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8 Ways Smoking Destroys Your Teeth and Overall Oral Health Much has been said about the effects of smoking on the human body in general. For instance, study after study has shown that smoking is directly responsible for chronic lung disease, lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and a host of other medical conditions. What many people don’t realize is that smoking not only devastates your body’s organs but also does a number on your oral health. Here are even more reasons to drop the habit and save your smile. Studies have shown that smoking shrinks the blood vessels, which decreases blood flow. Restricted blood flow affects not only your heart and other major organs but your oral health as well. It prohibits your gums from fighting an infection as efficiently as they normally would. In addition, smoking weakens your immune system, which again makes it vulnerable to diseases and prolongs the healing process of your gums. Smoking also kills beneficial bacteria that are present in the mouth, which gives harmful bacteria an opportunity to flourish. These factors make smokers comparably more prone to gum disease than nonsmokers and cause problems to progress relatively faster. More evidence shows that smoking can cause cavities. The American College of Prosthodontists says that nicotine may escalate the buildup of biofilm (plaque) on the teeth. This contains bacteria that feed on the sugars and carbs inside your mouth. Plaque produces acids that eat away at the structure of your tooth enamel, creating holes that can leave the roots open. Cavities bring nothing but pain and sensitivity to the teeth and they cost thousands of dollars of dental work if not treated immediately. As periodontal disease progresses and bacteria takes over your mouth, expect to feel new mouth sores forming. These little white sores are incredibly painful and make it unbearable to eat even food with the slightest acidity. If you think that those graphic health warnings about people’s teeth falling out because of tobacco use are a little too far-fetched, think again. Numerous studies reveal a strong correlation between smoking and tooth loss. The Academy of General also found that men who smoke a pack a day lost around 3 teeth for every 10 years of tobacco use, making smokers twice as likely to suffer from the impaired oral function. Unlike the extrinsic staining caused by consuming coffee, cola, wine, and other types of food and drink, the discoloration caused by nicotine is described as intrinsic. This means that it affects not only the surface of the tooth but its inner structure as well. Cigarettes contain large quantities of tar and nicotine. While nicotine itself is colorless, it reacts when exposed to oxygen which turns it yellow. The teeth then absorb this chemical through its pores. The stain caused by tar and nicotine can be so severe your teeth can turn yellow in just a matter of weeks. Continued use of tobacco can intensify the discoloration even further, making your smile appear more brown than yellow. Mouth dryness is another problem that affects many smokers. Inhaling smoke blocks your salivary glands and causes your mouth tissues to be burned. As your mouth struggles due to the lack of saliva, you will feel uncomfortable and experience dryness. This can result in more harmful conditions like oral fungal infections, mouth sores, and gum diseases. Altered Taste And Smell Smoking regularly can mess with your sense of taste and smell. You might feel that something is a bit “off.” Since this interferes with your enjoyment of food, you might be inclined to add too much sugar or salt when you’re eating – in an attempt to make the taste stronger. Various studies prove this, suggesting that smoking (among other factors and depending on dose) has an adverse effect on olfactory function. Increased Oral Cancer Risk Time and again, researchers have proven that smoking increases the risk of various cancers, including lung, pancreatic, stomach, and kidney cancer. This unhealthy habit is also responsible for the majority of oral and throat conditions, including mouth laryngeal, and esophageal cancer. In fact, 80% of people with oral cancers use tobacco in the form of cigarettes or taking snuff. If you’ve ever wondered what makes tobacco smoke so toxic, here’s a basic fact to remember. Tobacco smoke is a toxic cocktail of chemicals containing 70 known carcinogens, including hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, lead, arsenic, and benzene. Ready To Quit Smoking? Fortunately, many of the habit’s adverse effects are reversible and what better time to start than now? Within just 48 hours of quitting, the damaged nerve ending in your nose and mouth will begin to grow, improving your sense of smell and taste. Within a week, you will begin to see and feel a difference in the color of your teeth and mouth. The stain that’s been keeping your smile from shining bright will start to diminish. As your body adjusts, the stress and anxiety during the withdrawal stage may cause your dry mouth to become worse. Do not panic when you experience this because it’s a normal part of healing. Along with improved breathing, the increased oxygen will give you an energy boost. Your risk of inflammation will also lower, helping your immune system fight off colds and other illnesses more effectively. It may take a few years after quitting, but your chance of having oral and throat cancers will also decrease. Get Help From Your Trusted Dentist Smoking can be a huge part of your lifestyle, which makes it extremely difficult to quit and stay clean. We, at Kyrene Family Dentistry, understand that. Our expert team can guide you in your recovery toward a better oral health. We provide tips to help you overcome issues and maintain proper oral hygiene. Feel free to drop by at our dental office in Chandler, AZ, or call us at 480 (705-9005) for your questions. You may also fill out our contact form to schedule for an appointment.

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How does dancing affect the mind in the long run? Is it different from the short term effects of dancing? Yes, absolutely! The short term effects of dancing on the mind are related to mood and satisfaction, while the long term effects are related to discipline and memory. Dance Today, Smile Today Dancing is an excellent form of exercise because it not only burns calories and builds muscles, but it also contributes to an overall sense of happiness. Of course, all exercise releases endorphins, but dancing has an increased effect in this realm because it's not only the physical activity, but also the music, that affect the mind. Endorphins are released when the body is forced to exert itself at a certain level. You may have heard of a 'runner's high'; because dancing is a similar activity, this same boost in mood can be achieved through dancing. In addition to the physical activity of dancing, when dancing is also a performance, adrenaline and endorphins work together to create a dramatic 'dancer's high'. Dancing also affects the mind by contributing to a sense of satisfaction. While you may not reach new goals each day that you dance, you will have the satisfaction of knowing that you worked hard towards reaching those goals. Sweating through a series of exercises can be very satisfying even if change comes about at a pace so slow that you can't see the improvement. In the long term, you will see the fruits of your efforts from year to year, but on a day-to-day basis, most dancers feel very satisfied with having completed their exercises, worked on their turnout, and done their daily stretch routine. How Does Dancing Affect the Mind More Permanently Dancing not only has short-term benefits for your mental well-being, but also long-term benefits. Dancers become very good at learning things quickly and methodically because of how often they learn new dance moves; you may see a dancer turn and stare into space while moving her hands and perhaps mouthing something to herself while trying to learn something. Dancers learn to repeat things not just with their bodies, but also with their hands and in words. This process of repeating what you just saw or heard until you've committed it to memory is a skill, and it serves dancers in all aspects of life, both inside the studio and out. In addition to enhanced memory skills, dancers also tend to be self-disciplined and self-motivated. Dancers grow accustomed to working in a structured manner toward a goal and realize that results never come overnight. For this reason, dancers are often highly disciplined, and carry this discipline over into other aspects of their lives. If all these mental benefits sound great to you and you're not dancing yet, now may be the perfect moment to start. In principle, all forms of dancing have positive mental benefits; however, some forms of dance will have more/different benefits than other types. For example, a slow dance may not burn many calories or release many endorphins, but may well contribute to long-term discipline and memory. Likewise, a very fast dance could release lots of endorphins today, but not take much discipline or memory (for example a highly improvisational form of dance, which, not yet mentioned here, will help spark creativity, which is yet another mental benefit of dancing). Ultimately, it's all up to you to decide which dance form is most appealing to you for yourself. Then you can let whatever positive mental benefits come alongside that dance form be a nice bonus. If these mental benefits from dancing sound like things you would like for your child, sign them up for a dance class soon. In addition to all the mental benefits, dancers tend to become serious students and do well in school, which is probably another good reason to have your child take dance classes. How does dancing affect the minds of children? Much the same way as adults - except that children learn even faster!

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I was inspired by a reader’s comment after my column: she asked how to wash fruits and vegetables, specifically. Great question, and one that I find that many of us take for granted—and we cannot afford to take food hygiene practices for granted. Why? Good food hygiene that you and I practice at home, every day, can have a significant impact on our public health. Yup, it’s true. You and I can help prevent the spread of food-borne illnesses just by taking time to wash not only our hands, but also our fruits and vegetables. It’s essential that we know how. This is a great example of the ripple effect: what you do in your kitchen affects all of those around you, and they in turn affect those around them, and so on...et voila, before you know it, your everyday practices have affected the public health of untold individuals! So, let’s get down and dirty. How do you actually keep your kitchen safe, and thus ensure that you and your family stay healthy? Let’s pick up where I left off last time: after you’ve washed your hands (and in case I wasn’t strong enough in my last column…wash, wash, and wash some more!), be sure to always do the following. 1) Clean Your Work Surface: Clean your work surface, i.e. counter-tops, cutting boards. You can wash the surfaces with warm water, or a commercial preparation specifically made for countertops. Remember, sponges harbor bacteria, so if you use them be sure to clean them frequently. (I prefer paper towels) 2) Segregate Your Cutting Boards: Let your inner decorator out: invest in several cutting boards, maybe a blue for chicken and a red for vegetables. Using different cutting boards for raw meat, fruits and vegetables is an easy way to cut down on the risk of contamination. You can run them through the dishwasher, as well, to get them good and clean. 3) Invest in a Good Food Thermometer: Invest in a good food thermometer (stocking stuffer, anyone?). Don’t just go by time, or color, when checking to see if your chicken or meat is cooked. Many recipes advise how hot the meat should be when it’s done, and when it doubt, you can always look it up as well. 4) Get Some BPA-Free Storage Containers: And while you’re out buying multiple cutting boards, purchase some more storage containers (I just got glass ones with all different color lids that I can microwave in as well as use for storing leftovers in the fridge). You can store food in plastic (check for BPA-free!) or glass containers, but it isn’t recommended to microwave in some plastics. Rather than try and remember what I can and cannot reheat in, I prefer just to use glass containers whenever possible. OK, now on to the fun stuff: the food itself. 5) Clean Your Fruits and Veggies The Right Way: Lots of research has been done looking at the best way to wash fruits and vegetables. Does tap water suffice? Should we use vinegar, should we use specific vegetable wash solutions? In their article, Kilonzo-Nthenge et al. evaluated multiple methods for washing vegetables, including pre-soaking the vegetables, running them under tap water, brushing them, using paper towels, and also using vinegar and lemon preparations. All in all, they concluded that soaking in cold tap water was not significantly different than using other preparations, such acidic solutions (think vinegar or lemon). In addition, they found it helpful to rub or brush the vegetables. So, whether you are just eating an apple (and aren't they great right now?) or making home-made soup or stir-frying vegetables, be sure to scrub them under water to get them good and clean before you eat them. See how your BMI and waist-to-hip ratio is affecting your beauty and health. Highlight your eye color. Flaunt your body shape. Harness your confidence. Take our quizzes to better know yourself and get science-based, individualized advice to embrace your true beauty. See how your BMI and waist-to-hip ratio is affecting your beauty and health.Take Quiz Great sex does more than blow your mind—it's good for your heart, your head and your beauty.Take Quiz Define your curves and discover the best ways to eat, exercise and dress for your figure.Take Quiz If shopping for eye makeup is one big guessing game, find your best colors here.Take Quiz

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What is a nation? Is a nation the geographical boundaries that define its borders? Is a nation something that comes about because of its past? Do we call something a nation because of the soil and natural resources that are present in a piece of land? According to the Oxford dictionary, a nation is defined as “A large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular state or territory”. The definition might be enough when we look at nations in general, but if we were to look at India or even the state of Nagaland, does that definition suffice? The Idea of Nagaland India is home to many different languages, cultures with varied history and states with their own potpourri of languages, food and origin stories. In spite of that, we call it a nation. A lot of the cultures and inhabitants of the people of different states are unique and do not actually have any shared history. Yet, all these people, cultures and languages are being brought under one umbrella called India. Taking these different characteristics of the different states, PM Modi has been aggressively promoting the idea of India internationally. It seems to have made a difference because in 2015, India's nation brand value has increased 32 per cent to $2.14 trillion, compared with $1.62 trillion last year according to a report by London-based Brand Finance. The USA still tops the list by a huge amount of $19.7 trillion followed by a distant China at $6.3 trillion. This is important. We are basically talking about “Soft power” – a word first coined in 1980 by Joseph Nye of Harvard University. It means the ability of a country to persuade others to do what it wants without force or coercion. In today’s world, it isn’t always going to be the country with the bigger army that wins wars, it’s the country with the bigger story.

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The next step in 3D printing could be something called mobile manufacturing. Siemens researchers in Princeton, New Jersey have developed prototype spider-like robots that can work collaboratively to print structures and surfaces, thus potentially accelerating production of large-scale, complex structures such as the fuselages of planes and the hulls of ships. Large spiders have been spotted in labs at Siemens Corporate Technology’s Princeton campus. They have been caught depositing a thick, sweet-smelling, sticky material that appears to dry on contact to a smooth, shiny finish. Although ever more of the spiders are appearing, no one has sounded an alarm; and for good reason… Instead of coming in from surrounding wooded areas, the spiders have journeyed from the virtual world, where they were conceived, to the very real world inhabited by people like Livio Dalloro, who heads the Product Design, Simulation & Modeling Research group in the Automation and Control Technology Field at Siemens Corporate Technology (CT). In Dalloro’s team, the spiders are known as SiSpis or Siemens Spiders, and they are recognized as promising representatives of what could someday be a new species of industrial worker. To read more, click here: Siemens Autonomous Systems - Spider Workers Carolyn JoinerSiemensUnited Statescarolyn.email@example.com

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National anti-cyber bullying campaign Wednesday, 29 June 2011 Professor Donna Cross (pictured) CHPRC will work with the Australian Human Rights Commission and communications specialists Primary Communications to develop an innovative anti-cyber bullying initiative. Commission President Catherine Branson QC said the campaign would focus on helping young people to take safe and effective action when they witness cyber bullying. “We repeatedly hear about incidents of cyber bullying involving young people and we know that the damage it causes can last a lifetime,” Ms Branson said. “Cyber bullying is a growing problem confronting the nation with the potential for serious mental and physical impacts. “The Commission is particularly excited about partnering with the Child Health Promotion Research Centre at Edith Cowan University due to their extensive expertise working in the field of bullying.” CHPRC Professor of Child and Adolescent Health, Donna Cross, undertook the world's first study into strategies being used by schools, families and students to combat the effects of cyber bullying. “Young people are key stakeholders in identifying and implementing responses to cyber bullying. This project includes important opportunities for young people to inform the content, design and platform in which to promote positive bystander actions,” Professor Cross said. For more information, visit the Australian Human Rights Commission website.

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Andrew Ucles shows us how to catch a hawk in this short video. Watch to see how he does it. He is often catching wild animals with his bare hands. Falconry is becoming more popular than ever. The sport involves training a hawk or other raptor to hunt for you. The most common species for falconers to hunt include squirrrels, rabbits, and ruffed grouse. The first step in becoming a falconer (after acquiring all necessary licenses and capture permits) is capturing a hawk. In the video, Ucles captures a whistling kite hawk, which is native to Australia. Falconers here in the states are more likely to capture a red-tailed hawk. Make sure you are up for the challenge and commitment it takes to become a falconer before you capture a hawk. According to the North American Falconry Association, it will take most people around seven years to become a master falconer. Those who feel like they are up to the challenge can use the information provided in the video to catch a hawk that will eventually become their hunting partner.

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In which Scrabble dictionary does LEMURES exist? Definitions of LEMURES in dictionaries: The spirits of the dead considered in ancient Rome as frightening specters and often exorcised from the homes in religious rituals. - noun - the ghosts of the dead in ancient Roman religion There are 7 letters in LEMURES: E E L M R S U All anagrams that could be made from letters of word LEMURES plus a Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word LEMURES 7 letter words 6 letter words 5 letter words 4 letter words 3 letter words 2 letter words Images for LEMURESLoading... SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.

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SMA20 - CHEM-20 Overview & Description In the past, doctors used to order groups or panels of laboratory tests in order to diagnose different conditions. The CHEM-20, a set of 20 tests, was one of these group tests. These days, doctors most often order the laboratory tests separately depending on the specific Who is a candidate for the test? Click on the links below to learn more about why each test might be done. How is the test performed? Click on the links below for the individual tests to learn more about how each test is performed. Preparation & Expectations What is involved in preparation for the test? Click on the links below to learn more about any preparation needed for each Results and Values What do the test results mean? To learn more about individual CHEM-20 tests, click on the links below: Alanine transaminase, also called ALT or SGPT Aspartate aminotransferase, also called AST or SGOT Blood urea nitrogen, also called BUN Carbon dioxide, also called CO2 ',CAPTION,'Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase');" onmouseout="return nd();">Gamma-glutamyl transferase, also called GGT Lactate dehydrogenase, also called LDH Author:David T. Moran, MD Editor:Crist, Gayle P., MS, BA Reviewer:Melinda Murray Ratini, DO

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Where two human rights conflict, the Supreme Court of Canada has said no rights are absolute, no one right automatically “trumps” any other, and any human right can be limited if it interferes with the rights of others. Girls and women often face sexism, marginalization, discrimination, harassment and exclusion throughout society. Women have fought hard over the years for equal rights and treatment. People belonging to minority creed communities have faced religious intolerance, including serious persecution, harassment, racism and discrimination. People who identify by any Code ground must be treated equally in the “social areas” protected by the Code. This may require an organization to make rules, practices and procedures more flexible to allow people who follow a creed to take part in employment, services or housing. It can also sometimes require imposing limits on, or not accommodating, a creed practice to protect and preserve the competing right of women to take part equally in a social area. Court decisions have said that religious beliefs may have more protection than the conduct motivated by those beliefs. This is because acting on beliefs may have more of a harmful impact on the rights of others. Where an accommodation does have an adverse impact on others, organizations should apply a competing rights analysis as set out in the OHRC’s Policy on Competing Human Rights. Every competing rights situation has to be assessed based on all of the relevant facts. Context is critical and even small adjustments to the facts can lead to a different analysis and outcome in a competing rights situation. People who want an accommodation that restricts interactions between men and women should generally provide advance notice to organizations. Notice is particularly important where an accommodation request may have an adverse impact on the rights of others. If a creed accommodation might affect women's equality rights, organizations need to assess the extent of interference with each right, including whether each right is affected at its core (a fundamental aspect of the right) or its periphery. This assessment should be based on evidence of an actual adverse impact on each set of rights. Sometimes, a competing rights situation may be avoided or mitigated by providing an accommodation in an alternative way that does not negatively affect the equality rights of women in a significant way. For example, if a man’s religious beliefs require him to not sit beside a woman on public transit, the public transit provider should not require any woman who happens to be seated beside him to move. This would be an inappropriate accommodation. Rather, it should require the man who is seeking the accommodation to move, if possible, to facilitate such an accommodation request. Where the impact of a creed accommodation requesting no or reduced contact with members of the opposite sex is too great, accommodation may not be possible. For example, asking women to not take part in services, employment, housing, etc. to avoid cross-sex contact would not be an appropriate accommodation. All Ontarians benefit from a society that promotes equal participation by respecting diversity and pluralism, and affording equal rights, opportunities and dignity to all.

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PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE JET PROPULSION LABORATORY CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION PASADENA, CALIF. 9ll09. (8l8) 354-50ll FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE October 10, l989 The planet Jupiter, scientific objective of NASA's Galileo mission, scheduled for launch this week, has recently exhibited dramatic changes in major atmospheric feature. Complementary observations made at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea and at the Tortugas Mountain Observatory near Las Cruces, New Mexico, show that the South Equatorial Belt, dark feature circling Jupiter just north of the Great Red Spot, has faded out. This change which appears to involve mid-level clouds, occurred over few months during the past summer. The corresponding North Equatorial Belt remains dark, and Jupiter's high cloud layer and stratosphere also appear unchanged. The infrared observations were carried out by an International Jupiter Watch team organized by Dr. Glenn Orton, planetary scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and member of Project Galileo's science team, with the cooperation of many scientists. Concurrent observations in visible (blue-green) light and in the near-infrared band associated with atmospheric methane were made by Dr. Reta Beebe, Scott Murrell and David Kuehn of New Mexico State University in Las Cruces. They used the University's 24-inch telescope at Tortugas Mountain with JPL provided CCD sensor. Dr. Beebe is member of the Voyager The observations were part of NASA's Planetary Astronomy Program, which carries out Earth-based research to complement the spacecraft-based exploration of the solar system. This brightening of normally dark belts has occurred at various Jovian latitudes at various times in the past, and many astronomers have observed it in visible light. The South Equatorial Belt faded in the early l970s, when Pioneer l0 and ll flew by Jupiter, but turned dark again in l974 and remained so through both Voyager encounters and until April l989, according to Dr. Orton. "This is the first time we have been able to correlate thermal infrared, methane-band and visible-light images of the change, and over so large region," he said. The Galileo mission is designed to study Jupiter's atmosphere in many ways. Galileo's atmospheric probe will descend slowly through the cloud layers in December l995. The Galileo orbiter, after observing Jupiter for months as it approaches, will study the planet in many wavelengths from ultraviolet to infrared and radio bands during 1995-l997 orbital tour. Project Galileo is managed by JPL for NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications, which also manages the Planetary Astronomy Program.

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The National Electric Code requires that the rating of a circuit breaker be 125 percent larger than the circuit it controls. This discrepancy allows for the increase in temperature caused by current that flows continuously for three or more hours. To determine the size of the breaker you need to control a heater circuit, you need to know the current rating of the heater. That value is seldom on a heater's specification tag, but the power output of the heater and its operating voltage are. You can derive the current from a simple formula. Look for the heater's specifications label. You can usually find it attached to the heater housing near where the cord exits. Note the power draw of the unit, given in watts. A standard draw for residential coil heaters is 1,500 watts. Divide the power specified on the label by its operating voltage to obtain the maximum current draw. If you can plug the heater into a regular wall outlet, the specified voltage should be 120 volts. Thus, the current draw for a 1,500-watt heater is 12.5 amps. Multiply the value for current by 125 percent to determine the size of the breaker you need for the heater. A 1500-watt heater on a 120-volt circuit thus needs a breaker of 15.6 amps. Because a 15-amp breaker would be too small, you need a breaker with the next highest rating, which is 20 amps. Include the current draw of any other devices on the circuit when calculating the breaker size. For example, if the heater operates on the same circuit as four continuously-running 60-watt lightbulbs, you need to add 2 amps to the total current draw. A 20-amp breaker would still be large enough. If you had eight such bulbs, however, the breaker would be too small. - The calculation is identical for heaters that operate on 240-volt circuits. Because such heaters normally draw significantly more power, they are usually on dedicated circuits. - The 125 per cent requirement applies only in the case of continuous loads. If you plan to run the heater intermittently, it may be permissible to calculate the breaker size based on 100 percent of the maximum load and use a smaller breaker. Check with an electrician if you are not sure. - Thinkstock Images/Comstock/Getty Images

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Tomorrow is Read Across America day in honor or Dr. Suess’ birthday. Libraries, parents, schools will be reading to children sponsored by the NEA (National Education Association) an award winning literacy program. This takes place each year on or around March 2nd, Dr. Seuss’ birthday who had a love of learning. The NEA has three reasons to read to your kids: - Kids who read–and are read to–do better in school and in life. - The National Education Association asks every community to celebrate reading not only on March 2, Dr. Seuss’s birthday but all year long. - The award-winning literacy program provides resources, activities, grants, and partnerships to encourage kids and teens to read, read, read.

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CC-MAIN-2017-39

https://moodycab.wordpress.com/2010/03/01/read-across-america-march-2nd/

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en

Today, 28 July 2011, serves as an historical day for Timor Leste’s national peasants who are actively involved in farmers groups, fisherfolk, labourers working in rice fields and gardens, associations, creative arts, cooperatives, Permaculture, women and men’s farmer unions in the districts, rural youth from 13 districts, sub districts, villages and subvillages. We declare the establishment of our Timor Leste’s peasant movement “MOKATIL” from today and into the future. MOKATIL takes a stand against the social, agricultural, economic and ecological injustices faced by peasants and an opinionated policy system that causes threats to peasants rights such as some of the peasants do not own land and water. Local seeds are threatened and thus declining, chemical residue has become a threat to soil destruction, local knowledge is declining, damaging the environment, and there is no fair trade in place to stand for peasant demand. There is a strong dependency on imports and no law for peasants. These things are caused by the creation of political systems and decisions here in this country as well as in other countries, and some international institutional political intervention such as IMF, World Bank, ADB, WTO with their allies. It also caused from our government policy to adopt a green revolution system and policy that creates dependency on imports of unsustainable agricultural materials. MOKATIL stands to fight in order to give all Timor Leste’s peasants dignity, social justice and economic stability for a prosperous and sustainable life for Timorese People, with it’s principle to defend a fair and sustainable local knowledge, social, economic and ecology with democratic, solidarity, collectivity, and humanitarian values. MOKATIL has also established linkages and allies with other movement organisations in house and in other countries such as Regional and International La Via Campesina, Front Estudante Timor-Leste, FORAM ( Front Trabalhadores Maubere), FJTL (Front Juventude Timor-Leste) and others which have shared principles and values to give political pressure to Timor Leste’s Government and State in order to establish Agroecological systems and fair trade for Timor Leste’s peasants. Declared by: Representatives from 122 different groups in Timor – Leste. Viva Camponezes Timor-Leste Dili, Timor – Leste, Farol 28th July 2011

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CC-MAIN-2017-43

http://foodsovereigntyglobal.blogspot.com/2011/08/mokatil-new-peasant-organisation-in.html

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en

When cooking, use the back burners if possible. This will keep the handles of pots and pans out of reach where only you can get to them. Keep kitchen utensils and small appliances away from the edge of counters where a child may be able to grab and pull a knife or blender off of the counter possibly causing serious injury including anything with a cord. It is good practice to install safety latches on bathroom cabinets and drawers as well. Again, any hazardous chemicals should be placed out of the reach of small children. Toilet locks should be placed on toilet sesats. It takes less than 1-inch of water for a small child to drown. Small children are also top heavy allowing them to fall into an open toilet very easily. Anti scold devices should be installed to prevent burns. Water heater temperatures can be turned down to protect young children from being scalded. 120-125 degrees should be sufficient. Curling and flat irons should be unplugged after each use and never left unattended while on. Children could pull these items off of counters causing serious burns. Outlets around the home should have some sort of protective device installed to prevent children from playing with outlets and putting things into them. There are many types on the market. Kitchen and bath outlets should be equipped with GFCI protection to prevent items being plugged in and coming in contact with water. The circuit will immediately trip the breaker if this occurs preventing shock. Gates should be placed at the tops and bottoms of staircases to prevent small children from falling. Door knob covers can be utilized to keep small children from entering rooms or places such as pools that could pose a danger to them. Keep furniture away from windows where children could climb the furniture and access the window or sill such as a bay window. Protect sharp edges of furniture or fire place hearths with protective covers to prevent head injuries. Remove free falling lids from toy boxes to prevent the lid falling and causing injury to head and fingers. Keep mini blind cords out of reach. Children love to play with strings and could become tangled up and cause injury to themselves. Secure book cases, shelving, and furniture that could easily tip onto the child. It sounds odd but you should get down on your hands and knees and see what it's like to see at that level. This will give you a good indication of items or dangers within reach. Creating a list for these hazards you find will help you determine the proper fix now and in the future. They may not be able to reach something now, but at some point they will. You should update your list often, seeking out new dangers. Obviously you can not child safe your home 100% but taking the precautions to take of the obvious dangers will provide your child with a safe home experience. Any protective measures you install should allow other family members to live with it as well. Thank you for joining us for another informative article helping you with things around the home. Have you been putting that special project off forever? Contact us today to find that qualified service provider you have been looking for. Visit us online at www.prohomereferrals.com or email us at email@example.com for more information. # # # PHR provides a FREE service to homeowners to help help them find quality, dependable contractors. The benefit is that it saves time, money and gives the homeowner piece of mind they are receiving quality service.

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CC-MAIN-2014-10

http://www.prlog.org/11319276-professional-home-referrals-childsafe-your-home.html

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en

Racial profiling entails using a person's race to ascertain one involvement in a criminal activity without putting into consideration the available evidence for the criminal case. Racial profiling has been a contentious issue in the United States and all over the globe, particularly to the extent on which the action infringes the very fundamental human rights and civil liberties protected by the law. Such an approach by law enforcement agencies and officers is an ineffective strategy, since law enforcement agencies overlook the fundamental evidence, and the suspicion is usually based on an individual's race and the perception of the society relative to that race. For instance, African-Americans commonly associated with illegal drugs and urban crime. On a similar account, Arabs and Muslims are associated with terrorism. The September 11 attacks presented an opportunity to instigate a racial stereotyping against the Muslims and Arabs in the United States, especially those of Middle East origin. This research paper attempts to investigate the extent to which September 11 attacks influenced racial profiling in the US and later to the rest of the world. Arguing from two perspectives, racial profiling has worsened after the attacks and that racial profiling has not worsened post 9/11, a conclusion is reached basing on the collected facts and evidence. How racial profiling has worsened After the September 11 attacks, Arabs and Muslims living in the United States have been subjected to intense racial profiling. This is due to perceptions that Arabs and Muslims are likely perpetrators of terrorism. Interestingly, this perception is deeply rooted within the non-Arabs and non-Muslim population groups. As a result, law enforcement agencies in the US are using this assumption and perception to associate Arab ethnicity and Muslims with terrorist acts. The underlying fact is that most Arabs and Muslims living in the United States are not terrorists, but law abiding citizens. A 2002 report from the Human Rights Watch in the US revealed that at least 1200 Arab Americans, mostly from the Middle East and South Asia, faced detainment exclusive of formal charges directed at them. The same report asserted that the United States Justice Department abused and violated the fundamental human rights of the Arab and Muslim detainees. The law enforcement agencies perceived terrorism as a reserve for the Arabs and Muslims in the US, as a result, suspecting any Arab and Muslim for their involvement or attempted involvement in a terrorist activity. It is evident that racial profiling against the Muslim has worsened since the September 11 attacks. This worsened further after the enactment of the Patriots Act by President Bush, and the Act targeted mainly Arab Americans by linking them to terrorism without any evidence or questioning. In that context, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other law enforcement authorities went overboard in searching the homes of the Arab Americans, and by forcefully investigating their financial records and personal information. This is a violation of human rights based on race and ethnicity, with the target being mainly people of Arab and Muslim origin. Another indicator that racial profiling against the Arabs and Muslims in the United States has worsened since September 11 is that the federal government is significantly relying on racial profiling as means of counter terrorism strategy. This is widely evident in the entry points of the United States. Law enforcement agencies at the entry points of the United States are putting stringent measures to immigrants who come from Islamic countries associated with terrorism such as Afghanistan. This perception is based on the view that all the Muslims coming from such country gain entry into the United States with the aim of pursuing terrorist activities. Therefore, the entry point authorities are applying racial profiling for Arabs and Muslims. According to a 2004 report released by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), dubbed Sanctioned Bias: Racial Profiling since 9/11, it is evident that there is an increase in anti-immigrant perception towards the Arabs and the Muslim both from the public and the law enforcement agencies. In fact, after the September 11 attacks, there is an official policy in the United States that grants law enforcement agencies jurisdiction to question individuals especially Arab Americans without posting criminal charges. Such suspicions are based on race and religion; being Arabic and of Islam faith and only attempts to associate them with terrorist acts. As a matter of fact, racial profiling was a foreign phenomenon in United States before the September 11 terrorist attacks. Moreover, if there existed racial profiling, it could only be associated with common crimes in United States, and of which mostly was applied to the African-American community. Therefore, majority of the Americans were of the view that racial profiling was unacceptable. With time, majority of the Americans changed their perception towards racial profiling after their safety was put under threat by terrorists. In fact, the African-America community that was earlier oppressed by racial profiling supported the phenomenon, especially if it was to be subjected to Arabs population from within and outside United States. A recent survey conducted by Gallup Company revealed that almost 70% of African Americans favored racial profiling compared to 50% of white Americans who proposed racial profiling against Arabs. Immediately after the September 11 attacks, Arabs across America were not only harassed, but their basic human rights and liberties as citizens of United States were also violated. Basically, like any other government with a concern of its citizens, national awareness and increased security measures became a priority for the United States government. However, questioning and deportation of innocent Muslims and Arabs was not the answer to war against terrorism in United States. To understand the magnitude of racial profiling and its negativity, one has to consider various incidents used by law enforcement agencies that can only be termed as unnecessary and illogical. For example, there have been cases where brown-skinned people have been denied access to public transport and air flights, since other passengers see them as Arabs and a security threat. Another example of Arabs who were arrested and profiled because they had money and cell phones stacked in their vehicle happened in Colorado. Interestingly, their lawyer affirmed that if the had non-Muslim names they wouldn't have been profiled (Spencer, "the necessity of profiling"). Amid all the intensified security check-ups at airports, railway terminus and bus stations, other American racial groups and government agencies are more than ready to infringe other people's liberties. United states have been known of its respect of human rights and democracy, but racial profiling against Arabs and Muslims after September 11is an indication that America has stooped to low in preservation of human rights. How racial profiling has not worsened Nevertheless, it would be inappropriate to view racial profiling as a non-beneficial policy to United States considering that millions of American citizens are at risk of death by terrorism. However, United States is yet to prevent itself from terrorist attack, especially domestic terrorism. Although since the September 11 attacks, there has never been an attack of similar magnitude, racial profiling is yet to be reduced in any significant form till date. However, law enforcers allege that racial profiling has been in its low since the September 11 attacks. Law enforcement agencies argue that security officers mandated to conduct racial profiling data have been assigned military duties, mostly in countries like Afghanistan and Iraq. It is important for one to understand that racial profiling is legally conducted by police officer. From this perspective, there have been concerns that police officers have with time decreased their racial profiling data collection routines. Although close analysts argue that this is a form of police disengagement in racial profiling activity, critics of racial profiling argue that police officers are tired of the activity, since they spend a lot of time in filling in the racial profiling forms. This argument can be supported by the fact that various departments of police in United States have been subject of criticism due to their laxity and minimal productivity. In addition, recent interventions by American Muslims and human rights activist have tried to criticize the racial profiling activity in United States. Immediately, after the September 11 terrorism attack, Muslim were vigorously harassed and abused across United States and some were falsely accused by anti-Arab and anti-Islam groups. These interventions are in form of legal support to those who have been interrogated and detained without a legal procedure, protests against generalized profiling and protection of civil rights through legal representation by human rights activist attorneys'. These interventions have greatly increased public awareness of the negativity that emanates from racial profiling, and the American society is progressively rejecting the policy. Laws against racial profiling The United States constitution prohibits racial profiling through the federal law, a fact that may not be in the public domain according to a NYU survey done on American law by Susan Akram and Kevin Johnson in 2003. Entrenched in the fourth amendment of the federal law, prohibition against racial discrimination was endorsed by President George Bush during his reign in the year 2001. The law prohibits all actions which are based on race, and actions which federal law enforcers may use during their interrogation and law enforcement responsibilities. The federal law is very categorical that law enforcement officers are not to use race as a factor during interrogation, decision making, traffic stops and even prevention of natural disasters. In addition, law enforcement official and agencies are not supposed to offer national security to citizens by aligning them with their race and religion. I is therefore, unfortunate that the very government, through the convention of the congress have violated the very same laws entrenched within the supreme law of united the United States. The spontaneous reaction of the law enforcement agencies of the United States and the United States department of defense is ill intended and misplaced. For example, the mere insinuation that all Arabs and Muslims are potential terrorists is unreasonable. It can only be aligned as a transgression towards personal freedom of worship and religion, not to mention that America has thousands of Arabs who are not necessarily Muslims. According to Bernard Harcourt, while reviewing Muslim profiles during the post September 11 attacks and the effectiveness of racial profiling and how the act violates freedom of non-discrimination, he is of the view that assuming that racial profiling can be effective in preventing terrorism is misplaced and only amounts to assertion that United States is incapable of offering security to its citizens. Racial profiling can be compared to United States defeat by Arab countries and religion, but not terrorists. Currently, there are inadequate state laws that ban the act of racial profiling in law enforcement agencies. Presently twenty-seven states in the United States have not enacted any anti-racial profiling laws. Only 4 states in the US have implemented laws that prevent profiling based on religion and not race. This case worsens because states that have anti-racial profiling laws are not implementing them effectively. Xenophobia and Islamophobia It is imperative that United States government and the general society own up to the fact, there is an emerging trend of islamophobia and xenophobic attitude in the country. A critical analysis of the Islam will reveal that Islam religion do not advocate for terrorism as an act of religion. In fact, terrorism is only aggravated by a mere section of Islam extremists who are at the pursuit of their won interests. American Muslims do not conform to extremism and a close study of American Islam edifies that American Muslims are contemporary Muslims who conforms to secularity in a secular society. Islam extremists do not tolerate secularity and western cultures'. The fundamental issue is that American need to study the psychological and behavioral patterns of terrorists before subjecting every Arab and Muslim to racial profiling. The September 11 terrorism attacks not only introduced racial profiling in United States in a new dimension, but it also encouraged the same in other parts of the world. Britain and other European for example, have taken over the phenomenon and have become pro-campaigners of racial profiling against Arabs and Muslims. Britain and many other European countries are known of their close ties with the United States and have also been targets of terrorism attacks after September 11, 2001. Muslims of Arabic origin are verbally attacked and assaulted in Europe as evidenced in daily news in the media. There has been cases where properties belonging to Arabic Muslims are destroyed and Muslims attacked in their places of worship; mosques. The world may be against racial profiling, governments and constitutions may prohibit the use of race and religion as factors to determine who is a terrorist, but racial profiling still remains prevalent since the United States bombings on September 11. Although the United States have denied the continued use of racial profiling by its key law enforcement agencies, the practice is still used in airports and areas vulnerable to entry of terrorists within the boarders of the united states. The current efforts by human rights organization and American-Muslims groups in the United States will rarely be fruitful, if the majority of the Americans still prefer racial profiling as means to their security. Nevertheless, the United States government is given a responsibility by its citizens to instill proper security, but at the same time observance of personal and civil rights cannot be compromised.

<urn:uuid:43581d35-10e0-41c4-a473-bbdbba9e29c1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.essaysprofessors.com/samples/Law/Racial-Profiling-Post-9-11.html

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en

Significance of Nursery Rhymes Nursery Rhymes are folk verse for toddlers. It is a well-known undeniable fact that whenever a child or even an adult see something, it's embedded in their mind a bit longer than as he just listen to it. Nursery Rhymes Videos are one of the best means of teaching your kids.One thing that ought to be clear about nursery rhymes before looking over this article is always that nursery rhymes possess a rich background and these bankruptcies are not just few rhymes which a kid learns just for the sake of entertainment Advantages of Teaching Nursery Rhymes to kids are enormous.Some of these are :- 1) Teaching of nursery rhymes not just assist the kids to speak properly it also assists them to express there feelings by making facial expressions and gestures. So this is step one in which we teach our youngsters how to express there feelings without the need for formal methods for communication. Also it is an undeniable fact that in some cases, informal means of communication are more reliable and helpful in communicating then a formal method of communication .So we can say that nursery rhymes are not only just like a mere time pass but it is really very very essential for child's communication skills and developing his or her ways of expressing. 2) Nursery Rhymes also help the little one in clearing his pronunciation. 3) More over teaching a young child nursery rhymes and making them or her speak that in front of public can increase his / her confidence level. 4) In old times , Nursery Rhymes were utilised from the elders to instruct spiritual teachings and thereby imbibe feeling of being religious inside a kid. 5) Nursery rhymes could also be used to produce a child familiar with the traditions and culture of the society in which he or she is living. Apart from all these benefits, there are lots of more hidden advantages.So the parents should see through it they teach the youngsters with atmost importance because it is the 1st teaching a young child gets and thus if the foundation is robust expect the entire structure being strong. The list of tags is empty.

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CC-MAIN-2017-43

http://talkingtom2z.webnode.com/

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en

Panic Disorder in Children Remember that only a professional can make a proper diagnosis. If you suspect your child may be suffering from panic disorder, then the best thing to do is consult with a trusted psychologist. In today’s article, we’ll discuss just what you need to know about panic disorder in children and what you can do about it. What is panic disorder? Panic disorder is an intense unease that affects a person both emotionally and physically. The cause of this disorder can be both a real or fictitious threat. Above all else, it usually produces the sensation that one has lost control over him or herself. This causes significant behavioral changes in children. A panic attack can last just a short time, but the physical consequences can last longer in a child’s body. These may include symptoms such as trembling, a seemingly insignificant headache, and others. At the same time, once a panic attack is over, children still experience fear. They continue to feel strong anxiety just at the thought of having another episode. Panic is an unpleasant sensation – that comes on abruptly and violently – associated with a dangerous situation or risk. Despite the fact that panic disorder tends to develop during adolescence, children can also suffer from this condition. In other words, anyone, at any age, can be affected by panic disorder. Causes of panic disorder Panic disorder has no specific cause. Rather, it’s a combination of variables that can influence a person and lead to the appearance and development of the disorder. These variables can be both external and internal. At the same time, each case is unique, making it difficult to establish generalizations. However, those individuals who find themselves under excessive stress, in toxic environments, or amid other difficulties are more prone to panic disorder. Just the same, this is not a rule. It’s important to point out that panic disorder in children can be associated with the following: - Forced separation from their parents. - Stage fright. - Phobias (of animals, heights, etc). - Fear of imaginary things they may have seen on TV, or heard or read about, etc. Symptoms of panic syndrome Panic syndrome causes the body to somatize the stress that results from maintaining constant tension. In this sense, the following symptoms may be a sign of panic disorder: - Numbness of the extremities (lack of feeling). - Increase of cardiac frequency. - Feeling of pressure in the chest. - Difficulty breathing. - Hot flashes or chills. - Nausea, dizziness. It’s worth noting that the above mentioned symptoms can be similar to those of other issues, such as anxiety. Panic disorder makes normal development difficult, no matter what a person’s age. In the case of children, it can result in poor academic performance or social isolation, for example. Therefore, it’s best to seek professional help and work to improve children’s quality of life. Your child’s psychologist won’t only listen to your concern, but also provide you and your little one with tools to progressively reduce the impact of the disorder. How can parents help when their child suffers from panic disorder? Once a professional has confirmed that a child is suffering from panic disorder, it’s important that parents follow the professional’s indications. Parents should never interrogate their children regarding their fears and worries unless necessary. Children need their parents to offer them security and help them feel valued, supported and loved. This means we should never make fun of them or label them as cowards, silly, frightful, etc. Rather, we should constantly let them know that they can overcome their fears, little by little. We should never brush off our child’s reactions nor should we make light of the source of his or her fears. This won’t do anything to solve the problem. The goals of parents and guardians should be to provide a peaceful environment that their children can trust. It’s important that adults pay attention to children’s needs and get involved in the therapeutic process. In doing so, we can offer a better quality of life and well-being. - You should avoid making judgements and negative criticism. - When children experience panic attacks, it’s important to stay calm and: - Never scold your child. - Don’t blame your child for what’s happening. - Avoid pressuring children to “let go of their fears” or “face their fears.” - Don’t repress your children. Telling them not to cry, scream or tremble will only be couterproductive. - Maintain a normal tone of voice (don’t shout) and be kind. - If necessary, it may be a good idea to take children by the hands and carry out deep breathing exercises with them. Do this until they calm down. - Establish eye contact and let them know they’re not alone. - A hug may also help calm children down during a panic attack. - Accompany your child wherever he or she wants to go without asking about the fear. - It’s best to keep children occupied with activities that inspire their creativity and produce satisfaction. - Avoid violent TV programs, movies, games and conversations that cause fear and worry.

