hg while sitting and 110/65mm Hg when standing. He is oriented to person and place but not to time. Neurological examination shows a mild tremor in his right hand and rigidity in his upper and lower extremities. He is unable to perform repetitive rotary forearm movements. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? \n{'A': 'Multiple system atrophy', 'B': 'Parkinson disease', 'C': 'Friedreich ataxia', 'D': 'Corticobasal degeneration', 'E': 'Normal pressure hydrocephalus'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "A: Multiple system atrophy" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 28-year-old primigravid woman at 36 weeks' gestation comes to the emergency department for 2 hours of contractions. Her pregnancy has been uncomplicated. The contractions occur once every 20–30 minutes, last less than 30 seconds, and have been consistent in intensity and duration since onset. During that time there has been an increase in fetal movements. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 98/min, and blood pressure is 104/76 mm Hg. Pelvic examination shows clear cervical mucus and a firm uterus consistent in size with a 36-week gestation. The cervix is 0% effaced and undilated; the vertex is at -3 station. The fetal heart rate is reassuring. After an hour of monitoring in the emergency department, the character of the contractions and pelvic examination findings remain unchanged. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?? \n{'A': 'Administer tocolytics', 'B': 'Offer local or regional anesthesia', 'C': 'Admit for continuous monitoring', 'D': 'Reassurance and discharge', 'E': 'Perform cesarean delivery'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Reassurance and discharge" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 28-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by a friend after fainting at work and hitting her head. She is conscious, alert, and in pain as she sustained a deep laceration above her right orbit. When asked about prior fainting episodes, she says that she has had them since childhood, but she felt it was \"nothing serious\". She also says she has frequent palpitations, shortness of breath, nausea, and, at times, chest pain and attributes this to \"working too hard.\" Her pulse is 110/min, respirations are 20/min, temperature is 37.4°C (99.3°F), and blood pressure is 110/78 mm Hg. Physical examination shows tachycardia and mild hypotension. The patient's electrocardiogram is obtained. Which of the following drugs is the preferable choice for first line treatment of the patient's condition?? \n{'A': 'Calcium gluconate', 'B': 'Epinephrine', 'C': 'Flecainide', 'D': 'Magnesium sulfate', 'E': 'Procainamide'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "D: Magnesium sulfate" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 61-year-old G4P3 presents with a 5-year history of involuntary urine loss on coughing, sneezing, and physical exertion. She denies urine leakage at night. She has been menopausal since 51 years of age. She is otherwise healthy and is not on any medications, including hormone replacement therapy. The weight is 78 kg (172 lb) and the height is 156 cm (5.1 ft). The vital signs are within normal limits. The physical examination shows no costovertebral angle tenderness. The neurologic examination is unremarkable. The gynecologic examination revealed pale and thin vulvar and vaginal mucosa. The external urethral opening appears normal; there is urine leakage when the patient is asked to cough. The Q-tip test is positive. The bimanual exam reveals painless bulging of the anterior vaginal wall. Which of the following findings are most likely to be revealed by cystometry?? \n{'A': 'Normal residual volume, involuntary detrusor contractions on maximal bladder filling', 'B': 'Increased residual volume, no involuntary detrusor contractions', 'C': 'Normal residual volume, involuntary detrusor contractions on minimal bladder filling', 'D': 'Increased residual volume, involuntary detrusor contractions on maximal bladder filling', 'E': 'Normal residual volume, no involuntary detrusor contractions'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "E: Normal residual volume, no involuntary detrusor contractions" } ]

[ { "from": "system", "value": "Q:A 20-year-old woman is brought in by police for trying to break into a museum after hours. The patient states that she is a detective on the trail of a master collusion scheme and needs the artifacts from the museum to prove her case. Her family reports that she has been acting strangely for the past week. She has been up perusing the internet all night without taking breaks. Her husband states that she has had increased sexual interest for the past week; however, he did not report this to the physician when he first noticed it. The patient is unable to offer a history as she cannot be redirected from her current theory. Her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 122/81 mmHg, pulse is 97/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable only for a highly-energized patient. Laboratory studies are ordered as seen below.\n\nUrine:\nColor: Yellow\nNitrite: Negative\nBacteria: Negative\nLeukocytes: Negative\nhCG: Positive\nBenzodiazepines: Negative\nBarbiturate: Negative\nCocaine: Negative\nAcetaminophen: Negative\n\nWhich of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? \n{'A': 'Electroconvulsive therapy', 'B': 'Fluoxetine', 'C': 'Haloperidol', 'D': 'Lithium', 'E': 'Valproic acid'}," }, { "from": "human", "value": "Please answer with one of the option in the bracket" }, { "from": "gpt", "value": "C: Haloperidol" } ]