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[ "- Hello, I'm Johnny Knoxville and today I'm gonna be breaking down some of the biggest moments in \"Jackass\" history.", "[upbeat music] - I'm Johnny Knoxville - and I'm Butterbean.", "- Today, we're gonna do a little boxing.", "I love boxing and I love knockouts so the Butterbean fight was right up my alley.", "- Touch gloves and come out fighting.", "[ring dings] [gloves thuds] [Johnny grunts] - I remember when he showed up that morning, I said, \"Butterbean, I need you to go full speed today.\"", "He goes, \"Johnny, I can't do that.\"", "I said, \"Butterbean, I need you to go full speed.\"", "He goes, \"You don't gotta beg me.\"", "And I was like, \"Ah, shit.", "Maybe I shouldn't have said that.\"", "But he went full speed.", "All day long he was so fun and jovial, and then soon as he put on the boxing gloves I said something to him like, \"Hey, Butterbean, da, da, da.\"", "And he looked at me like he didn't recognize me.", "And then my knees started shaking.", "Oh!", "[Johnny thuds on floor] In the footage, you can see me snoring but my doctor told me that's you just trying to swallow your tongue.", "And I knew I had to try and make it funny because it could be borderline dark in those situations so I luckily had enough wherewithal to come up with the line, \"Is Butterbean okay?\"", "- Butterbean okay?", "'Cause I thought I'd killed him.", "[upbeat music] [gun bangs] - Ah.", "Fuh!", "Ah!", "Ah!", "- I got my entry into doing stunts by doing a participatory journalism article for Big Brother magazine, which Jeff Tremaine was the editor of that magazine.", "And a lot of the guys in came from Big Brother.", "And my idea for the article was to test pepper spray, stunt gun, and taser gun, and then shoot myself while wearing a bulletproof vest with the 38 revolver.", "I had to buy the cheapest vest they had at the time 'cause I didn't have any money, but luckily it worked.", "And so, it was a natural pathway into doing a riot... What is it?", "Riot grenade control test?", "- [Interviewer] Riot control test.", "- Yeah.", "And it was a sting more mine which shot out thousands of little hard rubber balls.", "[grenade bangs] - [beep] that.", "- [beep] great.", "- Initially after we did the test in front of the cast no one was gonna do it, except for me.", "I was sitting in the car, listening to my cousin Roger Allen Wade's music, and Ryan gets in the car and he's like, \"Sorry man.", "I'm not, I'm just not gonna do it.", "I don't feel like doing this.\"", "And I'm like, \"It's okay buddy.", "You don't have to do it.\"", "And then they called me into the set and he just gets outta the car with me and just starts walking in stride with me by then I could tell he was gonna do it.", "And then Bam was telling us \"No way is he gonna do it.\"", "But I remember convincing him with, \"Look, it's just loud.\"", "I think it's just loud.", "It's loud.", "It's gonna hurt really bad, but it's just loud.", "\"It's gonna hurt but it's just loud.\"", "Which was not a very good way of convincing him but somehow that worked and Bam ended up doing it and he was gold 'cause I think he cried.", "[grenade bangs] Ah.", "- [Johnny] Are you crying?", "- [Ryan] I think he's hurt.", "- Out of the original self defense test, the pepper spray was the most painful because it just is someone started a fire in your eyes and you have feels like they're putting it out with gasoline then it's like 15 or 20 minutes of intense pain, and then you get home later that night, take a shower and you reactivate it, the water reactivates it.", "So you're blind again.", "That's a terrible pain, and the riot control test that hurt, but also I had vertigo at the time so when I went down, the room starts spinning.", "Riot control test stung.", "You know, I think what scared the guy's most it was extremely loud, extremely loud.", "The hard rubber balls stung but I don't know.", "Thank God I covered my face and my nuts because my hands the next day looked like a leopard 'cause that's where most of the things hit in my face and on my nuts.", "But it worked out [upbeat music] - Now I'm lubing up.", "- I can't see the car - The little toy car because I'm going to put it in my butt.", "[Johnny laughs] - That one is one of the cast's favorite bits ever.", "Maybe it's the number one.", "It was written for Steve O but his father said no.", "- It's in.", "- Yeah.", "- And Ryan Dunn was like \"This is too good of an idea for someone not to shoot it.", "Oh fuck it, I'll do it.\"", "'Cause he would always step in a lot and take one for the team.", "And it ended up...", "He was the perfect person for it.", "He was so funny.", "And then the doctor we found, like, by a miracle the doctor we found was perfect.", "[Doctor speakings foreign language] He was concerned for Ryan, confused, disgusted.", "The doctor had all these emotions and you really feel that as you're watching it - You go to the doctor, You don't talk to anybody, to the girlfriend, to your boyfriend, to whomever.", "You don't tell nobody, all right?", "He already know.", "That too many people.", "- And the radiologist when she took the x-ray out of the machine, the look on her face [laughs] and the x-ray was it's like someone, a photographer shot...", "It was like a graphic designer ma...", "It was like it's nothing but a toy car up someone's ass.", "Everything about that we lucked into it was perfect.", "[upbeat music] - What's your name again?", "What?", "Irving.", "- Irving, yeah.", "- Irving Zisman.", "Spike had used Tony Gardner to dress up some of his skaters like Eric Koston and those guys as old men.", "And he suggested that I dress up as an old man and do pranks.", "So I gotta give that nod to Spike.", "As far as the character, it's kind of a a more intense version of myself and a little bit of my father.", "Irving is kind of a pervert.", "[laughs] All right, kid.", "It's time for grandpa's massagie.", "- Your massages with happy endings?", "- That's right.", "Say goodbye to the hippies.", "- Bye, hippies.", "- I've been in instances where people have wanted to beat Irving up before.", "Luckily, no one's swung on me yet but they've definitely wanted to beat Irving up before.", "But I'm usually pretty good at winding people up And when they get they're angriest I can wind them down a little, calm 'em down and then wind them back up.", "- Just step over that line for line.", "- Step over any line.", "- Oh, you stepped over the line.", "That's one of my few skills that I have.", "Prick skills.", "[upbeat music] Hello, I'm Johnny Knoxville, and I'm about to rent a car.", "You know, when we're doing a prank we always clear it with the owner of the company.", "So we know that they'll sign off.", "So the owner knew, but the employee doesn't know.", "And if we figure out they might recognize us, we won't air it.", "But in this case, the employee had no clue when I rented the car from him and when I'd returned it it was the same guy and he was not very happy with me.", "I had a accident as you can see.", "- Yeah, - I was...", "I mean, I drink, I just black out.", "So... - Were you drinking or anything?", "- Yeah, I had a little.", "- We filmed that in Portland, Oregon as opposed to Portland, Texas, and the Crash-Up-Derby turned out to be pretty gnarly.", "I got a car that drove right up the hood and almost into my face, which wouldn't have been so bad.", "The prank has a stunt aspect to it as well.", "Some pranks do in some prank don't, but that one had it all.", "- We're gonna have to get this worked out.", "- Yeah, you're gonna have to pay for that car.", "- Well, you're gonna have to help me pay for that car.", "- No, we don't do that.", "I returned it with the full tank of gas.", "- You returned it demolished.", "- The biggest obstacle is to get coverage on the guy you're pranking.", "I think I had to wear a helmet cam to get that coverage because we're inside his business and you can't plant a bunch of cameras inside his business.", "They're gonna see that.", "[chuckles] You know.", "Even if you put camera hides up they're gonna know that something's... That wasn't there yesterday.", "So that was the biggest concern.", "And I think all the coverage of him was through my helmet cam.", "[upbeat music] Hello, I'm Johnny Knoxville.", "And this is the anaconda ball pit.", "[punch thuds] Oh!", "Well, Manny, you know when we deal with alligators, he's our safety guy.", "Steve O was shooting a bit with alligators and at the safety meeting, he's like, \"Okay, when we're filming this today, if the alligator does bite Steve O hopefully he will let go.\"", "[chuckles] And that was his whole plan for the for if Steve O gets bit.", "So, you know, Manny's incredibly strong and he would jump in and help.", "But when you're working with animals, like an alligator or an anaconda, there's only so much you can do.", "anaconda bit me several times.", "After the bit we filmed they're like, \"Yeah, that anaconda bit someone's calf off last week.\"", "I'm like, thank God you told me that afterwards.", "I remember I'm like, \"Okay, I don't want the anaconda to bite my wrists.\"", "It was my irrational fear because if he bites my wrist, then that's gonna be trouble.", "So my solution to that was I put a strip of electrical tape around each wrist, which would've done nothing, right.", "It would've done nothing but in my mind I was protected.", "There was two in there and the one was really quiet.", "Didn't move around much.", "But, yeah, that second one is dangerous.", "[men screaming] - Oh [beeps] - Oh my God.", "- We forgot about the other snake.", "Ah!", "[Manny laughs] [upbeat music] - This is the toro-totter.", "It's me and Pius versus Dunn and Bam him, and the last man on the teeter toter is the winner.", "We were shooting at Gary Leffew's ranch.", "He's who we use when we deal with bulls he's been amazing and got us incredible footage and kept us somehow from getting forever injured.", "We were shooting an idea at his ranch that day that I'd saw on Tom and Jerry, where Tom puts on a blindfold and puts in cigarette and a bull smokes him.", "So we did that with a yak.", "[yak thuds] - Oh!", "- And since we were there, Gary's like, Hey why don't you do the toro-totter idea?", "And we're like, what's that?", "And they said, you know, you get a Teeter-totter and put in the middle of a bull ring.", "And, we're like, \"That sounds great.\"", "So that was Gary's idea.", "And thank goodness, because it turned out wonderfully.", "[face-paced music] See bulls just hate movement they don't care about color.", "They want to kill anything that moves.", "If you're in a bull ring and you stand completely still like odds on, they're probably not gonna hit you.", "But one bull came out and as the toro-toter was moving hit the toro-toter I get a lot of my ideas if not directly from a cartoon, but thinking that life's a cartoon like the giant hand in \"Jackass 3D\" is very cartoony.", "And I thought that would be funny.", "No one really had faith in that idea, but we know enough that, \"Okay, that may not work, but let's try it anyway.\"", "And luckily it worked.", "I love shooting things inspired by a cartoon.", "[upbeat music] - My name is Johnny Knoxville, and this is the high five.", "[giant hand crashes] - We asked the crew members to be bringing in some food, at the same time, Aaron was so it didn't look so outta the blue, like can you carry a soup in?", "It's like, \"Okay, we'll have people out there carrying food in and they'll ask Aaron to carry some soup in.", "- What up, Aaron?", "- What's up, dude.", "- Yeah.", "Dude, help out this crowd brother.", "[hand thuds] [All laugh] - Like, I don't think we got anyone else to carry the soup but thank God he did.", "But yeah, we have crew member help out with the pranks too.", "You know, we had our costume designer, Emily King like she was dressing the guys, And while they're in there getting dressed they walked up hard steps.", "But when they walked out, it was like balsa wood steps.", "She knew what was going on and she played along but the crew members everybody's in on it, right?", "The whole set is to get the guys.", "[upbeat music] - Hi, I'm Johnny Knoxville, and this is my big red rock.", "- [Man 3] Five, four, three, two, one.", "Go!", "[rocket flaring] [rocket crashing] [crew laugher] - That was \"Jackass Number Two.\"", "And I was in a real mindset then.", "So I don't remember being terrified.", "I just remember being ecstatic that we just got that footage but it was a pretty crazy moment because a foot long metal rod shot out, not only this close to my ribs, but one goes through the yards back and splits two of our art department guys, right between their ears, Scott Manning and Mike Cassick and that would've decapitated them.", "So a lot of people got lucky on set that day.", "[upbeat music] [wind whirling] [jet engine whistling] I forget whose idea that was but we don't do research ahead the time.", "It's just like, let's see what happens if we stand behind a jet engine and get things launched at us.", "We'd rather rehearse on film because what's funny.", "You don't wanna rehearse ahead of time that destroys \"Jackass.\"", "You know, we're scientists at the end of the day so we're gathering data on what would happen if you stood behind a jet and how had footballs or tomatoes or whatever thrown at you, or jump off a thing with an umbrella.", "[jet engine whining] That really [beep] our friend Loomis Fall up.", "He just powdered his collarbone.", "It [beep] him up for a while.", "[upbeat music] [wind whirling] [pool bangs] That was maybe one of our first days of filming.", "We were filming with 3D, So it was like we had this whole 3D crew on the set.", "and Pius usually is carrying an ax or a knife on him or something.", "Aaron had annoyed Pius and Pius had his knife out and was trying to stab Aaron.", "I just go over to Jeff, who's behind the 3D, he's looking into the 3D monitor, he's got his headphones on.", "I'm like, \"Jeff, will you go get Pius because he's trying to stab Aaron.\"", "Jeff, I said [beep] he takes off his headphones.", "\"Okay, Pius, come on, gimme your knife, give your knife.\"", "[Johnny grunts] Finally Pius like, \"Okay.\"", "And gives him his knife.", "He tried to stab him again later in the movie when we were doing the Lamborghini tooth pole - Relax.", "- Ah - Ah.", "- Aaron said something that annoyed Pius.", "And he just got out his knife and he was like, slashing [laughs] it at his throat.", "And I had to get the knife from him.", "The boys are a real handful sometimes.", "[upbeat music] - I'm Steve O and this is the poo cocktail Supreme.", "- They said we weren't allowed to put human feces in there.", "So we found a company that sells dog fesses and put that in there.", "But a few crew members did put real feces in there.", "- Poo Cocktail Supreme!", "[ball bangs] [toilet rattles] [crew screams] [crew laughs] - All our stuff is janky, right?", "[laughs] So we hope he doesn't launch into space but luckily he didn't.", "But speaking of space the poop did go weightless for a while.", "We weren't expecting that.", "And Steve O had goggles on and all these things but he forgot to keep his mouth shut.", "Thank goodness.", "- [Interviewer] It was raining poop on all of the crew.", "- Yeah.", "No one thought of that.", "No one thought of that.", "Everyone got it.", "It was a disgusting set.", "And then, the hugs coming.", "Soon as Steve O gets let out our hugs coming.", "Yeah, you gotta be on your toes.", "[upbeat music] - Three, two, one.", "[cannon bangs] - That one, when I was inside the cannon which is like, you can't...", "There's no space.", "There's no fucking space inside the cannon.", "I was just trying to focus on spreading my wings when I come out, spreading my wings when I come out.", "I knew that was the shot.", "And I didn't know how I was gonna come out; whether I was gonna be flipping or what.", "So that's all I wanted to do, and thank goodness I did it.", "I hit the water with such force.", "If I were to went in flat back, I would've broke my back.", "My ass absorbed 100% of the impact.", "And I couldn't sit down for like two weeks, two to three weeks.", "It was just incredibly painful to sit.", "- [Interviewer] And that was just one take?", "You guys just did one take - One take.", "[upbeat music] - [Crowd] Oh!", "You know, I didn't even know if we were gonna do anything with the bull this movie 'cause we've done it all in the past.", "I'm like maybe we won't do the bulls this movie but I wanted to prank an animal and trick an animal.", "So we're we like, \"Okay, well a magic trick on an animal.\"", "And then it just naturally became a bull because trying to trick a bull is gonna get you really good footage.", "And boy did it.", "Then the movie that's the second time I did it.", "I did it a take before and the bull didn't come at me for the first like 90 seconds.", "And when he finally hit me, he just smoked me in the ribs and put me out like a cigarette into the ground.", "And it was one of those things that really hurt but it didn't look amazing, which sucks to get hit by a bull and have it not go in the movie.", "So I knew it, Jeff knew it, everybody I knew that we had to go again and then they changed bulls and they put Pecker Wrecker in there.", "That's the bulls name.", "And he did the job.", "That was a broken wrist, broken rib, concussion, and a brain hemorrhage.", "I spent the weekend in the hospital and it took me a few months to recover from that.", "My brain was scrambled.", "All right everybody, thank you for watching.", "Please see \"Jackass Forever\" in theaters now.", "- Woo-hoo." ]

[ "Intro", "Department Store Boxing", "Riot Control Test", "Butt X-Ray", "Irving Zisman", "Rent-A-Car Crash-Up Derby", "Anaconda Ball Pit", "Toro Totter", "The High Five", "Big Red Rocket", "The Jet Engine", "Bungee Boogie", "Poo Cocktail Supreme", "The Flight of Icarus", "The Magic Trick" ]

[ "The menu at Culver's features items like Butterfly Shrimp, burgers, fries, and chicken sandwiches.", "But one of its most iconic menu items is the frozen custard.", "So let's dive into exactly what you need to know about Culver's custard, and what sets it apart from other fast-food desserts.", "Culver's is always developing new Flavors of the Day to serve in its restaurants.", "Along with vanilla and chocolate custard, each restaurant boasts its own, ever-changing Flavor of the Day.", "The first Flavor of the Day Culver's featured was Caramel Pecan, and since then, the chain has continued developing new, creative flavors for customers to try and enjoy.", "According to Culver's, customers' absolute favorite flavors of the day are Caramel Fudge Cookie Dough, Chocolate Oreo Volcano, and Andes Mint Avalanche.", "Culver's has reported that, in total, it has over 100 Flavors of the Day to offer.", "Culver's website has a tool where customers can check what the local Flavor of the Day will be, so fans of particular flavors such as Georgia Peach or Peanut Butter Cookie Dough can check to determine if they should make the trip.", "\"So, we'd like to think that our flavor of the day program is such a key part of the overall Culver's experience.\"", "Culver's advertises that their custard is, quote, \"always scooped from a fresh batch.\"", "And while the frozen treat isn't made fresh for each individual customer, it's churned fresh in small batches throughout the day.", "Customers can view the machines where the custard is churned from the counter, giving patrons a front row seat of the process.", "Culver's churns its vanilla, chocolate, and Flavor of the Day custards in batches small enough to require refills throughout the day.", "So when you order Culver's custard, you won't be getting scoops that've been sitting in an icy bin all day.", "Culver's keeps its frosty dessert moving, which helps maintain its temperature without melting.", "That means the structure isn't compromised in exchange for ease of storage.", "One of the ways Culver's custard stands out from typical ice cream is the temperature at which it's served.", "Culver's serves its custard warmer than ice cream, which prevents taste buds from freezing, meaning that customers experience the flavor for longer.", "Real frozen custard, whether from Culver’s or anywhere else, also contains less air than ice cream, which makes it both denser and richer.", "\"Ice cream can have up to 50 percent or more air incorporated into it, where custard is only about 20 percent.\"", "According to the Culver's website, their custard is served at anywhere between 18 and 21 degrees Fahrenheit.", "In contrast, ice cream is typically served at a brain-freezing five to ten degrees Fahrenheit, and it's typically stored at zero degrees.", "The temperature and the dense texture contribute to the trademark creaminess of Culver's custard.", "Customers can eat the frozen treat right when it's served, without having to wait for it to warm up.", "As an added bonus, they don't risk snapping their plastic spoons when they dig in.", "What's the key difference between custard and ice cream?", "It's all in the eggs.", "Culver's website makes sure customers are aware its custard is always at least 1.4 percent egg.", "If it contained any less egg, it would be considered ice cream.", "Culver's custard combines pasteurized eggs with milk and cream.", "According to food scientist and historian Harold McGee, the eggs in custard have a higher coagulation temperature than typical eggs, due to their proximity to water and sugar.", "The delicate proteins can change if custard is served at the wrong temperature, meaning the egg content also factors into why Culver's serves custard at the temperature it does.", "From the time it was founded in Sauk City, Wisconsin, Culver's has been connected to its Midwestern roots.", "The fast food chain takes advantage of being headquartered in the Dairy State by maintaining relationships with the same dairy farmers they've worked with for 30 years.", "According to Culver's, they, quote, \"insist on using only the finest farm fresh dairy\" for their custard and cheese curds, another Wisconsin favorite.", "While the restaurant doesn't provide a comprehensive list of the dairy farms they work with, Culver's does stress that the farms are family owned and have been a part of the Culver's family for three decades.", "Wisconsin has over 7,000 dairy farms, although the number of independent dairy farms has been rapidly declining in recent years.", "It's unclear what kind of stress this puts on fast food providers such as Culver's, but it certainly limits the number of smaller, family-owned farms they can work with.", "It shouldn't come as a surprise that a notoriously sweet and rich dessert option like custard is pretty unhealthy.", "A dish of Culver's chocolate custard has 280 calories, with 130 of those calories coming from fat.", "There are 14 grams of fat in total, nine of which are saturated fats.", "With 95 milligrams of cholesterol and 29 grams of sugar, a cup of chocolate custard isn't exactly a diet-friendly food.", "Add a cone, and that adds more carbs to boot.", "But customers don't order custard to improve their physical health.", "They order it because it's rich, creamy, and the perfect summer treat.", "So while Culver's custard has about a quarter of the recommended daily intake of fat for adults, it's a delicious option for an occasional treat.", "Culver's boasts that summer days can yield custard sales of over 1,600 scoops per restaurant.", "That ends up being a lot of batches, considering that one batch of custard includes only about 60 to 70 scoops.", "So on a hot summer day, a Culver's restaurant could go through dozens of batches!", "Culver's notes on its website that its custard is scooped by their trained Dessert Specialists.", "So at least the experts are handling it.", "And summer isn't the only time Culver's custard is popular.", "One Culver's in Darboy, Wisconsin, hosts a Christmas Eve dinner with 450 guests each year, and you better believe Culver's custard is on hand.", "Turns out custard is delicious even in those cold Wisconsin winters.", "You can't predict what Flavor of the Day will be featured at your local Culver's, but did you know that you can customize your custard at any time?", "Culver's has more than 30 toppings, and employees are more than willing to mix them into your custard at any time.", "All you have to do is ask.", "If it's Cappuccino Cookie Crumble day but you want Double Caramel Chocolate Peanut, ask, and Culver's will personalize your fresh custard!", "Customers can also order custard by the pint and special custard cakes, which are just like ice cream cakes.", "Culver's also has other dessert options, such as lemon ice.", "If you can't decide what to order, simply let fate take the wheel and go with that day's Flavor of the Day.", "There are no bad options!", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more Mashed videos about your favorite fast food chains are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Flavors of the day", "Slow-churned all day", "Warmer than ice cream", "Different from ice cream", "Fresh dairy, family farms", "Not so health-friendly", "1,600 scoops per day", "Customizable" ]

[ "- This is a (bleep) up situation.", "(alarm blaring) (glass shattering) But Russia's invasion of Ukraine has shown that more and more combat will be done by unmanned robots, (explosion booms) just like in Hollywood movies.", "(tense music) This is just a movie, but it's actually a pretty accurate portrayal of what weapons might look like in the near future.", "- We're talking about weapons that once programmed by a human, would then make a decision on their own about which specific targets to attack without any further human intervention.", "- And when I say near future, I mean now.", "You might ask, \"Why are we doing this?\"", "Well, for most of human history, war has just been a giant meat grinder, masses of humans and their sidekicks trying desperately to kill each other with sticks, rocks, swords, and now bombs and guns.", "The promise of precision weapons is to reduce the overall horror of war.", "But with this trajectory, is Skynet about to go online?", "- Is it acceptable for a machine to make life and death decisions in war?", "There are many situations in war that are gray, and it's a real challenge when it comes to autonomous weapons.", "How would a robot know the difference in what's legal and what's right?", "How would it know to tell the difference?", "- I mean, what could go wrong?", "This is \"Hard Reset,\" a series about rebuilding our world from scratch.", "- Testing.", "Camera three.", "- This is Paul Scharre.", "- Yep.", "- He's spent a lot of time working in places like this funky five-sided building, advising people on policy around robotics, automation, and the future of warfare.", "(uneasy music) (skull crushing) - When people worry about autonomous weapons, one of the fears would be robots running amok and killing civilians, the sort of things you see in \"Terminator\" movies.", "No one's building that.", "That's the good news.", "- That's exactly what Skynet would have you believe, Paul.", "But anyway, autonomous weapons have actually been around for a long time.", "For example, landmines.", "They're not intelligent, but once they're armed and placed by a human, they work on their own.", "But of course, landmines are (bleep) awful.", "Why would we want more autonomous weapons?", "- One of the arguments for autonomous weapons is that just like someday self-driving cars could reduce accidents on roads, perhaps machines could do the same in war.", "And autonomous weapons could avoid civilian casualties, making war more precise and more humane.", "In World War II, nations bombed entire cities and killed hundreds of thousands of civilians.", "One of the unfortunate reality of the technology at the time was bombing was not very precise.", "Today, advanced militaries can actually place a bomb precisely where they want to.", "Moving forward, militaries are developing next-generation robotic combat systems that would use more autonomy.", "How much autonomy is not always clear when looking at their plans.", "Senior Russian military leaders have said that their intention is to build fully-roboticized units that are capable of independent operations.", "The US military now has in its naval fleet a ship called the Sea Hunter.", "It's a totally autonomous ship.", "Swarms are the next step in military robotics.", "And people are experimenting with what this might look and how it would dramatically change military tactics and warfare.", "How do you fight with a swarm?", "What are the commands to give a swarm?", "How do swarms fight each other?", "What are the best tactics for swarm warfare?", "The idea of handing a lethal weapon to a computer would seem, on the face of it, potentially risky and problematic.", "We wanna be mindful of risks but we also don't wanna, sort of, foreclose the opportunity that there may be ways to make war more precise and more humane and save civilian lives in the process.", "(dramatic music) (airplanes whooshing) - As this technology evolves, we have to think about how involved humans should be when technology takes a life.", "Are there things we just don't want machines to decide without us?", "- I saw things firsthand in war that I don't think machines could deal with, situations that I faced that I think are too complex, that require human judgment and moral understanding.", "There was an incident early in the war in Afghanistan where I was part of an Army Ranger sniper team.", "And on one mission, we infiltrated at night, and when sun came up, we were pretty exposed.", "Now, what we expected to happen was that some fighters would come to attack us and we were ready for that.", "What we didn't expect was they sent a little girl to scout out our position.", "(tense music) As she walked around us, she would sort of stare at us.", "And we heard what we later realized was the tripping of a radio that she had on her, reporting back information about us.", "Eventually she left, and not long after, some Taliban fighters did come.", "And we took care of them.", "(guns banging) But later when we were talking about what we would do in a similar situation like that, if we came across someone and we didn't know if they were a civilian and they were scouting for the enemy, what would we do?", "Something that never came up in conversation was the idea of shooting this little girl.", "(uneasy music) The laws of war don't set an age for combatants.", "You know, what's interesting is if you programmed a robot to comply perfectly with the laws of war, (electronic beeping) it would've killed this little girl.", "(dramatic music) And I think that's wrong.", "I think that would've been morally wrong.", "If we had a war and no one felt bad about the fact that we were killing other human beings, what would that say about us?", "What would it say about us if no one slept uneasy at night afterwards?", "(dramatic music) (planes whooshing) - Right now the United States is not building lethal autonomous weapons.", "- War presents lots of complex moral challenges that people face.", "And I don't really think that any machines that we see today or in the foreseeable future will be able to deal with those challenges.", "Not because the machines cannot make those decisions, but because they shouldn't.", "These moments of humanity seem important.", "They seem like something that we wouldn't wanna give up.", "It's an opportunity for humans to exercise empathy and recognize the humanity of the other side.", "(tense music) - But if the history of war has taught us anything, it's that just because we don't want a technology to be used for killing people, that doesn't mean it won't be.", "- We've seen throughout history that there are many times when in peacetime, militaries say, \"We're not going to use this kind of technology.\"", "Before World War I, \"We won't use poison gas.\"", "Yet once the shooting started and poison gas was available, military started using it.", "Prior to World War II, military said they wouldn't do aerial attacks on cities.", "- A short time ago, an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy.", "- In the course of interviewing experts for \"Army of None,\" the former director of research at the Office of Naval Research, Larry Schuette, asked the really important question of, \"When we're thinking about autonomous weapons, is it December 6th or December 8th?\"", "- Flash, Washington.", "The White House announces Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.", "- Is it before or after this game-changing event?", "It might change how we think about risk (explosion booms) and what we're willing to tolerate in warfare.", "- Come back next time for another episode of \"Hard Reset.\"", "Subscribe to Freethink to watch our other original series and documentaries about technology and people that are changing our world." ]

[ "Introduction", "The Technology", "The Ethics", "What the future holds" ]

[ "You know Milana Vayntrub as Lily from the AT&T commercials, but remember when she played Kevin's love interest on This Is Us?", "Keep watching to find out where else you might have seen this versatile actor.", "After Vayntrub's family fled from Soviet Uzbekistan and settled in Los Angeles, she starred in a series of Barbie toy commercials when she was 5 years old.", "As she recalled to Collider in 2021, \"We're like immigrants, and we're like 'I don't know, she talks too much.", "Put her in front of a camera!'", "We didn't know what we were doing.\"", "Soon thereafter, Vayntrub landed a role on the first season of NBC's medical drama ER.", "She played Tatiana, a young girl diagnosed with AIDS.", "Despite the dour tone of the role, Vayntrub fondly remembers her time on the show.", "As she told Collider, \"Whenever I would get on set as a kid, I would get so energized, cause I was so happy to be there, that my mom would have to calm me down.\"", "She also fondly remembered watching ER star George Clooney playing basketball with Jaleel White, aka Urkel from Family Matters.", "After ER, Vayntrub landed roles on the soap opera Days of Our Lives and on Disney Channel's Lizzie McGuire.", "Once Milana Vayntrub decided to pursue acting full time, she found herself frustrated by the casting process.", "So she decided to create her own content rather than waiting for roles to come to her.", "This drive for autonomy led to the creation of \"Live Prude Girls,\" a YouTube web series with her and Stevie Nelson, whom Vayntrub had met at auditions.", "The channel consisted of interviews in a series called \"Let's Talk About Something More Interesting,\" in which Vayntrub and Nelson have painfully awkward chats with other comedians and celebrities.", "\"Hey, girls.\"", "\"Hi, Matt...", "Damon.\"", "“How you guys doing?” The channel was a hit, as it generated millions of views.", "Vayntrub and Nelson's popularity eventually caught the attention of TV networks like MTV.", "Unfortunately, MTV ultimately passed on picking up the show, thereby ending the series for good.", "Despite the setback, Vayntrub's popularity was just beginning to take off, as she booked the part of Lily Adams for AT&T the day before she learned that MTV canceled the \"Live Prude Girls\" project.", "Fans of sketch comedy should readily recognize Vayntrub.", "She's appeared in videos for the likes of CollegeHumor and Funny or Die, and she's also shown up in multiple Comedy Central projects.", "For example, she was in Key & Peele's \"Sexy Vampires\" sketch, as well as the network's \"Making Fun with Akilah and Milana\" shorts.", "Vayntrub's sketch comedy experience has really showcased her versatility and improv skills.", "From a sexy bloodsucker to a narcissistic game show contestant, she isn't afraid to show off her range!", "Another notable role for her was the interactive comedy \"That Moment When\" on Eko , a platform for interactive videos.", "She played the character of Jill, who carries out the choices of viewers who are interacting with the story.", "The 2015 sci-fi comedy show Other Space followed a ragtag crew of astronauts as they embarked on a mission to further the universal mapping project.", "Vayntrub played the character of Tina, the crew's unhinged navigator with pigtails and a penchant for violence.", "The show was created by Paul Feig, who's known for directing such movies as Bridesmaids and the 2016 female-led reboot of Ghostbusters.", "In the latter film, Vayntrub played the bit-part role of \"Subway Rat Woman.\"", "In a 2015 interview with Box Angeles, Vayntrub said that Feig and her Other Space co-stars Neil Casey and Eugene Cordero were some of her favorite people to work with in her career.", "Every member of the cast had a strong background in improvisation, and they were even asked to loosely improvise monologues during auditions.", "Unfortunately, Other Space premiered on the ill-fated Yahoo!", "Screen streaming platform, so the show fell into oblivion after just one season when the platform fell apart.", "It eventually found a new home on the sci-fi streaming service DUST.", "In a 2020 interview with SyFy Wire, Feig said, \"For me, the perfect situation would be we get to make more seasons of it.", "We had so many more stories we wanted to tell and such a great cast.\"", "\"Well, guess what?\"", "\"We're in a whole other space.\"", "After a two-episode stint on Netflix's sitcom Love in 2016, Vayntrub went on to land the part of Sloane Sandburg on NBC's This is Us.", "The series alternates between the Pearson family in the 80s and 90s and the present day with the Pearson kids having grown up and now in families of their own.", "Sloane is a sweet and shy playwright who becomes a love interest for Justin Hartley's Kevin, the eldest of the Pearson siblings.", "Kevin is a troubled bachelor who's come home from his career as a TV actor to find success and meaning elsewhere.", "He and Sloane play the leads in the play that she wrote, and things appear to be on the up-and-up for them.", "Alas, they're characters in a family drama, so unsurprisingly things quickly fall apart when Kevin's ex-girlfriend Olivia comes back into the picture.", "So Sloane and Kevin break up, which was ultimately probably more fortunate than not for Vayntrub and her career.", "\"It's the right thing to do.\"", "Following her stint on This Is Us, Vayntrub's most prominent role has of course been Lily Adams, but you may have also seen her in the 2021 sci-fi horror film Werewolves Within, in which she plays a postal worker who teams up with a park ranger to find out the truth about the werewolf plaguing their town when a snowstorm traps everyone indoors for the night.", "In an interview with The A.V.", "Club, she admitted, \"I was excited by so many elements of it; one was just the cast.", "I just wanted to be in that company.\"", "We hope that Vayntrub has many more projects in her future that she's just as excited about!", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about your favorite stars are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Child acting", "YouTube Star", "Sketch comedy", "Shooting into Other Space", "This is Milana" ]

[ "PRIYANKA VERGADIA: Did you know that most of the time spent by data scientists goes into wrangling data?", "More specifically, in feature engineering, which is transforming raw data into high-quality input signals for ML models.", "But this process is often inefficient and brittle.", "Well I'm Priyanka, and in this video we will identify the key challenges with feature engineering, how Vertex Feature Store help solve them, and see a quick demo.", "Now what are the key challenges with ML features?", "The first is that they are hard to share and reuse across your different steps of the ML workflow and across projects, which results in duplicate efforts.", "Second is that it is hard to serve in production reliably with lower latency, and the third is that there is an inadvertent skew in feature values between training and serving, usually, which causes your model quality to degrade over time.", "That is exactly where Vertex Feature Store comes in.", "It's a fully managed and unified solution to share, discover, and serve machine learning features at scale across different teams within your organization.", "And it also helps reduce the time to build and deploy your AI ML applications by making it easy to manage and organize your ML features in one place.", "It makes the features reusable, easy to serve, and avoids skew.", "Now let's see how to set it up.", "In the console, in Vertex AI, we see the Feature tab.", "To get started, let's click on this documentation and explore, using Feature Store section.", "Now the first thing you need is a Feature Store.", "At the time of this recording, Feature Store is in preview so just know that depending on when you're watching this, there might be more options and updates that you would see.", "You cannot create a Feature Store in the console, so let's use this sample notebook to learn how to create it using the SDK.", "This sample uses a movie recommendations data set and the task is to train a model to predict if a user is going to watch a movie and serve this model online.", "We will learn to import our features into Feature Store, serve online prediction requests using the imported features, and then access imported features in offline jobs, such as training jobs.", "To set up, we install some additional packages, set up our project, and authenticate our Google Cloud account.", "Step one is to create data set for output.", "We are creating BigQuery data set to host the output data.", "Input the name of the data set and the table we want to store the output later.", "Then we are defining constants and Feature Store-related imports.", "Here's how the Vertex Feature Store actually works.", "It organizes the data with the three hierarchical concepts.", "Featurestore, which is the place to store your features-- EntityType, under Featurestore, describes an object to be modeled, real or virtual, and Feature itself, under EntityType, describes an attribute of that EntityType.", "Now in our movie's prediction example, we will create a featurestore called movie_prediction.", "This store has two entity types-- Users and Movies.", "The user's entity type has age, gender, and like genres features.", "The Movies entity type has the genre and average rating features.", "The first thing we do is to create the featurestore.", "The method to create a featurestore returns a long running operation that starts an asynchronous job.", "This may take about three minutes or so, and once the featurestore is created, we can see it in the console.", "And we can create our entities in this store.", "I'm creating two entities here-- user and movies.", "We can also create features within these entities.", "Here I've created age, gender, and like genres under user, and title, genres, and average rating under our movies.", "If we want, we can search through and filter on these features.", "Now we need to import feature values before we can use them for online offline serving.", "Let's head back into our notebook to see how to import features in bulk using the Python SDK.", "We define the data source, the BigQuery table or Cloud Storage bucket, and the destination featurestore, entity and the features to be imported.", "You do this for both users and the movies entities.", "Now for a latency-sensitive service such as online model prediction, we would need to serve our feature values online.", "For example, for a movie service, we might want to quickly show movies that the current user would most likely watch by using online predictions.", "You can read one entity per request or even read multiple entities per request.", "Now if you need feature values for high throughput, typically for training a model or batch prediction, then serving feature values in batch is a better idea than serving online.", "Consider this example-- if the task is to prepare a training data set to train a model which predicts if a given user will watch a given movie, then to achieve this we need two sets of inputs-- features, that we have already imported, and labels, which is the ground-truth data recorder that user X has watched movie Y.", "It also includes the time stamp which indicates when the ground-truth was actually observed.", "As labels and feature values are collected over time, those feature values change.", "The Feature Store can perform a point in time lookup so that you can fetch the feature values at a particular time.", "It's literally the data version of going back to a previous version of your source code in GitHub.", "Imagine freezing the state of the feature values at two different timestamps.", "And that was a quick summary of Vertex Feature Store.", "Just know that at the time of this recording, the Feature Store is in preview, so chances there are more options and features available when you're watching this video.", "To explore more up-to-date information, check out the documentation that I've linked below.", "Any questions, let me know in the comments or on Twitter @pvergadia." ]

[ "Intro", "Demo", "Summary" ]

[ "Capturing your audience’s attention isn’t always easy in today’s world of short, biteable videos that you see all over social media.", "Still, fast typography templates can help your video stand out from the crowd and stop your audience mid-scroll.", "Fast-moving typography is eye-catching and full of dynamic energy to get your viewers excited!", "Here’s our list of the top 10 fast typography templates you just have to see for yourself!", "Number 10: Dynamic Fast Typography Opener by MotionTrooper This Adobe After Effects template contains 26 seconds of bold, modern, and trendy features and transitions.", "It features loads of colorful options with quick motion graphics and will make any intro stand out from the crowd.", "Number 9: Fast Typography MOGRT by vaynah A simple and elegant motion design will set your video apart from your competition.", "There’s something to be said about a minimalist, black and white motion design that matches your text to the beat!", "This Premiere Pro template will get your video noticed with a powerful impact.", "Number 8: Modern Fast Typography by FuryFrog Look no further if you’re on the hunt for a smooth, fast typography template.", "Complete with a video tutorial, and total control over color and font options, this item comes with 11 media files and 46 text placeholders!", "This thirty-eight-second clip’s got you covered in 4k, 2k, and 1080p resolutions.", "Number 7: Fast Typography Opener by Zorrín Break all the rules with this creative, ultramodern template for After Effects.", "Use this opener to introduce yourself, promote your business, or even launch a new event.", "It features a variety of modern graphic designs and creative content.", "You can also change the structure and add media and text to make it even more captivating.", "Number 6: Fast Typography Presentation by HelgaGraf This quick template has everything you need in a simple, minimalistic design.", "With features like stomp and mirror animations with low opacity, this modern opener is great for any intro, presentation, or corporate intro.", "All the typography video template options we’ve presented today are available from Envato Elements, along with millions of additional assets like royalty-free music, lower thirds, and sound effects, to help bring your next project to life.", "Find the link in the description below, and join today for instant access!", "And now, back to our list...", "Number 5: Fast Typography Promo by MotionMediaGroup Inspired by the vibrant colors and dynamic text animation of modern digital art, this fast rendering template features a variety of trendy motion graphics trends like 3D footage compositions, smooth gradient combinations, and organic transitions.", "Number 4: Fast Typography Promo by RedMoodStudio Simple, powerful energy shines through in this typography-based promo template!", "Just import it into After Effects and create your custom promo or intro video in minutes!", "No plugins or unique presets are required.", "Number 3: Grip Modern Gradient Typography Opener Promotion by DefMode This well-organized, easy-to-customize opener is full of colorful glitch features in both the background and the text.", "Show your modern, expressive style with this fully editable template featuring bright colors and gradients perfect for your next video.", "Number 2: Zenx Fast Typography Promo by MotionTheoryStudio The rhythmic animation style in this simple, modern template makes flashy transitions the focus of your promo video.", "Create a fully customized, powerful message in no time with this fast-rendering file when you want your copy to sing, not shout.", "Number 1: Fast Typography by Nick_Chvalun The number 1 spot on this list is a colorful, dynamic, and modern template that will catch your audience’s attention.", "It includes 3 different versions perfect to create unique variations with the mission to impress your audience.", "Download this pack and explore the possibilities.", "So that’s the end of our list.", "Stand out from the crowd and get your viewers excited with fast typography in your next project.", "We’d love to hear in the comments which template you prefer and don't forget to give us a thumbs up, subscribe to the channel, and hit that bell for notifications so you don’t miss any of our upcoming videos!", "Also, check out that thumbnail on your screen now - we chose that video just for you!", "See you there!" ]

[ "Intro", "WHAT IS ENVATO ELEMENTS?", "Number 5", "Number 4", "Number 3", "Number 2", "Number 1" ]