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CC-MAIN-2020-05

https://youaremom.com/health/panic-disorder-children/

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en

A 3D-printed polymer-based implant that could be used to repair a damaged eardrum is entering commercial development. The PhonoGraft hearing-restoration technology was developed by researchers at Harvard’s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), and Massachusetts Eye and Ear (MEE). If clinical development of the technology is successful, it could mitigate the pain, drainage, and hearing loss associated with eardrum perforations that affect millions of individuals worldwide. Eardrums can become perforated by blasts, traumatic injuries, and chronic ear infections, and many of those perforations require reconstructive surgical procedures using tissue grafts harvested from the patient. Even with modern techniques, surgical failures are common, and many patient-derived tissue grafts have imperfect sound-conducting abilities, writes Benjamin Boettner on the Wyss Institute news page. PhonoGraft technology uses a novel biomaterial-based approach that guides the regeneration of native eardrum tissue. Its 3D-printed structure mimics the structure of a normal eardrum and stimulates the tissue’s self-healing properties, as demonstrated in animal models. The research team believes the PhonoGraft material technology — unlike other methods — could potentially enable permanent repair first by closely mimicking and then restoring the eardrum’s sound-conducting mechanical properties and barrier functions. |An illustration of the native tympanic membrane is shown on the left. The 3D-printed device replicating the pattern of radial and concentric collagen fibers is illustrated in the middle and shown as an actual 3D-printed device in a photo on the right. Illustrations by Shawna Snyder; photo courtesy Wyss Institute at Harvard University.| To bring this technology to patients, entrepreneurial members of the research team launched Beacon Bio, with an exclusive license from Harvard’s Office of Technology Development (OTD) to commercialize the PhonoGraft innovations co-owned by Harvard and Mass General Brigham. Beacon Bio was acquired this summer by California-based Desktop Health, a healthcare business within Desktop Metal Inc. that focuses on 3D printing and biofabrication technologies for personalized medicine. Nicole Black, PhD, who was CEO of Beacon Bio, will continue to lead the platform as Vice President of Biomaterials and Innovation at Desktop Health. Boston Marathon bombing catalyzes research “In the wake of the Boston Marathon bombing on April 15, 2013, many of the eardrum perforations were cared for at Mass Eye and Ear,” said MEE researcher and surgeon Aaron Remenschneider, M.D., M.PH., who participated in developing PhonoGraft technology. “It was really a catalyzing event that prompted us to look more systematically at our surgical techniques, grafting material, and outcomes, which eventually made us focus on improved eardrum grafting materials to promote better healing and hearing outcomes after eardrum repair,” he told Boettner. “Ear surgery has seen a lot of advances over the last 10 years. An important one has been the development of endoscopic procedures that allow us to treat patients directly through the ear canal, which in many cases avoids skin incisions and drilling behind the ear,” added Elliott Kozin, MD, an otologist and neurologist at MEE and assistant professor at HMS. This approach, together with innovations from the SEAS lab of Jennifer Lewis, where the technology was initially developed, “enabled us to imagine, design, and ultimately manufacture a device that may one day improve the outcomes of eardrum surgeries,” said Kozin. 3D printing replicates intricare structure of tympanic membrane As they pursued the research, 3D printing emerged as the only technology that could replicate the intricate biological structure. “To create a truly regenerative graft that mimics the circular and radial collagen pattern of the tympanic membrane . . . while simultaneously matching the acoustic and mechanical properties of native tympanic membranes, was a grand challenge,” said Lewis. “These grafts must be 3D printed to truly recapitulate these complex features and functionality.” Initial attempts to print devices using silicone did not achieve the desired combination of easy implantation and cell-supporting, sound-conducting, and biodegradable properties. The researchers invented a synthetic polymer-based ink system for soft tissue repair that could be aligned during 3D printing. In vivo trials conducted on a chinchilla were a resounding success. “Three months after implanting our optimized graft into the chinchilla’s ear, we had a genuine eureka moment. The hearing tests indicated full restoration of sound conduction, which has been a big hurdle. Then we took our first peek down the ear canal with the endoscope,” said Remenschneider. “What we were seeing was merely the ghost of our graft that was being replaced with new tissue — a beautifully reconstructed eardrum with its radial-circular pattern.” The different cell types of the tympanic membrane and a vascular system for blood support had aligned along the patterned polymer fibers and integrated into a functional tissue. Also, no signs of infection were visible in the reconstructed eardrum, writes Boettner. Desktop Health is now focused on obtaining FDA clearance for the PhonoGraft device.

<urn:uuid:d1e2ae23-06dc-4a1c-b05f-f45bcb17e5fc>

CC-MAIN-2023-14

https://www.plasticstoday.com/medical/3d-printed-eardrum-graft-commercial-development

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en

(AP) - Environmental groups and federal and state agencies have formed a partnership to increase the use of prescribed fires to improve the health of California's forests and watersheds and minimize the effects of increasingly devastating wildfires. The agreement was signed by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, the U.S. Forest Service and other federal and state agencies and several environmental groups, including the Sierra Club and The Nature Conservancy. The memorandum of understanding will enable the sharing of resources and expertise among the agreement signatories, who will hold their first working meeting Tuesday. The agreement follows years of devastating wildfires in drought-parched California. Supporters say prescribed fires are one way to prevent massive, destructive wildfires.

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CC-MAIN-2017-30

http://www.capradio.org/articles/2016/02/02/partnership-formed-to-increase-controlled-fires-in-california/

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Seborrheic dermatitis is a condition that causes the flaking and irritation of one's skin. It most commonly affects the scalp and face area though it has been known to also appear on other areas of the body, particularly those that are quite oily. People often confuse seborrheic dermatitis with general dandruff or mistake it as one-time rash. However, if you experience a lot of skin irritation, you may suffer from seborrheic dermatitis. The following includes some basic information about the medical condition. The most common or popular symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis are itchiness and flaking of the skin. The skin disorder is something that most commonly affects the scalp area of a person's body as well as the face and head area. Additionally, seborrheic dermatitis can also affect the areas between the skin folds, chest area, and other pieces of skin, especially those that produce excessive amounts of oil. Those with seborrheic dermatitis have skin patches that will look scaly in appearance. Additionally, the area may also have darkly colored bumps that may be painful to touch. Infants who have this condition are said to have cradle cap. One of the best ways to prevent seborrheic dermatitis outbreaks is to keep a consistent hygiene routine. People often experience outbreaks when the areas between the skin folds are not cleaned or addressed. Additionally, one should try their best to shower directly after physical exercise or after sweating for some time. The skin's oil can only irritate welts, flaking, and irritation. For those with seborrheic dermatitis, it is best to wear clothing that is loose and airy: tight clothing made out of synthetic fibers or materials can only make the skin disorder's effects that much worse. There are many seborrheic dermatitis treatment options to use if you suffer from the symptoms. The first line of treatment to use is the over-the-counter shampoos that are available everywhere from drug and grocery stores. These shampoos can be used on the scalp and the face or any other affected area. These seborrheic dermatitis shampoos generally include tar, salicylic acid, and selenium sulfide. Another way to treat seborrheic dermatitis is to use over-the-counter creams or lotions. Many of these items are antifungal agents or anti-itch creams. If you apply these creams and use the shampoos, you can alleviate the itching, pain, and irritation caused by seborrheic dermatitis. If the above treatment options do not work, then you should consult with a doctor. Often, a doctor can prescribe lotions or creams with steroids that can help deal with the seborrheic dermatitis. Additionally, there are medications designed to focus on the immune system. These too might prove to be effective treatment options.

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As part of any full Home Report Glasgow or elsewhere, you will be required to produce an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC). You may have seen these certificates before when buying a home or even associated with certain household products which can use electricity. We’re all fairly familiar with seeing these certificates, then – but what do they actually do? How are they calculated? And why do they make up such an important part of any Home Report? What is an EPC? An energy performance certificate, or EPC, is a legal requirement of anyone who may be buying, renting or choosing to sell a property. This means the following data may be included, based on inspection of your property but not your usage: • Heating costs (generic) • The costs of lighting a property (generic) • Potential carbon emissions (generic) • Hot water running costs (generic) An EPC is therefore important in that it helps us to understand how homes can affect the wider environment. It’s also an essential resource for buyers. An EPC is always requested and supplied as part of a full home report and our experts are qualified and accredited to supply EPC’s. . How are EPCs Calculated? EPCs are calculated on a sliding scale. This means that a property may be graded from A to G. Similarly to the school grading system, you want an A more than you do an F! A-graded homes are the most energy-efficient and will, therefore, need less money to run electricity, gas and water on a regular basis. Surveyors will analyse various aspects of your home in order to build a comprehensive and accurate EPC. A domestic EPC will analyse, construction, insulation and space and water heating to calculate energy efficiency. Surveyors will need to undertake a number of thorough tests to be able to accurately detail the energy performance of your home. It’s always worth asking our experts here at Home Report Scotland to find out more! When Do I Need an EPC? While EPCs are produced with all comprehensive Home Reports Glasgow and elsewhere they have a shelf life of 10 years assuming no significant changes occur! Find Out More Need to know more about EPCs as part of the Home Report process? We’re here to help. A full EPC will be supplied by our chartered surveyors as part of a wider survey approach. Unsure what to expect? Call us or go online to learn more from our team. You can call 0141 227 6198 for your free quote for a home report Glasgow, Edinburgh and beyond. Alternatively, request a free quote from us online without obligation!

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To mark the redevelopment of the Our Dynamic Earth galleries in Edinburgh, Antenna has released a downloadable app of the current on-site tour available on iOS and Android platforms. The app will guide users through 13.8 billion years of the Earth's history, from the Big Bang, to the emergence of life, through dinosaurs and homo-sapiens right up to the issues our planet faces today, like climate change. The app guides visitors through the expansive Our Dynamic Earth experience and helps to demystify the complicated evolution of our planet. Highlights include: James Hutton and the landscape of Edinburgh – The beautiful and dramatic landscape of Edinburgh is an encyclopedia of geological history. Hidden beneath it are the sands of ancient river deltas, basalt rocks from long extinct volcanoes, plants from bygone forests, corals from former tropical seas, and evidence of ice-age glaciers. James Hutton, the father of modern geology, lived in Edinburgh over 200 years ago, and by studying the earth today he believed humans could unlock some of the secrets of its long history. The Green Gloop – It all began with this gloop. Three thousand five hundred million years ago bacteria emerged. They took their energy from a chemical that was abundant then – sulphur. These single-celled creatures lived happily for around a thousand million years until some began to turn green. These were early photo synthesising bacteria. The Greenhouse Effect – So what’s this thing called the Greenhouse Effect? Well, first we must be very grateful to it as it keeps the Earth warm. The greenhouse effect is an increase in the temperature of the planet as heat energy from sunlight is trapped by the gases in the atmosphere. The gases are mostly water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. This is a captivating and entertaining app, and Antenna is proud to have built something which so perfectly complements the awe-inspiring experience of Our Dynamic Earth.Back to top

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The retail sector plays a crucial role in the UK’s economy by supplying goods and offering services to end-users. The manufacturers depend on the retailers to supply their manufactured products. Therefore, the retailers take over the manufacturers’ role in identifying and building consumer-base. The retailers’ performance is significant to the manufacturers’ business and helps determine sales rates. While the retailers make crucial efforts to obtain clients, the consumers respond differently to various products or services. Various factors influence consumer behaviors: social and cultural change, technology, marketing communications, and reference groups. The retailers can take advantage of the factors listed to prepare for future market changes. Although the business environment in the UK is dynamic, retailers can improve on the factors influencing consumer behaviors to survive in times of future business hurdles. Consumers’ dynamic purchasing behavior shifts according to the internal and external business environment. Consumer behavior is described as the study of clients and all activities associated with purchasing and consuming goods or services (Cruz-Cárdenas et al., 2021). The study involves how customers’ emotions, attitudes, and preferences affect their buying behaviors. When analyzing clients’ behaviors, the businesses utilize qualities such as demographics, personality, and behavioral lifestyles such as usage rates and occasions, brand advocacy, or willingness to provide referrals (Suwelack et al., 2022). Consequently, businesses and market researchers understand the people’s wants and consumption patterns. Therefore, the varying demographic and marketing elements among the UK population can be used to study consumer behaviors. Consumer Behavior theories Various theories help explain the dynamic consumer behaviors and how personal taste and income shape the economy. Consumer theories are microeconomic concepts that relate preferences to consumption expenditures and consumer demand curves (Cruz-Cárdenas et al., 2021). Five schools of thought inform consumer behavioral theories: psychoanalytic, Veblenian social-psychological, reasoned action, Maslow’s motivation-need, Hawkins Stern impulse buying (HR & Aithal, 2020). The theories consider three main factors: psychological, personal, and social. The psychoanalytic theory states that purchase decisions are influenced by consumers’ feelings, hopes, aspirations, and fears. The Veblenian social-psychological states that the clients make purchase decisions based on social and cultural norms (Suwelack et al., 2022). Therefore, the Veblenian social-psychological and psychoanalytic consider the personal interactions in the society. Consumers purchase goods and services to fulfill needs that are personal or societal. Therefore, the reasoned action theory is based on the marketers’ need to associate positive impact with purchasing their products or services (Cruz-Cárdenas et al., 2021). Meanwhile, Maslow’s motivation-need theory is based on the hierarchy of needs. According to the theory, people purchase goods or services based on their need to fulfill psychological, safety, love, and self-actualization needs (Suwelack et al., 2022). For instance, people purchase alarm systems since they value safety and their properties. While there are many reasons for making purchases, little thought may go into it. Therefore, Hawkins Stern’s impulse buying states that people buy products based on external stimuli. The consumer behavioral theories explain why people make purchases, and internal and external business environmental changes influence purchase patterns. Retail Market in the UK Consumer behavior changes are significant in determining sales volume in the retail industry. The UK is a diverse country that is affected by various economic factors. The country is one of the developed countries with sundry cultural backgrounds and innovative technologies (Hamblin, 2020). Moreover, it is affected by natural pandemics like any other country. The retail industry is significant to the economy of the UK, contributing to about 5.2% of its Gross Domestic Product by 2020 (Office for National Statistics, 2021). The country’s retail market has doubled compared to its performance in the late twentieth century. According to the Office For National Statistics, technological advancements have greatly contributed to the change in retail market sales volume (2021). Therefore, various factors that affect consumer behavior patterns in the retail industry can be integrated to prepare for future business trends. Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior in the UK Retail Market The UK society is dynamic and influenced by various factors that change consumer behavior. The country’s retail industry deals with various products or services whose demand may change with time. Culture, marketing communications, technological developments, and references are significant in determining purchase behaviors. While the listed factors have significantly contributed to the UK retail market’s success, the sellers can take advantage of future survival. Consequently, the retail market in the UK can stay afloat in the business through effective integration of factors determining market changes. Therefore, effective implementation of microeconomic factors leads to a successful retail market in the UK. Cultural and Social Change Cultural and social changes are crucial for determining purchase patterns among consumers in the UK’s retail market. Various cultural and social factors influence consumer purchase decisions (Fernandes et al., 2021). Culture involves a way of living of a group of people, including knowledge, beliefs, traditions, morals, and values. The UK is a multicultural society, and the different groups have varying purchase patterns. For instance, the meat retailing market is affected by religious traditions since the Muslim community does not consume pork and its related products. The fashion industry in the UK is greatly affected by the different social classes. The upper social classes would consider expensive brands compared to the lower classes. Multiculturalism in the UK affects consumer behaviors in the country’s retail market. Meeting Cultural and Social Needs for Retail Business Success The UK population has dynamic cultural and social qualities that retailers can integrate to remain relevant in the market. The country’s youth population has significantly grown over the past three years (Djafarova & Bowes, 2021). The population is estimated to record steady growth in the coming years. The youths are interested in the fashionable and trending products in the clothing sector. Moreover, their purchase decisions are greatly influenced by celebrities and trending topics. The retailers in the fashion industry can track modern clothing trends and specialize in producing clothes for youths. The retailers would attract the growing youth population and remain profitable in the fashion industry. The UK is among the many countries that attract foreign populations due to its growing economic pattern. Consequently, multiculturalism is greatly influenced in the country, leading to diverse social needs. The growing international population in the UK calls for different cultural needs in various economic sectors. For instance, the growing Chinese population influences the choice of foods in restaurants with frequent Chinese customers. Therefore, introducing foreign cuisines among the food retailers will make the business sustainable (Bux et al., 2022). Therefore, the changing youth and international population influence the purchase behaviors within the UK retail market. Marketing communications involve using different channels and tools for promoting products or services. The communication channels include traditional and digitized advertisements. The UK’s technological advancement has led to the adoption of information technology to promote products or services. Consequently, the retailers utilized digitized platforms to market their products and services (Napawut et al., 2022). Social media platforms attract many people in the UK, making them significant for marketing communication. TikTok is the fastest-growing social media platform attracting millions of UK residents (Stokel-Walker, 2021). Moreover, the platform integrates trending social issues in the country. The choice of marketing communication is crucial in attracting consumers to the UK’s retail market. Improving Marketing Communication For Future Sustainability Effective marketing communication can help UK retailers to attract more clients. Technological advancements have led to new social media platforms and marketing tools. The technology is expected to improve in the coming years further. Therefore, UK retailers should be updated with social media trends. The retailers could create their business profiles on the commonly used social media platforms for marketing communication. Adopting newly developed marketing features within the social media platforms could help influence purchase decisions among potential clients. The retailers can utilize the data from the marketing communication channels to target specific clients for a successful business. Since the communication channels are crucial in determining purchase decisions, UK retailers can utilize the trading platforms to attract more consumers. Technology is significant in influencing consumer behaviors by easing business activities. The UK is a developed country that has made great strides in business technology. The technology is integrated within the country’s financial, medical, and other significant sectors. Consequently, many business transactions are conducted through technologically-enabled platforms. Credit and debit cards allow buyers to pay for their products and services by electronic means (Fisher et al., 2021). The e-commerce platforms allow retailers to promote and sell their products or services online. The advancements have influenced purchasing patterns since many clients prefer to conduct business transactions in the comfort of their homes. Therefore, technologically-enabled retail businesses in the UK attract many consumers. Technological Integration For Business Sustainability Technological developments are crucial in determining consumer behaviors since it empowers them to choose retailers. The UK retail market can integrate technology to understand consumer behaviors and determine purchase patterns. The technology can help predict purchase behaviors and feed the consumers with information that is most likely to influence their decisions. The utilization of social media and business performance data helps in determining business performance (Obermayer et al., 2021). Therefore, UK retailers can integrate business analytics to project future business performance. If the analytics predict declined performance, the retailers can develop effective strategies to improve their business. Moreover, automation and digitization of business activities among the UK retailers would help serve the increasing UK internet users. Consumers use a smartphone and other smart technologies to research products, ask sales questions, and purchase products based on their needs. Moreover, the technology has made the consumers more connected with the retailers in the UK. The retailers can use the connection to build a friendly relationship with their consumers (Obermayer et al., 2021). For instance, fashion retailers can automatically reply to consumers based on their questions. Moreover, the retailers can utilize the social media platforms’ features to target specific consumers with unique needs. A cordial relationship between retailers and consumers would improve purchasing patterns and clients’ attitudes towards the businesses (Watson & Popescu, 2021). Therefore, businesses can remain sustainable through technology integration that influences consumer behaviors. While consumer purchase decisions are made at individual levels, various people may influence the clients’ buying choices. Human beings are urged to impress others and always want to look better than them (Zafar et al., 2021). Consequently, the consumers will purchase goods or services that would put them in a dominant societal position. Reference groups are those who influence consumers’ purchase decisions (Zafar et al., 2021). The reference groups could be very large or small, depending on the consumer’s choice. For instance, the youth population is influenced by clothing choices by celebrities. Meanwhile, family members can influence consumers’ choice of products or services. The reference groups are of two types depending on the set levels of purchasing patterns and lifestyles: secondary and primary. While the primary reference groups involve a set of people the consumers meet daily, the secondary is usually formal and speaks less frequently (Zafar et al., 2021). The primary reference groups have a stringer and direct impact on the consumers’ lives and purchase decisions. Meanwhile, the secondary reference groups have less power in influencing consumers’ purchase decisions. The primary groups include close relatives and family members, while the secondary groups include professionals and the consumers’ acquaintances. Utilizing the Reference Groups for Retail Business Sustainability The reference groups are a crucial target population by the retailers in the UK market. The retailers can adopt various marketing strategies to influence purchase patterns among potential consumers. Demographic segmentation help reach specific people that can influence others to purchase particular products or services. For instance, the children can influence their parents’ purchase decisions. Consequently, the retailers selling toy cars can target the children through frequently utilized media, such as cartoon networks. The targeted children will pressure their parents to purchase the toys advertised. Meanwhile, when promoting reading materials among UK parents, the retailers can adopt a referral program to attract other parents. The primary reference groups are significant in giving honest opinions to potential consumers. The UK is diverse, and various people have adopted unique cultural characteristics. Some of the developed cultures act as aspirational groups for particular consumers. For instance, the developed HipHop culture influences the youths’ choice of fashion. Consequently, the retailers can use HipHop musicians to promote their products among the youths. Meanwhile, multiculturalism in the UK has led to the development of dissociative groups that the consumers abhor. For instance, some people are associated with social vices such as racism. Consequently, the consumers would reject products associated with such groups. Therefore, UK retailers should avoid dissociated groups when promoting their products or services. The choice of a targeted reference group significantly influences purchase patterns among consumers. The UK retail market is significant to the country’s economy. The market offers many job opportunities, making it easy to acquire goods or services from manufacturers. The changes in consumer behavior influence the retail market performance. Five theories help explain the factors influencing consumer behaviors in the retail market. Cultural and social changes, technological developments, marketing communications, and reference groups impact consumer behaviors. The retailers in the UK can take advantage of those factors to remain sustainable in the business. Therefore, UK retailers should improve on influencing consumer purchase patterns to avoid future business risks. Bux, C., Varese, E., Amicarelli, V., & Lombardi, M. (2022). Halal Food Sustainability between Certification and Blockchain: A Review. Sustainability, 14(4), 2152. Web. Cruz-Cárdenas, J., Zabelina, E., Guadalupe-Lanas, J., Palacio-Fierro, A., & Ramos-Galarza, C. (2021). COVID-19, consumer behavior, technology, and society: A literature review and bibliometric analysis. Technological forecasting and social change, 173, 121179. Web. Djafarova, E., & Bowes, T. (2021). ‘Instagram made Me buy it’: Generation Z impulse purchases in fashion industry. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 59, 102345. Web. Fernandes, S., Venkatesh, V. G., Panda, R., & Shi, Y. (2021). Measurement of factors influencing online shopper buying decisions: A scale development and validation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 59, 102394. Web. Fisher, C., Holland, C., & West, T. (2021). Developments in the buy now, pay later market. 1. 1 Cash Demand During COVID-19 2. 12 Property Settlement in RITS 3. 21 From the Archives: The London Letters 4. The Anatomy of a Banking Crisis: Household Depositors in the Australian 33 Depressions, 59. Web. Hamblin, K. (2020). Technology and social care in a digital world: challenges and opportunities in the UK. Journal of Enabling Technologies. Web. HR, G., & Aithal, P. S. (2020). Consumer Communication Deployment Tactics: An Integrated Framework for Lifestyle Brands and Retailers in India (CCF-LS). International Journal of Applied Engineering and Management Letters (IJAEML), 4(2), 1-21. Web. Napawut, W., Siripipatthanakul, S., Phayaphrom, B., Siripipattanakul, S., & Limna, P. (2022). The Mediating Effect of E-WOM on the Relationship Between Digital Marketing Activities and Intention to Buy Via Shopee. International Journal of Behavioral Analytics, 2(2), 1-13. Web. Obermayer, N., Kővári, E., Leinonen, J., Bak, G., & Valeri, M. (2021). How social media practices shape family business performance: the wine industry case study. European Management Journal. Web. Office for National Statistics. (2021). Economic trends in the retail sector, Great Britain. Www.ons.gov.uk. Web. Stokel-Walker, C. (2021). TikTok Boom: China’s Dynamite App and the Superpower Race for Social Media. Canbury Press. Suwelack, T., Stegemann, M., & Ang, F. X. (2022). Creating a Customer Experience-Centric Startup: A Step-by-Step Framework. Springer Nature. Watson, R., & Popescu, G. H. (2021). Will the COVID-19 pandemic lead to long-term consumer perceptions, behavioral intentions, and acquisition decisions?. Economics, Management & Financial Markets, 16(4). Web. Zafar, A. U., Shen, J., Shahzad, M., & Islam, T. (2021). Relation of impulsive urges and sustainable purchase decisions in the personalized environment of social media. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 25, 591-603. Web.

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This is an excerpt from Research Methods and Design in Sport Management 2nd Edition With Web Resource by Damon Andrew,Paul M. Pedersen & Chad McEvoy. Figure 3.1 Steps for creating research questions. For a sport manager, one of the most challenging stages of the research process is the initial selection of a problem or topic to explore. This stage can be particularly daunting for novice researchers, who may feel that they do not possess enough knowledge about particular sport management topics that need further exploration. It may be encouraging for new researchers to know that this concern can affect all sport management researchers, regardless of how much experience they have with a given topic or problem area, because the more educated one becomes, the more one realizes how much one does not know about various problems both within and beyond the realm of sport. To help you address this challenge, we provided (in chapter 1) a list of research topic areas as a starting point for considering sport management subdisciplines and their context areas. Once you choose a general topic of interest, you can identify potential research problems by examining the existing literature, considering social concerns and popular issues, exploring your personal background, brainstorming ideas, and talking with professors and practitioners. Figure 3.2 illustrates a personalized approach to selecting a research problem. Figure 3.2 A personalized approach to selecting a research problem. Here are some questions to ask: What issues are emerging in the literature? What research problems could be answered to benefit society; for example, what are the effects of large-scale sporting events on local economies? What contemporary topics are being discussed in the media (e.g., the Olympics)? What experiences from your background might lead to a research study; for example, are you a recreational skier or a sport marketing student? Who can you collaborate with to develop a research problem? What issues are faculty researching, teaching, and discussing? What issues are sport industry professionals facing in the field? Existing literature. This is perhaps the most obvious source of potential research problems or topics, and you can scan the literature in various ways. For example, if you are comfortable with the general area into which your specific topic falls, you might search electronic databases with specific search terms already in mind. As your search for more specific information progresses, you might narrow or broaden the original search terms depending on the number and quality of sources you find. Alternatively, if you are struggling to select a problem, you might begin your search by perusing printed sources, such as recent editions of peer-reviewed journals; specifically, you might scan the table of contents in various journals until you have identified a number of potential areas of interest. You can then explore these problem areas and narrow your focus. Using existing literature to generate research ideas also enables you to become familiar with previous attempts to address your selected problem, as well as the various approaches that have been used. Remember, too, that many well-written journal articles conclude by identifying avenues for further research about the problem. This is a service to the field and offers ideas for work that you might choose to do. Social concerns. Research ideas rooted in contemporary social concerns include problems such as the integration of individuals with disabilities into sport and society (Andrew & Grady, 2005; Grady & Andrew, 2003, 2006, 2007; Hums, Moorman, & Wolff, 2003), the impact of diversity in the workplace (Cunningham, 2007; Cunningham & Sagas, 2007; Fink & Cunningham, 2005), and using sport for peace and development (Welty Peachey, Burton, Wells, & Ryoung Chung, 2018; Wright, Jacobs, Howell, & Ressler, 2018). Researchers who select their topics based on social concerns may also enjoy an additional benefit insofar as their research may be a vehicle for social reform. Popular issues. Research ideas may also be found in the wide range of popular contemporary issues discussed on websites and in newspapers and magazines. If you take this approach, it is crucial to choose a high-quality website or print publication that will have a thorough review of problems that may be of interest. One disadvantage of basing a research problem on popular issues is that they are often so contemporary and novel that they may not have generated a research base yet within the academic literature. In addition, some emerging trends may quickly fade away. Competitive video gaming, or e-sports, has exploded in popularity during the decade of the 2010s, but it is unclear whether it will continue this dramatic growth in the next decade or lose popularity. Yet, popular issues can serve as valuable sources for identifying new areas for discovery, and certain subdisciplines of sport management (e.g., sport law) are more reliant on popular issues than others. Your own personal characteristics. Sport management researchers hail from a variety of cultures and backgrounds, and their experiences can serve as a platform for research problems. For instance, Todd and Andrew (2008) explored the impact of having satisfying tasks to do and organizational support on the job attitudes of sporting goods retail employees. As the researchers explained, “Given the importance of satisfaction and commitment outcomes to sales force turnover, the possibility that environmental factors in sporting goods retail could alter employee attitudes, and the absence of research in the area, we proposed to extend the literature by highlighting the impact of intrinsically satisfying tasks and perceived organisational support on the job satisfaction and commitment of sporting goods retail employees” (p. 380). Ultimately, the researchers discovered that intrinsically satisfying tasks and perceived organizational support contributed significantly to the prediction of job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment. In other words, sporting goods retail employees who were given more intrinsically satisfying tasks (e.g., tennis-playing employees who are assigned to work in the store's tennis department) and who perceived organizational support (e.g., employees who believe that the organization has their best interest in mind, supports them, and writes policies that will benefit them) are more satisfied with their jobs and are more likely to want to continue working for that organization. The idea for this particular study was generated through Todd and Andrew's cumulative work experiences, some of which involved managerial responsibility in the sporting goods retail setting. As they discuss in their article, these work experiences impressed on them the importance of controlling staff turnover, as well as the uniqueness of the context of sport, in the retail setting. Brainstorming. Generally speaking, brainstorming is a group activity with the expressed purpose of generating a large number of potential solutions to a problem. It can also be a good way to generate research ideas. As ideas and terms emerge during brainstorming, key phrases are written down and then related to each other in generative ways. Discussing ideas with others often helps a researcher develop and refine possible research questions, which is a great advantage of collaborative research. One of the key benefits of attending academic conferences is connecting with colleagues from other institutions, spending time discussing potential ideas for collaborative research. Faculty. One of the many duties typically assigned to professors is the publication or presentation of scholarly research. As a result, they typically focus on a modest number of research topics and design research projects to facilitate their further exploration. Therefore, although faculty receive their academic credentials from an overall field of study, they usually develop expertise in a few focused areas within that field. With this in mind, one way to generate research ideas is to open a dialogue with professors who hold research interests similar to your own. For students, establishing mentoring relationships with faculty members can be integral in getting their own research started, and participating in a professor's research project commonly serves as a first foray into becoming a researcher. Others may find a research problem idea in a conversation with a professor or in something a professor discusses in a classroom lecture. Practitioners. Another potentially valuable source for research ideas is sport management practitioners, who can often identify applied problems within the field that they have encountered through their work experiences. In a critique of the existing sport management research at the time, Weese (1995) lamented that sport management scholars were not serving the needs of practitioners, and unfortunately, much of his critique remains valid more than two decades later. By involving practitioners in topic selection, you can help ensure that your study will be pertinent to those working in the field. In one example, McEvoy and Morse (2007) examined how attendance at an NCAA Division I men's basketball program's games was affected by whether the game was televised. The study originated in a conversation McEvoy had with the athletic director of an NCAA Division I school, who said that he believed televising games would cause potential spectators to stay home and watch games on television rather than purchase tickets and attend the games in person. McEvoy, in contrast, hypothesized that televising the school's games would expose potential spectators to the product, serve as a 2-hour advertisement of sorts for the school and its athletic teams, and potentially add a layer of excitement to the game itself because of the presence of television. McEvoy and Morse designed a study to test the relationship between game attendance and the televising of games while controlling for other variables that might affect this relationship, such as the strength of the opponent and the day of the week. They found that attendance increased by 6.3 percent when games were televised, thus illustrating how involving practitioners in the process of generating research problems can lead to research that is practical and actionable in the industry. In this example, practitioners considering whether to televise their games were able to rely not only on their hunches and instincts but also on data-based research in making such a decision. After assimilating a number of sources regarding a potential research topic, researchers sometimes find that a past study has already addressed their original research idea. Such a discovery, however, does not necessarily indicate that further research is moot in the chosen area. Veal (1997) suggested some ways in which researchers can build on earlier research in the field. First, the results of any study may vary according to the geographic background of the sample; for example, an analysis of cricket fans' attitudes in Australia is not particularly generalizable to cricket fans in Canada. Indeed, several sport management studies have focused on cross-national differences found in samples from two different countries on topics ranging from leadership behavior (Chelladurai, Imamura, Yamaguchi, Oinuma, & Miyauchi, 1988) to the consumption motivations of MMA fans (Kim, Andrew, & Greenwell, 2009). Therefore, a researcher can consider conducting a new study using fans from a different targeted geographic area. Second, past studies in a particular problem area may have devoted less attention to some social groups than to others. The impetus for analyzing neglected social groups may be to highlight an underrepresented social group or to respond to changing societal demographics. For example, a growing Latino population in the United States has recently generated a stream of sport marketing research about patterns of sport consumption by Latinos (Harrolle & Trail, 2007; Mercado, 2008). Furthermore, determining the applicability of past research (or the lack thereof) to particular social groups can often lead to the advancement of theory in the field. Another way to complement past research is to offer a temporal update of an earlier research project. This approach allows a researcher not only to provide an up-to-date snapshot of current trends in the area but also to initiate data comparisons between past and present research. Significant events in history can also provide a supportive rationale for a modern treatment of earlier research. For example, a researcher interested in the perceived security of spectators at sporting events might not feel comfortable relying on results reported before the tragic events of September 11, 2001, in the United States, because that event has ramped up the need for security at major events held throughout the world. Fourth, researchers may identify existing theories outside the realm of sport and propose to test them in the unique context of sport. Such a contextual approach can also be used to revisit existing research under modern theoretical paradigms to determine whether the new theoretical approaches provide greater explanatory power. A final approach whereby researchers can build on earlier research is to adapt a novel method of analysis to explore a phenomenon. For example, a researcher might follow up a previously published qualitative study with a quantitative approach that focuses on testing theory with a larger sample. Researchers can also help confirm findings generated by earlier research by using alternative designs (e.g., using a survey to follow up on findings from in-depth interview data).

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||This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (July 2011)| Soy molasses is brown viscous syrup with a typical bittersweet flavor. A by-product of aqueous alcohol soy protein concentrate production, soy molasses is a concentrated, desolventized, aqueous alcohol extract of defatted soybean flakes. The term "soy molasses" was coined by Daniel Chajuss, the founder of Hayes Ashdod Ltd., which first commercially produced and marketed soy molasses in the early 1960s. The name was intended to distinguish the product from “soybean whey” or “condensed soybean solubles”, the by-products available at the time from soy protein isolate and acid washed soy protein concentrate production. The alcohols are removed from the liquid extract by evaporation and the distillation residue is an aqueous solution of the sugars and other soy solubles. This solution is concentrated to viscous honey-like consistency to yield soy molasses. Typically, soy molasses contains 50% total soluble solids. These solids consist of carbohydrates (60%), proteins and other nitrogenous substances (10%), minerals (10%), fats and lipoids (20%). The major constituents of soy molasses are sugars that include oligosaccharides (stachyose and raffinose), disaccharides (sucrose) and minor amounts of monosaccharides (fructose and glucose). Minor constituents include saponins, protein, lipid, minerals (ash), isoflavones, and other organic materials. Soy molasses is used as a feed ingredient in mixed feeds as pelleting aid, added to soybean meal (e.g. by spraying it into the soybean meal desolventizer toaster), mixed with soy hulls, and used in liquid animal feed diets. Soy molasses can be used as a fermentation aid, as a prebiotic, and as an ingredient in specialized breads. Soy molasses is an important commercial and biological product, and a source of phytochemicals and soy sugars. - Daniel Chajuss, Soy Molasses: Processing and Utilization as a Functional Food, in KeShun Liu, Editor, Soybeans as Functional Foods and Ingredients, AOCS Press, Champaign. Ill., USA, pp. 201–208, 2004. |This food ingredient-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|

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A confident student has a much better chance of being successful in school and beyond. You might not be able to teach confidence, but you certainly can nurture it in each of your students. Here are six ways to do so: Loosen the reins. Maintain control over your classroom environment, not your students. Let them take the lead on classwork and assignments, and take on a supporting role. Pump them up. Tell your students that you believe in them and their abilities often. The more you do so, the more they’ll believe it, too. Foster the development of a growth mindset. Let your students know that you believe that there’s always something to discover and that learning never stops. They’ll start to recognize that learning is continuous and that their potential is unlimited. Set goals as a class. There’s something very empowering about setting goals. Encourage your students to take control of their destiny by putting on paper the endeavors that matter to them (and the steps they’ll take to achieve them). Embrace the mantra “Let’s explore that.” When students ask questions, don’t just give them the answers. Have them delve into new topics. Ignite their curiosities. Point out their strengths. You don’t need to do so publicly, but find opportunities to let your students know when they do things particularly well or when you see them exerting extra effort. They might not recognize those attributes in themselves. Confidence is an important trait that you can help build in your students through your everyday interactions. In doing so, you’ll have a lasting positive impact that will serve them well in life.

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Grammar serves as the foundation for writing that is superior, clearer and more succinct. It provides an organizing framework for our language, empowering us to articulate complex ideas and emotions with effectiveness and precision. Without grammar, our sentences would lack coherence and our thoughts would devolve into a disordered assortment of words. Grammar is more than just a set of prescriptive rules; it is an inherent aspect of language. It cannot be artificially created or imposed with intent. Embedded within the very essence of the language we use daily, grammar is gradually revealed as we deepen our linguistic comprehension, uncovering its intricate layers. As a linguistic instrument, grammar aids in the creation of lucid sentences and when harnessed correctly, it enhances our ability to communicate effectively. In every language and for every writer, grammar is indispensable, acting as a key to unleash the full potential of our communication, both in writing and in speech. Top 10 Grammar Quotes Grammar has qualities, shapes and forms. ~ Frederick Lindemann. I write in the most distressingly slow way in terms of punctuation and grammar. ~ Maurice Saatchi. Quotation is a noun. Quote is a verb. ~ Eusebius Clay. Irregularity in grammar seems like the epitome of human eccentricity and quirkiness. ~ Steven Pinker. Grammar is the logic of speech, even as logic is the grammar of reason. ~ Richard Chenevix Trench. The past is always tense, the future perfect. ~ Zadie Smith. There’s no reason why you can’t deliver a grammar-school curriculum to an all-ability intake. ~ Toby Young. Grammar, which can govern even Kings. ~ Moliere. If Language is a Flower then without Grammar it will not smell. ~ Purushottam Muley. Grammar stops at love, and at art. ~ Terri Guillemets. Famous Grammar Quotes Grammar schools are public schools without the sodomy. ~ Tony Parsons. Forget grammar and think about potatoes. ~ Gertrude Stein. I couldn’t possibly have sex with someone with such a slender grasp on grammar! ~ Russell Brand. The best grammarian still can’t write a verse. ~ Dagobert D. Runes. If rhetoric study was the military, grammar teachers would be the drill sergeants. ~ T.K. Naliaka. I respect a man who knows how to spell a word more than one way. ~ Mark Twain. A philosopher once said, ‘Half of good philosophy is good grammar.’ ~ A. P. Martinich. Writing is an act of faith, not a trick of grammar. ~ E. B. White. Damn the subjunctive. It brings all our writers to shame. ~ Mark Twain. Grammar is politics by other means. ~ Donna J. Haraway. I will not go down to posterity talking bad grammar. ~ Benjamin Disraeli. Having sex with a dead grammar teacher is a violation of past tense usage. ~ Dana Gould. Grammar is the analysis of language. ~ Edgar Allan Poe. Best Grammar Quotes When a thought takes one’s breath away, a grammar lesson seems an impertinence. ~ Thomas W. Higginson. My grammar be’s ebonics, gin tonics, and chronic. ~ Nelly. Statistics is the grammar of science. ~ Karl Pearson. Every English poet should master the rules of grammar before he attempts to bend or break them. ~ Robert Graves. Grammar school never taught me anything about grammar. ~ Isaac Goldberg. Bad grammar is the leading cause of slow, painful death in North America. ~ Dave Barry. I don’t want to talk grammar. I want to talk like a lady. ~ George Bernard Shaw. Only in grammar can you be more than perfect. ~ William Safire. The greater part of the world’s troubles are due to questions of grammar. ~ Michel de Montaigne. Social criticism begins with grammar and the re-establishing of meanings. ~ Octavio Paz. Why care for grammar as long as we are good? ~ Artemus Ward. Grammar, he saw, was agreement, community, consensus. ~ D. T. Max. Grammar, which knows how to control even kings. ~ Moliere. Popular Grammar Quotes Anarchy is as detestable in grammar as it is in society. ~ Maurice Druon. That is the correct grammar, you know: her husband and me. ~ Gillian Flynn. When your last breath arrives, Grammar can do nothing. ~ Adi Shankara. Grammar and logic free language from being at the mercy of the tone of voice. ~ Rosenstock Huessy. A man’s grammar, like Caesar’s wife, should not only be pure, but above suspicion of impurity. ~ Edgar Allan Poe. It is well to remember that grammar is common speech formulated. ~ William Somerset Maugham. In grammar, as in war, there is strength in numbers. ~ Martin Worthington. Nostalgia is like a grammar lesson: you find the present tense, but the past perfect! ~ Owens Lee Pomeroy. Grammar is to a writer what anatomy is to a sculptor, or the scales to a musician. You may loathe it, it may bore you, but nothing will replace it, and once mastered it will support you like a rock. ~ B. J. Chute. Grammar is the grave of letters. ~ Elbert Hubbard. Great Grammar Quotes Grammar is a piano I play by ear. All I know about grammar is its power. ~ Joan Didion. Descriptive grammar is an attempt to give an account of what the current system is for either a society or an individual, whatever you happen to be studying. ~ Noam Chomsky. George Moore wrote brilliant English until he discovered grammar. ~ Oscar Wilde. Grammar is the greatest joy in life, don’t you find? ~ Lemony Snicket. Correct spelling, indeed, is one of the arts that are far more esteemed by schoolma’am’s than by practical men, neck-deep in the heat and agony of the world. ~ H. L. Mencken. Grammar is…the pole you grab to get your thoughts up on their feet and walking. ~ Stephen King. You can be a little ungrammatical if you come from the right part of the country. ~ Robert Frost. I know grammar by ear only, not by note, not by the rules. ~ Mark Twain. Do not be surprised when those who ignore the rules of grammar also ignore the law. After all, the law is just so much grammar. ~ Robert Brault. Logic chases truth up the tree of grammar. ~ Willard Van Orman Quine. Grammar is not a set of arbitrary rules; it is a compact between people who wish to understand each other. ~ Robert Breault. Powerful Grammar Quotes Grammar to a writer is to a mountaineer a good pair of hiking boots or, more precisely, to a deep-sea diver an oxygen tank. ~ A.A. Patawaran. Moods are adjectives of the grammar of life. ~ Raheel Farooq. Your grammar is a reflection of your image. Good or bad, you have made an impression. And like all impressions, you are in total control. ~ Jeffrey Gitomer. Yes, freedom is good, but arguably, grammar is better. ~ Andy Zaltzman. Logic is to grammar what the sense of words is to their sound. ~ Joseph Joubert. Grammar is like a strive for perfection. It’s useless really. ~ S. Khemka. Like everything metaphysical the harmony between thought and reality is to be found in the grammar of the language. ~ Ludwig Wittgenstein. So these were the 70 top quotes about Grammar.

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Cultural Appropriation vs Cultural Appreciation When the K-pop sensation, BTS, in 2013, debuted their song, “No More Dream,” they used many Black hip hop elements for the music video. The boys wore chains, rings, and dark and edgy clothing, made gang signs and hand gestures, committed crimes, led a gang, aggressively danced in a dark neighborhood, and were caught by the authorities at the very end. The video is a prime example of culturally appropriating in the most negative way possible. This boy band’s music video had to be one of BTS’ worst videos for displaying such offensive, stereotypical, and exploitive depictions of Black culture. The video depicts stereotypes and mocks cultural norms in a way that I did not initially understand. Differentiating between appropriation and appreciation are challenging to identify because of the thin line of distinction between both terms. With this in mind, numerous cultures have adopted other cultures’ behaviors and standards and made it their own without proper appreciation. This realization led to exploring the concept of cultural appropriation and how it lends to the idea of adoption or theft of other people’s ideas and cultural norms in an irresponsible manner. However, with society becoming more aware and sensitive to the topic of cultural appropriation, it is frequent that many would misinterpret someone’s genuine intentions to show their love and respect for their culture. People should be more aware and cautious about the difference between cultural appropriation and cultural appreciation because the appropriation of another culture’s rituals without acknowledgment can be misconstrued as insensitive. According to the article, “Cultural Appropriation”, Ramsey, Warren, and Owerka-Moore state that “cultural appropriation is the ignorance or inappropriate adoption of ideas from marginalized groups. This inappropriate adaptation is noted among low socioeconomic groups with a purpose of exploiting the culture for economic or social gain.” Further, the literature suggests that culture’s appropriation has led to inaccurate depictions of cultures, negative stereotypes, and plagiarism of popular culture and music without attribution. The concept of appropriation and the misuse of power in societal and economic realms have contributed to increasing cultural conflict. This conflict not only undermines cultural relevance, but it is exploitative of oppressed groups. According to the ResearchGate article by Richard Rogers, cultural exploitation denotes the taking of elements of an oppressed society by a dominant culture without equal exchange, consent, or remuneration. In instances in which cultural exploitation is evident, the lack of choice or control is prominent. Rogers also states that often, the dominant political strength and economic influence render the sending culture powerless. He emphasizes how governments utilize their power to subjugate oppressed societies into submission, such as imposing organized religion on ethnic groups who otherwise may not have subscribed to the dominant culture’s religious viewpoints. Cultural exploitation can be further observed in current social occurrences as well. As racial tensions continue to escalate in modern society, cultural exploitation permeates in music and fashion. Lyrics and genres, such as hip hop, have met with controversy and hostility. Hip-hop artists, writers, and producers continue to combat the challenges of foreign companies’ misuse of the genre for economic gain without appropriate attribution or respect. Western artists have been confronted with similar practices as well. The article, “Cultural Appropriation,” has referred to Kylie Jenner as a controversial figure in cultural appropriation. She was perceived by many as trendy and fashionable in her depiction of style box braids through social media. However, others deemed her actions irresponsible and exploitative. Her actions were deemed as cultural appropriation as she physically depicted black culture. Although aspects of black culture, such as box braid, may be deemed negatively and criticized in this scenario, Jenner is celebrated and admired. Therefore, exploiting culturally significant customs. Artists are seen in many instances as role models with societal responsibility. Kylie Jenner represents a majority whose actions may be construed as a premise of lack of social consciousness. Therefore, rendering those ethnic minorities who place cultural significance in expressing their beauty has no voice in protecting their cultural elements due to other dominant societies’ dominance. Social media’s impact and how users interpret cultural appreciation versus appropriation plays out in media platforms such as Instagram, Snapchat, and Twitter. According to the article, “Moving From Cultural Appropriation to Cultural Appreciation”, the author, Hsiao-Cheng Han, states that “the media tends to teach the general public who to be and what perspective someone should have of the world. However, people have different interpretations of what each post means.” Kylie Jenner’s box braids Instagram post is an excellent example of how people had conflicting opinions on Jenner’s post. One side of users believes that Jenner is exploiting Black culture while another side thinks she is displaying her appreciation for it. The media’s influence perpetuates conflicting opinions on fashion and music, which often exacerbates the opposing factions. Music has a cultural significance in black culture. The article, “Cultural Appropriation”, mentions how African Americans are credited with developing not only hip hop but also jazz, blues, and rock and roll. However, the article also states that from 1930 to 1970, White artists adopted these music traditions that were deemed unsavory and became wealthy in a still segregated society. African Americans had limited recourse in combating cultural dominance in a Jim Crow America. In the ResearchGate article by Richard Rogers, the author states that cultural dominance is the utilization of components of the prevailing culture by members of a dominant culture in a context in which the dominant culture has been imposed on by the subordinated society appropriations that sanction opposition. The article, “Cultural Appropriation”, further states that artists such as Muddy Waters, Skip James, and Howlin’ Wolf struggled to gain success for their significant contributions to the music industry for many years. Eventually, they were recognized for their achievements but never to the level of their White counterparts who appropriated black music. Despite controversy and inequities which continue to persist, there also is a movement promoting inclusivity, respect, and understanding of other cultures. Education is crucial in comprehending the differences in appropriation and appreciation. In appreciating cultural or cultural appreciation, one honors and values another culture and its customs to gain awareness and respect. Whereas if practices or cultural items exploit another culture or reaps economic gain may be perceived as appropriation. Cultural appreciation allows for deep-rooted respect. In instances where there is a genuineness to appreciate other ethnic groups, asking permission to use cultural things, utilizing the object specifically as they are intending, researching the culture, asking questions, and acknowledging the limitations in knowing the culture. Appropriation occurs when members of one culture adopt an aspect of another culture without attribution. Often appropriation occurs from a dominated society that takes from marginalized communities. However, fostering an environment of inclusivity in which a genuine desire to listen, to learn, respect, and to provide equitable remuneration could afford opportunities for dialogue and cultural awareness. Cultural Appropriation [PDF]. (n.d.). https://bento.cdn.pbs.org/hostedbento-prod/filer_public/whatihear/9-Cultural_Approp-Viewing_Guide.pdf Rogers, R. (2006, November). From Cultural Exchange to Transculturation: A Review and Reconceptualization of Cultural Appropriation. Communication Theory, 16(4), 474–503. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00277.x Han, H. (2019). Moving From Cultural Appropriation to Cultural Appreciation. Art Education (Reston), 72(2), 8–13. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2019.1559575 Big Hit Labels, & BTS. (2013, June 11). BTS (방탄소년단) ‘No More Dream’ Official MV [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBG5L7UsUxA

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A gene expression atlas of the larval zebrafish brain at single-cell resolution is presented in Science Advances this week, representing a new tool for investigating neuronal circuit development and structure in a widely used vertebrate model. Aiming to expand upon the various neuroscience resources for larval zebrafish, a team of Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence scientists used multiplexed fluorescent in situ RNA hybridization chain reaction (HCR) technology to generate whole-brain, single-cell resolution gene expression maps for a set of 290 marker genes, coregistered with thousands of single-neuron tracings, hundreds of transgenic lines, and more than 120 expertly curated anatomical segmentations in the Max Planck Zebrafish Brain atlas, dubbed Mapzebrain. The researchers also report a novel HCR FISH protocol for detecting RNA of the immediate early response gene cfos following various sensory stimulations and behavioral tasks. The atlas data is freely available through the Mapzebrain website. "This new resource, which can be straightforwardly expanded in the future by community contributions, offers convenient web-based access to markers of neuronal subpopulations," they write. Max Planck Team Builds Single-Cell Gene Expression Atlas for Larval Zebrafish Brain Feb 23, 2023

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Steven G. Ayre MD The term “psychoneuroimmunology” in an important addition to the lexicon of big medical words. It is a significant moment when a new subject is assigned some complex terminology like this and then becomes incorporated into the jargon of medical science. The process both lends a necessary measure of mystery and confers a certain validity on the subject in question. In my opinion the arrival of this particular word is a most significant event as far as the future of medicine is concerned. Much more needs to be learned about it. Analyzing the term indicates that there is some sort of connection between the mind or the psyche, and the nervous system and our immunologic function. Decidedly more important than the etymology of the word, however, is what this subject declares about love. It seems that there is an intimate connection between love – both of self and of others – and the etiology and treatment of disease. Coming from a generation where love was variously portrayed as “five feet of heaven in a ponytail” and “a many splendored thing,” it is certainly news to learn love can now also be considered a powerful medical tool with a therapeutic efficacy approaching that of a dose of cyclophosphamide. The difficulty with psychoneuroimmunology is that it causes a blurring between objective reality as defined by the scientific method, and the subjective reality of an individual. Medical science is used to dealing in hard facts, but “love” is a fuzzy term if there ever was one. Perhaps the first thing to do would be to try and clarify the meaning of the word “love.” There is a Greek word “agape” which translates into something like “the all-forgiving redemptive love of God.” In this context, “love” is a forgiving and releasing from resentment. In psychoneuroimmunology it is this quality of love which the patient is encouraged to develop – first towards himself, and then in relation to others. It would be ideal to have some universally applicable and scientifically acceptable approach for measuring love’s effect on people. The fundamental difficulty here. However, is how to know that a particular test subject is in fact availing himself or herself or whatever it is that love can make available. Failing some sort of breakthrough in EEG or EKG technology, perhaps it will be impossible to know a priori whether someone is “there” or not. Perhaps all that we might have available would be a posteriori observation from which we might be able to infer what the person’s real state of heart and/or mind had been. What then might we expect to observe? What could be the power of love? Sir Isaac Newton originally described the relationship wherein for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This law was meant to be applied to inanimate physical objects, but it can be observed to operate with equal precision in human interactions as well. Brining force to bear in any circumstance always results in the creation of a contrary resistance. This applies in both intrapersonal and interpersonal affairs. When obtained through such force, any positive results are only short-lived. For in time, when the force is withdrawn or relaxed, the accumulated resistance then works to undo what has been accomplished. Crash dieting and then regaining the weight is the best example we see of this phenomenon. We see similar things occurring all the time in our varieties of experience in clinical medicine. We may even admit to instances of the same law operating in our own lives as well. In contradistinction to the above, it is the distinguishing characteristic of love that is a force, which creates nothing other than more of itself. When it is expressed in actuality, no negative consequences arise. While the universe itself may be driven by the law of action and reaction towards an ever-increasing entropy, man with his potential consciousness of love has a way of rescuing himself from the analogous fate of disease. Factors of desire, courage, and personal committment all enter into the equation here, making the whole matter a very subjective experience. If this makes it objectively unverifiable by conventional scientific methodology, then I think we owe it to ourselves to devise some alternative way of looking at it. Medical science is beginning to acknowledge the reality of love and laughter as vital factors in human experience. For some time there g=had been a fascination with the technological side of medicine which has caused the profession to overlook these seemingly less sophisticated matters. This has been a detriment to our real effectiveness on behalf of the patient. The whole has been part of an evolution and thus, wherever possible, it would be our professional responsibility to try and set things aright. Psychoneuroimmunology is going to play a central role in medicine in the years to come. Mastering this subject as a complement to conventional medical management will be the challenge of the future. Time and working in the right spirit are what we will need to meet this challenge successfully. In this context, the words of the French theologian Teilard de Chardin may be for our encouragement: “Someday, after we have mastered the winds, the waves, the tides, and gravity, we shall harness for God the energies of love. Then for the second time in the history of the world, man will have discovered fire.”

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Beam-powered propulsion is a class of aircraft or spacecraft propulsion mechanisms that uses energy beamed to the spacecraft from a remote power plant to provide energy. Most designs are thermal rockets where the energy is provided by the beam, and is used to superheat propellant that then provides propulsion, although some obtain propulsion directly from light pressure acting on a light sail structure, and at low altitude heating air gives extra thrust. The beam would typically either be a beam of microwaves or a laser. Lasers are subdivided into either pulsed or continuous beamed. The rule of thumb that is usually quoted is that it takes a megawatt of power beamed to a vehicle per kg of payload while it is being accelerated to permit it to reach low earth orbit. Other than launching to orbit, applications for moving around the world quickly have also been proposed. Rockets are momentum machines; they use mass ejected from the rocket to provide momentum to the rocket. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity, so rockets generally attempt to put as much velocity into their working mass as possible, thereby minimizing the amount of working mass that is needed. In order to accelerate the working mass, energy is required. In a conventional rocket, the fuel is chemically combined to provide the energy, and the resulting fuel products, the ash or exhaust, are used as the working mass. There is no particular reason why the same fuel has to be used for both energy and momentum. In the jet engine, for instance, the fuel is used only to produce energy, the working mass is provided from the air that the jet aircraft flies through. In modern jet engines, the amount of air propelled is much greater than the amount of air used for energy. This is not a solution for the rocket, however, as they quickly climb to altitudes where the air is too thin to be useful as a source of working mass. Rockets can, however, carry their working mass and use some other source of energy. The problem is finding an energy source with a power-to-weight ratio that competes with chemical fuels. Small nuclear reactors can compete in this regard, and considerable work on nuclear thermal propulsion was carried out in the 1960s, but environmental concerns and rising costs led to the ending of most of these programs. A further improvement can be made by removing the energy creation from the spacecraft. If the nuclear reactor is left on the ground and its energy transmitted to the spacecraft, the weight of the reactor is removed as well. The issue then is to get the energy into the spacecraft. This is the idea behind beamed power. With beamed propulsion one can leave the power-source stationary on the ground, and directly (or via a heat exchanger) heat propellant on the spacecraft with a maser or a laser beam from a fixed installation. This permits the spacecraft to leave its power-source at home, saving significant amounts of mass, greatly improving performance. Laser propulsion Since a laser can heat propellant to extremely high temperatures, this potentially greatly improves the efficiency of a rocket, as exhaust velocity is proportional to the square root of the temperature. Normal chemical rockets have an exhaust speed limited by the fixed amount of energy in the propellants, but beamed propulsion systems have no particular theoretical limit (although in practice there are temperature limits). Microwave propulsion In addition, microwaves can be used to heat a suitable heat exchanger, which in turn heats a propellant (very typically hydrogen). This can give a combination of high specific impulse (700–900 seconds) as well as good thrust/weight ratio (50-150). A variation, developed by brothers James Benford and Gregory Benford, is to use thermal desorption of propellant trapped in the material of a very large microwave-sail. This produces a very high acceleration compared to microwave pushed sails alone. Electric propulsion Some proposed spacecraft propulsion mechanisms use power in the form of electricity. Usually these schemes assume either solar panels, or an on-board reactor. However, both power sources are heavy. Beamed propulsion in the form of laser can be used to send power to a photovoltaic panel, for Laser electric propulsion. In this system, careful design of the panels is necessary as the extra power tends to cause a fall-off of the conversion efficiency due to heating effects. A microwave beam could be used to send power to a rectenna, for microwave electric propulsion. Microwave broadcast power has been practically demonstrated several times (e.g. Goldstone, California in 1974), rectennas are potentially lightweight and can handle high power at high conversion efficiency. However, rectennas tend to need to be very large for a significant amount of power to be captured. Direct impulse A beam could also be used to provide impulse by directly "pushing" on the sail. One example of this would be using a solar sail to reflect a laser beam. This concept, called a laser-pushed lightsail, was analyzed by physicist Robert L. Forward in 1989 as a method of Interstellar travel that would avoid extremely high mass ratios by not carrying fuel. His work elaborated on a proposal initially made by Marx. Further analysis of the concept was done by Landis, Mallove and Matloff, Andrews and others. In a later paper, Forward proposed pushing a sail with a microwave beam. This has the advantage that the sail need not be a continuous surface. Forward tagged his proposal for an ultralight sail "Starwisp". A later analysis by Landis suggested that the Starwisp concept as originally proposed by Forward would not work, but variations on the proposal continue to be proposed. The beam has to have a large diameter so that only a small portion of the beam misses the sail due to diffraction and the laser or microwave antenna has to have a good pointing stability so that the craft can tilt its sails fast enough to follow the center of the beam. This gets more important when going from interplanetary travel to interstellar travel, and when going from a fly-by mission, to a landing mission, to a return mission. The laser or the microwave sender would probably be a large phased array of small devices, which get their energy directly from solar radiation. The size of the array obsoletes any lens or mirror. Another beam-pushed concept would be to use a magnetic sail or MMPP sail to divert a beam of charged particles from a particle accelerator or plasma jet. Jordin Kare has proposed a variant to this whereby a "beam" of small laser accelerated light sails would transfer momentum to a magsail vehicle. Another beam-pushed concept uses ordinary matter and works in vacuum. The matter from a stationary mass-driver is "reflected" by the spacecraft, cf. mass driver. The spacecraft neither needs energy nor reaction mass for propulsion of its own. Proposed systems The laser shines on a parabolic reflector on the underside of the vehicle that concentrates the light to produce a region of extremely high temperature. The air in this region is heated and expands violently, producing thrust with each pulse of laser light. In space, a lightcraft would need to provide this gas itself from onboard tanks or from an ablative solid. By leaving the vehicle's power source on the ground and by using ambient atmosphere as reaction mass for much of its ascent, a lightcraft would be capable of delivering a very large percentage of its launch mass to orbit. It could also potentially be very cheap to manufacture. Early in the morning of 2 October 2000 at the High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility (HELSTF), Lightcraft Technologies, Inc. (LTI) with the help of Franklin B. Mead of the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory and Leik Myrabo set a new world's altitude record of 233 feet (71 m) for its 4.8 inch (12.2 cm) diameter, 1.8-ounce (51 g), laser-boosted rocket in a flight lasting 12.7 seconds. Although much of the 8:35 am flight was spent hovering at 230+ feet, the Lightcraft earned a world record for the longest ever laser-powered free flight and the greatest "air time" (i.e., launch-to-landing/recovery) from a light-propelled object. This is comparable to Robert Goddard's first test flight of his rocket design. Increasing the laser power to 100 kilowatts will enable flights up to a 30-kilometer altitude. Their goal is to accelerate a one-kilogram microsatellite into low Earth orbit using a custom-built, one megawatt ground-based laser. Such a system would use just about 20 dollars' worth of electricity, placing launch costs per kilogram to many times less than current launch costs (which are measured in thousands of dollars). Myrabo's "lightcraft" design is a reflective funnel-shaped craft that channels heat from the laser, towards the center, using a reflective parabolic surface causing the laser to literally explode the air underneath it, generating lift. Reflective surfaces in the craft focus the beam into a ring, where it heats air to a temperature nearly five times hotter than the surface of the sun, causing the air to expand explosively for thrust. Jordin Kare's heat exchanger system Jordin Kare has proposed a simpler, nearer term concept which has a rocket containing liquid hydrogen and water. The propellant is heated in a heat exchanger that the laser beam shines on before leaving the vehicle via a conventional nozzle. This concept can use continuous beam lasers, and the semiconductor lasers are now cost effective for this application. Non-spacecraft applications In 1964 William C. Brown demonstrated a miniature helicopter equipped with a combination antenna and rectifier device called a rectenna. The rectenna converted microwave power into electricity, allowing the helicopter to fly. In 2002 a Japanese group propelled a tiny aluminium airplane by using a laser to vaporize a water droplet clinging to it, and in 2003 NASA researchers flew an 11 ounce (312 g) model airplane with a propeller powered with solar panels illuminated by a laser. It is possible that such beam-powered propulsion could be useful for long-duration high altitude unmanned aircraft or balloons, perhaps designed to serve as communication relays or surveillance platforms. A "laser broom" has been proposed to sweep space debris from Earth orbit. This is another proposed use of beam-powered propulsion, used on objects that were not designed to be propelled by it, for example small pieces of scrap knocked off ("spalled") satellites. The technique works since the laser power ablates one side of the object, giving an impulse that changes the eccentricity of the object's orbit. The orbit would then intersect the atmosphere and burn up. See also - Beam Power Challenge — one of the NASA Centennial Challenges - Spacecraft propulsion - Thinned-array curse - List of laser articles - List of plasma (physics) articles - http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-06022006-160023 Kevin Parkin's PhD thesis on microwave/thermal propulsion "The microwave thermal thruster and its application to the launch problem" - R. L. Forward, "Roundtrip Interstellar Travel Using Laser-Pushed lightsails," J. Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 21, pp 187-195 (Mar-Apr. 1989) - G. Marx, "Interstellar Vehicle Propelled by Laser Beam," Nature, Vol. 211, July 1966, pp. 22-23. - G. A. Landis, "Optics and Materials Considerations for a Laser-Propelled Lightsail", paper IAA-89-664 (text) - G. A. Landis, "Small Laser-Pushed Lightsail Interstellar Probe: A Study of Parameter Variations", J. British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 149-154 (1997); Paper IAA-95-4.1.1.02, - Eugene Mallove and Gregory Matloff (1989). The Starflight Handbook. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-61912-4. - D. G. Andrews, "Cost Considerations for Interstellar Missions," paper IAA-93-706 - R. L. Forward, "Starwisp: an Ultra-light Interstellar Probe," J. Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 21, pp. 345-350, May–June 1985) - G. A. Landis, "Microwave Pushed Interstellar Sail: Starwisp Revisited," paper AIAA-2000-3337, 36th Joint Propulsion Conference, Huntsville AL, July 17–19, 2000. - G. Landis, "Interstellar Flight by Particle Beam," Acta Astronautica. Vol 55, No. 11, 931-934 (Dec. 2004). - "NASA Exploring Laser Beams to Zap Rockets Into Outer Space". Fox News. 25 January 2011. - EXPERIMENTAL AIRBORNE MICROWAVE SUPPORTED PLATFORM Descriptive Note : Final rept. Jun 64-Apr 65

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Bats and other wildlife are on display for sale at this market in Indonesia. (UC Davis) As COVID-19 spreads across the globe, a common question is, can infectious diseases be connected to environmental change? Yes, indicates a study published today from the University of California Davis’ One Health Institute. Exploitation of wildlife by humans through hunting, trade, habitat degradation and urbanization facilitates close contact between wildlife and humans, which increases the risk of virus spillover, found a study published April 8 in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Many of these same activities also drive wildlife population declines and the risk of extinction. The study provides new evidence for assessing spillover risk in animal species and highlights how the processes that create wildlife population declines also enable the transmission of animal viruses to humans. “Spillover of viruses from animals is a direct result of our actions involving wildlife and their habitat,” said lead author Christine Kreuder Johnson, project director of USAID PREDICT and director of the EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics at the One Health Institute, a program of the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine. “The consequence is they’re sharing their viruses with us. These actions simultaneously threaten species survival and increase the risk of spillover. In an unfortunate convergence of many factors, this brings about the kind of mess we’re in now.” The common and the rare For the study, the scientists assembled a large dataset of the 142 known viruses that spill over from animals to humans and the species that have been implicated as potential hosts. Using the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, they examined patterns in those species’ abundance, extinction risks and underlying causes for species declines. The data show clear trends in spillover risk that highlight how people have interacted with animals throughout history. Among the findings: - Domesticated animals, including livestock, have shared the highest number of viruses with humans, with eight times more zoonotic viruses compared to wild mammalian species. This is likely a result of our frequent close interactions with these species for centuries. - Wild animals that have increased in abundance and adapted well to human-dominated environments also share more viruses with people. These include some rodent, bat and primate species that live among people, near our homes, and around our farms and crops, making them high-risk for ongoing transmission of viruses to people. - At the other end of the spectrum are threatened and endangered species. This includes animals whose population declines were connected to hunting, wildlife trade and decreases in habitat quality. These species were predicted to host twice as many zoonotic viruses compared to threatened species that had populations decreasing for other reasons. Threatened and endangered species also tend to be highly managed and directly monitored by humans trying to bring about their population recovery, which also puts them into greater contact with people. Bats repeatedly have been implicated as a source of “high consequence” pathogens, including SARS, Nipah virus, Marburg virus and ebolaviruses, the study notes. “We need to be really attentive to how we interact with wildlife and the activities that bring humans and wildlife together,” Johnson said. “We obviously don’t want pandemics of this scale. We need to find ways to co-exist safely with wildlife, as they have no shortages of viruses to give us.” Study co-authors include Peta Hitchens of the University of Melbourne Veterinary Clinic and Hospital, and Pranav Pandit, Julie Rushmore, Tierra Smiley Evans, Cristin Weekley Young and Megan Doyle of the UC Davis One Health Institute’s EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics. The study was supported by funding through the USAID Emerging Pandemic Threat PREDICT program and the National Institutes of Health. The Latest Updates from Bing News & Google News Go deeper with Bing News on: - Public hearings set for proposed fish, wildlife rule changeson June 23, 2020 at 10:16 am Proposed rule changes include adding ruffed grouse and cisco to the state’s endangered species list, establishing new size ... with additional information about each proposal, see wildlife.IN.gov/2362 ... - Australian Mouse Feared Extinct After Fires Found Aliveon June 23, 2020 at 9:24 am A critically endangered Australian rodent called the smoky mouse was already fighting off extinction when the 2019-2020 fire season hit. The bushfires torched 13.6 million acres, may have killed an ... - ‘It’s a success’: Pangolins return to a region where they were once extincton June 23, 2020 at 7:39 am Pangolins have been locally extinct in South Africa’s KwaZulu-Natal province for the last 30 or 40 years, experts say. But now, local conservationists are working to slowly reintroduce these shy, ... - Global turtle study highlights extinction risk and roadmap to recoveryon June 23, 2020 at 7:09 am A Western Sydney University researcher has contributed to the first global and comprehensive assessment of the world's turtle and tortoise species. The study found half of all 360 turtle and tortoise ... - COVID-19 lockdown reveals human impact on wildlife, researchers sayon June 22, 2020 at 3:01 pm The worldwide lockdown prompted by the coronavirus pandemic can provide us with valuable insights into how humans and wildlife interact, according to scientists. Go deeper with Google Headlines on: Go deeper with Bing News on: Spillover of viruses from animals - Coronavirus: Can Asia End Its Uncontrolled Consumption of Wildlife?on June 22, 2020 at 7:36 am This is the story of North America a century ago, and of Asia today. But there was a surprise ending in America, and I believe there could be one in Asia. This is the outcome of what I call the North ... - Study finds that wildlife supply chains for human consumption increase coronavirus spillover risk to peopleon June 18, 2020 at 5:24 am The authors forewarn of the potential risk of viral spillover into people through the wildlife trade. The authors indicate that stress and poor nutrition likely contribute to decreasing animal ... - These Scientists Hunt for Viruses in Animals Before They Strike Humanson June 16, 2020 at 5:10 am Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers were searching for potential human pathogens in wild animals. They’ve found thousands ... - On the hunt for the next deadly viruson June 16, 2020 at 3:11 am Searching for new viruses and tracking down the source of pandemics, scientists are laying the groundwork to defeat “spillover” diseases. - Bat-borne virus diversity, spillover and emergenceon June 11, 2020 at 9:18 am Bats harbour a large number of different viruses, some of which have spilled over to cause human disease. In this Review, Letko, Munster and colleagues discuss the diversity of bat viruses and the ...

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More than 4,400 trees have been identified as being infested with the emerald ash borer this year so far, a figure that is expected to rise in the next year or two before receding, according to the city’s manager of forestry services. “We expect to see the number peak over the next couple of years before it begins to trickle back down,” said David Barkley. Because the number of infected trees is so high, it takes four to six months from the time a dying tree is reported to when city crews can remove it from city property, a delay Barkley admitted is “longer than we’ve seen in the past.” The invasive insect pest from Asia attacks and kills all types of ash trees, which are being wiped out in many parts of Canada and the United States. When the city receives a report of a tree suspected to be infested with the emerald ash borer, an inspector investigates and “marks” any tree with the blight. The inspector will also ascertain whether a tree or large branch is in danger of falling on a pedestrian or damaging a home. If so, the tree is removed as soon as possible. If not, the city schedules removing all ash trees on a certain street or neighbourhood at one time instead of moving around the city on a tree-by-tree basis. It’s a more efficient use of city resources, but it is also adding to the delay that residents are experiencing in seeing the ash trees removed. Barkley confirmed that there is no danger to the surrounding environment of waiting to remove a dying tree, and that all trees identified with the Emerald ash borer will be cut down by the end of this year. He also pointed out that the city is spending $4.5 million a year to deal with the emerald ash borer issue — the budget has been rising since the problem was first identified back in 2008. And while a removed tree cannot always be replaced by new planting in exactly the same spot (either due to a remaining stump or changes in where utilities are located), the city is replacing every tree it takes down with two new ones. The number of reported trees with emerald ash borers is expected to top 5,000 in the next couple years, after which the number should begin to decline in urban and suburban areas. However, Barkley said, the problem could still be growing for a number of years in rural woodlots.

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Below are various curricula - including Students Teaching Finance's - that we encourage volunteers to utilize to teach financial literacy in their local classrooms and communities through our 'shared leadership' chapter model. Of course, teachers should adapt the curricula as needed to meet their specific needs and goals. Here you will find the STF curriculum, which includes two 'lightning lessons' per school level. These lessons address age-appropriate financial and life choices in an interactive, engaging, and informative way. This curriculum helps students manage money more effectively and educate them about financial literacy. Please note that the STF curriculum is more targeted and less comprehensive than those below. Elementary (K-2): Elementary STF Curriculum - Slides Intermediate (3-5): Intermediate STF Curriculum - Slides Middle School (6-8): Middle School STF Curriculum - Slides These resources are amazing, both in depth and breadth, for financial literacy education in grades K-12. This free and interactive financial education program is designed to mimic real-life personal finance obstacles and choices. Next Gen Personal Finance NGPF provides very detailed lesson plans for middle school and high school students. Choose FI Foundation This organization provides a curriculum for PreK-12 students about basic financial concepts. Note: STF does not necessarily endorse all content published by the resources above.

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You must have always heard that you should do a bit of warm up sessions before various strenuous physical activities such as weight lifting. It is said that it is good for the body, and it allows you to do the activities smoothly. But do you know that there are also various researchers and experts who suggests such cardio exercises after weight lifting sessions? Do not get surprised, because this is something that is beneficial, and hence many of the weight lifters practice this method now mostly. It can be said that both before and after weight lifting, such cardio exercises are done for various reasons. But it has been noticed and researched that cardio exercises done after weight lifting sessions are much beneficial than the cardio exercises done before weight lifting sessions. There are a number of reasons to prove the same. More energy for weight lifting While you are doing any kind of exercise, whether it is warm up, cardio exercises of weight lifting, the body extracts glycogen from the muscles. Glycogens are mainly the energy storehouse of the body. So, if the level of glycogen decreases in the body, it also reduces the energy of the body. So, when you do cardio exercises before weight lifting, you use up many of the glycogen from your muscles and hence leaves your body with less amount of energy. But if you do cardio exercises after weight lifting, then you can perform your weight lifting session more efficiently due to more amount of energy. This is the reason, when while in a competition or sports, weight lifters are provided the proper amount of rest after each lifting session so that they can gain back the energy in their body. Changes in the PH of blood When you are doing cardio exercises, the energy in your body is broken down to lactic acids that are another source of energy in the body. But this source of energy changes to hydrogen ions while you are exercising. These hydrogen ions later lower the PH of your blood that makes your blood plasma more acidic than the normal. This acidic blood plasma leads to a number of problems such as fatigue in your muscles that can drop down your performance in weight lifting. Also, again if you have already done hard cardio exercises before the session of weight lifting, it can be difficult for you to contract your muscles that can again lead to a problem in weight lifting. It has been seen that performing cardio exercises increases the level of the hormone cortisol in the body that breaks down the muscle to develop new energy. Along with this, the level of testosterone also increases in the body that is good for the muscle development. But this happens only when you are performing long duration cardio exercises such as marathon or cycling. But if it is just a cardio exercise before the session of weight lifting, then it can cause adverse effects. It can make the cortisol break muscle energy, but the testosterone may not increase its level at this short time. Hence, while you are lifting the weight, you will be not able to use all your energy. Cardio exercises and workouts are known well for fat and calorie burning of the body. But it has been researched recently that cardiovascular exercises can lead to breaking of fat and burning of calories even after the completion of 48 hours. Hence along with losing body fat, you will also be losing a lot amount of energy from the body. Thus, after cardio exercises when you go for weight lifting sessions, you will be not able to put the amount of energy that your body actually had. Thus, it is now advised by many bodybuilding experts to practice cardio exercises after the weight lifting sessions so that fat can be burned, and you can get ready for the weight lifting session for the next day. Less injury and lesser fatigue Though many would believe that doing cardio exercises before weight lifting sessions is a warm up thing, but in reality such exercises can be the cause of mental and physical fatigue for the person. Of course, if you are getting fatigued both physically and mentally, then while you are in weight lifting session, there are higher chances that you may get injured somehow. While you are putting the lifts on your back shoulder, your main muscles are supported by a number of smaller muscles in doing so. But in performing cardio exercises, these small muscles may get fatigued and hence often will betray the main muscles in lifted the weight and putting it on the back shoulder. So, either you will be not able to complete your session or at many times you may land up injuring your body parts such as shoulder, back or neck due to sudden breakdown of some of your muscles. So, it is an ideal thing to do the cardio exercises after you have completed the weight lifting session. Medical science has progressed to a great level now. Before what people used to say accidents, also have reasons and facts to today’s date. A very good example is the performing of cardio exercises before weight lifting sessions. Weight lifting is a major part in the body building exercises and hence a lot of care has to be taken while performing it. It has been noticed that a number of good performers often fail at the last moment. Also, it has been noticed that a number of accidents happen during the weight lifting sessions. You must have heard that people say that this is due to lack of training. But one of the main reasons is also that these performers must have performed cardio exercises before their weight lifting sessions. It has been now recently observed and noted that people who do their cardio exercises after the weight lifting, are lesser prone to accidents and are much successful.

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|Fluorescent in-situ Hybridization (FISH) in PGD| Structure of chromosomesThe genetic materials that make up the DNA in chromosomes are called nucleotides. There are four nucleotides which are known by there abbreviations A,G,C, and T. You have probably heard that the two strands of DNA are called a double helix. The DNA double helix is held together by attachment of the nucleotides. A always attaches to T and G always attaches to C. DNA FISH ProbesUsing this knowledge, we can make a small segment of DNA (called a DNA probe) that will attach to the DNA of a chromosome. Each chromosome will have some unique areas of DNA that no other chromosome has. A unique DNA probe can be made that recognizes only one specific chromosome. Making the FISH probe visibleOnce a DNA probe has been made, a chemical can be attached that will make it glow using ultraviolet light under a microscope. These chemicals are called flourophores and there are many different colors available. A different color can be used for each chromosome that you want to study so that you can tell the different chromosomes apart. For example, green might represent chromosome 21 and red might be chromosome 18. FISH - Flouresecent in-situ hybridizationDuring FISH, a portion of the embryo containing chromosomes is removed (see polar body biopsy and blastomere biopsy), the DNA probe is added and the cell is visualized under a microscope. PGD: Polar body biopsy with two color FISH FISH with analysis for two chromosomes. PGD: Polar body biopsy for three chromosomes FISH analysis for three chromosomes PGD: Blastomere biopsy with three color FISH PGD of the blastomere pictured is normal for the three chromosomes tested PGD: Examples of abnormal embryos |Last Updated ( Sunday, 13 December 2009 )|

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How France compares France’s skills snapshot France’s population is ageing rapidly. Therefore, more needs to be done to better utilise its skills potential by encouraging older workers to remain longer in the workforce and improving the transition from school to work for younger people. Developing the relevant skills - How well does France’s education system perform? In the 2009 PISA tests of 15-year-olds, France performs slightly above the OECD average in reading (rank 22) and mathematics (rank 23) and slightly below average in science (rank 27).1 - Does France invest enough in education and training? France spent 6.3% of its annual income on education in 2009, compared to the OECD average of 6.2%.2 - How much are French citizens undertaking further education? In 2006, 32% of French citizensparticipated in continuing non-formal education compared to the OECD average of 34%.3 - How equal is access to opportunities for further training in France? In 2006, 57% of people aged 25-64 with a tertiary-level education participated in formal and/or non-formal education, compared with 19% for people in the same age group with below upper secondary education.4 - Should more be done to prevent skills shortages? Only 20% of France’s employers reported recruitment difficulties in 2011, compared to 40% in 2007.5,6 reflecting a decline in labour demand as a result of the economic and financial crisis and a rise in unemployment between 2007 and 2011.7 - Is there scope to improve skill utilisation in France through strengthening labour force participation? In 2011, 88% of the population aged between 25 and 54 were in the labour force, compared to an OECD average of 81%.8 The participation rate for prime-age women (aged 25-54) is above the OECD average at 83% in 2011 (OECD average 71%).9 - To what extent are France’s older workers supplying their skills to the labour market? In 2011, only 44% of people aged 55 to 64 were in the labour force, compared to an OECD average of 58%.10 - How smooth is the transition from school to work for France’s youth? The employment rate of French youth in 2011 was 29.9%, compared with the OECD average of 39.3%.11 In 2011, the unemployment rate of France’s youth was 22.1%, a relatively high rate compared with the OECD average of 16.2%.12 - Are the qualifications of France’s workers well matched with the requirements of their jobs? In 2005, 20.2% of France’s workers were over-qualified for their jobs (against the OECD average of 25%), and 23% were under-qualified (against the OECD average of 22%).13 Over-qualified (under-qualified) workers are those who have a higher (lower) qualification than the most common qualification of all other workers in the same occupation. Key recommendations from the OECD Skills Strategy A country can develop the relevant skills by encouraging and enabling people to learn throughout life; fostering international mobility of skilled people to fill skills gaps; and promoting cross-border skills policies. A country can activate the supply of skills by encouraging people to offer their skills to the labour market and retaining skilled people in the labour market. A country can put skills to effective use by creating a better match between people’s skills and the requirements of their job and increasing the demand for high-level skills. For more information, see the:

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The genus Salvia continues to provide late colour, including this one on the Herbaceous Beds. Comprising approximately 950 species the genus Salvia occurs in tropical and temperate regions of Africa, Asia, Europe and America, where plants usually grow in dry, sunny habitats. Species are either shrubs or herbs and usually have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped flowers characteristic of the sage family (Lamiaceae) to which they belong. The flowers are held in either terminal panicles or racemes, or axillary whorls, and many have aromatic foliage. ‘Waverly’ is a hybrid of the Mexican and Central American S. leucantha. It can exceed 1m in height and has white flowers which make striking contrast to the purple calyces and dark stems.