[ "Hello everybody.", "And welcome to a brand new tutorial series on this channel where I'm going to be covering the C plus plus language for beginners.", "So this tutorial series is fully suited for anyone who has never used C plus plus before never written any code in their life.", "Before that said, it obviously will be easier to follow along if you programmed before, but I will make sure I explain everything.", "And if you've never programmed before, this is the place to be.", "Don't worry.", "I will teach you everything you need to know.", "There's going to be no prerequisite information or any tech literacy.", "You really need to know before going through a series like this, with that said, though, this series is titled to learn C plus plus with meat, or you probably saw that in the thumbnail, at least now the idea behind this series, which is a little bit different than what I usually do is I am not extremely familiar with C plus plus in fact, I just started learning C plus plus the other day.", "And I thought it would be an interesting idea to kind of have a tutorial series where I am learning alongside you.", "So right before I filmed the video, I'm going to mess around with whatever it is that I'm going to be teaching.", "And then immediately hop into the video and start teaching it.", "Personally, I find the best way to learn is to teach.", "And I just thought this would be kind of a cool series.", "So again, just want to be super clear.", "I'm non-expert at C plus plus, I'm going to do all of the necessary research beforehand to make sure I'm not giving you guys incorrect information, but I love explaining stuff to people.", "I love learning new language, and I just thought this would be kind of a fun series.", "And it gives me an opportunity to kind of cover things that I myself found very difficult in the C plus plus language, and really focus on them in the tutorial.", "Whereas someone who's maybe an expert in C plus plus may have kind of forgotten about what beginners find quite difficult in a new language like this.", "So with that set in this first video here, I'm going to discuss how you can compile and run a C plus plus program.", "I'm going to show you how to set up your coding environment, whether you're on Mac, Linux or windows, and then in future videos, we'll actually get into the code and then we'll go all the way up until object oriented programming in C plus plus.", "So with that said, let's dive in.", "So before I actually get into the install and setup steps, I figured it wouldn't be a bad idea to discuss what C plus plus is used for and why you may want to learn.", "So, first of all, C plus plus kind of gets a reputation of being a very difficult programming language to learn.", "I would argue that it's not that hard to learn, especially if you haven't learned another programming language before, and it's really not that difficult.", "It's just different than some other languages like Python or JavaScript.", "So don't be intimidated by that.", "If you've heard something like that before, this is a great language to start with, again, not going to be the absolute easiest one to learn, but definitely a good option.", "And you're not going to regret learning C plus plus as your first or maybe even second programming language.", "Now that said C plus plus is a very popular programming language.", "It's used by tens of millions of developers.", "It's probably in the top five, maybe in maybe even in the top three of the most popular programming languages out there it's been around for a really long time.", "It's used for a ton of different applications.", "It's used for 3d games, operating systems, compilers, interpreters, embedded systems, desktop applications, websites, database, software.", "I could go on and list about a million things, super versatile, super fast programming language.", "It's very efficient and performance optimized.", "If you're writing any kind of code where you really care about the execution time of that code, then C plus plus is a really good choice for whatever that application or code is going to be.", "So I could go on and on about why you would want to learn C plus plus, but just trust me, it's a great language.", "You're definitely going to enjoy it, learning it.", "And it's super versatile.", "You can do a ton of stuff with it.", "So with that said, let's now dive in to the install slash setup steps.", "So what I'm going to show you, how to do specifically is how to install a C plus plus compiler and a code editor that you can actually write your code in.", "So in theory, you can write C plus plus code in anything.", "You can write it in notepad, you can write it in notepad plus plus you can write it in a, I don't know what it's called on windows, like are not windows or a Mac, whatever their default little text editor is.", "Uh, you can write it in that you don't need like a dedicated code editor to write C plus plus code in.", "However, if you want to get nice syntax highlighting, you want to get auto-complete and some other just nice features to have when you're writing code, you're going to want to install a text editor or a IDE.", "So like something like visual studio code, you don't know what that is.", "Don't worry about it.", "In this tutorial series, I'm going to be using a text editor called sublime text.", "This is a really lightweight, really minimalist text editor.", "I really like it for doing basic tutorials.", "And I would recommend if you're someone who's just starting out and you don't kind of know about any other text editors or IDE, just go with the sublime text editor it's free and you can get it from the link in the description.", "So just download this sublime text editor, and then open it up and you will now have an environment in which you can write code in.", "Now, if you're on windows, your install steps are going to be a little bit different than if you're on Mac.", "So if you're on Mac windows or Linux, you need a text editor, or you need something to write your code in.", "So pick whatever that is that you want.", "I recommend recommend sublime text for this tutorial.", "And then if you're on Mac, your setup is done.", "You actually already have a C plus plus compiler installed on your computer.", "I'll show you how to access that in a minute.", "If you're on Linux, same thing, you already have a compiler in your system.", "However, if you're on windows, you do not.", "So you need to install it.", "So there's this thing called Ming GW, not really going to get into exactly what this is, but go to the link in the description, download this, run through the, install it, if you see any options, just leave them completely default.", "The only thing you should change, if you want to is the install location of this program.", "Make sure when you install this, you keep track of where you install it.", "So if you install it on a different drive or something like that, just make sure you know where it is because we are going to need to find the actual location of this on our, uh, on our disk or I guess on our draft.", "So go ahead, run through this install again, link in the description.", "Once it's installed, you need to make sure you remember where you installed it.", "Okay?", "So now that you have this installed, assuming you're on windows, again, if you're on Mac, you can kind of fast forward a bit until this has done.", "What you want to do is you want to find this program from your file Explorer.", "So open up your file Explorer, uh, go to your drive.", "I'm going to go to this PC.", "I'm going to go to my C drive.", "This is where I installed my program and just go and locate wherever you installed.", "So it should be by default in your C drive in program files, x86, and then you should scroll down and you should see the Ming, uh, GWS Ming GWW 64.", "Now go inside of all these folders that I'm showing you.", "So go inside of this one, go inside of the Ming GW folder, then go inside of bit.", "So again, this is specific.", "If you're on windows, now, what you want to do is you want to get the path to this bin.", "Notice here.", "There's all kinds of executable files here.", "These are actually a bunch of different interpreters that you can use for other program languages or sorry, not interpreters compilers.", "So, uh, you can see G plus, plus, this is one that we're actually going to use for this video right here.", "Again, you don't need to worry about all of this, but just find this install location.", "So if you click on your little bar here, you can copy this install location.", "So copy it to your clipboard.", "Now that you have this installed, what you need to do is you need to go and modify your path variable.", "Now, a path is just kind of a list of all of the locations to different executable files on your machine.", "Now, the reason we need to add this right here to our path is so that we can actually use the C plus plus compiler from our command line.", "You'll see how this works in a second, but while you're going to type here and your windows search bar is just path.", "Now it should pop up this thing that says, edit the system environment variables you want to go to a tablet, looks like this again.", "You could type in edit the system environment variables, open this up, where you're going to see as you have all of these different tabs, go to the advanced tab, go to environment variables, and then you should see something that says, Pat.", "Now when you're on path, what you're going to do is you're going to press edit.", "You're probably gonna see a ton of other stuff inside of here.", "What you want to do now is you want to add the path to this install location.", "So whatever you just installed, you want to add the path to that.", "That's the path we just copied.", "So we're going to press new.", "And then we're just going to paste in that path that we have.", "You can see, I already have mine here, so I'm not actually going to do this, but just go ahead and paste it in.", "So let me just remove that because I don't need it twice.", "So once that is in there, you're going to press okay.", "And then you're going to press okay again.", "And then if apply is able to be pressed, press apply.", "It probably won't be, then you just press, okay.", "Now what you've done is you've added the path to that install location.", "It's now any of those files that were in that bin, you can now access them without having to type out their entire path from your command prompt.", "So now on windows, what you want to do to test that this is working is open up your command prompt and you want to type G plus plus now G plus plus is a C plus plus compiler, which I will discuss in a second.", "So you type G plus plus, and just press enter.", "If you got some type of output, even if it says fatal air, that's totally fine.", "That is good.", "If you see something that says G plus plus is not a recognized command, neat, you need to make sure you follow along with the steps I just showed you.", "And that you added this to the path, try to restart your command prompt, and then the boot it up again and see if this works, but it should work after you go through those steps.", "So now you should have your CBOs plus compiler installed, and we're ready to actually go ahead and start writing some code.", "So at this point in time, all of the Mac people, you can start listening again.", "Uh, you will have this G plus plus compiler on your machine by default.", "So you guys should open up your terminal.", "You should type G plus plus in here.", "And you should see if that works.", "No again, that just should work.", "If you're on macro Linux idle, I don't know why that wouldn't work.", "That should work for you.", "And then we're kind of ready to go.", "So now this is a good point for me to discuss what I mean by compiling.", "Cause I keep saying this word compiler, you've probably heard me say interpreter to a compiler kind of takes the source code that we write and it transcribes it.", "We're translates it into a binary executable file.", "So by default, whenever you write C plus plus code, you can't just run it back code that is just, you know, plain text on your computer.", "The computer doesn't understand that.", "So what the compiler does is it takes this code.", "He translates it into machine language or into a binary language that AI that your computer can actually understand and that it can run.", "So what's going to happen is every time we write our code, whenever we want to run it, we're going to compile the code, translate it into this new file.", "And then this new file we'll have our program in a binary format.", "We will then run that program and there we go, or we'll run that file that we'll run our program and we will be good to go.", "So that is the difference between C plus plus, and some other programming languages say like Python, you wouldn't have to do something like this.", "Okay.", "So hopefully that makes sense.", "Uh, that is what I mean by compiler.", "So now what we're going to do is we're going to write our very first C plus plus program.", "So you're gonna open up sub-line text on whatever editor, whatever operating system you're using, or if you're not using sublime text, open up your editor and create a new file.", "Now this new file that you create must have a dot CPP file.", "Extension CPP stands for C plus plus.", "So whenever you write your C plus plus code, you're going to put it in a dot CPP file.", "Now, if you're working in a text editor like sublime text, as soon as you start typing, you'll notice your text is going to be highlighted in different colors.", "That kind of tells you that you're getting syntax highlighting in that this editor recognizes that the code that you're writing is C plus plus code.", "So we will continue the tutorial in one second, but I need to quickly thank the sponsor of this video in the series, which is algo expert algo expert is the best platform to use or preparing for your software engineering, coding interviews.", "They have over 140 coding interview questions on the platform, which are just the highest quality resources you can use to prepare for your technical coding interviews.", "So with that said, get started using aligo expert today by clicking the link in the description and using the code tech with Tim for a discount on the platform.", "So what we're going to do is write out really standard hello world program.", "I'm not really going to explain what I'm writing, just write it out here.", "This is just the test that our environment is set up.", "So what we're going to do is the following we're going to say include, and then inside of angle brackets, we're going to say I O stream like that.", "Then underneath this line, what we're going to type is using namespace STD.", "You might get this auto-complete if you're working in a, in sublime text, and then we're going to put a semi-colon at the end of this line, a semi-colon is a Terminator.", "It tells you that whatever statement you just wrote is now terminated.", "Now what these two lines are kind of doing is they're saying we're going to include a library that allows us to actually print information to the console.", "And this namespace is going to give us access to things that are in the standard C plus plus library.", "So just like pieces of Syntex, again, you don't have to know what that means.", "Just trying to give you a bit of information.", "Now we're going to create a function.", "We're going to say int main, we're going to put two parentheses like this, and then we're going to put two curly braces.", "And inside of here, we're going to write the following line.", "We're going to write C out.", "We're going to write these two things right here.", "I think these are less than signs.", "Although I always mix up if they're less than or greater than, you know, write two of these here.", "And then you're going to put inside of quotation marks, make sure they're double quotation marks.", "Hello, world, exclamation point semi-colon.", "And then the next line, you're going to say return zero.", "Now, as soon as we get through a few videos here, all of this will make perfect sense.", "You will know this like the back of your hand, but for right now, just kind of take for granted the fact that this is going to print something out to the console.", "And this is our very first program.", "All this is going to do is print this hello world.", "So when we run this code, all we're going to see is that a little bit of textures of the console that says hello world.", "So go ahead and save that control.", "S and then what you want to do is you want to compile this file.", "So to compile this file, you need to open up your terminal or your command prompt depending on the operating system you're on.", "And you need to navigate to the directory.", "You're storing this file in.", "So I've created a folder on my desktop.", "It's called C plus plus tutorial inside.", "I have my file tutorial, one dot CPP.", "So open up your terminal, open up your command prompt, and you need to use the CD command, which stands for change directory to get into the directory where this file is contained.", "So a little bit of a shortcut.", "If you're on windows here is if you just go to the directory from your file Explorer, like you normally would.", "So let's go to C plus plus tutorial, and then you go here.", "So this little search bar, and you delete all of this and you type CMV, this will open up the command prompt in this location.", "So notice location is where we just work.", "And then you're good to go.", "So if you're on Mac, you're probably going to be in some directory that is not your desktop.", "You're probably going to be in your user's home directory, which means you should have something like users and then whatever your name is or something like that.", "So what you're going to do is you're going to navigate to wherever you're storing this font.", "So if it's on your desktop, for example, you're gonna type CD desktop, and then that's going to bring you to your desktop.", "So let's actually just go ahead and do this.", "I ignored the two lines.", "I just typed.", "Let's say, I'm on Mac and I'm in this, this area.", "I type desktop.", "I go to my desktop notice.", "Now the path changes the desktop.", "Then I'm going to type CD, and I'm going to go to whatever directory this file is contained in.", "So maybe you have a folder called C plus plus tutorial.", "Uh, by the way, you can type the first few characters of whatever you want to go and press tab, and it should auto fill it.", "So if I do C and then tab and auto-fill C plus plus tutorial, so go ahead and press enter.", "And now from here, you should be good to go.", "So just navigate using CD, which stands for change directory to the directory you want to go to.", "If you make a mistake and you need to go back type cd.dot, this will bring you back to the parent directory.", "So we'll move you back.", "One notice here, this moves me from sequel, suppositories, back to desktop.", "Anyways, I have this, uh, command prompt open in this directory.", "Now what I'm going to do is compile my C plus plus file to do this.", "I'm going to type G plus, plus this will work on both Mac and windows.", "I'm going to type hyphen O which I believe stands for out.", "Then I'm going to type the name of the file that I want to contain the compiled code.", "So the name of the file I want to run.", "I'm going to call this run or I'll call this like run program or something, call it whatever you want.", "Doesn't matter.", "And then after this, you're going to put the name of the file you want to compile in this case, the name of my file is tutorial one.", "So whatever you named your file, you put here and then you press enter.", "So G plus plus hyphen, Oh, run program.", "Name of the file that contains the code.", "You wrote dot CBB, press enter.", "You're going to see that you're gonna get no output.", "If you get no output.", "That is good.", "Now, what you can do is you can type this name right here that contains the kind of output file.", "So I'm going to say run program and just press enter.", "When you do that, you should see that hello world pops up on the screen.", "If you're on Mac or Linux type of dot slash run program, and that should work.", "So either of them should probably work, but on Mac and Linux, I'm not sure cause I haven't done this.", "Uh, you probably need to type dot slash and that should then run the file for you.", "But you can run this as many times as you want.", "It contains the compiled code.", "No, just notice something here.", "If I change this, what I'm kind of printing out to the screen to just say hello and I saved this file.", "And then I go ahead and I try to run this code again.", "So I do run program notice it's still printing.", "Hello world.", "The reason for this is I have not recompiled my coat.", "So what I need to do to recompile my code or to get this program to now be updated with the new code I wrote is I need to compile it again.", "So a little shortcut here, if you press the up arrow on your keyboard, this will cycle through the commands you've already typed.", "So since I'm already in the same directory and I just want to compile the same file again, and I want it to go to the same output file.", "I'll just rerun this command.", "So now that I rerun this command, it should recompile my code or compile it again.", "And now what I can do is just type the name of that program.", "So we'll say run program, and now notice it just says hello.", "So there you go.", "That is the basics of how to set up your machine to run C plus plus code.", "So that is all I had for tutorial one.", "I apologize.", "This was a little bit slow.", "I just want to make sure I go through every single possible edge case and thing that could go wrong.", "So you guys can follow along and aren't getting frustrated and stuck at a ton of things.", "You'll probably notice with my tutorials.", "I'm very verbose.", "I go through everything and I just want to make sure I'm giving you as much information as I can so that this is the only resource you need to go to.", "You don't need to go and look up a million things after the video because I didn't cover it.", "So with that said, I hope you guys enjoyed.", "If you did make sure that they like subscribe to the channel, I will see you in another YouTube video.." ]

[ "Introduction & Series Overview", "What C++ Is Used For", "Text Editor Install", "Windows Setup", "Mac Setup", "What a Compiler Is", "Our First C++ Program", "Compiling C++ Code", "Running C++ Code" ]

[ "How did Michael Bolton end up in the doghouse?", "And which beloved movie character did Sean Spicer ruin our memories of forever?", "Dancing with the Stars sure has had its share of controversial outfits.", "Stick around for some of our favorites.", "In 2021, Dancing with the Stars host Tyra Banks was accused of \"making the show all about her\" with a supposedly obnoxious outfit.", "Although honestly, we have to admit that it was kind of awesome.", "Some fans of the show were vicious with their feedback, delivering remarks on social media such as: \"Wow why does Tyra's stylist hate her?\"", "And: \"Oh Lord!", "That fan dress that Tyra has on is not only ugly, but tacky as well.", "The best part of it was the color.\"", "There were even memes comparing her to the dinosaurs in Jurassic Park.", "Despite being publicly bashed all over the internet, Banks was ultimately undeterred.", "She fired back during an appearance on The Late Late Show with James Corden, announcing, \"Nobody is going to say anything about a pretty dress.", "You know, you’ve got to like push it and go for it.\"", "\"Different is what?\"", "\"Better!", "It is!", "It's better than better!\"", "\"I ain't got time to be like, pretty, and in a normal dress.\"", "While not every critic on the internet may agree, we certainly do!", "Clap back, Tyra!", "On the 29th season of Dancing with the Stars in 2020, Tiger King's Carole Baskin wore mostly cat-themed outfits, despite her questionable past.", "Considering the controversy surrounding her and speculation that she may have killed her husband and fed him to tigers, some of her decisions may have demonstrated more than a bit of bad taste.", "Her insistence on a \"tiger theme\" for her debut night, which even included dancing to the song \"Eye of the Tiger,\" may have been a little ill-advised.", "Although, it could be interpreted in a couple of ways.", "Either it was a bold move that shows she has a sense of humor about her past, or it's just inappropriate to insist on referencing the controversy.", "Either way, DWTS fans who saw her outfit on Instagram didn't seem to care for it, and made comments such as, \"It would be better and more accurate if she was in an inmate costume where she belongs.\"", "Another commenter went so far as to call it the worst outfit they'd ever seen on the show.", "While Baskin's choices were undeniably questionable, fellow animal activists can at least rest easy knowing that she made sure that the DWTS designers knew that no fur, feathers, leather, or any other animal products would be utilized in her costume.", "Sean Spicer was already a controversial Dancing with the Stars contestant following his stint as the press secretary for the White House under the Trump administration.", "This particular look garnered some snide remarks from critics on top of his already less than well-received appearance.", "When he dressed up like a certain character from Toy Story on Disney Theme Night in 2019, Vanity Fair, for one, criticized ABC for allowing Spicer to, quote, \"tarnish even Sheriff Woody's good name.\"", "And they weren't the only ones who were less than pleased.", "That was plenty evident when host Tom Bergeron and several other ABC employees publicly called out the network for even casting Spicer in the first place.", "Some noted his less than ideal reputation, while Bergeron posted a statement on Twitter that read in part, \"A few months ago, during a lunch with DWTS' new Executive Producer, I offered suggestions for Season 28.", "Chief among them was my hope that DWTS, in its return following an unprecedented year-long hiatus, would be a joyful respite from our exhausting political climate and free of inevitably divisive bookings from ANY party affiliations.\"", "\"White House press secretary, I mean, I can't wait to see Spicy do the tango.\"", "\"Uh-huh.\"", "For the sixth week of Season 28 in 2019, Dancing with the Stars co-host Erin Andrews wore sparkly green dress pants that were reminiscent of a mermaid emerging onto the shore.", "Andrews normally dressed in ball gowns on show nights, but fans seemed to enjoy the more casual look.", "However, there was also some backlash on social media, with one person on Twitter calling it, quote, \"the most hideous baby s--- green metal flake pants\" that they'd ever laid eyes on.", "But Andrews didn't let it phase her, as she tweeted back kindly with, \"I hope your children are NEVER subjected to such disgusting remarks.", "Thank goodness my parents taught me [...] how to be kind and spread love!\"", "Considering Andrews' typical attire up to this point, we can see how this could be considered \"dressing down.\"", "But this simple look could also be seen as taking away some of the focus from herself and moving it towards the contestants, while still being fun and quirky.", "And for that reason, we can certainly appreciate some sparkly pants.", "In a 2017 DWTS episode, Vanessa Lachey danced right out of her skirt during her performance set to \"Let's Be Bad.\"", "The silver lining was that she at least had a fantastic sense of humor about it, as she joked that if the snafu got her extra points, she would gladly accept them.", "After the skirt drop, host Tom Bergeron was spotted running out on the dance floor to pick it up.", "While Lachey maybe should've ensured her skirt was more secure in the first place, the mishap may have ultimately worked out in her favor.", "As judge Carrie Ann Inaba commented, \"Something happened and you just let yourself go and it was such a fantastic performance!\"", "She also noted that Lachey was \"the epitome of class and grace\" despite the wardrobe malfunction.", "Sometimes dancing through mishaps says more about you than not having any mishaps at all!", "During \"Latin Week\" in 2014, Peta Murgatroyd and her partner James Maslow performed a samba routine that ended with them in significantly less clothing than they began.", "Murgatroyd took her clothes off to reveal cherry red lingerie, while Maslow ended up completely topless.", "The Daily Mail dubbed it \"one of the raunchiest performances imaginable for prime time television,\" as it garnered a ton of shock and awe from the judges and audience members alike.", "Co-host Erin Andrews was caught by the camera looking completely shocked by the outfits, while judge Len Goodman joked that he thought that it was \"Take Your Shirt Off Week, not Latin Week.\"", "Maslow quipped that this was always his \"key tactic,\" as he commented, \"We're just going to take off our clothes.", "[...] Gotta love good family fun.\"", "On a Season 16 episode in 2013, Wynonna Judd and Tony Dovolani may have gone just a bit too far for the Prom Night theme.", "They dressed in traditional prom attire, and then they took it a big step further by incorporating moves akin to erotic dance.", "It may have been a while since some of us went to prom, but we're pretty sure there weren't any stripper poles there.", "Unless you went to a very open-minded high school, that is.", "We can all at least acknowledge that Judd and Dovolani's 80s hair and song choice of Def Leppard's \"Pour Some Sugar on Me\" totally worked, and Judd definitely succeeded in her goal to \"release her inner tigress.\"", "But we can also acknowledge that the stripper pole may have taken things too far and that Judd's outfit left something to be desired for a traditional \"Prom Night,\" as did her dancing.", "In fact, judge Len Goodman compared her to Mount Rushmore because she was so \"stiff\" during her samba routine.", "Although she denied it, many viewers believe that Nancy Grace had a wardrobe malfunction during a 2011 Dancing with the Stars episode.", "Perhaps she should've worn something with a little more support and coverage during this particular number.", "Judges, fans, and host Tom Bergeron all seemed to think that her breast popped out of her dress a bit during her jive with her partner Tristan MacManus, though she claimed otherwise.", "As she told reporters after the show, \"When we were doing our hop scotch portion of our dance, there was a little bit of movement but it did not rise to a wardrobe malfunction.", "We have got every precaution known to man in this dress right here.", "I’m talking industrial strength precautions.", "So there may have been a little bit of, as Tristan said, jiggling.\"", "As for what the judges thought, Bruno Tonioli commented, \"It was a bit top-heavy at times, my darling.", "And I got an eyeful!", "I couldn’t miss that.\"", "Bergeron made light of the incident, as he quipped, \"On the European version, that would be perfectly fine.\"", "\"Which begs the question: who's taking care of the babies?!\"", "In a 2010 Dancing with the Stars episode, Michael Bolton and his partner Chelsie Hightower danced the jive.", "Hightower sported a very cute white knee-length dress with black polka dots, while Bolton wore all black with a dog-patterned sports jacket.", "The routine began with Bolton on all fours in an oversized doghouse and Hightower teasing him with a toy bone.", "The odd theme to this routine led Us Weekly to comment, \"Michael Bolton is in the dog house — literally.\"", "We can get behind the idea of this theme, especially considering that their song was \"Hound Dog.\"", "But there's also an argument to be made for it being perhaps a tad dehumanizing, as this is a dance program and not a comedy show.", "Plus, it only added fodder to the judges' critiques.", "Bruno Tonioli even called it the worst jive he'd seen in 11 seasons.", "\"You should've kept that bone and gone back into the dog house.\"", "And as Len Goodman put it, \"I don't think the world's quite ready for your interpretation of the jive.\"", "\"It probably needed a pooper scooper as well just to finish it off.\"", "In a 2007 Dancing episode, Marie Osmond dressed up as a life-sized wind-up doll and danced to The Rolling Stones' \"Start Me Up.\"", "While the idea sounds cute in theory, in practice, most people found the doll theme and overall look just plain creepy, with Bruno Tonioli comparing it to a mix of \"Baby Jane and the bride of Chucky.\"", "On top of that, Osmond and her partner Jonathan Roberts received the lowest score of the night.", "For her part, Osmond explained the odd costume choice by noting, \"I could've come out [in] something slinky and sexy, but it's a family show.\"", "She also pointed out that her outfit was a tribute to her doll-making career and to her doll-collecting fans.", "But it's safe to say that she lost the vote with any audience members who suffer from pediophobia, aka the fear of dolls.", "In a 2006 Dancing episode, former High School Musical star Monique Coleman nearly lost a key piece of clothing while dancing the jive.", "During the enthusiastic routine, her skirt came down and temporarily revealed the top of her butt cheeks when her shoe tugged on the bottom of it.", "She very quickly pulled the skirt back up, making it nearly unnoticeable.", "All of her experience from High School Musical certainly paid off in this instance!", "After the performance, host Tom Bergeron commented, \"I know that jump scared the ‘everything’ out of you.\"", "\"It scared my clothes off, apparently.\"", "\"Not quite.", "Not quite, happily.\"", "Luckily, Coleman and her partner Louis van Amstel were such great dancers that this wardrobe malfunction didn't affect their scores in the slightest, as they received full nines out of ten across the board.", "In a 2014 episode of Dancing, Bethany Mota and her partner Derek Racey presented a tribute to the classic sitcom I Love Lucy on Dynamic Duos night.", "Although the idea was cute and the dance was spot-on, Mota's look wasn't as well-received as she would've hoped.", "In fact, as CBS News commented in its recap, \"Bethany's super sexy, low-cut midriff seemed a little much.", "They certainly wouldn't have let that air back in the 1950s.", "It almost looked like an adult-film parody of the classic sitcom.\"", "While we can all sympathize with how hot and sweaty it must get dancing under those spotlights, this critic had a point, as Lucille Ball certainly wouldn't have been so scantily clad back in the 50s.", "When you make viewers think of adult films, that's probably not the best idea for family-friendly programming.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about your favorite stars are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Tyra Banks", "Carole Baskin", "Sean Spicer", "Erin Andrews", "Vanessa Lachey", "James Maslow and Peta Murgatroyd", "Wynonna Judd and Tony Dovolani", "Nancy Grace", "Michael Bolton", "Marie Osmond", "Monique Coleman", "Bethany Mota" ]

[ "With a long TV career, numerous cookbooks to her name, and several restaurants, Lidia Bastianich is one of America's most famous chefs.", "She has even cooked for popes!", "From being a refugee to co-owning restaurants with her children, her transformation is seriously turning heads.", "Lidia Bastianich was born Lidia Matticchio in 1947 in Pola, Italy.", "The town is located on the southern tip of the Istrian peninsula, which juts into the Adriatic Sea.", "At the time of her birth, the peninsula was part of Italy, but months later, Istria was given to Yugoslavia as part of the World War II peace treaty.", "The change meant falling behind the Iron Curtain and under communist rule.", "This would prove to cause Bastianich's family a great amount of strife over the years.", "Nevertheless, Bastianich has fond memories of her childhood.", "She spent a great deal of time at her maternal grandparents' home.", "Although the family was poor, they used every resource available to them, particularly when it came to food.", "Bastianich's grandparents grew most of their own food, something young Lidia reveled in helping her grandmother prepare.", "In her bio for the National Italian American Foundation, Bastianich recalled her early years in Pola: \"While life seemed great for me at the time, what I didn't know as a child was how communism took away almost everything my family stood for.", "[...] Communism changed our last name.", "We couldn't speak our native Italian language.", "They took away our religion; I even had to be baptized in secret!", "Communism threatened my dad's business.\"", "The oppression culminated in the family's decision to flee in 1956.", "They escaped to Trieste, Italy, and spent the next two years in a refugee camp.", "\"We were sort of captured behind as ethnic Italians.", "Had to escape back into Italy, ultimately went to a refugee -- political refugee camp.\"", "In 1958, the family received a sponsorship from Catholic Charities to move to America.", "Although she was just 12 years old at the time, Bastianich still fondly remembers the outpouring of support her family received upon landing in New York.", "She said, \"Complete strangers and nonprofit organizations were willing to give us a home, fill our cupboards with food, and find my parents a job.", "There was so much generosity and to this day we have so much gratitude for the people and organizations that helped us when we most needed it.\"", "Lidia Bastianich's time at her grandparents' home introduced her to all things food at a very young age.", "From grinding wheat and growing fruits and vegetables to raising animals and making olive oil, there were few culinary tasks the family didn't undertake.", "Bastianich told The Pitch, \"My grandmother raised, made, cured all the food for everyone in the family.", "That's what they did every day, tending to the pigs, feeding the chickens.", "So I was in that kingdom of food [...] I was connected to food at a very early age.\"", "Because of the location of Bastianich's homeland and its political history, the region's food cultures included a vast array of Mediterranean flavors.", "Even after leaving Pola, those flavors stayed with her, as did her memories of her grandmother.", "Bastianich said, \"I was still connected to her through food.", "I cooked what I remembered how to cook.", "That's my passion and connection.\"", "The aspiring chef got more formal culinary training after arriving in Trieste.", "During her two years there, Bastianich spent time with her great aunt, who worked as a personal chef.", "Young Lidia worked in her aunt's kitchen and explored the city's food market with her.", "She also worked in her school's kitchen in exchange for tuition.", "Believe it or not, Lidia Bastianich and Christopher Walken, two masters of their respective arts, have known each other since they were teenagers.", "Bastianich's first job after immigrating to America was at Walken's Bake Shop in Astoria, Queens.", "The owner and operator of the establishment had a son named Christopher, who grew up to become the Academy Award winning actor we all know and love.", "The two have remained in touch throughout the decades, and Bastianich has even invited her former coworker onto her television shows.", "On her \"Home for the Holidays\" special, Bastianich and Walken cooked a scallop dish that the chef named \"Scallops A La Walken.\"", "On another occasion, Anthony Bourdain joined the pair for a Christmas Eve dinner.", "The trio prepared La Vigilia, a Southern Italian version of the Feast of the Seven Fishes.", "By 1971, Lidia Bastianich was ready to open her own restaurant.", "That year she and her husband Felice opened a small Italian eatery in Queens called Buonavia, which translates to \"good road.\"", "But Bastianich did not work as the restaurant's head chef.", "Knowing that Americans expected Italian-American food as opposed to her more traditional northern Italian cuisine, Bastianich hired an outside chef.", "She worked as the restaurant's sous chef, which allowed her to learn American-style Italian cooking.", "\"We loved food, and we treated it almost like a home.", "And maybe that's why it was so successful.\"", "Buonavia was such a success that she and Felice had to expand the restaurant twice.", "In 1973, the couple opened a second restaurant nearby.", "Bastianich's entrepreneurial success enabled her to dream bigger.", "The couple sold both of their establishments just a few years later to raise money for a new venture: a Manhattan restaurant.", "In 1981, that dream became a reality when Felidia opened its doors.", "It quickly garnered rave reviews, including a three-star rating from “The New York Times”.", "Just a day into the new venture, one of the most powerful and influential people in the food world strolled into Felidia: Julia Child.", "Bastianich told WGBH, \"She came for the risotto specifically.", "I cooked the risotto and I was kind of nervous, of course.\"", "\"I don't think I really realized the magnitude.", "You know sometimes, ignorance is bliss?", "So it was very comfortable.", "You know, I felt like she was my friend.", "You know, I watched her on television.\"", "Bastianich didn't know it at the time, but this would be the start of a great friendship and pivotal to her career.", "Child was apparently so impressed by the food that she asked Bastianich to teach her how to make risotto.", "A few years later, Child invited Bastianich to appear on two episodes of her “Master Chef” series.", "Inspired by the experience with her mentor, Bastianich debuted her own cooking show, \"Lidia's Italian Table,\" in 1998, and has since become one of the most prominent chefs on television.", "Lidia Bastianich has built a culinary empire that rivals any other in the country.", "Bastianich currently owns two restaurants: Becco in New York City and Lidia's Kansas City.", "Her most recent business venture, however, is Eataly.", "Opened in the Flatiron District of Manhattan in 2010, the 50,000-square-foot Italian marketplace features six restaurants, five takeaway counters, two coffee bars, a Nutella bar, a fresh pasta counter, bakery, gelato counter, and more.", "It has proven to be so successful that Bastianich and her partners have since opened several more locations across the country, including a second spot in New York, as well as Chicago, Boston, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, and Dallas.", "Between openings, Bastianich has found time to launch her own line of pastas and sauces and to publish 13 cookbooks, the most recent of which, \"Felidia,\" includes recipes from her famed restaurant.", "She has also penned the memoir \"My American Dream,\" which details her journey as a child to her new homeland.", "And she has been a mainstay on television, starring in and producing a number of cooking shows, including her most recent, \"Lidia's Kitchen.\"", "Cooking was always a family affair for Lidia Bastianich.", "That has continued to this day for the celebrated chef, who has partnered with her two children in several business ventures.", "Lidia's son Joe is another successful restaurateur, and together, the mother-and-son own Becco, a casual Italian restaurant opened in 1993.", "They have also partnered together for Eataly.", "Not to be outdone by her brother, Lidia's daughter Tanya also co-owns a restaurant with her mother, Lidia's Kansas City.", "Tanya is also a partner at Tavola Productions, the company responsible for producing all of Lidia's cooking shows.", "Not only does Lidia clearly enjoy working with her children, she credits much of her success to them.", "She told “Family Business Magazine,” \"I wouldn't have grown as much had my children not come in with their new energies.", "I love working with my children as adults.", "I took it as a great honor that they saw what I started and wanted to continue.", "They have different strengths, and it was up to me to incorporate them and let them learn what I had done thus far.", "Then I let them grow — and they have, each on their own.\"", "Lidia Bastianich's hard work has been recognized and then some.", "In 1999, the James Beard Foundation named Bastianich one of the Best Chefs in America.", "She had previously been nominated five times.", "Since then, the popular chef has been nominated for — and won — numerous James Beard Awards.", "She has also won the prestigious Artusi Prize, as well as the Master of the Aesthetics of Gastronomy Award from the Culinary Institute of America, just to name a few of her cooking accolades.", "For her work in front of the camera, Bastianich has received the highest award in the television industry: In both 2013 and 2018, she won the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Culinary Host, first for \"Lidia's Italy\" and then \"Lidia's Kitchen.\"", "She and Bobby Flay are the only two people to win the award twice.", "Her TV job has also garnered her Telly, Taste, and New York Festivals Awards.", "Being a public figure means facing down at least a few controversies, and Lidia Bastianich has had her share of bad publicity over the past few years.", "Most notably, in 2011, Bastianich was accused of employing an Italian chef without pay.", "In a lawsuit, the plaintiff claimed that Bastianich hired her as a home attendant under the guise of promising her work in a restaurant.", "Instead, she allegedly received no culinary experience and no paycheck for six years.", "Although the case was originally thrown out, an appellate court found that Bastianich should have paid her employee.", "On more than one additional occasion, she and her partners have agreed to multi-million-dollar settlements stemming from lawsuits filed by restaurant employees.", "In each case, staff claimed that the owners withheld pay.", "Most celebrity chefs can rattle off a list of pretty impressive people they have cooked for.", "But you'll be hard pressed to find one that has prepared a meal for a pope.", "Lidia Bastianich has cooked for two of them.", "In 2008, she was asked to cook for Pope Benedict XVI.", "She told “Catholic News Agency,” \"I didn't believe it was going to happen.", "I remember I laughed and said, sure, Monsignor, I would love to, but is that a reality?\"", "It was a reality, and Bastianich wound up cooking two dinners for Benedict.", "The first night's menu included string bean salad, ravioli, risotto, whole roasted striped bass, and an apple strudel dessert.", "For the second night, the pope's birthday, Bastianich prepared a beef goulash and cake for dessert.", "\"When he was finished, I asked him, I said, 'Did you enjoy?'", "He said, 'You know, it was very good.", "Those were the flavors of my mother.'", "So I kind of got him.\"", "Just a few years later, in 2015, Bastianich had the honor of cooking for a second pope.", "She prepared all of Pope Francis' meals during his visit to New York.", "Meals included dishes such as house-made burrata, steamed lobster, capon soup, veal medallions, ravioli, roasted striped bass, concord grape sorbet, and angel food cake.", "Lidia Bastianich has made sure to share her good fortune.", "Inspired by those who helped her and her family many years ago, the former refugee has made a point of aiding those in a similar position.", "She told “The Pitch,” \"Along the way, a lot of people helped us.", "When I was in camp there was a woman who helped pay for my schooling.", "When we moved here, Catholic Services found us a place to live.", "I know what it means, and I appreciate it.", "So when I see a need someplace, I feel it.\"", "Bastianich became the United Nations Association of the USA's first celebrity champion for refugee youth education in 2018.", "In her role, she supports and raises funds for Adopt-A-Future, a campaign that works to provide refugee children with an education.", "Bastianich has also worked extensively with the United Nations Development Fund for Women, as the face of the \"Say No to Violence Against Women\" campaign.", "She has worked to raise awareness about female refugees in war-torn Kosovo, and helped establish the International Alert Millennium Peace Prize for Women.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more Mashed videos about your favorite TV chefs are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Born in post-war Italy", "Seeking refuge", "Cooking from childhood", "Friendship with Christopher Walken", "Opened first restaurant at 24", "Boost from Julia Child", "Culinary empire", "Family business", "Awards", "Not immune to controversy", "Cooked for two popes", "Giving back" ]

[ "Most compounds are made up of different kinds of atoms.", "For instance, water is made of of hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms.", "One water molecule, H2O, is made up of 3 atoms: 1 oxygen atom and 2 hydrogen atoms.", "But would we say that water is 1⁄3 oxygen and 2⁄3 hydrogen?", "No, not if we’re talking about % composition by mass.", "That’s because hydrogen and oxygen atoms weigh different amounts - they have different gram atomic masses, as you can see from the periodic table.", "the Percent composition of a compound is the percent of the total mass of the compound that is due to each component.", "The atoms of each element weigh different amounts, so we need to look at the periodic table to find the percent composition by mass.", "We’ll calculate the mass of a mole of the compound, as well as the mass due to each element in the compound.", "If you add up the % compositions for all the elements in a compound, it should sum to 100%.", "Let’s do this for water.", "First, we find the molar mass of water from the periodic table by summing up the gram atomic masses from each element.", "2x (1.008 g/mol) (that’s the hydrogens) + 1x (15.999 g/mol) (that’s the oxygen) = 18.015 g/mol.", "Now what percent of the total molar mass of water is due to hydrogen?", "The hydrogen % composition is the mass due to hydrogen divided by the total molar mass, times 100%.", "In each water molecule, there are 2 atoms of hydrogen.", "So the total mass of hydrogen in a mole of water is 2(1.008) = 2.016 grams.", "What percent of the total molar mass of water is that?", "Divide it by the molar mass of water, and multiply by 100%.", "2.016/18.015 x 100% = 11.19%.", "The rest of the mass must be due to oxygen, right?", "100% - 11.19% = 88.81% of the mass of water is due to oxygen.", "But let’s check, just to make sure.", "There is one atom of oxygen in each water molecule, so that is 1 x 15.999 = 15.999 grams of oxygen in each mole of water.", "To find the % of water’s molar mass due to oxygen, we’ll divide that by the total molar mass and multiply by 100%.", "15.999/18.015 x 100% = 88.81%, on the nose.", "The percentages DO add up to 100% (11.19 + 88.81 = 100%), so we didn’t mess up anywhere.", "For a more complicated example, let’s look at GLUCOSE.", "We usually think of glucose as a single thing - it’s one sugar, a monosaccharide - and it is ONE molecule.", "But it’s made up of three kinds of atoms: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.", "Its formula is C6H12O6.", "So one molecule of glucose has 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen.", "What is the % composition by mass of glucose?", "That is to say, what % of its mass is from carbon, what % of its mass is hydrogen, and what % of its mass is oxygen?", "Step 1: To find the molar mass of glucose, C6H12O6, sum up the gram atomic masses of the individual atoms.", "Again, we get that from the Periodic Table.", "There are 6 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, and 6 atoms of oxygen, so, the molar mass of glucose equals: (6 x 12.011 g/mol) + (12 x 1.008 g/mol) + (6 x 15.999 g/mol ) = 180.156 g/mol.", "Step 2: Find the % Mass of each element in Glucose We will take the mass of each element in 1 mole of glucose, divide it by the molar mass of glucose, then multiply by 100%.", "First, % mass from carbon: The mass of Carbon in 1 mole of glucose divided by the molar mass of glucose (the mass of 1 mole of glucose) times 100% is 6(12.011)g / 180.156g x 100%.", "= 72.066g/ 180.156g x 100% = 0.400 x 100% = 40.0% So Glucose is 40% carbon, by mass.", "Next, the % mass from hydrogen The mass of Hydrogen in 1 mole of glucose divided by the molar mass of glucose times 100% is 12(1.008) g / 180.156g x 100% = 12.096g/180.156g x 100% = 0.067 x 100% = 6.7% Glucose is 6.7% hydrogen, by mass.", "And finally, the % mass from oxygen: The mass of oxygen in 1 mole of glucose divided by the molar mass of glucose, times 100% is 6(15.999)g / 180.156g x 100% = 95.994g /180.156g x 100% = 0.533 x 100% = 53.3% Glucose is 53.3% oxygen, by mass.", "Let’s check to make sure these three % compositions add to 100%: 40% + 6.7% + 53.3% = 100%." ]

[ "Introduction", "Definition of percent composition", "Example 1: What is the percent composition of water - H2O", "Example 2: What is the percent composition of glucose - C6H12O6" ]

[ "- [Monica] Some people were born to do one unique thing.", "And Jim Farley was born to lead Ford.", "I saw a media report that called you the coolest CEO in the world.", "His grandfather worked for Henry Ford and helped build the Model T. - [Jim] We've been in business for 110 years, more.", "- [Monica] When Jim spent time with his grandfather they didn't play ball or read Dr.Seuss, they read car magazines!", "Now those same car magazines are talking about Jim and his new role as Ford's CEO.", "That's because Jim Farley is transforming Ford.", "- [Jim] You know, I came to Ford to serve other people.", "I didn't want to be a generation of people that saw Ford fail.", "- [Monica] As the daughter of a Ford dealer in Knoxville, Tennessee, I can tell you, this is not your grandfather's blue oval.", "I am so happy to have Jim Farley on The Inflection Point.", "- [Monica] Welcome Jim!", "- [Jim] Good to see you Monica!", "- [Monica] This show is called The Inflection Point.", "So I want to ask you, what was your inflection point?", "Is there a moment in your life, when everything changed?", "And it made such an impact on your life you can say that made a difference to me.", "- [Jim] Yeah, it happened in an interview.", "I remember after 20 years of Toyota, I joined Ford.", "We turned around the company.", "The stock went from a dollar to $15 and I started to get a lot of offers, and I was in an interview with the founder of a tech company and he turned to me, he goes, 'why are you in the auto industry?", "'You should come to our business, 'it's a lot simpler, 'that's just such a hard business.'", "And I remember going back to my hotel room and thinking I do not want to take the easy way.", "I want to take the hard way, I want to serve Ford even if it's difficult.", "And it turned out to be difficult, many years our stock price floundered again and we had to kind of redo the company again, but I committed there and then.", "That was an inflection point.", "That I wanted to follow my heart.", "- [Monica] Wow.", "That is profound because you do love cars and you love Ford.", "You were called Jimmy Car-Car from, - [Jim] Yes.", "- [Monica] As a baby.", "Now, did that start with your grandfather who we know was you know, an early employee at Ford working on the Model T for Henry Ford, or did you just love all things on wheels?", "- [Jim] Yes, it was very much my grandfather, I got really close to him and like a lot of us, grandparents have freedoms that parents don't have and my dad was a banker and so, you know, I'd watch a NASCAR race or something, he'd get mad at me and say, you know, I want you- I don't want you to do that.", "Which incentivized me even more.", "And then I had a breakthrough where I got to work for Phil Hill to put myself through graduate school at UCLA and while I was getting my MBA, and I worked in his shop, restoring old 1920s and thirties cars.", "And I really, just loved that job more than any job I ever had.", "You know, I, at that point I kind of decided, hey this is what I want to do for the rest of my life.", "- [Monica] That wasn't when you drove a car illegally across the country.", "(Jim Laughs) - [Jim] No that was, I was a little bit younger and you're like I bought a Mustang when I was 14.", "And I lived in the back of it and restored it over the summer, and then I used my airplane ticket I traded it in for gas money to make it across the country back to Michigan.", "And I, yes I didn't have my license or insurance or even a spare tire, um but it was a great two days.", "- [Monica] This is so funny that your dad didn't even want you watching NASCAR races.", "- [Jim] No, no.", "- [Monica] Because as a kid, I used to go to NASCAR races, not just watch them.", "You remember my dad's dealership?", "- [Jim] Alright a Talladega Ford!", "- [Monica] I know!", "- [Jim] I love it!", "- [Monica] His Tennessee motor company used to sponsor David Pearson.", "I used to go to those races, but, you didn't just watch them on TV.", "Then you started racing cars, and shortly after you became the CEO, you won an endurance race against teams, And you raced solo and now you're preparing to race in La Mans, right?", "- [Jim] Right.", "- [Monica] So, why do you keep racing?", "You are the CEO of a fortune 12 company now.", "- [Jim] I think first of all um I love competing, and racing allows me to do that.", "It's my main hobby.", "You know, some people have golf or tennis or running, for me, it's racing cause it's my yoga.", "Like when I get out of the race car and I concentrated that hard for a couple hours or even during a test, I forget about everything.", "I feel so relaxed and rejuvenated.", "It's like a week vacation in the Bahamas to me, I just feel so refreshed, ready to go back to work.", "And you know, being a racer, working on the car, allows me to stay really connected with what we do and the people in the company, and they see me as one of you know that we're on the same team, so to speak and we, we're in it for the love of it.", "- [Monica] When Bill Ford offered you the job as the CEO did you have one condition to him?", "- [Jim] I did.", "I said, hey Bill, um about the racing.", "And he goes, I like a CEO with petrol in his brain and in his veins.", "I was like, so we're good.", "He's like, yeah, yeah.", "Boy was that a lift off my shoulders.", "I got on the, immediately on the phone with my race team and said, we're good, we're okay.", "(Monica laughs) - [Monica] So you knew you had to have that racing in, in your life.", "- [Jim] Yeah.", "I mean, I hate to say it but I think there are things you've got to stick up for.", "Whether it's your family or your loved ones, or you know your hobbies.", "When it's all said and done, you know you have to have who you are.", "You have to feed what makes you, you and that's one of the things that makes me, me.", "- [Monica] This shows your long-time love and so many Ford customers' long time love with the internal combustion engine.", "But, now at Ford as the CEO you're actually leading the electric revolution - [Jim] Despite Bill Ford, being frankly ahead of the whole industry and being a spokesperson for environmentalism for more than two decades now.", "- [Monica] Exactly.", "- [Jim] You know the management team finally caught up with Bill.", "Our strategy is to electrify our most iconic products like Mustang or F-150, and I would say, as someone who's grown up in the car business, an electric car is just a better car.", "- [Monica] To hear you say the electric car is a better car, is kind of shocking.", "Why is it?", "- [Jim] Yeah.", "I, I had to get there myself too, but you know, I think if you are just objective about it for a lot of people, not everyone, but a lot of people it's got, more interior room, for the same amount of overall length.", "Also, you remove 40% of the moving parts and the parts you're removing are the most complicated, most expensive ones to repair like engine and transmission, they're gone.", "So it's a much simpler vehicle.", "It's a much more simple vehicle to make.", "It's also a digital vehicle so you can update it over the air.", "You don't always have to come into a dealership to get it changed or improved.", "Now for someone who lives in rural Texas, who wants 800 mile range, yeah, probably not the best solution, but for a lot of customers who used their vehicles, you know, a maximum couple hundred miles, it's actually a great solution.", "- [Monica] And the trend is going electric, right?", "We had California really first at that.", "California governor Newsom, praised Ford as being early on with supporting the electric vehicle.", "And now with the Biden administration, they've rejoined the Paris climate accords and Biden has come out now and said he wants the government fleet to be electric.", "So my question to you is Jim what does this mean for Ford, your customers, and the planet?", "- [Jim] So it's a really big deal for for all the OEMs to get serious about electric cars and, you know, our strategy is different and we were the only brand, except for a few others, that committed to the Paris accord and California as one national standard, across the U.S., you're absolutely right.", "And that fits our values, but there are a lot of business challenges too, because it doesn't break as much.", "Actually the easiest part is getting the electric vehicles developed and bought by consumers.", "The harder part is all the second tier affects like building out the infrastructure especially for commercial customers.", "Also the labor tales.", "You know these vehicles are simpler to make and that means if we don't do anything special a lot of people will lose their jobs.", "- [Monica] Wow so that's what you were talking about.", "The business part of this is more complicated in actuality.", "- [Jim] Absolutely because you know, we've been in business for 110 years more and we are a family company.", "And you know, we have to figure out how vertically integrated we want to be.", "Do we go into cell production?", "That, that would allow a lot of labor to come over from making engines and transmissions over to making the electric vehicles even though the assembly of the vehicle is much simpler and requires less labor, we can find other jobs for the same people, but to do that we have to work with government and regulators to make those opportunities available.", "Most of the battery technology comes from Asia, and so we have to build large battery production facilities in the U.S. and we want to do that with U.S. workers and so there's a huge transition.", "And a lot of people don't know this about Ford, we have more American hourly workers than any other car company.", "We have more vehicles made in America.", "A lot of other people moved to Mexico and Canada and other places.", "We didn't.", "And so we think about this maybe more than others because we are the leader in American jobs and the cell production is a big decision.", "- [Monica] Wow.", "So you have even more on your plate than I thought.", "I know, even though you're the CEO, you got into the design of the Mustang, Mach-E a little bit, or maybe a lot, and the new Bronco Sport that everyone is excited about and they're both getting rave reviews.", "But, you also are just as ecstatic when you talk about a product line that's not nearly as sexy.", "That is the commercial vehicle.", "I've heard you talk passionately about the small businesses that use your commercial vans.", "The florist, the electricians, the plumbers.", "Why is that?", "What was your light bulb moment that got you excited about this?", "- [Jim] There was a gentleman, he was a plumber, and he was saying, you know, why he loves his job, and he was basically saying, look, people don't notice me, but I'm building a cathedral.", "I make my town run, and I started to think, you know, all those white trucks out there and vans, that we all take for granted that we don't even look at, are really the things that keep our communities running: the police cars, the ambulances, 50% of those are Fords.", "And why, why is that organizations should feel so much better about a sports car than that plumber's truck.", "- [Monica] Now what you're doing is you're bringing connectivity to these business customers.", "Now this is a whole new way to make small businesses more productive.", "- [Jim] Yeah, absolutely.", "So light bulb moment for me, to go back to the theme of, of your show is, I was in the UK listening to some of our small business owners, and they started to describe the relationship with the data coming off the vehicles.", "And I said, oh my God, these people like the data more than the vehicle.", "It was a huge eye-opener for me that for commercial customers, if we can connect the vehicles and use the data off the connected vehicles to find error codes, we can make the quality better.", "We give the data for the customers so they could teach their drivers how to drive better.", "If we, if we sensor the vehicle and use the data off the vehicle, we could literally change the cost for these customers in a way that the product couldn't.", "- [Monica] Wow.", "- [Jim] So this is a game changer.", "In fact, I would say I thought the electric car was going to be the coolest thing happened in my, in my, my career.", "I was wrong.", "It's the connected data vehicle is really the game changer in our industry.", "- [Monica] Okay so you're doing all these bold moves at Ford and it seems that you are taking Ford from an auto manufacturer, it still is, but to an e-mobility company.", "Is that the goal here?", "- [Jim] Yes, I think it is.", "And it, and I would say from a product company to a service enabled by software and products company.", "- [Monica] Okay.", "- [Jim] The way we're changing is I would kind of draw the analogy to when mobile came to the baby bells.", "You had people who had real profitable landline business and they had a trans- transition to wireless.", "We're kind of at the same point now.", "Where these battery electric digital vehicles are kind of our equivalent of the wireless business.", "- [Monica] So, but this is all futuristic.", "This is inspiring, but you also are making some hard calls since you took over, some really tough decisions.", "You shuffled your executive ranks, and retired several top executives.", "You also are restructuring global operations, and you closed some factories in Brazil.", "So is this your way that you're driven to make Ford profitable?", "I mean, what are you doing?", "You're rocking things out.", "- [Jim] I, I yeah.", "I would say, look, we don't have any more time.", "Our equivalent of, of the wireless businesses here right now.", "And we're out of time.", "The bottom line is, it's time to be decisive.", "We have three parts of our plan.", "We have to get our automotive operations to be sustainably profitable cause that funds everything.", "We then have to modernize that like battery, electrics, data, and software first and services first, and then we have to actually disrupt ourself.", "We have to literally disrupt the idea of personal ownership of vehicles.", "- [Monica] Well, obviously wall street is in love with you.", "I mean that your stock is surging and they love that you're willing to make the hard calls as well as the plans for the future.", "So while you're transforming forwards, the industry at large is under a great transformation too.", "I mean, do you think dealers are even going to exist in the future?", "- [Jim] I do, but it will be different.", "You know, if you look at what, how Target adapted to it's competitive model with Amazon, yeah, I think our, our business, when you crash a commercial vehicle, or when you have physical repair to a vehicle, you know, I have to physically go do that somewhere.", "But I, I do believe the model's going to change a lot, yes we will have e-commerce platforms.", "It'll be kind of a mix of in-person and digital, we learned that from COVID, we actually did like 90% of our sales were you know, DocuSign documents, mobile pickup delivery at people's homes and the people liked it.", "It worked.", "- [Monica] Yeah, exactly.", "- [Jim] So there's a real kind of breakthrough moment.", "- [Monica] Now let's talk about your charity.", "You and I texted last weekend and you're just come in, it was 18 degrees in Detroit and you had been at the Pope Francis Center.", "I think you had been volunteering to help the homeless?", "Tell me what you were doing.", "- [Jim] Yeah.", "So I always give out socks and medication and get people's mail because it allows me to talk to the homeless one-on-one and connect with them.", "Last year in Detroit, there was, I counted about five people that I knew that passed away in the cold, froze to death.", "The people here, you know, they put their life at risk every winter living outdoors.", "- [Monica] Exactly.", "That's eyeopening.", "Let me ask you a question as the CEO of Ford in a position of power, why do you think it's important to lead by example?", "- [Jim] I think it's part of the culture at Ford.", "Like we're a company where people volunteer without being asked.", "We had people driving to South Dakota to make ventilators and they volunteered.", "No one asked them in the company.", "We just made available, 'Hey, 3M needs a hundred people from Ford.", "'If you're a process engineer in manufacturing, 'they need manufacturing expertise to make more ventilators.", "'They need to 10x the output.'", "You know people drove to South Dakota, in the middle of winter, and stayed in their trucks overnight, for weeks and weeks because that's what kind of company we are.", "I grew up in a family where you're not just there to consume you're there to help other people.", "And that sense of service to the, to, you know the Ford employees or the community of Detroit doesn't stop when you're the CEO.", "In fact it becomes more important because, you know, as the CEO, everyone tells me how great everything's going, but when I'm handing out socks at the Pope Francis Center, you know, I see things and myself a little clearer.", "- [Monica] Let's talk about one subject that is a little touchy but I think we can talk about it.", "It's not a secret that Chris Farley, the famous Saturday Night Live comedian and the actor, was your cousin.", "Can you tell me a little bit about Chris and, and your time with him?", "- [Jim] Chris is very unique in our family.", "You know, you know, we all pick our own things and we go deep.", "(Jim and Monica laugh) - [Jim] If you're going to pick something, do it well.", "And he was very good at making people laugh.", "He was a professional at it, and I loved Chris.", "You know, he brought joy to so many people and I loved being around him because he was, in person he would still say he was on the set of Saturday Night Live, and his, his whole family are just terrific.", "Both of his brothers are comedian still to this day, and so comedy is a big part of our big, loud family.", "We love laughing together, and Chris was the ringmaster.", "- [Monica] But you also, you also watched him struggle with addiction.", "- [Jim] Yeah.", "I think we're all surrounded by, you know, addiction one way or the other.", "And, you know it's a humbling experience watching someone so talented, you know, do what they do.", "And, and I have to say, you know, those were Chris's choices.", "On the other hand, you know, we have to be very empathetic and be there for those people in our lives.", "And it, it was so much fun to see Chris excel at what he loved.", "A little bit, kind of like me in the car business.", "You know, he, he was great at what he did and he, and he loved every day of it.", "- [Monica] Now - [Jim] Yes.", "- [Monica] One last thing before you go.", "As you know since I'm a daughter of a Ford dealer, I was fortunate enough to have a Mustang as my first car.", "Now, after this conversation, I'm thinking, I need a Mustang Mach-E, and I've even pulled the specs on an all black one that I think looks pretty cool for me.", "As you see I'm in all black.", "So what I want to know is, there's a waiting list, how long do I have to wait before I can get a Mustang Mach-E?", "- [Jim] We'll take care of it Monica.", "(Jim and Monica laugh) - [Jim] We'll take care of it for you.", "- [Monica] No, seriously there- how long is the waiting list?", "- [Jim] Months?", "- [Monica] My 22 year old daughter's like, 'I might want a Bronco Sport.'", "I'm like, oh my God, we're all about Ford now.", "So you're hitting different generations.", "- [Jim] Yeah.", "Our products or services, they have to be vehicles or services that people can't live without.", "And I know it's important to our employees to have a, a leader of a organization who loves the product.", "- [Monica] Listen, Jim, I believe you were born to lead Ford starting with your grandfather, raising you to love it, and I thank you so much for being with us today.", "It's been inspirational and enlightening and fun.", "- [Jim] Thank you, Monica.", "You're the best.", "I had a lot of fun today and thank you so much for giving us the opportunity to to tell a story of a company in Detroit.", "- [Monica] Thank you, Jim.", "- [Monica] Next time on The Inflection Point I'm joined by Frank Slootman, the CEO of Snowflake.", "- [Monica] What was it about snowflake that got you there?", "- [Frank] It was producing orders of magnitude, faster results you know, ten times, hundred times, so this was revolutionary.", "- [Monica] A hallmark of your management style is no BS.", "- [Frank] I get hired, not for people's health but they need change and they need results.", "So I can't mess around.", "- [Monica] You.", "Frank Slootman retired?", "- [Frank] I been under the gun from the age of six.", "You know, I absolutely knew that I was burned out, and then in order to recover from that, that just takes time." ]