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This is an advanced topic in Option Theory. Please refer to this Options Glossary if you do not understand any of the terms. Gamma is one of the Option Greeks, and it measures the rate of change of the Delta of the option with respect to a move in the underlying asset. Specifically, the gamma of an option tells us by how much the delta of an option would increase by when the underlying moves by $1. Since delta is a first derivative, thus gamma is a second derivative of the price of the option. Gamma is represented by . The gamma of an option is the second derivative of the option value with respect to the change in the underlying. It is also equal to the rate of change of the delta. As with other option greeks, the unit of Gamma is often ignored. It has a unit of . The gamma of an option tells us how much the delta of an option would increase when the underlying increases by $1. It allows us to make predictions about how much the delta will change as the underlying changes. This in turn allows us to predict how much the option value would change as the underlying changes. When the stock is trading at $115, the put option on the $113 strike with 30 days to expiry is worth $1.34. It has a delta of -0.3357 and a gamma of 0.062. What is the delta of this option when the stock is trading at $117? The stock has gone up by . Since the gamma is , hence our best guess of the delta is that it has changed by . Thus, the delta of the option would be . The above example shows how knowing the gamma of an option allows us to calculate the delta change which results from a move in the underlying. In turn, we can use that to find the price change from this move. By considering the Taylor series about the current stock price , the price (in a small neighbourhood about ) is Let's differentiate this again with respect to the underlying, an we obtain As such, when we talk about the gamma of an option, we often do not need to specify whether it's the put or the call. We can consider either scenario, and it often easier to consider call options which have a positive delta. The best way to understand the graph of gamma, is to take the graph of delta and differentiate it point-wise. We take the delta graph (red), find the tangent at each point (blue line), whose slope gives us the value of gamma (blue circle), which we then connect up to get the gamma curve (yellow). There are several conclusions that we can draw from the above: - The gamma graph (for constant volatility) looks like a (log-)normal distribution. - For a given expiry, the gamma of the ATM options is the highest. Just as we understood the graph of Gamma from the graph of Delta, we should look at the effect of Delta changes over time and volatility. As time decreases and volatility decreases, the Delta curve starts to look more like the step function, and thus the Gamma curve starts to look like a normal distribution with lower variance. What happens to gamma of an ATM option as volatility increases? Since , we can apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to show that The gamma of an option is always positive. We can show this by considering the case of a call option. As the underlying increases, we know that the delta increases, since it is more likely to be ITM. Hence, this tells us that gamma, which is the rate of change of delta, is positive.

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- China Tours + - Create My Trip - Destinations + - Travel Guide + - China Visas - The Great Wall of China - China’s Top 10 Attractions - Giant Pandas - The Terracotta Army - Best of China - Culture + - Asia Tours - Day Tours Yuan Shikai (1859-1916) was an important politician and militarist in China's modern history. He had a major influence during the last years of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912). As a relatively young man, Yuan was sent to Korea as supreme adviser on Korean government policies, and after his return he was in charge of training new troops. He played an important role in promoting modernization and in forcing Emperor Pu Yi's abdication. Yuan Shikai was elected the first official president of the Republic of China (1911-1949), and was active in establishing modern industrial, judicial and educational systems as well as unifying the currency. He even tried to restore the monarchy in China, and proclaimed himself the Hongxian Emperor; though in this he failed. On September 16th, 1859, Yuan Shikai was born into an aristocratic family in Yuanzhai village of Henan Province. He started to learn the Confucian classics at six years of age. In his youth, however, he was more interested in military strategy, fencing and boxing. In 1876, Yuan married a girl from the Yu family, and in 1878 she bore him a son named Yuan Keding. Shikai took the imperial examination twice (in 1876 and 1879 respectively) to pursue a civil-service career, but he failed both times, so instead made up his mind to enter politics through joining the army. Under the influence of the Westernization Movement (a movement aiming to learn from Western countries), Yuan Shikai gave his allegiance to Wu Changqing, the commander of the Huai Army, and in May 1881 became an assistant to Wu. In 1882, during the Joseon Dynasty in Korea, Heungseon Dawongun, father of the Gaozong Emperor of Korea, tried to seize power through a military coup. This led to a struggle between him and Empress Myeongseong. The empress asked the Qing government to send troops to quell the coup. Yuan Shikai was sent to Korea by Li Hongzhang, viceroy of Zhili (presently Hebei Province), to suppress the rebels, and he succeeded. As a result, Heungseon Dawongun was escorted as a prisoner to Baoding (of Hebei Province), and the 23-year-old Yuan Shikai was appointed supreme adviser on Korean government policies by Li Hongzhang and stationed in Korea. He helped to train Korea's new army and to control Korean taxes, and he earned unanimous approval from Korean nobles during his stay in Korea. In 1884, Japanese troops stationed in Korea attempted to kidnap the Korean Emperor Li Xi (the Gaozong Emperor) during a military coup. Li Xi asked the Qing government for help, and Yuan Shikai commanded the Huai Army and helped the Koreans defeat the Japanese, protecting Korea and the Qing government's interests in Korea; for which he gained favor in the eyes of Li Hongzhang. When the Dongxuedang uprising broke out in Korea in 1894, Yuan Shikai advised the Korean Emperor to ask for assistance from the Qing government. Later, the Japanese army sent more troops to Korea and attempted to start a war. Before the First Sino-Japanese War, Yuan Shikai returned to China via Inchon, masquerading as a peasant. Due to his outstanding record in Korea, Yuan was recommended by Li Hongzhang to be in charge of training the new army. Yuan Shikai started to train the new army in Tianjin in 1895. Later, he was in charge of training and expanding the Dingwu Army under the command of Li Hongzhang, and the Dingwu Army evolved into the Beiyang Army, the main land force in the late Qing Dynasty (1644-1912). Most warlords during the Republic of China (1911-1949) had been trained in the Beiyang Army; including Xu Shichang, Duan Qirui, Feng Guozhang, Wang Shizhen, Caokun and Zhang Xun. In 1897 Yuan Shikai was promoted to chief prosecutor of the Zhili (presently Hebei Province) high court, and he was still in charge of drilling troops. In June 1898, the 39-year-old Yuan Shikai was promoted to President of the Board of Industry. The pro-emperor party pinned their hopes on Yuan's new army, and Tan Sitong (a leader of the Wu Hsu Reform of 1898) once advised Yuan Shikai to send troops to besiege the Empress Dowager in the Summer Palace. Yuan, however, didn't take Tan's advice and instead reported Tan's plot to Rong Lu, a pro-empress figure, resulting in the failure of the Wu Hsu Reform of 1898 and the arrest of the Guangxu Emperor. In 1899 Yuan was appointed governor of Shandong Province and he led his new army into Jinan to suppress the Boxers (the Righteous and Harmonious Fists fighting the foreign invaders). Owing to Yuan's tough policies, the Boxers couldn't find a foothold in Shandong, so they fled to Tianjin and Beijing. In 1900, the Eight Power Allied Forces (Britain, France, Russia, the US, Germany, Italy, Japan and Austria) ransacked Beijing, but Shandong remained stable under Yuan's governance. When Li Hongzhang was promoted to Chancellor of the Beiyang Army in November 1901, Yuan Shikai was also promoted, and became a notable figure in the history of China. After the Boxer Protocol was signed in 1901, due to internal and external pressures, the Guangxu Emperor implemented many new policies, which were strongly supported by Yuan Shikai. Shandong University was established in 1901 under Yuan's advocacy. The Army Drilling Ground was set up in Beijing in 1903, and then Yuan was in charge of drilling the Beiyang Army. Later, Yuan was also involved in setting up industrial and mining establishments, railways, a police force and new-style universities, and he eventually abolished the time-honored imperial examination. The Guangxu Emperor and Empress Dowager passed away on successive days in November 1908, and the young prince Pu Yi (later the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty) ascended the throne, with his father Zai Feng as regent. Zai Feng hated Yuan Shikai with a vengeance, because of Yuan's new policies and his behavior at the time of the Wu Hsu Reform. Zai Feng suspected that Yuan had betrayed the reforming party, which had led directly to the Guangxu Emperor's imprisonment. So as soon as Zai became regent, Yuan was dismissed from his government position and had to make himself scarce in Anyang, of Henan Province. When the Wuchang Uprising broke out on October 10 th, 1911, led by Li Yuanhong, neither the warlords from the northern provinces nor the Beiyang Army had a clear stance for or against the uprising. On November 1st, 1911, the Guangxu Emperor appointed Yuan Shikai as Chancellor (Prime Minister), because Yuan had gained support from various parties. Yuan arrived in Beijing on November 13th and formed his new cabinet three days later. Yuan understood clearly that full-scale suppression of the Wuchang Uprising would lead to his redundancy in the eyes of the Qing rulers, so he began to negotiate with the revolutionaries, rather than suppressing them. Yuan negotiated with Li Yuanhong and reached an agreement to convene a national assembly to vote for the presidency on December 18th, 1911. On December 29th, 1911, representatives from 17 provinces of southern China elected Sun Yat-sen as the first provisional president of the Republic of China, and Sun was sworn in at Nanjing on January 1st, 1912, proclaiming the establishment of the Republic of China. Angry about this outcome, Yuan ordered his army to attack Wuhan and Nanjing, and the revolutionaries retreated again and again. Owing to their weak military position, the United League led by Sun Yat-sen had to negotiate with Yuan Shikai, and Sun promised Yuan that he would surrender the position of President of the Republic of China to Yuan if Emperor Pu Yi abdicated. Yuan forced Pu Yi to abdicate on February 12 th, 1912, though Empress Yulong was reluctant to accept this. In the end, she ordered Yuan to form a cabinet for the Republic of China and this represented the formal fall of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912). On February 15th, 1912, the house of councilors in Nanjing officially elected Yuan Shikai as the provisional President of the Republic of China. Under the provisional constitution of the Republic of China, however, Yuan's power was greatly weakened by the system of parliamentary government. In May 1914, Yuan modified the provisional constitution, and he changed the system of government from a parliamentary to a presidential one. The First World War broke out in 1914. Japan sent troops to take over the German occupied territory in Jiaozhou Bay and the Jiao–Jinan Railway in Shandong Province, and the government of the Republic of China was powerless to prevent this. While European countries were at war in Europe, Japan proposed the so-called Twenty-One Demands to Yuan Shikai, including expanding Japan's rights and benefits in Manchuria and Mongolia and hiring Japanese people as councilors to the Republic of China. Negotiations between the Republic of China and Japan, based on Japan's Twenty-One Demands, lasted from February 2nd to May 7th, 1915. Finally, on May 8th, 1915, Yuan Shikai accepted Japan's Twenty-One Demands. On November 20th, 1915, Yuan convened a special representative assembly, at which he was voted unanimously to be the next Emperor of China. In December, with the support of congressmen, university students and mass petitioning groups, Yuan established a constitutional monarchy and the Empire of China. He was sworn in as Emperor on December 12th, 1915. As a new constitutional monarchy was to be implemented in the Empire of China, Yuan renamed the Presidential Palace as Xinhua (New China) Palace. New norms for royalty were promulgated, including demolishing the system of eunuchs, the system of selecting maids-in-waiting and the system of presenting tribute. This new constitutional monarchy, however, was opposed by various warlords from southern China, who rose up one after another in revolt. On December 25th, 1915, General Cai E and General Tang Jiyao announced their opposition to Yuan Shikai, followed by generals from Guizhou Province and Guangxi Province. In March the following year, Yuan Shikai was forced to disestablish the new empire, and he appointed Duan Qirui, the Secretary of State, to suppress the insurrectionary army from southern China. Yuan was disheartened and fell sick in May 1916, dying of uremia at the age of 57 on June 6th, 1916. He was buried on August 24th, 1916, in Anyang of Henan Province. Retrospectively, there are more negative assessments of Yuan Shikai than there are positive ones. He is strongly criticized for having signed the humiliating Twenty-One Demands Treaty with Japan, which greatly weakened China's prestige in the world. Some scholars, however, view Yuan as a great reformer, owing to his contributions to China in many aspects of its modern history. He made great contributions to China's military, economy, education and politics, and he forced Emperor Pu Yi to abdicate the throne peacefully, bringing an end to 2,000 years of feudalism (from the Zhou Dynasty right up to the early Republican period). Yuan Shikai was a wise and sharp man, well-versed in military strategy. He took action immediately to defeat the Japanese army during Korea's abortive coup attempt in 1884, successfully shattering Japan's efforts to overthrow the Korean regime and greatly expanding China's influence on Korea. He was highly praised for this by Li Hongzhang. After taking over the Beiyang Army, Yuan built up new armies, reformed the old armies and restructured police units, completely separating the police force and the army. Yuan was in charge of establishing regular armies and policies from 1903 onwards and formed China's first modern army in Hebei Province. He also hired German drillmasters to drill his troops and set up modern military schools, training a number of military talents; five of whom were elected as presidents or prime ministers of the Republic of China (1911-1949). Yuan Shikai raised money for and in 1905 supervised the construction of China's first railway (Beijing–Zhangjiakou). During the early years of the Republic of China (1911-1949), much attention was paid by Yuan to industry, agriculture, and commerce; especially to industry. Over 4,000 new factories were built between 1912 and 1914, and great progress was made in paper-making, the metallurgical industry and the mining industry. During his reign, Yuan issued a series of decrees and regulations which promoted the development of China's national industries, including raising import duty and lowering export duty, encouraging native products and supporting domestic industrial and commercial enterprises. As for agriculture, Yuan established agricultural education bases and promoted new agricultural technology, which greatly promoted the development of agriculture in the early years of the Republic. As for finance, Yuan issued government bonds, reformed currencies and taxes, and established banks, which not only greatly eased the financial crisis of the government, but promoted China's modernization financially. Yuan Shikai supported literacy and education, established new schools, abolished the old-fashioned imperial examination and encouraged students to learn from Western countries and from Japan. He established Shandong University, raised funds from multiple sources to train teachers, introduced the modern Western educational system to Chinese people, and also ordered the implementation of 4 years of free compulsory education in China. Yuan Shikai's greatest achievements in politics are reflected in his far-reaching reform of government structure, bureaucratic establishments, law and local autonomy. Yuan played an active role in China's democratization process. He was the first to hold high the banner of constitutionalism, and established the first republic in Asia – the Republic of China (1911-1949). Yuan played a crucial role in reforming China's bureaucratic establishments, and he also made laws concerning officials' grades, appointments and dismissals, rewards and punishments, and salaries. On Yuan’s initiative, anti-corruption institutes were established for bringing corrupt officials to trial. Yuan promoted and recommended appropriate legal personnel to higher positions, which greatly improved China's modern judicial system. He also actively participated in China's system of local autonomy, making Tianjin in Hebei Province the first autonomous city in the Republic of China (1911-1949).

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Project Complete Duration By Using Network Diagram Construction Essay Time of activity is calculated in forward base on balls and backward base on balls to find float. Forward base on balls ( earliest start + continuance = earliest coating ) to cipher earliest event clip of activity which estimates undertaking complete clip for illustration ; activity F earliest finish yearss are 18 ( 14 + 4 ) . Latest event clip of activity is calculated in backward base on balls ( latest coating – continuance = latest start ) to find activity in critical way and with float such as activity H latest start twenty-four hours are 20 ( 22 – 2 ) . Entire float = Latest coating – Earliest start – Duration. For illustration, float for activity C is 3 yearss ( 12 yearss – 6 yearss -3 yearss ) Activity A to Q is calculated in a forward base on balls ; hence undertaking continuance is 47 yearss ( Table 1 ) . Critical way are activity with nothing float such as activity B ( 6 yearss – 4 yearss – 2 yearss ) base on above expression and others activities. Below are the activities in critical way. Undertaking will vie on 12 April 2011 which is calculated in a forward base on balls with 5 yearss working hebdomad exclude Saturday and Sunday ( Table 2 ) . For illustration, project start on 7 February 2011, activity A undertaking continuance is 4 yearss, hence activity A will complete at 10 February 2011. a ) 1 twenty-four hours hold during activity F, undertaking still finish on 47 yearss due to activity F have 4 yearss float. Even thought holds 1 twenty-four hours, activity F still got 3 yearss float ( 4 yearss – 1 yearss = 3 yearss ) . B ) Activity P falls under critical way which mean activity with nothing float. Therefore 1 twenty-four hours hold will increase undertaking complete day of the month from original 47 yearss to 48 yearss ( 47 yearss + 1 yearss delay = 48 yearss ) . degree Celsiuss ) Activity Q is last activity. Activity Q besides is an activity with nothing float and on critical way. Conclusion, 1 twenty-four hours hold in activity Q will detain whole undertaking complete day of the month by 1 twenty-four hours. Then new undertaking complete day of the month will be 48 yearss in province of 47days. Project complete continuance can be estimate by utilizing web diagram. It helps project director to supervise undertaking easier base on continuance of each activity. In other words, it helps director to gauge the earliest clip for activities to get down and complete. On other manus it besides helps to foretell latest start and finish clip for the activities to finish whole undertaking without hold. Furthermore, web diagram is link among each activity, it provide clear image on how each activity perform in undertaking and on critical way which may act upon undertaking continuance if there is any hold. Besides, it saves research clip and velocity out the clip to work out the job which helps to avoid hold in undertaking. Furthermore, activities in web diagram are depending of their completion means activity A must complete before activity B start. Each activity needs different clip and resources to finish its portion. Thus undertaking director able to apportion and to the full use each activity clip and resources with limited clip and resources given. Network diagram show the activities in critical way. Base on this information, undertaking director able to calculate and supervise on those activities fall in critical way decently to avoid any hold during the undertaking. In instance of hold, undertaking director able to be after the necessary measure to backup the activity hold so the undertaking will finish on clip. Base on web diagram, undertaking director able to do a determination whether undertaking should rush out to salvage costs because of the shorter continuance to finish or there is any chance costs while velocities out procedure take portion. Harmonizing to this, undertaking director able to supervise the budget with existent cost in each activity to avoid over budget from the undertaking which may impact undertaking future net income. ( 636 word ) hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u.net/business/production/critical-path-analysis.htm ( position on 9/9/10 8:42am ) hypertext transfer protocol: //wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_purpose_of_a_network_diagram ( position on 2/9/10 1:36pm ) hypertext transfer protocol: //hadm.sph.sc.edu/courses/j716/cpm/cpm.html ( position 9/9/10 9:01am ) Mike Field and Laurie Keller ( 1998 ) “ Project Management ” The Open University, UK University of Sunderland ( 2005 ) “ SIM355 Managing Project, Version 2.0 ” The University of Sunderland, UK Date: 4th October 2010 To: Board of Directors From: Undertaking Manager of Opening New Showroom in West England Mention: A study submitted to Board of Director of Cooper and Cooper on feasibleness phase Project Management Preview of Opening New Showroom for 150,000sqm. Project direction squad had been tasked with the duties to manage the undertaking of Cooper and Cooper with nonsubjective to open new customized salesroom which include workshop, disposal office, luxury motor vehicles display and allow trading in purchasing and selling luxury customized vehicles. Project life rhythm is used by undertaking director during undertaking period to find each phase in project life rhythm is follow consequently. Those phases are concept phase, development phase, execution phase and terminal phase. By set abouting feasibleness survey, undertaking director develop a concern instance, set up end and aim of Copper and Cooper at construct phase. Steep analysis is use to concentrate on factors should aware before project start. Team member include squad leader has appointed. In development phase, undertaking program has been created. It besides includes fiscal program by estimate entire costs of the undertaking and payback period. In add-on, work dislocation construction has been created which helps in resources, quality, communicating and procurance program. Major classs hazard has been determine and risk direction theoretical account is use to pull off hazard. Execution phase more concern about how project director control and proctor whole undertaking when it has been started. Motivation of squad member is indispensable key during the undertaking. Therefore leading manner aid squad member and undertaking director actuate squad member. Undertaking is complete at terminal phase and reappraisal of undertaking has been done. Opening ceremonial, trading and operation of new base is ready. Undertaking director and squad member will be a adviser and relocated. List of Table Table 1: Stakeholder outlook to company 13 Table 2: Steep analyses 15 Table 3: Work dislocation construction 16 Table 5: Prioritizing Potential Risks 18 Table 6: Estimate operation costs for the undertaking 19 List of Chart Page 1 of 46 1 Page 7 of 46 2 Table of Contentss List of Table 10 List of Chart 10 1.1Background of Cooper and Cooper 12 1.2Project Life Cycle 13 2.0CONCEPT Phase 13 2.1Goal and Objective 13 2.2STEEP analysis 15 2.3Renovation and Security 16 2.4New Employment 16 3.0DEVELOPMENT Phase 16 3.1Work Breakdown Structure 16 3.2Risk Classs 17 3.3Risk Management 18 3.4Risk Monitoring 18 3.5Cost Estimate 19 4.0IMPLEMENTATION Phase 20 4.1Responding to put on the line 20 4.2Report Frequently 21 4.3Monitoring and Controling 21 4.4Leadership and Motivation 22 4.5Managing and Administrating 23 4.6Approval from stakeholders 24 5.0TERMINATION Phase 24 5.1Showroom readying 24 5.2Open ceremonial 24 5.3 Review and relocate squad member 24 The intent of this study is to find ability of the undertaking direction squad to manage the undertaking with nonsubjective to open new customized salesroom which include workshop, disposal office, motor vehicles display country, client parking tonss and associated landscape gardening. Background of Cooper and Cooper Automobile company usually faces the challenge on provides best merchandise to client which truly met their demand. Cooper and Cooper ( C & A ; C ) are company chiefly focuses on customization of high quality motor vehicles such as Mercedes, Ferrari, Lamborghini, BMW and Range Rover. Presently, they have 1 base in the south West of England and had acquisition new extra base of 150,000sq metres to construct a usage salesroom that allow trading in purchasing and selling luxury customized vehicles. Project Life Cycle Undertaking director usage undertaking life rhythm ( PLC ) to defined planning methodological analysis which include end scene, define costs, set up clip and undertaking commanding. PLC comprises four phases: construct, development, execution and terminus ( Chart 5 in appendix ) . Goal and Objective Goal and aim of company may make motive and concentrate public presentation. Therefore effectual aim must be specific, mensurable, agreed, realistic and clip limited ( SMART ) . In add-on, other aims such as client and employee satisfaction and ethical patterns will increase value of company in long term ( Table 1 ) . Table 1: Stakeholder outlook to company Expectation from company Tax return on dividend base on money invest annually salary increase and fillip revenue enhancement calculation base on net income generate Continue provider and payment on clip Therefore, preproject rating should be usage to supervise project aim and overall scheme of the C & A ; C. Chart 1 below shows universe annually production of motor vehicles. Harmonizing to this tabular array, C & A ; C end is to accomplish 25 % of the merchandising luxury custom-make motor vehicles base on auto production in UK and achieve sustainable growing of 20 % yearly. Chart 1: World motor vehicle production ( beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //oica.net/category/production-statistics/ ) ( For a dislocation of production by state in the universe, refer Table 8 in appendix ) Most of companies determine selling monetary value as a cost + net income but hereby non-cost rule: merchandising monetary value – cost = net income are better manner for C & A ; C to find the merchandising monetary value. Reasonable and acceptable merchandising monetary value will assist to remain competitory. Thin direction is the manner to make a sustainable continual betterment scheme and end. Besides internet factors that influence by both stockholder and stakeholder, C & A ; C should concentrate on external factor that may impact undertaking by utilizing STEEP analyses before unfastened new base which shows tabular array 2 below: Table 2: Steep analyses Increase population life manner by create more occupation chance and more income Aware of rapid engineerings change in environment which will impact productiveness Addition in life manner, gross domestic production ( GDP ) will increase hence economic system of state, company and employee of company will increase Better populating environment such as improve in transit, instruction and etc Aware on alterations in authorities policies such as wellness and safety jurisprudence for employee ( Table 9 in appendix ) Renovation and Security Showroom design will make right temper for client to buy motor vehicles. Thus redevelopment is an indispensable gross revenues tool. Furthermore, security of salesroom is major concern with valuable motor vehicles display so security dismay system such as CCTV and infrared for dark security should be installed. Table 10 in appendix shows the item costs for redevelopment and estimation will finish in one twelvemonth for day of the month of committee. New caput of undertaking and sections such as technology, client services and etc should be employed to run new basal day-to-day activities. Therefore this salesroom will supply employment for 60 people. Undertaking squad leader should be appointed to specially take attention of each portion of the activities base on their experience and accomplishment. Work Breakdown Structure Once concept phase had been approved by related parties and new squad leader had been employed. Team leader will supervise and command their squad activities on below work construction. Therefore undertaking agenda can map out and cost able to gauge after completion of work dislocation construction ( WBS ) . WBS besides helps to place hazard of the undertaking excessively. Table 3: Work dislocation construction Selling and client services HR and Admin Customize Decoration Sale Facilities Invoices Electrical Servicess Buying Customer research Entrance Receive Plumbing Recruitment Customer complain Cost Interior design Events show Payment Once work had been allocated, we need to categories type of the hazard. Table 4 in below show the classs of hazard which may confront during project period: Table 4: Major classs of hazard ( beginning: SIM335 Managing undertaking, UOS ( 2005 ) ) Fail to alter and acquire information sing new engineering, design mistake or skips Culture of organisation such as same theoretical account of motor vehicles non accept by all population in the universe Cash flow job, budget cuts and corporate capriciousness Specialize accomplishment people and equipment non available Lack motive for employee will increase human mistake, personality struggle and miscommunication Material provider job such as shortest in stuff or extra recognition bound and period Different authorities policies for different states and alteration in regulations and ordinance Motor vehicles model fail to run into client demand and rival produce new motor vehicle with meet client demand Hazard classs had defined, hazard direction theoretical account is the manner to pull off hazard ( Table 11 in appendix ) . Harmonizing to hazard direction, aim of undertaking demand to specify so merely able to place possible hazard and proctor whether impact of the hazard to such undertaking. Example, logistical hazard will impact undertaking continuance in instance lack stuff for redevelopment. This logistical hazard can be forestalling by mark contract with provider to corroborate they will provide sufficient stuff when there is deficit. Furthermore payment period and recognition bound should supervise decently to avoid extra bound given by provider. Logistic hazard can be avoided by mark contract with supply. Thus this hazard had transportation to supplier. Whole squad member should work together to describe, proctor and program the hazard when they find that possible hazard rise. Potential hazard event will impact undertaking costs, clip and range. As a consequence, undertaking costs will increase ; clip will extent and range of concern will be limited. Therefore prioritising possible hazards ( Table 5 ) is utile to measuring hazard on impact and ability to act upon whole undertaking. Table 5: Prioritizing Potential Risks Low ability to act upon High ability to act upon Low ability to act upon High ability to act upon Ability to act upon Site program for new base should be submit to authorities section to acquire blessing before renovation start. Equipment and stuff such as engine for motor vehicle should be purchase table 12 in appendix shows how purchasing process should be done. In world, most of the stockholders are concern with when can they acquire back their money after invest to this undertaking. Table 6 below is the simple computation on payback period for the equipment purchase. Base on below tabular array ; estimate payback period for undertaking is 7 old ages because of the positives cumulative hard currency flow. Estimate costs for hard currency escape are the operation cost incurred at initial of undertaking ( twelvemonth 0 ) and there is no other extra hard currency. Cash influx is the hard currency receive from the gross revenues generate. Table 6: Estimate operation costs for the undertaking Reacting to put on the line Harmonizing to hazard classs and direction in development phase, hazard duty of stakeholders should take into consideration ( Table 7 ) . Table 7: Respond to hazard ( beginning: SIM335 Managing undertaking, UOS ( 2005 ) ) Deduce hazard by hire deficiency experience employment. Transportation hazard to thirty parties by mark contract or understanding Accept hazard instead program it due to low impact Political hazard can non neither be cut down or reassign but merely can be accept even thought impact is high Reduce hazard before event happen such as good keep on engineerings All undertaking squad member moves to site on this phase and undertaking squad leader should take attention of their portion to do certain undertaking will finish as program. Orientation given to all squad members to do certain they know the process and activities they involve. Weekly meeting will carry on on every Monday forenoon for each squad leader to take part on the position of their activity and job facing. Problem will convey out to happen the better solution to work out without hold undertaking completion. Monitoring and Controling Chart 2: Monitoring and commanding procedure ( beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Monitoring_and_Controlling_Process_Group_Processes.jpg ) Undertaking comparing planned result and existent result will be done on the meeting and ongoing undertaking rating harmonizing to procedure flow in chart 2. This is to do certain existent cost of work perform will non transcend budgeted cost of work perform by 10 % upper limit and step the position of the undertaking. Submission of alterations request signifier ( table 13 in appendix ) and project communicating signifier ( table 14 in appendixes ) is mandatory in instance of alterations during the undertaking. This is to supervise and command undertaking quality and resources Leadership and Motivation Undertaking Manager should guarantee employment motive during project period. Therefore Maslow ‘s hierarchy of demands will assist to increase motive ( Chart 3 ) Chart 3: Maslow ‘s hierarchy of Needs ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds.htm ) Leader is the indispensable for addition motive because leader function is to acquire things done and drive alteration through squad member. Leadership manners as show in chart 4 below: Chart 4: Leadership manner ( beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadstl.html ) ( For inside informations of leading manners, refer table 15 in appendix ) Pull offing and Administering Renovation such as floor, roof, stepss and external plants undertake as per design which follow authorities regulations and ordinance. Electrical, gas and visible radiation installed after completion of ceiling redevelopment. Furniture and adjustment, office equipment such as air-conditional and workshop installations had been purchase and hole consequently. Workshop and office country constructed at estimated size of 35,000sqm. High quality vehicles will expose in salesroom therefore salesroom installations and interior ornament done at estimated size of 95,000sqm. The balance 20,000sqm will as a parking batch for client during entryway to showroom. Completions of salesroom base on balls to stockholder and stakeholder to reexamine and approved. Corrections actions will be done as per stockholder and stakeholder demand. Blessing from stakeholders After blessing from stakeholder and stockholder base on redevelopment done, event squad prepare for salesroom gap ceremonial. Motor vehicles will travel in and expose as per program and design. Reconfirm all had been done and complete as per program by utilizing checklist ( Table 16 in appendix ) . 1 director, 3 gross revenues helpers and 2 disposal helper staffs will be employed as an operations squad for the salesroom. Showroom need to obtain Certificate of fittingness from authorities bureaus before start trading. Showroom operation hours are determined harmonizing to healthy and safety act. List down guest name for stockholder and stakeholder to make up one’s mind who will be ask foring for opening ceremonial and sent out the invitation card to ceremony. All paperss for undertaking will be update and make fulling before subscribing off and finalist undertaking. Review and relocate squad member Undertaking completion rating must be done to corroborate completion of undertaking by utilizing project checklist ( table 16 in appendix ) and wait for opening ceremonial. Once opening ceremonial done, salesroom can get down to run and trading for luxury customized vehicles. Undertaking director and squad will establish on Cooper and Cooper for at least six month after salesroom unfastened for audience. This study shows the intent of the Cooper and Cooper to hold new base. Project life rhythm used to find how undertaking should carry on. At the construct phase of project life rhythm, internal and external factors should be concern. Goal and nonsubjective, costs for redevelopment are determined. Development phase reference squad leader and their member work base on work dislocation construction. Way to place hazard and necessary measure should be taken for that possible hazard. Execution phase is the existent redevelopment work start in salesroom and related equipment purchase. Correction measure taken upon stockholder and stakeholder demand. Termination phase is confirm undertaking had completed and readying for opening ceremonial. Undertaking director and squad member will relocate. ( 2064 words ) Chart 5: Undertaking life rhythm ( beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mpmm.com/project-management-methodology.php ) Table 8: Dislocation of production by state in the universe ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //oica.net/category/production-statistics/ ) United arab republic Dutch east indies Table 9: Summary of Workplace ( Health, Safety and Welfare ) Regulation 1992 UK lay down minimal criterions for workplace and work in or near edifice ( beginning: www.cipd.co.uk ) Employer ‘s responsibilities and duty to supply wellness and safety working environment for their employee Print a wellness and safety policy Arrange for the assignment of wellness and safety representatives Establish a wellness and safety commission if requested by a recognized trade brotherhood Appoint a competent individual to measure hazards and jeopardies Arrange periodic hazard appraisal Consult with employee wellness and safety representatives Present and inform employee of hazards and combat hazards at beginnings Arrange protection from ineluctable hazards Supply health-risk surveillance and safety preparation Provide safety preparation Monitor and better safety agreements Comply with the updated proviso refering healthy and safety postings and cusps Adopt work to the single particularly with regard to the design of workplaces Alleviate humdrum work and develop a bar policy Appoint one or more competent individuals to help in set abouting preventive and protective steps Establish processs to be followed in the event of serious and at hand danger to individuals working in the company Require individual at work who are exposed to serious and at hand danger to be informed of the nature of the jeopardies and stairss taken to protect them Table 10: Cost dislocation for redevelopment and security dismay system ( beginning: www.davislangdon.com ) Entire cost ( ? ) ?/aZ? ( gifa ) Excavation and disposal off-site: 320aZ? @ i??25 Land slab, termss, column bases, make fulling to degrees: 1,060aZ? @ i??100 Frame and upper floors Structural steelwork ; UB and UC subdivisions: 55tn @ i??1,600 Suspended concrete floor on lasting formwork: 280aZ? @ i??80 Fire protection to steelwork: Item @ i??3,000 Aluminum standing seam roof facing, including purlins, trims, cappings, insularity: 1,190aZ? @ i??50 Upstands: Item @ i??2,000 Mansafe system: 165m @ i??75 Precast concrete stairway bannisters and bannisters: 2 nr @ i??5,500 External walls, Windowss and doors Structural bonded glass to frontage with silicone articulations and support, including automatic bi-parting entryway doors: 310aZ? @ i??500 Coated aluminum double-glazed window system: 150aZ? @ i??375 Aluminum louvres to glaze frontage 1,500 projection ; including support and brackets: 90aZ? @ i??300 Entrance door for vehicles as built-in portion of glazing walling, including ironmongery and trimming: 2 nr @ i??4,500 Aluminium composite micro-rib profile wall cladding to sides and rear of salesroom: 400aZ? @ i??80 Steel fire flight doors: 3 nr @ i??900 Inner foliage of 140 block work: 200aZ? @ i??45 Internal walls and dividers Metal stud dividers to showrooms including support, up to 8m high: 320aZ? @ i??65 Metal stud dividers including skim coating to offices, to 3m high: 300aZ? @ i??45 Plasterboard including skim coating to external walls: 400aZ? @ i??20 Proprietary glazed dividers: 100aZ? @ i??225 Disabled WC cells: 2 nr @ i??800 WC cells: 4 nr @ i??50 Emulsion pigment coating to walls: 1,600aZ? @ i??5 Vinyl wall liner or similar: 40aZ? @ i??45 Reinforced screeds to salesrooms ; 100 midst: 800aZ? @ i??25 Screeds to common countries ; 75 midst: 540aZ? @ i??15 Ceramic floor tiles to showroom countries, including skirtings: 800aZ? @ i??85 Rug tiling to office and circulation countries: 450aZ? @ i??20 Softwood skirtings: 300m @ i??8 Non-slip vinyl shocking to WC, including coved skirtings: 90aZ? @ i??35 Entrance matting: 12aZ? @ i??300 Plasterboard suspended ceiling on hidden grid: 920aZ? @ i??40 Mineral fiber suspended ceiling: 420aZ? @ i??20 Furniture and adjustments Statutory signage to edifice ( excludes corporate signage ) : Item @ i??1,000 Vanitory units: Item @ i??2,500 Kitchen units and assorted adjustments to mess room: Item @ i??2,500 WCs: 6 nr @ i??300 Wash manus basins: 6 nr @ i??180 Urinals, including side panel: 2 nr @ i??200 Shower tray: 1 nr @ i??450 Disabled lavatory including WC, wash manus basin, grab rail and other adjustments: 2 nr @ i??900 Waste, dirt and vent organ pipe: Item @ i??3,000 PVCu rainwater installing: 220m @ i??8 Hot and cold H2O installings Cold H2O points: 20 nr @ i??250 Hot H2O points: 10 nr @ i??300 Space heating air intervention and airing Gas-fired VRV comfort-cooling system, capacitors, air-handling unit, ductwork, ceiling-void-mounted fan-coil units: 1,290aZ? @ i??135 Toilet extract airing: Item @ i??1,200 Ventilation installings to non-comfort-cooled countries: Item @ i??3,000 Mains and sub-mains distribution: 1,340aZ? @ i??15 Electrical supplies to mechanical works: Item @ i??3,500 Lighting installing, luminaires and exigency lighting: 1,340aZ? @ i??40 Showroom lighting, including all supply and installing of luminaires and wiring: 800aZ? @ i??60 Small power: 1,340aZ? @ i??8 Incoming gas supply: Item @ i??2,500 Six-person hydraulic lift functioning two floors: 1 nr @ i??10,000 Sprinklers: 1,340aZ? @ i??25 Lightning protection: Item @ i??2,000 Grounding and bonding: Item @ i??2,000 CCTV installings, internal and external: 1,340aZ? @ i??30 Fire dismaies: 1,340aZ? @ i??18 Intruder sensing and security dismay, handicapped lavatory dismay, panic buttons: 1,340m 2 @ ?10 Containment for communications: 1,340m 2 @ ?2 BMS controls: 1,340m 2 @ ?20 Builder ‘s work in connexion Forming holes and pursuits etc, allowance @ 3.5 % : Item @ ?18,000 Management costs, site constitution and site supervising. Contractor ‘s preliminaries, operating expenses and port @ 15 % : Item @ ?206,100 Testing and commissioning of edifice services installings: Item @ ?15,000 Allowance for eventualities @ 3 % : Item @ ?41,000 Entire building cost – edifice merely ( ?/aZ?rate based on gifa ) Manholes precast concrete non transcending 1m deep: 3 nr @ ?700 Manholes precast concrete non transcending 2m deep: 1 nr @ ?1,000 Petrol interceptor: 1 nr @ ?5,500 Drain pipes, including clay pipes for storm and disgusting H2O drainage: Item @ ?20,000 External characteristic lighting: Item @ ?10,000 External illuming by and large: Item @ ?10,000 External services including service trenches, metre boxes and overseas telegram draw cavities: Item @ ?10,000 Management costs, site constitution and site supervising. Contractor ‘s preliminaries, operating expenses and port @ 15 % : Item @ ?30,000 Allowance for eventualities @ 3 % : Item @ ?6,000 Entire external plants cost ( ?/m 2 based on gifa ) Entire building cost -building and external plants ( ?/m 2 rate based on gifa ) Table 11: Hazard Management Model ( beginning: SIM335 Managing undertaking, UOS ( 2005 ) ) Risk Management Plan and Control Define to accomplish to be successful and set up a footing for covering with hazard Identify hazard which may impact undertaking, bound and prevent to accomplish aim Evaluate hazard and prioritise the degree of hazard and take necessary action to forestall it if possible Polish the abilities to react the identify hazard whether hazard can be transfer, avoid or accept Essential for whole undertaking group involve continually monitoring and managing hazard degree and program. Table 13: Change petition signifier ( beginning: SIM335 Managing undertaking, UOS ( 2005 ) ) Number: Date Raised: Change requested ( related drawings / work bundles ) : Reason for alteration: Table 14: Undertaking communicating signifier ( beginning: SIM335 Managing undertaking, UOS ( 2005 ) ) Number: Date raised: Description: ( related drawings / work bundles ) Remarks / Instruction manuals: We acknowledge your question / direction: Verbal from: To: Written from: To: Please rede how we are to continue: Start instantly and cite within 7 yearss Start instantly on unit rates Do non get down, cite within 7 yearss Request from: Direction from: Undertaking director Project director Table 15: Leadership Styles ( beginning: SIM335 Managing undertaking, UOS ( 2005 ) ) Autocratic ( stray determination ) Undertaking director work out job by his ain without communicate with squad member Autocratic ( informed determination ) Undertaking director decides solution his ain after discuss with squad member Advisory Autocratic ( discuss with persons ) Undertaking director portion job with squad member separately to acquire thought and do his ain determination Advisory Autocratic ( discuss with squad ) Undertaking director do his ain determination after group discuss with squad member Undertaking director portion job with squad member and do determination together with squad member Undertaking director give the job to team member and let them do determination Table 16: Undertaking checklist ( beginning: www.epa.gov ) Cooper and Cooper Checklist of undertaking completion All redevelopment had been completed Documents are recorded Identifies project activity agendas such as trying event, clip sample Identifies field and laboratory equipment necessitating periodic care Identifies proving standards Notes handiness and location of spare parts Indicates processs in topographic point for inspecting equipment before use Identifies individual ( s ) responsible for proving, review and care Identifies equipment, tools and instruments that should be calibrated and the frequence for this standardization Identifies how lacks should be resolved and documented Identifies critical supplies and consumables for field and research lab, observing supply beginning, acceptable standards and processs for tracking, hive awaying and recovering these stuff Identifies cardinal resources / support installations needed Describes informations direction strategy from field to concluding usage and storage Attaches checklists, signifiers and computation that should be used Prepared by Approved by

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The origins of the Labour Day Parade in Toronto Although it's not a widely known fact, Toronto played a central role in the founding of what has become a international holiday. Labour Day has humble roots in the activism of Toronto-area workers who sought fairer working conditions. In the late 1860s and early 1870s, a labour movement began in Hamilton among printers who were petitioning their employer for a nine-hour workday. The Nine-Hour Movement spread to Toronto where it was taken up by the Toronto Printer's Union who demanded that their hours be reduced to nine a day, and 54 hours a week. These demands were at the vanguard of the fight for shorter working hours. George Brown, owner of the Globe & Mail, and other print shop owners, denied the union's request and called the demands "absurd" and "unreasonable." As a result, the printers went on strike on March 25, 1872. A few weeks later, workers in Toronto held a huge demonstration in support of the printers, and about 2,000 of them marched through the city, led by marching bands. The parade ended at Queen's Park, where the crowd had grown to roughly 10,000 people. While the strike wasn't immediately successful, it did result in the passage of the Trade Unions Act, legalizing unions, and soon after, the creation of nine hour days and 54-hour work weeks in Canada. The 1872 parade, and others held in support of the Nine-Hour Movement, also resulted in the establishment of annual celebrations of labour. In fact, when American labour leader Peter McGuire visited Toronto in 1882 and witnessed a local labour festival, he was so inspired that upon returning to New York, he organized the first American Labour Day on September 5 that year. Despite the parade's Toronto origins, our American neighbours seem to have forgotten who gave them the idea! While workers had been celebrating and parading on that day for years, it wasn't until 1894 that the Canadian government declared Labour Day an official holiday. Since then, Toronto has been home to a massive parade where workers march, celebrate gains made by the labour movement, and demand further improvements. Presently, the Toronto and York Region Labour Council organize the parade, and invite workers from across the city to march. The parade begins at Queen and University, and, as is tradition, it ends up at the Ex where parade marchers get in for free. Join the conversation Load comments

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In 1618, van Dyck was admitted to Antwerp’s Guild of Saint Luke, thus acknowledging him as a master painter. Nevertheless, he stayed on in Rubens’s workshop before travelling to England in 1620. Although based on Rubens’s hunting scenes, this painting exhibits its own independent features with its frieze-like pictorial composition taken from Classical reliefs. The figurative staffage is by Van Dyck; the animals were executed by Frans Snyders who was working on the subject of hunting with hounds at this time. Another version of this painting can be found in the Gemäldegalerie in Dresden.

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While computers are now an important part of the lives of human beings, there was a time where computers did not exist. Knowing the history of computers and how much progression has been made can help you understand just how complicated and innovative the creation of computers really is. Unlike most devices, the computer is one of the few inventions that does not have one specific inventor. Throughout the development of the computer, many people have added their creations to the list required to make a computer work. Some of the inventions have been different types of computers, and some of them were parts required to allow computers to be developed further. Perhaps the most significant date in the history of computers is the year 1936. It was in this year that the first “computer” was developed. It was created by Konrad Zuse and dubbed the Z1 Computer. This computer stands as the first as it was the first system to be fully programmable. There were devices prior to this, but none had the computing power that sets it apart from other electronics. It wasn’t until 1942 that any business saw profit and opportunity in computers. This first company was called ABC computers, owned and operated by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. Two years later, the Harvard Mark I computer was developed, furthering the science of computing. Over the course of the next few years, inventors all over the world began to search more into the study of computers, and how to improve upon them. Those next ten years say the introduction of the transistor, which would become a vital part of the inner workings of the computer, the ENIAC 1 computer, as well as many other types of systems. The ENIAC 1 is perhaps one of the most interesting, as it required 20,000 vacuum tubes to operate. It was a massive machine, and started the revolution to build smaller and faster computers. The age of computers was forever altered by the introduction of International Business Machines, or IBM, into the computing industry in 1953. This company, over the course of computer history, has been a major player in the development of new systems and servers for public and private use. This introduction brought about the first real signs of competition within computing history, which helped to spur faster and better development of computers. Their first contribution was the IBM 701 EDPM Computer. A Programming Language Evolves A year later, the first successful high level programming language was created. This was a programming language not written in ‘assembly’ or binary, which are considered very low level languages. FORTRAN was written so that more people could begin to program computers easily. The year 1955, the Bank of America, coupled with Stanford Research Institute and General Electric, saw the creation of the first computers for use in banks. The MICR, or Magnetic Ink Character Recognition, coupled with the actual computer, the ERMA, was a breakthrough for the banking industry. It wasn’t until 1959 that the pair of systems were put into use in actual banks. During 1958, one of the most important breakthroughs in computer history occurred, the creation of the integrated circuit. This device, also known as the chip, is one of the base requirements for modern computer systems. On every motherboard and card within a computer system, are many chips that contain information on what the boards and cards do. Without these chips, the systems as we know them today cannot function. Gaming, Mice, & the Internet For many computer users now, games are a vital part of the computing experience. 1962 saw the creation of the first computer game, which was created by Steve Russel and MIT, which was dubbed Spacewar. The mouse, one of the most basic components of modern computers, was created in 1964 by Douglass Engelbart. It obtained its name from the “tail” leading out of the device. One of the most important aspects of computers today was invented in 1969. ARPA net was the original Internet, which provided the foundation for the Internet that we know today. This development would result in the evolution of knowledge and business across the entire planet. It wasn’t until 1970 that Intel entered the scene with the first dynamic RAM chip, which resulted in an explosion of computer science innovation. On the heels of the RAM chip was the first microprocessor, which was also designed by Intel. These two components, in addition to the chip developed in 1958, would number among the core components of modern computers. A year later, the floppy disk was created, gaining its name from the flexibility of the storage unit. This was the first step in allowing most people to transfer bits of data between unconnected computers. The first networking card was created in 1973, allowing data transfer between connected computers. This is similar to the Internet, but allows for the computers to connect without use of the Internet. Household PC’s Emerge The next three years were very important for computers. This is when companies began to develop systems for the average consumer. The Scelbi, Mark-8 Altair, IBM 5100, Apple I and II, TRS-80, and the Commodore Pet computers were the forerunners in this area. While expensive, these machines started the trend for computers within common households. One of the most major breathroughs in computer software occurred in 1978 with the release of the VisiCalc Spreadsheet program. All development costs were paid for within a two week period of time, which makes this one of the most successful programs in computer history. 1979 was perhaps one of the most important years for the home computer user. This is the year that WordStar, the first word processing program, was released to the public for sale. This drastically altered the usefulness of computers for the everyday user. The IBM Home computer quickly helped revolutionize the consumer market in 1981, as it was affordable for home owners and standard consumers. 1981 also saw the the mega-giant Microsoft enter the scene with the MS-DOS operating system. This operating system utterly changed computing forever, as it was easy enough for everyone to learn. The Competition Begins : Apple vs. Microsoft Computers saw yet another vital change during the year of 1983. The Apple Lisa computer was the first with a graphical user interface, or a GUI. Most modern programs contain a GUI, which allows them to be easy to use and pleasing for the eyes. This marked the beginning of the out dating of most text based only programs. Beyond this point in computer history, many changes and alterations have occurred, from the Apple-Microsoft wars, to the developing of microcomputers and a variety of computer breakthroughs that have become an accepted part of our daily lives. Without the initial first steps of computer history, none of this would have been possible. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/16046

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Legend holds that the length of a woolly bear caterpillar’s color bands can be used to forecast how severe the winter weather will be. The myth dates back to colonial American folklore but was popularized by a 1948 study. SciFri finds out if there’s any truth to the lore, and what the caterpillar’s fuzzy bristles are really used for. Video by Luke Groskin. Music by Audio Network Additional video courtesy Life in the Carolinas and Avery County Chamber of Commerce. Photos by New York Herald Tribune

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This article was first published in The Montreal Gazette. Given the rising number of measles cases, being up to date with your immunizations (it takes two doses for measles) is very important. But there are always questions from concerned parents, including a few raised in a recent letter to my editors at the Gazette, and this seems like a good opportunity to provide some answers. First off, why do we vaccinate babies against hepatitis B? There is a common perception that hepatitis B is a disease of adults, transmitted via sexual intercourse or needles. If that were the case, vaccinating babies would be nonsensical. But the reality is that hepatitis B is a disease that affects many infants and young children worldwide. And unfortunately, the younger you get the virus, the more likely it is to become a chronic infection that can cause cirrhosis or liver cancer. While most diseases are more severe if you get them as an adult, hepatitis B is paradoxically worse if you get it young. Infants less than one year old who get hepatitis B have an 80-90 per cent chance of developing a chronic infection, compared to 30-50 per cent of children under 6 and less than 5 per cent of adults. Hepatitis B is one of three main hepatitis viruses that are clinically important in North America: hepatitis A, B and C. There is actually a hepatitis D and a hepatitis E as well, but hepatitis D is a strange virus that requires you to be infected with hepatitis B before it can infect you. Hepatitis E is very similar to hepatitis A, but found mostly in East and South Asia. Hepatitis A is usually transmitted via contaminated food or water and is generally (but not always) a short-lived infection. Hepatitis B and C are harder for the immune system to clear and can develop into chronic infections that cause liver failure. Between 1990 (about the time when universal hepatitis B vaccinations started) and 2006, the rate of hepatitis B infection fell by 81 per cent to the lowest level ever recorded, and the decline was greatest among children. Today, most hepatitis B infections in North America occur in adults. But worldwide, in places where hepatitis B is still common, infections can and do occur very frequently in children. Which raises the question of how children and infants can be infected if hepatitis B is spread through sex and dirty needles. Here, too, we have forgotten our history. Although less frequently seen in North American now, worldwide one of the most common methods of Hepatitis B spread is from pregnant mothers to their babies at the time of birth. Also, while hepatitis B is an infection that lives in bodily fluids, it can survive outside the human body for several days, which means that sharing contaminated household products is a possible source of infection. In the end, there is a very simple answer to the question of why we vaccinate babies against hepatitis B. Universal vaccination programs against hepatitis B have resulted in drastic reductions in hepatitis B cases in North America. Unfortunately, in the rest of the world, where resources are scare and vaccines are not widely available, hepatitis B remains a huge problem. The hepatitis B vaccine, like many other vaccines, is a victim of its own success. It has led to such drastic reductions in infections that we no longer see hepatitis B as a threat. We don’t see hepatitis infections as much anymore, but if we stop vaccinating our children, we will. Next time, I’ll tackle the question of metals, like aluminum, in many common vaccines. Stay tuned. Want to comment on this article? Visit our FB Page!

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No matter what your age is, you need to tackle the matter of preventing any harm to your bones now rather than later! Osteoporosis is a condition you have most surely heard about and you do not even like its name. Wait for it, what it actually is will make you start your fight to keep bones as healthy as possible immediately. As you grow older the inapt ability your body has to recover your bones gradually becomes weaker and weaker and as the time goes by your bones begin to lose their density. From the age of 35 you are likely to experience the first symptom – a fracture after a relatively mild trauma, like falling from a higher surface to the ground. So what is it that you can do now rather than wait for the first sign to invest into a painless future? 1. Exercise on a regular basis As you grow older your body is not as flexible as it used to be and you have to do a bit of work out not only to stay feet but care about your health, and prevent conditions such as osteoporosis too. Everyone aged more than 19 should introduce a work routine into their daily lives. What you need is 150 minutes of aerobics exercises per week, and a lot of workouts related to your posture. The key to successfully fighting against this condition is to go for weight-bearing and resistance workouts. Some of the weight-bearing ones you can opt for are walking, dancing, stair climbing – the ones you can or already do every day. Try to walk at least 5 miles per week. It is easy to do! Get off at an earlier bus stop and enjoy a walk that will help your bones and mind to relax. When it comes to resistance exercises, if you do not like gyms you can do them at your home. You should do this kind of exercise three times a week to successfully prevent the first signs of osteoporosis. 2. Healthy eating A healthy balanced diet is the pre-requisite for having a healthy lifestyle but it is specifically important for fighting against conditions such as osteoporosis. You need to think in the terms of placing food rich in Vitamin D as your priority on the grocery shopping list. Our skin absorbs Vitamin D from the sun, and those living in areas where there is insufficient sunlight must think ahead of the time and embark on preventing osteoporosis as soon as possible. If you spend a little time outside you are bound to have low levels of Vitamin D and you will need to go for healthy groceries: tuna, salmon, yoghurt and mushrooms. 3. Calcium intake What your bones lack in order to be strong is calcium so you need to look for means how to take in the sufficient amount of it per day, which is 700 mg for adults. Your body is in dire need of this mineral as it helps it work normally. The density of bones is directly related to the amount of calcium there is. To get the right amount of this mineral in your body, you can buy calcium supplements and/or eat a lot of leafy greens. Whatever you choose, do it as sooner as you can. 4. Give up on alcohol Having a one too many never seemed like a much of a problem when you were younger but apart from having more severe hangovers, your body is trying to send you an alarm signal that it suffers and your bones will suffer even more if you do not limit alcohol intake. Alcohol has a bad effect on calcium because it interferes with the absorption and heavy drinking affects your liver so it can have issues regarding calcium, too. Limit the amount of alcohol you drink or quit completely in order to grow old with healthy bones. 5. Good-bye smoking Smoking is good for nothing. It creates a large amount of free radicals which attack your body’s defence. Those kill the cells intended to make and keep bones safe. Everyone is aware of the hardships you will face once you decide to quit smoking, but your bones and life are at stake, so is there a better reason to stop it right now? Osteoporosis is a condition that develops gradually over the years so if you want to be safe in the old age, you need to do everything to prevent it, starting from now on! Forget about alcohol and smoking, exercise regularly, have a healthy diet with lots of calcium and Vitamin D and enjoy the sunlight.

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Earth System Topics: Time/Earth History Results 1 - 10 of 35 matches The Cosmic Calendar Erika Grundstrom, Vanderbilt University In this activity, one takes ALL of time, from the beginning of time (i.e., the Big Bang) all the way up to today, but one compresses it into one year. One can do this for all levels of students depending on how ... Geologic Mapping Exercise Andrew Smith, Vincennes University This exercise is designed to simulate some of the mapping aspects of a basic geological investigation. This mock geological investigation is a good wrap-up exercise because it incorporates a variety of geological ... The Four-Winged Dinosaur Tasha Dunn, Illinois State University This is assignment is completed in two parts: It begins in class with a showing of the Nova documentary "The Four-Winged Dinosaur." It continues as a homework assignment in which students write a short ... Illinois through time Surangi Punyasena, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign This assignment serves as an introduction to geologic time, using Illinois as an example. It uses the Paleo Portal website to illustrate each geologic period. The science behind Plate Tectonics John Weber, Grand Valley State University Plate tectonics is a quantitative, robust and testable, geologic model describing the surface motions of Earth's outer skin. It is based on real data and assumptions, and built using the scientific method. New ... Build a Delta! Douglas Clark, Western Washington University This is a 3-part lab that allows new geomorphology students to experience first-hand the scientific method by investigating the processes and results of river-delta formation. Darwin and the Galapagos Islands Mitchell Colgan, College of Charleston In this assignment the students read the Chapter 17 "Galapagos Archipelago" from The Voyage of the Beagle by Charles Darwin, and they examine a website about the Galapagos Islands. The students answer two ... Stacey Cochiara, New Jersey City University This is an extra credit assignment for students to learn details about the geology of their hometown. Michael Kimberley, North Carolina State University at Raleigh Students are invited to hour-long discussions of controversial geologic topics on Sunday afternoons. Those who attend (about half the class) submit page-long essays through Vista for comments and assessment. A ... Field Lab - Stromatolites Emma Rainforth, Ramapo College of New Jersey The lab requires students to make detailed observations on an outcrop, both about the fossils (stromatolites) and the lithology. It addresses the two 'content goals' of the course: assessing mode of life ...

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A feline with an upper respiratory infection can present symptoms such as sneezing, congested nose, nasal discharge, eye discharge and conjunctivitis, states VCA Hospital. Depending on the specific cause for the infection, some other possible symptoms can manifest, including coughing, oral lesions and drooling. These symptoms develop because a feline upper respiratory infection typically can involve the nasal passages, throat, mouth and eyes.Continue Reading In felines, the cause of an upper respiratory infection can be due to either bacteria or certain viruses. However, approximately 80 to 90 percent of infections are caused by the viruses called feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) and feline calicivirus (FCV), states Pet Education. The bacterial infections known as Bordetella bronchiseptica and Chlamydophila felis also cause these types of infections, states VCA Hospital, although there can be different symptoms associated with the different types of viral infections. The symptoms most often seen in felines with FVR are drooling, runny nose, conjunctivitis, sneezing, appetite loss and lesions that affect the cornea. The illness can last between 2 and 4 weeks, notes Pet Education. Some symptoms of FCV are mouth ulcers, sneezing, eye discharge and limping due to the formation of ulcers on the paws. The FCV illness can last up to 2 weeks. When a feline upper respiratory infection is not treated, it can lead to problems such as pneumonia and possible blindness. Similarly, a bacterial infections such as Bordetella can present symptoms that include a wet cough, sneezing, fever and lymph node inflammation, notes PetMD. Bordetella is a very contagious disease often seen in kennels.Learn more about Veterinary Health

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The Great Bear Rescue Saving the Gobi Bears From the Series Sandra Markle's Science Discoveries Acclaimed science author Sandra Markle offers a fascinating look at Gobi bears—the rarest bears on the planet. These adorable animals face threats ranging from illegal gold miners to climate change. Find out more about these bears, which are considered a national treasure in Mongolia, and learn what scientists are doing to help this critically endangered species. 978-1-5415-8125-8On pre-order until 09/01/2020 978-1-7284-0155-3On pre-order until 09/01/2020 |Interest Level||Grade 4 - Grade 6| |Reading Level||Grade 5| |Subject||Animals, Science, STEM, STEM: Life Science/Animals| |Publisher||Lerner Publishing Group| |Imprint||Millbrook Press ™| |Number of Pages||40| |Text Type||Narrative Nonfiction| |BISACS||JNF003020, JNF037020, JNF003270| |Dimensions||9.75 x 9.75| |Guided Reading Level||T| |Features||Author/Illustrator note, Bibliography/further reading, Glossary, Index, Maps, Primary source quotations/images, Source notes, Teaching Guides, and Timeline| Author: Sandra Markle Sandra Markle is the author of numerous award-winning books for children. A former elementary science teacher, she is a nationally-known science education consultant. Markle has received many honors for her series Animal Predators, Animal Scavengers, and Animal Prey. Several titles have been named as National Science Teachers Association (NSTA)/Children’s Book Council (CBC) Outstanding Science Trade Books for Students K-12, and Animal Predators was honored as a Top 10 Youth Nonfiction Series by Booklist. Markle is also the author of the Insect World series and several single titles. Her book Rescues! was named a Best Book by the Society of School Librarians International and a Recommended Title of Outstanding Nonfiction by the National Council of Teachers of English’s (NCTE) Orbis Pictus Award committee; Animal Heroes was named a 2008 Lasting Connections title by Book Links. Markle lives in Lakewood Ranch, Florida with her husband, photographer Skip Jeffery. Lerner eSource™ offers free digital teaching and learning resources, including Common Core State Standards (CCSS) teaching guides. These guides, created by classroom teachers, offer short lessons and writing exercises that give students specific instruction and practice using Common Core skills and strategies. Lerner eSource also provides additional resources including online activities, downloadable/printable graphic organizers, and additional educational materials that would also support Common Core instruction. Download, share, pin, print, and save as many of these free resources as you like! Sandra Markle's Science Discoveries Join award-winning science author Sandra Markle as she sheds light on some of the most fascinating scientific investigations in the animal kingdom. Solve real-life science mysteries alongside the teams of scientists dedicated to saving vanishing species or discovering new ones. And see… View available downloads →

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The Aerogarden is a small growing system that works off the concept of hydroponics. Use the Aerogarden to produce an herb or small vegetable garden in the home, or to start plants for transplanting in outdoor containers or gardens in spring. While not required, choose to use the Aerogarden propagation tray if the purpose is to start plants indoors for an outdoor garden. For best results, transplant Aerogarden plants once there is no longer a risk of frost. Fill planting containers two-thirds full with a well-draining potting soil mix. Potting soil with perlite or vermiculite added is a good choice. Choose a container that is 2 to 3 inches wider than the root ball of the plant and has bottom drainage holes. Remove the growing basket from the Aerogarden carefully to limit root breakage. Snip tangled roots with a scissors if necessary to remove the plant. Do not remove the plastic and foam growing basket, as this may damage the root structure of the plant. Set the plant into the soil-filled growing container and gently spread out the root system. Pack soil over the roots and around the plant stem. Moisten the soil by applying water until it drains out the bottom holes. Repeat Steps 1 through 3 until all Aerogarden plants are transplants. Choose to transplant one plant at a time to lower the risk of damage to the plants. Monitor the soil moisture of the transplants, since container-grown plants dry out quickly. Apply water until it runs through the drainage holes when the top layer of soil becomes dry to the touch. Do not allow the soil to completely dry out, as this will hinder growth and damage the plants.

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We haven’t checked in on the metamaterials scene in a few months but here’s something that caught our eye. A bigger-than-usual research team spearheaded by Purdue University has developed a new hyperbolic metamaterial that has numerous applications in the optical field, including high efficiency solar cells. While not the only factor in the overall cost of solar power, efficiency gains still play a major role in the steady trend toward solar power as cheap as – and cheaper than – fossil fuels. Metamaterials And Solar Cells Metamaterials refers to a new class of engineered materials that have precisely designed nanoscale features etched or layered onto their surfaces. In terms of solar cells if you’ve been hearing about “black metals” you’re on the right track. In the optical field, metamaterials take advantage of the plasmonic effect. The plasmonic effect refers to clouds of electrons, freed by the presence of light. Given the right surface structure, these electrons can be manipulated to enable more efficient light harvesting. Among the metamaterials already in development for plasmonic solar cells, back in 2011 we took note of a metamaterial with a nanoscale “waffle” design at Stanford. Metamaterials designed with nanopillars or nanorods are also in the works. The New Hyperbolic Metamaterial Solves a 50-Year Problem One of the obstacles to metamaterials development is that the current metals of choice are gold and silver, which are not compatible with the standard manufacturing process for integrated circuits. They are also not particularly efficient conductors of light relative to other options. For their solution, the Purdue-headed metamaterial team engineered a nanoscale “superlattice” crystalline structure (superlattice refers to a crystal grown in layers) made of the metal titanium nitride and a semiconductor called aluminum scandium nitride. Titanium nitride has optical properties that resemble gold, but unlike gold it is compatible with the manufacturing standard (CMOS, for those of you keeping score at home). Titanium nitride is also durable and stable at high temperatures, and it is already known for its amenability to growing in nanoscale crystalline films. In the current study, each layer is 5-20 nanometers. The team also demonstrated that the layers could get down to a thickness of only two nanometers, which works out to about eight atoms apiece. According to lead author Bivas Saha of Purdue, this is one of the first successful demonstrations of the metal/semiconductor combo in decades of research: People have tried for more than 50 years to combine metals and semiconductors with atomic-scale precision to build superlattices. However, this is one of the first demonstrations of achieving that step. The fascinating optical properties we see here are a manifestation of extraordinary structural control that we have achieved. The material that behaves like a metal when light passes through in one direction, but it acts like an insulator (aka dielectric) when light passes through in a perpendicular direction. That’s the “hyperbolic” effect referred to in the title of this piece, as explained by Purdue: The hyperbolic metamaterial behaves as a metal when light is passing through it in one direction and like a dielectric in the perpendicular direction. This “extreme anisotropy” leads to “hyperbolic dispersion” of light and the ability to extract many more photons from devices than otherwise possible, resulting in high performance. We Built This Hyperbolic Metamaterial! Not for nothing, but the research was partly funded by the US Army Research Office and the National Science Foundation. Follow me on Twitter and Google+. Keep up with all the latest solar news from CleanTechnica: subscribe to our Solar Energy newsletter. I don't like paywalls. You don't like paywalls. Who likes paywalls? Here at CleanTechnica, we implemented a limited paywall for a while, but it always felt wrong — and it was always tough to decide what we should put behind there. In theory, your most exclusive and best content goes behind a paywall. But then fewer people read it! We just don't like paywalls, and so we've decided to ditch ours. Unfortunately, the media business is still a tough, cut-throat business with tiny margins. It's a never-ending Olympic challenge to stay above water or even perhaps — gasp — grow. So ... Sign up for daily news updates from CleanTechnica on email. Or follow us on Google News! Have a tip for CleanTechnica, want to advertise, or want to suggest a guest for our CleanTech Talk podcast? Contact us here.

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In computer science #ArtificialIntelligence (AI) determines the operations of intelligent agents using forms of mechanical or “formal” reasoning. AI was founded on the idea that a machine can simulate human intelligence. Alan Turing’s theory of computation suggested that it was possible to represent logical operations by modifying simple symbols such as 0 and 1. Turing assumed that reasoning can be formalized as distinctive sequences of mechanical operations based on cause and effect – in other words, discrete sequences of logical steps based on a set of rules (#Algorithm, see key area #Encoding). What came to be known as the classical symbolic approach to AI considers machine cognition as rule-governed manipulation of formal symbols with a centralized control mechanism. It was the attempt to code knowledge about the world in formal mathematical language. This approach was successful for so-called expert systems, which were able to carry out complex tasks, such as medical diagnosis, or planning and configuration at the level of human experts. However, they proved difficult to program since one simple error sometimes caused the whole system to fail. But most importantly the systems were not able to inherently learn. By 1980 the approach was no longer pursued as it became clear that a mere simulation of thought does not amount to real understanding; therefore, that syntactic manipulation of symbols does not suffice for cognition. A more flexible and adaptive approach to machine cognition came from the field of neuroscience and #Cybernetics, where artificial intelligence was not treated in terms of rules and representations but as dynamic systems. Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts’ ground-breaking research was the first work that treated the brain as a computational apparatus. Together with Donald O. Hebb’s work on associative learning deriving from the firing of nodes that produce synaptic interrelations, Frank Rosenblatt developed the foundation for machine learning. #MachineLearning is a field of AI that explores forms of computation which allow programs to change and adjust its internal parameters automatically, that is, without hand engineering the algorithms, in order to process data. The algorithmic structure is constituted as an artificial neural network, whose reasoning is executed by thousands of neurons, arranged into hundreds of intricately interconnected layers breaking up causal relations. Neural computation is based on modelling an adaptive system that evolves through the capturing of environmental data, which is fed back into the system. Crucially, the networks’ output constitutes an approximation, a statistical likelihood for the most probable outcome. Since 2006, machine learning has made huge leaps forward as a consequence of a steady increase in computational power coupled with the vast expansion of data capturing mechanisms and the enlargement of the physical IT infrastructure. In its practical application machine learning algorithms are heavily employed for #PatternRecognition; visual object recognition and object detection particularly relevant for #AutonomousSystems such as #SelfDrivingCars, #Drones, and #Robots. In essence, machine learning reconstitutes what thinking means and raises many ethical and legal questions with regard to automated decision-making, machine bias, liability, and accountability. See Alan Turing, »On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem,« in: »Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society,« ser. 2, vol. 42, no. 1, January 1937, pp. 230–265. See David Davenport, »The Two (Computational) Faces of AI,« in: »Philosophy and Theory of Artificial Intelligence,« ed. Vincent C. Müller, Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics vol. 5, Springer, Heidelberg, 2013, pp. 43–58, here p. 44. See John R. Searle, »Minds, Brains, and Programs,« in: »Behavioral and Brain Sciences,« vol. 3, no. 3, September 1980, pp. 417–424. Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts, »A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity,« in: »Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, vol. 5, no. 4, December 1943, pp. 115–133. Donald O. Hebb, »The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory,« Wiley, New York, Chapman and Hall, London, 1949. Frank Rosenblatt, »The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain,« in: »Psychological Review,« vol. 65, no. 6, 1958, pp. 386–408. See Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, and Geoffrey Hinton, »Deep Learning,« in: »Nature,« vol. 521, May 2015, pp. 436–444. See Geoffrey E. Hinton, Simon Osindero, and Yee-Whye Teh, »A Fast Learning Algorithm for Deep Belief Nets,« in: »Neural Computation,« vol. 18, no. 7, July 2006, pp. 1527–1554.

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Dryden craftsman uses the water jet precision machining equipment. This machine can be used to create prototypes as well as production runs in sizes up to 4' x 8'. This model cuts complex flat parts out of materials including metal, plastic, glass, ceramic, and composites directly from a CAD drawing or .DXF file. The water jet is ideal for short-run part production, just-in-time manufacturing, tooling, and prototype part development. NASA photo by Tony Landis. When a NASA aircraft is being prepared for a major research program, the Sheet Metal Shop of the Dryden Flight Research Center's Experimental Fabrication Branch is likely to be involved. The Sheet Metal Shop is the organization at Dryden that carries out all modification and repair work on aircraft, ranging from the creation of something as small as an aluminum bracket to which electrical wires will be attached all the way up to replacing or modifying wing spars, fuselage ribs, control surfaces, and large areas of exterior skin. Materials and Equipment The metals that the shop works with the most are aluminum and titanium and they come in a variety of configurations such as sheets, bars, and straps. Aluminum is the most common metal found on aircraft because it is light in weight and is easy to bend and form into the many shapes common to sleek, high-performance aircraft. Titanium is normally used in areas on aircraft where greater strength is needed or high temperatures are reached. Many different types of equipment are needed to cut, form, and bend the metal to support the needs of the various aircraft research and support projects at Dryden. One of the units used the most is a hydraulic shear that can cut a piece of metal up to five-eighths of an inch thick and as much as eight feet wide with the ease of a table knife cutting butter. Other big, powerful hydraulic and electrically operated machines can bend, roll, punch, and press metal sheets, bars, and straps into all kinds of irregular and curved shapes depending on the project requirements. Pressures of as much as 2500 pounds per square inch (PSI) are common on some of the machines used in the Sheet Metal Shop. New equipment obtained by facilities like the Dryden Sheet Metal Shop is computer operated and allows craftsmen to perform tasks faster and with greater precision. Special schooling is required to operate some of the computer-operated equipment. Click here for a complete list of equipment used in the Sheet Metal Shop Requests for work to be performed by the Sheet Metal Shop can originate at several levels, but all are channeled through the Aircraft Maintenance Branch for final approval and coordination. Work requests may be initiated by an engineer assigned to an aircraft project office at Dryden if the modification is necessary for the flight project. An example could be making a small aluminum housing for a miniature video camera, to be installed on the aircraft's wingtip for recording the movement of the flight control surfaces (ailerons, spoilers, and flaps). Requests that are unique to the research project may also originate with engineers from participating organizations such as the commercial aircraft manufacturer, another NASA center, or another agency of the federal government such as the U.S. Air Force. Some requests for modification work originate within the Dryden maintenance organization when the work is part of the normal maintenance process to keep the aircraft in perfect flying condition. An example is making a new fuselage inspection panel to replace one that shows signs of wear and could become a safety hazard. Other requests for modification work may originate with U.S. Air Force or U.S. Navy aircraft maintenance departments. Most of the aircraft flown by NASA were originally obtained from these military organizations, and they issue periodic notices to perform certain work to keep the aircraft safe and reliable. Modification requests are also issued by the aircraft manufacturer, as part of the continuing process of keeping the aircraft safe and reliable. An example of this request could be making and adding a tiny band of metal to a flight control surface to dampen possible vibrations during certain speed and flight conditions. The craftsmen in the Sheet Metal Shop work on every research and support aircraft flown at the Center. Among the most unique projects the shop has been associated with are: - Fabricating the belly-mounted F-104 pylon used to test space shuttle tiles for water resistance and aerodynamic loads. - Modifying a large Convair 990 jetliner fuselage so it could be used as a landing gear testbed to evaluate space shuttle tires for wear under varying landing and load condition. - Fabricating a "chin-mounted" periscope system on an F-104 research aircraft to evaluate an external forward vision device that could be used in future high-speed aircraft or spacecraft where traditional cockpit windscreens limit forward crew vision. - Building a crew emergency escape slide in the modified Boeing 747 used to carry the space shuttle prototype Enterprise during space shuttle glide and landing tests in 1977. The crew slide extended from the cockpit down and out the 747's belly and would have been used by the 747 crew to aid in parachuting from the aircraft if an emergency arose during the test program. - Modifying the rear fuselage area surrounding the engine exhaust nozzles on a specialized F-15 being flown at Dryden to evaluate directional engine thrust as a way of improving maneuverability.

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These records are now available in Archives Search. Métis land claims in the Province of Manitoba were dealt with by the Department of the Interior under sections 31 and 32 of the Manitoba Act (33 Victoria, chapter 3). Since each section involved slightly different administrative procedures for the Department - a difference which is reflected to some extent in the archival record, especially the registers and indexes - they will be discussed separately. Claims Under Section 31 Section 31 primarily focused on Métis claims arising out of the extinguishment of their Indian title: "And whereas, it is expedient, towards the extinguishment of the Indian Title to the lands in the Province, to appropriate a portion of such ungranted lands, to the extent of one million four hundred thousand acres thereof, for the benefit of the families of the half-breed residents, it is hereby enacted, that ... the Lieutenant-Governor shall select such lots or tracts in such parts of the Province as he may deem expedient, to the extent aforesaid, and divide the same among the children of the half-breed heads of families residing in the Province at the time of the said transfer to Canada" (33 Vic., c. 3, s. 31, 1870). The 1.4 million-acre reserve was thought to be a reasonable appropriation. It was based on a crude census of the province in which the Métis population of Manitoba, at the time of the transfer, was thought not to exceed 10,000. The census was undertaken by Lieutenant Governor Archibald, and was recorded in his dispatch to the Secretary of State on 26 May, 1870 (see O.C. 15 April 1872). Using the census as a base, it was estimated that each participant in the Métis grants would be awarded an allotment of approximately 140 acres. The land grant, as originally proposed, was an odd size and the reason why the Department was willing to settle for 140 acre grants, remains obscure. At the time, the Department was still debating the size of the cadastral surveys. Some factions in the federal government wanted to follow the American example and cadaster Manitoba and the North-West Territories into a six-mile square township subdivided into 36 sections of one-square mile each, with each homestead grant amounting to a quarter section of 160 acres. Others felt that larger homesteads than what the Americans were offering would be more appealing to immigrants, particularly those from the United States, and argued for quarter-section homestead grants of 200 acres, with each township amounting to 64 sections of 800 acres each. Needless to say, proponents of the former system won the argument. Nevertheless, the proposed Métis grants of 140 acres each were considerably smaller than the quarter-section homesteads proposed under either system of cadastral survey. If the government had followed through on these grants, Métis children would have been awarded homesteads amounting to fractional grants (for further information on the western cadastral surveys, see: Don W. Thompson, "Men and Meridians: The History of Surveying and Mapping in Canada", Volume 2, Ottawa, 1972, pp. 26-59). Order-in-Council P.C. 874, 25 April, 1871, established a set of regulations for the administration of public lands in Manitoba, and specifically the method by which the 1,400,000-acre allotment would be distributed. The regulations declared that "every half-breed resident in the Province of Manitoba at the time of the transfer thereof to Canada ... shall be entitled to participate in the 1,400,000 acres ... [and that] the most liberal construction shall be put on the word resident" (P.C. 874, 25 April, 1871, pp. 1-2). This definition conflicted with the provisions set forth in section 31 of the Manitoba Act. The Order-in-Council had unilaterally expanded the list of participants from "the children of half-breed heads of families" to include "every half-breed resident". Two years later, the Department of the Interior recognized its error, and attempted to enact a series of regulations which would bring the allotment distributions back in-line with the provisions originally set out in the Manitoba Act. On the 3rd of April, 1873 it introduced an Order-in-Council amending P.C. 874 by re-confirming that only children of Métis heads of families were entitled to participate in the special land allotments. Because the number of participants in the special grant had been inexplicably reduced from the number originally proposed in the 1870 census of the province by the Lieutenant-Governor, the reserve allotments to each child were accordingly increased to 190 acres. However, Métis heads of families still presented the Department with problems. Although section 32 of the Manitoba Act guaranteed that Métis heads would be entitled to acquire legal rights to any land in which they were in peaceable possession at the time of the transfer of Rupert's Land to Canada, the allotment, in effect, did not extinguish their Indian title (see the discussion under Section 32). Section 32 only provided Métis heads with the legal means of "quieting of title" - that is, the means by which to transfer what was already recognized as personal property under one form of civil administration to one which would be administered by the laws of the Dominion of Canada. Consequently, 37 Victoria, chapter 20, authorized the federal government to award Métis heads of family a land grant of 160 acres (the equivalent of a quarter section) or an issue of scrip amounting to $160. This grant was to serve the purpose of extinguishing any Indian title that Métis heads may have acquire by virtue of their native ancestry. However, "... in view of the great dissatisfaction which has been caused in Manitoba by the locking up of large and valuable tracts of land for distribution among the Half-Breeds, thus seriously retarding the settlement of the country ...", the Minister of the Interior felt that he could not, "... recommend the setting apart of further tracts of land for such purposes..." (P.C. 128 1/2, 23 March, 1876). Therefore, Order-in-Council, P.C. 128 1/2, 23 March, 1876, recommended that only scrip in the amount of $160, receivable in payment for the purpose of Dominion Lands, should be issued to Métis heads of families. The Order-in-Council also established the rules under which the scrip would be issued. Since the Dominion Lands Act had arbitrarily set the value of public lands at $1.00 per acre, the scrip awarded to Métis heads, in effect, was the equivalent to a quarter-section homestead grant. This change in policy gave Métis claimants the option of selecting a quarter-section homestead any where lands were open for entry rather than from tracts reserved specifically for Métis purposes. As far as non-Métis residents were concerned, the new policy had the added benefit of making the Métis population less concentrated to specific areas and breaking up their communities. In an effort to ensure a proper distribution of the 1,400,000 acres set aside for Métis children, Order-in-Council of the 13th of January, 1872 called for yet another census of the Métis population of Manitoba. The census was to be carried out by Gilbert McMicken, an officer of the Secretary of State for the Provinces (the predecessor of the Department of the Interior) at Winnipeg, on a plan to be approved by the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba. A few months later, on 15 April, 1872, the federal government passed another Order-in-Council, which recognized that the surveys in Manitoba were now sufficiently advanced for the Lieutenant Governor to begin selecting lands which would be set aside to make up the 1,400,000-acre reserve. The Order-in-Council recommended that the lands should be selected on a township-by-township basis, reserving sections 11 and 29 for school purposes, and sections 8 and 26 for the Hudson's Bay Company. As well, the Canadian Pacific Railway was to have unimpeded passage across such lands. Despite the government's initial intent, the land selection process was besieged by a series of delays. The Department blamed these delays on conflicting claims to lands within the reserve area, alleging that these conflicts were "of such a character as to prevent a division of the lands until such claims had been disposed of" (Canada. Department of the Interior, "Annual Report of the Department of the Interior for the Year 1874", Ottawa, 1875, p. 8). However, it was not until the spring of 1875 that the federal government had even decided upon the process it would use when identifying those individuals who would be eligible for a claim under section 31 of the Manitoba Act (P.C. 406, 26 April, 1875). Arguing that the investigation of several thousand claims "... in addition to the regular business of the office, would be quite out of the power of the agent in charge [of the Dominion Lands Office in Winnipeg]..." (P.C. 406, 26 April, 1875), John M. Machar, barrister in the City of Kingston, Ontario, and Matthew Ryan, barrister in the City of Montreal, Quebec, were appointed as Commissioners to administer the allotment of lands in the 1,4000,000-acre reserve to Métis children and the distribution of scrip to Métis heads of families authorized by 37 Victoria, chapter 20, 1874 (P.C. 449, 5 May, 1875). Machar and Ryan completed their task the following year. Their report outlining the methods used, and their recommendations for the issue of Letters Patents for lands allotted to Métis children, and the distribution of scrip to Métis heads of families was formerly adopted and approved as Order-in-Council, P.C. 128 1/2, 23 March, 1876. Machar and Ryan named 5,088 persons who were entitled to participate in the distribution of the 1,400,000-acre reserve. Further enquiries by the Department brought in an additional 226 claims under section 31 and suggested that another 500 claims might be expected in future from people who were out of the province for one reason or another. Since the Department could find no satisfactory explanation for the difference in the number of children obtained from the 1870 census, and the actual number of claimants, it again decided to increase the quantity of land allotted to each child. This time the increase was from 190 acres to 240 acres, or one and a half quarter sections (P.C. 142, 7 September, 1876). The Commissioners' returns, noting those Métis children who had proved their rights to participate in the distribution of the 1,400,000-acre grant, are retained in RG 15, series D II 80, volumes 1574 to 1593. The returns are organized on a parish by parish basis and each is signed by one of the Commissioners. The claimants of each parish are generally subdivided into several different listings: Métis children who had reached 18 years of age; those who were under 18 years; the heirs of each age group who were deceased. At the same time, Commissioners Machar and Ryan also enumerated claimants who were entitled to scrip as a Métis head of family under 37 Victoria, chapter 20. These names are generally noted in separate sections of the parish returns. A second copy of the parish returns, retained in RG 15, series D II 8n, volumes 1556 to 1573, notes the legal description of the lands awards to each Métis claimant under section 31 of the Manitoba Act. The second copies are signed by a representative of the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba and were apparently used in the lottery system devised by the Department to allot lands in the Métis reserve on a random basis. The process by which the land grants were allotted and the methods used to record the results were fully outlined in Order-in-Council, P.C. 874, 25 April, 1871. Claimants who were awarded land grants as children of a Métis head of family are also listed by grant number in RG 15, volumes 1476 and 1477, and by name in RG 15 volumes 1478, 1515, and 1526. Claimants who were awarded scrip as a Métis head of family under 37 Victoria, chapter 20, are listed in RG 15, volume 1525 (see the section entitle "Registers /Indexes" for a more complete description of these records). In the interest of "quieting of titles" and assuring settlers in the Province who were in peaceful possession of their land at the time of the transfer of Rupert's Land and the North-West Territories to Canada on the 15th July, 1870, section 32 of the Manitoba Act allowed: "All titles by occupancy with the sanction and under the license and authority of the Hudson's Bay Company up to the eighth day of March aforesaid, of land in that part of the Province in which the Indian Title has been extinguished, shall, if required by the owner, be converted into an estate in freehold by grant from the Crown. All persons in peaceable possession of tracts of land at the time of the transfer to Canada, in those parts of the Province in which the Indian Title has not been extinguished, shall have the right of pre-emption of the same, on such terms and conditions as may be determined by the Governor in Council." Generally, persons who were entitled to free grants of land were classified as: those who had purchased the land from the Hudson's Bay Company prior to 15th July, 1870; those who had their land surveyed prior to the transfer of Rupert's Land by an official surveyor of the Council of Assiniboia; and those who were in actual occupation of their land on the 15th July, 1870. The above claims usually consisted of a river lot measuring about twelve chains wide and two miles deep (or 192 acres), and a second, "outer" lot also measuring about two miles deep. "Where there were no outer two mile lots appurtenant to the river lots, or the land was within the Hudson's Bay Company's survey (no outer two miles were included in the Company's survey), as compensation for the loss of such outer two miles, scrip was issued, redeemable in the purchase of Dominion Lands, where the land was situate within the limits of the Hudson's Bay Company's survey, at the rate of one dollar and fifty cents, and elsewhere, at the rate of one dollar, for each acre covered by the river lot" (N. O. Coté, "Claims to Land Under the Manitoba Act 1870-1886", in "Grants of Land Under the Manitoba Act, North-West Territories Land Grants Comprising Saskatchewan and Alberta, Military Bounty Land Grants, and Grants of Land for Sites of Churches, Schools and Burial Grounds", , pp. 2-3, unpublished ms. in RG 15, vol. 227). The procedures taken by the Department of the Interior when issuing land patents under section 32 of the Manitoba Act were outlined in an internal memorandum from J.S. Dennis, the Surveyor General, to the Hon. David Laird, Minister of the Interior, on the 4th of March, 1876. The memo was prepared as background information for the Minister of Justice, and was approved by the Minister of Interior (the memo can be found in RG 15, vol. 164, file MA 7390). Apparently, all parties claiming title to land under section 32 of the Manitoba Act were allowed to make an application for Letters Patent by sending a sworn statement to the Surveyor-General, J.S. Dennis, at the Dominion Lands Office in Winnipeg. The claim was to describe: the full name, residence, and occupation of the applicant; the parish in which the land lies; the names of the occupants of adjoining lots; the dimensions of the lot, the length of occupation, and any improvements made; and how the lot is claimed, i.e. under what sub-section of the Manitoba Act. This information was to be accompanied by certified copies of any deeds, assignments, or other papers under which the title was claimed. Once the statement was received in Winnipeg, the Department would review the application along with the report of the surveyor who surveyed the Parish, the Hudson's Bay Company Land Register, and the return of registers as certified by the County Registrar. A copy of the Hudson's Bay Company land register from Fort Garry, known as the "B" book, can be found in RG 15, series D II 11c, Aperture Card Book 185. It covers the settlement belt of both the Red and Assiniboine Rivers for the period 1835 to 1858. As well, RG 15, volume 1551 (described further in the section "Indexes/Registers") is a general register, compiled by the department, of the land owners along the Red and Assiniboine Rivers prior to the transfer of Rupert's Land to the Dominion of Canada. If all these documents were in agreement as to the occupant of the lot, and providing there was no opposition to the claim, and no reason to doubt the word of applicant, the papers would then be forwarded to Ottawa, along with the recommendation of the Dominion Lands Agent, and a patent issued in due course. In cases where the title was questionable, section 9 of the Manitoba Act required such claims to be displayed in a public place. Only disputed claims were to be reviewed further by Commissioners appointed for such purposes. Accompanying each recommendation for letters patent were: a facsimile transcript of the Hudson's Bay Company Land Register as it relates to the lot or lots claimed ("even to the entries being in ink, black or red, or in pencil, as the case may be"); and a transcript of the surveyor's report. The Hudson's Bay Company land register only applied to parishes in the Red River Settlement in which surveys were made by the Company, i.e. St. Boniface, east and west, St. Vital, St. Norbert, St. Agathe up to Salt Springs, St. Johns, and Winnipeg, Kildonan, St. Paul, St. Andrew, St. James, St. Charles, Headingly, and St. Francois Xavier, east and west. Even then many of the lots in these Parishes had no entries whatever against them in the Company's registers. Only a survey by a Dominion Land Surveyor, and only the Dominion Land Surveyor who had been employed by the Department to survey the land specifically for the purpose of granting Letters Patent would be accepted. The report was to describe each lot occupied, noting the names of the people occupying the lot (whether as owner or tenant), and any adverse claims to the lot. These surveys were begun in 1871 and were completed in 1874. "...the rights of parties to any certain lands claimed as being occupied at time of the Transfer, were so well known and understood among the people of the parish at the time of the survey being made, that the Surveyor's return of claimants and occupants in itself is very reliable evidence in the case of a claim made for patent to a given lot, and where the evidence accompanying a specific application for such lot is borne out by such return and no counter claim has been filed ... the case is assumed to be one in which a prima facie right to a patent is made out, and the papers are in due course submitted for the final decision as to title, of the Department of Justice" (J.S. Dennis, Surveyor General, to the Hon. D. Laird, Minister of the Interior, 4 March 1876, RG 15, vol. 164, file MA 7390). Under 47 Victoria, chapter 26, 1884, any claims under section 32 that had not been received by the Department by the 1st of May, 1886, would be barred from further action. By the end of the fiscal year, the department reported that "the period within which claims to land under the Manitoba Act - that is to say, claims by virtue of actual peaceable, and undisturbed possession at the time of the transfer, the 15th July, 1870 - might be filed in the Department of the Interior, expired on the 1st May, 1886, and this branch of the business may now be said to be closed" (Canada. Department of the Interior, "Annual Report of the Department of the Interior for Year 1886", Ottawa, 1887, pg. xiv). Manitoba Supplementary Claims After the lands set apart for Métis children had been exhausted, the Department of the Interior continued to receive applications from persons whose claims under section 31 of 33 Victoria, chapter 3 (the Manitoba Act) and 37 Victoria, chapter 20, had not been previously recognized. Accordingly, Order-in-Council, P.C. 810, 20 April, 1885 authorized the issuing of scrip, redeemable in the purchase of Dominion Lands. But all such claims had to be filed with the Department by the 1st of May, 1886 - the same date chosen under 47 Victoria, chapter 26, for discontinuing claims under section 32 of the Manitoba Act. "... under the authority notices in the shape of posters and letters were sent to the bishops and clergy of all denominations, members of the Legislative Assembly, registrars, stipendiary magistrates, sheriffs, members of the North-West Council, newspapers, post offices and telegraph offices in Manitoba and the North-West Territories, to the effect that all persons claiming to be entitled to rank as children of Half-Breeds, residing within the Province of Manitoba at the date of the transfer, would have to file their claims, accompanied by the necessary proofs, with the Commissioner of Dominion Lands, on or before the 1st day of May, 1886, and that no applications in respect of such claims, that had not been filed with the said Commissioner on or before the date mentioned, and accompanied by the evidence necessary to prove the same, would be received or considered" (Canada. Department of the Interior, "Annual Report of the Department of the Interior for the Year 1885", Ottawa, 1886, p. xx-xxi). Métis residents who had preferred claims under the Manitoba Supplementary Commission, authorized by P.C. 810, 20 April, 1885, are indexed alphabetically in volumes 1506 and 1527. Several specialty indexes also exist: heirs of deceased Métis claimants are indexed in volume 1483; children of Métis heads of family in volume 1505; and Métis heads of family in volume 1507. June 1875 to March 1876 Orders-in-Council: P.C. 874, 25 April, 1871; P.C. 14, 15 April, 1872; P.C. 36, 3 April, 1873; P.C. 406, 26 April, 1875; P.C. 449, 5 May, 1875; P.C. 128 1/2, 23 March, 1876; P.C. 85, 20 April, 1876; P.C. 142, 7 September, 1876; and P.C. 320, 25 February, 1881. Statutes: 33 Vic., c., 3, 1871; 36 Vic., c. 38, 1873; 37 Vic., c. 20, 1874 Manitoba Supplementary Commission Orders-in-Council: P.C. 810, 20 April, 1885; P.C. 1075, 21 May, 1887; P.C. 2905, 28 December, 1889; and P.C. 2408, 31 October, 1890. John M. Machar and Matthew Ryan (P.C. 449, 5 May, 1875); Amédée E. Forget and H.S. Goodhue, secretaries (P.C. 604, 14 June, 1875). Matthew Ryan was later appointed to take evidence of Métis claimants who had removed to the North-West Territories previous to the sittings of the Manitoba Commissions (O.C. 14 June, 1876). The final report was partially summarized in Order-in-Council, P.C. 128 1/2, 23 March, 1876; also see RG 15, Series D II 3, vol. 195, file HB 4484 "Copy of return showing number of cases reported by Commissioner M. Ryan, [January 1876]." This report summarizes the total number of cases investigated by the Commission in each Parish; there is no attached correspondence. A total of 10,213 claims were investigated by the Commission (including supplementary claims under P.C. 810, 20 April, 1885); 1,448,160 acres in land scrip and $748,060 in money scrip were awarded.