[ "Into", "Jim Farley's Inflection Point & Following his passion for cars", "Leading Ford’s electric revolution", "How to boost small business productivity", "Making tough decisions as a CEO", "Transforming Ford’s business model", "His relation to SNL actor, Chris Farley" ]

[ "Hello ji , how are you all ?", "this is Lakshay We have reached to lecture no-7 of our OS series Today we will discuss a very interesting topic or question 32 bit vs 64 bit OS Basically what is this?", "why I am using it?", "If I make CPU chip , it looks like this Embedded on motherboard , there are many transistors inside it In billions what is transistor ?", "It is individual digital circuits , you have studied AND OR NAND gates , there are many digital circuits By implementing those circuits we create resistors , there is a location inside resistor where actual computation is done It basically holds the addresses , when you do addition , subtraction, it holds them And in this way computation is done If I make a small resistor , it is a memory block .", "If I see This is a resistor This is a four bytes resistor what do you mean by that ?", "At a time we can store 4 bytes in it 32 bit system resistors can hold upto 32 bit data This is the 1st byte , there will be 8 bits 1 byte=8 bits This is a 32 bit processor , if the hardware is of 32 bit then we also need a software of 32 bit As we have talked in our previous lecture , 1st hardware is formed , then software is created to run it So we have understood this that there is a resistor Where actual computation is done , it looks like an array of bits There will be 32 indexes Similarly if I says 64 bits , there will be 64 bit array And in 64 there are how much bytes?", "8 bytes So there are two separate processors , this is CPU 1 and this is CPU2 In one resistor is of 32 bits , and this it is 64 bits So these are two different architectures , one can hold 32 bits at a time , and other can hold double than that If I says both are different architectures So these two type of CPU exists .", "The OS which we use in 32 bit system is called 32 bits OS and same for 64 bit system This video is sponsored by coding ninjas India's leading coding education platform Many product based companies like Amazon ,Adobe , commvault focuses on technical interviews on OS part .", "So to clear these interviews , your OS part should be strong So it provides comprehensive and in depth course Which covers all these concept , all theoretical concepts are taught based on Linux OS One on one doubt session is also provided The educators are from big companies You will get more than 12 hours content , 150+ problems , 12+ projects Here you will also get different CSE related courses If you are interested in paid courses , then I will put the link in the description you will get the maximum available discount , thank you What are the benefits?", "We understood the array part CPU fetches data from memory addresses This is your RAM from 0 to nth address , there some data I have to fetch them , this is my CPU It can fetch data from 0 , from 0+1 also , like this it can also fetch nth data So it will locate at 'n' different address , then it will get the data this is 0th address , this is 1st , 2nd , nth address The 32 bits CPU , in this location there can be 0/1 In 32th block also there can be 0/1 So if I say , if there is one block then 2^1, and if 32 then it would be 2^32 Are the no.", "of unique addresses my CPU can locate It means that one 32 bit CPU can locate 32 unique addresses A 32 bit CPU can support only 4 GB RAM It is not good , nowadays you will see 16 GB RAM in mobiles So we have understood A 32 bit CPU can support only 4 GB RAM So this is our limitation , to remove it we created a larger resistor If I make it 0-64, then I can allocate up to 2^64 addresses If we calculate it , 2^64= 17179869184 GB You will get mad while making this size of RAM So this is a great solution , that we doubled the size of resistor Now we can support greater amount of memory , can allocate more addresses Till early 90s 32 bit system were common Recently also I have used 32 bit system , in it 4 GB RAM is enough But gradually the demand increased we improved the hardware , and we can support this amount of RAM Your 32 bit system can take 32 data at a time Now you have to plus two no.s , one is 32 number and you have two add it with 32 bit no.", "It is easy .", "Now if there is a 64 bit no.", "and we have to add them in 32 bit system then how will we do it?", "This is your 64 size array , this is the data this is basically your operand on which you want to do the operation If you have written a+b , and the value is greater as 64 bit and you have to add them Then to adda them in 32 bit CPU is a difficult job 1st it will take this 32 bit part then add them , then it will write somewhere Then this 32 bit also , then two cycle is needed to add one 64 bit integer in 32 bit OS But if I do the same this work in 64 system , this is the resistor this is the data , CPU will take the data in resistor And will do the operation in 1 sec In case of CPU cycle is very important , that how many cycles you use .", "Are you wasting the cycle The T.C you think , which Babbar bhaiya is teaching you , here we come to lower level and talk about CPU cycles If I have two carry 64 bit data , then I need two CPU cycles , and here only 1 So 64 bit is more efficient , and can do greater amount calculation So this is your introduction , basically all is the game of resistor In CPU where actual calculation is done , all data is loaded in resistor , then operations are performed What is the advantage of 64 bit on 32 bit ?", "we have discussed two advantages Lets discuss more 1. addressable spaces 32 bit can address 2^32 different locations The RAM in the CPU , there are 0-2^32 addresses 0th address is the 1st address , then 2 , 3 ,4 ,.5... How will a 32 bit resistor load it?", "this are 4 bytes 00000001 This is your 1st address i am writing in hex , the last address will be FFFFFFFF This is your last address .", "If I say here 2^32 addresses are being allocated If I talk in 64 , it will go from 0-2^64 -1 We have to insert everything in 8 bits , this are my 8 bits 0000000000000001 In same way the last address will be FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF So I can visualize in this way the addresses So here we saw the differences , in 64 we can allocate this much addresses , in 32 it is not possible 2. this is extension of 1st difference .", "Resource usage is happening in a better way in 64 bits In 32 if I install an extra RAM , it is not useable This is not good , in 32 bit it can't support more than 4 GB RAM I can do this in 64 bit I put one more 4GB RAM , I can use it in 64 bit system , so resource using is better here 3.", "Performance if I have to do calculations , CPU work is to do calculations So it is fast in 64 bit because it can process more amount of data at a time If I have to do add subtract , then also it can do in one go In 32 bit I have to break 64 into two part to do operation performance wise 64 is better than 32 if I summarize this then I can say , your 32 bit processor in one instruction cycle can process 32 bit data 64 bit can process 64 bit data at a time So it can do double amount of work in one cycle Cycle is very important in CPU , if i want to define cycle In CPU in 1sec there can be billions of cycles depending upon your CPUs performance 1 gigahertz ,2 , it means how much cycles it can perform in one sec One instruction cycle can fetch more data inn 64 bit , then 1 sec there will be huge difference Because in 1sec 1000s of cycle is performed , so 64 bit is better in term performance Lets come to notes We have discussed 1 ,2 ,3 points4.", "compatibility 64 bits CPU can run both 32 bits OS and also 64 bits OS Because from 0-32 will be filled and rest will be empty But we can't do the same in 32 bits , 64 bit is also better here 5.", "64 bits system has better graphics performance In graphics heavy computation is done , the games which you play , there heavy computation is going on In 64 bits 8 bytes graphics calculation will be done at a time as compare to 32 bits Here graphics calculations will be better , so applications will run fast So these are your 5 points which are indicating that 64 bit system is better than 32 bit system These are some points , you have to tell this in interview , 3-4 points are enough Main points are addressable , performance these are important That's it for this lecture , will meet in the next lecture , Good Bye!", "!" ]

[ "32-bit & 64-bit CPU Registers", "Promotion", "Addressable Space", "Data Calculation", "Why 64-bit Systems are better?", "Notes Overview", "Outro" ]

[ "Professor John Merriman: Okay, I want to just finish off, because trying to do the collaboration in one week is not easy.", "I want to talk a little bit more about Vichy and the Jews, and then mention something about François Mitterrand, the late president of France, and the whole question of forgetting and then remembering; and then I'll leap into resistance.", "Just at the beginning, just to put the perspective of how the French Vichy forces or our government's treatment of the Jews compares to other countries, that in November of 1942--that's a crucial period because it's at that point that the Germans occupy the so-called free zone or Vichy zone--and at that point Vichy authorities hand over the Jews who had been imprisoned in the Vichy zone to the Nazis.", "And they had marked their ration cards--you had to have ration cards, you had to have cards to get a little bit of butter and all this kind of stuff--they marked them juif or juive, selon le cas, which means Jew, which made it easier for the German or the French police to arrest them.", "And, so, not only did they--they had to sort of turn over what was left of their authority, but they did more than they needed to do.", "And things were so bad for the Jews at the hands of the Vichy police that when thousands of foreign Jews had gone into Nice, had somehow gotten into Nice, which Mussolini's fascist troops had occupied, that they essentially arrested them or made it easier for the people there to be identified and to be taken by the fascists.", "And in October 1942, when the U.S. government proposed to take 1,000 Jewish kids whose parents had been deported without them, Pierre Laval, who would get his after the war, and René Bousquet, who is the police head who was the one that was murdered before his trial by a guy seeking publicity for his book, they replied that only certified orphans could be given exit visas, and thus because you couldn't prove that the parents had already died in the death camps, they would not allow the Jewish children to be exiled, to be refugees in the United States.", "And Laval and Bousquet, both of whom were frenetic anti-Semites, knew this very well.", "So, essentially they just condemned them to their fate and the children couldn't leave.", "And more than five weeks following the Allied invasion of Normandy, which as you know was on the 6th of June, 1944, the Vichy police were still arresting Jews, and right up until the last, into the last days.", "And so many of the cases of the miliciens, people in the milice, who were gunned down at the very end of the war during liberation had been--these were people who had gone out of their way simply to keep on arresting Jews and killing Jews when it was clear that the Allies were going to come in and chase the Germans out.", "In the eight months of 1944 before liberation almost 15,000 Jews were deported; and deported means to the death camps.", "So, anyway, three-quarters of all the Jews who were arrested in France during the entire period were arrested by the French police.", "French recteurs- -recteurs were the heads of the academies, that is France is divided into academies, that is the whole structure of education from the universities down to the maternelle, to kindergarten, the recteurs demissed Jews from their post--and you met one of them, Marc Bloch, whom I said lost his job twice; he lost it in Strasbourg and then in Montpellier.", "And in Marseilles the Order of Doctors purged Jews from the right to practice and complained that there were still Jews in medical school.", "Now, again they didn't have to do this, the Germans weren't saying--they had other things, security and things that they were worried about--\"security\" in quotes--but it was just done because they wanted to do it.", "And it's the same thing in the legal profession where lots of magistrates, as in the case of Hitler's Germany, in Weimar before Hitler came to power, the magistrates, many of them, most of them, had been trained under the Second Reich, that is before World War I, and they flocked to the extreme right very quickly.", "Public opinion in general did not criticize measures taken against the Jews, at least until 1942.", "And as I said the other day, there were so many denunciations of people that were--notes that said \"je suis sure que mon voisin il est jui,\" I'm sure that my neighbor he's a Jew.", "And the costs of this were rather serious.", "So, what do we know about the reactions of non-Jewish French men and women to what was going on?", "Well, late in 1940 900,000 people visited an exposition that Vichy had put up in the Petit Palais in Paris about the alleged links of Freemasons, that is free thinkers, to Jews and to the British.", "So, if you went into--this was just the equivalent--well, it wasn't the artistic equivalent, but it was rather like if you went to--that you were going with the same sort of spirit as if you went to one of the art shows that Hitler put on about decadent art, decadent or Jewish art, and this sort of stuff.", "Another 114,000 people saw the exposition when it went on a tour of the provinces.", "Another exposition called \"The Jew in France\" attracted in 1942 250,000 visitors in Paris and 100,000 in the provinces.", "The German film that--to which the Nazis and other Rightists in Germany had flocked called The Jew Süss which ends with a Jew being hung, to the frenzied applause of audiences, was shown in France and people did go to see it, not huge numbers of people, and there were even demonstrations in two cities.", "But in Tours, on the Loire, people lined up around the block in order to come in and see this essentially Hitler--well, Nazi publicity movie.", "And the collaborationist newspaper, Je Suis Partout, or I Am Everywhere, sold 250,000 copies in 1942 and 300,000 by 1944; yes, 1944, which ends as you know in August in 1944--1944 doesn't end in August but the Germans are--Paris falls at the end of August 1944 and then gradually the war moves to the east.", "In a novel by a guy called Lucien Rebatet, called Les Decombres sold--a very rightwing thing--sold 65,000 copies, which is a huge sale in France, its first month out and its publisher claimed that only the shortage of paper, war rationing, kept him from selling another 200,000 copies.", "And here's a glimpse of what is in the novel.", "\"I wish the victory of Germany because her war is my war.", "Oh, my machinegun, so often caressed in my dreams, facing the despised gangs of the Popular Front, the gilded ghettos of Sodom.", "One hundred well aimed machine gun bursts.\"", "He exuded about the sight of Jews wearing yellow stars, the Jewish bacillus, the Jewish microbe, and all this.", "Now, the French record is not very good, even compared with other countries, the spectacular exception being Slovakia, which was certainly one of the worst places you could possibly have been as a Jew, and not too far from Auschwitz, across the frontier in Poland, which turned over both natives and foreign Jews to Nazis right away.", "Vichy France was the only country in which local authorities deported Jews without the presence of occupying forces.", "And in Hungary, which had had anti-Semitic legislation since 1920, even the vicious admiral called Horthy--he is not in the course but he was vicious anyway, h-o-r-t-h-y--handed over no Jews who were Hungarian Jews until German occupation in 1944.", "In Denmark only seven percent of the Jews disappeared, helped by Danes and the proximity of Sweden.", "Malmo was just across the straights, it's still just across the straights, except there's a bridge now.", "Yet France was the country in which the greatest percentage of Jews or a great percentage of Jews survived the war.", "In all, only twenty-four percent of the Jews were deported, as opposed to seventy-eight percent in the Netherlands and forty-five from Belgium, and ultimately fifty percent from Hungary.", "Now, there's another thing going on too, just look at the map.", "There's nowhere to hide in the Netherlands or in Belgium, basically; in Belgium, it's flat, there's no--and I'll give you some examples of where Jews were saved because of geographic kind of donné, the lay of the land.", "But such figures were marshaled by those apologizing for the Vichy regime.", "And to repeat something that--borrowing from Robert Paxton that I said the other day, Vichy might have saved the French state, in quotes, but it lost the French nation.", "Now what about resistance?", "Well, first of all what about Mitterrand?", "François Mitterrand was the President of France between 1981, May of 1981, and see he would've been out--1981, '91.", "Was '91 the end of his term?", "I can't remember.", "No, it was fourteen years, it should be '81 to '95; and now the term is five years.", "François Mitterrand was a socialist who started out his term in 1981 with lots of socialist economic policies and sort of backed up off from them, but became somebody who was extremely popular in France.", "And as he was dying, toward the very end of his life, maybe a year before he died-- he had a very serious illness.", "The journalists knew it and unlike the journalists in the United States, where something like that would be leaked immediately, journalists did not leak this fact, but it was quite obvious that François Mitterrand was ill. And toward the end of his life two facts about his life came out.", "The first is that he had a very old daughter from a liaison that had nothing to do with his wife--that's fairly common in political France--but the second, and for our purposes much more important, was that he had himself been a collaborator; this was the dark secret and he poured out his heart.", "He said he had something he had to tell--he wasn't telling himself, but he had to tell the French people that he had collaborated early in the war.", "In fact, somebody came up with a picture of him in a rightwing demonstration with the Croix-de-Feu, or one of these groups against immigrants, before World War II.", "Now, he had second thoughts fairly early into the war and he ends up--he heads an important branch of the resistance organization.", "But he came to grips with his own past as France was attempting to come to grips at the very same time.", "Now, to the resistance.", "Who resisted and why did they resist?", "And again, just as the question of collaboration was probably--and the discovery of massive collaboration, and it wasn't just a few people, a few elites, this was the dark secret of the dark years, as Julian Jackson called this period.", "So is the case with the resistance.", "And as I began the lecture last time, Charles de Gaulle was determined that the France of the Fourth Republic was to be built around his large body, and part of that was to try to convince people in France and abroad that the Gaullists were the only resistors and that they had heard the crackle of his voice, imposing voice, across the airwaves on June 18th, 1940.", "Now, what can we say now?", "First of all, that the communists were arguably the most important or most effective resistors during the period.", "And it's certainly that after the Jews the communists suffered most.", "Vichy not only handed the Nazis lists of those they arrested as communists but also executed many of them themselves, beginning in 1941, for no other reason than their political affiliation.", "Vichy's Minister of the Interior chose communists rather those he called \"good\" Frenchmen to be gunned down by German firing squads in the fortress of Mont-Valérien, outside of Paris.", "Now, the socialist presence, the Socialist Party's presence in the resistance as an organized force was not as great.", "But there's several obvious reasons for that.", "The communists benefited from the fact that they had cells in virtually every commune in France--and that's what they called them, cell.", "There are still, in our village of 300 people, a Communist Party cell which involves basically just five or six of our friends who are anything but the communists of Moscow and all this, but who are defenders of those who have no one else to defend them, and that sort of thing, including our dear friend, a former school teacher, and some of our best friends in the world.", "And occasionally in my mailbox I'll find an invitation from the cell of Balazuc to a Communist Party gathering where--they've asked me to talk on the collapse of capitalism, and I have to explain to them that capitalism isn't probably going to collapse in the near future, and then we all, after some political discussion, we all drink illegal wine essentially.", "There's this wine called Clinton, as in Clinton but it's nothing to do with Clinton, that was called sort of the vin fou a little bit, and it grows all over the place, the grapes do, and because it grows so wildly it became sort of illegal to produce this particular grape.", "And, so, one of the parts of being a party of resistance is you don't pay any attention to that, and to that extent I agree with that.", "And, so, we would drink these bottles of Clinton.", "And I've drunk bottles of Clinton with a guy who joined the party, who's still alive.", "He and his wife joined the Communist Party in 1934 and he is still--he is a painter and he painted lots of people, and lots of the paintings he had done was in prison, in Paris, and he was very lucky to escape execution, in part because of the complicity of a guard.", "And to think that they joined the Communist Party two years before the Spanish Civil War is just incredible.", "So, the point of this is that the advantage the Communist Party had is that they already have organized, they have people in most every large village who represent the Communist Party.", "So, it's easy to organize your comrades, because you know who they are and you can trust them after all of these years.", "So, they have some advantages there.", "Another advantage the Communist Party had--and I alluded to this before--is they were basically the party of the cheminaux, of the railroad workers and the engineers.", "In any station you go to--go to Rouen sometime, where I teach; and I go to Rouen often because we have friends there--and look in the railroad station, it's just unbelievable.", "There's this huge plaque with about 200 names of cheminaux, of railroad workers, in the largest sense, who were killed, executed by the Nazis or by the French fascists during the war.", "In every railroad station.", "So, the advantage there is that--you know this from seeing all these movies I'm sure about the resistance--it's pretty easy to blow up railroad tracks.", "And, so, what they were able to do is blow up--how can you watch the whole train line between Dijon, and Lyon, and Marseilles, for example?", "There was no TGV, obviously, that just started on the 28th of September, 1981, so it's easy for a couple of les gars, of the guys, to go out and to blow up the track, and it takes a long time to fix the track, and they blow up that one and they fix that one and then boom, further on down the line.", "So, they were very active in the north, in Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Lyon, un peu partout.", "And they were very much part of the CGT, that is the General Confederation of Labor, and they were more apt to be communist than any other party; and this is true in the suburbs of Paris as well.", "So, they also had great strength among metallurgical workers, and thus metallurgical workers have access to flammable explosive materials, and this sort of stuff.", "And, so, they also organized very damaging industrial strikes, particularly in 1944, and these strikes help give people a sense of hope, that there is light at the end of the tunnel.", "And of course there'd be people listening to BBC and that sort of thing.", "A story about BBC, two stories.", "Again, I hate to keep referring to this village but I wrote a book on this village called The Stones of Balazuc and at the end of it--well, one of the last chapters is about the school, but I had to cover--do Vichy and I had to do Vichy very, very delicately, very delicately.", "It was obvious that in our village that the priest had--we don't have a priest anymore there--but that the priest was a Pétainist and lots of people hated him, not just because of his politics, but a lot of people liked his politics, but he used to sort of shout at people in the confessional and there was all sorts of funny stories, and he insisted that women sit on one side of the church still and that men on the other.", "But this is a village that wasn't an area of great resistance, even though arms were parachuted down on a plateau near where we live--this is down here in the Ardèche.", "But there were two people in the resistance and one is still alive, a very old man, and they would hide things--this is the pays calcaire, it's limestone country, and big grottes, caves along the river, and you could hide things easily there.", "And I wanted to talk to this man about the resistance and I--he's the uncle of a friend, and finally I invited he and his wife over.", "And I made clear that I wanted to ask him some questions, not as a journalist but I'd been there in this place for twenty years and I knew the guy a little bit, and above all I knew his family.", "And he said yes he would come, and he would talk to me about it because I'd been there so long, but then he never showed up, he didn't want to talk about it, he couldn't talk about it because of--it's sort of like people coming back from World War One.", "The people that talked and boasted were the ones who would dress up in military uniforms when towns had been liberated, as if they had been there in the beginning, out in the bushes, the maquis, the resistors.", "But he was a real one but he didn't want to talk about it.", "But I also knew, speaking of BBC, and this is the transition, that I'd heard this story that a man in Balazuc had, in this particular village, had alerted the authorities, the Vichy authorities to the fact that some people were listening to BBC.", "Now, you could be executed for listening to BBC--that was a capital crime.", "And often they wouldn't, if you were somebody they knew they wouldn't do that, or whatever.", "But you denounced somebody for listening to BBC and that's--it's not as bad as denouncing somebody saying he's a Jew, but it ain't good.", "So, I asked this friend of mine, an older man who could remember the war, and I said what about that?", "And I waited for the appropriate circumstances to ask him.", "He said, \"no, no, it's just--don't pay any attention to it, it's just rumor, it's just rumor, it's a vicious rumor--les †̃on dit', rumor, les bruits, rumors,\" and all that.", "So, in French, j'ai bien serpenté, I kind of snuck around a little bit, serpented around, and I asked some trusted people who are very discreet what about it?", "And it turned out it was his father, it was his father, who did it, and who was associated with the priest in the village.", "And I knew this man, he died a long time ago, ten or fifteen years ago, but I knew the man.", "And such secrets, are they best buried?", "I buried it in the French edition of my book, it's not in that; it's not in the Dutch edition, either.", "It's in the English edition but hidden away, because he'll never know, never see and couldn't read the English edition.", "So, all this stuff it's kind of delicate, that whole business about--anyway.", "So, people, the Communist Party became the party of the 75,000 martyrs because probably that many communists died, whereas the socialists had a lack of structural organization and many of their leaders like Léon Blum were in jail.", "And as I said last time, just in passing, there also was a leftwing Catholic resistance, social Catholics, and no resistance publication condemned racism and anti-Semitism with the vigor of the newspaper Temoignage Chrétien, or Christian Witness, basically.", "So, what about Jews?", "It's hard to resist if you're being tracked down and being arrested, it's--and by the way, remember Pierre Laval who was the Prime Minister through much of the period, he was on another occasion when the Germans insisted that French parents, that French adults who were Jews be transported from a certain sector, but they didn't ask for the children, Pierre Laval said \"send the children, too\"--famille, travail, patrie--I mean that in a very ironic sense, family, work, country--family values, put the children together, and so the children bounced off in the railroad car.", "But in fact I know this Australian guy who was a young, very young man, in Paris who's Jewish, a guy called Jacques Adler, and I met him in Melbourne a few years ago and he survived the war, but he was sixteen, he was in an underground Jewish resistance group in Paris and he wrote a book about it.", "Then he went off and he made a lot of money in Melbourne.", "He got out, he survived, he became a cake producer.", "And then he went back and he got his Ph.D. in French history at the University of Melbourne with my friend Peter McPhee, and then he wrote this book, a very good book on the Jewish resistance.", "But Jewish resistance was organized in Paris where there were lots of Jews and had every conceivable reason to resist, but only in cities like Bordeaux where they're all getting locked up very quickly and in Lyon and other places.", "So, but, the reason that I insist on this fact, that there was an organized Jewish resistance, is because among the sort of anti-Semitic residuals in the post-war period is the accusation that the Jews didn't resist, they just kind of went off to be slaughtered and all of that, and didn't put up a fight, which of course is obviously not true.", "Now, the role of Protestants has been often privileged in discussion of the resistance.", "Again, to repeat what I said, the great percentage of Protestants are down here again in the Ardèche and in the Gers, down here, in the Cévennes mountains, basically; also up in the Drôme on the other side of the--in the valleys that go down to the Rhône River, into the Drôme, d-r-o-m-e. And the most famous case of Jewish children being saved is that of a Protestant village, which I'm going to write on the board because it deserves it, called Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, right on the edge of the Ardèche, near Le Puy but in the mountains.", "And what they did in this little teeny village is they organized this kind of false identification network and they took Jewish kids from Saint-Étienne, and Lyon, and other places in that region--that region is an area that always sent lots of immigrants to--it's a very Catholic region, but in this case in that village very Protestant--had sent lots of immigrants to Lyon and to Saint-Étienne.", "And, so, they adopted all sorts of Jewish kids.", "And then when the Germans would come through, you could hear them coming, they would hide the kids or they'd go off into the woods.", "But there seemed to be an awful lot of kids and the Germans would go through, my God, these people must be very Catholic, they're having babies all over the place, look at all these kids; and they never figured it out, the fact that they were Protestant.", "And lots of people were saved and there's a documentary on this.", "A guy called Rod Kedward, H.R.", "Kedward, has done two really interesting books on--probably the best books on the resistance that are in English.", "And he noted something very interesting about a commune, a couple of villages in the Cévennes mountains in which protestants resisted, and he noticed that in that part of France the religious wars had been--in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth century--had been very bloody and they'd pitted basically the armies of the king, of the most Catholic king, against--well, you know that's the title that they called the Spanish king, but anyway--of Louis XIV and all these people, against protestants.", "And he noticed that one particularly resistant village that there was this huge mission cross overlooking the village that had been planted there in the sixteenth century as a sign of--or in the seventeenth century, I don't know which war it was--as a sign of victory, of conquest by the State and the Catholic Church over these protestants.", "Does looking at something like that all the time make you more want to resist a regime that's closely tied to rightwing Catholicism?", "Well, who knows, but Protestants were over-represented in the resistance.", "But, as I said, Catholics resisted too, and from the point of view of the resistance or I suppose anybody looking at this, it's easy to denounce many Catholic archbishops and bishops who didn't give one damn about the Jews and who embraced Vichy with a great passion.", "But yet, in many places of Catholic--of villages that had Catholics resisting, and most people in France are nominally Catholics, the role of priests was considerable, and the role of teachers were--of instits, of primary school teachers, was important as well.", "Now, priests, I don't know what you--priests and school teachers are kind of opinion makers or whatever the phase is; they are people that, along with the mayor, that sort out problems in a village.", "And so if you have a priest who says enough of this stuff, he can throw his weight and do good things--well, again, look at Père Jean, Father John, tonight.", "So, again the situation of the Catholic Church is extremely complicated.", "And the real explosion of work on the resistance has been dominated by the stories of ordinary people taking very unordinary choices, big-time choices.", "A friend of mine called John Sweets who taught at University of Kansas, at KU, he did a book on Clairmont-Ferrand because that's where The Sorrow and the Pity had--the town that it had been focused on, and his book is called Choices in Vichy France.", "And he was not critical of Paxton, which is the canon after all, but he argued that you have to give them a wider description of--or a wider definition of resistance, in trying to determine how many people resisted.", "Paxton thinks that about two percent of the French population resisted.", "John Sweets thinks--and it's a very good book, Choices in Vichy France--thinks that oh maybe about--I can't remember what he says, eighteen or twenty percent of the population resisted.", "Well, what is resistance?", "Lots of people took big-time chances, smuggling weapons; you're going to get killed if they catch you, you're gone, toast, finished.", "But if you're in a movie theater and they're doing the--showing the documentary--before the film there's always this two minute news session which I can remember as a tiny little boy, with always the same kind of voices giving the news, and this would be the German news translated into French.", "And if you whistle and you boo--whistling is booing in France--or if you refuse to step off the sidewalk to let a German officer pass, that itself is a passive resistance.", "And so certainly more people resisted, according to this definition, than--and this was a type of choice in Vichy France.", "One of the ways that people resisted was, for example, passing these printed--these newspapers that sort of mimeographed.", "And there was a whole clandestine press and it was very important because it would tell people in Normandy that there'd been strikes in Saint-Étienne, or strikes in Marseilles, or it would give news on where people thought that the battles were going and that kind of thing.", "How do you get newspapers around?", "Well you just take a bunch of them, on a bus--a bus in Lyon, for example, and the bus is going around the Place Bellecour and you just hold your hand out the window and drop all the leaflets.", "Or there'd be leaflets against--when the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra played in Lyon somebody did that, they took all these little handwritten and mimeographed pieces of paper that said, non, don't go assist, don't go listen to the Berlin Philharmonic, let us resist--and that's a form of resistance too, not going to hear the Berlin Philharmonic; phew, and dropped them just like that.", "And Lyon was a very effective center of the resistance.", "I told you about Marc Bloch there, because in Lyon there are these things called en français traboules, which are basically not tunnels but they're passages that began in the sixteenth century to protect raw silk from being rained on, in a pretty rainy climate.", "And, so, the traboules also go up the Croix Russe which is this old working class neighborhood that was outside, only annexed to Lyon in 1852.", "And these traboules, you can duck into these traboules, and that's why the resistance was so important in Lyon, and that's where Marc Bloch went when Marc Bloch had gone down here.", "He was up near Gerais here and he's just kind of anxious and he says I should go do something, so he goes to Lyon and he participates in the resistance and of course he pays for it with his life.", "What about women?", "Now, for decades nobody paid attention to the role of women in the resistance.", "Now, women were very rare in the hills.", "By the way, the term maquis means basically organized resistors.", "A maquis in French, or les maquis, is kind of a brush, that's a very thick brush behind which you can hide in Corsica--that's where it comes from originally; and then in the south of France on what you call in French the aride, really dry, rocky countryside.", "And, so, by 1943, by the end of 1943 in many parts of France the maquis rule by night, that they have increasing--their forces are swollen by people moving into the resistance.", "Now, some people had to feed these folks, some people had to darn their socks or knit them things to stay warm.", "Some people had to pass messages, and there are all sorts of stories about women on bicycles--it's one of these sort of things that you see in movies-- but of women on bicycles sort of charming--young women charming the guards if they have the bad luck to fall upon the militia or German guards and having a written message, which is a terrible idea, but at least they'd have a verbal communication of passing messages into the hills.", "Now, the largest resistance movement and most effective in Europe by far, de loin, is in ex-Yugoslavia, and that's because of the terrain in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in Croatia, and in Serbia, and they have entire divisions with hospitals, mobile hospitals and all of that, with the British parachuting things in.", "But if you look at this map it's not surprising to see why there's very little resistance, again here, so where are you going to hide, there's nowhere to hide.", "So, the maquis, the resistance--there are maquis all over the place but it's easier in the south, and it's by the end of '43 that the--and I said last time about find a K on your door in the morning, where someone was there to put K on the door in the morning, and there you go.", "And, so, the role of women has been much more important than people had thought and there are all sorts of wide--a big literature, or a growing literature, on this now.", "And also in some places, in Auvèrgne, for example, the numbers of maquisards, of people in the resistance, of maquis, was swollen by refugees from Spain, or even from Poland.", "So, you have these people living out there.", "And only three times in France during the period did they try to take on German military units in a pitched battle--bad idea, terrible idea.", "One is right near Clermont-Ferrand, here.", "One is in the Vercors, near Grenoble, down here.", "And the third, I don't remember where it is.", "So, that doesn't work very well because they don't have the kind of big time tanks and that kind of thing.", "But they were able to regroup.", "There are places--near us there's a village way up in the hill, God, it's so beautiful, a church, this fabulous church, at a place called Tende with this Romanesque portée, entryway, that's just fabulous.", "And there, there was a whole bunch of these people up there and they had some fairly considerable arms--this isn't the pitched battle--but then they get denounced; there are always people that are going to sell other people's lives away, there's no question about it.", "There were true believers in the regime that's going to sell people away, and the next thing they know--and another case near us too, the next thing they know bam, here come the parachutists are coming in there and the tanks are rolling up or the smaller vehicles with machineguns, real big machineguns and this kind of stuff, and they are gone, they are just massacred.", "And there are all sorts of places around where we live where people were shot.", "And if you helped, if you were a woman or you were--anyone, you were a priest, you were a--you're anyone, you're a schoolteacher and you help people and they catch you, and particularly if you've killed a German, you're gone, that's it.", "I told you the story about the woman the other day who was a collaborator up along the Rhône River and they blew her brains out, the resistors did.", "And in penance, as it were, in punishment, they just execute people, just take hostages and execute them; begin with people you think are Communist and then just shoot the other people.", "Look what happened in the Czech Republic in ex-Czechoslovakia.", "In Prague I've gone to the place where Richard Heydrich, who was one of the very worst of the worst, was assassinated by Czech maquis and he's gunned down as he's coming in, and he fights them, and he's finally mortally wounded and all that.", "And they go and they hide in this church that I went to visit in Prague a couple of years ago, and they of course perish horribly.", "But they took an entire village called Lidice and kill everybody.", "It's rather like Sara Farmer's book, Oradour-sur-Glane, which really needs no discussion now.", "Now, what led people--well, first of all, one quick point, is that again I've said that if you took a map of--I've said this I guess maybe even more recently--but of de-Christianization, allegiance to the French Revolution in 1790, the elections of 1949 and 1981, you would have virtually the same départements are Left, and virtually the same départements are Right.", "That doesn't work for the resistance.", "Brittany, which has always been extremely conservative, was a big resistance area.", "The same goes with rural Normandy, and of course that's the most well known because of the invasion, the Americans, and the British, and the Australians, and everybody, New Zealanders and Canadians, invade here.", "The Germans thought they were going to invade here but they invade here.", "And the resistance had already taken out lots of rail lines and things like that, and General Eisenhower said that they were worth two divisions or something like that.", "Rural Normandy has always been conservative.", "So, that interpretation doesn't really work.", "There was lots of resistance in Auvergne, which is conservative, and there was tons of resistance in the Limousin, thus explaining--one reason explaining the massacre on the 10th of June, 1944, or Oradour-sur-Glane.", "So, you can't--there's no kind of geographic determinism, regional determinism.", "There is some geographic determinism that is the lay of the land, but there's no regional--there's not a predisposition of Bretons not to resist, because they do resist.", "They resist--not everybody, but the resistance is important in Brittany and these kinds of places.", "Now, without question the big defining moment swelling the ranks of the resistance is the service du travail obligatoire; in February, the STO, that is the service of obligatory work where the Germans say we want men from each region to go to Germany and work in the factories.", "The reason is they have so many people dead, so many killed, and they need work.", "And this swells the ranks of resistors, this forces families and individuals to make choices in Vichy France, again to borrow from John's title.", "This builds on a policy in June '42 announced by Pierre Laval called the relève, or the relief team that would send specialized French workers to Germany, in exchange for the release of French prisoners of war from 1940--ha ha.", "But now they say, \"well, you got to go,\" and they'll show up into your village and you better be ready to go.", "650,000 workers were sent to Germany as conscript labor.", "This also contributes to discredit further the Vichy regime vis-à-vis its population, and the grumbling about Pétain, the grumbling about shortages and the grumbling about the German soldiers give way now to more open resentment.", "The Bishop of Lille, a guy called Cardinale Léonarde, who had kept quiet about the increasingly obvious fate of Jews announced it was no longer a duty for a Christian to go to work in Germany--merci monsieur.", "And, so, this swells this nomadic tribe of resistors living from day to day in the mountains and the hills.", "And it's a scary existence, you're listening through the night, or in the day, for the roar of machines, the roar of the rival airplanes or of fast speeding German cars, and you're freezing in snow, bored, tired, anxious, far, far away, demoralized and understandably terrified.", "Now, most of the maquis were city folks, they were the majority.", "And most of France is not urban people in 1943 and 1944.", "That was because it was easier to round up people to be sent in the STO, that is the obligatory labor service, if you were from a city where you had all sorts of soldiers who'd come out and pick you up.", "And so the Limousin probably is the classic example, that is in the area in which Oradour-sur-Glane takes, where it became--it was not a mass, mass movement, but where you still have all sorts of people that are part of underground organizations or are part of the Gaullist resistance, and Jean Moulin--the reason I have his name up here, he was a former prefect of the Eure-et-Loire, which is the department of Chartres, in the Blois, south of Paris, a beautiful cathedral town.", "And then he ends up himself getting denounced, and tortured, and all of that.", "But the resistance, whether they were Gaullists, or whether they were communists, or whether they had no affiliation at all, pas d'affiliation, the resistance depended on neighborhood, small town and above all village networks; thus the role of the school teacher or some kind of local leader.", "A communist was wounded by French gendarmes, in a village in the Var, that is the department of Toulon, and Saint-Tropez, and all of that on the Mediterranean.", "He was hidden by a peasant in one of these networks, but his untreated wound developed gangrene.", "Two doctors took care of him, alerted by the wife of an agent of a resistance organization.", "In all, ten people combined, at the risk of their life, of saving the life of one resistor.", "And, of course ironically in areas like the Limousin that if I insisted, and I'm right in doing so, that as Paxton and others have argued, that Vichy saw itself as the regime of la terre, of the land, that the real values were Joan of Arc and peasants and all that business.", "The cult of the peasant resistor in areas like the Limousin, that is around Limoges and at Tulle, the massacre at Tulle and all these places, was an important one as well.", "Now, after the June 6th landings in Normandy--and as you know the troops are also moving up, after the landings in the south, are moving up the Rhône Valley, killing lots of people on the way.", "Then it became easier to resist and so therefore the temptation after the war was to say, oh, \"moi aussi, j'étais là,\" \"I was resisting and wasn't I dear?\"", "\"Oh yes your gun was always ready,\" et cetera, et cetera.", "And everybody kind of jumped forward in Privas.", "In the prefecture of the Ardèche there was--they'd have this big sort of joyous celebration when the town is liberated and then they noticed, some of the resistors noticed that all sorts of people had dressed up in fancy military clothes and all of that; they had nothing to do with the resistance at all.", "Some of them were trying to save their skins because they had rather different sympathies a few weeks ago, before that, or a few months before that.", "And as I said near our village there was a priest who was lined up on a wall and shot down because he had--because he had had Déat to lunch, who was a fascist, sometime earlier in the period.", "There were about 24,000 maquis who were killed in the liberation of France.", "And in Paris, above all, but in other cities as well, you can walk along and you see signs that say, \"Ici est tombé,\" Here Fell on the 24th of August, 1944, so-and-so, from one of the resistance groups.", "And occasionally you'll see a flower, a new flower is put there, by somebody who remembers or somebody aware of the collective memory; especially around the Prefecture of Police in Paris.", "I've always thought it was cruel, and this is cynical, but they should've put in some of the fancier quarters of Paris, in Passy and places like that, \"Ici a collaboré Monsieur et Madame le Comte de quelque chose,\" 1940 or 1944.", "But that's not nice, and not very generous, and I make no apologies for it.", "There were--again, just to end with these little--I'll just end with this, that at the time of the Papon trial when Papon was arguing, he says, \"well I was a good bureaucrat, my superiors liked what I did and I was protecting these other Jews by sending away the hundreds whom I made possible their departure from the Gare Saint-Jean.\"", "There was another little story that came along, and I don't remember where I read it, but there was a young woman who worked as a secretary in the prefecture or in the police or somewhere like that, and she--because of people like Papon, you had lists of all the people who were Jews or all the people who were communists, in the Gironde or in Bordeaux, and that these things are kept in files.", "But this is before the computer, the quiet violence of the computer, and these were lists that were done by hand, and she simply went into the drawers and ripped them up, ripped up the lists, and put the scrap paper not in the wastepaper basket but in her pocket and went out and deposited it in the first poubelle or garbage can that she found.", "Heroic acts, choices in Vichy France--it made you think, it made you decide what to do." ]

[ "Chapter 1. Jews in Vichy France", "Chapter 2. Mitterrand's Confession", "Chapter 3. The Resistance: Roots in the Existing Communist Organization", "Chapter 4. Religious Resistance Movements: The Jewish Underground and the Protestant Adoptions", "Chapter 5. Defining Resistance: Mapping the Grey Areas", "Chapter 6. Regional Resistance? The Lack of Geographic Determinism" ]