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CC-MAIN-2014-23

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posted by Anonymous . 9. Suppose an experimental population of amoeba increases according to the law of exponential growth. There were 100 amoeba after the second day of the experiment and 300 amoeba after the fourth day. Approximately how many amoeba were in the original sample? E. Not enough information to determine I posted this earlier, but I didn't really get a straightforward answer. I am confused as to how to set up the differential equation to represent this problem. Please help me make sense of this in a simple fashion! Write down the general equation for exponential growth: N(t) = A exp(b t) You see that there are two unknown parameters here, and you would need two data points to solve for them. You are free to chose whatever units you want to use for the time, a different choice will be compensated for by the parameter b. Then if we take t to be the time after t days, we have: N(0) = A N(2) = 100 N(4) = 300 Then the equation for N(t) implies that: N(4)/N(2) = exp(2 b) And from the given data points, we see that this is 3. Then we can solve for A, using e.g. the data point N(2)=100: According to the equation for N(t): N(2) = A exp(2 b) We know that exp(2 b) = 3, so: N(2) = 3 A Equating this to 100 gives: A = 33 N(0) is equal to A, so in the original sample there were 33 amoeba. Thank you so much. The last person just kind of put the equation out there without really explaining it, which just confused me even more. You really simplified this out for me, thank you!

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CC-MAIN-2017-26

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Anti-Friction Coatings are lubricants that are applied to a surface as coating. They form firmly adhering dry lubrication films there with high effectiveness. They consist of solid lubricants and organic or inorganic binders as well as a solvent. As well as the main components, they can contain functional additives such as corrosion inhibitors or ultraviolet additives. MoS2, PTFE or other synthetic lubricants are the most frequently used ones for solid applications. Anti-Friction Coatings are used in all areas of industry. Their importance is constantly growing due to increasing automation in manufacturing and assembly. It is not uncommon that the use of anti-friction coatings replaces various lubrication processes in a workflow. For example, parts for installation can be transported and protected against corrosion and soiling with an anti-friction coating. The anti-friction coating used then replaces a liquid or solid assembly lubricant or a mechanical assembly aid for the assembly. Anti-friction coatings are used with increasingly frequency for supporting the running-in processes of machine elements. They provide additional protection against wear, have a defined friction coefficient and make the entire process more predictable and more reliable. In many cases, anti-friction coatings make lifetime lubrication possible and enable simpler designs in comparison with conventional lubrication. Thanks to their versatility, easy handling and application, anti-friction coatings are used in numerous manufacturing processes in almost all industrial areas. The applications include sealing lips, locking systems and cylinders, springs, camshafts, gearboxes, spindles, sliding bearings, O-rings, door, window and boot seals, valves, hinges, switches, screws, bolts, chain elements, sintered metal sleeves, bearing shells, linear guides, toothed racks, valves, carburettors, pumps, nuts, screws and bolts, pistons and many others. Anti-friction coatings provide: – Dry and clean lubrication – Reduction in friction and wear – Constant and defined frictional coefficients with very low scatter – Use under extreme conditions such as high/low temperatures – Vacuum and dust are possible – Lifetime lubrication possible – Simplifying assembly and dismantling – Minimising the maintenance effort – Replacement, support or supplementing of oil or grease lubrication – Improved running-in of machine elements – Additional emergency running characteristics – Suitable for almost all materials such as metals, plastics, elastomers and wood – Very good corrosion protection – Long shelf life – Resistant to dirt – Mineral oil and chemical resistant coatings possible – Clean in application – no dirt from rubbing points and environment – Reduction in fretting corrosion – Very thin coatings possible – High coverage – In part, can be painted over – Avoidance of stick-slip effects – Noise reduction Anti-Friction Coatings compensate for unevenness of the surface and form a smooth film. As a result, the friction coefficient itself is optimised for high loads and adverse conditions. They ensure dry and clean lubrication and can make the use of greases or oils superfluous under certain circumstances. However, they can also be used in combination with these. In these cases, anti-friction coatings support the lubrication in border zones and ensure emergency running characteristics. After the drying and hardening, the anti-friction coatings form a dry film that is only a few micrometres thick that bonds firmly to the base. This film acts as friction and wear reducing separation and lubrication layer between the friction partners. Anti-friction coatings are particularly effective in boundary and mixed friction states. Anti-friction coatings can also effectively support hydrodynamic lubrication during running-in and ensure emergency running lubrication. Anti-friction coatings can be applied using conventional painting techniques such as spraying, dip spinning or brushing. Anti-friction coatings can also be applied using spraying drums or centrifuges and using electrostatic or automatic spraying systems or using printing or roller coating processes. With the anti-friction coatings in the Molykote® range and the in-house development of the OSIXO® series, Costenoble provides a comprehensive range of high quality coatings for many applications. These have been used, partly for decades, in almost all areas of industrial production. They are impressive due to reliability and quality. They provide wide possibilities for design and process optimisation. MOLYKOTE® Anti-Friction Coatings The Anti-Friction Coatings in the Molykote® series are given high priority amongst the lubricants from the Dow Corning® company. The focus is on load-resistant and reliable anti-friction coatings with MoS2 as solid lubricant. Most of the Molykote® Anti-Friction Coatings that have been established for decades come from this area. However, products with other solid lubricants are also available in the Molykote® series. Dow Corning® with its Molykote® Anti-Friction Coatings provides a comprehensive range of high quality anti-friction coatings for many applications. |MOLYKOTE® D-321R||MoS2||Titanat||MOLYKOTE® L-13| |MOLYKOTE® 3402-C LF||MoS2||Special product||MOLYKOTE® L-13| |MOLYKOTE® D-3484||MoS2||Phenol resin||MOLYKOTE® L-13| |MOLYKOTE® 3400A LF / Aero||MoS2||Epoxy resin||MOLYKOTE® L-13| |MOLYKOTE® 106||MoS2||Epoxy resin||MOLYKOTE® L-13| |MOLYKOTE® D-7409 / D-7620||MoS2||Polyamide-imide||MOLYKOTE® 7415| |MOLYKOTE® D-106||MoS2||Epoxy resin||Water| |MOLYKOTE® PTFE-N UV||PTFE||Acrylate||MOLYKOTE® L-13| |MOLYKOTE® D-708||PTFE||Epoxy resin||MOLYKOTE® L-13| |MOLYKOTE® D-96 / D-9610||PTFE||PU||Water| |MOLYKOTE® D-7405||Synthetic solid lubricant||Polyamide-imide||MOLYKOTE® 7415| |MOLYKOTE® D-10 NMP free||Graphite||Polyamide-imide||MOLYKOTE® 7415| |MOLYKOTE® D-88||Special pigments||Polyamide-imide||MOLYKOTE® 7415| DryFilm® Anti-Friction Coatings DryFilm® is a series of anti-friction coatings based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). They are dispersed in various concentrations in special solvents or water. The products in the DryFilm® series are chemically inert and this resistant to aggressive chemicals and oxygen. They are thermally very stable, have low friction coefficients and good non-stick properties. DryFilm® is most effective in applications with low velocities and low loads. It can also be used as an additive for various products such as paints, greases, resins and paper coatings. DryFilm® is used here, amongst other things, for improving lubricating properties and delaying fouling-effects. They are suitable for numerous applications due to their outstanding product properties and working temperatures of over 300 °C. Also for special applications such as the coating of industrial knives and razor blades. DryFilm® products are also used as release agents in rubber and plastic mould processes. Their great stability and long life ensure optimum results and high efficiency. |DryFilm® RA||PTFE||15 %||Decafluorpentan| |DryFilm® RA/IPA||PTFE||25 %||Isopropanol| |DryFilm® LXE/IPA||PTFE||10 %||Isopropanol| |DryFilm® 2000/IPA||PTFE||20 %||Isopropanol| |DryFilm® RA/W||PTFE||20 %||Water| DryFilm® Anti-Friction Coatings The products of the OSIXO® Anti-Friction-Coatings supplement the existing product series from the manufacturers DuPont® and Dow Corning®. Stability even under high loads and a long lifetime ensure efficient usage. OSIXO® products are suitable for numerous applications and have proved themselves in numerous applications. The product series consists of PTFE dispersions on a water or alcohol basis. The hardened-out slide coating is not flammable, not combustible and provides reliable, constant friction coefficients. They are suitable, among other things, for use in environments where heavy soiling cannot be excluded. OSIXO® products ensure a sustainable protection against corrosion by the use of special additives. Surfaces that have already been attacked can also smoothed out again by the use of OSIXO® products. Weitere Informationen / Downloads

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CC-MAIN-2020-16

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“Whoever has seen me has seen the Father.” Since early Christian times there have been oral and written reports of a cloth bearing the image of Christ’s countenance passed down over the centuries. The veil of Kamulia, Mandylion, Acheiropoíetos, Veronica or Holy Face – a multitude of arcane designations, accompanied the “sudarium” (Latin for “sweat cloth”) on its long journey from Jerusalem via Edessa, Constantinople and Rome to Manoppello, a remote village in the Italian region of Abruzzo. The sudarium of Oviedo, the holy coif of Cahors, the shroud of Turin, the napkins of Kornelimuenster – a noteworthy number of textile relics are connected with the burial of Jesus, as John mentioned several cloths in his Easter gospel. The Trappist nun Blandina Paschalis Schlömer used a superimposition technique to show that the images on the veil of Veronica of Manopello and the shroud of Turin were of the same person. Later she applied this technique to the sudarium of Oviedo with the same result. The veil of Veronica in Manoppello is made of byssus – also known as sea silk – which appears to change with the lighting. Relics such as the shroud of Turin and the veil of Veronica of Manoppello, as well as the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe or the miraculous image of Absam are designated as “acheiropoíetos” (“not made by human hands”).

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CC-MAIN-2020-24

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Informal caregivers frequently coordinate and arrange medical appointments for older adults. In fact, the time that they spend performing this function has given rise to a new line of elder care referral services, which employers have begun to offer as a way to save lost work time among employees. Caregivers frequently accompany older patients to office visits, and they are often involved in treatment decisions (Deimling et al., 1990; Kapp, 1991), particularly those involving patients who are older and who carry a greater disease burden (Ende et al., 1989; Ishikawa et al., 2005). In the case of critically ill and hospitalized patients, families and friends are often kept apprised of the patient’s health status, they advocate for needed services and attention, and they provide patients with emotional support (Hickey, 1990). Family may also assume a role in coordinating patient transitions across settings of care—for example, from hospital to home (Coleman, 2003; DesRoches et al., 2002). In addition, as providers of assistance to frail older adults with physical and cognitive disabilities, informal caregivers often help to ensure the safety of the home environment. When older adults do not speak English, health care providers often ask family members or friends to interpret. In fact, it is estimated that 79 percent of hospitals frequently rely on family and friends to serve as interpreters (Wilson-Stronks and Galvez, 2007). This practice risks misinterpretation and the transmission of inaccurate information, especially when the translators are young children. As a result, recent state laws prevent using the family for this purpose and several organizations have developed reports and guidelines about how to implement language services in health care organizations. Still, the knowledge that family members have about the patient and their ability to articulate this knowledge allow them to advocate on the patient’s behalf and to enhance the provider’s understanding of the older adult’s social environment, health conditions, and care preferences. Similarly, family members’ understanding of the providers’ treatment recommendations and their ongoing interactions with the patient at home and in the community can influence the patient’s behaviors, treatment adherence, and health. There is strong evidence that informal caregivers have a profound effect on long-term care processes and outcomes. Engaging families in patient care has been shown to improve outcomes in dementia (Mittelman et al., 2006; Vickrey et al., 2006) and in schizophrenia care (Glynn et al., 2006) and also to postpone institutionalization (Miller and Weissert, 2000; Yoo et

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CC-MAIN-2014-35

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Potential cures for Alzheimer's and cancer threatened by EU red tape Scientists say severe restrictions on the use of 'non-human primates' - such as macaques - will prevent them from carrying out basic brain experiments The search for cures for Alzheimer's disease, autism and cancer are all under threat because of EU legislation, scientists have warned. Patient groups, drug companies and researchers are lobbying Brussels to amend new guidelines on animal experiments. Animal rights' campaigners say the existing directive, which was passed more than 20 years ago, is out of date and leaves millions of laboratory animals without adequate protection. But scientists say that some of the clauses in the revised version 'defy belief and will mean experiments are subjected to 'multiple levels of approval, review and authorisation' Crucially, they say the move will cause 'irreversible harm' to the search for new treatments for devastating diseases. Severe restrictions on the use of 'non-human primates' - usually marmosets and macaques - will prevent scientists from carrying out basic brain experiments that could one day yield treatments or cures for diseases from Parkinson's to diabetes. New cancer treatments, which, like breast cancer 'wonder drug' Herceptin work by homing in on rogue proteins in the body, can also only be tested on monkeys and other highly-developed animals, the scientists said. The new regulations would also prevent some animals from being used twice in experiments - inevitably boosting the number of animals used. The directive, which could become law in Britain by 2012, would also cover the use of eggs in laboratories. With Europe's flu vaccine production dependent on the use of one million eggs a day, EU red tape would push up costs and even drive production elsewhere, making it harder for Britons to get their hands on life-saving jabs in the event of a pandemic of the human form of bird flu. The updated regulations, which are still in draft form, would lobsters, prawns and octopus used in experiments the same rights as laboratory rabbits. Lobsters, which are cooked live in boiling water in kitchens, would have to be closely monitored in experiments and killed humanely at the end. In a joint statement to senior EU officials, researchers, patient groups and drug companies said it was vital to guard against introducing bureaucracy that would stifle research while bringing little benefit to animals. They said: 'We believe that without animal research, scientists across Europe would not have been able to deliver many new medicines and treatments for patients. 'We can see no way that medicines for diabetes, asthma, leukaemia and medical procedures such as blood transfusion and transplant surgery could have been developed without animal research. 'There are many challenges facing the world today, such as discovering treatments for diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's where animal research is likely to play a vital role.'' Sir Mark Walport, director of the Wellcome Trust, the world's biggest medical research charity, said that while scientists are committed to the highest standards of animal welfare there are many important questions that can only be answered through animal research. Dr Sophie Petit-Zeman, of the Association of Medical Research Charities, said the directive contained some proposals that 'defied belief'. She added: 'I am worried we are going to end up with legislation which piles a whole load of bureaucracy on the shoulders of busy scientists, ends up doing nothing at all for animal welfare and potentially delays life-changing research. 'We need to push the European Parliament to take a long hard look at the directive so that the research for patient benefit doesn't get tangled up in absurd, illogical piles of red tape.' But animal rights' campaigners accused the scientists of 'aggressively lobbying to destroy virtually every reasonable animal welfare improvement'. Emily McIvor, of the Dr Hadwen Trust for Humane Research, said: 'The arguments they are using are often little short of scaremongering, exaggerating the validity of animal tests and seeking to convince MEPs that new animal welfare measures are prohibitively costly. 'The Dr Hadwen Trust is urging MEPs to be wary of such self-serving melodrama and to seize Europe's exciting opportunity to lead the world in replacing animals with advanced ethical techniques.' Most watched News videos - Body of Sgt. La David Johnson returns home to Florida - Heartbreaking moment dying chimp recognises her professor friend - Baffled dad attempts to free child's head stuck between bars - Cat not feline fine after realising he's been neutered - $17m 'Glass House' mansion burned to ground in wildfires - WV coal miner sings stunning rendition of the National Anthem - Cheerleaders appear to shout racial slurs in Instagram video - Trump says other presidents didn't call fallen soldiers' families - Air Berlin plane dangerously close to terminal in honorary flyover - Mysterious moment car appears from nowhere to cause crash - M&S security guard body slams Big Issue seller in front of store - Bizarre moment woman sprays deodorant up her skirt in shop

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HIV infection and AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) by infecting helper T cells of the immune system. The most common serotype, HIV-1, is distributed worldwide, while HIV-2 is primarily confined to West Africa. AIDS is a severe immunological disorder caused by the retrovirus HIV, resulting in a defect in cell-mediated immune response that is manifested by increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and to certain rare cancers, especially Kaposi's sarcoma. It is transmitted primarily by exposure to contaminated body fluids, especially blood and semen. Everybody who has AIDS also has HIV disease, but not everybody with HIV disease is classified by the United States (U.S.) government as having AIDS. The U.S. government uses CD4 cell counts (part of the immune system) to make this distinction. The earliest known case of HIV-1 came from a human blood sample collected in 1959 from a man in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The method by which he became infected is not known; however, genetic analysis of his blood sample suggested that HIV-1 might have stemmed from a single virus in the late 1940s or early 1950s. HIV has existed in the United States since the mid to late 1970s. During 1979 to 1981, rare types of pneumonia , cancer , and other illnesses were reported by physicians in Los Angeles and New York among a number of male patients who had sex with other men. Since it is rare to find these diseases in people with a healthy immune system, public health representatives became concerned that a new virus was emerging. In 1982, the term AIDS was introduced to describe the occurrences of opportunistic infections, Kaposi sarcoma, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in previously healthy persons and formal tracking of these cases in the United States began that year. The virus that causes AIDS was discovered in 1983 and named human T-cell lymphotropic virus-type III/lymphadenopathyassociated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) by an international scientific committee who later changed it to HIV. Many theories as to the origins of HIV and how it appeared in the human population have been suggested. The majority of scientists believed that HIV originated in other primates and was somehow transmitted to man. In 1999, an international group reported the discovery of the origins of HIV-1, the predominant strain of HIV in the developed world. A subspecies of chimpanzees native to west equatorial Africa were identified as the original source of the virus. The researchers believe that HIV-1 was introduced into the human population when hunters became exposed to infected blood. Most scientists believe that HIV causes AIDS by directly inducing the death of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells in the immune system) or interfering with their normal function and by triggering other events that weaken a person's immune function. For example, the network of signaling molecules that normally regulates a person's immune response is disrupted during HIV disease, impairing a person's ability to fight other infections. The HIV-mediated destruction of the lymph nodes and related immunologic organs also plays a major role in causing the immunosuppression seen in persons with AIDS. In the absence of antiretroviral therapy, the median time from HIV infection to the development of AIDS-related symptoms has been approximately 10 to 12 years. A wide variation in disease progression, however, has been noted. Approximately 10 percent of HIV-infected persons have progressed to AIDS within the first two to three years after infection, whereas up to 5 percent of persons have stable CD4+ T cell counts and no symptoms even after 12 or more years. Factors such as age or genetic differences among persons with HIV, the level of virulence of an individual strain of virus, and co-infection with other microbes may influence the rate and severity of disease progression. Drugs that fight the infections associated with AIDS have improved and prolonged the lives of HIV-infected persons by preventing or treating conditions such as Journal of Infectious Diseases . This approach is known formally as short-cycle structured intermittent antiretroviral therapy (SIT) or colloquially as the "7-7" approach. Dr. Mark Dybul, of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the study author, noted that this approach together with high patient adherence could be a powerful and cost-effective tool in HIV treatment. This regimen uses half as much antiretroviral medication so not only are drug costs reduced but drug-related toxicities may be less in the long run. He believes that this is particularly important to countries with few resources around the world. Nutrition is definitely a concern for the individual who is HIV infected and even more so for the individual who has progressed to AIDS. The antiretroviral drugs have numerous side effects that make eating an adequate diet difficult and the disease itself affects nutritional intake. It is important for HIV individuals to supplement their diet with vitamins and minerals as well as protein drinks to maintain their energy. There are many supplements on the market and in health food stores that can be of benefit. The patient needs to go in search of what best suits their tastes. The prognosis for individuals with AIDS in recent years has improved significantly because of new drugs and treatments, and educational and preventive efforts. Women whose HIV infections are detected early and receive appropriate treatment survive as long as infected men. There are several studies that have shown HIV-infected women to have shorter survival times than men. Women may be less likely than men to be diagnosed early, which may account for shorter survival times. In an analysis of several studies involving more than 4,500 people with HIV infection, women were one-third more likely than men to die within the study period. The investigators could not definitively identify the reasons for excess mortality among women in this study, but they speculated that poorer access to or use of health care resources among HIV-infected women as compared to men, domestic violence, homelessness, and lack of social supports for women may have been important factors. Researchers have observed two general patterns of illness in HIV-infected children. About 20 percent of children develop serious disease in the first year of life; most of these children die by age four years. The remaining 80 percent of infected children have a slower rate of disease progression, many not developing the most serious symptoms of AIDS until school entry or even adolescence . A recent report from a large European registry of HIV-infected children indicated that half of the children with perinatally acquired HIV disease were alive at age nine. Another study, of 42 perinatally HIV-infected children who survived beyond nine years of age, found about one-quarter of the children to be asymptomatic with relatively intact immune systems. Because no vaccine for HIV is available, the only way to prevent infection by the virus is to avoid behaviors that put a person at risk of infection, such as sharing needles and having unprotected sex. Many people infected with HIV have no symptoms; therefore, there is no way of knowing with certainty whether a sexual partner is infected unless he or she has repeatedly tested negative for the virus and has not engaged in any risky behavior. Individuals should either abstain from having sex or use male latex condoms or female polyurethane condoms, which may offer partial protection, during oral, anal, or vaginal sex. Only water-based lubricants should be used with male latex condoms. Although some laboratory evidence shows that spermicides can kill HIV, researchers have not found that these products can prevent a person from getting HIV. The risk of HIV transmission from a pregnant woman to her baby can be significantly reduced with the use of antiretroviral drugs taken during pregnancy, labor, and delivery and administered to the baby for the first six weeks of life. In addition, the International Perinatal HIV Group reported in 1999 that elective cesarean section delivery could help reduce vertical transmission of HIV, although it is not without risk to certain women. Parental concerns are reflected in the status of a reproductive couple to prevent the transmission of the virus before pregnancy and if this is not possible, to obtain adequate prenatal care to prevent the transmission to the baby. B-cell lymphomas —Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that arise from B cells. CD4+ cells —Called helper T-cells, these cells work in cell-mediated immunity by causing a form of inflammation to wall off and destroy foreign material as with a bacterial infection. Co-infection —Concurrent infection of a cell or organism with two microorganisms (pneumonia caused by coinfection with a cytomegalovirus and streptococcus). Immunosuppression —Techniques used to prevent transplant graft rejection by the recipient's immune system. Kaposi's sarcoma —A cancer characterized by bluish-red nodules on the skin, usually on the lower extremities, that often occurs in people with AIDS. Lymphadenopathy —A disorder characterized by local or generalized enlargement of the lymph nodes or lymphatic vessels. Perinatal —Referring to the period of time surrounding an infant's birth, from the last two months of pregnancy through the first 28 days of life. Pneumocystis carinii —A parasite transitional between a fungus and protozoan, frequently occurring as aggregate forms existing within rounded cystlike structures. It is the causative agent of pneumocystosis. Retrovirus —A family of RNA viruses containing a reverse transcriptase enzyme that allows the viruses' genetic information to become part of the genetic information of the host cell upon replication. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus. T cell —A type of white blood cell that is produced in the bone marrow and matured in the thymus gland. It helps to regulate the immune system's response to infections or malignancy. See also High-risk pregnancy . Cohen, J., and W. Powderly. Infectious Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby, 2003. Schechter, M. "Therapy for early HIV infection: how far back should the pendulum swing?" (Editorial Commentary) Journal of Infectious Diseases 190, no. 6 (Sept. 2004): 1043. Dybul, M. et al. "A proof-of-concept study of short-cycle intermittent antiretroviral therapy with a once-daily regimen of didanosine, lamivudine, and efavirenz for the treatment of chronic HIV infection." Journal of Infectious Diseases 189, no. 11 (June 2004): 1974–83. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention. 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333. (800) 311-3435. Web site: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/dhap.htm. Postive Lists, Inc. HIV Support. [cited March 5, 2005]. Available online at: http://www.hiv-support.org/. AIDS/HIV Support Groups. [cited March 5, 2005]. Available online at: http://herpes-coldsores.com/std/aids_support_groups.htm . Seattle Aids Support Group (SASG). [cited March 5, 2005]. Available online at: http://www.sasg.org. Linda K. Bennington, MSN, CNS

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Adolescent drivers aren’t experienced enough to ride around with a car packed full of other people. So should there be any limitations for the teen drivers? Computer Games: The Potentially Detrimental Activity Computer Games Are Addictive Quite a few Americans have grown up playing computer games – mostly for pleasure, mostly alone – and they’ve wasted a lot of time, and a lot of their health and money, doing it, too. True, some computer games may develop the user’s reasoning skills, their ability to solve problems and so on. Perhaps this is the case, but playing computer games can also have a detrimental effect on a person – especially if they are consumed by the activity to the point they neglect their everyday responsibilities and their well-being. The overuse of computer games affects a person negatively on quite a few levels, mostly one’s physical, mental and emotional health, but also their finances. This is not to say that playing computer games alone is bad for a person; however, when it begins to affect a person’s life in a negative way, it becomes a problem, and it’s a problem our society must acknowledge and work hard to fix. To begin with, let’s take a look at how the overuse of computer games negatively affects a person’s physical health. For one, consider the activity itself. Rarely are computer games played standing up or moving around; they are done mostly sedentary – and encourage a sedentary lifestyle. A person consumed by computer games spends a great deal of their leisure time sitting down. This makes for bad cardiovascular health, which means potential heart problems and strokes – and of course obesity, which causes premature death in a person. Since people in our society spend more and more of our time sitting, because technology controls our lives, it is increasingly important to live a healthy lifestyle with daily exercise. Sitting too long is bad for us, and that is precisely why the overuse of computer games is bad for a person’s health. Computer Games are Time-Consuming ?omputer games can be detrimental to a person’s mental and emotional health, a negative side effect of this time-consuming activity. Even if they enjoy playing the computer game, the user will eventually start feeling lonely, unfulfilled and out of touch with reality. This may lead to depression and anxiety, a feeling of hopelessness, unless they begin incorporating healthier activities into their daily life – such as volunteering, exercising, hanging out with friends or reading. But this is quite a challenge when a person is engulfed in such an unhealthy, time-consuming, yet much enjoyable, activity. That is much of the problem: computer games can be a lot of fun to play, so much that people will forgo human interaction and a healthy lifestyle just to continue playing the game. At this point, it almost becomes an addiction – and addictions always have negative outcomes. Virtual World cannot Substitute Reality Overuse of computer games – like with any all-consuming activity or addiction – can negatively affect a person’s financial well-being. If the user spends so much time playing the computer game that they neglect their work responsibilities, they may lose their job – which could cost them money in the long run. Perhaps it distracts them from paying their bills, their mortgage, their car payment, which then costs them more money in debt. Also, when considering how the overuse of computer games affects a person’s health, all around, it’s a no-brainer that to take care of their health problems (doctor visits, medication, hospital bills, etc.), one has to fork over more and more money. Computer games, though they may cost less than $100 to purchase, can cost a person thousands in the long run – one more negative effect that computer games have on the individual user. To conclude this argument, that the overuse of computer games has a negative effect on individuals, it’s important to add that playing computer games is not a detrimental activity in and of itself. Only when a person is utterly consumed by a computer game – that is playing it hours and hours a day, every single day of the year – does it begin to bring negative consequences, ones that affect a person’s health (emotional, mental and emotional) and their wallet. What is the solution to this problem? It may not be a bad idea for society to financially reward people with healthy, active lifestyles. Why not give people money for having balance in their lives? Why not penalize people who spend too much of their waking hours behind a computer, consumed in a game? This is a problem we must deal with. It won’t go away on its own. It’s up to us.

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This column originally appeared in March, 2013. Al is out researching his next column. Oh, how it rained! For 48 straight hours, it rained. Martha Duncan stood on the porch of her house, located on the north side of Fourth Street between State and Pennsylvania, wondering if it was ever going to stop. It was Monday March 24th, 1913 in Greenfield, Indiana, nearly 60 degrees outside and the normally shallow waters of nearby Potts Ditch were creeping closer and closer by the minute. By eleven o’clock that night, she was moving furniture and rolling up carpet. By one o’clock the water was within a few inches of the floor. She managed to save everything but her piano before the Fourth Street bridge over Potts Ditch was swept off its moorings and floated downstream. On State Street, the large front yard of the John Ward Walker home, known as Walker’s Hill, was now a lake. Walker was a prominent local merchant and one of the founders of the Greenfield Banking Company in 1871. The Vawter and Selman homes, properties adjoining Potts Ditch, had to be evacuated and were quickly overtaken by flood waters. The Selman barn looked like an island in the newly created waterway. One hundred years ago this week, the great flood of 1913, or “March Flood” to locals, became the worst flood in Indiana history. In Greenfield, James Whitcomb Riley’s storied Brandywine Creek flowed over the National Road like a raging river; it’s branches, like Potts Ditch, spread water through town, ripping away all but one bridge, the East South Street bridge, the town’s newest created just the year before. In March of 1913, Greenfield was a small agricultural community located at the headwaters of the White River’s East Fork. The news of the year was the purchase of a 156-acre tract of land one mile west of Greenfield by the Eli Lilly Biological Laboratories. In time, Spanish-style structures would start popping up all over the property. When completed, the snow-white, red-tile roofed buildings awaited the arrival of test animals to be quartered within them in preparation for the manufacture of antitoxins and vaccines. In the original buildings, there would be space for 30 horses, 18 calves, 3,000 guinea pigs, 500 rabbits and many other small animals. Eventually, the site would grow until it had 70 buildings on 800 acres. Soon, by late 1913, immunization of horses and calves would begin. But on March 24, 1913, the flood was the big news in Hancock County. Greenfield residents stayed up all that Monday night to watch as the river steadily breached the banks. In 1913 farmers pastured their cattle in many places along the town’s waterways and undoubtedly many were lost in the rushing torrents. With every passing hour, the Brandywine rose higher and higher as the rain mercilously poured down. A little past eleven o’clock on that “Black Night of Terror,” a train passed over the Brandywine via the Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge. A short time after the caboose crossed safely over, a lone watchman held his red lantern over the chasm now formed in the dark void where the bridge had stood just moments earlier. The bridge had been carried away by the raging flood waters. The rain did not stop until 5:30 a.m. Tuesday, March 25th, but the Brandywine continued to rise perilously minute by minute until it crested at 6:30 a.m. The arch bridge at Fifth Street was now underwater and the flood poured over it, flooding barns and chicken houses between Fifth and State streets. The employees of the four-story Columbia Hotel, built in 1885 at 118 East Main Street and considered the town’s most luxurious, were now furiously bailing water out of the basement while pacifying nervous guests. The newly built Greenfield Hotel and nearby Hinchman wagon store were dealing similarly. Soon, Bert Orr’s grocery, the Monger garage, the Clayton & Davis cement works and the South Street Methodist Church (now the Trinity Park Methodist Church) were soaking in muddy water. Although the new East South street bridge survived the floods, it was for a time under more than a foot of water. According to the April 3, 1913 Greenfield Republican newspaper, 25-year town resident John Mulvihill said that he’d never seen the water so high. Mulvihill pointed to a corn crib in the Henry Fry barn on East Main Street that had been built above all previous high water marks that was now underwater. Another local farmer, J.P. Knight, whose farm was on the banks of the Brandywine south of the National Road, said he lost all of the grain stored in his barn and a pile of gravel worth an estimated $300 when both were washed away downstream. The railcars on the Terre Haute, Indianapolis and Evansville railroad, known populalry as the “Interurban line,” now lay stranded at different points along the road between Greenfield and Richmond. In addition, the traction line bridges were washed out at many points. Travel, phone service and mail delivery ceased and for awhile, Greenfield was cut off from the outside world. To make matters worse, just hours after the rain stopped, the temperature dropped by over 20 degrees and it began to snow. By the 27th, two days after the devastating flood waters ceased, there was 1.5 inches of snow on the ground in Greenfield. An estimated 5 to 8 inches of rain fell in a 48 hour period. It was late March in Indiana. The winter of 1913 had been particularly harsh in the Hoosier state. The spring thaw was slow in coming and the water that rained down on Greenfield that weekend fell on frozen earth with no place to go. No place to go but downstream; to Indianapolis. Next Week: Part 2, Indianapolis Al Hunter is the author of the “Haunted Indianapolis” and co-author of the “Haunted Irvington” and “Indiana National Road” book series. His newest book is “Bumps in the Night. Stories from the Weekly View.” Contact Al directly at Huntvault@aol.com or become a friend on Facebook

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Discovered in 1988, the Roman Hippodrome in Beirut is situated in Wadi Abou Jmil, next to the newly renovated Jewish Synagogue in Downtown Beirut. This monument, dating back for thousands of years, now risks to be destroyed. The hippodrome is considered, along with the Roman Road and Baths, as one of the most important remaining relics of the Byzantine and Roman era. It spreads over a total area of 3500 m2. Requests for construction projects in the hippodrome’s location have been ongoing since the monument’s discovery but were constantly refused by former ministers of culture of which we name Tarek Metri, Tamam Salam and Salim Warde. In fact, Tamam Salam had even issued a decree banning any work on the hippodrome’s site, effectively protecting it by law. Salim Warde did not contest the decree. Current minister of culture Gabriel Layoun authorized constructions to commence. When it comes to ancient sites in cities that have lots of them, such as Beirut, the current adopted approach towards these sites is called a “mitigation approach” which requires that the incorporation of the monuments in modern plans does not affect those monuments in any way whatsoever. The current approval by minister Layoun does not demand such an approach to be adopted. The monument will have one of its main walls dismantled and taken out of location. Why? to build a fancy new high-rise instead. Minister Layoun sees nothing wrong with this. In fact, displacing ruins is never done unless due to some extreme circumstances. I highly believe whatever Solidere has in store for the land is considered an “extreme circumstance.” The Roman Hippodrome in downtown Beirut is considered as one of the best preserved not only in Lebanon, but in the world. It is also the fifth to be discovered in the Middle East. In fact, a report (Arabic) by the General Director of Ruins in Lebanon, Frederick Al Husseini, spoke about the importance of the monument as one that has been talked about in various ancient books. It has also been correlated with Beirut’s infamous ancient Law School. He speaks about the various structures that are still preserved and only needing some restoration to be fully exposed. He called the monument as a highly important site for Lebanon and the world and is one of Beirut’s main facilities from the Byzantine and Roman eras, suggesting to work on preserving and making this site one of Beirut’s important cultural and touristic locations. His report dates back from 2008. MP Michel Aoun, the head of the party of which Gabriel Layoun is part, defended his minsiter’s position by saying that: “there are a lot of discrepancies between Solidere and us. Therefore, a minister from our party cannot be subjected to Solidere. Minister Layoun found a way, which is adopted internationally, to incorporate ancient sites with newer ones… So I hope that media outlets do not discuss this issue in a way that would raise suspicion.” With all due respect to Mr. Aoun and his minister but endangering Beirut’s culture to strip away even more of the identity that makes it Beirut is not something that should concern him or Solidere. What’s happening is a cultural crime to the entirety of the Lebanese population, one where the interests of meaningless politicians becomes irrelevant. Besides, for a party that has been anti-Solidere for years, I find it highly hypocritical that they are allowing Solidere to dismantle the Roman Hippodrome. The conclusion is: never has a hippodrome been dismantled and displaced in any parts of the world. Beirut’s hippodrome will effectively become part of the parking of the high-rise to be built in its place. No mitigation approach will be adopted here. It is only but a diversion until people forget and plans go well underway in secrecy. But the time for us to be silent about this blatant persecution of our history cannot continue. If there’s anything that we can do is let the issue propagate as much as we can. There shouldn’t be a Lebanese person in the 10452 km2 that remains clueless about any endangered monument for that matter. Sadly enough, this goes beyond the hippodrome. We have become so accustomed to the reality of it that we’ve become very submissive: the ancient Phoenician port is well behind us, there are constructions around the ancient Phoenician port of Tyre and the city itself risks of being removed off UNESCO’s list for Cultural Heritage Sites. The land on which ancient monuments are built doesn’t belong to Solidere, to the Ministry of Culture or to any other contractor – no matter how much they’ve paid to buy it. It belongs to the Lebanese people in their entirety. When you realize that of the 200 sites uncovered at Solidere, those that have remained intact can be counted with the fingers of one hand, the reality becomes haunting. It’s about time we rise to our rights. Beirut’s hippodrome will not be destroyed.

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The OLPC project has investigated various human-powered chargers for their low power computer for children. Perhaps one option would be a pendulum generator. Automatic quartz watches have a miniature electrical generator. As the wearer moves their arm, a pendulum swings and this is used to generate electricity to charge a battery. These units have the disadvantage of needing a heavy pendulum and complex gears to connect the generator. Something simpler than the watch generator, on a larger scale, could be made from a brushless electric motor. These have a set of rotating magnets and stationary coils of wire. Spinning the shaft of the motor operates it in reverse, generating electricity. If half magnets were removed, this would unbalance the motor, making a pendulum. Such a unit might be made carried in a pocket, handbag, briefcase or backpack. It could be built into a notebook computer, in the space normally used by a CD-ROM drive, hard disk or PC-Card. A pendulum generator might be built into a mobile phone or the battery of the phone. many phone already contain a vibrating alert, with a small electric motorwith an unbalanced weight on the shaft. Rotating the weight make the phone vibrate. The pendulum generator could double as the vibrating alert.

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Illness linked to petting farms – PHE reminds everyone to practise good hand hygiene Reminder to practise good hand hygiene when visiting farm attractions following a number of outbreaks of diarrhoeal illness this year. Between January and May 2013 there have been 12 outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with petting farms across England affecting around 130 people. Over the past 20 years, an average of around 80 cases* of cryptosporidium infection linked to visits to petting farms have been reported to PHE each year. This is out of a total of around 2 million visits to the 1,000 plus farm attractions in the UK, with peak visitor times during school and public holidays. Cryptosporidium is a parasite that can be found in soil, water, food or on any surface that has been contaminated with human or animal faeces. The symptoms of cryptosporidiosis are typically watery diarrhoea and stomach pains. There is no specific treatment for the illness which is usually self-limiting, although it is important that anyone with the illness keeps hydrated. Cryptosporidium is only one of a number of bugs that can be picked up during a visit to a petting farm. Other common infections are caused by E. coli and Salmonella. All of these bacteria live in the gut of the animals so people can get infected within the farm setting mainly in two ways – either by touching animals in the petting and feeding areas or by coming into contact with animal droppings on contaminated surfaces around the farm. These harmful bacteria can get accidentally passed to your mouth by putting hands on faces or fingers in mouths before washing them thoroughly. It only takes a small number of the bacteria to cause infection. Cases of E. coli linked to farm attractions are at their highest levels between June and October. An infection with E. coli can lead to mild gastrointestinal illness or in serious cases it can cause bloody diarrhoea which can lead to severe illness. Dr Bob Adak, head of gastrointestinal diseases at PHE, said: Visiting a farm is a very enjoyable experience for both children and adults alike but it’s important to remember that contact with farm animals carries a risk of infection because of the microorganisms - or germs - they naturally carry. These outbreaks of illness serve as a reminder for anyone visiting a petting farm of the need to wash their hands thoroughly using soap and water after they have handled animals or been in their surroundings - particularly before eating. Although we can avoid obvious dirt there will be millions of invisible bacteria spread all around the farm which can get onto our hands. Ahead of the seasonal rise in cases of E. coli linked to petting farms we want to remind people not to rely on hand gels and wipes for protection because these are not suitable against the sort of germs found on farms. Children should also be closely supervised to ensure they wash their hands properly, as they are more at risk of serious illness. By being aware and by doing these simple things we can help to avoid illness and enjoy a fun day out. Owners and managers of farm attractions are also strongly recommended to make use of the Industry Code of Practice on how to protect visitors and staff from illness, to ensure they are doing enough to comply with the law. Teachers and others who organise visits for children at farm attractions should be encouraged to read the guidance aimed at them and farms should ensure that they have adequate signage reminding visitors about the important of hand washing after touching the animals or their surfaces. Notes to editors 1.*Data from review of 55 outbreaks of intestinal disease at petting farms between 1992 and 2009. Gormley et al (2011). Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. at petting farms, England and Wales. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2.The Health Protection Agency (a forebear of Public Health England), Department of Health and Defra have jointly produced a leaflet for the public on how to enjoy farm visits safely: Avoiding infection on farm visits Common infections linked to farm visits E. coli is a bacteria that is commonly found in the intestines of most people and animals. There are many different types of E. coli and while many live harmlessly in the gut, some such as O157 cause illness. More information on E. coli Cryptosporidium is a parasite that is found in soil, food, water, or surfaces that have been contaminated with infected human or animal faeces. People may also be infected by consuming contaminated water or food, or by swimming in contaminated water (for example in lakes or rivers). Infection is frequently associated with foreign travel. More information on cryptosporidium Salmonella bacteria live in the gut of many farm animals and can affect meat, eggs, poultry, and milk. More information on salmonella 4.About Public Health England Public Health England is a new executive agency of the Department of Health that took up its full responsibilities on 1 April 2013. PHE works with national and local government, industry and the NHS to protect and improve the nation’s health and support healthier choices and will be addressing inequalities by focusing on removing barriers to good health. Follow us on Twitter @PHE_uk. Public Health England Press Office 61 Colindale Avenue Tel: 0208 327 7901 Out of hours telephone 0208 200 4400 Regional press releases - London press release - petting farms reminder (PDF, 138KB, 3 pages) Image courtesy of David Powell, used under creative commons.

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Elon Musk dreams of building a pod that zips through a steel tube at a blazing speed of 760 miles per hour. But if you just can’t wait seven to 10 years to ride in an egg-shaped capsule, several cities around the world already have pod-transportation systems up and running. Tariq Ali quit as head of research at Masdar Institute of Science and Technology after a year in the post, said two people familiar with the matter, the latest departure from Abu Dhabi’s flagship renewable energy project. Masdar shelved plans for the world’s first building that makes more energy than it consumes, a year after the financial crisis forced the Abu Dhabi company to step back from setting up the first carbon-neutral city. Masdar, Abu Dhabi’s government- backed renewable energy company, is on track to develop a clean- energy city on time and intends to maintain its current level of spending, its chief executive officer said. Saudi Arabia will spend $43 billion on its poorer citizens and religious institutions. Kuwaitis are getting free food for a year. Civil servants in Algeria received a 34 percent pay rise. Desert cities in the United Arab Emirates may soon enjoy uninterrupted electricity. Masdar, the Abu Dhabi government- backed renewable-energy company, plans to announce its revised master plan “imminently,” the head of supply-chain management at the zero-carbon Masdar City project said.

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Renewable resource harvesting in Arctic Canada Contemporary Canadian Inuit Culture and Society; Hunter-Gatherer Ecology; Non-Cash Economies; Wildlife Management Conflicts; Traditional Ecological Knowledge Systems - Women and Modern Inuit Subsistence - The Opportunity Costs of Wage Employment in Nunavut - Traditional Resources and Food Security - PhD Geography, McGill University (1980) - MA Anthropology, University of Manitoba (1971) - BA Anthropology, Beloit College (1969) - 2019a Canadian Inuit Subsistence: Antimonies of the Mixed Economy. Hunter and Gatherer Research 3(4): 567-581. - 2019b Men Hunt, Women Share: Gender and Contemporary Inuit Subsistence Relations. Quintal-Marineau, M. and G.W. Wenzel. In Towards a Broader View of Hunter-Gatherer Sharing. Noa Lavi and David Friesem, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp.211-220 - 2018 Hunting (Merkel, R., A. Franke, F. Ungarte, S. Statham, S. Ferguson, G. Wenzel, C. Hotson, G. Gauthier, D. Lee and D. Berteaux). In Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Baffin Bay-Davis Strait Region. Pp.177-194. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP). Oslo, Norway. - 2016a Inuit Culture: To Have and Have Not, or Has Subsistence Become an Anachronism?” In Why Forage?: Hunter-Gatherers in the Twenty-First Century. Ed. by B. Codding and K. Kramer. Alburquerque, N.M.: SAR and University ofNew Mexico Press. Pp. 43-60. - 2016b Wild Resources, Harvest Data and Food Security in Nunavut’s Qikiqtaaluk Region. (Wenzel, G.W., J. Dolan and C. Brown) Arctic 69(2):147-159, plus Table S1 (on-line). - 2013 Inuit and Modern Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence. Études/Inuit/Studies 37(2):181-200. - 2012 Inuit Subsistence, Social Economy and Food Security in Clyde River, Nunavut (M. Harder and G.W. Wenzel). Arctic 65(3):305-318. - 2011 Polar Bear Management, Sport Hunting and Inuit Subsistence at Clyde River, Nunavut. Journal of Marine Policy 35(4):457-465. 2002a Report: “Outfitted Polar Bear Hunting in the Qikiqtaaluk and Kitikmeot Regions of Nunavut: Implications for Local Economic Development and Species Conservation”. Department of Sustainable Development, Government of Nunavut. 106pp. - 2018-2022: Co-Principal Investigator with JOHN C. GOSSE, MLADEN R. NEDIMOVIĆ, CALVIN CAMPBELL, BJÖRN LUND, REBEKKA STEFFEN, REGINALD L. HERMANNS, JAMES M. SAVELLE, LAURA-ANN BROOM, SAGEEV OORE : “Arctic Ulinnaq: Underwater Listening Network for Novel Investigations of Quakes”. MEOPAR (Marine Environmental Observation, Prediction and Response Network). - 2015-2022: Principal Investigator: “Nunavummiut Food Security: Community-Scale Social and Economic Strategies”. Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada. - 2010-2013: Principal Investigator: “Food Security in a Changing Socio-Economic Environment, Clyde River, Nunavut”. Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

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First Light: The Art of the Sail As Robbie Doyle likes to say, he didn’t open a sail loft in Marblehead because the area needed another sailmaker. In 1982, the centuries-old tradition along Massachusetts’ North Shore was still quietly humming along; when Doyle started his company, 10 lofts operated in and around Marblehead. Doyle opened a sail loft because he thought he could make better sails than any of them. For a decade, Doyle had worked under Ted Hood, the best known of the Marblehead sailmakers and one of the best known in the world. The industry, by then, had moved a long way from the heavy cotton and linen sails that had been the mainstay of sailing’s golden age. Hood had been at the forefront of adapting super-light, super-strong synthetic materials such as Dacron, Kevlar, and Mylar. But sailmakers at Hood and elsewhere were still designing sails essentially by hand then, mostly from experience and by trial and error. Computer-assisted modeling and design, just coming on board, were about to unleash a flood of innovation and possibility. Robbie Doyle was uniquely positioned to take the new technology and run with it. He’d grown up sailing around Marblehead, eventually earning a spot on the 1968 Olympic sailing team. At Harvard, he’d majored in applied physics, preparing for a medical career. But the lure of speed and open water had brought him to Ted Hood instead, and he’d turned his physics knowledge to rigging and sail design. There he’d become involved with Ted Turner’s 1977 America’s Cup bid, both as a sail designer and as a crew member, and had decided forever against medical school. (“It was a surprisingly easy decision,” he recalls. “I was traveling all over the sailing world, and I felt a tremendous sense of momentum.”) He’d worked and sailed and studied with the best of the best. Now he was ready to see what he could create alone. The first set of sails Doyle designed on the computer was for an Express 27 that went on to victory in three of its first four races, and, soon after, Doyle Sailmakers went from zero to 10 employees. He became the Steve Jobs of sailmaking, using vision and technology to stretch the limits of what had previously been thought possible. In 1984, working with engineers at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, Doyle introduced the radical “elliptical load theory” of sail shape; his models proved, for the first time, that to minimize drag, a sail’s vertical distribution of shape was as important as its horizontal distribution. Other developments followed: Panels were no longer necessarily horizontal, as radial designs were now introduced, and individual panels were no longer automatically cut from the same cloth. As yacht sizes grew steadily in the late 1980s and into the ’90s, Doyle’s advantages grew more pronounced. He designed sails for the first of the mega-yachts, the 125-foot-long Freedom, and for two of the largest privately owned superyachts in the world: Mirabella V, christened in 2004, and Maltese Falcon, launched in 2006. The design of Falcon’s sails grew out of a technical paper with the daunting title “Optimization of Yard Sectional Shape and Configuration for a Modern Clipper Ship.” The document was co-authored by a graduate student in mechanical engineering at Stanford: Robbie’s son, Tyler. In the spring of 2007, Robbie, Tyler, and the Doyle team moved from Marblehead to a new 32,000-square-foot facility in nearby Salem. The new loft–far from the water, in a metal-sided warehouse–seems, at first glance, leagues away from its maritime heritage. There’s little hint that you’re in a place that caters to a market where a single set of sails might run a million dollars or more. Robbie Doyle himself–touseled sandy hair, tanned, typically wearing a golf shirt, khaki shorts, docksiders–looks as though he’s just come off a boat and gives the impression that your money here doesn’t pay for aesthetics. “This is still an exciting business to me,” Doyle says, “especially the science and engineering parts of it. At the moment, our work on the fluid dynamics of moving air is helping us understand the dynamics of moving water. There’s a lot of innovation out there just ahead of us.” On a wall in the main office hangs a framed photo of Mirabella V, but the real art here is inside the computer terminals, and in the plotter and fabric-testing machinery in the back room, and out beyond that, in the wide-open 200-foot-long expanse where sailcloth lies flat on a wooden floor. There, in sunken stations, standing behind high-tech sewing machines, sailmakers stitch together an ancient craft with modern science, throwing everything they can into the wind. For more on the art and science of sailmaking, visit: doylesails.com

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It’s common to associate colors with emotions, as Kathryn Otoshi does in her book, One, where Blue is a quiet color, Yellow is sunny, and Orange is outgoing. Dr. Harley Givler, Director of Bands and Lower School Ensemble Director, asked his third grade students to imagine what those characters and their emotions would sound like as a musical composition. With direction from Dr. Givler, the third graders assigned an instrument to each character and composed music to create a musical adaptation of One. The third grade classes then performed their musical story for their PreK Book Buddies. Through the story of Blue, who gets bullied by hothead Red, students learn about emotions and feelings, tolerance and acceptance, and how to address bullying by being an upstander. This music project is a great example of how social emotional learning and the opportunity and the ability to recognize, name, and notice feelings and emotions in ourselves and others is embedded throughout Shipley’s curriculum. In addition, Dr. Givler hopes the third graders’ performance inspires musical appreciation and curiosity about different instruments among Shipley’s youngest students. The Shipley School is a private, coeducational day school for pre-kindergarten through 12th grade students, located in Bryn Mawr, PA. Through our commitment to educational excellence, we develop within each student a love of learning and a desire for compassionate participation in the world.

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Kansas Statehood, January 29, 1861 Located in the historical records of the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate at the Center for Legislative Archives are many documents that illustrate the important role Congress plays in the statehood process. On January 29, 1861 Kansas became the 34th state; 2011 marks its 150th anniversary. Here is a small sampling of the many congressional records that tell the story of Kansas's tumultuous path to statehood. If you have problems viewing these images please contact: email@example.com

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Henry A. Wallace (1888-1965) changed the face of agriculture. He began inbreeding and cross-breeding corn to improve yield years before earning his college degree in agriculture in 1910. By age 15 he had disproved the conventional agrarian wisdom that ear appearance – row uniformity, kernel shape and length – could predict yield. Wallace developed the first commercial hybrid corn in 1923, and in 1926 founded the first hybrid seed corn company, which became Pioneer Hi-Bred International. DuPont purchased 20 percent of Pioneer in 1997 and completed the purchase in 1999.

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The Greeks always diluted their wine with water. It was the privilege of the symposiarch, who acted as master of ceremonies at a drinking party, to decide the proportion of wine to water in each krater (bowl for mixing wine and water) as the evening progressed. On this water jar, two armed youths perform a dance to flute music. Such dances imitating the motions of warfare were popular at festivals throughout Greece. The term kalpis refers to a hydria of this particular shape. Richter, Gisela M. A., Marjorie J. Milne, and The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1922. Shapes of Greek Vases. New York. Richter, Gisela M. A. 1923. "Athenian Pottery: Recent Accessions." Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 18(11): pp. 253-5, fig. 3. Richter, Gisela M. A. 1927. Handbook of the Classical Collection. pp. 136, 138, fig. 93, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Richter, Gisela M. A. 1930. Handbook of the Classical Collection. pp. 136, 138, fig. 93, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Alexander, Christine. 1933. Greek Athletics. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Richter, Gisela M. A. and Marjorie J. Milne. 1935. Shapes and Names of Athenian Vases. p. 12, figs. 81-82, New York: Plantin Press. Beazley, John D. 1963. Attic Red-figure Vase-painters, Vols. 1 and 2, 2nd ed. pp. 34, 1621, no. 14, Add. 1, pp. 33-35, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Richter, Gisela M. A. 1970. Perspective in Greek and Roman Art. p. 24, n. 4, fig. 93, New York and London: Phaidon Press. Steinhart, Matthias. 2004. Die Kunst der Nachahmung : Darstellungen mimetischer Vorführungen in der greiechischen Bildkunst archaischer und klassischer Zeit. fig. 5, Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.

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Meaning of Scottish name Bonnie The name Bonnie has a few different meanings depending on the language. The Scottish origin of the name Bonnie means pretty or attractive. The meaning of Bonnie in the American language is beautiful. In the English language used in England it means good, and in Latin Bonnie means beautiful also. It is said in folklore that people that are named Bonnie tend to be people that have a deep desire for love and companionship. They are also said to be people that excel with change, adventure and excitement. The name of Bonnie is also a derivative of the Spanish word of Bonita, which means pretty in Spanish. Bonnie was the 203rd most popular baby girl’s name in Scotland in 2012 (Scottish Government Figures). Its popularity in the United States peaked in the 1940’s with almost 3 million babies named Bonnie. There have been some very notable women named Bonnie. Among them Bonnie Tyler the rock singer, Bonnie Franklin of the TV show, ‘One Day At A Time’. Bonnie Pointer the singer of the singing group, ‘The Pointer Sisters’. The Olympic Speed Skater, Bonnie Blair. There was also the singer Bonnie Raitt and the singer/songwriter Bonnie McKee, Bonnie Parker of ‘Bonnie and Clyde’ fame.

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NEW YORK, NY.- The rapid changes forced on the Native American peoples of the American southwest are documented in Time Exposures: Picturing a History of Isleta Pueblo in the 19th Century. With more than 80 images and objects that detail life on the Isleta Pueblo Reservation after the arrival of the railroads in 1881, the exhibition opened this past Saturday, at the Smithsonians National Museum of the American Indian in New York, the George Gustav Heye Center, and continues through Sunday, June 10, 2012. In 1881, the railroad companies forcibly took land in the center of Isleta Pueblo in the Rio Grande Valley and the rail lines built there brought scores of tourists. Prominent non-Native artists and photographers, such as Edward Curtis and Ben Wittick, traveled there to capture everyday Pueblo life. Organized by the people of Isleta Pueblo, Time Exposures portrays their lives before the arrival of tourists and other visitors, the changes imposed over the following decades and the ways in which the people of Isleta Pueblo worked to preserve their way of life. Time Exposures is divided into three parts. In the first section, the cycle of the Isleta traditional year as it was observed in the mid-19th century is detailed. The second section describes the arrival of the Americans and the how this disrupted the Isleta way of living. In the third section, the exhibit examines the photos themselves as products of an outside culture. While exploring the underlying ideas and values of the photos, the exhibition questions their portrayal of Isleta people and ways. In this exhibition, Native people respond to the stereotypical images of their lives that have been circulated by outsiders for centuries, said Kevin Gover (Pawnee), director of the museum. It is an opportunity for us all to learn the realities behind some of these popular and enduring photographs. These photographs tell such an important story, said John Haworth (Cherokee), director of the Heye Center. The people of Isleta Pueblo fought to maintain their traditions despite radical and dramatic disruptions. Included in the exhibition are images by photographers Edward Curtis, A.C. Vroman, Karl Moon, John Hillers, Charles Lummis, Carlos Vierra, Sumner Matteson, Albert Sweeney, Josef Imhof and Ben Wittick. Time Exposures: Picturing a History of Isleta Pueblo in the 19th Century was organized by the people of the Pueblo of Isleta. A committee of Isleta Pueblo traditional leaders oversaw the development, writing and design of the exhibition. Time Exposures originally appeared at the Albuquerque Museum of Art and History in New Mexico.

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March 7, 2011 CNS PHOTO | BILL WITTMAN Palms are burned for ashes used to mark the start of lent on Ash Wednesday. In Lent, Christians are called to prayer, fasting, repentance and charity. CATHOLIC NEWS SERVICE Lent is a time for self-examination and to let go of all traces of selfishness, which is the root of violence, Pope Benedict said. "The greed of possession leads to violence, exploitation and death," which is why during Lent the Church encourages almsgiving, "which is the capacity to share," the pope said in his annual message for Lent. For Latin-rite Catholics, Lent begins March 9. The theme of the pope's message was taken from the Letter to the Colossians: "You were buried with him in Baptism, in which you were also raised with him." Pope Benedict said Lent is a special time for people either to prepare for Baptism or to strengthen the commitment to following Christ originally made at Baptism. "The fact that in most cases Baptism is received in infancy highlights how it is a gift of God: No one earns eternal life through their own efforts," the pope said. CNS PHOTO | DAVE CRENSHAW The Catholic Church observes the start of Lent by marking baptized Christians with a public and communal sign of penance. In his message, the pope took the year's Lenten Sunday Gospels and used them to draw lessons he said would be helpful in making the Lenten journey toward Christian conversion. The Gospel account of Jesus' victory over temptation in the desert "is an invitation to become aware of our own fragility in order to accept the grace that frees from sin and infuses new strength," he said. WOMAN AT THE WELL The story of Jesus meeting the woman at the well is a reminder that all people, like the woman, desire the "water" of eternal life, he said. Only the water offered by Jesus "can irrigate the deserts of our restless and unsatisfied soul until it 'finds rest in God,'" as St. Augustine said. The Gospel account of Jesus healing the man born blind "is a sign that Christ wants not only to give us sight, but also to open our interior vision so that our faith may become ever deeper and we may recognize him as our only saviour," the pope said. The story of the raising of Lazarus, read on the fifth Sunday of Lent, reminds Christians that their destiny is eternal life with God, who "created men and women for resurrection and life," he said. The Lenten process of conversion, he said, is designed "to free our hearts every day from the burden of material things, from a self-centred relationship with the 'world' that impoverishes us and prevents us from being available and open to God and our neighbour," Pope Benedict wrote. Through fasting, almsgiving and prayer, he said, "Lent teaches us how to live the love of Christ in an ever more radical way." Fasting helps people overcome selfishness and self-centredness. Almsgiving is a reminder of the sharing that should mark each day of a Christian's life. Time dedicated to prayer is a reminder that time belongs to God and his desire is for people to spend eternity with him. Currently rated by 0 people

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“view from nowhere”: (from Haraway 1991, 188– 90)— an omniscient position, which allows people to simultaneously see and know everything going on within the encounter (Bernius 2012, in Whitehead and Wesch 2012) The metaphor of the Chinese Room – not that it thinks like a human, but that people interacting with it believe it thinks like a human. More from Haraway: “The cyborg is resolutely committed to partiality, irony, intimacy, and perversity. It is oppositional, utopian, and completely without innocence” (from Bernius 2012). Bernius argues that cyborg thinking makes us “see things as systems within systems” – see different and contradictory aspects that can coexist without negating each other. In other words, while information technology seems to promise greater equality through access and networking, it also seems to merely reproduce social life, with its inequalities and contradictions. Encounter value: intangible forms of value created through interactions between companion species (i.e., humans and technology). From Marxist “use and exchange value” where objects and living things are transformed into economic commodities. From my recent participation in a workshop led by Marc Hebert at the Society for Applied Anthropology Why is this anthropology? Focus on the human, and human interactions with other humans as well as things: Human-Centered Design Framework.

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At one time, the howling of gray wolves was a common sound throughout North America. Readers will learn more about these pack animals and what brought them to the edge of extinction. They will also find out more about the steps that have been taken to reintroduce gray wolves to the territories where they once roamed freely. - Level: Grade 4 - Grade 8 - Dewey: 599.773 - Reinforced book (9781602790308): 7.5 x 9.5, 32 pages, © 2008 - PDF (9781602791657): 32 pages, © 2008 - Hosted ebook (9781602791657H): 32 pages, © 2008 - Series: 21st Century Skills Library - Subseries: Road to Recovery - Accelerated Reader® Quiz: 117827 - Accelerated Reader® Reading Level: 6.3 - Accelerated Reader® Interest Level: Mg - Accelerated Reader® Points: 0.5 Table of Contents - The Future of the Pack - The Story of Gray Wolves - The Road to Recovery - Gray Wolves Today - For More Information - About the Author Library Media Connection Reviewed on 1 February 2008 This series covers several species that are on their way back from probable extinction. Each book gives an overview of the animal covered food, reproduction, life patterns-and then explains how the animal earned a place on the endangered species list. Consequences of human behavior are covered in an unbiased tone. The books focus on how humans have stepped up to defend the animals and work toward their preservation. Scattered throughout each book are life and career skills, learning and innovation skills and 21st century content. Each provides further insight into the animals themselves as well as scientists who have worked to save the animals. These asides also pose thought provoking questions that require the reader to apply higher level thinking skills. Detailed photographs accompany the text and add to the book’s visual appeal. Amanda Jones, Librarian, Dominion Trail Elementary, Ashburn, Virginia. Author: Barbara A. Somervill Barbara A. Somervill writes children’s nonfiction books on a variety of topics. She is particularly interested in nature and foreign countries. Somervill believes that researching new and different topics makes writing every book an adventure. When she is not writing, Somervill is an avid reader and plays bridge. Content Adviser: Ed Bangs Western Gray Wolf Recovery Coordinator, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Helena, Montana - Item count: 0 - Title count: 0 - Subtotal: $0.00 - Table of contents - Informative sidebars - Glossary of key words - Sources for further research - Author/Illustrator biography

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When the Romans first visited Ireland, they called it Hibernia, the sleeping land. But soon, to their dismay, they found the people were not at all a sleeping group. In the early 1st century, Roman and Greek knowledge of Ireland was thin, but the geographers Strabo and Pomponius Mela describe “a cold land populated by extremely fierce inhabitants.” In lore of combat between Romans and native Irish, the Romans feared the Irish and their woman warriors most for the fierceness of their attacks and utter lack of fear. Invasions by warlike foreigners left their mark on Ireland and mixed their blood with the Irish. In the late 700’s the Vikings attacked and tried to establish permanent settlements See history of Vikings invading Ireland. The Vikings were eventually defeated, but many of them stayed and intermarried with the native population. Later the Normans came and went and then the British appeared. The unique blend of the Irish and their invaders created a hybrid of warrior that has filled the ranks of many armies around the world. Many Irish immigrated to the “new lands” of the American continent to find the opportunity and freedom that they couldn’t find in their native land. They took up arms to defend their adopted countries and to fight for what they believed to be battles for freedom and justice. The influence Irish had in Latin America over the past 200 + years is historic. The Irish fought alongside their brothers and sisters in their new homelands. They shed their blood in many wars to help free millions from the tyranny of colonialism. See Irish in Latin America. But when the Irish found their way to North America, their presence was felt immediately in the armed forces battling for freedom in every step of the way. The Irish played an integral part in the Revolutionary war, when a fledgling country had to win its freedom by force from British rule. Names like John Barry, the founder of our navy, Jeremiah O’Brien, Timothy Murphy, Molly Pitcher, John Sullivan and thousands of other Irish, who fought and died to form the new country of the United States. The Irish stepped forward again, when the English returned and tried to re-conquer our young country in the war of 1812 and threw them back at the Battle of New Orleans. Tragically when our country was torn apart by its civil war, Irish Americans fought on both sides to play key roles in the major battles that finally saw a divided country, unite again. One of the most famous units in all of American military history was a brigade known during the American Civil War as simply “The Irish Brigade.” See Irish Brigade; Heroes of the Civil War When the United States stepped into the 1st World War, the Irish Americans distinguished themselves in many memorable battles and astonished the Germans with their fierceness and valor. Especially noteworthy when they fought and brawled hand to hand with German crack troops as members of the famed “Lost Batallion.” World War II saw another generation of Irish Americans push their way forward to defend their country against one of the greatest axis of evils the world had seen. Irish Americans were over represented in the awarding of Medals of Honor in the field of battle, with Audie Murphy becoming one of the most decorated soldiers in American history. Korea, Vietnam, Desert Storm, Iraq, Afghanistan…Wherever and whenever the country needs to be defended and fought for, Irish Americans have a long history of being right there at the tip of the spear, where the greatest fighting occurs. In war as well as peace, our country has benefited from the valor of its warriors of Irish descent. It is good to remember our “fighting” Irish American warriors on this Memorial Day weekend. Originally published in 2013. Log in with your social accounts: Or, log in with your IrishCentral account: Don't have an account yet? Register now ! Join IrishCentral with your social accounts: Already have an account ? Log in Or, sign up for an IrishCentral account below: Make sure we gathered the correct information from you You already have an account on IrishCentral! Please confirm you're the owner. Our new policy requires our users to save a first and last name. Please update your account:

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During the last decades of his life, the Persian poet Rumi was surrounded by news of terrorism, just as we are eight centuries later. Those were the days of Mongol invasions that swept past the steppes of Asia into Anatolia, the Near East and other areas of geographical importance. Mass murders from war -- what today would be called genocide and ethnic cleansing -- were a routine part of Rumi's 13th-century world. So, where's the bloodshed in Rumi's writing? Where are all the parables about gore and conflict and Mongol atrocities? Nowhere, really, say Rumi scholars, pinpointing a central incongruity to the poet's life: Rumi, a man so advanced in Islamic training that he could issue fatwas, divorced himself from talk of revenge, retribution and eye-for-an-eye killings. Like Jesus, Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., Rumi insisted violence was an unsatisfying way of resolving issues. In fact, Rumi believed people could find salvation in their enemies' hatred. "Every enemy is your medicine ... your beneficial alchemy and heart healing," Rumi says in his epic six-volume work, the Mathnavi, as translated by Majid Naini, an Iranian American scholar. "Carry the burden smilingly and cheerfully, because patience is the key to victory." Sentiments like that have turned Rumi into one of America's best-selling poets -- someone whose thoughts on love and other matters are revered by hundreds of thousands of readers. Rumi had already found an audience in America before 9/11, but interest in the mystic from Persia (now Iran) -- and in his beautiful words; in his sometimes funny stories; in his all-inclusive message that the faithful of all religions have a common humanity -- has mushroomed in the past six years. In recognizing this year as the 800th anniversary of Rumi's birth, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, which is known as UNESCO, calls Rumi an "eminent philosopher and mystical poet of Islam" whose "work and thought remain universally relevant today." Scores of concerts and events will mark the anniversary, including a celebration on Thursday and Friday in San Francisco that features Coleman Barks, the retired University of Georgia professor widely credited with popularizing Rumi in the United States. Go to Borders, Barnes & Noble or any neighborhood bookstore, and you're likely to find many more Rumi titles than books by Robert Frost or Walt Whitman. Besides poetry shelves, Rumi is prominent in bookstores' calendar, religious and music sections. Rumi's words -- lyrical and resonant, especially when voiced in Persian -- lend themselves perfectly to musical expression. Charles Lloyd, the brilliant saxophonist who played with Ornette Coleman and Eric Dolphy in the 1960s, is among the jazz artists who've recently paid musical tribute to Rumi. So, who is Rumi, really? He was a mystic and a scholar. He was an adherent of religious Islam (his full name was Jalal al-Din Muhammad Balkhi) who did the hajj to Mecca, but who, in the later part of his life, famously said, "I am not a Jew nor a Christian, not a Zoroastrian nor a Moslem." By that, says Naini, Rumi meant that his faith in God, in Allah, knew no boundaries -- that it didn't matter what country he lived in, or what official religion he designated, because the love and longing that Rumi felt was everywhere, including his soul. "Keep in mind that the holy Quran states there is no force in religion," says Naini, a Rumi expert who has lectured on the poet at the United Nations. "Rumi wants to remind us that we are all children and the creation of God, regardless of religion, race, color, nationality, etc." Born on Sept. 30, 1207, in what is today the area of Balkh, Afghanistan, Rumi might have been a religious cleric all his life were it not for Shams of Tabriz, a wandering dervish whom Rumi met at age 38. As chronicled in Naini's book, "Mysteries of the Universe and Rumi's Discoveries on the Majestic Path of Love," Tabriz challenged Rumi's perspective by asking him if the mystic Bayazid Baastami was "higher" in stature than the Muslim Prophet Muhammad. By confronting Rumi in a public space, and daring to compare Bayazid and Muhammad, Shams unnerved Rumi, who encountered someone unafraid to make a spectacle and question religious orthodoxy. Out of that first meeting in Konya, Turkey, Rumi and Shams became inseparable. Shams was at least 20 years older than Rumi, and untrained in strict Islamic theology, yet Rumi -- who was the highest Muslim authority in Konya -- chose Shams to be his mentor. As noted by Naini, Shams asked Rumi to relinquish himself from the trappings of his fame and fortune, and to focus just on an unadorned, selfless connection to God. To "disconnect from the world of desires and dependencies," as Naini notes, and to enter into a higher spiritual devotion to the Almighty, Rumi followed Shams' advice to perform a whirling dance called Samaa, and to listen to mystical music performed on a reed flute. (Rumi practiced the Samaa on an empty stomach, says Naini.) Islamic traditionalists considered Rumi's new actions heretical. Seven centuries later, some Muslim fundamentalists still say the movement that Rumi spawned -- the Mevlevi, also known as the Whirling Dervishes -- is un-Islamic because of its emphasis on public song and dance. But Naini and other scholars rebut that, saying Rumi and his followers are emblematic of Islam's Sufi tradition, which emphasizes a mystical closeness to God, and to other humans, regardless of their faith. It's this universality that appeals to Rumi's readers and accounts for the still-growing interest in Rumi's work. Westerners who may be otherwise afraid of Islam see in Rumi and the Mevlevi a form of the religion that features dancing, music and talk of brotherly and sisterly fellowship. They see someone from Persia who turned his back on hatred and revenge. In the current climate of war and warmongering, Rumi left behind volumes of work that have gained relevance as time has passed. Rumi didn't try to sugarcoat his life or the lives of others. After Shams mysteriously disappeared, Rumi felt sorrow for many years. His stories of trying to retain a closeness to God through love and loss are at the heart of his writing. In "Mysteries of the Universe," Naini emphasizes Rumi's thoughtfulness on science, music, and nature, but Rumi's biggest gift to readers today may be his emphasis on the power of love and tolerance. "Rumi said, 'From love, thorns become flowers,' " Naini says. "Rumi teaches that even if the Devil falls in love, he becomes something like (the angel) Gabriel, and that evilness dies within him."

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When the German armed forces invaded Poland in September 1939 everyone expected the war to last at least six months and for the Germans to sustain heavy casualties. In fact the fighting was over within days. The German army had pulled off one of the most astounding victories in modern times. Urged on by Hitler's ambitions, the following year the German army invaded Denmark, Norway, Belgium and the Netherlands before attacking its most powerful enemy to date: France supported by Britain. Once again the speeding German panzers, screaming Stuka dive bombers and relentless artillery smashed through everything sent against them. The French army was crushed in a matter of days, and the British sent packing from Dunkirk. The world was aghast at the scale of these sweeping victories and at the speed with which they had been achieved. The Germans had unleashed a new form of warfare: Blitzkrieg, or "lightning war". It was new. It was stunning. It was unstoppable. But what actually was it? In this book historian Rupert Matthews explores the origins of Blitzkrieg, explains how it operated and studies its most famous victories before moving on to discuss how the tactic is still with us today. Buy the paperback HERE Buy the ebook HERE

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Raz-Plus resources organized into weekly content-based units and differentiated instruction options. Fantasy (fiction), 1,277 words, Level L (Grade 2), Fiction Series Tommy and Sam Tomkins want their friends to have Hawaiian shirts just like the ones their grandparents gave them. RK-5 agrees to take them on a trip to the Big Island, only he takes them back in time by mistake. Find out what Tommy and his friends learn during their visit to Hawaii's past that helps them when they finally make it to present-day Hawaii. Think, Collaborate, Discuss Promote higher-order thinking for small groups or whole class You may unsubscribe at any time.

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Amrita Sher-Gil, whose birth centenary fell on January 30, blended the East and the West harmoniously in her works. Legendary artist Amrita Sher-Gil’s birth centenary (1913-1941) was on January 30. She initiated modernism into Indian art by synthesising Western principles of organised design in composition and Indian purity of colours in her paintings. Her remarkable command over the medium of oil colours is seen is in her portrayals of the life of women. Although she was heir to two cultures – European and Indian – she passionately studied Indian philosophy and ideals of art. In a span of seven years (1934-41) she produced nearly 150 wonderful paintings, which have very few parallels in Indian art. Her paintings are vibrant, with colours drawn from the painting traditions of India – frescoes of Ajanta and Kerala, and from the schools of miniatures. The letters and diaries written by her give a vivid account of her experiences and encounters and her views on art and life of her times. She has also expressed her views on contemporary art and attitudes in a couple of articles that appeared in the newspapers of the period. In The Hindu (November 1, 1936), she wrote at length about her views on art in the article titled ‘Modern Indian Art’. Referring to the Bengal school, she commented: “The Indian art committed the mistake of feeding almost exclusively on the tradition of mythology and romance…”. In the concluding part of the article she wrote, “I am an individualist evolving a new technique that though not necessarily Indian in the traditional sense of the word, will yet be fundamentally Indian in spirit.” Amrita had a discerning vision, sensible mind, and a dynamic personal character, which helped her produce great works of art. Amrita was born to Umrao Singh, an aristocrat from Amritsar, and Marie Antoinette, a Hungarian in 1930, in Budapest in Hungary. She underwent training in art at Grand Chaumiere and later at Ecole des Beaux in Paris. In Paris, she explored galleries and museums where she was introduced to masterpieces of Western art. She was influenced by the works of Paul Cezanne, Gaugin, Modigliani and Vincent Van Gogh. At the art school, she followed Cezanne’s techniques in painting still-life and landscapes. While Cezanne’s works showed her the technique of organising forms, Gaugin’s paintings guided her in the use of colours. In 1934, Amrita returned to India. Amrita made her entry into the Indian art scene when she was most needed. She took it as her mission to interpret the life of India and, particularly the poor, pictorially. She decided to travel and study the life, culture and our traditions of the country. She visited Bombay, Hyderabad, Ajanta and Ellora and travelled to Kerala to see the murals in Mattancherry and Padmanabhapuram. In Bombay [Mumbai], she met Karl Khadalawala (1904-95), a lawyer and renowned art critic, who remained friends with Amrita until her death. He was one of her earliest biographers (1944). Amrita’s sensibility was charged when she saw the lush, bold and magnificent murals of Mattancherry, Padmanabhapuram and Ajanta. In a letter she wrote in January 1937, referring to the paintings at Mattanchery, she says: “I have seldom seen such powerful drawing, it often surpasses Ajanta”. The charm and depth of experiences she derived from her tour of South India had a great impact on her. She was passionately drawn by the bright colours of the flowers, the chiselled faces of the inhabitants, and the grace of the costumes of the rustic folk whom she encountered during her travels. She was so fascinated by the simplicity of life and the richness of culture that she lived and worked for days in Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram and Kanyakumari. Amrita’s famous paintings such as ‘Fruit Vendors’, ‘Brides Toilet’, ‘Brachmacharis’, and ‘Villagers going to the market’ are based on her experiences during her South Indian tour. Her deep concern for women is reflected in the ‘Bride’s Toilet’ and in ‘Fruit Vendors’. The mauves, pinks, greens, whites and browns against a pale green background make this a wonderful painting. The painting ‘Brahmacharis’ shows the adoption of a similar stylistic mode. In these paintings her experiences are transmitted not on the descriptive plain but on the plain of emotional significance – line, colour and design. These paintings also indicate the impact of Ajanta on Amrita. The elements of simplification of physique and reliance on outline and firmly moulded form seem to have been derived from Ajanta. Later, she shifted her attention towards the Mughal Rajput and Jain miniatures. The next phase shows a change towards a more sombre and reflective art. In 1938, she married Dr. Victor Egan, her cousin. She stayed in Hungary for a year and returned to India in 1939. Her stylistic mode began to change. She became less passionate towards humanity and less romantic; content dictated forms gave way to a phase where forms dictated content. The paintings ‘The Ancient Story Teller’, ‘The Swing’, ‘The Bride’, ‘Woman resting on Charpoy’ and ‘Elephant promenade’ belong to this phase. All these paintings done during her last days are great masterpieces that highlight the meeting of East and West. Most of the compositions are arranged in the given frame, thus leaving empty space that makes the central subject prominent. The life of Amrita Sher-Gill, the great artist and great individual genius, was an unfinished song.