[ "In 2009, NASA’s Kepler space telescope began reporting back to mission control from orbit.", "Kepler’s main goal was to find exoplanets, which it did by observing transits - the passage of planets in front of distant stars.", "But Kepler managed to find something even weirder, something NASA had no idea was out there.", "This is Unveiled, and today we’re answering the extraordinary question; is Boyajian's Star the most interesting star in the universe?", "Are you a fiend for facts?", "Are you constantly curious?", "Then why not subscribe to Unveiled for more clips like this one?", "And ring the bell for more fascinating content!", "About 1,470 lightyears away from Earth, in the constellation Cygnus within the Milky Way Galaxy, you’ll come across the most bizarre star we’ve yet observed.", "Officially designated KIC 8462852, it’s also known as Tabby’s Star and Boyajian's Star, after American astronomer Tabetha S. Boyajian, who’s led much of the research into it.", "It also has another name - WTF Star, for reasons that’ll become obvious.", "Because while it might not seem to be particularly unique at first, it’s actually experiencing irregular, unexplained dimming.", "Its light dims by as much as 22%, and though the star was first observed in 1890, astronomers didn’t notice the changes in brightness until 2011.", "The star’s behavior was so weird that the algorithms NASA used to sift through Kepler’s data didn’t pick up on it.", "That duty fell to a group of amateur scientists making up the Planet Hunters project – a project where ordinary people helped analyze data from Kepler .", "Four years later and the official research was finally released.", "Boyajian's Star was experiencing consistent dimming, presumably from something passing in front of it.", "But what that something is has caused widespread debate.", "The first explanation you might think of is that maybe nothing is amiss with Boyajian's Star – maybe the problem lies with Kepler.", "Could a malfunction on Kepler be to blame for these anomalous readings?", "Well, that was NASA’s first thought as well.", "Research showed that no matter which of Kepler’s detectors was pointed at the star, the data was consistent, meaning either Boyajian's Star is dimming, or all of Kepler’s detectors are faulty but only when pointing at this one particular star.", "For once, the simplest explanation is also the weirdest, and something more interesting is definitely going on.", "Since the problem certainly rests with the star, could it be that Boyajian's Star is simply nearing the end of its life and getting dimmer?", "Boyajian's star is an F-type main-sequence star, slightly larger and hotter than the Sun, with a shorter expected lifespan - somewhere between two to four billion years.", "But there’s no evidence that Boyajian's Star is dying.", "Despite the dimming, it’s burning steadily, and couldn’t be more ordinary.", "It’s whatever is passing between Boyajian's Star and Earth that’s unusual, and there are many theories about what that could be.", "The most obvious is that some kind of large, celestial body is causing the planet to dim during a transit, like an exoplanet.", "But this planet would have to be of unprecedented size.", "Jupiter would only block 1% of the light from Boyajian's Star, so we’d need a planet 22 times bigger than that to achieve this dimming, which would be double the size of our Sun.", "Suffice to say, Kepler would have been able to tell if the dimming was caused by a planetary transit, especially one of this size.", "Another theory blames the star’s behavior on a large group of comets orbiting it and dimming it when they transit.", "But it’s doubtful that such a large number of comets could exist – and if they do, we still have a mystery on our hands because that’s strange in and of itself.", "A more promising theory blames a certain type of moon for the star’s behavior.", "A “ploonet”, or “orphaned exomoon”, is the moon of an exoplanet that has lost the planet it orbits.", "The ploonet in question would have to be an enormous moon that was once in orbit around a gas giant, and it would need to be disintegrating as it passed in front of the star.", "In this scenario, the material being ejected by the moon as it’s slowly destroyed would cause the dimming, rather than the moon itself.", "Simulations that have been run here on Earth have proven that this could be the case.", "But the explanation could also be a lot simpler.", "The theory favored by Tabetha Boyajian herself is that there’s an enormous amount of dust occluding the star.", "The degree of dimming observed is inconsistent across different wavelengths, with more dimming of ultraviolet light than infrared.", "This all implies that whatever’s blocking the star isn’t a solid object at all but something diffuse, like a large cloud of dust or debris.", "In NASA’s words, the star could be surrounded by “an uneven ring of dust” in orbit around it.", "Such material could be shed from a ploonet, or from a planetary collision.", "Such collisions are rare however, and researchers would expect to see an infrared glow from the leftover heat.", "Alternatively, one research team has suggested that Boyajian's Star might be consuming a moon or planet that got too close.", "Yet another culprit could be an orbiting gas giant with an enormous ring system.", "Planetary rings can look huge but actually contain very little matter; Saturn’s rings, for instance, have around half the mass of the Antarctic ice shelf, despite how big they appear.", "We have observed space dust causing dimming before in a specific type of star: “YSO dippers”.", "A YSO is a “Young Stellar Object”, a celestial body that is on its way to becoming a star but isn’t there quite yet, and a dipper is a subcategory of YSO where dimming is observed.", "Stars form out of swirling gas and matter and in a young star, it might not be able to absorb this material very efficiently, meaning it has a low accretion rate.", "A lot of material can end up orbiting the center of gravity in a large accretion disk, which can block what light the YSO is able to produce.", "But Boyajian's Star isn’t a YSO, it’s a main-sequence star in the middle of its lifespan.", "There are theories that there could be a YSO or additional star in the same system developing an accretion disk, but these generally involve different dimming patterns.", "In early 2021, a team of astronomers led by Logan Pearce at the University of Arizona announced that Boyajian's Star isn’t alone.", "It actually has a companion red dwarf star, designated KIC 8462852 B - making it a binary stellar system.", "The researchers posited that this could be “a potential source of instability in the long-term evolution of the system, and could excite chaotic orbits of objects in the system”.", "However, it was unlikely to have a direct influence on the brightness of Boyajian's Star, as they’re separated by a wide margin of 880 astronomical units.", "We’ve considered natural explanations ... but what about unnatural ones?", "Another object capable of dimming a star would be an alien megastructure like a Dyson Sphere or, more plausibly, a Dyson Swarm.", "A Dyson Sphere is an enormous spherical megastructure that encompasses an entire star in order to siphon off all the energy the star produces from nuclear fusion.", "A Dyson Swarm has the same purpose but is made of many small objects, potentially as small as satellites or as large as orbital space colonies, which could make it easier to build.", "But could either of these be responsible for the specific pattern of dimming shown by Boyajian's Star?", "While it’s exciting to think that we may have stumbled across a stellar engine made by aliens, and only 1,470 lightyears away at that, what we know about the star just doesn’t line up with this theory.", "Again, the way the star is being dimmed suggests something large and diffuse is getting in the way, like dust, rather than one, opaque object, like an alien megastructure bigger than a star.", "In fact, if the Dyson Sphere was doing its job properly, we might not be able to detect Boyajian's Star at all because so much of its energy would be going directly into the sphere, rather than escaping and getting all the way to Kepler’s detectors.", "But it could be something even more ominous; forget a swarm of comets, there could be an entire, alien space fleet lying low, waiting for an opportunity to invade Earth!", "Whatever’s going on with Boyajian's Star must have a concrete cause, but how long it will take us to come up with something that explains everything is anyone’s guess.", "And that’s why Boyajian's Star is currently the most interesting star in the universe.", "What do you think?", "Is there anything we missed?", "Let us know in the comments, check out these other clips from Unveiled, and make sure you subscribe and ring the bell for our latest content." ]

[ "Start", "Intro to Boyajian's Star", "The Problem With Tabby's Star", "The Ploonet Theory", "The Discovery of a Companion Star", "Unnatural Explanations and Alien Technology", "Conclusions" ]

[ "[upbeat music] - Jon Favreau, I tried to teach him how to cook.", "We did an event and he said, \"You know, I cook too and everything.\"", "I said, \"Okay, make an omelet.\"", "And I had him make an omelet and I said this is ready for the garbage can.", "So I put it in the garbage can and he was sweating.", "It was a lot of fun.", "Because he always thinks he's such a good cook.", "Hello, I'm Wolfgang Puck, and this is \"The Breakdown\".", "[upbeat music] First up, \"Ratatouille\".", "- Have you decided this evening?", "- Your soup is excellent but- - But we order it every time.", "- Yeah, what else do you have?", "- Well, we have a very nice Foie Gras.", "- Yeah, I know about the Foie Gras.", "The old standby, used to be famous for it.", "What does the chief have that's new?", "- Our customers always ask for special dishes or for special ingredients.", "We have a lot of vegan customers and so forth.", "For us in the kitchen, it's almost normal now to accommodate everybody.", "Not totally everybody, but what ever we can do.", "I think it's really an important part in the restaurant business to accommodate the guest, because they have many choices if we do not accommodate them, somebody else might.", "- What are you doing?", "You're supposed to be preparing the Gusteau recipe!", "- This is the recipe.", "- The recipe doesn't call for white truffle oil.", "What else have you been- You are improvising?", "This is no time to experiment.", "The customer are waiting!", "- I love the improvisation in cooking.", "Cooking, to me, is like painting.", "You can add a little more pepper, or a little more olive oil, or some different kinds of herbs and spices and to make a complete different dish.", "You can make it taste like it came out of Morocco, or out of Persia, or out of France just by adding different spices.", "You know, it really looks like it is a French restaurant, the way it's set up and the way they are cooking, and in the copper pans.", "It looks like a French restaurant to me.", "- They love it!", "Other dinners are already asking about it, about Linguini.", "I have seven more orders!", "- That's wonderful.", "- Creation really comes in seconds and sometimes you create something it will take a long time.", "Like for me, to perfect a Chinese style duck, like a Peking duck, it took me maybe weeks.", "but to making the smoked salmon pizza, we always made smoked salmon and then one day, I was serving smoked salmon with brioche, and one day we ran out of bread.", "So I just cooked the pizza bread and served it on the side, and then it came to my mind, like at that moment.", "I said \"Why don't I put just everything together?\"", "So I put it together, put caviar on it, and give it to Joan Collins, and she thought \"Wow, this is my pizza.", "This is the Joan Collins pizza.\"", "I really like my kitchen to be organized chaos.", "It looks chaotic but if you're a professional it's actually like an orchestra.", "Everybody plays their instrument to perfection.", "You have the chef d'orchestre, the director, and then you have different stations.", "So you have the stations where they do all the appetizers, maybe all the cold appetizers, then you have a station for the warm appetizers.", "Then I have the station for fish.", "Then you have a station where they do all the meat.", "Even if it's difficult, you can handle it, but if it's not organized, then it becomes chaotic.", "Next up \"Chef\".", "[upbeat music] - Jon Favreau, I tried to teach him how to cook.", "I remember when he came to the Blair Hotel one time, we did an event.", "And he said, \"You I cook too and everything.\"", "And I said \"Okay, make an omelet.\"", "And I had him make an omelet and I said this is ready for the garbage can.", "So I put it in the garbage can and he was sweating.", "It was a lot of fun.", "So I tried to give him a hard time, because he always thinks he's such a good cook.", "This is an interesting clip, because Jon Favreau, to me at least, should be the chef, not the prep cook.", "He looked like a prep cook there, so, in a way the organization is not really straightened out, but, if he didn't have anybody to cook with, or nobody showed up, he had to do it.", "[upbeat music] I really think that the knife technique, you could see it was from somebody others, not from Jon Favreau.", "Slicing that fast, I think I would be scared if he would ever chop knife and slice that fast.", "A lot of people have different thoughts about how many knives you really need.", "Let's say if you have six knives or eight knives, and the sharpening steel, and a peeler, and the grater, and things like that, so, I really believe you need a box, and these days, every chef comes with their own little case, and has his knives, because, I really think it's an important part, to have really sharp knives.", "You don't want to use a knife you slice smoked salmon with, and then use that to cut a bone, because you will break the knife and put dents in it and then it's useless.", "[upbeat music] Prep work starts in the morning, like we go to the fish market, to the farmer's market, find the best ingredients, and then decide what to cook.", "Sometimes we bring all the sous chefs together and says, \"What do you do with Santa Barbara shrimps, what would you do with the hamachi, what would you do with fennel and new tomatoes?\"", "Let's fast forward.", "- No, come over here, look.", "See this water?", "- Mhmm.", "- [Carl] Bang.", "Is it hot?", "- Yes.", "- Tell 'em it's hot.", "- He was checking if the grill is hot.", "So he put water on it.", "But you have to be careful not to put cold water on it.", "So, I think for me, I just check it with my hand, I know if it's hot, I don't touch the grill, just put a hand over it, and you can feel the heat.", "But, for the inexperienced one, you have to put water in it.", "- [Martin] Aw, look at that.", "- [Carl] 'Kay, see how golden that is?", "That's how you want it to be every time, you gotta be like a robot.", "- You know, I really love to use the panini grill.", "I use it in my home very often to cook a steak, to cook fish, my wife loves it.", "The panini grill is really a great way to cook, because it cooks a dish from both sides.", "Now here they are making a Cuban sandwich.", "You want it to be cooked and pressed at the same time.", "I really believe the Cuban sandwich has to be nice and crunchy and crispy on the outside, because it's the french baguette, a simple baguette dough, you know, not the sour dough.", "And then the inside gets warm also, I like when the whole sandwich warms it up, the cheese melts, so, you get all the flavors combined together with the mustard, the pickles, whatever you put in it.", "So you have different temperatures and different textures which makes a sandwich from just ordinary to extraordinary.", "- [Percy] What do I do?", "- [Martin] Cut the bread open, - There's cerveza down there.", "- You only can fit that much stuff into a truck.", "I designed a truck specially, you know, we had one catering truck like that.", "And it was fun for one day, or for two days.", "But it's a complicated thing, it looks so easy, but you have to go back to a place, we had the inspector check everything, so it's not an easy thing to drive around in a truck.", "It's certainly not for me, I said, \"Why should I drive in a truck?", "And why should I serve people standing in the street if I have a beautiful restaurant?\"", "And many beautiful restaurants, really.", "So no truck for me.", "I have never eaten out of a truck and I don't intend to, because, to me, if I eat, it's a special moment.", "I'm never that hungry that I say \"Oh my God, let's stop at this truck stop and get a hamburger or taco\" or whatever it is.", "Standing in the street and eating for me, is to an experience.", "Next up No Reservations.", "- Guy at table seven said if he wanted it cremated, he wouldn't ask for it rare.", "- That is rare.", "- Apparently not rare enough.", "- Rare, or medium-rare, or medium is an established way of cooking things.", "If it's done the right way, rare is cooked really on the outside, that the inside is warm, or hot, but not really cooked.", "And sometimes people don't understand it quite, and I have customers sometimes that says \"This is not medium-rare.\"", "And I say \"What do you mean, it's not medium-rare?\"", "But, they really want it medium-well.", "You know, some people say medium-rare, but they don't know what it is, actually.", "- Look, these are ad agency people, they spend a lot of money here, no tantrums tonight, just fire another one.", "- I generally don't like to argue with the customers because it gets me upset and maybe the customers too.", "So I just say \"Okay, you know what, they don't know exactly what they mean.\"", "We have the waiter, or the manager go to the customer and says \"Would you like it a little more cooked?\"", "And we don't try to make them feel bad in front of their friends, or family, or business partners, whatever it is.", "I'm not gonna say \"What, you don't know what rare is?", "This is rare\" So then he will feel bad and might not come back.", "- From the ass[bleep] on seven again, he wants to know whether you've ever seen a rare steak before.", "- When I was young, I would get so upset, I used to go and confront the customer, especially when I cooked fish.", "I remember one time, Ray Stark, a famous Hollywood producer, he said \"I want my halibut really dry.\"", "I said, \"Why do you want it dry?\"", "He said, \"That's the way I like my fish.\"", "So I went, cooked it really dry, maybe made it extra dry, left it longer in the oven than it even needed, and then he complain to the waiter, \"My fish is so dry.\"", "I went out to him and says, \"You know what?", "If you let me cook the way I think the fish should be cooked, you would be a happy man.", "But you don't know how to cook a fish.", "That's my profession, you make movies.\"", "And he just looked at me and said, \"What an arrogant ass[bleep] this chef is.\"", "So he never came back.", "All right.", "Thanks for watching the clip with me.", "Stay tuned for part two.", "[outro music]" ]

[ "Intro", "Ratatouille", "Chef", "No Reservations" ]

[ "If one Trump has avoided the spotlight just a little, it's Eric.", "The younger brother of Don Jr. and Ivanka Trump, Eric has had less of a high-profile stake in Donald Trump's political career.", "But he and his wife, Lara, still live large.", "Here's the truth about their lavish lifestyle.", "Eric Trump and his family call the Seven Springs mansion in Westchester their summer digs.", "As noted by Forbes, Donald Trump bought the Seven Springs property in 1996 for a cool $7.5 million, before dividing the land in order to build 14 individual homes.", "Eric told Forbes while giving a tour of the property that the palatial 50,000-square-foot home is \"a significant place\" for his family, as it's where he not only learned about the construction business from his father, but also where he proposed to his wife, Lara.", "Eric told the outlet, \"My father, during the summers, would always put us to work.", "We were literally riding mowers around, we were mowing all the fields, cutting down trees and fallen trees, cutting rebar and laying marble and doing electrical work, doing demo work.\"", "\"I grew up on bulldozers with him.", "That was kind of our bonding moment, right?", "Instead of playing baseball, maybe, in the backyard, I'd hop on a Caterpillar with my father.\"", "Eric later called the property his former \"home base,\" before moving out and finding a property of his own.", "Before the Trump name was synonymous with political slogans, it was largely tied to luxury properties and lavish golf courses, so it comes as no surprise that Donald Trump's sons have followed in his developer footsteps.", "As noted by Golf magazine, Eric Trump and Donald Trump Jr. opened their golf course at the Trump International Golf Club in Dubai in 2017.", "The timing — given that there was intense scrutiny about the president's involvement with the Trump Organization — was questionable, but the two Trump adult children pushed onward.", "They opened the property during their first joint international business trip since their father's assumption of the White House.", "The course was built inside a luxurious property that featured about 100 Trump-branded villas, ranging from $1.3 million to $4 million.", "Eric Trump is worth $25 million alone.", "Yes, a whopping $25 million, according to Forbes.", "So where did his money come from, you might ask?", "A couple of business ventures and the family organization, of course.", "Eric has a luxury duplex located on the property of the Trump National Golf Club in Westchester, and has received much of his wealth from his role as the executive vice president of the Trump Organization.", "Before he assumed co-control of the company, Eric oversaw much of the golf club and resorts business, but was chosen along with his brother, Don Jr., to run the operations after their father assumed office.", "Additionally, New York City filings tie Eric to two other businesses: his business interests in the Trump hotel located in Washington, D.C. and the Trump Winery.", "It seems as though the Trump children have found business success in part because of their father's connections, and that looks to be the case for the Trump Winery.", "According to Town & Country, Donald Trump purchased the property in Virginia for a, quote, \"bargain-basement price of $8.5 million on a deal that could ultimately be worth $170 million,\" giving him the 1,100 acres of land and all the winemaking tools needed.", "After scoring the property, Donald made his son Eric the president of Trump Winery, a role that he continues to occupy.", "Since its initial purchase, the Trump Winery has grown and features a 23,000 square foot home — one of many properties within the Trump Hotels company.", "So how much autonomy does Eric have in running the winery?", "It's a little questionable.", "Donald said in a press conference in August 2020 that he owns \"one of the largest wineries in the United States,\" even though the winery's website says that it's managed by Eric's company.", "Going into business with your family sounds complicated.", "As noted by HuffPost, Lara made $180,000 a year through the private company set up by Donald Trump's campaign manager.", "She wasn't the only Trump significant other to rake in the big bucks, either.", "Kimberly Guilfoyle, Donald Trump Jr.'s girlfriend, also made the same amount of money: about $15,000 a month.", "How did HuffPost find out such a juicy detail?", "Two GOP sources that occupied roles as informal advisors in the White House spoke to the publication, but only under the condition of anonymity.", "The insiders said that they couldn't confirm when Lara and Kimberly allegedly began receiving the large sums of money from Trump campaign manager, Brad Parscale, and his company, but assessed that the money was being funneled through the private company to avoid public reporting requirements.", "Parscale reportedly said before declining to elaborate, \"I can pay them however I want to pay them.\"", "Because of their connection to Donald Trump, Eric and Lara Trump scored big points on the lavish lifestyle front when they accompanied Donald and the other Trump siblings on a trip to the United Kingdom in June 2019.", "The Trump family was spread out among the state banquet's attendants, and Eric was separated from Lara — who was pregnant at the time — but still, they got to be in the same room as Kate Middleton, and for that alone we're jealous.", "Lara captioned a photo of herself and Eric all dressed up for the evening, \"Thank you to Her Majesty The Queen for a truly magical evening.\"", "So this lavish lifestyle detail borders on uncomfortable, but Eric Trump and his siblings used to have playdates with Michael Jackson, the king of pop and accused child abuser.", "Apparently, Donald Trump and his first wife, Ivana Trump, were skeptical parents, but never turned down an opportunity for their kids to play with Jackson.", "She wrote in her book, Raising Trump, \"The only person who had an open invitation to come to the triplex for playdates whenever he wanted was Michael Jackson.\"", "Jackson lived at Trump Tower during the childhood years of the eldest Trump kids, and maintained a close relationship with the family.", "Ivana wrote, \"He'd stop by and chat with Donald and me for twenty minutes, and then he'd go up to the kids' floor to hang out with them for hours and hours.", "They'd watch MTV, play Mario Brothers or Tetris, and build Trump Tower in Legos.\"", "She went on to describe Jackson as a \"30-year-old kid.\"", "Throughout Donald Trump's time as president, he reportedly spent a lot of time at Mar-a-Lago, his luxury property in Palm Beach, Florida.", "And it looks like Eric Trump wanted to get in on the area's real-estate, because he and Donald Trump Jr. took it upon themselves to buy a neighboring property.", "As noted by Mansion Global, Eric and Don Jr. purchased a Palm Beach mansion for $18.5 million, and it just happens to be the opposite property to Mar-a-Lago.", "Eric and Don.", "Jr. purchased the mansion through a limited liability company which listed Eric as the company's president and Don Jr. as the vice president.", "Eric shared in a statement, \"It is a great honor to have purchased one of the finest mansions in Palm Beach.", "Mar-a-Lago is among the most iconic properties anywhere in the world and it is very special to be able to add this incredible beachfront estate to the property.\"", "Judging from the increasing reports that Donald will make Mar-a-Lago his primary residence after leaving the White House, it makes sense that his sons splurged on a neighboring property.", "Like her sister-in-law and mother-in-law, Lara Trump has been spotted in some pretty lavish clothes, and she has certainly not shied away from designer outfits.", "According to the Evening Standard, the Trump women put their fashion on full display during the state banquet hosted by Queen Elizabeth.", "Lara stunned in a strapless gown from Monique Lhuillier.", "In a nod to the royal event and tradition of female royals wearing gloves, Lara paired her look with white, elbow-reaching gloves and a simple up-do.", "She's also been seen in some very glamorous outfits, including her inaugural ball gown and her 2020 New Year's Eve look from designer Oscar Lopez.", "According to its official website, Trump Parc East, home to Eric and Lara's penthouse, is \"dressed in polished granite and marble,\" and is located directly across from New York City's beloved oasis, Central Park.", "Residents are treated to white-glove service, and enjoy the splendors of a door attendant, concierge, laundry, and valet services.", "To quote the property website, \"residents enjoy the full scope of luxury treatments.\"", "\"Lara, we're a long way from home.\"", "\"I know!", "This is not North Carolina anymore.\"", "\"No!", "Can you believe this?\"", "So how much will a Trump Parc East apartment cost you?", "According to City Realty, a 967 square foot apartment with two bedrooms will set you back $2,750,000.", "So each square foot will cost you about $2,844.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about people in the news are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Fun in the sun", "Links to the past", "Eric's haul", "Adventures in wine", "Lara makes bank", "Eric and Lara cross the pond", "Playdates with MJ", "Mar-a-Lago II", "Lara's looks", "Eric and Lara's penthouse" ]

[ "[Music] \"- What do you do?", "- I drive.", "- You gonna go beat him up for me?", "Huh, stunt guy?\"", "- In this video, we'll unpack the adrenaline fuel getaway in the opening scene of \"Drive\".", "It's a tense nail-biting sequence.", "And while the visuals certainly play a role, the real heroes are the sound design and editing.", "A layering of sounds and how these elements are tied to the concept of time.", "\"- Less than a minute to play.\"", "- So, buckle up, listen up and let's take a drive.", "\"- Three, two, one!\"", "♪ Directing Style - Intro ♪ \"- If I drive for you, you get your money.", "You tell me where we start, where we're going, where we're going afterwards.", "I give you five minutes when we get there.", "Anything happens in that five minutes, and I'm yours.", "No matter what.", "Anything a minute on either side of that and you're on your own.\"", "- There are 3 necessary requirements to generate suspense.", "Consequences.", "Uncertainty.", "And time.", "Remove any one of these elements and the whole thing falls apart.", "In \"Drive\", screenwriter Hossein Amini and director Nicolas Winding Refn have given us a fantastic example of how this works.", "Listen closely.", "\"- There's 100,000 streets in this city.", "You don't need to know the route.", "You give me a time and a place, I give you a five-minute window.", "Anything happens in that five minutes and I'm yours.", "No matter what.", "Anything happens a minute either side of that and you're on your own.\"", "- Before we see anything, we hear a low rhythm on the soundtrack.", "It's an active rhythm resembling a quickened heartbeat.", "But also calm and controlled.", "In the opening shot, we have elements that clue us into our hero.", "The map and its elaborate and methodical planning.", "\"- You give me a time and a place, I give you a five-minute window.\"", "- The dialogue establishes the time constraints of that plan.", "The shot continues to a basketball game on TV which might seem random now but will soon become important.", "The slow subtle camera move introduces the world in an unassuming manner.", "\"- You won't be able to reach me on this phone again.\"", "- Perfectly reflecting the character's calm and collected demeanor.", "\"- Hey, there you are!\"", "- He picks up his vehicle from the garage.", "Again his calm confidence is accented by a leisurely trucking shot matched with driver's nonchalant attitude.", "We can assume this character is in complete control.", "\"- Chevy Impala, the most popular car in the State of California.", "No one will be looking at you.\"", "- Then the music steps up just a bit by adding a click to the beat.", "Reminiscent of a metronome used by musicians to stay on time.", "This track is even called \"Tick Of The Clock\".", "And was inspired by a specific piece of wardrobe.", "-The music that you hear, the ticking of the clock, was an idea that referred to the watch that he takes off.", "- The tension is building despite driver's composure.", "In the car, a new sound is added to the mix.", "The play-by-play commentary from the basketball game.", "As we listen to the game going forward, pay attention to how time is mentioned.", "\"- ...here late in the fourth quarter.\"", "- Driver arrives at his destination.", "As the thieves enter the building, three new sounds join the cacophony.", "His analog stopwatch.", "The alarm.", "And a police scanner.", "Driver turns up the volume.", "\"- ...here with just six minutes to go in the fourth quarter.\"", "- And we get an update on the time left in the game.", "Just before the police identify their location.", "\"- Code 30 ringer located at 421 South Alameda.\"", "- Refn creates a sense of mounting peril and the incessant ticking of time running out.", "When driver opens his door, two more sounds are added.", "The cars alert that the door is open.", "And a police siren in the distance.", "We hear on the scanner just how close the police are.", "\"- We are approximately two minutes from their location.", "- Come on, man.", "Where the hell are you?", "Come on!", "Get in!", "Get in!", "Get in!\"", "- Finally, they flee the scene.", "On the scanner, their vehicle has been identified.", "\"- Possible venicle in question, late model silver impala.\"", "- To avoid being spotted the car pulls over and in this brief lull the sound drops down to a minimum.", "To help accent the silence as we wait with bated breath.", "We don't see where the cop car went but the scanner lets us know it's safe.", "\"- Santa Fe & 7th...clear.\"", "- A helicopter joins the pursuit.", "Driver is out in the open and vulnerable, so the music introduces a high-pitched swell to emphasize this high alert moment.", "\"- Got a visual heading west on 7th street bridge.\"", "- Driver floors it and the sound levels also kick into high gear.", "With a static camera and no reaction from our protagonist, it is the sound design and editing that is being used to build the peaks and valleys of this thrilling chase.", "\"- We've lost visual on suspect.\"", "- Again, once hidden, the wall of sound is reduced to nearly nothing.", "As driver ventures back out into the streets, the layers of sound creep back in.", "\"- Less than a minute to play.\"", "- The camera racks focused to reveal a patrol car and a deep threatening drone takes over the soundtrack.", "\"- Possible suspect vehicle sighted at stoplight.\"", "- Framed in a low dutch angle, driver is trapped.", "Without an ounce of panic, he makes his move.", "The intensity of the basketball game builds, and the driver's engine revs.", "The announcers track the final seconds of the game.", "\"- Time winding down!", "Four, three, two, one!\"", "- Driver pulls into the arena to disappear into the crowd.", "Just like he planned.", "With almost no dialogue, \"Drive's\" opening scene is a great example of pure cinema where sound and image alone are used to tell a complete story.", "Refn and his post-production team showed us the value of great editing and sound design.", "Especially when generating suspense built with consequences, uncertainty, and time.", "There's much more to learn from \"Drive's\" opening scene.", "You'll find a link in the description to download the script for \"Drive\", to see how Amini wrote this sequence.", "And compare to how Refn directed it.", "On the road to great filmmaking, StudioBinder is just the car.", "It's up to you to take the wheel.", "Hit \"Subscribe\" and ring the bell for notifications." ]

[ "Sound Design & Editing in Drive's Opening Scene", "The 3 Elements of Building Suspense", "Drive Opening Scene Breakdown", "Final Takeaways" ]

[ "China, a country that had gone through an economic miracle throughout the past decades is finally close to becoming the largest economy in the entire world.", "The story of how China came to be has become a role model for other country’s to follow.", "It is reported in various reports that the next economic miracles are the likes of India, Africa, and even parts of South America.", "However, one that may climb to the top is this set of countries.", "Yes, this is Southeast Asia, a region that is more commonly attributed to its economic union, ASEAN, or Association of the Southeast Asian Nations.", "And according to the United Overseas Bank, the 3rd largest bank in Southeast Asia, that ASEAN is expected to be the 4th largest economy in the entire world.", "The growth of Southeast Asia can be attributed to many, however, one that largely stands out amongst the rest is its rise in the digital economy.", "There has been a rapid change in digitalization across the 670 million people it holds.", "The digital economy alone is set to generate over $1 trillion US Dollars by 2025 which is around a quarter of the entire gross domestic product.", "E-Commerce, E-Banking, E-Education, you name it, these have all been rapidly accelerated and have named ASEAN as the world’s fastest-growing internet market.", "Data even suggests that becoming digital is set to become the norm already.", "The winners amongst these?", "E-Commerce.", "This alone saw the biggest change in the rough lockdowns in the past year.", "The companies behind these?", "Lazada, Zalora, Shopee, Tokopedia, and much more have grown more than what is was expected before the COVID-19 pandemic.", "The other factor contributing to growth?", "The hunger for more infrastructures.", "The majority of the member states have risen their infrastructure spending during the past decade.", "The biggest growth, however, varies widely in each country.", "Indonesia is expected to see its manufacturing grow the biggest, Malaysia is expected to see its utility sector, the Philippines, its chemicals and basic metals industry, and Vietnam, Thailand, and Singapore are expected to see the growth in its social infrastructures.", "Other ASEAN countries are also expected to see major growth, but as of right now, the countries mentioned are the biggest contributors to the growing market of ASEAN.", "The Asian Development Bank or ADB for short reported that for ASEAN to fully maximize its growth and become a renowned economy by 2030, the economic union needs to spend over $22 trillion US dollars today until 2030.", "A massive amount and spending these much will bring a rise to megacities, mega transportation hubs, and overall give a mega solution to mega problems.", "The challenges before getting there, however, are a lot deeper than what is seen.", "The world economic forums have outlined the key challenges its seen for the region.", "Corruption, one that makes the country’s in Southeast Asia ranks way low in the world corruption index.", "Well, all except for Singapore.", "The demographic change is also a major challenge, Southeast Asia is home to a young population, and if the government fails to address proper education to them.", "Then the move to a digital economy may not be in the sights in the next decade.", "Amongst these problems addressed, there’s a far more fix that needs to be done.", "Even though the pandemic has accelerated a stronger digital economy, it has also exposed thousands of issues that need change.", "Luckily, the population of Southeast Asia seems to be very resilient and adaptable to change.", "The speed at which the people accepted the digital economy was far faster than other countries in the world, which implies that change is very much welcome.", "The reason we think that Southeast Asia has done so is because of its Small-Medium enterprise style of business or SME for short.", "These SMEs are the backbone of the region’s economy and that in summary means entrepreneurship.", "Entrepreneurship introduces innovation, speed, and flexibility in the everyday lives of Southeast Asians.", "Entrepreneurs are widely spread in each country and hence we may see the adaptability in the coming years.", "In numbers, countries like Vietnam and Thailand employ 70% of their workforce through SME’s and 99% account for the registered businesses.", "In conclusion, the Southeast Asia region is set to become one of the largest economic union in the next decade, this is because of the rise in its digital economy and a massive drive in infrastructure developments.", "Anyway, what do you think about ASEAN?", "Share with us your thoughts in the comments below, don’t forget to leave us a like and follow us for more amazing videos.", "Thanks for watching!" ]

[ "Finding The Next Economic Miracle", "Finding The Growth in Digital", "Finding The Growth in Infrastructure", "The Challenges", "Addressing The Problem", "Conclusion" ]

[ "Alright, we can talk about these delivery numbers then.", "Q2 is now in the past, we just need to spend this month, discovering the actual damage, then we can all move on, to continual record breaking quarters again.", "NUMBERS You have obviously all seen the numbers, we ended up with about 15% fewer vehicles produced this quarter over the last.", "Given everything we just went through in Q2, to only be down 15% doesn't seem too bad.", "Sure deliveries were down 20%, due to the discrepancy between deliveries and production.", "But remember as Tesla is supply constrained, production is the only figure we need to really care about, in judging Tesla's progress.", "There still doesn't appear to be any great progress on the S or more likely X line yet, those cars really are quite complex, with deliveries only up another 2,000.", "With a total of 16,000.", "This should be around 25,000.", "These models carry a lot of profit too obviously, however, that is starting to look relatively smaller these days as production is increasing so much for the other vehicles.", "IMPORTANT I said this before, but just to re-iterate, this Q2 is not an important quarter, it does not provide an accurate portrayal of the trajectory this company is headed.", "We know that, but does the rest of the market, or does it even matter.", "Perhaps it's more of a concern of how the media decide to spin it.", "No matter what they were always going to have a losing quarter over quarter figure to play with.", "How brutal will they be with the stock?", "This was a quarter we all had to bear, and on top of some other major macro issues, and some Elon activities.", "The stock is down and hurting, even now still we are sub $700.", "Sub 700 still seems like an exceptionally low price for this stock.", "But so many people who likely know a lot less about the stock than you, well they are saying it's going to 500.", "Therefore, it might make you a little hesitant too, you don't want to buy some more stock and then risk it going down to 500.", "Sure, Tesla can drop to 500, and apple to drop to $100, Amazon to $80.", "In fact if Tesla did drop to 500, then that would probably be around where Amazon and Apple would be sitting.", "Why?", "Because for Tesla to drop to $500, it would have to be something that affected the broad market, some macro activity.", "Currently, there is no reason for Tesla to drop that low, relative to the rest of the market.", "Tesla are on top of all the issues they are facing and making some great progress.", "So just be careful listening to unqualified opinions on Tesla, and letting them sway your opinion.", "In my opinion and experience, the ones who are most qualified, and know the most about Tesla, seem to already have invested already.", "They aren't sitting on the sidelines, hoping for $500.", "EXPECTATIONS Now although this deliveries figure was around what the street expected, the more recent expectations had actually dropped significantly, to around 240 or so.", "They are referring to deliveries of course, but in their minds, I think there is little difference.", "We were close to 260,000 units produced though, in other words Tesla kind of beat expectations by nearly 20,000.", "I think Dan Ives said the line was drawn in the sand at 250,000, higher than that will be good, lower will be bad.", "Well we are higher than that, even with deliveries.", "I also agree with him on this.", "I think this was a positive result.", "Especially if Tesla had taken some from inventory, instead of added.", "We would have broken 260,000 deliveries.", "DELIVERIES They were pushing deliveries at the end too, in fact in full force.", "Which might make you think there was an extra push in production towards the end of the quarter, especially given they couldn't deliver all vehicles in time.", "We are being told that June was Tesla's best month ever in production.", "And it sounds like Shanghai was running well, only to have to endure another shut down for the Model Y now, albeit temporarily, and back with extra upgraded vengeance on the line.", "Hearing it likely that Model Y Shanghai is going to be approaching 2,000 units a day.", "CHINA I don't how many of you remember me saying end of last year, that we were hearing reports of that line at run rates as fast as 1600 a day, and rumors of potential 2000.", "It sounded unfathomable back then, and many of you thought it was unbelievable.", "Well reflect back as to how unbelievable that felt, and as to what it would have meant to the future success of the company.", "Well Tesla have cracked it.", "But we have been under so much turmoil, we haven't had enough time to stop and appreciate this insane run rate we are at now.", "And what it means for future capacities of future factories, that's right.", "I promise you, the reason for this run rate, is not because Chinese workers work harder, it is because Tesla engineers are great with robotics.", "These run rates will be seen in all factories over time, and then some.", "This is of course just the Model Y line, which is going to be at twice the run rate of Tesla's model 3 line in Shanghai.", "I think that has been somewhat neglected, likely due to the opportunity cost of a battery.", "I.e.", "place said battery in a Model 3 with $10,000 profit, or a Model Y with $15,000 profit.", "Every Model 3 sold, has an opportunity cost of $5,000 additional profit in a Model Y.", "Hence why Tesla are expanding the Model Y factory first.", "The Model Y is just an incredibly popular vehicle, in case you couldn't tell.", "TRADE [option] As some of you know, I am back to doing short term options trading.", "I made a bet on this quarter being better than expected.", "I have an option that expires at the end of this month.", "I got to cover deliveries and earnings.", "It cost me $30 a share, but I am aiming to sell it for about $100.", "This is my high, high risk fund, which is a bit of a do or die account.", "It's really more for fun, don't read into it too much.", "I think I just needed something a little extra to entertain me during these times.", "My target is to eventually afford 2 more LEAPS from that account, or lose it all.", "NEXT I was hoping that we could see one million deliveries on the back half of this year, but I think that will require several rabbits out of several hats from Berlin and Texas.", "We have Texas ramping with 2170 cells now.", "That was a bit of an oversight there by Tesla, which I am somewhat conflicted with.", "On one hand, they were so confident about the 4680 ramp they didn't bother having a 2170 back up, on the other hand, they've barely produced any 4680 vehicles.", "I can't see them getting to volume production with 2170 cells, perhaps half way at best.", "I just don't know if they could get that quantity of cells.", "China will be doing well in Q3, but we do have some downtime, although the full shut down is only a few days, there will be some additional line downtime on top of that.", "But should be super strong once back up.", "Then it's really going to come down to the 4680 ramp up, for Q3 and Q4, oh and next year and the year after.", "A lot this company comes down to 4680 cells.", "And that is where most of our focus will be for the rest of the year, any 4680 progress is headline news for us.", "It is also what I care about most before I re-evaluate my investment strategy.", "Yes, investment strategy, not trading strategy.", "I think the 4680 cells will become the core of this company for sometime.", "Therefore that is the actual product we are investing in for the future growth of this company.", "Of course not be confused with Tesla's actual product, the machine that makes the machine.", "SUMMARY All in all, deliveries numbers really were about what the community expected, no surprises either way.", "And I feel that these days, no bad surprises is hopefully good news.", "As long as the economy is about where it is now, then I am hoping for a little push of about 3-5% when the market opens again on Tuesday.", "And I would likely expect an overall upward trend for the rest of the month, heading towards the financial results, possibly even reaching $800, depending on the financials.", "North of 800 is a much more comfortable stock price to be sitting around, and in my opinion is probably where it should be, if Tesla only had to deal with macros this quarter.", "But the other events will soon be forgotten, and no longer reflected in the stock price.", "We should get the China numbers shortly too, and then I can get into the financials.", "Of which my current thoughts are, it won't be as brutal as people suspect, due to us already working out the estimated loss of the new factories.", "Anyway given what Tesla were facing this quarter, we should appreciate how hard a job they did in getting this many produced.", "Let me know what you thought about these delivery numbers, and how it might affect the stock." ]

[ "Intro", "Numbers", "Important", "Expectations", "Deliveries", "China", "Trade", "Next", "Summary" ]

[ "Which star warned people about the dangers of smoking after he died?", "And which celebrity eerily predicted his own death in his final interview?", "Keep watching to find out!", "James Dean was born in Marion, Indiana on February 8, 1931.", "In high school, Dean developed an interest in acting that would lead him to move to the west coast, where he briefly studied theater at the University of California, Los Angeles, before dropping out to pursue acting.", "Bit parts and commercial work then led Dean to New York, where he studied under Lee Strasberg at the prestigious Actors Studio.", "Dean's role in the Broadway play \"The Immoralist\" caught the eye of film director Elia Kazan, who cast him in 1955's \"East of Eden,\" the only film he would live to see released.", "Starring roles in \"Giant\" and \"Rebel Without a Cause\" followed in quick succession.", "Just 13 days before Dean's death, actor Gig Young interviewed the young star on the set of \"Giant\" for the TV show \"Warner Brothers Presents.\"", "Dean, an avid racer, spoke with Young about safe driving and the importance of being careful on the highway, ending the piece saying \"Take it easy driving.", "The life you might save might be mine.\"", "On September 30, 1955, Dean was killed instantly in a high speed car crash.", "He was 24.", "Béla Blaskó was born on October 20, 1882, in the town of Lugos in southern Hungary.", "Although his career on stage and in film spanned over 50 years, the man known worldwide by his stage name Bela Lugosi will forever be known for his role as Dracula in Universal Studios' 1931 adaptation of Bram Stoker's classic novel.", "But Lugosi revealed in 1955 that he had become addicted to morphine first prescribed to him to alleviate severe leg pains and sciatica decades before.", "Knowing that he would die without help, he voluntarily entered a medical facility to receive treatment for his addiction.", "Upon his release, a fully rehabilitated Lugosi emerged from the hospital to speak to the press for what would be the last time.", "\"It's a terrible ordeal to go through withdrawal.", "It's the greatest pain in the world.\"", "But he said that his time in rehab was transformative.", "\"I became a new man.", "A new lease on life.", "I'm cured.\"", "Optimistic about his future, Lugosi looked forward to getting to work on a new picture with his friend, notorious filmmaker Edward D. Wood Jr. Just a year later, though, Lugosi suffered a fatal heart attack while resting at his modest Hollywood apartment.", "He was 73.", "Born in Iowa in 1907 as Marion Robert Morrison, John Wayne was a University of Southern California football star before a shoulder injury permanently sidelined him.", "Discovered by legendary director John Ford, Wayne would go on to epitomize Hollywood's image of the American cowboy in such films as \"Stagecoach\" and \"The Searchers.\"", "In 1964, Wayne was diagnosed with lung cancer.", "An operation to remove most of his left lung proved a stunning success.", "Yet, cancer was not through with John Wayne.", "In January 1979, doctors discovered a malignancy in the actor's stomach.", "Surgeons removed Wayne's complete stomach in a nine-hour emergency procedure.", "Wayne gave his last interview to ABC's Barbara Walters just one day before the discovery of his stomach cancer.", "Looking back on his 50-year-career, Wayne commented on his mortality.", "\"I want to hang around as long as I'm healthy and I'm not in anybody's way.\"", "John Wayne made a final public appearance at the April 9, 1979 Academy Awards.", "He died on June 11, 1979, at UCLA Medical Center, aged 72.", "By the time Judy Garland was in her teens she had become one of Hollywood's biggest draws, and when she starred in the 1939 classic \"The Wizard of Oz,\" her fame only grew.", "Garland moved into more mature roles in the 1940s in films such as \"Meet Me in St. Louis,\" but addiction and mental illness nearly ended her career.", "Later in life, she transitioned to recording and stage work with a series of successful concert tours followed by a triumphant return to film in 1954's \"A Star is Born.\"", "But as documented in \"Little Girl Lost\" by Al DiOrio, by 1969, overwork, drug addiction, crash-dieting, and series of nervous breakdowns had taken a serious toll on Garland's health.", "In March of that year, she gave what would be her final interview to Radio Denmark.", "Sounding fatigued, Garland stated, \"My life and my career have been like a roller coaster.", "I'm either an enormous success or just a down and out failure.\"", "When asked if she felt that she had led a rich life, Garland, recently married to fifth husband Mickey Deans, replied, \"No, not until now.", "I think it's been an interesting life.", "I loved always giving performances to audiences.", "[...] But I can't take the audience home with me.\"", "Three months after this interview, Judy Garland was found dead of an accidental drug overdose in her London home at the age of 47.", "Immortalized in his signature role in the musical \"The King and I,\" a part he would play on Broadway over 4,000 times, Yul Brynner was an enigmatic figure.", "With his shaved head and powerful voice, he was an imposing presence in roles ranging from the Pharaoh Ramses in \"The Ten Commandments\" to the android gunslinger in \"Westworld.\"", "Yet, according to his son, Rock Brynner, author of \"Yul: The Man Who Would be King,\" the actor's greatest creation was his own persona.", "When Rock Brynner challenged his father about the inconsistencies he found while researching his past, the actor replied, \"The facts of my life have nothing to do with the realities of my existence.\"", "Although the details of Yul Brynner's beginnings are murky, the facts of his sad last days are irrefutable.", "Aware that his death from lung cancer was imminent, Brynner appeared on ABC's \"Good Morning America\" on January 7, 1985.", "When asked by host David Hartman if there was anything he could change about his life, Brynner answered \"If I could take back that smoking, we wouldn't be talking about any cancer.", "I'm convinced of that.\"", "After Brynner's death the following October at the age of 65, his widow, Kathy, gave the American Cancer Society permission to use footage from the interview in a powerful anti-smoking campaign, fulfilling one of her husband's final wishes.", "In the PSA, Brynner looks directly into the camera and says, \"Now that I am gone, I tell you, don't smoke.\"", "The late Gene Wilder made a career of playing off-kilter characters.", "From Roald Dahl's famous candyman Willy Wonka to the titular character in Mel Brooks' comedy classic \"Young Frankenstein,\" Wilder brought eccentric characters to life with a sensitivity rare among comic actors.", "Despite his fame, Wilder was a private man who rarely gave interviews.", "In one of his last before his death at age 83 from complications of Alzheimer's disease, he spoke with Robert Osborne of Turner Classic Movies at the 92nd Street Y about why he retired from acting.", "The answer?", "He just didn't like the kinds of movies being made.", "\"I didn't want to do the kind of junk I was seeing.", "I didn't want to do 3D, for instance.\"", "It wasn't just the style of the films, though, but what he perceived as a new coarseness to the content that Hollywood was moving towards, citing an excessive amount of swearing in movies.. Wilder also took aim at Tim Burton's take on Willy Wonka, a role Wilder made famous.", "Suffice it to say, Wilder was not a fan.", "\"I think it's an insult.\"", "\"I don't care for that director.", "He's a talented man, but I don't care for him doing stuff like he did.\"", "Born November 10, 1977, in Atlanta, Georgia, Brittany Murphy got her first big break in acting at age 14, playing Dabney Coleman's character's daughter on the sitcom \"Drexell's Class.\"", "Her supporting role as the uncool Tai Frasier in the 1995 coming-of-age comedy \"Clueless,\" however, catapulted her to international fame.", "Critically acclaimed roles in such films as \"Girl Interrupted\" and \"8 Mile\" followed, as well as a long-running voice role on the animated comedy \"King of the Hill\" followed.", "But on December 20, 2009, Murphy, 32, shockingly collapsed at her home and died from a combination of pneumonia, anemia, and intoxication of multiple over-the-counter and prescription drugs.", "Despite the coroner's report, her family and others would offer a number of alternate theories for her cause of death, including intentional poisoning.", "Appearing distracted and dazed, Brittany Murphy gave her final interview to Fox News' Pop Tarts on December 3, 2003, just over two weeks before her death.", "In the interview, she addressed her dramatic weight loss and promoted the charity Looking Beyond, which aids underprivileged children in need of medical prosthetics.", "She said, \"I feel very blessed for everything I have in my life and my family.\"", "From biblical epics to sci-fi thrillers, Charlton Heston brought gravitas to every film he starred in.", "Heston's role as Moses in \"The Ten Commandments\" made him a superstar, and roles in several historical dramas, including \"Ben Hur,\" for which he earned an Academy Award, followed.", "By the late 1960s and early '70s, Heston remolded himself as an action star thanks to such films as \"Planet of the Apes.\"", "In his later years, Heston was an outspoken advocate of conservative causes, and in 1998, he was elected president of the National Rifle Association.", "Heston announced that he had Alzheimer's disease in 2002.", "He spoke to ABC's Peter Jennings about his diagnosis later that year in his last public interview.", "\"You have to take it as it comes.", "You do the best with your life that you can, and what can't be cured must be endured.\"", "Heston died on April 5, 2008, aged 84.", "Texas-born '80s heartthrob Patrick Swayze began his career as a professional dancer before finding success on Broadway in shows like \"Grease.\"", "Swayze's stage work eventually led him to Hollywood, where he scored his breakout role as Daryl \"Darry\" Curtis in Francis Ford Coppola's 1983 film adaptation of S.E.", "Hinton's teen novel \"The Outsiders.\"", "Swayze's skills as a dancer came to the forefront in the 1987 hit \"Dirty Dancing,\" which established him a Hollywood sex symbol.", "The hits \"Roadhouse,\" and \"Point Break,\" also scored Swayze points with action fans.", "Diagnosed with stage-four pancreatic cancer in 2008, Patrick Swayze spoke to Barbara Walters eight months before his death in September 2009.", "Despite his declining health, Swayze was determined to beat the odds.", "\"I want to last until they find a cure which means I better get a fire under it.\"", "Carrie Fisher enchanted millions as Princess Leia in the \"Star Wars\" saga, and gained respect behind the scenes as a fiercely talented novelist and screenwriter with an acerbic wit.", "Yet, for much of her life, Fisher faced mental health issues and drug addiction — subjects she spoke about with frankness and humor.", "Fisher had been promoting her book \"The Princess Diarist\" when she appeared on \"The Graham Norton Show.\"", "Taped in England just a couple of weeks before she suffered a heart attack while on a flight from London to Los Angeles, Fisher spoke with humor and pathos about finding her \"Star Wars\"-era diaries.", "\"I'd forgotten I wrote them.", "They were in a storage room under my bedroom and so we brought all these things up thinking I'd put them in a book.", "I found these three diaries and I was a little saddened by them.", "I'm very insecure in the books, and I didn't recall that I was that insecure.\"", "No name is as synonymous with the words \"movie star\" as Marilyn Monroe.", "Beloved for her vivacious personality, breathy voice, and stunning physical attributes, she made her mark in such comedies as \"Gentlemen Prefer Blondes,\" and \"Some Like it Hot.\"", "Yet, her bubbly onscreen demeanor belied a life of loneliness and depression that would fuel her successful dramatic turns in films like \"The Misfits,\" her last completed film.", "As documented by Biography, Marilyn Monroe was born Norma Jeane Mortenson on June 1, 1926.", "While working in a munitions factory in Van Nuys, California, Norma Jean caught the eye of a professional photographer and launched a successful career in modeling.", "In 1946, she signed her first movie contract, dyed her red hair blonde, and rechristened herself Marilyn Monroe.", "Monroe gave what would be her final interview to Life's Richard Merryman.", "In the article, Monroe spoke at length about the nature of fame, saying, quote, \"everybody is always tugging at you.\"", "\"They'd all like sort of a chunk, you know, somehow.", "They kind of like take pieces out of you.", "And I don't think that they realize it.", "The interview appeared in the August 3, 1962, issue of Life, just two days before Monroe's body was discovered.", "Monroe died of an overdose of barbiturates in what was ruled an apparent suicide.", "If you or anyone you know is having suicidal thoughts, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline​ at​ 1-800-273-TALK (8255)​." ]

[ "James Dean", "Bela Lugosi", "John Wayne", "Judy Garland", "Yul Brynner", "Gene Wilder", "Brittany Murphy", "Charlton Heston", "Patrick Swayze", "Carrie Fisher", "Marilyn Monroe" ]

[ "The late 80s were a great time to be a San Francisco 49er.", "In the decades since, Roger Craig has still been racking up the miles, while Jerry Rice has been getting fitter than ever.", "Here's what they and the rest of the '89 squad have been up to lately.", "To say that Jerry Rice exceeded expectations would be a wild understatement.", "His addition to an already stacked offense that had just notched its second Super Bowl win elevated the 49ers from perennial contender to schoolyard bully.", "Rice made up for whatever shortcomings he had by being one of the most precise route runners in history and having hands made of Krazy Glue.", "By the 1989 season, opposing defenses were well aware of his ability, but it mattered little.", "He caught 83 passes for 1,483 yards that year, with 17 touchdowns.", "He's widely considered to be the greatest receiver of all time, or even just the best player, period.", "Rice always said that he never took time off from training in the offseason, nor has he in retirement.", "He even claims that he's in better shape now than he was in his playing days.", "And is that wedding bells we hear?", "Rice married his longtime girlfriend Latisha Pelayo in 2019, a year before his son Brenden began his own college football career at the University of Colorado.", "If you want to be a complete running back in the NFL today, you must have the ability to catch the ball coming out of the backfield, and for that, you can thank Roger Craig.", "In 1985, he became the first player to post over 1,000 yards rushing and receiving in a single season.", "He was pretty much the first all-purpose back, which makes it puzzling that he's been overlooked for the Hall of Fame for a quarter of a century.", "\"I would love to go in five years after I retired, but it didn't happen, but I went on and did other things.\"", "But as with everything else, Craig takes that snub in stride.", "In addition to becoming a successful executive for a software company and fathering five children, he's spent his retirement continuing to run.", "He's completed over 38 marathons or half-marathons, weighs about as much as he did in high school, and is perhaps even more of a physical specimen today than he was during his playing years.", "The impact of Joe Montana on the quarterback position is impossible to overstate.", "He wasn't the biggest guy, nor did he have the strongest arm.", "He just saw the field more clearly than anyone before him and delivered passes right where they needed to be with unrealistic accuracy.", "Montana's career was defined by heroics, but his retirement has been defined by pain, and lots of it.", "He's had three surgeries on his neck, nerve damage in an eye, and a left knee joint that's basically made out of spaghetti.", "And thanks to even more of that nerve damage, he basically hasn't been able to feel his left foot since 1986.", "Of course, he's also become a successful investor with his own venture capital firm, so he has plenty of cash to deal with all those medical bills.", "Longtime fans and new converts alike can get more insight into Montana's legendary career if they happen to subscribe to Peacock, as the streamer produced the 2022 docuseries Joe Montana: Cool Under Pressure.", "Most great football teams have at least one big hitter on defense, but the 49ers had a Lott.", "Ronnie Lott, that is: a ferocious free safety who was known to skew opposing player's yardage stats for the day by smacking them right into next week.", "The Hall of Famer is widely considered to be one of the best to ever play his position, and even with today's tighter rules, he believes that he still would've made just as big an impression in the modern NFL.", "As he put it in a 2015 interview, \"I still believe you can give fans that moment where they stand up and go, 'Oooh.'", "There's nothing that's ever going to stop that.\"", "Lott has kept himself busy as an NFL and college football analyst and as a managing partner of a capital investment firm.", "And although he's still a strong Niners booster, he made news recently for his tireless lobbying to keep their Bay Area rival Raiders in Oakland.", "He was part of an investment group that presented a plan to build the Raiders a new stadium, but ownership characteristically broke fans' hearts by rejecting the proposal, as the team ultimately made its way to Las Vegas.", "The season before the Niners' dismantling of the Broncos in the big game, receiver John Taylor caught the winning touchdown in a Super Bowl showdown with the Cincinnati Bengals.", "With this one play, he cemented his status as a beloved player for the team with which he spent his entire nine-season career.", "But way before then, he was a 115-pound weakling in high school who failed at his first attempt of joining a college team as a walk-on.", "He then caught on at tiny Delaware State and was selected in the third round by the Niners in the 1986 draft.", "Taylor was also known for celebrating scores by performing backflips, something he's still fond of.", "Not that he needs that skill very much in his current career, as he owns a big-rig trucking company.", "Although he's had as many as five employees, he loves to get behind the wheel himself.", "Perhaps one day, the 49ers faithful will see Taylor roll into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as he earned his first nomination in 2018 but unfortunately failed to make the cut.", "Tight end Brent Jones might've had a brilliant career with the Pittsburgh Steelers, the team that drafted him, if not for a bit of bad luck in the form of a serious car crash that happened right after the draft.", "With severe damage to his neck, he was cut by the Steelers and picked up by San Francisco, where he took a few years developing into one of the most reliable players of his time at his position.", "He ultimately made the Pro Bowl four times and racked up three Super Bowl rings over the course of his career.", "After his retirement in 1997, Jones would go on to co-found a venture capital firm in 2000.", "He also established a charity golf tournament to benefit underprivileged young people in Silicon Valley, in accordance with the Christian faith that has guided him throughout his life.", "Quarterback Steve Young was a backup on the 1989 team who would go on to win the 1995 Super Bowl as a starter.", "He executed plays with surgical precision in relief of Joe Montana for three games during the '89 run, and easily could've started for any number of teams before finally getting his shot in San Fran.", "Surprisingly enough, he admitted that even though he appeared to have ice in his veins every time he stepped onto the field, he actually suffered from lifelong severe anxiety.", "In addition to carving out a stellar post-retirement broadcasting career, Young has used his platform to educate people on a number of important issues.", "He's been an outspoken proponent of using technology to mitigate the effects of concussions and brain injuries, and he's even gone against the official teachings of his Mormon faith by becoming a staunch advocate for LGBTQ rights.", "\"You're vital to our shared community.", "We need each other, and we will never be complete without you.\"", "In the 1980s, the fullback was the guy tasked with opening up holes for the rushing game.", "For the 49ers, that guy was Tom Rathman, and he certainly did his job.", "Rathman was also just as tough to stop with the ball in his hands as he was without it.", "In the Niners' Super Bowl demolition of Denver, he chipped in with 81 total yards and a pair of touchdowns.", "\"We're going right to the: Boom!", "Let's go.\"", "After his playing days were over, Rathman spent 14 seasons as running backs coach for the Niners, a position he also held with the Detroit Lions, Oakland Raiders, and Indianapolis Colts.", "After a long and fruitful career both on the field and on the sideline, Rathman retired from football in 2021, an occasion that prompted the Colts to celebrate his \"31 years of excellence\" on Twitter.", "Mike Holmgren is today best remembered as the guy who led Brett Favre and the Green Bay Packers to Super Bowl glory as that squad's head coach in 1996.", "But it was in San Francisco that he acquired the offensive coaching skills to pay the bills.", "He served as the Niners' quarterbacks coach from 1986 to 1988, then moved to offensive coordinator for three seasons before jumping ship to Green Bay in 1992.", "As Joe Montana once said of Holmgren, \"There are certain things he demanded you to study.", "He was a perfectionist at the position.\"", "Holmgren would go on to coach the Seattle Seahawks for a decade, as he became one of the few coaches in NFL history to take two different teams to the Super Bowl.", "He also briefly spent time in the thankless position of Cleveland Browns president and has dabbled in broadcasting.", "In 1989, George Seifert had the unenviable task of taking over the 49ers from Bill Walsh, one of the most respected head coaches in history and practically a saint among Niners fans.", "He responded by immediately posting the most lopsided win in Super Bowl history, then picking up another ring in 1995 on his way to becoming the winningest coach in San Francisco's history.", "After leaving the 49ers, Seifert took over head coaching duties for the Carolina Panthers for three seasons.", "Alas, he only managed a record of 16-32, leading to his dismissal following the 2001 season.", "He's been retired and out of the limelight since, and he has just one regret.", "As he admitted in a 2013 Charlotte Observer interview, \"The only regret is we didn't get it done [in Carolina].", "I wish we had won more games.\"", "49ers fans remember tight end Wesley Walls, if they remember him at all, for catching one lonely reception for nine yards in San Francisco's mega-thrashing of the Broncos in Super Bowl XXIV.", "It was the dubious highlight of an uneventful rookie season for Walls, and his next two seasons with the Niners were just as quiet.", "After a shoulder injury sidelined him for the entirety of the 1993 season, he signed with the Saints as a long snapper.", "Then in 1995, Walls bolted to the expansion Panthers, where he racked up five Pro Bowl appearances and had a 1999 season in which he tied an NFL record for touchdowns by a tight end.", "During the 1996 season, the Panthers' second ever, they made it all the way to the NFC Championship, where they fell to the eventual Super Bowl champion Packers.", "As Walls noted in a 2019 interview, \"When I got here, this city felt like home to me.\"", "It certainly must have, as Walls still lives in Charlotte to this day, and presumably bleeds blue and silver.", "Linebacker Charles Haley was one of the most terrifying men to ever step onto a football field.", "He was drafted by the Niners in 1986, and he registered a ridiculous 12 sacks that season despite only starting one game.", "He was selected to the first of five Pro Bowls two seasons following, and in 1989 he victimized opposing defenses to the tune of 10.5 sacks and three fumbles on the way to helping shut down the high-scoring Broncos in the big game.", "Simply put, he was big, fast, hard-hitting, and mean.", "But there was also a dark undercurrent to Haley's meanness, as he struggled with undiagnosed bipolar disorder.", "This didn't prevent him from becoming the first player to win five Super Bowls, two with the 49ers and three with the Cowboys.", "But it also certainly didn't endear him to his teammates, as he endured a reputation as a hothead for the entirety of his career.", "Fortunately, he didn't remain undiagnosed forever, and post-football, he's opened up about his struggles and became a strong advocate for mental health.", "But this hasn't stopped him from being outspoken when it comes to football.", "As recently as 2022, he blasted the Cowboys and coach Mike McCarthy for their soft play after a playoff loss to the 49ers.", "\"If you want something, you better go take it.\"", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more Grunge videos about your favorite athletes are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Jerry Rice", "Roger Craig", "Joe Montana", "Ronnie Lott", "John Taylor", "Brent Jones", "Steve Young", "Tom Rathman", "Mike Holmgren", "George Seifert", "Wesley Walls", "Charles Haley" ]

[ "A man is chased by a tiger.", "Suddenly, he encounters an abandoned well.", "He jumps in, hoping that the tiger can’t reach him there.", "But then, he realizes that there’s a poisonous snake at the bottom of this dried out well.", "Before he reaches the bottom, he grabs a root poking out of the wall and holds on.", "The tiger looks at him from the top, waiting for him to get out, and the snake is waiting at the bottom for him to fall down.", "Shortly after, two mice appear from a hole in the wall and start chewing on the root he’s holding on to.", "Now, what to do next?", "This is part of a Buddhist story about the state of life that many of us find ourselves in from time to time: a state in which there doesn’t seem to be a way out.", "It’s no secret that life can be very difficult and painful.", "And sometimes we’re running from our problems only to run into more difficulties.", "And when our sense of security is stripped away from us, we come to realize that we are at the mercy of an uncontrollable and terrible fate: everything is falling apart and there’s nothing that we can do about it.", "When we’re hanging onto a root that’s chewed away by mice with a hungry snake below and an even hungrier tiger above us, what can we possibly do to get out of this situation?", "What is the best course of action when there seems to be no way out?", "When life falls apart, we might want to remember that everything changes all the time.", "Like night turns into day, bad fortune turns into good fortune, and a curse turns into a blessing.", "So, could it be that, eventually, life doesn’t fall apart but... into place?", "What should we do when life falls apart, we’re in a miserable situation, and there’s no way out?", "The first thing to consider is that it’s not the circumstances that make us miserable, but the way we perceive these circumstances.", "Even though the man hanging between a tiger and a snake is powerless when it comes to his external circumstances; it’s his perception that decides his mood.", "Knowing that this is a Buddhist story, it’s probably no surprise that this man has been practicing at his local temple, and is pretty aware of what the Buddha called the ‘eight worldly winds’, which are pleasure and pain, gain and loss, praise and blame, fame and disrepute.", "Most people are controlled by the eight worldly winds.", "When they’re in pain, they suffer.", "When they experience pleasure, they’re joyful.", "When their reputation goes down the drain, they become depressed.", "But when they’re famous and loved, they’re ecstatic.", "The problem with this way of life is the slavish relationship with the environment that goes with it, as external things decide our mood, while these same external things are not up to us.", "So, when our happiness depends on the behavior of the eight worldly winds, we’re in a very unreliable position.", "Without a doubt, an average person would probably be frightened when hanging between a snake and tiger, waiting for the only sense of security to be eaten away by mice.", "But as an avid practitioner of Buddhism, this man calmly observes the situation.", "Then, he suddenly sees honey that is dripping from a beehive sitting in a tree above the well.", "He smiles and starts licking the honey.", "Now, in the face of misery, finding such joy can be considered mutiny against the system.", "Because when even the most terrible circumstances won’t stop him from enjoying what the present moment has to offer, he has claimed true freedom from the fickleness of a universe that enslaves most of its subjects; the poor souls whose lives are nothing but the suffering of its whims.", "This is the freedom that philosopher Albert Camus was talking about when he claimed that the only way to deal with an unfree world is to become so absolutely free that our very existence is an act of rebellion.", "The man in the well knew that he shouldn’t panic or burst out in anger, as the situation he’s in is to be expected.", "The occurrence of unpleasant or even life-threatening events is an unavoidable part of life.", "So, the best thing he could do is to find joy in his darkest hour; something that, as opposed to his predicament, lies within his field of control.", "But, there was something else that made him decide to stay calm and collected while hanging between the tiger and the snake.", "During his Buddhist practice, he had learned the truth about existence, which he reminded himself of when life goes well, and also when life falls apart.", "That change occurs is certain.", "We just don’t know where change will bring us.", "But when we’re finding ourselves in dire straits, and there seems no way out, it’s essential to always remember that things change.", "The worldly winds are unpredictable.", "One moment they provide us with delight, the other moment with agony.", "Once upon a time, there was an Eastern king who was overjoyed and overconfident when times were good, but depressed when times were bad.", "So, the sage handed him a ring with a simple sentence engraved in it: “This too shall pass”.", "The ring reminded him every day of the transient nature of life.", "So, when times were good, he prepared for bad times, and when times were bad, he was certain that how permanent and unescapable these moments might seem: they too shall pass.", "However, the power of change is often underestimated because we’re unable to foresee the future.", "When we’re stuck in our perception of the current situation, it’s difficult to conceive how the future may play out, as there are so many variables and so many possibilities.", "People in despair commonly believe that their misery is never-ending, as the light at the end of the tunnel has yet to present itself.", "They’re stuck in a mere perception of what’s happening at a particular moment, without taking into consideration that change is occurring in the background.", "This means that this ‘reality’ we base our assessments on is shifting.", "Thus, what we perceive as our life falling apart, may actually be our life falling into place - oftentimes in ways that we don’t expect.", "We do know by experience that, in most cases, the future plays out differently than we had previously expected.", "Moreover, it’s not unlikely that the future unfolds in ways that are nothing less than surprising.", "This happened to the man in the well, whose fate seemed to be sealed, but was caught by surprise when the tiger, hungry as it was, leaned too much to the front, fell into the well right past the man, squashed the snake, and broke his neck by the fall.", "And so, the man was able to climb out and survive.", "Therefore, no matter how miserable things seem at the moment, the solution may be at our doorstep, as the course of the wind changes to our advantage.", "So, again, when life seems to fall apart, it may actually be falling into place.", "However, we’ll never know beforehand what Fortune will bring us.", "This means that it’s futile to hope for a certain outcome.", "As the Stoic philosopher, Epictetus put it: “Don’t demand that things happen as you wish, but wish that they happen as they do happen, and you will go on well.” Sometimes there’s just nothing we can do about the circumstances we’re in, no matter how painful, which was the case with the man in the well.", "But we can choose the position we take towards these circumstances.", "Pain is certain.", "Suffering is optional.", "So, do we give unpleasant circumstances the power to make us miserable, or do we enjoy some honey instead?", "Thank you for watching." ]

[ "Intro", "An act of rebellion", "The future may surprise you" ]

[ "Dark leafy green vegetables are all the rage among health-conscious eaters.", "But the fact is that only few Americans meet the minimum requirement of these nutritional powerhouses.", "Hi viewers and welcome back to Bestie!", "Green, leafy vegetables are some of the most important foods.", "They provide you with essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fibers that keep you healthy.", "The best part is that there’s so many of them to choose from.", "And in today’s video, we will tell you the healthiest green leafy vegetables that pack the most powerful nutritional punch.", "From brussel sprouts, microgreens, arugula, collard greens to broccoli and more, watch till the end to learn about all of them.", "Kale: Probably the most famous green leafy vegetable, kale has a leg up with its hardy, green leaves.", "Unlike lettuce and spinach, it’s a cruciferous vegetable.", "It contains vitamins K, C, A and B6.", "It is also loaded with minerals like folate, fiber, and manganese.", "Apart from these, it is also loaded with something called glucosinolates, which are sulfur-containing compounds that support immune function and normal inflammatory processes.", "They also help your body remove toxins through natural detoxification in the liver.", "So what’s a delicious way to get all the health benefits of kale?", "Well, you can eat it raw in a salad of course, but there’s an even better way!", "Combine it with a splash of olive oil and heat in a pan on the stove which complements the slightly bitter flavor.", "The heat and olive oil help break down fibers and make the nutrients more absorbable.", "When prepared properly, kale may even help balance LDL (or bad) cholesterol levels.", "Are you a fan of Kale?", "What’s your preferred way of preparing it?", "We would love to know down below in the comments section!", "Brussels sprouts: Brussels sprouts are another healthy cruciferous vegetable.", "They contain certain antioxidants shown to help counteract cell damage.", "It's also an approachable gateway vegetable for skeptics when roasted until crispy.", "In addition to helping you ward off adverse health conditions, they are chock-full of vitamins, minerals, and fiber.", "They're particularly high in vitamins A, C, and K, as well as potassium and folate.", "These make them a great pick for supporting overall immune function, blood and bone health.", "Not only do their antioxidants play a pivotal role in keeping you healthy, but Brussels sprouts provide 3 grams of fiber per 1 cup, which can help you feel more satisfied after a meal.", "Spinach: How can we talk about the healthiest green leafy vegetables and not mention spinach?", "There are many different kinds but the most common is flat or smooth-leaf spinach which you can easily find at your local store.", "Other varieties include savoy and semi-savoy spinach, which both sport a more wrinkled, coarser leaf.", "No matter which variety you choose, they contain ample amounts of nutrients including vitamins K, A, C, E, and B2.", "Also folate, calcium, potassium, manganese, zinc and fiber.", "These nutrients are crucial for your body to function smoothly.", "They support muscle mass, bone density, heart health, kidney function, and your body’s inflammatory response.", "Spinach is also known for its high protein content.", "It contains a whopping 3 grams of protein per 100 gram serving.", "That might not sound like much until you compare it to something like peanut butter that only has 25 grams per 100-gram serving.", "But....then again, who puts peanut butter in a salad?", "But when you compare it to romaine lettuce’s less than half a gram, it stands up as a great choice.", "Keep in mind that the nutritional value of spinach changes based on how you prepare it.", "Many vitamins and minerals including vitamin C and folate are lost when it is cooked.", "On the other hand, cooked spinach provides higher levels of vitamin A and iron than when it’s eaten raw.", "Additionally, one cup, cooked, contains over 800 milligrams of potassium and 4 grams of fiber.", "Microgreens: Here's proof that great things come in small packages.", "Microgreens are the underdeveloped greens of vegetables such as kale, arugula, and broccoli.", "They are harvested just one to two weeks after planting and are a treasure trove of vital nutrients.", "A study found that several varieties of microgreens including cabbage and cilantro contain nutrient levels up to six times greater than those found in mature plants.", "During early development, vegetables need a full arsenal of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants to support their growth, so they're packed with more of the good stuff.", "Ranging in flavor from peppery to tangy, use microgreens to punch up salads, soups, and sandwiches.", "Swiss Chard: This may be the healthiest green you're not eating.", "A relative of the beet family, chard tastes similar to spinach, and it’s growing in popularity.", "While it does have a higher sodium count than other salad greens, with 77 g per cup, it also has more than double your daily requirement for vitamin K. It contains 12 percent of your daily requirement of vitamin A, and C. Consider combining it with a few other greens to make your own mix.", "Swiss chard has a distinct flavor that not everyone appreciates.", "It tastes great sauteed with garlic and onions, and mixes into a quiche or frittata, well.", "Mustard Greens: As the name implies, these are the lacy-edged leaves of the same plant that gives mustard seeds.", "They tend to be a little less bitter and more peppery tasting than kale or swiss chard and come second only to kale in beta-carotene.", "Inside your body, beta-carotene can be converted to vitamin A to bolster eye and bone health.", "These greens also contain an arsenal of phytonutrients called glucosinolates that can rev up detoxification enzymes.", "These can help protect the cells of your liver and other organs from all the nasties of free-radical damage.", "Arugula: Arugula has a pungent, peppery flavor that has worked its way into the recipes of many rock star chefs.", "You'll most often find it at the grocery store in plastic containers alongside baby spinach.", "Vegans, those lactose-intolerant, and anyone who doesn't like milk should note that it is a surprisingly good source of calcium.", "In fact it has one of the highest amounts of this bone-builder on our list.", "Loading up on arugula may also help you breeze through your workouts since it has high levels of natural nitrates.", "This is what your body converts to nitric oxide, which increases muscle blood flow.", "Studies found that they can help your muscles work more efficiently during exercise.", "Spirulina: This nutritious algae isn’t just for pretty, turquoise smoothies.", "Spirulina is one of the most impressive greens you can add to your diet.", "Studies show that it can help support regular immune function.", "In its powdered form, 100 grams of spirulina contains exceptional values of vitamins, minerals, and protein.", "It contains 60-70% protein, depending on where it was harvested.", "It’s full of vitamin A, K, and a range of B vitamins as well.", "With just one serving, women can hit nearly 50% of the daily recommended intake of calcium.", "Including it in your diet can help support healthy cholesterol levels, too.", "Collard Greens: This Southern favorite has large, leathery leaves and a somewhat mild flavor.", "But it's tough texture calls for longer cooking times than other greens.", "On top of providing a payload of vitamin K, C, and beta-carotene, collards contain higher amounts of dietary fiber than other leafy greens.", "A study found that women who ate the most fiber had almost a 25 percent lower risk of suffering heart disease than those who consumed the least.", "Did you know that not all vegetables are created equal?", "Some of them are good for you while others are not.", "To know what we are talking about, watch this video titled “8 Healthy Vegetables You Should Be Eating And 8 You Shouldn’t” Now back to healthy green leafy vegetables you should eat everyday.", "Watercress: Popular in Europe, this salad green is often used in the United States as a mere garnish.", "But don't underestimate its power in your diet.", "It's more nutrient-rich than romaine and leaf lettuce.", "Just 1 cup fulfills almost three-quarters of your daily requirement of vitamin K. It is also a good source of vitamin C. Watercress makes a delicious addition to a salad.", "It has a peppery flavor which you can enjoy alone with just a touch of oil and vinegar.", "You can also puree it into a soup for an extra dose of flavor and nutrition.", "Parsley: While not technically lettuce, this leafy garnish that sits on the side of your plate is a quiet superfood.", "It's so packed with nutrients that even one sprig can help you meet your daily requirement of vitamin K. Moreover, research suggests that it can also help control your appetite.", "In a study, participants ate significantly less of a dish that smelled strongly of spice than a mildly scented version of the same food.", "Adding herbs, like parsley, creates the sensory illusion that you're indulging in something rich—without adding any fat or calories to your plate.", "Broccoli: This vegetable is a part of the cabbage family although it looks similar to cauliflower.", "It is rich in nutrients, with a single cup packing 135 percent and 116 percent of the recommended values for vitamins C and K respectively.", "It’s also a great source of fiber, calcium, folate and phosphorus.", "Of all vegetables in the cabbage family, broccoli is richest in the plant compound sulforaphane.", "This may improve your bacterial gut flora and decrease your risk of cancer and heart disease.", "While vegetables are a great way to stay healthy, you can do the same by avoiding certain types of foods.", "Get to know what they are by: Finding out the Foods To Avoid At All Costs If You Want A Healthy Liver Or Knowing the Foods To Avoid For The Flat Belly You've Always Dreamed Of These 2 videos will definitely better your understanding of healthy foods.", "What’s your favourite green leafy vegetable?", "Let us know in the comments section below!" ]

[ "Intro", "Kale", "Brussels sprouts", "Spinach", "Microgreens", "Swiss Chard", "Mustard Greens", "Arugula", "Spirulina", "Collard Greens", "Watercress", "Parsley", "Broccoli" ]

[ "Take a deep breath.", "There are about fifty sextillion atoms in every breath that you breathe in.", "That’s a five followed by 22 zeros.", "Seven octillion atoms make up your body, that’s a seven followed by 27 zeros.", "The whole of planet Earth is composed of 100 quindecillion atoms, or a one followed by 50 zeroes.", "In the entire observable universe, 46 billion light years across, there are thought to be up to one hundred thousand quadrillion vigintillion atoms, or a one followed by 82 zeroes.", "And the biggest number in the cosmos can actually be arrived at by dividing the total volume of the observable universe by the smallest possible unit of volume, the Planck space.", "Dividing everything we can see into miniscule cubes, we end up with one times ten to the power of 185 of those cubes.", "But that is not yet the biggest number that humans have conceived.", "Take, for example, the goliath that is TREE3.", "As Antonio Padilla, physicist at Nottingham University puts it: “Everything you think you know is dwarfed into nothing.” Welcome to the Game of Trees You start with a coloured ‘seed’, which can give rise to a ‘tree’, whose branches end in seeds that can sprout their own trees.", "The goal is to make as many trees as possible, and there are two key rules.", "The first tree must contain one seed, the second a maximum of two seeds, the third a maximum of three seeds, and so on.", "At each level, the tree can contain LESS than the maximum number, but that maximum is fixed to correspond to the level you’re at.", "Secondly, the game ends and the forest dies if you create a tree that already exists within the forest.", "So if you repeat a pattern of coloured seeds that are linked together, no matter how far away it is in the forest, it’s game over.", "Mathematicians have played this game with different numbers of seed colours.", "TREE(1) allows only a single seed colour, and the forest dies at the first tree - the second seed you add is necessarily a repeat of the first.", "TREE(2) can last up to three trees.", "Starting with one colour, you make a tree that contains two branches, both of a second colour.", "The next tree has just one branch But by the next step, all possible combinations of two colours have already been used, and you can’t avoid building a tree that’s already been seen.", "But TREE(3), which uses three colours, is different.", "Whereas the previous forests died disappointingly quickly, a forest of three-coloured seeds grows for an extraordinarily long time.", "Mathematicians have proved that the game MUST end at some point, but they’ve not been able to count the trees it’ll take to get there.", "They have not been able to - because if they did, their brains would implode.", "As Padilla goes on to say in his exploration of huge numbers: “For a while, you feel nothing untoward, a string of digits growing larger and larger in your minds eye.", "And then it happens.” Just trying to imagine a number that large is more than the human brain can take.", "Trying to hold that number of digits in your head would result in a black hole forming from the sheer quantity of information crammed inside.", "Indeed, faced with all the digits of TREE(3), scientists believe that the entire observable universe would also suffer the same fate.", "And so, the solution to TREE(3) is, without a doubt, a mind-bendingly enormous number, difficult enough for humans to contemplate But it is still a finite number.", "And so, it is still smaller than infinity.", "In fact, however big the solution to TREE(3) is, it is much, much closer to zero than it is to infinity.", "Whereas counting to the top of TREE(3) may be a foolish thing to attempt, it isn’t futile, because there IS an end - but infinity has no end.", "It just keeps going, without reprieve.", "For every digit, every object, every anything, no matter how large, there is another waiting next in line.", "And another, and another.", "So, what happens when you keep going?", "Is the universe itself infinite?", "And what would it mean to live in a universe that never ended?", "Take a deep breath.", "Things are about to get weird.", "Albert Einstein once said that \"politics is more difficult than physics\".", "Ground News have kindly supported this video, and they are the world's first news comparison platform - because though Einstein was exaggerating a little, discovering the truth behind what you are reading has become much more difficult since Einstein's time - we are constantly bombarded by misinformation and news with a specific agenda, especially online.", "Ground News is the solution to clickbait news - they make it easy to swipe between headlines to discover which details are emphasized, exaggerated or left out entirely.", "The app has become an essential tool for me and one that I have been using for a while now - as someone who believes in objectivity and critical thinking I find it a lifesaver when finding the truth behind a story.", "They have great tools like the factuality score, bias distribution and media ownership data - so you can find out who is behind your news.", "You can even have it scan your twitter or reddit feed to find out your own bias.", "So, If you’re looking for a better way to stay informed about current events around the world, check out Ground News by visiting ground.news/HOTU Thanks to Ground News for supporting educational content on YouTube.", "Around 530 BCE, in the small town of Kroton in southern Italy, a secretive band of brothers meet in a lamp-lit room, whispering in hushed tones while they wait for their illustrious leader to make his appearance.", "Their conversation is impassioned and reverential, like that of any cult, but these men do not speak of Gods.", "Their concern is with the human soul, with geometry, and above all else, with numbers.", "As their Master emerges from the shadows, his disciples fall silent to better hear his latest doctrine.", "For everything that the great mathematician Pythagoras utters, must be the absolute truth.", "In Ancient Greece, it wasn’t uncommon for scholars and their students to worship philosophical and mathematical concepts, but the Pythagoreans took things to a new level.", "Believing in the transmigration of the human soul into the bodies of animals, followers were strictly forbidden to eat meat.", "As such, the cult were thought to be among the first ever vegetarians - although this would have been a challenge, as they believed a small part of a man’s soul was lost every time he passed gas.", "Pythagoras preached that the only escape from this endless cycle of death and animalistic reincarnation was to seek higher knowledge of the universe.", "And so, the Pythagoreans built a doctrine around numbers.", "Drawn to those numbers and concepts that could be easily grasped and manipulated, they defined these as good, light, divine.", "Whereas unwieldy, ungraspable, irrational numbers were evil, defined by darkness and maleficence.", "In the cosmic battle of light over darkness, that which was unlimited was to be abhorred and avoided at all costs.", "But it was in geometry that the Pythagorean doctrine began to crumble.", "For, the closer they looked, the more they realised that not everything could be explained so simply.", "When attempting to calculate the length of a square’s diagonal, there was no neat and tidy solution that equated it to a ratio of two counting numbers, no matter how large the square.", "The result was always irrational, always inelegant, perpetually troubling.", "The one thing that carried Pythagoras’ name down through the centuries - the calculation of diagonals in squares and triangles - is the very thing that caused his cult such discomfort.", "Irrational numbers were an unavoidable part of our reality however disturbing that may be, and among all numbers, none was more disturbing than infinity.", "Over the coming centuries, philosophers who were not so rigid in their mathematical doctrine as the Pythagoreans began to contemplate the concept of the truly limitless.", "Take, for instance, Zeno ́s paradox - named for another Ancient Greek.", "Picture any journey you must complete, like the journey home after a long day at work.", "In order to go home, you first must travel half the way there.", "Then, to cover the remaining distance, you first have to travel half of it, bringing you three quarters of the way home.", "Travelling half of the next stretch completes seven eighths of the journey, and the next half brings you fifteen sixteenths of the way home.", "Following this principle of splitting each stretch of the journey into halves, you can continue travelling halves an infinite number of times and never reach your destination.", "Many Greeks tried to reconcile this by relegating concepts of the infinite to the divide and metaphysical, claiming that they weren’t a part of the rational world.", "However, others tried to categorise infinities themselves, in an attempt to make them more manageable.", "There was a difference, they claimed, between an actual infinity, which is an infinite quantity of things that exist all at once, and a potential infinity, which only comes into existence as a result of a process.", "So counting to infinity, or subdividing a journey an infinite number of times, are potential infinities, because they are spread out through time.", "These were acceptable forms of infinity in the Greek’s eyes.", "Whereas actual infinities, like an infinitely large object, or an infinite number of objects, were still despised and refuted.", "They were simply impossible.", "Some 2500 years have since passed since this ancient introspection, and with it has come waves of mathematical and scholarly advancement.", "No longer tied to cults or secret societies, numbers could be analysed for what they really WERE, rather than what they signified.", "And the same was true for our ideas of infinity - marked by a huge leap forward in the late 19th Century, by a German mathematician named Georg Cantor.", "Cantor was the first to consider that there truly are different kinds of infinity.", "He described how there are an infinite number of counting numbers, but also an infinite number of even numbers too.", "Both groups are infinite in size, despite the fact that the list of counting numbers completely contains the list of even numbers, plus the odd numbers as well.", "This apparent paradox is possible, purely because of the bizarre nature of infinity.", "Each of the even numbers can be put in a numbered list, paired with a corresponding counting number.", "So 2 is number 1, 4 is number 2, 6 is number 3, and so on, right up to infinity.", "You’ll always be able to match an even number to a counting number, so they are both the same size.", "But Cantor also showed that there ARE actually infinities of different sizes, when you consider subsets within an infinite number of counting numbers.", "Take the four members of The Beatles: John, Paul, George and Ringo.", "How many different combinations, or subsets of members could you have from among this group?", "You could have each of the four by themselves, pairs like John and Ringo, or Paul and George; trios like John, Paul and Ringo; and you can have a set of zero, no Beatles at all.", "In total, there are sixteen possible configurations of the four Beatles - many more than the original number.", "And the same applies to infinity.", "Because of this multiplying nature of subsets, there will ALWAYS be more subsets than there are counting numbers.", "There are indeed infinite sets of infinite counting numbers, but one infinity is necessarily larger than the other.", "If you find this to be twisting your brain to breaking point, you’re not alone.", "Georg Cantor himself suffered several nervous breakdowns over the course of his career, and spent the last year of his life in a mental hospital.", "Nevertheless, we must continue to consider the infinite, if we hope to understand the past, present, and future of the cosmos.", "For all their complexity, Cantor’s transfinite mathematics and the Greeks’ desperate reasoning with impossible paradoxes were limited to the contemplation of numbers alone.", "The Greeks desperately tried to avoid any contact between the infinite and reality - but astronomers now find themselves confronted with actual infinities at every turn.", "From the infinite densities at the heart of supermassive black holes, to the potentially infinite expanse of the universe as a whole, scientists are now equipped with the mathematical and practical tools to tackle these problems head on, and face the many horrors of an infinite cosmos and what it would mean for our tiny, fleeting existence.", "A young man surveys his home with wary eyes, as he pushes through the undergrowth on North Sentinel Island.", "Brushing his hand lightly across the leaves as he passes, he recognises each of the trees, bushes, and craggy rocks - they are as familiar as the faces of his children.", "Gradually, the trees thin and open out to a sandy beach, beyond which is a vast expanse of blue.", "He knows this land, this beach, he’s even fished from his boat in the shallow waters not far from shore.", "But the ocean extends far further than the shallow canoe will ever be able to carry him.", "It plunges to dark and unfathomable depths, and it stretches out and encircles his island with a solid halo of blue.", "This is the man’s entire universe.", "The island is his world, and everything he can see is simply all there is.", "And yet.", "One afternoon, when he and his companions are bringing in the day’s meagre catch, something new arrives in the Sentinalese’s universe.", "It’s a white speck, at first too small to make out at the edge of the ocean.", "It gradually grows in size as it approaches the island, and before long it casts its shadow into the fishing waters.", "The young man and his brothers are terrified of these new, alien beings that have descended silently into their world.", "They throw rocks and sticks at the gigantic vessel before retreating back under the cover of the trees.", "Had the Sentinelese man been focused on anything other than repelling the immediate danger, a flicker of curiosity may just have flashed across his mind.", "If the island and its ringing ocean was all there was, then where did these aliens and their giant vessel come from?", "If he had peered back out from the safety of the trees at the end of the day, he would have seen the white boat shrink, and then disappear beyond the horizon of the man’s own universe.", "Was there a vast expanse that lay beyond his own observable cosmos?", "Scientists and philosophers have long grappled with the concept of an observable universe and what, if anything, lies beyond.", "As early as the fourth century BCE, the Greek scholar Architus considered what it would be like to travel to the edge of the heavens, and then extend his hand out beyond the limit.", "What would he find there?", "There could be nothing greater than the heavens themselves - and so this, he claimed, clearly implied a space without limit, an essentially infinite universe.", "In the 16th Century, Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno also concluded that space was infinite, and contained infinitely many things, a statement that angered the church, Bruno was captured, tortured, and eventually burned at the stake Never had contemplating infinity been so mortally dangerous.", "And so, in the following century the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes came to a much more acceptable conclusion on the nature of the infinite universe.", "It was meaningless to speculate, he said, whether there is or is not an infinite cosmos beyond what we can see, because there’s simply nothing we can do to measure it.", "Better to put the idea to bed and concern ourselves with the many mysteries that we CAN see, rather than those we never will.", "Whether through self-preservation or genuine conviction, his assertions have echoed down through the centuries, and are still repeated by scientists to this day.", "Why speculate, when nothing good can come of it?", "Although you’re unlikely to lose your life over the matter these days, you may still lose your mind.", "Nevertheless, a few brave cosmologists still choose to risk befuddlement in tackling the potentially unknowable.", "Today, we have better tools than ever to probe the observable universe, and centuries of science, mathematics and philosophy to cling to as we contemplate the potentially infinite reality of what lies beyond.", "Like the tribes of North Sentinel Island, our view of the cosmos is limited by how far we can see within it.", "Light never travels faster than about 300 million metres per second, and so the further we look in space, the further we are looking back in time.", "We can see galaxies from one billion years ago, from five billion years ago, even from ten billion years ago.", "But at distances corresponding to around 13.4 billion years ago, the light fades away.", "We see no more galaxies, because this long ago, there were not yet any galaxies to be seen.", "The edge of our observable universe is therefore defined as much by TIME as it is by space.", "It is not a physical construct - just a measurement of how fast light can travel.", "And the distance to that edge is further defined by the expansion that has taken place since those first galaxies started glowing.", "Their light has been travelling for 13.8 billion years, so they are at least 13.8 billion light years away - but in the intervening period, space has continued to expand, and so those first galaxies are now some 46 billion light years distant.", "Though when we probe the limits of our observable universe, it is very clear just how little the edges look like edges.", "There is nothing in the structure or distribution of those distant galaxies to suggest they’re piled up against an invisible barrier.", "Even though It is vanishingly unlikely that the cosmos began with a perfectly even distribution of matter and energy, on the broadest scale that is what we see.", "It seems space is expanding more or less everywhere - there is no centre to the universe.", "On scales above about 230 million (correction) light years, wherever we look, there are no places that are any hotter, colder, or more or less densely clustered with galaxies than anywhere else.", "Using the cosmic microwave background, a universe-wide afterglow from just 300,000 years after the big bang - affectionately known as the universe ́s baby picture - scientists have found differences on the largest scales of barely a couple of parts in 100,000.", "In fact, this homogeneity is considered strong evidence for the cosmological period of “inflation”, a fraction of a second at the beginning of time when the universe is believed to have doubled in size some eighty times, thus expanding away many of its smaller wrinkles.", "And so, by taking inflation and its resulting homogeneity into account, despite the vastness of a universe 92 billion light years in diameter, it really must be much, much larger if it is to contain the inevitable irregularities of the early universe.", "As Thomas Hobbs said though, there is nothing we can do to probe that distant expanse, and no amount of modern technology will change that.", "We are forever limited by the speed of light, hemmed in by our cosmic horizons.", "But we do have an almost infinite capacity for imagination, and meaningless or not, we can speculate about exactly what lies beyond.", "In general, there is still an overarching aversion to the concept of an infinite universe, and cosmologists are doing all they can to find a mechanism that puts limits on the amount of STUFF out there.", "But how can you build a finite universe without invoking something ‘beyond’ ?", "How can there be limits without an edge?", "For that, there is at least a potential explanation.", "If a Sentinelese tribesman were to take his canoe out into the unforgiving open ocean, beyond the horizon and onto the great blue sea, he could travel for years without ever reaching a precipice.", "With favourable winds and currents, he would eventually find himself back at North Sentinel Island, having fully circled the globe, but without ever having reached an edge.", "Just as the 2D surface of the Earth is finite without edges, because it is curved back on itself, so cosmologists suggest that the 3D universe is also curved, and is similarly limited without margins.", "And this is something that we can actually test.", "On any flat surface, two lines that start out parallel to one another always remain so.", "They never touch, and they never diverge.", "On a positively curved surface, like the surface of the Earth, lines that start off parallel will eventually converge and touch one another.", "And on a negatively curved surface, like on a saddle, then parallel lines will gradually diverge, moving further and further apart.", "In the 1930s, Edwin Hubble attempted to apply this reasoning to the 3-dimensional universe by counting the number of galaxies he could see along a certain sight line, recording how that number changed with distance.", "It seems like a sensible approach, but in reality the universe is not so simple.", "As we look to greater distances within the cosmos, we look back in time, and the inevitable evolution of galaxies through time is sure to have an effect on the counts at different distances.", "But there are other ways of investigating the same geometric principle, using more standard and predictable features of the universe.", "The explosion in cosmological science since the 1990s has equipped astronomers with their best tools yet to try and probe the unknowable vastness of the universe beyond our grasp.", "Using so-called ‘standard candles’ and ‘standard rulers’, made up respectively of intensely bright supernovae, and sound waves from the early universe frozen in place by the formation of atoms, astronomers compare their models of the shape of the universe with what we actually observe in the skies.", "Powerful space telescopes like WMAP, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, have measured the precise mass of all the matter and energy in the universe, and compared it with critical masses that would result in eternal expansion or inevitable contraction.", "We have even probed the tiny irregularities in the cosmic microwave background that pervades the cosmos, in search of any hint of curvature.", "Either a positively OR negatively curved spacetime would give limits to the ultimate size of the cosmos.", "Even a complex surface of positive and negative curvature in different directions could help define the edgeless boundaries of a finite universe.", "But, when cosmologists actually make these measurements, they are consistently finding a troubling pattern.", "As far as we can tell, regardless of where we look, or how we look, the universe appears to be flat.", "It extends off in all directions, with no hint of hill or valley.", "Does it go on forever?", "At first glance, it certainly seems so.", "But then again, at first glance, the ocean seems flat, extending out endlessly in every direction.", "If we could just get another perspective, say, by soaring higher than the average passenger plane, we would be able to see that same ocean curve around - it has a positive curvature that our surface-bound eyes can simply not resolve.", "And scientists are similarly limited by the resolution of their instruments.", "There are plenty of technical challenges to observing distant cosmic phenomena from our planet, and our very best observations are only accurate to a precision of one in 400.", "That means that while the universe may be flat as far as we can see, perhaps we aren’t soaring high enough to get the full picture.", "At the least, the flatness we’ve observed so far puts a lower limit on the size of the unobservable universe.", "For it to be curved and yet still LOOK flat, it must be at least 37 trillion light years in diameter.", "It’s an immense distance, some thousand times larger than our observable bubble.", "But that’s just the smallest it can be.", "It could be much, much bigger.", "It could potentially be infinite.", "On the 15th August 1977, a volunteer astronomer was reviewing pages of data from the Big Ear radio telescope at Ohio State university when he saw something that made him stop in his tracks.", "In the days before widespread computer processing, the observatory recorded and printed out the signals it received every 12 seconds, indicating increasing strength with first the numbers 0 to 9, and then letters of the alphabet, A to Z.", "So when Jerry Ehman saw the sequence 6EQUJ5, he was actually seeing a distinctive spike in radio noise, a spike larger than anything the telescope had seen before.", "Knowing what such a narrow and isolated beep from the sky could mean, he circled the characters and wrote ‘Wow!’ alongside.", "And to this day, this isolated radio scream is known as the Wow signal.", "At the time, Big Ear was tasked with listening for signals from alien civilisations, as part of the growing Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, known as SETI.", "Scientists had no good idea of what a message from the stars might sound like, but they knew it must be clearly distinct from the usual sounds of space - which was exactly what Ehman spotted.", "The Wow signal was loud, never repeated, and couldn’t be traced to any visible phenomenon in the night’s sky.", "Was this our first and only indication of alien life in our galaxy?", "To this day, the signal remains a mystery, though most scientists think it’s more likely that the pulse of radio waves came from a natural, rather than alien-made source.", "But even if the Wow signal turns out to be a cosmic fluke, one of the odd quirks of an infinite universe is that aliens would most definitely be real.", "Microbes, little green men, even vast galaxy-devouring monsters.", "In an infinite universe, simply put, not only is everything possible, everything is.", "Attempting to filter this vague statement through a scientific lens, the physicist Sean Carroll suggests that there are four options: The universe is finite in time and finite in space.", "The universe is infinite in size but finite in time.", "The universe could be finite in space but last forever, And finally, perhaps most bafflingly, the universe could be both infinite in size and infinite in time.", "To start with, let us consider a universe of infinite size and finite time.", "This universe surely must contain endless voids.", "But just as there are infinite even numbers AND infinite counting numbers, there can be infinite emptiness AND infinite structure, all at the same time.", "That in itself is enough to confuse, but the true oddness begins when considering what exactly makes up that infinite structure.", "Considering the phenomena that we can already observe, things like stars, galaxies, planets and life are among the objects that presumably would exist in infinite numbers across a cosmos of infinite size.", "This means that there would be infinite configurations of stars, galaxies, planets and living beings out there.", "More than we can ever hope to count, chart, or travel to.", "Even if, by some small possibility, the only life that exists in the observable universe is on one small, rocky planet around a four and a half billion year old yellow star, then this alone is enough to make the list of phenomena that must be repeated ad infinitum through the cosmos.", "Indeed, there must be an infinite number of clones of each and every one of us, each contemplating their own place in the eternal universe, and infinite variations.", "Cosmologist Max Tegmark estimates that they would statistically be something like ten to the power of one hundred and eighteen metres away from us, Factoring in the possibility of an infinite number of different phenomena, things become even weirder.", "Literally anything you can imagine, and an infinite number of other things beyond could be happening, indeed MUST be happening, in the universe at any given time.", "Quantum mechanics means that anything within the known laws of physics is possible at any time, though many of those possibilities are statistically incredibly unlikely - but this is no impediment to a universe of infinite size.", "From cups falling through solid tables to entire galaxies appearing and disappearing in the blink of an eye, anything, everything and all in between would populate this zoo of oddities - and again just as with Cantor ́s even and counting numbers, all possibilities would happen an infinite number of times, no matter their statistical likelihood.", "And in a universe of finite size but infinite time much the same would apply - infinite times over.", "If our universe simply keeps expanding at its current rate, and its entropy keeps rising, then we would once again be left victim to quantum weirdness, as particles pop in and out of existence.", "Though again statistically very unlikely, within infinite time everything would happen infinitely often.", "From single particles appearing in the vacuum to entire brains.", "Or more specifically, bodiless human brains drifting alone through space.", "This so-called Boltzmann Brain is part of a grim thought experiment, named for the late 19th century scientist Ludwig Boltzmann.", "It may seem vanishingly unlikely that the void of space could create a human brain, replete with thoughts and artificial sensations and memories, but due to the bizarreness of quantum fluctuations it really is one of the permutations that an infinite universe can cycle through.", "Given enough time, this seemingly impossible permutation COULD spontaneously appear.", "And of course, given an even longer amount of timeless time, it could even happen over and over again.", "If follows that, statistically, our thoughts and experiences are much more likely to be an illusion of a fictitious universe conjured by non-corporeal Boltzmann brains than they are true reflections of the cosmos so close to its birth... Antonio Padilla also suggests that the universe may reach its Poincaré recurrence time after about 10 to the power of 10 to the power of 120 billion years.", "This would be the statistical moment when all the particles within a finite universe would repeat their initial arrangement.", "And so the cycle would begin again.", "And finally, we come to an endless universe of infinite size, which comes with its own challenges - prime among them The Measure Problem.", "In a universe of infinite possibilities, each happening infinitely often, how can we ever calculate the probabilities or ratios of anything?", "How can we ever truly know the laws of a universe in which anything is possible and equally infinite?", "And so in this sense, trying to use the observable universe as any kind of template for how the infinite beyond may function is a lost cause.", "We might imagine that the parts of the eternal universe that we can see may represent a very small percentage of the whole, but the nature of infinity is such that any fraction of it is essentially zero.", "All we have ever known, will ever know, or could ever HOPE to know, would be exactly zero percent of the infinite cosmos.", "Under such conditions, the very field of cosmology becomes meaningless.", "Predictions are impossible.", "Our theories about the Big Bang, the laws of nature, and the far future of our universe simply hold no water, because we know precisely nothing about the infinite cosmos from which it arose.", "The enigmas themselves are unknown, unknowable, and infinite in extent.", "Does that mean that our very lives are meaningless?", "It’s not hard to see why the Greeks backed away from the concept of infinity and all that entailed.", "Some two thousand years since they strove to reason themselves out of an infinitely deep chasm, we still find ourselves grappling with the same problems.", "Despite the development of trans-finite mathematics, a better than ever characterisation of what exactly characterises infinity, and every measure we can hope to conjure to study the potentially infinite cosmos on our doorstep, we are really no closer to understanding anything about this number beyond numbers.", "Confronting infinity means confronting an inescapable existential dilemma.", "But even this is not the end.", "Our own universe, infinite or not, is just the beginning when it comes to grappling with infinity in cosmological theories.", "There are many other, perhaps even more discomforting infinities lurking over their own impossible horizons.", "Infinities that dwell inside us, infinities lingering in the distant past, and infinities bubbling endlessly within larger infinities.", "Polish-born mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot was fascinated by the apparent chaos of the natural and man-made world, and sought to find order in everything from the fluctuations of the financial markets, to the shape of a rocky coastline.", "And in 1958, moving to New York State, he found himself in the perfect place to pursue his curiosity.", "The IBM research centre in Yorktown Heights had been created to help the computer company develop its hardware and software, as well as the new kind of mathematics that lay behind its computer systems.", "Mandelbrot ended up staying there for 35 years.", "But his work didn’t focus on improving the computers - rather he demonstrated what the computers could do for the field of maths itself.", "In 1980, he was among the first to use computer graphics to visualise something that simply wouldn’t be possible with just pen and paper.", "Using relatively simple equations, he managed to display a unique kind of geometry, which he referred to as ‘fractal’, after the latin word for broken or shattered glass, and which is defined by its self-similar structure, independent of scale.", "That means that, regardless of the scale it’s observed at, a fractal will always contain more detail.", "You can zoom in, or out, infinitely, without ever reaching a more simple geometry.", "They have infinite complexity.", "Mandelbrot showed this with his computer-generated Mandelbrot set, but he also showed how such fractals can be found in nature.", "Similar fractal, scale-independent geometry can be seen in the leaves of ferns, the heads of Romanesque broccoli, even in the clustering of distant galaxies.", "Was the entire universe a fractal?", "Of course we now know this is not the case in our observable universe.", "On the largest scales we can examine homogeneity reigns - but could there be parallels on scales even larger?", "The question of how far the universe extends beyond our bubble may not be answerable right now, but even if we begin our cosmological studies with what we CAN see, it’s not long before we bump against the concept of infinity once again.", "Our universe is expanding.", "Everything is moving away from everything else, growing like a loaf of bread in a warm oven.", "If it began from an infinite point, then our observable universe began as a finite part of that initial infinite point.", "And again, although our observable universe grows bigger and bigger - this is just a measurement of how far the light has travelled over time.", "The actual physical universe simply becomes less and less dense.", "Larger objects like us and galaxies are held together by gravity, but wherever we look across the cosmos bar our local group, every galaxy is moving further and further away from us, at an average rate of 70 km/s/Mpc Continue the trend of expansion into the far future, and what do we find?", "Unless some as-yet invisible force comes into play, we can expect that spacetime will continue to stretch, pushing every galaxy further from its neighbours, and eventually stars away from one another, eventually leading to a universe-wide heat death.", "But despite this, there is no final event to bring the universe to a close.", "Our observable universe will KEEP expanding, until it becomes infinitely large.", "Again, because of the nature of infinities, this will take an infinite amount of time - and yet counterintuitively, even if we had this infinite time, we could only ever explore a finite part of an infinite universe - as expansion would always be one step ahead.", "As we trace the universe BACK through its history, that expansion also reverses, and as we rewind the clock, the cosmos shrinks down, becoming smaller, denser, hotter, until it no longer resembles anything like the universe we know.", "The laws of physics begin to act in bizarre and unexpected ways, allowing cosmologists to make surprising conclusions about exactly how things began.", "The problem lies in actually identifying that starting point.", "We can only understand the universe once it reaches a size where our physical laws mean anything, which physicists recognise today as the moment when the cosmos was around one Planck length in diameter.", "According to early 20th century physicist Max Planck’s calculations, the eponymous Planck length measures a minuscule 1.6 times 10 to the minus 35 metres - a decillionth of a millimetre, and is about a billion, trillion times smaller than an atomic nucleus.", "It is the size at which quantum uncertainty causes our known physics to break down.", "But the universe may well have been expanding prior to this, blooming outwards from a point that was infinitely small, infinitely dense, and infinitely hot.", "We have no idea what this might look like, or how it might behave, but there’s nothing in what we see and what we model to suggest there was any other kind of beginning.", "Of course, the nature of infinities means that, in order to compress the universe down to a primordial state that is infinitely small, it would take an infinite amount of time.", "Which means that our observable universe may be much, much older than the 13.8 billion years we calculate.", "At the Big Bang, it might already have been infinitely old.", "And so, based on simple observations of how the universe is NOW, we cannot escape the unprovable, but as yet not DISproven logic of unbounded expansion, both backward and forward in time.", "How then, can we reconcile our models of the Big Bang, and the inference of infinite smallness, with the inescapable logic of infinite largeness?", "It’s true that the observable universe is expanding right now, but that need not be the case for the entire infinite universe, for all of infinite time.", "Cosmologists have suggested that our local universe, consisting of the parts that we can see and an unknowable amount beyond, are regions of limited inflation within an immortal and infinite whole.", "This is the theory of “eternal inflation”, first mooted in 1979 by Alan Guth and given its eternal elements in the early eighties by Andrei Linde, Andreas Albrecht and Paul Steinhardt.", "We would therefore be one minuscule part of an eternal universe where inflation may be always happening, but not necessarily always at the same time, in the same place, or to the same degree.", "And the logical implication of THIS is that our universe is one of infinitely many bubble universes that have spontaneously germinated and bloomed from the endless whole.", "Each of these corners of the infinite multiverse may sit at different stages of cosmological development, and may be ruled by physical laws very different from our own.", "But they will forever be beyond our grasp, separated by the uncrossable gulf of infinite space.", "And exploring the patchwork world of multiverse theories opens up a further pandora ́s box of infinities.", "In order to accommodate the exotic physics that the infinitely small requires, many physicists delve into the web of possibilities offered by M theory, a form of string theory.", "In this theory it is claimed that our reality exists as a fleeting intersection of dimensions, and that many such juxtapositions might exist simultaneously, and pass in and out of existence as the larger bulk of hyperspace transforms.", "So we must contemplate not only the notion of infinite universes in our three dimensions of space, but also the existence of a multiverse made from any number of dimensional combinations.", "And again - there is nothing to say that these different universes would have the same laws of physics as our own - which or course opens up a whole new frontier of infinite options.", "Different strengths of gravity, different masses of fundamental particles, truly endless possibilities.", "Our Big Bang may be the smallest scale that we can resolve, and the ultimate heat death of the universe may be the largest, but if some omnipotent bodiless power were able to zoom in, or out, on our expanding bubble, they might find it to be just a single layer of complexity in a larger whole.", "And indeed, another idea is very close to this - Roger Penrose ́s conformal cyclic cosmology.", "When, from our perspective, our own bubble has become infinitely large, it may simply be the seed for a new infinitely small Big Bang—marking the beginning of a universe on an entirely different scale.", "But though alluring, these are just theories, and as with much of the challenge of real infinities, they are incredibly difficult, if not impossible to prove.", "And so perhaps that is what can save us from these existential crises - the simple fact the very nature of infinity means that we could never have evidence for an infinite cosmos.", "All scientists can do is continue to search for evidence of finite size, keep following the turtles all the way down." ]