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With endless legends about the Piranha, it has grown to have a fearsome reputation. How much of it warranted and how much is scaremongering is open to debate, but if hungry, and in large enough numbers it can be a terrifying proposition. But are the myths and legends true? In short, both yes and no. They can, but they don’t for various reasons. Firstly, they move away from large living creatures in the water, but theoretically it’s estimated that a human could be reduced to a skeleton within 5 minutes by 300 to 500 Piranha fish. A cow, being a larger animal would take around 3500 Piranha the same amount of time to take the flesh off the animal. In reality, this amount of Piranha don’t school together. How Piranha Eat – Why They Can Strip Animals Piranha seem to be built for scavenging. They have razor sharp teeth and patrol in schools. Those teeth are triangular and interlocking, and coupled with the powerful biting force from those jaw muscles, it’s no wonder that people loose bits of their fingers or toes in Piranha attacks. As odd as it may seem, but Piranha don’t chew their food. They bite down, sear off flesh and swallow. The flesh from the victim goes straight towards the stomach. It’s just a matter of keeping the use of those jaws around the victim repetitively. Also, even though Red-Bellied Piranha school in numbers of around 20 and upwards, if a large carcass is available several schools can descend at the same time. Hundreds of Piranha can attack a single victim. They are particularly efficient eaters as well, if not a little messy. In there fabled frenzy, they bite and then rotate away allowing another Piranha to take a bite. They are exceeding proficient at queuing for their meal. The speed is incredible, and often this is where the effect of boiling water comes from. The effect can be further amplified if the Piranha are starving. Starving Piranha attack with more vigour and the attack is more sustained. This is what is said to have happened when Teddy Roosevelt witnessed the incident with the cow. Can They Strip a Human to the Bone Within Minutes The rumor is said to have started with Teddy Roosevelt. What he witnessed was said to be a cow, attacked ferociously and devoured in minutes by a pack of ravenous Piranha. Ray Owczarzak, assistant curator of fishes at the National Aquarium in Baltimore postulates that would have been one very large school of fish or a very small cow. A very large school of fish would fit in with the ‘staged incident’ of Piranha having been caught and starved fro weeks prior to his arrival. Nevertheless, Ray surmises that it would take 300 to 500 Piranhas to take the flesh of a 180 pound human being in five minutes. Attacks like this aren’t reported to have happened, but it is an interesting point of view reflecting the speed at which Piranha can attack and strip another animal. Can They Strip a Cow to the Bone Within Minutes If Teddy Roosevelt is to be believed, then the cow took a few minutes to be taken to the bone by the Piranha. The question is, that has to be a lot hungry Piranha, which is consistent with the faked incident reports. But if it takes, let’s say 400 Piranha to demolish a 180 pound human in five minutes, how many Piranha are needed to strip a cow in a few minutes. Well, the average weight of female cattle is 1600 pounds. Scaling up, it would take 3500 Piranha to strip a female cow to the bone in 5 minutes. Or 8750 (yes, nearly 9 thousand) Piranha two minutes to take a female cow to its skeleton. That seems rather a lot of Piranha. So it’s unlikely that Piranha can strip a cow to the bone within minutes because of the sheer numbers involved would be huge. If the natives were putting on a show for Teddy Roosevelt, and had been catching Piranha for the previous weeks, if they’d caught 2000 Piranha fish that ‘few minutes’ is probably nearer 10 minutes. Or it was a much smaller than average cow. While it is an interesting question for people interested in Piranha and their eating speed, the reality is that either forced or unrealistic conditions have to be met to conclude that either a human or a cow can be stripped to the skeleton within minutes. Theoretically a drowned human could be taken down to the bones, but you would need around 300 to 500 Piranha to do it. A cow being a much larger animals makes a mockery of the idea that a cow can be eaten to the bone within minutes. As Teddy Roosevelt and a bit of maths has proved, it would take around 2000 starved Piranha around 10 minutes to devour an average cow.

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North East Wetland Feasibility Study The North East Wetland Feasibility Study is a partnership project between the Environment Agency and the RSPB. The Study uses GIS to assess a range of data – relating to hydrology, topography, soils, geology and biodiversity - in order to identify areas in North East England that have the potential for wetland restoration or creation. The Study also includes an assessment of potential constraints such as transport infrastructure and landfill sites. The main output of the GIS exercise is a series of maps identifying areas in all the river catchments within the North East where wetland restoration or creation would be feasible: these are shown in Appendix III of the Study. The Study also identifies a number of priority areas for wetland restoration. The Environment Agency and the RSPB hope that the mapping will be an important tool for the location and design of wetland projects within the North East, and will contribute to the restoration or creation of UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) wetland habitats. To download a copy of the final report click here Andrea Shaftoe (EA) – email@example.com Martin Kerby (RSPB) – firstname.lastname@example.org

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- Author: Rob York Article reviewed: Stand-replacing patches within a ‘mixed severity’ fire regime: quantitative characterization using recent fires in a long-established natural fire area By B.M. Collins and S.L. Stephens. Published in the journal Landscape Ecology and available for download. The plot line: This study used an area within Yosemite National Park where wildfires had been allowed to burn over the past ~30 years. They looked for patterns in how often fires created large gaps (holes in the canopy) versus small ones. In other words, they measured how often fires killed a lot of trees versus just a few. They also attempted (with pretty good success) to explain the reasons why some gaps were large (fire more severe) while others were small. They found that, while most gaps were small (less than about 5 acres), there were also a few very large gaps that were created by fire- up to 230 acres! Overall, the portion of the burned areas that actually created gaps (as opposed to the fires remaining on the surface and not killing lots of trees), was about 15% over a 30-year time period. For previous fire occurrence to reduce the chance of another high severity fire occurring, the fire had to occur recently (within about 30years). This is what I call the Janet Jackson effect… “what have you done for me lately?” They conclude that, while the high severity fires that create gaps were not the dominant type of fire behavior that occurred in this case, they had a significant contribution to the mix of fire severity that occurred. Relevant quote: “While high-severity fire represents a fairly low proportion of the total burned area (15%) stand replacing patches should be considered an important component shaping these forests.” Relevance to landowners and stakeholders: Studies like these that attempt to measure how disturbances shape forests are important because debates about forest management often come down to debates about what types of disturbances are “more natural” than others. If a certain treatment “mimics” a natural disturbance then it might be considered better. For example, doing clearcuts or allowing high severity fires to occur may be preferred because they are thought to be a more natural type of disturbance. On the other hand, doing light thins or only allowing low severity fires may be thought of as more natural. Mimicking a disturbance regime might be the primary objective of management, as was discussed in this post about using disturbances as a guide for management. With respect to fire, most people think that the “most natural” regime for the Sierra Nevadas is one referred to as mixed-severity. As the authors point out, this term is difficult to define. Very broadly defined, it simply means that when fires occur, they are diverse in terms of having some areas where lots of trees are killed but also having areas where no or very few trees are killed. The study points out the confusion of this term, however, when it is defined more precisely. From the results, one could conclude that these fires were not of mixed severity at all because most of the canopy gaps were relatively small (i.e. it was a low severity regime). On the other hand, the portion of total area in canopy gaps was dominated by a few very large gaps (i.e. a high severity regime). Putting this fire regime into the context of other types of regimes that we see in different forest types around the world, however, I think that it is safe to say that the researchers found these fires to be of mixed severity. Relevance to managers: Figure 4 in this paper is very useful. Perhaps not as a broad guide for management across the Sierras, but more as a demonstration of how one could think of disturbances as a guide for management: The graph shows that, in this case, most of the gaps that were created by the fires were relatively small. In general, there was a downward trend in the frequency of larger gaps. One could related this to management, for example, by allocating forests to either even-aged or uneven aged management in order to also achieve a downward trend in gap size. I think the total patch size area would be tremendously variable from fire to fire, so that part of the graph is less relevant. And if they had looked for smaller gap sizes (their minimum was 1.2 acres), the dots on the graph may have ended up looking more U-shaped. Taking it another step, one could even set a rotation age based on this graph. Over a 30-year time period, 15% of the total area that burned was converted to gaps (i.e. regenerated to new trees). If one were to mimic this conversion rate into the future, it would lead to an approximate 200 year rotation age. Again, I don’t think this is useful as a broad guide until more studies like this are done, but the method may be useful for those how have an objective of mimicking what they think is a natural disturbance regime. Critique (I always have one, no matter how good the article is): I really like what these researchers did, and I’ve been waiting for something like this to be done for mixed conifer forests. Similar studies have been done in other forest types, but it is more difficult with mixed-severity fire regimes so there are some limitations. In terms of being useful for management, it would have been much better to have a smaller minimum mapping unit that 1.2 acres. What we consider regeneration of a distinct cohort can occur at much smaller scales. Ideally, we would go down all the way to the scale of a single canopy tree dying. It makes perfect sense why they used 1.2 acres- it was because of technological limitations of remote sensing data. But I think it would have been useful to do some kind of sensitivity analysis. In other words, how would the results have changed if the MMU was smaller? Bigger? While this study uses an area that is probably as good as we can find when it comes to areas where fire has been allowed to burn, the reality is that it still has not been very long. This area has only had two fires, and as this study points out, fires are tremendously variable so more will be needed in terms of having broad implications. The authors know this and point it out, but it is worth noting as a limitation- we’ll get better information as more time passes and more fires burn in these areas. It will take a while for us to overcome the 60+ years of fire suppression, a period of time that were the dark ages of fire ecology where we learned nothing! Fiat flamma!

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Who ate all the fish? Looking at this picture, the answer has to be this puffin. The hungry bird was snapped with its impressive beak stuffed full of fish on Skomer Island, Pembrokeshire, by wildlife photographer Bertie Gregory. Puffins have specially evolved beaks which enable them to carry a large number of fish at the same time. And in this close-up image, the sea bird appears to have at least eight in its grasp. Usually, a puffin's modus operandi involves it pushing each fish to the back of its mouth, where ridges at the top of its bill secures the meal firmly in place. This allows the bird to keep its mouth open to catch more fish - and, providing there's enough food on offer, eventually it will end up with an overflowing mouthful. Measuring two miles by one-and-a-half miles, Skomer Island lies just off the Pembrokeshire coast and is home to one of the most important puffin colonies in the UK.

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For those teachers who wish to incorporate Shakey's Place 3D into their curriculum, we have devised the following study and 'tour' guide to help with you class planning. As always, if you have any questions on how oyu can use Shakey's Place in your classroom, send us an email! We, the creators of Shakey's Place, asked ourselves a question: "What can we offer people on the Internet that has not been offered before?" We came up with several answers, but most importantly this one. We realized that there were not many websites out there that offered educational environments. So, we have developed this Teacher's Guide to Shakey's Place so that you, the teacher, can use this site in your lesson plans. For whatever purpose you see fit, this site can take your students far and beyond what conventional study can do. Being students once and currently, we realized that we yearned something fun and educational, something that stimulated our minds as well as teach us what we 'needed' to be taught. There is a saying we have developed through this project. That is the goal for this excercise. First, choose your topic(s). Make them general, such as 'Hamlet' or 'The Life of Shakespeare.' You may want to preview the site for topics we cover that are directly related to yours. A day or so before you begin, plan a path through Shakey's Place. Look for topics and sites that would benefit your students. Look for our games or study guides. Look for quizzes that meet your needs. Make a flowchart depicting exactly what you want your students to see. As much as we may want, we can't cover everything, so follow our links off to other places of interest. Start at the Shakey's Place start page. Our index page was designed to welcome as soon as it is loaded, without scrolling down. It will be apparent what the site is made for and what it will cover. Make a statement about how this site is like a field-trip; they will be going to a 3D environment. MAKE IT FUN! Take the students through the website and through your flowchart. Point out interesting facts and descriptions that outlines an idea or topic you are trying to convey. Make other websites prove that your topic IS popular and in the world. This will impress. Allow your students to explore our site. Give them a scavenger hunt assignment, such as word finds or a question on a play you have. Something along the lines of: "What does Act III, sc i, lines 12-18 in Hamlet remind you of?" Then, let them go through our site. Lines finds are valuable, because students then READ the play to find the lines. You could also assign a tudy question or an online quiz to your students. Tell them to try to get 9/12 questions right on our online quiz. Emphasize that their names will be out on our "Hall of Fame". Allow your students to have fun. Features such as our madlibs and "Who's Auditioning?" will excite your students. Have them pick their favorite character that THEY would portray and let them 'Audition.' Use the madlibs and have them identify what words were replaced and WHY they are so important to getting the real meaning. There are so many educational uses for our site; we heartily ask you to take advantage of them. We remind you, however, that our site is not THE ONLY site on Shakespeare and Learning. Take you students out onto the Internet and show them the world. We hope you use our site as the launching pad for a great learning experience. We would also like to take this opportunity to encourage the use of ThinkQuest. It is a FANTASTIC way to meet new people and learn new things. We could not have had a larger learning experience... honestly. We know more about Shakespeare now than we could have possibly dreamed. We heartily encourage you to take advantage of the ThinkQuest server space and create a project. The creation alone is worth the trouble. Visit The ThinkQuest Site today and learn how you can become involved. Become a coach, and inspire a few students to learn. Questions? Email us Comments? Sign our Guestbook Suggestions? Post it on our Bulletin Board

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|By KEVIN WALKER EAST LANSING, Mich. — Michigan State University (MSU) researchers have been getting positive results from experiments designed to determine if oriental mustard can be used effectively as a cover crop in Michigan and the Upper Midwest in general. Oriental mustard, also known as brassica, is the plant that’s processed into spicy brown mustard. According to Sieglinde Snapp, MSU soils and cropping systems ecologist and the lead researcher on the oriental mustard project, the ingredient that gives spicy mustard its spiciness is the same ingredient that can make brassica a good biofumigant. “A key finding from our research is that mustards appear to improve the root health of subsequent cash crops, so they are a new option for improving soil health,” Snapp said. Farmers are losing money because of soil-borne pathogens, according to Snapp. Reduced yield potential is often the result of lesions, root hair pruning, fungal invasion and parasitic nematodes in a wide variety of crops. Frequent fumigation improves crop health, but the process is both a financial and environmental burden on farmers and their fields. “I think it’s important that farmers have as many options as possible so they can innovate and try out what works best on their farm,” Snapp said. “Improved crop health, soil health, nutrient recycling to reduce fertilizer bills, these are all different objectives and we need a portfolio of cover crop options.” Snapp and her colleagues have been doing experiments with brassica as a cover crop since 2004, and are currently monitoring progress on two field experiments and two on-farm demonstrations. Snapp pointed out that oriental mustard could only be used as a cover crop in the fall in this region, because mustard isn’t winter hardy. Also, the spring is too cool to allow much growth before cash crops need to be planted. This research was funded through Project GREEEN, which is a cooperative effort between plant-based commodities and businesses, together with the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, MSU Extension and the Michigan Department of Agriculture.

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Science Projects for Beginners What Kind of Trash Bag Breaks Down Fastest? Americans produce a lot of trash, there's no question about it. The amount of stuff we throw away in this country is staggering. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that Americans generate about 4.6 pounds of trash per person—every day. Forty years ago, each person produced only 2.7 pounds each day. There are nearly 300 million people in the United States. You do the math. Is it any wonder our landfills are filling up faster than we can figure out what to do about it? As you can imagine and probably know, trash is a weighty (no pun intended) topic in this country. With only so much landfill space available, scientists and environmentalists are looking to other means of disposing of trash, such as burning it. We all, however, can help cut back on the amount of trash we generate by keeping in mind the motto of environmentalists—reduce, reuse, and recycle. In addition to the amount of trash we produce as individuals and as a country, how we dispose of it is another problem. The plastic bags that most of us place outside of our homes to be hauled off to landfills every week are not exactly what you'd call environmentally friendly. Nobody knows for sure how long regular plastic bags take to totally degrade, or break down, in a landfill, because we've only been using plastic commercially for about 90 years. It's estimated, however, that it may take 100 years for a plastic bag to completely degrade. It's sort of depressing to think that a plastic bag can outlive the majority of people on the planet. In this section, we'll look at several types of bags and try to determine which ones break down faster when dumped into a landfill. Once you know, you can become an environmental ranger and start encouraging everyone around you to use the most environmentally friendly bag. So What Seems to Be the Problem? If you're thinking of doing this project, remember that you need to begin the experiment eight weeks in advance of your science fair due date. The problem on a large scale, as stated above, is that we generate too much trash in this country, and much of it is material that will take many, many years to degrade. To solve this problem, we've got to learn to produce less trash, and to produce trash that won't stick around so long. The problem you'll be attempting to solve in the course of this science fair project is related to the second part of the equation above. In addition to producing less trash, we've got to cut the time that it takes for our trash to degrade. Your task in this project is to test different types of trash bags, and determine which type of bag is the most biodegradable. It makes sense, doesn't it, to use trash bags that break down as quickly as possible, thereby allowing whatever is inside of them to degrade, as well. Some manufacturers have come up with plastic bags that they claim are biodegradable, and some people use paper bags to hold their trash. Most folks, however, happily fill up one plastic trash bag after another, causing our landfills to be inundated with the long-lasting material. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's definition of biodegradable is simply “capable of decomposing under natural conditions.” Nothing difficult about that. In this project, you'll test how fast the following types of bags degrade when they're buried in the ground: Of all the trash (also called municipal solid waste) generated in this country, more than 37 percent of it is paper. Yard trimmings such as branches, leaves, and grass clippings make up 12 percent of the total, food scraps 11 percent, plastics nearly 11 percent, and metals about 8 percent. This experiment will give you an idea of how fast these bags might break down in a landfill. If you want, you can use the title of this section, “What Kind of Trash Bag Breaks Down Fastest?” for the title of your science fair project. Other titles you might consider are: Once you've chosen a title for your project, let's move along and have a look at what the purpose of such an undertaking might be. What's the Point? Don't even think about starting this project until you get the okay from your parent or guardian. Trust me on this, very few adults will be amused to come home from work and find that you've dug a “landfill” in the backyard. Besides, you may require some help with the digging. The environment is a hot topic these days, and kids are getting involved in all sorts of projects and movements to help save it. There are groups of kids and young adults working to save rainforests, animals, and waterways. Kids have formed recycling awareness groups in their schools and neighborhoods, often serving as a community conscience. Seeing firsthand what happens to trash bags when they're buried will give you knowledge and help you to make informed decisions about what type of bags are best for you and your family to use for your trash. Once you know how the different bags degrade, you can tell others. You could even start a movement in your neighborhood to use bags that are easier on Mother Earth. Never think that kids can't make a difference. A nine-year-old girl named Melissa Poe started a group called Kids F.A.C.E. (For A Clean Environment) in 1989 in Nashville, Tennessee. The club had six members. As word spread about the organization, Melissa appeared on TV shows and there were stories about her in newspapers and magazines. Today, Kids F.A.C.E. has 300,000 members in 15 different countries. Never think that kids can't make a difference. When you conduct this experiment, the supermarket brown paper bag will serve as your control. The other bags—the plastic grocery bag, the standard heavy-duty, black trash bag (such as Hefty brand), and a plastic trash bag that's marketed as being biodegradable (such as EcoSafe)—are your variables. What Do You Think Will Happen? You may already have a strong feeling about what will happen to different kinds of bags when they're buried in your yard. You've probably handled enough paper and plastic to know what happens when they get wet, or how they withstand heat and cold. From reading or hearing about environmental problems associated with plastic, you probably have the idea that paper is more environmentally friendly. But, what about plastic that is made to be environmentally friendly? Do you have an idea how that might compare to paper? Or to regular plastic? Do certain types of plastics break down more readily than others? An easy way to cut down on trash is to buy reusable cloth bags in which to carry groceries. It makes no sense to buy hamburger rolls in a plastic bag, carry them home in a plastic shopping bag, and then throw both bags away. Remember the three Rs: reduce, reuse, and recycle. Think about one of those large, black plastic trash bags that you see sitting out on the curb on trash pickup day. Have you ever loaded one up and carried it outside? They're designed to hold a lot of trash, and the plastic they're made of is fairly thick and heavy. How do you suppose that type of plastic bag compares in the environmentally friendly department with one of the plastic bags in which you carry groceries home from the store? Take a little time to think about these questions, and about the experiences you've had with paper and plastics. Then go ahead and make a smart guess, or a hypothesis, about which type of bag will break down the fastest, and which will take the longest. Materials You'll Need for This Project All you'll need to conduct this science fair experiment are the four types of bags mentioned previously, a few other objects, and some solid municipal waste—also known as trash or garbage. You really can use whatever garbage you want inside your trash bags, but it must be the same objects and amounts in each one. Here's a list of materials you'll need, and a suggested list of solid municipal waste. Feel free to adapt it to whatever you can find to use around your house. Suggested solid waste for each bag includes the following: Just make sure you put the same amounts of the same waste in each bag. It's probably not a good idea to use meat or fish, which might attract more animals than the materials listed above. Conducting Your Experiment This experiment is not difficult to perform, but it requires some preparation, and some adult supervision. You'll need to dig a fairly large hole in which to bury the four bags you'll be testing. The hole needs to be about a foot deep and about five feet wide. Make sure you get permission from a parent to do this experiment before you choose this topic as your science fair project. You'll need your parents' cooperation in order to be able to do this project. Once you've dug the trench, you'll need to line it with black plastic. You can buy black plastic in a roll, or you can simply use large-size trash bags. Lining the trench simulates a landfill. Landfills are required by law to have heavy liners in an attempt to prevent trash residue from leaching out into the ground and contaminating earth and water sources. Once you've lined the trench, you'll continue your experiment as outlined here. If your mom or dad was a good sport and let you dig up part of the yard in order to conduct this experiment, be sure you restore the yard—or at least help to restore it—as closely as possible to its original condition. Keeping Track of Your Experiment It's important in this experiment that you keep careful and detailed notes about what you observe. You can keep track of your observations in your journal, or you can make some simple charts to help you keep track of what occurs. Your observations should include more than merely what you see when you dig up the trash bags. There probably will be odors you'll need to note, as well. Because four weeks will pass between the times that you observe the bags, you should notice some interesting changes in their conditions. Be sure to begin your observations by noting the original conditions of the bags. Photographs of the bags at the beginning, middle, and end of the experiment would be extremely useful, and would enhance your display. Putting It All Together Using your written descriptions and photographs, you'll be able to clearly demonstrate what happened to each trash bag while buried under the ground. If you wanted to, you could cut a piece from each bag and include it as part of your display. You should, however, cover the pieces with a sheet of clear plastic wrap in order to prevent anyone from touching them. There are many ways in which you could vary this experiment if you want to. One way would be to test the rate at which different types of paper bags degrade. Perhaps the brown grocery store bags break down faster than the shiny, colored shopping bags you get from American Eagle or your local department store. How does the paper sack in which you carry your lunch to school measure up? Another variation would be to see if certain substances hasten the breakdown process of paper or plastic. You could experiment with lime (frequently used for home gardening), an acidic liquid such as lemon juice, hot water, and so forth. Just be sure to check with a parent about what you're allowed to use, and don't use anything that could be hazardous. Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Science Fair Projects © 2003 by Nancy K. O'Leary and Susan Shelly. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.

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- Home / - Dover Thrift Editions: ROMEO AND JULIET DetailsOne of Shakespeare's most popular and accessible plays, Romeo and Juliet tells the story of two star-crossed lovers and the unhappy fate that befell them as a result of a long and bitter feud between their families. The play contains some of Shakespeare's most beautiful and lyrical love poetry and is perhaps the finest celebration of the joys of young love ever written.This inexpensive edition includes the complete, unabridged text with explanatory footnotes. Ideal for classroom use, it is a wonderful addition to the home library of anyone wanting to savor one of literature's most sublime paeans to love. Reprinted from The Works of William Shakespeare ("The Cambridge Shakespeare"), Vol. VI.ABOUT THE AUTHOR: "He was not of an age, but for all time," declared Ben Jonson of his contemporary William Shakespeare (15641616). Jonson's praise is especially prescient, since at the turn of the 17th century Shakespeare was but one of many popular London playwrights and none of his dramas were printed in his lifetime. The reason so many of his works survive is because two of his actor friends, with the assistance of Jonson, assembled and published the First Folio edition of 1623. SKU Code PRK B 3354 Weight in Kg 0.1000 Brand Bookwomb Dispatch Period in Days 3 ISBN No. 9780486275574 Author Name WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Publisher Name DOVER PUBLICATION

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Preface to the bookPhilip Barker Andrew J King Paul van Schaik Communication is one of the most important activities in which people become involved. It may involve gestures, touching, talking and listening, writing and, of course, drawing. The advent of various types of technological support (such as telephones, cameras, computers and so on) has changed the basic ways in which we perform these activities. These developments have also made possible new approaches to communication. For example, using a computer system it is possible to send messages anywhere in the world virtually instantaneously. As well as being of a textual nature, these messages could also embed visual images of various sorts and sound effects. Modern forms of human communication through the medium of computers are rapidly taking on a `multimedia' nature. Bearing in mind the above developments we need to be aware that some information is communicated better by one medium, than another, as each medium has both constraining and enabling features, while other information is communicated better by a combination of media. This situation demands that we ask a number questions. For example: As our society is becoming a more visual culture day by day we need to address the above issues. This book offers a critical framework within which ‘iconic communication' systems could be developed to bridge linguistic and cultural gaps and to provide effective computer-based systems for conveying information on a global scale. - Do pictures really enhance the communicative power of text? - Is it possible to design purely visual languages? - What would be the basic building blocks of a visual language? - If a multimedia approach is used, what combination is best? - How should we select and apportion content to different media? - How do we coordinate media to ensure that given communicative goals are achieved by any resulting artifact? - How do we combine words with pictures to communicate across cultural barriers? Iconic communication offers possible solutions to some of the questions that were posed above. For many people, 'icons' are a familiar form of communication both in computer and in non-computer contexts. Despite their familiarity and popularity as communicative aids, there are a number of fundamental issues that we need to think about. For example: Contributors to this book, with insights from the Information. and Communication Technologies, deal with these issues. Their audience is primarily graphic designers and human-computer interface developers. - How do we design a really good icon or icon set? - How can icons be combined in ways that create more meaningful messages? - What happens when a user is exposed to an icon (or set) within a graphical user interface? 1st edition 2000, Pb, 204pp, many illustrations, 17.5 23 cm

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What Is Easter? What do Christians Celebrate on Easter? The most important and oldest festival of the Christian church, celebrating the resurrection of Christ and held (in the western Church) between 21st March and 25 April, in the first Sunday after the first full moon following the northern spring equinox. On Easter Sunday, Christians praise the resurrection of the Lord- Jesus Christ. It is regularly the most decently the most well-attended Sunday of the year for Christian churches. Christians think, as indicated by Scripture, that Jesus returned to life, or was raised from the dead, three days after his passing on the cross. As a feature of the Easter season, the crucifixion of Jesus Christ had been done the day which called as Good Friday, dependably the Friday just before Easter. Through his passing, internment, and restoration, Jesus paid the punishment for sin, along these lines obtaining for all who put stock in him, unceasing life in Christ Jesus. 7 Proofs of the Resurrection Evidence the Resurrection of Jesus Christ Happened: Is the revival of Jesus Christ a recorded occasion that truly happened, or is it just a myth, the same number of nonbeliever’s case? While nobody saw the genuine restoration, numerous individuals swore they saw the risen Christ after his death, and their lives were never the same. Archaeological disclosures keep on supporting the Bible’s verifiable accuracy. We have a tendency to overlook that the Gospels and book of Acts are observer records of the life and passing of Jesus. Further no-biblical proof for Jesus’ presence originates from the works of Flavius Josephus, Cornelius Tacitus, Lucian of Samosata, and the Jewish Sanhedrin. The accompanying seven verifications of the restoration demonstrate that Christ did, to be sure, become alive once again. The Resurrection Proof 1: The Empty Tomb of Jesus The empty tomb may be the strongest confirmation Jesus Christ became alive once again. Two big theory have been progressed by unbelievers: somebody stole Jesus’ body or the ladies and followers went to the wrong tomb. The Jews and Romans had no thought process to take the body. Christ’s witnesses were too fainthearted and would have needed to beat the Roman monitors. The ladies who discovered the tomb unfilled had prior viewed Jesus being laid away; they knew where the right tomb was. Regardless of the possibility that they had gone to the wrong tomb, the Sanhedrin could have created the body from the right tomb to stop the restoration stories. Jesus’ entombment materials were left perfectly collapsed inside, scarcely the demonstration of rushing grave looters. Holy messengers said Jesus had become alive once again. The Resurrection Proof 2: The Holy Women Eyewitnesses The blessed ladies onlookers are additional evidence that the Gospels are exact verifiable records. On the off chance that the records had been made up, no old creator would have utilized ladies for witnesses to Christ’s restoration. Ladies were second class people in Bible times; their affirmation was not permitted in court. Yet the Bible says the risen Christ initially seemed to Mary Magdalene and other blessed ladies. Indeed the messengers did not accept Mary when she let them know the tomb was empty. Jesus, who dependably had exceptional appreciation for these ladies, regarded them as the first observers to his revival. The male Gospel scholars had no real option except to report this humiliating demonstration of God’s support, in light of the fact that that was the way it happened. The Resurrection Proof 3: Jesus’ Apostles’ New-Found Courage After the crucifixion, Jesus’ apostles hid behind locked doors, afraid they would be executed next. Anyway something transformed them from cowards to bold preachers- minister of Christianity. Any individual who comprehends human character knows individuals don’t change that much without some significant impact. That impact was seeing their Master, real become alive once again. Christ seemed to them in the locked room, on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, and on the Mount of Olives. In the wake of seeing Jesus alive, Peter and the others cleared out the locked room and lectured the risen Christ, unafraid of what might be revealed. They quit concealing on the grounds that they knew reality. They at long last comprehended that Jesus is God alive, who spares individuals from sin. The Resurrection Proof 4: Changed Lives of James and Others Changed lives are yet another verification of the restoration. James, the sibling of Jesus, was transparently suspicious that Jesus was the Messiah. Later James turned into a fearless pioneer of the Jerusalem church, actually being stoned to death for his confidence. Why? The Bible says the risen Christ seemed to him. What a shock to see your own sibling-brother, alive once more, after you knew he was dead. James and the missionaries were powerful evangelists on the grounds that individuals could tell these men had touched and seen the risen Christ. With such zealous eyewitnesses, the early church blasted in development, spreading west from Jerusalem to Rome and past. For a long time, experiences with the revived Jesus have changed lives. The Resurrection Proof 5: Large Crowd of Eyewitnesses A vast swarm of more than 500 observers saw the risen Jesus Christ in the meantime. The Apostle Paul records this occasion in 1 Corinthians 15:6. He expresses that the greater part of these men and ladies were still alive when he composed this letter, around 55 A.D. Without a doubt they informed others concerning this marvel. Today, analysts say it would be outlandish for an extensive swarm of individuals to have had the same mind flight without a moment’s delay. Littler gatherings additionally saw the risen Christ, for example, the witnesses, and Cleopas and his sidekick. They all saw the same thing, and on account of the messengers, they touched Jesus and viewed him eat sustenance. The mental trip hypothesis is further exposed on the grounds that after the rising of Jesus into paradise, sightings of him halted. The Resurrection Proof 6: Conversion of Paul The transformation of Paul records the most definitely changed life in the Bible. As Saul of Tarsus, he was a forceful persecutor of the early church. At the point when the risen Christ seemed to Paul on the Damascus Road, Paul turned into Christianity’s most decided preacher. He persevered through five floggings, three beatings, three wrecks, a stoning, destitution, and years of mocking. At long last the Roman head Nero had Paul guillotined on the grounds that the missionary declined to deny his confidence in Jesus. What could make an individual energetically acknowledge even welcome—such hardships? Christians accept the change of Paul happened in light of the fact that he experienced Jesus Christ who had become alive once again. The Resurrection Proof 7: They Died for Jesus Incalculable individuals have kicked the bucket for Jesus, completely sure that the revival of Christ is a chronicled certainty. Custom says ten of the first missionaries passed on as saints for Christ, as did the Apostle Paul. Hundreds, maybe a great many early Christians kicked the bucket in the Roman enclosure and in detainment facilities for their confidence. As the centuries progressed, thousands more have passed on for Jesus on the grounds that they accepted the restoration is valid. Indeed today, individuals endure mistreatment on the grounds that they have confidence that Christ became alive once again. A confined gathering may surrender their lives for a clique pioneer, yet Christian saints have kicked the bucket in numerous terrains, for almost 2,000 years, accepting Jesus vanquished demise to issue them interminable life.

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- O/IR System The twin 6.5-meter Magellan telescopes Baade and Clay are located 60 meters apart on an isolated peak (Cerro Manqui) at Carnegie’s Las Campanas Observatory in the southern reaches of Chile’s Atacama Desert. First light for the Walter Baade telescope occurred on September 15, 2000. The Landon Clay telescope started science operations on September 7, 2002. The telescopes were built and are operated by a consortium consisting of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Harvard University, MIT, the University of Michigan, and the University of Arizona. Limited observing time is available to the entire astronomical community as a result of awards from NSF’s Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP). The telescopes are an alt-azimuth design. The principal foci are f/11 at the two Nasmyth locations and f/15 in the Cassegrain position, although at present only the f/11 focus is implemented on the Baade Telescope. In addition, three auxiliary f/11 are provided on the center section. The telescope and enclosure are designed to minimize image degradation due to thermal effects. Separate ventilation systems for the enclosure, telescope structure, and primary mirror maintain surfaces within the dome at the outside air temperature during night time observing. Active controls are incorporated in the telescope optics. The mirrors have position control for alignment. These are active during observing. Figure control of the primary mirror is used to correct low-order aberrations in the optical system. In addition, the secondary mirror has a tip-tilt mechanism for fast guiding. Office Location: Las Campanas Observatory Carnegie Institution of Washington Colina El Pino Casilla 601 La Serena, Chile Last updated or reviewed March 2, 2011.

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Choose one of the things below and explain what you are thinking of without say any part of its name (so you can’t say “bean” and you can’t say “curd” if you are explaining “bean curd”). Continue explaining until your partner guesses what you are talking about. |Useful phrases for defining what something is “It’s an action which…”/ “It’s an action that…” “It’s a place where…”/ “It’s a place which…” “It’s a person/ man/ woman who…”/ “It’s a person/ man/ woman whose…” “It’s a time when…” “It’s a (Chinese/ Japanese) food/ drink/ vegetable/ fruit/ dish/ ingredient/ animal/ tool/ (cooking) implement/ sea creature/ meal which/ that…” “It’s an animal/ sea creature whose…” Vocabulary related to food to define chewy rice cake Chinese cabbage/ Chinese lettuce Chinese meat bun cinema (= movie theater) conveyor belt sushi bar green soy beans New Year’s Eve New Year’s Day powdered green tea sweet plum liqueur sweet red bean jam sweet rice wine vinegar Ask about any words above which you don’t understand or couldn’t explain, working together as a class to explain using phrases like those at the top of the page. Without looking above, brainstorm relative pronouns. Compare with the ones in the box above. What are the differences between them? Are the ones on one line below the same or different? A place which…/ A place where… PDF version for easy saving and printing: food vocabulary defining relative clauses practice

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Scientific name: Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M.Roem. Synonym: Carapa moluccensis Lam. Bengali/Vernacular name: Passur, Ail. English name: Cedar mangrove. Description of the plant: An evergreen mangrove tree, 6-20 m tall. Leaves abruptly pinnate, rachis terete, petioles up to 10 cm long, leaflets 2-3 pairs, 7-15 cm long, elliptic-oblong, apex acute to obtuse, base cuneate. Flowers small, pinkish-yellow or creamy-white. Fruits the size of orange, flattened-globose, 4-grooved, 7-12 cm across, valves woody. Plant parts used: Bark. Ethnomedicinal uses: Juice is extracted from the bark of the plant is given in gastrointestinal disorder such as diarrhoea, dysentery, stomachache, and constipation. Decoction is made with the bark of the plant is given for the treatment of fever. The bark of the plant is used to treat candidiasis, scabies, and baby rash. Distribution: This species is found in the Sundarbans, Chakaria Shundarbans, and other coastal areas of the country. Is this plant misidentified? If yes, please tell us….

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A social problem is something harmful, difficult or unwanted condition of a group of people, society or part thereof. Examples of social problems includes: - Antisocial behavior: people being noisy, rude or abusive to their neighbors. - Poverty: financial hardships that afflicts many societies. - Criminality: another issue in wider society. Social Problems may lead to the following undesirable effects: - Emotional stress: Social problems of any kind causes immense stress, sadness and worry. - Economic hardship: In the context of wider society, they can damage the running of the economy. - Awkward relationships: In the context of friendship, they make chatting in groups difficult rather than fun. - Material hardships: Poverty and discrimination lessen people’s quality of life. - Loneliness: People who have social anxiety can feel very lonely.

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EPA-Expo-Box (A Toolbox for Exposure Assessors) When a contaminant is taken into the body by ingestion, the amount that gets into the body in a biologically available form is called the dose. There are a few different ways to measure dose (U.S. EPA, 1992): - Potential dose is the amount of contaminant ingested (i.e., amount that gets in the mouth), not all of which is actually absorbed. - Applied dose is the amount of contaminant at the absorption barrier (e.g., gastrointestinal [GI] tract) that can be absorbed by the body. The applied dose might be smaller than the potential dose if the contaminant is only partially bioavailable. - Internal dose is the amount of contaminant that gets past the exchange boundary (GI tract) and into the blood, or the amount of the contaminant that can interact with organs and tissues to cause biological effects. - Biologically effective dose is the amount of contaminant that interacts with the internal target tissue or organ. The following general equation may be used to estimate the average daily dose (ADD) from intake of food, water, soil, dust, or other non-dietary exposure from hand- or object-to-mouth contact. Average Daily Dose = Concentration x Intake Rate / Body Weight Algorithms for specific ingestion pathways are provided in the Calculations tab of this module.

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Visitors return rocks taken from Petrified Forest FLAGSTAFF, Ariz. (AP) — They are called “conscience” rocks and there are piles of them in northern Arizona’s Petrified Forest National Park. Unlike the “pet rock” craze of past years, these rocks aren’t keepers. The Arizona Daily Sun reports that some of the rocks were mailed back by people citing curses. Some were seized during inspections. Some park visitors were caught in the act of stealing. Some of the stone was tossed out of car doors and windows before the visitors who took them reached the inspection station at the entrance of the park. The National Park Service estimates that about a ton of petrified wood a month is stolen from the 220,000-acre park’s 600,000 annual visitors. The estimate is based on the amount of rocks mailed back, picked up along the side of the road near the exits and seized. The rocks once had been wood, part of a large forest that existed 200 million years ago. Time and sediment had slowly turned the wood to stone quartz, preserving tree rings and bark so the modern world could marvel at the beauty. The rocks — some pieces as big as a briefcase, others as small as a silver dollar — make a pile weighing tons. “Once it’s removed from the original place, the damage is done,” Park ranger Kip Woolford said. “There’s no way to put it back where it originally came from.” The stones have been taken “out of their context,” Woolford said. They no longer have scientific value and are placed on the piles. There’s no way to know for sure how much is taken. The park has more petrified wood than anywhere else in the world. Matthew Smith, museum technician at the park, says that the museum’s collection of letters sent with conscience rocks has about 1,200 pages written between the 1930s and now. Packages dropped off at the fee collection booths at the park sometimes come with letters, but not always. He gets three to six new letters a month. The minimum fine for stealing petrified wood or pottery shards or any archaeological artifacts is $350. The price goes up the bigger the weight and quantity of the “specimens,” said Nick Poulos, a park law enforcement ranger. The crime is a misdemeanor. The typical response from visitors who are caught: “‘It’s just a small piece. I thought it was OK,'” Poulos said. About two miles from the pile of conscience rocks at the southern entrance to the park, the Rainbow Forest Museum has a display of letters from people all over the world who have returned rocks that were stolen from the park. The display is called “Mystery of the Conscience Wood.” Sitting on a bench is a large piece of wood. Ranger Lauren Carter says a man came into the museum with it. He had said his father had stolen it 55 years ago. He had hidden the hefty piece of petrified wood in his truck under a stack of potatoes. There was talk of a family curse. “It could be a manifestation of their guilt probably,” said Carter, pointing to a three-ring binder underneath the display. The binder contains letters from all over the world from people who have returned pieces of petrified wood they or family members stole from the park. Many of the letters have a theme of bad luck. Poulos said visitors may pick up the petrified wood to look at it. That’s fine, as long as they put the rocks back where they found them. Information from: Arizona Daily Sun, http://www.azdailysun.com/ # # # ADDITIONAL IMAGE OF NOTE

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