[ "Introduction", "Infinities Within Infinities", "Is It Infinite?", "Living In An Infinite Universe", "Infinities Beyond" ]

[ "Jenna Fischer spent years as a struggling actress working temp jobs to make ends meet before landing her big break as Pam Beesly on The Office.", "Here's a closer look at her long and winding road to stardom, and her transformation over the years.", "Jenna Fischer was landing starring roles right off of the bat when her acting career began in Saint Louis.", "It helps that she was the one doing the casting, because the roles were for plays she had written and performed for her family when she was a child.", "Fischer told Master Chat: \"I cast my little sister in various roles.", "My parents would joke with me that I always gave myself the lead role in all the plays I made up.\"", "Once it came time to audition for plays that didn't take place in her garage, Fischer was hit with a hard dose of reality.", "In her book The Actor's Life: A Survival Guide, she said: \"These auditions mostly ended in failure; I never got the lead roles.", "In fact, I barely got the supporting roles.", "I usually found myself being offered the obligatory consolation prize: A role in the dancing chorus.\"", "Like any other teenager, Jenna Fischer fought with her parents over what she felt were restrictive rules and kept to her room.", "It wasn't until her senior year when she discovered a baby journal they kept about her that she developed a newfound appreciation for mom and dad.", "Fischer told Oprah.com: \"It had honestly never dawned on me that the people responsible for incarcerating me in my bedroom [...] had once been two kids who were overwhelmed and excited about having their first baby.", "To see that kind of humanness in them at a time when I felt so disconnected from them was deeply affecting.\"", "Another major source of tension was when Fischer decided she wanted to move to Los Angeles after high school, but her parents stood firm that she go to college, and she's glad they did.", "Fischer told Master Chat: \"My parents insisted I go to college and I'm really glad I went [...] I don't think Hollywood is a great place for a 17 or 18 year old kid to be figuring out who they are.\"", "Following her college graduation, 22-year-old Jenna Fischer drove to Los Angeles with visions of stardom in her head.", "But her dreams didn't happen quickly and she was soon broke and depressed.", "She took a job as a receptionist to pay her rent while her first few roles were in a video for mental health patients and extra work in an ad for Universal Studios's Jurassic Park ride.", "Fischer described the time in her life as: \"Six years of small successes followed by heaps of rejection.\"", "She landed better auditions and parts as the years went on but still struggled to get her big break.", "One reason: Alyson Hannigan.", "Fischer told The Jeff Probst Show: \"I had been knocking around Los Angeles for years going to various auditions.", "I would do eight auditions for a new television show and then at the very end they would offer the role to Alyson Hannigan.\"", "Fischer stated it was tough going on auditions in the first place but the competition heated up if Hannigan walked in the room.", "\"She was my biggest competition.", "I would get to the final audition and I'd go, 'I know I've got this one.'", "And then she'd walk in the door and I'd go, 'Nope.'\"", "Fischer was up for the role of CIA spy Sydney Bristow in Alias, which ended up going to Jennifer Garner.", "Fischer revealed to Entertainment Weekly that she was told she gave a great audition but was, quote, \"just not hot enough.\"", "But she doesn't think she would have been a great fit for the physically demanding role.", "Fischer told NPR: \"When I went in for The Office, the casting director said to me, she said, please look normal.", "Don't make yourself all pretty, and dare to bore me with your audition.\"", "And it didn't hurt that Fischer knew a thing or two about being a receptionist after working as an administrative assistant for seven years while waiting for her big break, which is a familiar story to all working actors.", "\"I was at the mall and someone discovered me and now I'm a movie star, like those stories are fun to tell but they don't ever happen.\"", "The Office made Fischer a star and led to big-screen roles in Blades of Glory, and Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story.", "Accident Fischer told USA Today that, just when things were finally going her way, she fell down a flight of stairs at an Office cast get-together in 2007, fracturing four vertebrae in her back and tearing a ligament in her elbow.", "Unable to work out while she recovered from the accident, Fischer sulked and gave in to her junk food cravings.", "She spoke of how difficult it was to be incapacitated while her body healed, telling Shape: \"Before the accident, I wore size 26 jeans!", "I was truly in the best shape of my life.", "Afterward, I gained 10 pounds and got flabby.\"", "Once cleared to resume normal activity, she picked herself back up and focused on her diet and exercise.", "Fischer returned to her pre-accident size-26 jeans, and two years later showed off her figure on the cover of Shape, bikini and all.", "In 2000, Jenna Fischer married Guardians of the Galaxy director James Gunn after the two were introduced by his brother, and frequent collaborator, Sean.", "Fischer was featured in his cult horror comedy Slither, but the part wasn't written for her.", "By the time of Slither's release, she was the most famous cast-member thanks to The Office and did much of the publicity for the movie.", "Fischer revealed during one such appearance that Gunn had given her the role as a \"birthday present.\"", "She admitted in an interview with Redbook magazine: \"When I was younger, I thought you married the person you fell in love with the most.", "But I realized there was a whole other set of criteria.", "You have to ask, Do we have the same goals?\"", "It ultimately wasn't meant to be for Fischer and Gunn, but the two have nothing but love for each other, with Gunn telling the Alison Rosen Is Your New Best Friend podcast: \"I think in some ways we misinterpreted a really close bond.\"", "In September 2007, People confirmed Jenna Fischer and James Gunn were calling it quits.", "They shared a joint statement: \"The enthusiasm we have expressed for each other's lives, spirits and careers is real — we have been each other's cheerleader and friend during the past six years and continue to be so now and in the future.\"", "The couple's shared respect for each other would come to personify their entire divorce as Gunn shared on Facebook: \"I never quite understood how two people can love each other deeply but, when they break up, they grow suddenly hateful and cruel.\"", "He described Fischer as a great person and wonderful friend.", "Speaking to Deadline in 2019, the prolific filmmaker explained their approach as: \"Let's get along as well as we possibly can and be kind to each other because we're both a large part of each other's lives.\"", "The best piece of love advice Fischer received after her divorce was from Paul Lieberstein who played HR rep Toby Flenderson on The Office.", "\"Toby was this your fun little way of congratulating us?", "Yes oh ok.\" She said his talk stuck with her as she took a dip back into the dating pool.", "Lieberstein told her, \"finding love is not as hard as picking the right person to spend the rest of your life with.\"", "Fischer gave marriage another chance in 2010, marrying screenwriter Lee Kirk, whom she began seeing while working together on the film The Giant Mechanical Man.", "Fischer revealed to Redbook that they didn't jump into things right away, and there was a slow build during six or seven months.", "In 2011, Fischer became a mother.", "While pregnant for the first time, she admitted to E!", "News that morning sickness wasn't much of an issue, but she had weird cravings.", "The actress noted: \"In the beginning it was a lot of macaroni and cheese and Lucky Charms.", "Now it's a lot of strawberries.\"", "Vulture confirmed the pregnancy would be written into The Office accordingly.", "That September, Fischer and her husband welcomed son Weston.", "Daughter Harper followed in May 2014.", "Although being a mom is a major part of her life, she revealed to fans on Instagram it's not all it's cracked up to be after her children billed the actress for a Mother's Day breakfast in bed.", "But they did throw in a copy of The New York Times for free, so it wasn't that bad of a deal.", "After The Office, it was back to the drawing board for Jenna Fischer.", "Although she was working steadily in TV and film, including the Clint Eastwood-directed The 15:17 to Paris, she hadn't found nearly the same level of success as she had on The Office.", "Fischer found her next sitcom home in CBS's Man with a Plan, but, in what ended up being a career first, she was fired in 2016 because focus groups felt there was no chemistry between her and co-star Matt LeBlanc.", "Fischer rebounded with a co-starring role in ABC's Splitting Up Together, but she's been finding out the hard way that Hollywood isn't going to hand her everything just because she was on a hit show.", "She told Parade: \"I still audition for things.", "Sometimes I'm offered things, but if there's a role that's different from the work I've done, I have to go fight for it and I have to audition.", "There's no finish line in this business.\"", "The thing Jenna Fischer takes into consideration when looking for her next project isn't the script, director, or cast, but where the production is located.", "Fischer told Master Chat: \"Now that I have a family, I look for work that's happening in Los Angeles, number one.\"", "And Fischer has shifted her priorities in order to stay close to her husband and two young children, even if it means sacrificing a role that interests her.", "She stated: \"Sometimes there's a really cool indie film with great people, but it's shooting in Louisiana for six weeks.", "As much as I would like to go create with that group of people, I can't leave my family for six weeks.", "And I can't really bring them with me because it's so expensive to relocate a family.", "[...] I have a very pragmatic approach to work now.\"", "Although she said goodbye to The Office in 2013, Fischer and offscreen buddy Angela Kinsey, who played Angela Martin on the beloved sitcom, returned to Dunder Mifflin in a way with their podcast Office Ladies.", "The New York Times noted it was an instantaneous hit, garnering thousands of positive reviews off the back of its first episode.", "The duo discusses all things Office on the show, sharing everything from behind-the-scenes titbits to their desire for a reboot.", "Fischer admitted the idea came from their co-star Rainn Wilson, who frequently told the duo they should be fronting their own talk show.", "As Fischer revealed: \"We have dreamed for many years of one day taking over the fourth hour of The Today Show.", "[...] That was what morphed into the idea of a podcast — we wanted to be storytellers and tell our stories out loud.\"", "She told Entertainment Weekly that their time recording together is sacred, and they have to ensure to always carve it out no matter what else is going on in their lives.", "\"We've been wanting to work together for a long time and and we finally had a conversation where we said ok let's make the space for this.\"", "The Office is arguably more popular now than it was during its original release, and Jenna Fischer remains synonymous with the role of Pam.", "Far from taking offense, the actress welcomes the comparison.", "In an episode of An Oral History of The Office podcast, Fischer revealed: \"I believed with my whole heart that this was the part for me.", "I believed I was the one who should play it [...] I am literally the only person who should play this part.", "This is mine.\"", "The actress revealed to Entertainment Weekly that she could empathize with Pam's struggle because for years she was trying to make it in the industry.", "Fischer admitted: \"I know about that deep desire to have a change in your life.\"", "And Pam's journey wasn't just Fischer's.", "She told The New York Times that fans have come up to her to gush over how much her journey also meant to them.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about your favorite celebs are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Community theater beginnings", "Disconnected Teen", "Tough Hollywood Start", "Just not enough", "Accident", "Marriage to James Gunn", "Divorce", "Co-star love advice", "Motherhood", "Fired after The Office", "Sacrificed a dream role", "Office Ladies", "Forever connected to Pam" ]

[ "Scarcely a day goes by on these here internets without some goddamn 14 year old telling you that you don't understand economics.", "Well I'm here to say that these 14 year olds, are wrong.", "But this video is about so much more than just arguing with children.", "The problem is that many people in positions of power and influence, as well as parts of the economics profession, share the view that 'economics 101' is the reason we can't improve the world, especially for poor people.", "In some cases this seems like a genuine intellectual commitment by people who sincerely believe economic theory helps us make sense of the world, but that it just leads us to unpalatable conclusions.", "In a recent YouTube documentary about the economist Thomas Sowell which mysteriously appeared in everyone's recommendations, there was a famous quote from the man himself In other cases the same argument can seem like an ideological commitment underpinned by nothing but empty sociopathic tendencies.", "Not too long ago noted personality vacuum Abby Shapiro tweeted that Let's leave aside the question of what education Abby has actually had in economics.", "Because it's not just for the extremely online among us that economics makes its influence felt.", "You can even see it pretty often in popular culture: \"I spend money to make money, economics 101 dude\" \"What have we here?", "Oh, economics!", "Very very interesting\" \"I'm confused\" \"It's a question of economics\" \"I'm sorry boys, you just don't understand economics\" \"Simple economics\" The reality is that economics is just a set of theories which may or may not hold in the real world and over the past few decades it has been shown time and time again that the standard econ 101 story is misleading at best and flatly contradicted by the evidence at worst.", "Over the course of this video, I want to detail both the theory and the evidence in this debate, with some help from Mexie, who kindly agreed to offer her views.", "And before loads of tedious economists pop up in my mentions claiming that I'm strawmanning them or that I should learn economics before I unlearn it I'd like to say that yes, the content of actual economics 101 classes has changed recently.", "This video is largely about how a selectively interpreted version of this has been used in political debate on issues spanning from minimum wages to rent control to taxes and spending.", "Having said that, I do think these ideas still exert something of a grip on the profession of economics, as we'll see.", "In the Thomas Sowell documentary they single out the minimum wage as an example of how economics shows you the true impact of well-intended policies.", "\"One of my biggest concerns was about minimum wages.", "At first I thought this is good because all these people are poor and they'll get a little higher income and so that'll be helpful and then as I studied economics I began to say well there's a downside, they may lose their jobs completely so there's that.\"", "This reasoning is based on standard demand-supply analysis which epitomises the core of economics 101.", "When somebody tells you to go and learn economics chances are this is what they have in mind, so let's do what they say and learn about it.", "Demand and supply is used to represent a variety of markets, but the one we've got here is the labour market.", "It shows how - in theory - the market for labor will settle at a given level of wages, on the y-axis, and employment, on the x-axis.", "It can also show the effects of the minimum wage on these quantities, but we don't want to get ahead of ourselves so let's take demand and supply one at a time.", "The demand for labour depicts the willingness of business to employ workers in the form of a relationship between wages and employment.", "If the wage is high, say at the level W1, businesses will not find it profitable to employ many workers.", "On the graph if you travel right from W1 until you hit the demand curve and then go down until you hit the x-axis you will get to E1 - the corresponding level of employment at this wage.", "On the other hand, if the wage is lower at W2 then businesses will employ more workers and employment will be at E2.", "Generally speaking, the lower the wage the more workers businesses will want.", "The demand curve slopes downwards, an expression you may well have heard before.", "So what about the other side of the equation - supply?", "Well here we are looking at the amount of labour workers are willing to supply for a wage.", "This is a strange way of putting it that might not come naturally to most people, but the important thing to know is that if the wage is higher more people will want to work.", "Which makes some sense, I guess.", "So if the wage is high at W1, employment will be high at E3.", "If the wage is lower at W2, employment will be low at E4.", "The supply curve slopes upwards.", "I hope you're ready because we're about to put the two curves together.", "Demand curves depict the number of workers businesses are willing to employ at a given wage.", "Supply curves depict the amount workers are willing to work at a given wage.", "Where these cross over, the decisions of the businesses balance with the decisions of the workers and we get the outcome of wages W-star and employment E-star: what economists call an equilibrium.", "\"You have a product, they have no means of distribution.", "They have demand, they- they don't have any product.", "That's that's market equilibrium: yin and yang, ebony and ivory.", "Tell me what the [ __ ] problem is.\"", "So how does our minimum wage affect this happy depiction of the labor market?", "The minimum wage is represented by this god-awful ugly line MW that's interfering with our precious market.", "It might seem odd that with the name 'minimum' wage the line is high up on the diagram.", "(Maybe it's just me that finds that odd).", "But remember that the point of a minimum wage is to increase wages above the level they're currently at, so it has to be higher than where the curves cross over to have any effect.", "Now how do we work out the effects of this minimum on employment?", "Well, no matter what the market wage is stuck at MW so we need to ask where this crosses the demand curve - how much labour businesses will hire at MW - and also where it crosses the supply curve - how much workers will want to work at MW.", "At the minimum wage, businesses will only want to employ the number of workers E-MW.", "More will want to work because MW crosses the supply curve much further to the right, at a higher level of employment E-star-S.", "But businesses are not willing to employ so many workers at such a high wage, therefore the employment level E-MW will be the one that is realised.", "Notice that this is also lower than the previous equilibrium E-star.", "The minimum wage has reduced employment!", "[ __ ] what are we going to do?", "It is important to remember that this is a prediction of the model, not some kind of logical necessity.", "And I actually don't think most non-economists are aware of quite how convincing the empirical evidence against standard theory has been on this issue.", "For example, in a video on the minimum wage the YouTuber Vaush makes some good points about why the minimum wage could be a positive thing and raises some valid questions about a well-known Congressional Budget Office study predicting that it would lead to job losses.", "\"How many of these are like real [ __ ] 40-hour week proper jobs.", "I'd be willing to bet very few of them.", "Most of these are cuck jobs and the loss of these jobs could actually be a good thing because it would mean the people who were otherwise taking them can now afford to live off of only one job instead of having to take two or three.\"", "But we can add a bit to what Vaush says- um, sorry, scratch that.", "In a recent video on the minimum wage 'manlet' Vaush shows how little he knows about anything by failing to bring up well-known studies on the minimum wage and accepting the central finding of the CBO study like a cuck, even though it's definitely false.", "To see why Vaush is so hopelessly destroyed by facts and logic, we're going to take a deep dive into the literature on the minimum wage.", "Doing so will teach us not just about why minimum wages are good, but also about the kind of empirical studies that have shown this, as well as the limitations of economics 101 itself.", "Newly elected U.S. President Joe Biden promised to introduce a 15 Federal minimum wage once elected, which sparked a renewed debate over the pros and cons of the policy.", "As I write this the proposal has been voted down in the Senate, which is extremely disappointing but shows that econ101-ism is alive and kicking, I suppose.", "Since the dawn of time the U.S.A.'s federal minimum wage has stagnated or even fallen.", "As you can see here, in the early 80s it was around three dollars an hour and despite steady rises in the headline value it has only kept pace with inflation since then - barely changing in real terms.", "The U.S.A. lags behind other rich countries and even many poorer ones in its low minimum wage.", "As this table shows, the ratio of minimum to median wages is only 33 percent for the U.S. compared to 54 for my own country of the U.K. or 69 for Chile and Costa Rica.", "The debate is relevant to a broad range of countries: in the U.K. we have had the living wage campaign, which used social pressure to force companies to increase their wages and eventually made its way into policy for those aged 25 and over.", "There is also the global living wage initiative which.... campaigns for a global living wage.", "So what does the evidence say on minimum wage increases and employment?", "Before we go into this I want to define a crucial term: the elasticity.", "\"Yo, you know what we got here?", "We got an elastic product!", "You know what that means?", "That means when people can go elsewhere and get they printin' and copyin' done they're going to do it!", "You acting like we got an inelastic product and we don't!\"", "In economics, this means the percentage change in one thing because of a percentage change in another thing.", "Stringer was talking about the change in demand owing to the change in the price of their product, but here we will mostly be talking about the change in employment owing to a change in the minimum wage.", "So an elasticity of -1 means that if the minimum wage increases by one percent employment will fall by one percent.", "An elasticity of minus 0.1 means that if the minimum wage increases by one percent, employment will fall by 0.1 percent.", "You can see that the former would be hugely problematic while the latter could easily be considered a price worth paying for higher wages.", "For a long time, economists accepted that the minimum wage would be bad for employment based on the supply and demand theory we've seen, as well as using what are now seen as relatively crude tests that today are not considered credible even by opponents of the minimum wage.", "Except for the people in the Thomas Sowell documentary, evidently.", "Beginning with a famous paper by David Card and Alan Krueger in 1994, a wave of studies sometimes dubbed the 'New Minimum Wage Research' have used careful empirical techniques to investigate the elasticity of employment with respect to minimum wage changes.", "Card and Krueger looked at the effect of a minimum wage change using two adjacent U.S. states: New Jersey and Pennsylvania.", "In 1992 New Jersey increased its minimum wage, while Pennsylvania did not.", "This is a kind of 'natural experiment' - when the policy applied to one area is not applied to a similar area, and comparisons between the two approximate the ideal of a lab experiment.", "The argument goes that if two areas differ only in the policy - in this case, the minimum wage - any difference in outcomes between them - in this case, employment - can be attributed to that policy.", "Since the U.S. has many state-level policies it is fertile ground for these natural experiments.", "Card and Krueger phoned fast food restaurants, which employ a lot of minimum wage workers, both before and after the change.", "\"Can I help you sir?", "My god you're greasy\".", "What they found was that far from reducing employment in New Jersey, the minimum wage may actually have increased it.", "That's right: for some of their results, the elasticity was positive.", "The study made quite an impact.", "Reid Garfield, Senior Economist of the Joint Economic Committee, commented in 1996: Since this, thousands of papers have been written in the USA and elsewhere on the employment effects of the minimum wage.", "One of the most pertinent critiques of Card and Krueger was how narrow their study was: a single change in fast food restaurants in two relatively small U.S. states should not be generalized to minimum wages everywhere.", "More recently, the frontier of minimum wage research has been led by people like Arin Dube and his co-authors.", "They have mostly followed in Card and Krueger's footsteps by taking advantage of natural experiments, but have substantially broadened the number of states they include as well as the time frame of the studies and the depth they go into estimating the effects.", "For example, in a 2010 paper Dube, Lester and Reich found no employment effects of the minimum wage using adjacent pairs of states.", "That's Card and Krueger times by hundreds!", "\"My god.", "That's - I don't even know what that is!\"", "\"Nobody does.\"", "A 2019 paper by Cengiz, Dube, Lindner and Zipperer estimated the effect of minimum wages on the entire distribution of jobs using 138 different minimum wage changes in the U.S.A.", "The x-axis here shows the part of the wage distribution we're in relative to the minimum.", "'Two' means it's two dollars higher than the new minimum wage.", "The y-axis shows the effect on employment at a given part of the wage distribution.", "Just below the minimum wage - zero on the x-axis - a substantial number of jobs disappear, as shown by the negative blue bar.", "Which makes sense as it's now illegal to employ people at that wage.", "But this is offset entirely by the appearance of jobs at or above the new minimum wage, as shown by the positive blue bar to its right.", "There are no effects anywhere else in the distribution, so this gain in wages for low income workers is not offset by other workers losing out.", "The same paper looks at these effects over the long term and it shows that the new jobs which appear do not disappear after a few years.", "I favour this type of natural experiment approach.", "It's transparent, and the core of close comparison between pairs of real regions keeps the method grounded in empirical reality - instead of blinding us with complex statistical methods.", "But I should say that it's not the case that every study has found no effect like this.", "There are dissenters within this literature, specifically economists like David Neumark and his co-authors.", "The details of this debate are too heavy for this video, so maybe I'll leave a comment with my thoughts if you'd like, along with their papers in the references.", "Overall, though, most systematic meta-analyses find a small but statistically significant negative elasticity of employment with respect to minimum wage changes.", "Having said that, these studies also show evidence that there is a bias towards publishing negative estimates.", "Why that's the case I'll leave you to figure out.", "So how does one make sense of such a vast and tricky literature?", "Well....not the way the CBO does it.", "To give you some background, the Congressional Budget Office is an official but non-partisan entity in the USA which produces research on important policy topics.", "Their recent report claimed that raising the minimum wage to 15 would lead to 1.4 million job losses, a pretty concerning figure.", "Where did they get their estimates from?", "Vaush said that he'd have to get a textbook out to understand this debate.", "I'd hate to be the reason that anyone had to read an econometrics textbook, so let's save him from having to do so...", "Uh oh, too late brah!", "The first thing to say is that this report was kind of opaque, even for someone who is used to reading this type of thing.", "It's full of phrases like \"CBO concluded\" and \"In CBO's estimation\" often with little to no explanation.", "They select 11 studies from the literature, but why these 11 were chosen is not explained.", "The CBO then computes the effect of minimum wages on employment from an average of the 11 studies but they increase the magnitude of the actual average because of a really weird thing they do where they randomly drop some of the studies they use and recalculate the average with those studies missing.", "I don't know why this method is chosen or how it really works because again it isn't explained.", "\"It's garbage.\"", "Dube himself has commented to similar effect, though in more measured academic terms.", "He says the CBO overemphasises the negative estimates in what we already know is a literature biased towards finding negative estimates.", "He points out that more recent, better quality research has found employment elasticities of the minimum wage closer to zero.", "As an alternative he suggested his own 2009 review for the U.K. Treasury.", "This only includes studies which estimated the effect on employment for the same workers whose wages are increased by the minimum wage, which gives a clear picture of the trade-offs faced by the workers actually affected by the policy.", "This is known as the 'Own Wage Elasticity'.", "Along the y-axis is the study.", "The dots represent the estimated effect size for that study, with the bars either side of the dots representing the uncertainty surrounding that estimate.", "Dube concludes that based on this review ,the average elasticity is minus 0.04, meaning that a 25% increase in average wages for a group affected by the minimum wage should reduce employment by one percent for that group.", "There's a lot of debate over whether $15 an hour is enough and Dube also comments on how high the minimum wage could be: Now, to return to demand and supply.", "Strictly speaking this evidence alone doesn't contradict the supply and demand model; it could just imply that the curves have a specific shape - albeit an unlikely one that contradicts other evidence, I'll provide a reference for that below - but here's my bottom line.", "When effect sizes are this small and uncertain, it's suggestive of something that's just not that interesting, whether theoretically or politically.", "As the economist Thomas Leonard pointed out, this whole debate does prompt the question \"what evidence would convince you that your theory is refuted?\"", "Let me illustrate this with one more recent study.", "This shows a bunch of different elasticities for 16 to 19 year olds, the group most likely to be affected by the policy.", "As you can see, in most cases the blue horizontal lines cross zero, which is given by the red vertical line, indicating that the effects estimated are not statistically distinguishable from none at all.", "As a contrast consider a more straightforward question: what is the effect of the minimum wage on wages themselves?", "this might seem tautological, but if the minimum wage is low or is not properly enforced we may not observe an effect.", "unlike our previous figure the estimates here are universally positive and statistically distinct from zero.", "This is the pattern one would expect to observe when the relationship one is estimating is strong and reliable.", "The minimum wage effects do not look like this.", "Higher labour costs as a result of the minimum wage are obviously a thing.", "But employers often have more bargaining power than workers, so they can afford it.", "Increased pay can motivate workers, leading to higher productivity.", "It can make them more likely to stay, reducing turnover costs from hiring and firing.", "And at the economy-wide level, the minimum wage increases the spending power of workers, which will increase demand for businesses.", "I'm happy to debate the importance of these different effects but the standard economic approach only helps us with a tiny part of them, if at all, and arguably the effect on employment is so uninteresting that it's distracted us from other questions such as the effect of the minimum wage on mental health or poverty.", "So now we know that the minimum wage just doesn't have the kind of reliable negative effect on employment we'd expect if the theory were useful.", "But now i want to talk about another, similar, prominent example: rent control.", "It's no secret that both house prices and rents in many countries have skyrocketed over the past couple of decades, especially in Anglo countries.", "Housing is probably the main cost for most people so this has prompted questions about whether governments should do more to help people cope with these costs.", "The most direct policy to do this would be rent control.", "Rent control isn't a hugely popular policy although it exists in a few countries and localities, for example New York City as discussed by the friends in the popular sitcom 'Friends'.", "\"But more important because of rent control it was a friggin' steal\".", "In their debate on housing, philosopher Ben Burgess and streamer Destiny also discussed the policy: \"Rent control is like one of these few issues that economists broadly agree is a garbage policy.", "It doesn't help who we want it to help, it usually hurts who we want to help and it just doesn't usually get what you want done.\"", "Destiny was correct: opposition to rent control is possibly the area where economists agree the most.", "A 1990 poll had 93.5 percent agree that \"a ceiling on rents reduces the quantity and quality of housing available\".", "A 2012 poll asked for economists' views on the statement \"local ordinances that limit rent increases for some rental housing units such as in New York City and San Francisco have had a positive effect over the past three decades on the amount and quality of broadly affordable rental housing in cities that have used them.\"", "81% of economists disagreed or strongly disagreed with this statement with answers including \"Next question: does the sun revolve around the earth?\"", "\"Unless all the textbooks are wrong, this is wrong\" \"The planets are lined up here: theory and evidence point in the same direction\".", "The award for the strongest statement about rent control, however, goes to the economist Assar Lindbeck who claimed \"In many cases rent control appears to be the most efficient technique presently known to destroy a city, except for bombing.\"", "To understand where all this strong opposition is coming from let's return to our supply and demand diagram.", "Instead of the market for labor, we are now looking at the market for houses.", "Apparently they work in exactly the same way.", "We have rents on the y-axis instead of wages.", "We also have quantity of houses rented on the x-axis, instead of employment.", "Again the supply and demand for houses should balance with rents r-star and quantity at q-star.", "What does rent control do in this situation?", "It's represented by the horizontal line RC which forces rents down.", "At this low rental rate, the quantity of houses supplied is lower than the previous equilibrium even though more people want to rent.", "We have a shortage, and a fall in rented units compared to the 'free market'.", "I want to say outright that there is more evidence for the predictions of the supply and demand model for rent control than for the minimum wage, depending on how you interpret it.", "But the blanket opposition to rent control that derives from this is hugely overstated and econ 101 reasoning is again more of a hindrance than the help for understanding the debate.", "First: what does it mean for the quantity of housing to be reduced?", "I would contend that the supply-demand model can mislead people into thinking that the reduction is in housing supply rather than the number of houses specifically used for renting.", "The 1990 poll mentioned above failed to distinguish these two clearly, and in the debate with Destiny, Ben Burgis just largely accepted this framing, contending that you could compensate by building more housing.", "\"Because if we just have rent control there's going to be far less investment in private housing, there's gonna be far less private housing built, but if you're building a lot of public housing to make up the shortfall then it's literally- you could you could accept your premise you can accept what the economists are saying and still think that it's just irrelevant to that package of policies.\"", "\"Why not just build more houses?\"", "Building more housing is good.", "But a reduction in rental housing doesn't mean that houses disappear; there may just be a corresponding rise in ownership.", "Our concern is surely whether people are getting the houses they need, not whether they're renting or owning them.", "We can have a debate about the relative merits of renting versus ownership and which demographics are more likely to use one or the other, but it's not immediately obvious to me which is more desirable.", "Second: rent control captures a wide variety of different policies.", "The standard demand-supply analysis only depicts a straight-up cap on rents, whereas modern rent control just limits increases and allows for inflation in landlords' costs to encourage maintenance.", "Such provisions are common and common sense - for example, if you're worried about rent control discouraging construction exempt new buildings, like Berlin.", "Recently a Bloomberg article that mysteriously appeared in everyone's trends on Twitter discussed the impact of rent control in Berlin, which froze rents on older houses and allowed tenants to force landlords to lower existing rents.", "True to form, the article claims \"if populism on the political right corrupts democracies, populism on the left ruins economies\" It's based on a report which is in German and fortunately I'm fluent so I was able to consult the original document.", "Just kidding, I'm English.", "We'll have to go on the article itself.", "Some of the outcomes it chooses are kind of strange.", "The results clearly show that rents have plummeted for those affected, a huge benefit which is downplayed.", "The article charges that rent controls have reduced house prices, as if that's definitely a bad thing or somehow unexpected.", "It seems to me that both more affordable housing and lower rents might be considered a good thing by some people.", "The article uses a couple of graphs which apparently show the policy has had negative effects.", "One shows that prices in uncontrolled units have risen since the policy, but from this graph it's hard to see whether this is really a change or just a continuation of a previous trend.", "The graph doesn't go back far enough for us to know - and even if it is true, it may just be because the uncontrolled units are new.", "You could say exactly the same thing for their graph showing that the number of rental apartments has declined, especially since they follow this up with a graph showing that the supply of unregulated units has outpaced other German cities.", "Somehow this is also framed as a bad thing.", "As you're all now budding natural experiment enthusiasts I know what you're going to ask: is there any more credible evidence than this...crap...on rent control, and the answer is: some, but not enough, and it's mixed.", "One of the most recent and commonly cited papers on this topic is Diamond et.", "al, which uses the sudden introduction of rent control to older houses in San Francisco in 1994 and compares them with more recently built units which were exempt.", "Let's take an in-depth look at this paper as I think it raises some interesting questions.", "The paper claims that the policy led to a 15% reduction in rental units, although if you unpack this it's actually a combination of eight percent being converted into owner-occupied buildings with a further seven percent being converted into rental units which were exempt from rent control.", "Which isn't a 15 reduction in rental units.", "The paper does show that residents of both owner occupied and exempted units are likely to have higher income, which is a cause for concern because it favors richer residents.", "There are conflicting effects, though.", "Part of the reason for the higher income residents is that rent control leads to higher maintenance and upgrades so landlords can increase rents.", "We can see on these graphs that - top left - rents fell while - top right - redevelopments rose and - bottom left - conversions rose and - bottom right - repairs rose.", "This suggests rent control does increase quality, in contrast with economists' poll answers that we saw earlier.", "Rent control also means existing tenants are more likely to stay, which is more pronounced for minority groups.", "The strangest spin in the Diamond paper is to frame this as a bad thing too.", "Keeping existing residents in the area while rich residents join is a bad thing!", "The solution is obviously to have only rich residents so the income inequality in the area is low!", "\"Look at this place.", "Somebody ought to build a town that works\" \"Somebody did\" I'm being facetious, but only a little.", "At other times the paper argues that existing tenants are ultimately forced into poorer areas and here they frame gentrification as a good thing, saying So it's bad when existing tenants stay but also bad when they leave?", "Gentrification is good but also bad?", "I found this paper quite confusing, and it seems to be a go-to reference for opponents of rent control.", "With such a variety of competing effects the authors eventually conclude that the overall effects of rent control are a wash.", "But the important lesson here is that ultimately neither theory nor empirical analysis are going to make the issue of competing values and perspectives go away.", "When considering the effects of rent control, do we prefer rented or owned housing?", "Do we want higher quality houses which are more expensive?", "Do we want to favor existing residents over new ones?", "I don't have easy answers to these questions but econ 101 leads people to believe that they do.", "The economist Josh Mason argues that rent control research is in a similar place now to minimum wage research in the 1990s: a few well-formulated studies are displacing conventional wisdom and this will likely expand as time goes on.", "He summarises a few studies similar to the Diamond one which you can look at if you're interested in pursuing this topic further.", "So here we have two of the most important markets - labour and housing - where the crude econ 101 approach has failed to make sense of hotly debated policies.", "But what about more generally?", "Where has the influence of econ 101 come from, and how does it affect our understanding of other policies like taxes and social spending?", "I don't think i can answer this one so I'm going to have to hand over to someone else.", "The influence of basic economics is...everywhere.", "Both pervasive and perverse, it really is why we cannot have nice things.", "For every earnest call to make our political economic system ever slightly more just or livable for working people or the planet there's a capitalist, an economist, a politician, a corporate news outlet, or an average joe saying \"that's cute, but that's just not how the economy works!\"", "James Kwak calls the reductive invocation of basic economics to explain all social phenomena in our society 'economism'.", "Economism relies on the abstract concepts taught in econ 101 classes to explain why things are the way they are and why any attempt to redress the externalities of capitalism is futile.", "This is despite the fact that many of the concepts taught in econ 101 textbooks assume that a perfectly competitive model of capitalism is possible, along with various other assumptions that rarely, if ever, hold true in the real world.", "UE covered how economism has worked to depress wages while housing prices have skyrocketed but the invocation of econ 101 has affected nearly every other sphere of our lives too.", "Provide universal health care as a basic human right?", "Adorable!", "That will rob people of choice.", "Prevent price gouging during natural disasters so that poor people aren't unfairly served a death sentence?", "How naive!", "That will prevent the efficiency of the competitive market from kicking in to save the day.", "Plus it'll mean that life-saving materials will be sold to people who don't value them as much as people who are willing to pay three times the price.", "Raise taxes on the ultra rich to redress the wage theft inherent in their wealth and fund services that will benefit everyone?", "So cute!", "Econ 101 says that that will backfire and lead to a decrease in productivity and available jobs, something that's never mentioned in econ 101 textbooks when talking about things like raising taxes on the rich or the minimum wage etcetera is that the ultra rich are hoarding money far and above what they actually need and they're doing so off the backs of workers who are the ones who actually produce the goods and services that make money for the capitalists.", "Workers who, like those who work for Walmart or McDonald's, are encouraged to apply for food stamps to survive.", "When workers are losing their homes or are unable to access healthcare during a pandemic the unwillingness of the capitalist class to pay taxes or living wages is pretty hard to reconcile - that's a polite way of putting it.", "But that's just me, let's look at how taxation and inequality plays out on the ground, outside of the classroom.", "Will increasing taxes on the ultra-rich hurt us all?", "In the end it follows that when you tax a good depending on what the good is people will buy less of it.", "But when you try to apply econ 101 supply and demand models to things like income tax the model shows us how out of touch it is with average working people.", "The model tells us that if income taxes are raised people will 'choose' to work less and take more leisure time or simply retire.", "The incentive for them to work additional hours is simply not there and so productivity plummets.", "For anyone actually working to survive right now with depressed wages and a skyrocketing housing market, you can see how this logic breaks down.", "People don't choose to work 60 hour work weeks; they desperately need to.", "Anyway it is true that the rich are people who can choose to work less if incentives aren't there because they are not working to survive and many of them are making the bulk of their income through investments anyway which is basically just sitting around and watching your assets grow.", "Taxes on capital gains and dividends are already much lower than income taxes but politicians like Paul Ryan, Marco Rubio, and Ben Carson invoking econ 101 want to reduce or eliminate taxes on investment income altogether.", "The idea is that we need rich people to save their money so that it can be invested somewhere else enabling the creation of new businesses and jobs.", "Over the past 70 years taxes on investment income have plummeted, with no real increase in economic growth and with personal savings actually declining.", "The economy expanded most rapidly in the 60s and 70s, when investment income tax was 70% or higher.", "Zooming into more detailed studies, the evidence is mixed at best.", "In 1978, economist Michael Boskin found that a tax cut that increases investment returns by 10 percent tends to result in three to four percent more savings.", "However, later studies disputed this and showed that those estimates depended heavily on contextual details.", "Eric Toder and Kim Rueben conducted a review of existing research and determined that there was little evidence to support the claim that lowering investment taxes increased savings.", "This was confirmed by tax expert Leonard Burman, and a Congressional Research Service report stated that This is fairly intuitive: at a certain level of wealth, people have very little else to do with their money other than invest it, regardless if their profits might be slightly lower.", "There are actually games now where the challenge is to spend all of Jeff Bezos' or Bill Gates' money, showing how completely impossible it is to actually buy enough things with that gross excess.", "In terms of productivity, working people need to work to live, period.", "But rich people - the 'job creators' - are also not less likely to work if income taxes are higher.", "Robert Moffitt and Mark Wilhelm studied the 1986 tax reform and found no change in hours worked by high-earning men.", "This was confirmed by the CBO and economist Thomas Hungerford, who wrote: Growing inequality leads to growing unrest, something also not addressed in econ 101 textbooks.", "Despite the ample empirical evidence that contradicts these reductive and bewildering claims, economism survives and thrives because it is incredibly politically useful to the most powerful people in our society.", "Whenever there is political unrest, whenever there are militant movements against the violence of the status quo the 1 percent, the 0.1 percent will come back and say these well-intentioned protesters just don't understand basic economics.", "James Kwak writes that: So how did this idealistic ideology become so popularly accepted?", "Well, people like to point to Daddy Smith, who described the price mechanism and the Wealth of Nations in 1776, but Smith discussed many reasons why this principle would not hold and did not think that competitive market forces acting alone would produce the best of all possible worlds.", "Antoine-Augustin Cournot first illustrated supply and demand curves which were popularized in Alfred Marshall's 1890 textbook Principles of Economics.", "However, Marshall too rejected the idea that the supposed perfect equilibrium that was assumed to result from perfectly competitive markets would necessarily produce the best of all possible worlds because people will differ in wealth.", "He said: At the time in the late 19th Century, unchecked markets were producing immense hardship and social instability, leading to socialist and communist movements rather than any kind of embrace of pie-in-the sky economism.", "When the Great Depression hit the idea that unregulated markets would maximise universal prosperity seemed fully discredited, leading to a shift in economic thinking and an embrace of the Keynesian demand-side economics of the New Deal.", "The New Deal worked to redress the political conditions existing at the start of the 20th century, and the capitalist class started to resent not being able to extract as much wealth as possible from working people.", "Moneyed interests adopted economism and used their wealth and power to fund think tanks, buy politicians, buy media outlets and influence education so that economism was taken up by the broader conservative movement and later accepted by many liberals as well.", "Financing came from corporations such as General Motors, Ford Chrysler, General Electric, and Procter & Gamble among others...and billionaire businessmen like the Koch brothers.", "Ideas were derived from fanatic economists like Hayek, Mises, and Friedman, mouthpiece politicians included Reagan, Thatcher, Bush, Clinton - too many to name, honestly - and high profile think tanks like the Heritage Foundation lobby to influence policy.", "Economism allowed business people and politicians to say that they were pro-market instead of anti-government and conveniently ensured that labour and environmental concerns would be suppressed so that capitalists could extract more and more surplus.", "This is why David Harvey calls the neoliberal era that was ushered in by Reagan and Thatcher a project to restore elite class power.", "The U.S., the IMF, and the World Bank have also been pretty brazen in forcing global countries through violence and/or debt to deregulate their markets further and implement a suite of free market policies such as lowering or scrapping the minimum wage, which UE just explained makes little economic or moral sense.", "This economic imperialism served the project to restore transnational ruling class power and provided a spatial fix for capitalism.", "This is all getting into more complex Marxist political economy though which I personally think is key to understanding all of this so if you would like to learn more, might I shamelessly plug my channel?", "Why is economics 101 so pervasive as a set of propositions?", "It's kind of odd that an introductory diagram, based on obscenely unrealistic assumptions, would have so much influence, right?", "Well it often favours the rich and powerful which, as Mexie pointed out, isn't a bad feature for a theory to have if it wants to be accepted and enacted as policy.", "But I also think there's a more subtle force at play here.", "The reaction by Nobel Laureate James Buchanan to Card and Krueger's original finding - which, to remind you, was that the elasticity of employment with respect to minimum wage changes may be positive - could give us a clue as to what is going on: This statement reveals what's at stake: not just what is actually a fairly minor concession to government regulation versus the free market, but the very idea of economics as a science, with general laws that cannot be violated.", "Buchanan is right accepting these findings does amount to a denial that economics has scientific content because if markets do not obey supply and demand, then what hope is there?", "A lot of people have asked me to discuss healthcare on this channel and I'm sure I will at some point.", "Mexie and I have hopefully given you plenty of evidence that goes against simplistic econ101 reasoning, but the healthcare debate provides yet another example of how faulty econ101 reasoning pervades the world and I'm far from the only one to notice this.", "U.S. representative Alexandria Occasio-Cortez made the link between the two not too long ago: \"When we talk about economics, there's something known as a demand curve within a elas- with elasticity.", "And with every other commodity you can say 'how much is this phone worth to you?'", "And you can say a hundred dollars, two hundred dollars, you can buy a Nokia phone, you can not have a phone at all.", "But you cannot ask the question 'how much will you pay to be alive?'", "'How much will you pay to live?'", "Because the answer is everything.\"", "These kinds of examples illustrate that there are many reasons markets will not be as well behaved as the standard econ101 story.", "When I present them to economists they say a lot of words about how they don't really apply and that I've misunderstood the niceties of the theory, usually by defining the theory so that it simply must be true.", "But past a certain point these hypotheticals become useless for thinking about the real world and in many cases they just provide a bulwark for bad ideas.", "I want to leave you with a lengthy but typically eloquent quote from John Maynard Keynes during the Great Depression, a time when - as Mexie mentioned - prevailing economic orthodoxy seemed to be on the wane.", "Commenting on his version of economism, which he called Classical or Ricardian economics - after the 19th Century economist David Ricardo - he reflected on how it had become so dominant, and its likely downfall in the future: Thanks for listening everybody and WAIT just one second, before you turn it off.", "This has been a little bit of an experiment.", "A lot of people in my previous videos asked me to go into a bit more detail they said they'd be happy with a bit more length...so, this is what I've done in this video - it's a bit longer and it goes into some depth on the theory and evidence.", "I'm not saying that every video I make will be like this from now on but I just want to know what you guys think of it: was it too much?", "Do you want even more?", "I hope not but please just let me know what you think.", "And thank you to my Patrons as usual um there's a whole bunch of stuff that's been set up there's like a Discord server and a Reddit now if you want to discuss economics so uh please just get involved.", "See you later everybody!", "Bye!" ]

[ "Intro", "Demand & Supply", "The Minimum Wage Debate", "Making Sense of the Minimum Wage", "Rent Control", "The Influence of Econ101 (Mexie)", "The Brain Worm of Economics" ]

[ "ROGER MARTINEZ: Last time, we talked about how you can secure your service accounts by understanding the IAM roles associated with them.", "One of the roles I mentioned was a service account key admin, a role that lets you create service account keys that could then be used to allow users to authenticate as a service account from outside Google Cloud.", "That sounds kind of risky, doesn't it?", "Today, I'll go over a few fundamentals of managing service account keys so that you can reduce the risk and keep your service account safe.", "And in case you want to minimize using service account keys, I'll show you how, in some cases, you can authenticate as a service account without having to create or distribute keys at all.", "Let's get to it.", "I'm going to tell you what's what with service account keys and impersonation.", "[MUSIC PLAYING] Before we dive into service account keys, let's talk about the security implication of using them.", "For users that already have access to your project, there aren't any special roles that they need to use service account keys to act as them.", "That means that any user in your project's IAM policy has access to that key will be able to utilize the corresponding service account to access APIs and services.", "This can be especially problematic if the service account has broad access to your project.", "And on top of that, once you distribute a key, it can be difficult to make sure that it doesn't fall into the wrong hands.", "For this reason, it's a best practice to rotate keys as often as possible.", "Rotating keys is a process of swapping out old keys for new ones and then deactivating the old ones.", "It's a simple three-step process.", "First, you generate new keys for each of your service accounts.", "Then you replace the old key with the new one wherever it's being used.", "And last, you delete the old ones so that they don't work anymore.", "So, how do we generate new service account keys?", "If you're using Google Cloud Console or the G Cloud CLI, you have two ways of creating a key for your service account-- uploading your own or having Google generate it for you.", "If you want to upload your own key, you'll use GCloud IAM service accounts keys upload, followed by the file with your public key and the IAM account flag, to indicate the service account you want to use it for.", "You will need to upload the private key.", "It's up to you to keep it secured.", "It will be used to access your project as a service account.", "To have Google generate a new key pair, you'll use GCloud IAM service accounts keys create followed by the output file you want to save your private key to and the IAM account flag to indicate the service account you want the key for.", "This will immediately save the private key to the file indicated.", "This will be the only time the private key is provided to you.", "Remember, it's your responsibility to keep the private keys safe and secure.", "The output file, when you have Google Cloud generate a key, will look like this.", "It's a JSON object with fields like project ID, private key ID and private key itself, the service account email and ID, and more.", "Note that the key in this format can be used for running GCloud commands.", "If you want to use a key to access any cloud resources using the REST API, you can generate a key by sending an HTTP POST request to the corresponding API URL, along with your access token that will turn a private key.", "The format of the JSON you get with this method is a bit different.", "We recommend that you just use the same method you're going to use for future API calls.", "Otherwise, you have to edit the key to match the desired format.", "When you want to delete an old key, you'll need the keys ID, GCloud IAM service accounts keys list, followed by the service account will spit out the keys that currently exists for that service account by key ID, along with the date of creation and the date of expiration.", "With that, you can delete it with GCloud IAM service accounts keys delete, followed by the key ID from the previous output.", "The old key is now unusable to authenticate as your service account, but if you replace it in all the places that you need it to work, that shouldn't be a problem.", "If you need a way for users to access service accounts but you're concerned about having to manage service account keys, there is some good news.", "For some use cases, the key really isn't required.", "Instead, users can create short-lived service account credentials.", "Short-lived service account credentials have a limited lifetime, with durations of just a few hours or shorter.", "They also generate less risk than long-lived credentials, such as service account keys.", "A user of the service account token creator role on a service account will be able to take advantage of short-lived credentials.", "For example, they can generate an OAuth 2 access token for the service account to access the Google Cloud REST API as a service account.", "Additionally, a user of this role can use the impersonate service account flag on any GCloud command to run it as a service account, no keys required.", "Depending on your organizational needs, you could reduce, or even eliminate, the use of service account keys, and in effect, reduce the attack surface of your projects.", "By understanding service account keys and implementing a solid rotation process for them, you'll be taking some major steps in securing your project service accounts.", "If you're able to cut out keys where you can and take advantage of short-lived service account credentials, then that's even better.", "We've covered a lot of ground in the last four episodes about service accounts.", "Hopefully, by now, you've got a pretty good idea of what they are and how to best manage them in your Google Cloud projects.", "Next time, we'll dive a little deeper in an extended episode, where we'll see service accounts in action.", "See you soon.", "[MUSIC PLAYING]" ]

[ "Intro", "Key rotation", "Key creation", "Deleting keys", "Alternative to keys" ]

[ "If you want to hear my theory about how one of these characters could be back in a future installment of Saw, then stick around to the end of this video.", "This video is sponsored by Audible.", "Visit audible.com/czsworld to get started and get your first audiobook for free.", "One of the most interesting things about the Saw franchise is that nobody is ever portrayed without major flaws, even among the so called good guys.", "There is perhaps no better example of this than the father and son pair: Eric and Daniel Matthews.", "Welcome to Horror History, my name is Deathbelle Delphine and I will be your instructor today as we cover Eric and Daniel Matthews.", "This father and son first appeared in Saw II, but their story stretches back much further than that.", "So let’s take it back.", "Eric Matthews was born in the late 60s or early 70s.", "He would become a homicide detective for the Metropolitan Police Department known for his uncompromising attitude, where he was well respected earlier in his career, but his crumbling home life eventually seeped into his job.", "He had trouble in his marriage sometime after he and his wife gave birth to their son, Daniel, in the early 90s.", "Though the first cause of his marital troubles are not known, it was likely that Eric’s infidelity was the final straw before his wife filed for divorce.", "In 2000, these home issues had begun to manifest themselves in his work life.", "The first known incident happened when he broke a suspect’s jaw with his flashlight.", "He has also been criticized for gunning down an unarmed suspect and planting evidence on criminals in order to get an easier conviction.", "It was around 2003 when Eric had an affair with his female partner, Allison Kerry.", "Not only did he lose his marriage because of this, but he also stopped working with Ms. Kerry and lost custody of his son, who was entering his teenage years.", "Daniel began acting out, and I think it was because his father was a cop that he chose a life of petty crime to get back at him.", "The seriousness of these crimes rode the line of a punishable offense, so Daniel managed to stay out of juvy.", "In 2005, while still in the process of getting the divorce, the media caught wind of Eric’s foul... wind.", "*laughter* That sounds nasty.", "A KCUD 2 news crew confronted him one night about rumors of police brutality, causing Eric to snap.", "“... use brutality against suspects.” “What brutality?", "Let me tell you something!", "What brutality?", "What brutality?", "Huh?", "What brutality?", "WHAT?", "Where’s my cigarette?” Not only was Matthews suspended for excessive use of force and implicated in evidence tampering, but the news footage appeared in a TV documentary, and only worsened his already waning reputation.", "If we take a look at the meltdown meter, he was basically at the level of Elle Mills.", "\"This is all I ever wanted.", "And why the **** am I so ****ing unhappy?", "This... it doesn't make any ****ing sense.\"", "Eric never really got back into the field after his suspension, instead opting to take desk work and causing follow of his fellow cops to question his dedication to the job.", "That would change, however, when the other side of the law made things more personal.", "In October of 2005, Eric received a call that his son had been caught shoplifting at a store called Superior Electronics.", "He picks him up and is unable to get through to him, they just end up arguing.", "It was Eric’s turn to be in charge of the kid, but Daniel decides he’d like to go back to his Mom’s house early, and he storms off without saying goodbye.", "Daniel never makes hit back to his mother’s house though, he is abducted by a man named Obi, who is working for a criminal who is just starting to pick up some notoriety in the city, a man only known to the public as Jigsaw.", "When Daniel wakes up, he finds himself in a room with seven other criminals and notices they are being recorded by a video camera.", "The last to wake up is a woman named Amanda, who finds a key with a hidden tape recorder that tells them they are breathing in a deadly nerve gas that would kill them in two hours, but the doors to the house would not open until three hours had elapsed.", "They are tasked with finding the antidotes hidden around the house.", "A couple clues are given.", "“One is inside the safe in front of you.", "You all possess the combination to the safe.", "Think hard.", "The numbers are in the back of your mind.", "The clue to their order can be found over the rainbow.” He also tells them to think about what they have in common, and, as usual, X marks the spot.", "“You are a pirate!” So, in true pirate fashion, the first guy to try to escape gets his face blown off, leaving Daniel and the others to scavenge the halls of the Nerve Gas House for more clues, and before you type your comment telling me to look for clues, yes, I am aware I look like Shaggy.", "Get over it!", "\"I'm fixing me a super Shaggy sandwich!\"", "Now the reason Daniel is being tested is not specifically stated.", "It could be for not appreciating his time with his father, who really just has the kid’s best interests in mind... but it’s probably because he is veering off into a life of crime, because part of what they all have in common is that they’ve committed crimes, even if the ones Daniel committed are much less severe than the others.", "Many of the victims who make it out of the victims who come out of Jigsaw’s traps are rehabilitated, and begin to cherish their lives after they recover.", "Daniel is probably one of the best examples where you can see him changing in real time as he watches the big guy, Xavier, trying to smash down a door.", "You can see Daniel flinching with each and every hit.", "With each strike Xavier pounds into the door, he’s also pounding the picture of how scary life in prison can be into the teenager’s head.", "Another thing to note about this scene is that Daniel is the calmest person out the group, and perhaps the reason he is able to last longer in the Nerve Gas House than any of the others is because he isn’t doing as much heavy breathing.", "Also, Jigsaw doesn’t typically test kids, though I would love to one of those spin-off series’ where it would basically be called Saw Babies or some ****.", "But despite perhaps being in less danger early on in this game, the others would soon make a discovery that made Daniel Matthews the biggest target of all.", "Jigsaw, the evil mastermind of the Saw franchise, managed to outsmart his opponents with his razor sharp intellect.", "But what if the opposition had been a little bit smarter?", "If only they knew about Audible.", "Audible is the leading provider of spoken word entertainment and audiobooks.", "Twenty-seven percent of adults haven't read a single book in the last year, and the main reason is lack of time.", "But with Audible, you don't need to find time, because you can just listen to the audiobooks, whether they're about engineering, human psychology, or just straight up entertainment.", "You can listen to stuff while you're out shopping, while you're at the gym, gardening, or just to kill time if you can't do any of those things cause you're locked in a quarantine!", "Right now I'm checking out Misery, one of the most beloved books by our boy Stephen King.", "I've always enjoyed the movie, but I've just never had the time to pick up the book.", "And who would want to pick up a book?", "I mean... it could be contaminated.", "See, John Kramer was definitely on to something when he made all those tapes for his victims.", "\"I want to play an audiobook.\"", "Well John, all you have to do is head on over to audible.com/czsworld, or text czsworld to 500-500.", "That will give you the option to start a 30-day free trial, which includes a free audiobook that you get to keep no matter what.", "Once again, that's audible.com/czsworld, you'll find that link in the description, or text czsworld to 500-500.", "After one of the women, Laura, finds a secret basement, Daniel joins the group to investigate, and they find a mannequin with a note for Obi, explaining the rules of his furnace trap, where he was unsuccessful in obtaining 2 antidotes.", "Laura starts getting woozy after this and Daniel encourages her not to stop and rest.", "He offers her a sense of optimism which shows Jigsaw that the way he behaves with his dad really is just a result of him lashing out and he is genuinely a good kid.", "Daniel asks Amanda why she was chosen for the game, and she tells of how she was a junkie who was once framed for possession, but Daniel does not yet know that it was really his father who put her behind bars.", "That’s gonna be an AWKWARD CONVERSATION if it ever comes up.", "... One of the other guys comes to let them know they found an unlocked door, and Daniel displays his kind heart once again by helping the deteriorating Laura down the stairs.", "The next game is for Xavier, but he selfishly throws Amanda into the pit instead, which Daniel bravely helps her climb out of, even in the shadow of Xavier’s deteriorating sanity.", "As they search for the next room, the group tries to figure out one of Jigsaw’s clues by determining what it is that they all have in common.", "The only shared thread seems to be that all of them have been to jail... of of them, except Daniel.", "But as it turns out... Daniel is the very reason that each of them are linked.", "The reason is unveiled when Laura finds the X. X marks the spot.", "“You are a-- Shut up, that meme is outdated!", "The X marks the spot of a photograph proving that Daniel is the son of Eric and each of these criminals clearly remembers Eric Matthews as the man who framed them and got them locked up, so they aren’t too happy with the whole Matthews family in general.", "To be fair though, they still all did commit crimes, they just weren’t the same crimes that each of them was imprisoned for.", "And to be honest, it’s not like the teenager Daniel really has any control over the actions of his father.", "So maybe they don’t have to be upset with -- \"OPEN THE ****ING DOOR!!\"", "Nope, they’re still mad.", "Laura didn’t last long after that.", "Xavier goes off on his own and begins hunting down the others, so Amanda takes Daniel under her wing.", "They barricade themselves back in the original room and discover a trap door under the safe.", "Big brain Daniel is the one to to remember that when Amanda originally found the tape recorder, there was a key alongside it, and that key is good to unlock the trap door and gain access to the basement.", "At this point Xavier has picked off all the others, and he chases after them in an effort to collect the numbers shaved into the back of each of their heads.", "Remember the clue: the numbers are in the back of your mind.", "Eventually they make it to the bathroom, where Daniel does what Adam did in that very same room one year earlier and plays dead, in order to gain the upper hand with a surprise attack on Xavier.", "So yeah.", "Daniel kills a man at age 14 or however old he is.", "Let’s give it up for Daniel for being a bad***.", "Don’t even type “F” in the comments for Xavier, let’s just get a big fat BRUH in the chat for Daniel.", "What a little trooper.", "With that, the game is over.", "Daniel’s health is dangerously low, so Amanda gives him the heart container...", "I mean a dose of the antidote to get him through until the doors open.", "We don’t actually see this happen, but I’m assuming that’s what goes down, because the needle can be found later on.", "Amanda helps Daniel get to safety by transporting him to Jigsaw’s workshop at the Wilson Steel Plant, where he’s given an oxygen mask and stowed away in a safe.", "I’m guessing the oxygen mask was both to help him clear the nerve gas from his system and to keep him breathing in the tiny airspace of the safe, where he would stay until the following day.", "Later that afternoon, Eric is feeling apologetic about the argument he had with his son, and tries to ahold of him, but is obviously unsuccessful.", "His former partner and mistress Alison Kerry calls him in to the case of a murder, and the victim is a man named Michael Marks, an informant that Matthews has used in the past.", "Upon arriving at the crime scene, Matthews is dismissive.", "Even though this is someone that he knows, he doesn’t seem to care a whole lot.", "I think this is because his head isn’t in the moment.", "He’s thinking about his relationship with his son.", "He’s distracted by the pressure of his wife’s lawyers.", "And being around Kerry probably reminds him of his biggest mistake.", "(Or at least what he thinks is his biggest mistake at that point.)", "It’s not until Kerry points it out that he notices that Jigsaw has left him a little message.", "Roll it.", "\"Look closer Detective Matthews.\"", "\"At what?\"", "\"Ask whoever wrote it.\"", "Kerry spends the rest of that day trying to bring him onto the Jigsaw case, but Eric can’t be bothered with it, telling her about all the other stresses he’s dealing with.", "Still, the images of the crime scene stuck in his head that night until he eventually has an epiphany.", "The steel used in the trap reminded him of a case from his past at the Wilson Steel Plant.", "The next day he finally gets out of the office and turns up in person for the SWAT raid at Wilson Steel.", "Thinking he has gotten the upper hand against Jigsaw he leans in close, and asks, “Is this close enough?” This line demonstrates Mathews’ obsession with power, which is one of the reasons that he’s in the mess he’s in in the first place.", "He can’t just catch Jigsaw, he has to gloat over him, but little does he know, the battle has only just begun.", "Unlike the previous criminals he was able to frame, arrest, and drop easy convictions on, Eric Matthews had finally met his match with Jigsaw.", "Matthews’s men are about to take John Kramer away, but John tells him he’ll need to remain in place while Eric deals with a problem in the other room, a series of monitors showing the events of the game in the Nerve Gas House.", "Eric doesn’t recognise the other criminals that he'd put away over the years, but he does recognize his son, so he confronts Jigsaw in a rage.", "John simply asks Eric for some of his time for a one on one talk, and promises if he can do that he’ll get his son back.", "“You’ll find your son in a safe and secure state.” Is that a little pun from Jigsaw?", "Because Daniel's in a safe; literally, in a safe?", "His first instinct is to attack Jigsaw.", "Again, this tells us a lot about Matthews, even without seeing much of his past in the canon.", "Psychologists often use a person’s first reaction to make an analysis about them, that’s why those Rorschach tests are helpful to make a diagnosis.", "Showing Eric Matthews his son in danger is essentially Jigsaw’s Rorschach test.", "When Eric threatens violence, John reminds him that he’s already got cancer, so hand to hand violence seems pretty insignificant to him.", "Jigsaw’s game is simply to test Eric’s restraint.", "If he could sit there and talk to the man that was responsible for his son’s kidnapping, he would pass.", "But if he resorted to dirty tactics, like he did to arrest the other criminals who had been in the Nerve Gas House and the other victims of his police brutality, he would be punished.", "Matthews is quickly losing his patience though, so Kerry tries to get him to take a logical approach by threatening to destroy the blueprints of Jigsaw’s traps, but when Matthews puts this into practice he takes the big, angry, create a spectacle approach, which is no match for John’s cool, casual, intelligent tactics.", "“How will you get your conviction without all of this evidence, Eric?” The difference in Matthews approach and what Kerry had in mind is symbolic of the difference between a good cop and a dirty cop, as well as the difference between someone who has studied Jigsaw and understands him versus someone who has actively avoided what would become the biggest case the city has ever seen.", "John’s intention is to tactfully point this out and make Eric realize the error of his ways, so as a clue, he tells him to look inside of a drawer in the other room, which contains the arrest files of everyone in the game.", "Unfortunately for Eric, he still doesn’t get the point, and when he notices Xavier going after Daniel and Amanda on the monitors, he loses control, and goes full Bashurverse on the Meltdown Meter.", "“You ****ing win okay!?", "I'll ****ing go!", "I’LL GOOOO!!", "!” He goes into the room with John alone, beats him up and breaks his finger.", "He breaks the walkie-talkie in what I see as an attempt to communicate to John that he no longer wishes to play by the rules, if brutality is what it takes, Eric is more than willing to go there.", "When he sticks his gun in John’s mouth, John has seen enough.", "“Game over.” He offers to take him to the house where the game was held.", "If Eric had just held on and done things by the book for a little bit longer he would see that the game on the screens is already over and his son is tucked away safely.", "When they arrive at the house, John gives Eric a key, which he uses to storm in and find the photo of him and his son.", "He ends up searching until he finds himself underground in the dilapidated bathroom, polluted by the bodies those tested and failed before him, and clouded by Eric’s dark desperation to locate his son.", "I would guess that clouding is the reason he momentarily lets his guard down when he sees a pale hand at the edge of the bathtub, perhaps thinking that Daniel was incapacitated under the robes and pig mask.", "In reality, it was Amanda, who injects him with a powerful narcotic before he got the chance to retaliate.", "He next wakes up unarmed, with a chain around his ankle tethering him to the pipe against the wall.", "The exact position Adam Stanheight had been left in one year earlier.", "Beside him he finds a tape, but unlike the tapes he neglected to study during the previous investigations of Jigsaw murders, this one emanates the voice of Amanda Young, who condemns him for framing her on a drug charge for which she was not guilty.", "Amanda has become a disciple of Jigsaw, and Eric was her first test subject.", "The final words of her tape say, “now you are locked away, helpless and alone,” and I find this to be an excellent example of the punishment fitting the crime.", "After putting so many guilty people behind bars the easy way by fudging the evidence, Eric would now be the one who is locked up at the mercy of one of the people he has wronged.", "As this is going on, time expires on Eric’s game and the safe back at the steel plant pops open, setting Daniel free after having passed his test.", "“Game over.” With Jigsaw’s games, there is always a chance for redemption, Amanda’s first game would be no different.", "He finds a flashlight and the hacksaw.", "Looking around the room tells him what his options are.", "He sees the bodies of Xavier and Adam, and the foot of Dr. Gordon.", "He could choose to take the easy route and spend the rest of his days in the bathroom, or suffer through the pain of the trap and hurt himself to escape.", "Mathews gets the gun but it’s not loaded.", "He’s unable to bring himself to cut his foot off, but he finds the toilet lid and uses it to crush the bone in his foot so he can slide it out of the shackle.", "I mean, I guess he did this because it’s faster, but it doesn’t really seem less painful at all.", "It seems like it might be more painful.", "Let me know in the comments what you would prefer though.", "He’s able to do what my cousin was unable to after a hefty Thanksgiving dinner, and make his way out of the bathroom.", "But like my cousin, his suffering for that evening did not end there, because Eric Matthews would encounter an enemy on the other side of that door.", "Detective Matthews, after finding a pipe that he uses as a crutch, continues to search for his son Daniel, but what he finds instead is his captor, Amanda and the two engage in a physical altercation.", "Matthews finds himself in position to take her out before his broken foot becomes an issue.", "And then... he bites Amanda’s leg for some reason.", "“AHHHHH!” \"This is delicious!\"", "He gets a hold of Amanda and it seems his old ways have not changed, because he tries to beat the location of Daniel out of her.", "She refuses to cooperate, and he’s about to finish her off when she goes for his weak foot and scrambles away.", "Amanda is going to leave him like that, but even in excruciating pain, Matthews true nature shines through, and once again he can’t just leave things be.", "“You’re not Jigsaw *****.", "You hear me?", "You’re nothing!” Amanda comes back and we don’t see exactly what happens after that, but Jigsaw would later describe her actions as ‘leaving him for dead’, so I’d say she mostly likely attempted to kill him.", "She even believes he's dead after those events, but he’s actually able to survive somehow, partially thanks to John Kramer going back into the house and, as he puts it, cleaning up Amanda’s mistake.", "What happens next is not really in line with the usual treatment of those who survive one of Jigsaw’s games though.", "Rather than immediately attempting to convert Matthews into one of his followers, I think John realizes that Amanda’s test did not work on Matthews.", "He had not rehabilitated like the other survivors had, because he still tried to use force to obtain the location of his son after escaping.", "He's put into a cell down the hall in order to reflect on his crimes, where he is given an orange jumpsuit to bring him down to the level of those he imprisoned.", "He’s also given a foot brace and he’s periodically fed some kind of goop through a small slot.", "Matthews is deliberately kept alive for the next six months.", "And he makes a furry little friend.", "His confinement would end on April 28th, 2006, when he’s taken to the Gideon Meat Packing Plant for another game; another chance at redemption.", "He’s forced to barefoot on a large block of ice with a noose around his neck as a timer in the room counts down from 90 minutes.", "As he takes in more of his surroundings, he realizes that his fellow officer, Detective Mark Hoffman is strapped down to a chair beside him.", "Another man walks into the room and pulls a chain, which activates a contraption on the ceiling above Matthews.", "Eventually, after all he had been through, he can’t take it anymore, and steps off the ice block to try to off himself and end his own suffering.", "This gets the captor’s attention and he picks Eric back up onto the ice block, explaining that if he doesn’t weigh down the block, the water melted off of the ice will run down hill and electrocute his friend Detective Hoffman.", "Eric reluctantly decides to stay put, not wanting to sacrifice the life of another just so he can take the easy way out.", "This part highlights the dynamic aspect of Matthews character.", "In his first game he’s made out to be selfish and lazy, but he clearly does care about his son, and I think the same can be said about his comrade Hoffman.", "With just under 20 minutes left on the timer, Matthews pretends to lose consciousness, once again drawing the attention of the captor, but this time when he uses the close proximity to attack him.", "He holds his feet down, again, saving Hoffman from electrocution, and tells Matthews, “I’m not the one you gotta worry about, you understand me?” He divulges a little more information, telling Matthews and Hoffman that there’s another guy being tested, and if he passes, all of them get to go free.", "By making Eric stand on the ice block for 90 minutes, Jigsaw is testing his will to live after being locked up for 6 months.", "With the next phase of the game, he’s going to test if Matthews learned anything in their previous game -- if he’s learned to restrain himself and let justice play out as Jigsaw intends it to, or if he’s going to interfere and take punishments into his own hands like he did with the seven criminals and with Jigsaw himself back at the Wilson Steel Plant.", "To do this, Jigsaw has instructed the captor to hand Eric a gun and a bullet.", "With 19 minutes and six seconds remaining, he gives Matthews the power to make his own choice on what he wants to do with it.", "When the timer gets below one minute, their captor takes out a red button, which is supposed to release them from their traps after the time expires, as long as the fourth guy doesn’t come through the door.", "Matthews spots the other guy running up beyond the translucent glass and tries to yell out to warn him not to open it, but with just two seconds left, the man, SWAT Officer Rigg (who is another one of their fellow law enforcement guys) charges the door to break it down.", "As a last ditch effort, Matthews shoots the glass, but this would not be enough to save him.", "Upon the opening of the door the contraption him is released, and two huge ice blocks swing down and crush his head, putting an end to his long six months of suffering.", "In the end, it seems that Eric Matthews story is kind of a tragic one.", "In the beginning he’s stubborn and does things his way, but ultimately pays the price for it, having to break his own foot and suffer six months of solitary confinement to survive, only to make it to a test where he suffered even more, only to find out his life was in the hands of Officer Rigg the whole time.", "I think the argument can be made that by the time Rigg came through that door, Matthews actually had rehabilitated in a way.", "He shows an act of selflessness by suffering to keep Hoffman alive even when he no longer wanted to go on, and he did manage to play by the rules during his second game.", "One thing I find interesting is that Jigsaw’s victims usually do have some chance to redeem themselves, but Matthews life seemed to be entirely in the hands of Rigg.", "The event of Rigg coming through the door and Matthews firing the gun all happens at once, so I’m wondering if maybe it’s possible that Matthews was actually given a second chance.", "Maybe there are actually two requirements that must be met in order for the ice blocks above his head to be released.", "The first is obviously for Rigg to come through the door before time expires.", "As for the second, let’s say that there's a microphone in the room somewhere use to detect any loud noises above 140dB, so if Matthews end up firing the gun, the device detects that as the second requirement to release the ice blocks.", "Of course, this isn’t shown anywhere in the movie, this is just an idea that I had, but I think it falls more in line with Jigsaw’s values.", "So that ends the story of Eric Matthews, but perhaps the Matthews name lives on... because as far as we know, Matthews son Daniel is still alive.", "As we know, survivors of Jigsaw’s game often become his followers, his disciples, the ones to carry out his legacy.", "Perhaps we will see Daniel Matthews again in a future Saw movie... or perhaps we already have.", "At the end of Saw 7, spoiler alert if you haven’t watched that far for some reason... (And yes, I’m aware it’s called Saw 3D: The Final Chapter or whatever; I prefer to call it Saw 7) But yeah, at the end of Saw 7 we learn that Dr. Lawrence Gordon has been helping Jigsaw behind the scenes all along, and he captures Hoffman with the aid of two masked henchman.", "I know in the deleted scenes it turns out to be these two cucks, but there’s a reason that scenes are deleted, and intended storylines do change as the Saw series plays out sometimes.", "As far as I’m concerned, the identity of these two is up in the air as far as the canon goes for future installments.", "In the past I’ve theorized that one of them could be Logan Nelson, but I think another possibility for the true identity of one of these henchman could be... none other than... Bradley Donovan -- I’ll see you all tomorrow night!", "Assuming we both survive!" ]

[ "Intro", "The Birth of Eric Matthews", "Eric's Meltdown", "Daniel Plays The Nerve Gas House Game", "Eric's Big Test", "Confinement", "The Trial of Daniel Rigg", "The Matthews Name Lives On" ]

[ "Hello everyone, welcome to JetBrains Connect – topics and talk from across the landscape of technology.", "Today on JetBrains Connect: Subject matter experts are everywhere, serving accountants, medical researchers, financial experts, systems engineers.", "They are frequently the advisers of software we write.", "They tell software developers what are the business rules to code.", "Should they be participants in development, using domain-specific languages?", "I’m your host Paul Everitt.", "Today I’m joined by Václav Pech, JetBrains Developer Advocate for MPS.", "Welcome, Václav.", "Hello.", "Thank you for inviting me.", "I'm happy to be here discussing these topics.", "This is going to be fun with both of our guests, because they know each other.", "Also joining us today, Markus Völter, expert in the areas of language engineering...", "Language engineering!", "That sounds great!...", "domain-specific languages and model-driven software development, and speaker, podcaster, and organizer on this very topic.", "Welcome, Markus.", "Thank you very much for having me.", "Looking forward to the discussion.", "Guests go first on JetBrains Connect.", "Markus, you've written in this field, spoken in this field, consulted in this field, all for years, maybe I should say decades.", "Give us a little of your personal and programming background.", "First of all, I should emphasize that I also actually wrote some code in this field.", "I didn't just speak and talk and advise.", "I actually did some work as well.", "So I started programming, I guess, when I was 12 years old.", "Like many of us.", "I made some money programming while I was in school.", "And then, for some reason, I don't really completely remember, I studied technical physics.", "I don't know why.", "But then I also did programming while I was studying, made money on the side while I did that.", "And since when I finished in '99, I was mostly self-employed.", "I did enterprise web applications earlier, but then also did embedded stuff.", "And then over the last 15 years, I specialized in all things modeling, code generation, language definition.", "I started with UML and then moved over to graphical, textual languages.", "And now, last ten years, I mostly worked with MPS, building these kinds of subject matter–oriented DSLs you mentioned.", "Great.", "Thanks, Markus.", "We're fortunate to have your experience with us today, but also, as we might touch on later, some of the \"next steps\" in DSL advocacy.", "Václav, you've also been in this field, speaking a lot, doing a whole bunch of stuff.", "Helping shape our MPS product is kind of an exemplar, I guess, of this topic.", "Tell us a little bit about yourself.", "Oh, sure.", "Yeah, actually... Well, I joined JetBrains quite some time ago.", "It's almost 18 years when I joined JetBrains.", "And all that time I worked on several different projects, mostly as a developer and also as a developer advocate.", "And then in 2009, I joined the JetBrains MPS project, because it was a project that actually was far beyond my comfort zone at that time.", "Because I used to be a server-side Java developer, so that was my domain.", "And, well, MPS is a totally different beast.", "It's a rich-client Java application.", "It's a tool that allows you to create languages.", "So I had to learn a lot of new things, a lot of new theory.", "So it was really a challenge and it still is, you know, to apply... to learn and apply all the theory that's behind languages and stuff like that.", "So I frequently meet challenges, and that's what I like about that.", "Just out of curiosity, how long have the two of you known each other?", "I know.", "Markus, do you?", "No, go ahead, if you have something concrete in your mind.", "Actually, it was back in two thousand... well, now I'm not sure... seven or eight, when I was doing developer advocacy for IntelliJ IDEA and TeamCity.", "And I was visiting a conference in Munich.", "And you were there, and you were already enthusiastic about MPS, and you knew about MPS more than I did back then.", "OK, I probably don't remember...", "I mean, we certainly got in touch early on when I and the people in Stuttgart started using MPS.", "I'm sure that's certainly when we also met in that context then.", "Yeah.", "But this was really by accident, right?", "We met at a conference.", "All right, thanks, Václav, and as a reminder for everybody, this topic is going to take some thinking.", "We'll tell the story and get into the core issue, but what really matters, of course, is what you think.", "Give us some comments down below about today's topic.", "We're talking about domain-specific languages, or DSLs, and model-driven software.", "For this episode, we'll use \"DSL\" as kind of a shorthand for the entire field.", "But what we're really talking about is tooling for subject matter experts.", "Markus, help us get oriented with a brief history tour of this field.", "So, a domain-specific language is a language that is optimized, specialized for a particular purpose – that's the domain.", "And so it omits all the language features that you don't need in that domain.", "For example, it might not have for loops or monads.", "I guess, most languages don't need monads.", "Sorry.", "It also adds additional first-class concepts that are relevant in that domain.", "And then the idea is that when you write code, it's easier because you don't have to deal with the stuff that would just add complexity that we don't need in the DSL and it has direct abstractions for lots of the stuff that's relevant in the domain.", "And so therefore programs become shorter, they become easier to analyze, because they're semantically richer relative to that domain, and therefore productivity is increased.", "And historically, these DSLs have been built for various technical purposes, starting from database queries, HTML, CSS, SQL, all of these things we've all seen before.", "What is a relatively newer idea is to build these languages so that non-programmers can use them, people who know a lot about their particular subject matter and domain, who contribute to software, as you said in the introduction, but who are not software engineers.", "So how can we build languages that these people can use, they can understand, they can be productive with without making them programmers?", "That's the challenge.", "So Václav, that's the background on the field, and maybe you'll have some comments on that.", "Markus, as he's explained it to me, one thing that really jumps out to me is, we're taking their words, their concepts, their entities, and making them almost like first-class language constructs.", "You're a developer advocate, which means part of your job is listening to the market, what people value, etc.", "We're zooming in on \"subject matter experts.\"", "Can you help us understand this group and their needs?", "All right, sure, yeah, I can.", "These people are experts in their particular domains.", "So they are everywhere.", "You can find them in any domain, you can find them in any field, like medicine, construction, tax, accounting – everywhere.", "People who understand their domain, they are experts in their domain.", "And now they are in a situation where they actually want to build some software that works for that particular domain.", "And, well, that's a task for developers, because, you know, these folks don't write code, that's not their profession, so they hire programmers to do that and they somehow have to communicate their needs to them.", "So that is the whole purpose of domain-specific languages – give them the means, the tooling to communicate to the developers in an unambiguous way, so that, you know, the description of their needs, of their requirements is formalized.", "So, you know, there's a lot of differences between how the domain experts think about, you know, the problem that they're trying to solve and how developers do that.", "You know, there's one difference, very obvious and very visible, is the difference in notations.", "We programmers, when we write software, we use textual notation.", "So we write code, and code typically is textual, organized into blocks, slightly indented.", "So it's a structured textual sort of description, while out in the domains, there are many different notations there.", "So there's notations, you know, like symbolic.", "Look at math, mathematical symbols.", "This is something that's been here for centuries.", "Yet when we write code in Java, we can't use these symbols, because they are not keywords in any programming language.", "So it's sort of a shame on us.", "Then these domain experts, they also like tabular notations, diagrams, you know, or text that uses positioning, fixed positioning on a screen, sort of like a form.", "And that is the notation they are used to from their domain.", "So if you ask domain experts to describe the domain to programmers or with domain-specific languages to actually describe it to the system formally, they still want to use these notations, because that's what they've grown up with, that's what they are used to, that's what's the most suitable notation for the domain that's developed over a long period of time.", "Also, the domain experts, unlike us developers, they don't mind being constrained in how they express their thoughts.", "We programmers tend to use free-form text.", "They don't mind constrained language and constrained flow or workflow, through which they enter the information.", "So, yeah, there are differences, they are different people.", "It's interesting that you started with notation, because some real programmers might say, \"Well, it's just syntax.", "Who cares?\"", "Well, the point is, non-programmers care.", "It's the UX of the language.", "It's how they interact with the abstractions that are relevant in the domain.", "And so both from a kind of marketing/convincing perspective, but also substantially, the notation is important.", "If you look into law, legal text, or any other domain in formal description, you find tables everywhere for data, but also for complex decision-making.", "Why can't we have them in code?", "This is a very important point.", "- Just to re-emphasize what Václav said.", "- Markus, could you follow up on... You've talked about subject matter experts, but this other genre, say, gurus, that there's kind of like two hats maybe that they wear.", "So, let's try to structure this whole space a little bit.", "So there are the end users.", "End users get some kind of software.", "Let's say they get some kind of web application where they can enter a bunch of financial data, and then the web application generates a tax declaration for end users.", "So then the question is, how does the whole bunch of tax rules – and there are many, many, many, many, many, as people always joke, Germany's tax law is more complicated than the rest of the world's tax law composed.", "I'm not sure it's true.", "But good joke.", "So how do all these rules get from the law, from the description in some fat, thick binders, how does that get into the software?", "That's where the subject matter experts come into play.", "We give them a tool with which they can concisely express these rules and test them, so that they have a direct path, as Václav said, from brain, through DSL, to software.", "Now, the question is, where does this language come from that they use?", "Who builds the DSL, who builds the tool?", "And on the one hand side, these are software people, software language engineers, people who know how to use MPS, for example, or Xtext, to build languages.", "But how do they know which abstractions to put into the language to make it suitable for these subject matter experts?", "Programmers don't know.", "So that's where the guru comes in.", "The guru is an especially experienced subject matter expert or a small group.", "We joked earlier about this guy called Herman in a previous project, who would retire in two years.", "So it was important to basically suck out Herman's brain and put it into the DSL.", "So these are, as I call them sometimes, gurus.", "They are really experienced domain experts who can think not just in terms of specific rules that go into domain, but also in generalizations, how the domain works in general, because that's what needs to go into the language.", "And so we need these people together with software language engineers, to craft the language itself, which subject matter experts then use.", "You're making me think of, instead of DSL, it's BSL for \"brain-sucking language,\" but maybe that won't catch on.", "The word \"sucking\" in any product description is probably rather negatively connotated, but the \"brain\" thing is good.", "And seriously, I mean, the challenge is, how do you get the mental model that experts have in their mind – how do you make that executable?", "That's what software is.", "And when both of you were explaining this to me, it reminded me of my days as a content management consultant.", "And in the example scenario you just gave, if I was writing a system for lawyers, by the end of the project, I'd be an expert in law, because they would have to go to the whiteboard, offload everything to me, and that's not the way that this should be structured.", "They should be a participant in the software development process, creating actionable artifacts, not whiteboard drawings.", "- Is that right?", "- Yes, correct.", "And I think, Václav, you're going to talk about this a little bit later in the discussion, in the examples, is that right?", "- That's my plan, right.", "- All right.", "Great.", "So thanks, both of you, for giving us a tour on DSLs, who it's for, what do they value, which is really the key of this episode.", "Now that we have the back story on DSLs, let's get to the core issue.", "Subject matter experts, or SMEs – highly trained, highly valuable to their fields.", "And there are a lot more of them than there are of us in software.", "They're frequently the advisors of software development, sort of like the Herman that Markus just described for us.", "Could they be direct participants in software development, using domain-specific languages?", "If so, what would that look like?", "Markus, you first.", "Make the case for letting the SMEs drive the car.", "You know, the funny thing is, if we talk about it this way, it's totally obvious.", "How do you not allow these people, who have the experience, to directly contribute?", "Also, if you will, programming language development has always been about finding better abstractions, to be more expressive, to be able to express software in a more compact way.", "But we've always kind of slewed this to computer science-y things, right?", "We started with Assembly and then we had functions, and eventually we end up with monads.", "So we became more and more expressive.", "We built languages that are more and more composable, but in some sense we moved them further and further away from anything concrete that is close to any, you know, actual real domain.", "So I think we should use these highly powerful languages to build stuff that subject matter experts can then use to express what they care about.", "And the challenge is, how do we get them to want to do this?", "The language cannot have curly braces, because then it looks like programming.", "They don't want to be programmers.", "They tell me that all the time.", "We have to give them the ability to test their stuff.", "They have to take responsibility for this.", "They can no longer say, \"Well, I meant it this way, but then the developer understood it wrong, and now the code is broken.\"", "No longer possible.", "It's not their responsibility.", "So there is lots of cultural changes.", "There are also tooling challenges.", "How do you build tools that are friendly for these people?", "You don't want five million buttons and twenty refactoring menus.", "So there's lots of UX issues.", "But fundamentally, in my opinion, it is totally obvious to keep the subject matter separate from all the programming low-level stuff.", "Václav, before commenting on what Markus just said and then getting to your point, I'm thinking of a cartoon where on the left side you have all these SMEs saying, \"Important law thing!", "Important law thing!\"", "And on the right you have the programmer hearing, \"Monad!", "Monad!\"", "You know, all roads will ultimately lead to a monad.", "Václav, do you have anything you want to add to what Markus was just saying?", "I think Markus is totally right.", "And it looks obvious to us, because we've been living in this world and we've been seeing the benefits of this approach in reality.", "But, you know, I believe it is difficult to imagine the benefits if you haven't seen it yet.", "If you haven't seen it before, if it's new to you, then you might not see the benefits.", "So, really, you know, the use cases, the success stories is what actually should be heard.", "And that's what probably can convince people and can show them that there is this option.", "Or you might not believe the success.", "We have cases where productivity actually increases by a factor of 10.", "Not in all domains, not in all projects.", "It was something that is particularly well-suited.", "But if you tell people we accelerated by a factor of ten, they'll chalk it off as stupid marketing, they just won't believe it.", "- Right.", "- It's funny.", "And something like that, if it winds up being true, it could only be true by a real paradigm shift in the way the system was constructed.", "Václav, you and the MPS team... By the way, the \"M\" in MPS does not stand for \"monad,\" right?", "- No.", "- Yep, it does.", "You and the MPS team at JetBrains spend your time exactly on this to make tools that folks like Markus can use to then build tools that put the SMEs in charge.", "Nothing specific, really, about MPS.", "But this class of software, I think you refer to it as \"language workbenches.\"", "What makes it unique about actually getting that 10x and bringing the SMEs into the process?", "Yeah, perhaps I'll start with a small example, so that people who've never seen this before can build some concrete picture in their heads.", "It typically helps me when I'm trying to get the message across, so maybe it will work in a podcast as well.", "Imagine a system that is supposed to answer the phone for an organization.", "You call in, and it gives you the options: \"press one for invoices,\" \"press two for...\" whatever, you know, \"speaking to the operator,\" and things like that.", "Now, this is a tool that is typically used by people in the marketing department, because they know how to structure the menu, they know what they want to promote.", "So this is something that they can define.", "However, if you look at the systems that are out there, the systems you connect to the phone line to answer the phone calls, these systems are configured in a highly technical way.", "You have to configure it with a file that is really sort of a highly technical thing.", "So something marketing people typically will not be willing to learn and maintain.", "So you have the problem of the business domain is way different from the implementation domain.", "You have to bridge it.", "So, you know, one way to bridge it is you create a modeling tool, a modeling tool for the marketing people where they can specify the menus.", "They can define the menu and submenu, give them the number one, two, and three and what should be set in that particular place in the menu.", "And ideally, they can not only just type it, but they have all the bells and whistles of an editing tool.", "So you've got all the options like code completion, you've got error checking.", "So if you by some mistake omit a number, you say, \"One: invoices, two: something else, and then \"four: something else,\" and \"five: something else,\" you forget three.", "Now, you would like to have some sort of error, a warning telling you, \"Hey, you omitted number three.\"", "So, yeah, things like that.", "You might also be willing to have tests, so that the marketing people, they can write tests.", "I mean, tests are nothing specific to programming.", "It's a natural approach, that if you do something, you would like to test that it is correct.", "And in this example, the test can look just like a sequence of button presses.", "So a test can say, \"If I press one, one, one, two, I want to be in the \"Direct call to the CEO\" option.", "So you want to be able to write tests like that and run them, and they will tell you whether your expectation that you get to a certain entry in the menu is correct or not.", "And then it is a task of some code generation that will take this high-level sort of thing and put it into the real implementation code.", "So this would be a modeling tool.", "Now, what is the role of a language workbench?", "Well, you can create these modeling tools from scratch or you can use a language workbench to have them created much more easily and faster.", "So that is the goal for language workbenches.", "You can think of them as meta-modeling tools that allow you to basically create modeling languages and tools fairly easily.", "You can almost think of them as metaprogramming systems, right?", "Which is, I guess, where the name comes from.", "But another way of looking at this is that developing languages and their IDEs is, if you will, just another domain.", "So MPS is basically a set of DSLs where the domain for which they are built is the domain of language definition.", "It's one of these nice meta circular things that computer scientists like.", "But the point is that, as Václav said, if you want to do something very specific, something very specialized – language definition – it's probably not a good idea to open your C IDE and start.", "You probably want to start with a bunch of languages and abstractions that are specifically tailored for that kind of problem.", "And that's what MPS is.", "And just to be clear, Václav, this thing you're describing isn't some mythical example.", "You gave a talk, I think, in 2017, where you described this IVR IDE project, and two interns with no familiarity whatsoever tackled this.", "How did they do?", "Yeah, that was actually their assignment for their internship.", "And they started with zero knowledge of languages and language engineering and the tool that they would be using.", "And I think it was in two months, less than two months, they had their system done.", "They learned everything and they created a modeling tool that is usable and that really generates runnable code.", "And let me describe this back in the way it would have been without this class of software.", "And Markus, you give me the interpretation, tell me if I've got it right.", "I'm a consultant and I'm going to build your IVR system for you.", "You encode everything on the whiteboard or a Google doc and then walk away.", "I, as a programmer, have to figure out your IVR system and then deliver it to you, maybe I've got some forms or whatever, but you're out of the picture at that point, right?", "Well, I mean, you sound a little bit waterfally.", "You give a spec and then you go away, and then after some time, the developer throws something over the fence and you catch it.", "But even if it was agile, my role is to advise, not participate.", "Yeah, but I wanted to emphasize, because sometimes the whole modeling and DSL story is put a little bit in contradiction to agile.", "So I'm very sensitive whenever it sounds like that.", "So, of course, the idea is that even if you don't use DSLs, you would basically team up, the software people and the domain people, and try to work together.", "But it would still be in this way, that the domain person would do something informal – sketches, diagrams, a little bit of description, and then you as a developer would think about it, formalize it, hopefully find some inconsistencies and then code it up.", "And the idea is to change that, to keep the software person completely out of the loop here after they have built languages and generators and execution platforms and all the other \"-ilities\" they want to care about.", "But then for every particular instance, for every stupid tax rule, you don't have to care about as a software engineer, the domain people do that themselves.", "They might run into a problem with the generator, because it has a bug.", "Then you fix it as a software person.", "There is another benefit, which I just briefly like to mention.", "What is a legacy system, Paul?", "How would you define \"legacy system\"?", "Something that has been online for more than 10 seconds.", "OK, that's this kind of joking, cynical description, which, of course, is true.", "It's also, like, \"the code I wrote 10 minutes ago,\" right?", "But a bit more seriously, legacy systems are obviously systems that have been running for a while.", "But the problem with them is that often \"legacy\" usually means you want to replace it with something newer, which basically means you want to run the same functionality in a new technical language, environment, framework, and so on.", "So what you have to do is you have to re-extract that subject matter from that running system, from that old code, because requirements documents – they're long gone and they're outdated.", "So now you have to kind of unscramble the scrambled egg and extract the egg white and the egg yolk, so you can take the yolk, mix it with new white, new technology.", "And that's extremely painful.", "You should rather keep the subject matter stuff completely separate forever and treat the final software as a disposable artifact.", "Also from an architecture perspective, which software people might care more about than the subject matter happiness, it's a really good idea.", "And I guess I'll add to your analogy – the scrambled egg retired.", "You can't even go find the original egg that got scrambled.", "You talk about eggheads?", "OK, so I think we're good on explaining.", "Part of the key point of this that both of you were making is, we actually want to bring software development principles and machinery, like refactorings and debugging, into the business rules part rather than just put it on a whiteboard and I'll have to figure it out during this agile stuff.", "Yeah, exactly.", "In fact, the models, like the voice menu system or the tax law, it's stored in version control.", "You have it in Git, just like the other code, so really you apply the same principles to these high-level models.", "So instead of having a whiteboard, you have a whole Git history of how the model evolves over time.", "OK, let's go ahead and wrap up this background by just saying that it certainly feels like DSLs and language workbenches are really changing the footing between the programming side and the subject matter experts.", "Let's have an open discussion on some of the points.", "Let's start with something really specific.", "Taxes – very complicated field, constantly changing, lots of rules, and thus a huge professional class of business experts that we've been talking about.", "I think you can both talk quite a bit about applying these ideas to this domain and some other domains as well.", "Markus, you go first.", "It's also a great motivator for software people, because it's really, really boring to learn all these, you know.", "Seriously.", "It's very satisfying if you, as a software person, can focus on this meta stuff, on analyzing the domain, understanding the abstractions, and then encoding them in a language.", "And then the details can be filled in by the actual subject matter experts who take pride in understanding all the stuff we don't really care about.", "So, yeah, so we are working with a German service provider.", "They develop software which tax advisors then use.", "The company name is called DATEV.", "They have various departments, and two of them, one does salary calculations, like salary slips.", "They have been doing the MPS DSL stuff for a while.", "And now, well, also for a while now, there is the second department about creating text declarations, the thing you file in May I think in the US, right?", "There's this tax day somewhere.", "So the software that you can use or that a tax advisor can use – ten thousand data fields, hundreds of validation rules, hundreds of subject matter experts who will use this stuff, 30–40 different subfields, you know, kinds of tax executed finally in Java code in the cloud, and we are building a DSL and also already using that DSL where these subject matter experts can express the calculation rules, the data validation, but also the logic, the structure of UIs, and how to create certain reports and forms.", "So the complete subject matter workflow will be done with DSLs.", "And let me guess, whatever is the rate at which people master this, the rate at which it changes is \"plus one.\"", "\"The rate at which it changes is plus one\"?", "Meaning, the tax laws change constantly.", "Oh yeah, sure, absolutely.", "I mean, absolutely.", "Every year I think I heard about 10 or 20 percent of that logic changes in some way.", "And so there is also this requirement that they have to be able to reproduce tax declarations for ten years.", "They have to do a lot of versioning.", "And, I mean, it's funny how the domain, if you look at the specifics, like the actual tax rules, it's crazy and boring for people like me.", "But from an engineering perspective, from building the language, finding the right abstractions and all of that, it's quite interesting, actually.", "Václav, I think you have familiarity with this domain, but could you also mention some of the other domains that you know of, which have successfully applied this language engineering idea?", "Yeah, of course.", "Otherwise, it would look like, you know, this whole approach is only useful for taxes.", "- Yes.", "- Yeah.", "So, obviously there's numerous examples in many different domains.", "So perhaps I'll mention two.", "One of them is an insurance company.", "So they're in the insurance business, they've got experts on insurance, which, you know... there's a department of those.", "And they create various rules that describe the business.", "And historically they've done it in... you know, you can use any tool, but they were using Microsoft Word, at least this particular client.", "So in Microsoft Word, they wrote the rules for the business.", "And if you look at that, what they write, it's actually a function with some textual description, and it has some sort of parameters to accept values from other rules or from the system.", "And then there is some computation, some calculation in there.", "And, you know, the workflow was very fragile back then, before applying these domain-specific languages things, because they have to send these documents to an outsourcing company for manual coding into C, and then that code was actually made part of the system and compiled and run and tested.", "And obviously, you see the fragility – if something changes, either it has to change in the document or something is discovered in the code, when you run it, then you have to find... you have to match the code and the document and somehow reiterate, and it takes forever to reiterate.", "So now with a language workbench, they've got a tool that allows them to write code that is very similar to what they're used to from Word, it looks like a Word document.", "Actually, we made the syntax really look like Word, with bold and lines and stuff.", "Seriously, it looks like a Word document, which is absolutely useful in this case.", "For adoption purposes, that's brilliant.", "So that's for adoption, but you get benefits – you get code completion, for example.", "Sure, yeah.", "You get underlining.", "It tells you, \"You're wrong here.", "You're using a parameter that is actually not available in here.\"", "- It's tooling, right?", "- Right.", "And you didn't have to write it, because the workbench gave it to you.", "And you press a button, and you've got your C code.", "There's no need to manually do something.", "So that sort of Word document, which is not a Word document, is what is stored in Git, not the C code.", "That's a product of code generation that you can, you know, redo any time.", "So it's a sort of product of that.", "Let me briefly jump in.", "We basically call it crazy.", "How can you do right requirements documents and hoping that they are consistent, and then give it to... We kind of laughed about this ridiculous process that we use, but it gets even, in some sense, worse – both Václav and I, we've met domains where they noted that they have to become more formal.", "And then they hacked literally 25 pages of Boolean expressions, that are supposed to be a medical treatment algorithm, into Word, without any tool support, without the ability to execute.", "This is maybe even more ridiculous, right?", "I mean, it's like we're programming in Notepad without a compiler, but hoping to get it correct.", "It is crazy.", "This idea of manual intervention at every single turn might be good as a job preservation program.", "- Yeah, yeah.", "- Not really efficient.", "Let's move on.", "Markus, I believe you made the point with me.", "DSLs are about business things.", "Programming is about implementing those.", "Can you expand on that a little bit and kind of get a little specific about how you would sit down and actually do it?", "Yeah.", "So, an example from the healthcare domain.", "We worked with a company called Voluntis in the digital therapeutics field.", "Basically you get apps on your... where's the camera... on your phone.", "With that guide, you go through some kind of treatment.", "For example, you might go through chemotherapy, and you have to take your temperature a couple of times during the day, you have to say something about your appetite and stuff like that.", "So this thing basically guides you through and tells you, you know, \"Take this pill here, take the temperature again, please,\" or worst case, \"Call your doctor.", "The algorithm is out of ideas.\"", "So the healthcare experts, which would be the subject matter people, they describe when to ask the user what, when to recommend what, you know, judge certain responses – if at this time of the day, the temperature is above such and such, with this and this history, then that's kind of alarming.", "Stuff like that.", "And so they spend weeks writing these algorithms with the DSL, they play through them, they have a simulator – they even get a little simulator that looks like a phone, so it can actually play through the app.", "So that's the business-y thing, although \"business\" is the wrong word here.", "\"Subject matter,\" right?", "But then what is about software?", "Well, we have to run this on an iPhone.", "So we have to somehow get it to be able to work in the background, which kind of doesn't work on iPhones.", "So you have to reactivate the app from time to time if you want to remind the user to take their temperature.", "You can't have a background process.", "You have to actually make a calendar entry, so that iOS pops up a reminder.", "You want to be able to... you know, if the application goes to sleep, then you have to restart it with a certain state.", "This is all software stuff.", "These people, the domain people, don't care about it.", "So mapping from what it is they want to do to the iOS specifics in this case, that's what the software people do, that's what programming is about.", "Markus, we discussed that to get business people to use something, you have to build a notation, symbology, jargon, whatever you want to call it, that's close to what is in their domain, in order to get them to really adopt.", "What do you mean by this?", "Well, we already kind of hinted at a couple of things earlier in our conversation.", "Tables are really something subject matter people like.", "Any textbook, whatever domain, has lots of tables to all those things that can be represented systematically, almost formally, like certain conditions, and data in these conditions is tables.", "So replicating them one to one directly in code with all the lines and the headers and gray and bold and stuff.", "This is really nice.", "Another example: the tax law in Germany, to the degree it is systematic.", "It almost implies a certain tree structure.", "It says, \"Here's the income tax,\" and it's composed of dependent... like employee-style income and kind of self-employed income.", "I don't know the English terms.", "So there's kind of an ontology, a hierarchy is almost implied.", "There's almost a tree in the text.", "So the language we've built uses a tree-style notation, so that the code you write structurally almost directly resembles what you read from the law, if you understand it correctly, mixing that with the tables, which you sometimes can also find in the law, with direct support for notions like \"yearly\" or \"monthly,\" which you can assume is something you find a lot in tax law, because you have monthly income, you have yearly tax declarations.", "So all of these things clearly emphasize that or make clear that once you design the DSL well, the language is very close to the subject matter itself, both in abstraction, but also in the specific notations you choose.", "People told us, \"Before we introduced the DSL, we wrote almost like design documents.\"", "In Germany, they're called \"Pflichtenheft.\"", "The book of responsibilities for the developer.", "That's literally what it's called.", "Now they don't do this.", "- Sounds like a Monty Python skit.", "- Yeah, right.", "Now the code is so close to the domain that you don't need a design document.", "It's really helpful.", "Yeah, I mean, part of that is like, \"OK, great, it's a compact notation.\"", "But also kind of cognitively, you're really giving them a place to attach to, to grab on to.", "And on this point, Václav, DSLs, or maybe I should say the language workbench – I believe you stated it as having their kinds of things or a place to make their kinds of entities as first class language constructs in their language.", "But, as you said, with modern tooling that you get out of the box, you don't have to make it yourself.", "IDE support, completion, static analysis, meaningful type, meaningful error messages, I believe was a big point.", "So could you dive into a little bit about getting from talking about something to actually sitting in front of the language workbench and doing it?", "Well, I'll give you an example, why the tooling is so important.", "So, for example, when you have a physicist, a physicist who wants to manipulate some physical simulation, so they want to have objects, objects have some properties, these properties typically come with properties like mass, velocity, rotation.", "And, you know, these properties are not only some value, but they also come with physical units.", "And so you need to have a type system in the language that supports physical units, that gives the physicists confidence that they are not adding kilograms into where a distance is expected.", "So type system is a very important part of the language.", "Or you might call it \"tooling,\" but it's part of the language that helps a great deal.", "In DSLs that are more oriented towards economy, like accounting DSL, you might be manipulating elements like invoices, accounts, interests.", "Again, you might have numeric values, but here they mean typically money.", "So they are accompanied with currencies.", "And again, the type system should make sure that you're not adding currency... you're not adding amounts of different currencies together.", "So the type system is a very important part of surprisingly quite a large number of domain-specific languages.", "Then the error messages, the messages that tell you that something in your model is not valid, the instant feedback that you get from when you interact with your model, you create something and you instantly get back some sort of warning telling you, \"Hey, that's not right.\"", "\"Hey, maybe you've made a mistake here.\"", "\"You omitted a thing here.\"", "And you can actually do two kinds of validation here.", "You can either do prevention, so, well, your language can be constrained to a point where the user is actually not allowed to make that kind of mistake, because the language guides the user by whatever is offered, whatever the user can actually insert from a certain predefined set of options, and only the valid options are offered.", "So that is the rather restrictive approach, while the other approach is you give the user a little bit more freedom to create stuff.", "And then, you know, after the code has been changed or added, then you underline or highlight the problem and somehow indicate to the user that there is a problem.", "And with some kind of problems, you can actually offer automatic quick fixes, some way that the user can just press a button and the thing gets fixed.", "And if I can jump in, we have built systems where we have integrated rather advanced analyses, for example, for those people who have some background in formal methods, we've integrated SMT solvers and model checkers.", "Model checkers are particularly interesting because they can...", "I use a little bit of air quotes, they can \"prove\"... Because it's not an analytical proof, it's not a symbolic proof.", "But still they can give you a lot of confidence, I should probably say, that for all possible executions of a program, certain dangerous states, which you have to describe, what it means to be \"dangerous,\" will never be reached.", "And if you try to use these tools directly, you have to express your problem in a very low-level, mathematically inspired language, which basically nobody does, except if you're in university or at Microsoft Research or at NASA.", "No, really, I mean, it's these kind of people who publish about these things.", "If you hide the math behind a nice-looking language, which underneath is actually a state machine, so you can do model checking, this is really beneficial.", "And it has nothing to do with code completion or with code generation even.", "So it's advanced analyses packaged in a user-friendly way.", "Very powerful.", "Hey, let's jump right into this, maybe for both of you.", "What's it like for one of these people to sit in front of these tools?", "For example, a Herman.", "Well, I mean...", "Fundamentally, it looks like an IDE.", "It's like an IntelliJ, but with a different language.", "Which, by the way, is a little bit of a problem, because even if you define a nice language, if you give them a complicated-looking tool, they might be, you know, demotivated – not by the language, but by the stuff around it.", "Which is why, specifically for MPS, you can customize the UI to get rid of all the buttons you don't need.", "But basically it's like an IDE-ish kind of thing.", "And then they have editors and explorers and code completion, as Václav said.", "But when you press \"code completion,\" you don't get \"insert monad here.\"", "You get \"insert new insurance contract\" or \"insert new text rule\" or \"insert new validation rule.\"", "And then they play around with these things.", "They might have interpreters, they might have simulators, which they can use to play with this diagnostics algorithm I mentioned before.", "And then they can, for example, from playing through one of these healthcare treatment algorithms, they can record this and get the stub of a test case.", "They add a bunch of assertions and they have a test they can regression-execute on the build server.", "So the overall workflow is very much inspired by how software people work.", "You specify, you play with it, you write tests, you commit, you automatically run regressions, regression tests.", "But it's all with languages and abstractions and notations that are subject matter specific.", "That's kind of interesting, because you're saying that... the last part was \"speaking on their terms,\" but the first part of your sentence is... Like, there's no more impedance mismatch when they hook up with the software developers because it's a lot of the similar kinds of things.", "So, this gets to a very interesting discussion.", "What is the difference between software development and subject matter specifying, modeling, whatever it's called?", "We don't have a really good name for it.", "And in my opinion, there is quite a bit of difference.", "For example, the idea of coming up with your own generalizations and abstractions.", "That's fundamentally programming.", "It's not so much relevant for using a DSL.", "Or, for example, caring about scalability, performance, security, robustness – not something for the domain person, but very much for the software person.", "Thinking about complexity, dependency, modularity, cohesion.", "Well, that is something you'll find in these domain-specific languages as well.", "And sometimes the subject matter people struggle with this a little bit.", "Because they now have to think about, \"What does it mean to have a dependency on something else?\"", "There is a bit of education going on.", "I think... this is another kind of bold claim or maybe controversial claim.", "I think these kinds of things – thinking about what does it mean to be executable, what is a program versus data, what is a dependency, stuff like that – this should be in every curriculum, in every domain.", "Václav, similar question for you.", "In your talks, you go over language workbenches as a tool for creating languages.", "Can you talk about how that works in real practice, maybe in a real example.", "Yeah, sure.", "Well, when you're creating a language, each language has a syntax, that's the essential thing.", "Actually there are two kinds of syntaxes for every language.", "There's a syntax for the computer and a syntax for the human.", "The syntax for the computer, it is basically the way the program represents your code in memory.", "So it's an \"abstract syntax tree,\" is the official term for that.", "So it's sort of objects connected hierarchically in a parent-child relationship.", "So, for example, an if statement.", "Perhaps any language needs some sort of condition.", "So an if statement, which would be in that abstract syntax, would be an object that has three children: one for condition, one for the... true branch, one for the false branch.", "So you have a little tree that represents if statement in the memory of a computer.", "For the human, the syntax is essentially the notation or grammar, or editor – there are different names for that.", "And that's how the code is presented on the screen to the user.", "So an if statement would have the \"if\" keyword, left parenthesis, then the condition, right parenthesis, left brace – that would be in a Java-like language.", "You might have obviously different notations for the same thing.", "Some workbenches actually give you the option to have multiple notations, like the human-readable notations for a single, you know, the computer syntax element.", "So you have multiple notations and switch between them just looking at the code through different lenses, through different perspective.", "So the first task when you're designing a new language is to design the syntax, basically both syntaxes – how the computer will look at your program and how the person will view it.", "So that's the first thing you have to create.", "Once you have that, then, well, you should perhaps address some constraints, because not all values should be allowed.", "Let's say the names that you put like a text rule might have a rule that the name must reflect some naming scheme, so that should be reflected in the constraints.", "Or that some integer value must be within some range, so again, you should provide constraints for that.", "Type system, that's another thing that you should probably provide for many languages, as I mentioned earlier.", "That can be very useful, to have rules that calculate the types of values in a language.", "And, well, obviously, the generators – semantics of your language is very important as well.", "If your language is supposed to have some sort of effect, you can run it, it should have some runnable meaning, then you perhaps need to... You have to have some means to run it, either interpret it or generate it into some code that you can interpret or that you can compile and run in some way.", "So an essential part of this is a generator, which is essentially a model-to-model transformation engine.", "It takes an abstract syntax tree, the syntax for the computer, and translates it into an abstract syntax tree of some other language that you perhaps have a compiler for and you can compile.", "Sometimes you don't go the whole way from your domain-specific language down to some low-level runnable language, but you go in steps to be able to reuse these steps for other languages, to make this step smaller and easier to implement.", "So that would perhaps be a typical approach to create a language in a language workbench.", "And you have it all.", "Markus already mentioned that – you've got a set of domain-specific languages to define all these aspects.", "So if you use a language workbench to create languages, you in fact consume domain-specific languages that have been designed for this very purpose – to make it easier to create languages and the individual aspects of them.", "There's one thing I briefly want to add, which is, while you do all this, all the stuff that Václav said, you talk to Herman, the domain guru, the domain experts, and you work on the language for an hour or maybe half a day, and then you give it to that person to try it out.", "So I really want to emphasize that modern language workbenches are so productive that at least during language prototyping, you can do this almost interactively with your domain gurus.", "I do that all the time in workshops – I understand something, I code it up, I turn around the laptop, I say, \"Here, try to express yourself with this.\"", "This is really important.", "It's not a waterfall.", "I find that really fascinating.", "It's like you're getting really close to the source of truth.", "Yeah, absolutely.", "And by doing this... this is another one of these things.", "By trying to formalize the stuff people throw at you into a language, you find inconsistencies, you find the corner cases, you can ask, \"Is this corner case a bug or a feature?\"", "\"Do you need this or did you just built this...?\"", "It's basically what software analysis has always been about.", "You analyze a domain.", "I mean, earlier there were people like software analysts, right?", "The name doesn't exist anymore.", "It's uncool.", "But building a language is basically a formalized analysis result, which you can then execute and express yourself with.", "As a living instrument, as an executable instrument.", "Absolutely, instead of just a bunch of UML diagrams.", "- I mean, I can go on about this forever.", "- UML diagrams!", "Yeah.", "In a similar... No, that's not it at all.", "We just did an episode of JetBrains Connect on Kotlin, and Kotlin DSL is really a big kind of thing for Kotlin.", "But this isn't that.", "Václav, you mentioned some experience with Groovy DSLs.", "Groovy DSLs really isn't this either, right?", "Right, it isn't.", "But in fact, Groovy DSLs are very powerful.", "Thanks to Groovy being a dynamic language, you can create very powerful notations, but that is for a different audience.", "With internal domain-specific languages, like in Groovy and Kotlin, you're reusing the parser and the tooling of the host language.", "So you're always sort of limited to what the language can do.", "And so even though you can get very far with Groovy, you know, I can define a domain-specific language that reads like fluent English.", "You can have a sentence that says, \"Order pizza with ham and tomato and mushrooms, to the JetBrains office at 5 p.m.\" And no parentheses, no commas in there.", "And it is valid Groovy code, and you can define a DSL like that.", "So this is probably how far you can get.", "And it's all allowed thanks to the possibility to, you know, to override the method invocation and property invocation mechanism of that dynamic language.", "But this is definitely beyond the normal use of internal domain-specific languages, I'd say.", "Typically internal domain-specific languages are used as builders, to build some hierarchies, user interfaces, queries, configurations.", "So it's to ease the life of developers.", "So the target audience for internal DSLs, in my opinion, is the developers, to make the API do certain libraries, certain functionality easier, less error-prone, and such.", "On the other hand, what you lack is the freedom of syntax that you get from external domain-specific languages.", "And you, by far, get worse tooling support for those, while with external domain-specific languages, you can customize the tooling and you can enhance it and make it very sophisticated.", "With internal domain-specific languages, in this regard, you are rather limited.", "Which is not the problem for when the user of the internal DSL is a developer.", "But if it's someone who's not a developer, then it becomes a problem.", "The boundaries are, of course, blurring.", "Internal DSLs don't let you adjust the type system, because type system is static semantics and has nothing to do with execution.", "Notation depends on the language.", "But of course, there are now languages which can have internal DSLs, where you can plug in compiler plugins, which can then do static translations and even potentially feed back into error messages.", "So, as usual, you know, things are evolving in both directions.", "In MPS, for example, we have a language called KernelF, which is a functional kind of programming language, which we often extend for building domain-specific languages.", "So it almost looks like an internal DSL, but it's built with the tools of static languages.", "So things are blurring.", "But I agree, it's the same label, \"DSL,\" used for things that are so different that maybe it would be better to have two different labels, which is often the case.", "Yeah, yeah.", "Yeah, people say that England and America are two countries divided by the same language.", "Yeah, and an ocean.", "All right, so last word on the discussion part.", "This one's for you, Markus.", "The word \"paradigm\" gets thrown around a lot.", "This is, legit, a paradigm change, rethinking the basics of software value, how, for whom.", "It's also kind of a mature field, actually, and there's more to come.", "Can you look ahead to what's next both for the capabilities and the storytelling?", "Oh, yeah, so for the capabilities, I think...", "I mean, I'm not trying to plug MPS too much, but considering what MPS can do, it's probably further or more than what we usually need.", "So in terms of how you design languages, the capabilities of the tool you get out in the end, MPS and similar tools are good enough.", "What is not good enough is how this is presented to the user.", "First of all, you don't want, you know, a 500-megabyte or even worse fat-client Java Swing app – you want something in the browser, right?", "I mean, seriously, especially subject matter experts who are not used...", "They don't have admin passwords.", "They sometimes can't even install this stuff.", "You need different collaborations.", "I sometimes joke that if people think MPS is too complicated, I introduce Git.", "And then they hate Git.", "Because it's from their perspective accidental complexity.", "What they really want is Google Docs style, real-time collaboration.", "And at some point they will notice, \"Oh shit, I actually need a branch.\"", "And then they understand the need for it, and then the tool has to build it or give it.", "- Let the complexity emerge.", "- Absolutely.", "And so, similar thing, you want to run some of the analyses that analyze your model for the type systems or some model check or stuff like that, in the cloud.", "This needs to be kind of service-oriented, microservice-y, Kubernetes-y, Docker-y thing, right?", "So there is a lot about how you make this language story available in terms of tooling and scalability to the user.", "And there are a couple of initiatives: there is WebMPS, which goes in that direction, there is an open-source project called Modelix that also runs MPS in the cloud and gives a web frontend.", "So the community is developing in that direction, but there is a long way to go.", "So from my perspective, that is the biggest thing that needs to happen concretely.", "In terms of the storytelling, honestly, this is what I'm struggling with a lot.", "We, the community, have been trying to preach this story for a long time.", "And, for example, the term \"subject matter,\" specifically the word, is something we have adopted quite recently as part of the process of writing a manifesto that basically tries to explain what we talked about today concisely.", "We used \"domain expert\" and \"domain knowledge\" before.", "Now, you know, the word \"knowledge\" – some people think it's about knowledge engineering, they think about expert systems from the '90s and decide it's all dead, you use neural networks now, forget about the topic.", "So it's very hard to tell a story that is understandable, that reaches the right people.", "It's not clear whether we should try to convince the subject matter experts to want this or whether we should convince the software developers to give this to the subject matter...", "It's a very tough topic and I personally and the community, I think, are struggling with this.", "So anyway, that's the story.", "As a final word on that, it sounds like now is actually a great time for people to start paying attention to this.", "There's a lot of doing, but there's also a lot of thinking and reflecting, right?", "- Yes.", "- All right, great.", "Very good discussion.", "Really thought-provoking.", "I'll be interested to see some of the comments and ideas that people contribute once this video is posted.", "This is one of those really big topics that can honor some folks doing some wonderful work.", "And maybe the two of you will start some conversations with some of the audience.", "Let's close out with a \"From the Heart\" segment.", "Václav, this story about language workbenches and putting the experts in the driver's seat – what's something that sticks out about this for you?", "All right, you know, I'll tell you something.", "When I studied at university a long time ago, I actually avoided the classes of, you know, theory of programming languages and compilers, because I considered them really uninteresting and, surprisingly – today – irrelevant.", "Because after all, I was to become a programmer, so I thought I would always be given a programming language and I'll be just using it to write software.", "And then as the language evolves, then perhaps I'll just learn, update my knowledge, and continue using that language.", "Why should I bother learning how to design languages and compilers?", "Because I'm highly unlikely to ever need that knowledge and that skill.", "Well, nowadays, I view this a lot differently.", "Now I know that, you know, being able to create languages, and I have subject matter experts actually use them to write the business logic of applications, can make the life of a programmer much more interesting and easier.", "And also much more efficient.", "The projects that leverage language engineering progress much faster and typically result in better overall quality.", "So DSLs give you the feeling that you are actually causing a bigger impact on the world and on things, how they work.", "So I definitely like that feeling.", "That's a wonderful way to phrase it, and I'll bet there's a whole bunch of people in the audience that just did like this.", "Because they feel the same way that you are.", "And maybe they're looking to experience some of what you've gained in this journey that you've gone on in the last decade.", "Markus, you've been giving talks on this for a while.", "And I say \"talks,\" but also listening on your podcast over the years.", "What's something you'd really like our audience to remember?", "What I notice is that all kinds of domains become computationalized.", "People might have heard about computational law.", "You know, smart contracts.", "How do you get the actual logic of such a stupid contract into this Ethereum thing?", "Do you want people to program in whatever the language is?", "I forget it.", "We all heard about computational biology.", "The BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine has been compared to software.", "In the way it kind of works in terms of the ideas behind it.", "So people have to think in this way.", "People have to kind of intellectually... \"Knowledge workers\" is one of these terms, where the actual work people are doing is basically brain-based.", "And then we give them Word, DOORS, Excel and expect them to write documents which then a programmer who doesn't really care about their subject matter, they just care about the newest framework...", "I mean, I'm paraphrasing only a little bit.", "Exaggerating, I mean.", "This is a joke, right?", "We have to give these people the same tools... Like mechanical engineers.", "They couldn't do their work without the CAD program.", "They can't do the construction in their brain.", "But we expect people to do the construction of a healthcare algorithm in Word.", "This is ridiculous.", "We have to give these people the tools, so they can actually express themselves, play with the stuff, find inconsistencies, and directly contribute to software.", "Both of you put a smile on my face.", "Those are two great statements.", "I'll actually tie them together.", "Markus, you talked about computational biochemistry or something in vaccines.", "Want to make an impact on the world?", "I'll bet those vaccine makers feel like they're making a positive impact on the world, which ties over to what Václav was saying about, get into a field where you're reaching the people who will reach the people.", "Markus, thanks a lot for all the commentary on this.", "And as I said before, you've talked about this a lot, Václav has talked about this – check our show notes for links if you want to read up more on what both Markus and Václav are talking about.", "That's it for today's JetBrains Connect.", "Markus, thank you for taking the time to drop in, helping us frame the story, especially the who and the why, as much as the what.", "And thanks for all the work on this over the years.", "Well, thank you very much for the invitation.", "It was a lot of fun.", "And thank you for covering that topic.", "It's maybe not the most obvious one, so thank you very much.", "Well, and maybe it will become more obvious in the coming years, as people see the potential impact of this.", "Václav, thanks for helping me on the research, the deep dive on this, like we just said, important topic, a big topic where, at least for me, behind every door was a bigger door and behind that was, like, fifty bigger doors.", "And so you help me sort it all out and help to get to the essential point.", "Thank you.", "You're welcome and thanks a lot for having me on the show.", "I really enjoyed our discussion.", "Thanks for watching this episode of JetBrains Connect – topics and talk from across the landscape of technology.", "Don't forget to leave some comments, some really good comments on this one about today's show or really any feedback you have about JetBrains Connect.", "Let's hear your ideas.", "Want more?", "We got more.", "Like and subscribe down below.", "See you next time." ]

[ "Welcome to JetBrains Connect", "Introductions", "Background on DSLs", "Who the SMEs (subject matter experts) are", "Gurus or specially experienced SMEs", "SMEs participating in software development", "Taxes and other domains with applied language engineering", "Importance of notation", "Importance of tooling", "Language workbenches in practice", "What about Kotlin and Groovy (internal) DSLs?", "Looking ahead", "Key takeaways from Václav and Markus" ]

[ "PRIYANKA VERGADIA: Did you know that 87% of data science projects never make it into production?", "That's just one out of every 10 AI projects.", "So how do you make sure your project does not become one of those 87%?", "I'm Priyanka Vergadia, and in this video, I will walk you through steps to operationalize your machine learning workflow using vertex pipelines, so your project becomes one of those 10 successful AI projects.", "We will look at MLOps framework and vertex AI pipelines, which helps you break down the complex multi-step ML workflow into a pipeline and ensure that each step runs in a reproducible, auditable, cost-effective, and a scalable way.", "In contrast with typical software systems, which are traditionally code-centric, ML systems involve an intricate relationship between data, code, and the models.", "Now, data and models are unique artifacts with their own dependencies and pitfalls.", "And the joint management of these three artifacts is a challenge in delivering and maintaining production machine learning systems.", "That is what MLOps is.", "MLOps is a culture and practice that aims to unify ML system development and operations and guide through the challenges of taking ML projects from experimentation to production.", "It is just like DevOps, but for ML.", "Hence, MLOps, which handles managing the life cycle of data, models, and code.", "Let's start with a high-level MLOps framework.", "So the first step is ML development, which is inherently experimental, where data scientists and model builders explore and transform the data sets, explore different algorithms, train many models, and then compare them.", "Then the second step is continuous training.", "Now, production training should be automatable and repeatable so it can take new data or other triggers and generate new and better models on demand.", "And then the third step is model deployment, which is really all about continuous integration and continuous delivery.", "This involves running A/B tests, evaluation of model behavior in production, and then approving them for releasing, following a rigorous, auditable, and even reversible CIDC process.", "And then lastly, it's continuous monitoring.", "You need to continuously monitor your models when they are running in production, because you want to get a sense of how they are performing.", "This is important to ensure the quality and business continuity, but also crucial for getting high-quality signals into how to improve a model for your next iteration.", "Model management and governance is basically the step that applies to all of these steps.", "It's the entire framework.", "We need traceability, verifiability, and auditability at each stage of this workflow.", "ML pipeline models this MLOps workflow.", "A pipeline is a way of modeling a workflow as a set of connected steps.", "Each step takes as input the output of the previous step, and performs some additional computations, and then produces outputs that can be utilized by the future components.", "Now, here in this MLOps workflow, to keep the spirit of experimentation in the ML development phase, we recommend using the reusable training pipelines.", "And the reason for reusable pipelines is because the data scientists can share components amongst themselves, so they don't have to start with a blinking cursor and to rerun and iterate quickly to create those optimal models.", "The output of this step would be the trained pipeline source code, which you feed into the continuous training phase.", "The pipeline generated earlier can be now treated like a software application and is version-controlled and deployed through CIDC process as a training pipeline that can now be invoked with new data or parameters in production as needed.", "Now, the output of this step would be your trained model.", "And then the output of the model deployment is your live predictions.", "And these predictions can not just be predictions, but also logs and other records of production inferences.", "Now, the output of continuous monitoring-- because you are monitoring the model continuously, the output of this continuous monitoring is those alerts that go out to the team, so that they can continuously measure and monitor what the model's performance is looking like-- is it degrading or triggering rollbacks-- and retaining A/B testing of any candidate models.", "The model management and governance capabilities, obviously, as I said earlier, span across the entire framework, including the features such as, model registry, model approvals, and model provenance.", "Now, what are vertex pipelines?", "Vertex pipelines help you automate and monitor your ML systems by orchestrating this MLOps workflow in a serverless manner.", "They are based on containers, which help you make the MLOps process really portable and scalable.", "And the vertex pipelines store the workflow artifacts using vertex AI ML metadata, which makes it easier to analyze the lineage of our workflow and the items that are being created.", "For example, an ML model's lineage may include training data, the hyper-parameters, and the code that we use to create the models, which are critical pieces of information to understand the changes in performance or accuracy of our ML systems.", "Now, as you can imagine managing this metadata by yourself in an ad hoc manner can be difficult and time-consuming, and vertex pipelines makes it easy to do that.", "Now, vertex pipelines support both Kubeflow pipelines and also TensorFlow Extended.", "Now, if you are already using TensorFlow, TensorFlow Extended is a good choice for you.", "It provides a rich set of components that helps you take the TensorFlow code and make it into an ML pipeline.", "I did a video on TFX not too long ago, which I will include in the description below.", "Now, if you're not using TensorFlow, then use KFP, which is an open-source machine learning pipeline.", "It offers a great deal of flexibility.", "It's easy to plug in code from any ML framework, including the normal frameworks that aren't Python-based, such as Apache MXNet.", "Now, you might ask, why do I need vertex pipelines if I use Kubeflow pipelines already today?", "Now, the biggest reason is that it is managed.", "And because it is managed, you don't have to maintain or create servers by yourself.", "Now, when you're using KFP, you need to build, scale, and maintain a Kubernetes cluster all by yourself.", "But with managed pipelines, we don't have to do any of that work.", "It's all serverless.", "OK, so in this video, we got a quick overview of MLOps workflow and vertex pipelines.", "What's next?", "Let's take a look at vertex pipelines demo in our next video.", "In the meantime, try out the codelab linked below, and subscribe to get notified about the next video." ]

[ "Intro & Why MLOps?", "What is MLOps?", "High-level MLOps framework", "What are Vertex Pipelines?", "Why use Vertex Pipelines if you already use Kubeflow?", "Summary" ]

[ "At this very moment, in the depths of Earth’s oceans, alien lifeforms are waiting.", "Not alien in the sense they come from another planet, but alien in the sense that they’re so different from what we think of as life, they seem not of this Earth.", "And if our oceans harbor organisms that appear extraterrestrial, imagine what we’d find in a literal alien sea.", "Polinices is a speculative biology project by the brilliant artist and worldbuilder J. J. Aniorte, which explores life on a planet ruled by aquatic organisms.", "The infinite forms of this tropical paradise are among the most creative I’ve ever featured on this channel — pushing the boundaries of life as we know it.", "There’s a tremendous amount to discover, and as always you can follow and support the artist using the links in the description.", "So, let’s dive in to these teeming waters, and see what awaits us upon planet Polinices.", "The planet of Polinices is dominated by a global ocean that surrounds the planet’s sole supercontinent.", "Conditions on land are harsh, due to solar radiation and brutal aridity.", "Yet just below the waves, life is overflowing... Beginning in the tropical shallows, we can find the Stegocaudate, one of the most emblematic groups of Polinices.", "At a glance, we seem to have found the fish of this world.", "Yet Stegocaudate — like all lifeforms we’ll discover on this planet — are actually something far stranger: colonial organisms.", "On Earth, colonial organisms are lifeforms that are in fact made of many different individual organisms working in tandem to survive.", "Like organs in our bodies, different individual organisms — which are called ‘zooids’ — have different functions: from locomotion, to digesting food, to reproducing.", "And the zooids that make up the Stegocaudate are no different, with each individual organism playing a role in the survival of the larger lifeform.", "In order to understand this unique way of life, we must follow a Stegocaudate from its birth to its death.", "As larvae, Stegocaudate are transparent, and lack the distinctive body shape of adults.", "As they grow older, their shell — which is at first covered by a thin layer of tissue — becomes more and more prominent as the tissue fades away.", "The end result is a highly unusual lifeform with exposed digestive and reproductive zooids enclosed within a fish-shaped shell.", "While an alien organism taking on a shape similar to Earth fish might be surprising, the laws of hydrodynamics have shaped non-fish animals into fish-like forms before in our own oceans.", "This was the case for the phylliroe, a genus of marine molluscs with a body plan and style of locomotion almost identical to fish.", "The shells of Stegocaudate are exceptionally light, allowing them to swim freely.", "They can also extend digestive zooid out of their shell to vacuum up debris that gets entangled in the cavities of their body.", "A fascinating lifeform indeed.", "After the death of a stegocaudate, its light, hollow shell usually reaches the coast.", "With the digestive zooids faded away, this skeletal frame has washed up on the shore of the supercontinent.", "As on our own planet, death is a central part of life on Polinices...", "Yet while they live, the stegocaudate thrive, often taking on the kinds of bright hues we associate with tropical fish on earth.", "In particular, they can be found in shallow reefs, which extend for hundreds of miles across the sea floor in certain areas.", "These reefs are made up primarily of hive sponges — an unassuming yet highly unusual lifeform we’ll discuss shortly.", "Before we do, there’s a lifeform that clings to the reefs and demands our attention.", "This maze-like organism is a type of Onirocolia, a taxon closely related to the stegocaudates.", "Their digestive zooids grow in far more sinuous and intricate forms than their relatives, creating patterns that are completely surreal to look at.", "Most Onirocolia remain stationary throughout their life, relying on filter feeding for sustenance.", "Some genuses, however, take to the seas like their stegocaudate relatives — able to control their buoyancy thanks to internal gas bladders.", "These labyrinthine organisms float along like balloons, and can feed on a wider variety of lifeforms.", "A far more fish-like classification of colonial organism can be found in the common Amphinatans.", "These intriguing lifeforms don’t possess visible shells, and swim in small schools similar in composition to many schools of fish on Earth.", "Yet while Amphinatans might look like fish at first glance, breaking down their biology reveals they’re actually quite distinct.", "Their eyes are located in the center of their body, with two on each side.", "Evolved from ancient digestive zooids, they give the Amphinatans 360-degree vision.", "Furthermore, their hidden mouth is located under these eyes, and is connected by the folds of the mantle to two siphons on their front and back.", "These siphons can suck in food and release water for a jet-propelled escape.", "Across the coastal reefs, different Amphinatans have distinctive diets.", "The hive sponge eaters are a notable group that feed almost exclusively on the soft tissue of aquatic hive sponges.", "Due to the narrowness of their siphons, they’ve lost the ability to use them as a jet propulsion organ, although the siphons still possess a tremendously powerful suction force to aid in consumption.", "Their patterned skin breaks their silhouette on the reefs, a type of camouflage convergent with many types of earth fish.", "And when an Amphinatan is spotted by a predator, they can take off in either direction.", "Since their bodies are symmetrical, they can swim forwards and backwards easily, retracting one pair of their fins and using the others to propel themselves along.", "And there is one region in particular where Amphinatans thrive.", "The barrier reef of Kýanos Metrópoli is the largest reef system of Polinices, extending over 11,000 miles, or 18,000 km.", "Here, hive sponges reach a breathtaking level of size, color, and diversity.", "Some of these colonial colonies are almost 10,000 years old, and their nests can span several hundred square meters.", "As a result, for the Amphinatan sponge eater, Kýanos Metrópoli is practically paradise.", "Here, the Amphinatans have a veritable buffet of sponges that extends in every direction: a seemingly limitless source of potential food.", "Yet as we’ll soon discover, the sponges aren’t entirely defenseless...The hive sponges themselves might be completely stationary.", "When menaced by a sponge eating predator, however, most types of hive sponges have an unexpected defense.", "They can release swarms of tiny lifeforms called drones into the water, which descend upon predators to defend their home.", "Under magnification, it becomes clear that the tiny drones possess sharp mouthparts, which can irritate predators that swim too close to the hive.", "In many respects, the aquatic drones have converged on a behavior similar to that of Earth bees.", "Not only do they defend their colonies with stinging strikes, but they also collect food for the hive sponges in the form of planktonic organisms.", "Yet perhaps the most incredible aspect of the hive is that it communicates with its drones through radio wave frequencies.", "Specialized structures, which are actually highly derived drones themselves, serve as signal repeaters to transfer signals from the hive to drones that travel long distances in search of food.", "As incredible as this likely sounds, it’s possible that brittle stars — a close relative of the starfish, can detect radio waves and might even use them to navigate their surroundings.", "Although studies are ongoing, it seems this is possible thanks to specialized structures along their cell membrane that function like tiny radio antennae.", "So, the radio wave communication of hive sponges — while unexpected — is far from impossible.", "Radio waves don’t travel far underwater, so a wide variety of biological receivers have emerged to aid in getting signals to the drones.", "Yet other lifeforms on Polinices have taken radio communication to even stranger levels.", "In the larger taxon of radioscriptorans, the ‘Chain Fish’ are organisms unlike any other.", "These lifeforms are characterized by having the body divided into three or more modules that swim in an orderly line.", "While they appear to be unique individuals, they share the same genetic information and cannot live without each other.", "Therefore — although they are not linked by any type of tissue, they are considered a single organism.", "As stated before, colonial organisms in our oceans are indeed made up of many different living units working together, although they’re typically connected by some kind of tissue.", "But for the various types of chain fish, connectivity comes once again in the form of radio waves.", "These bizarre processions communicate and sense each other’s position entirely through short range frequencies.", "And so, the Chain Fish move along the seabed, continuing their bizarre way of life.Throughout the global ocean, perhaps the ultimate realization of radio communication comes in the form of a larger network that has emerged between individual sponges.", "Using complex frequencies, hive sponges can send signals to each other, including information about their environment, calls for help, or even stimuli like pain, that other individuals can experience as their own.", "This intercommunication has, over millions of years, led to a complex evolutionary arms race — producing adaptations like the encryption of messages, ‘passwords,’ and even the sending of deceptive signals.", "This biological internet is an incredible feat of evolution, and something unique to planet Polinices.", "And speaking of unique, another unprecedented lifeform exists in the form of dipterognathes.", "As larvae, these lifeforms seem to have two heads, but their mouth is actually located in the middle of their bodies, which is connected to two independent stomachs located on opposite ends of their figure.", "As they get older, these twin digestive systems drag out behind the ‘head’ like tails, connected to the body by long pharyngeal ducts.", "This strange body plan arose from the fusion of two digestive zooids — but today, all three regions are controlled by a single brain.", "In coastal lagoons, warm and calm waters provide ideal locations for the Dipteroganthes to flourish.", "This particular specimen is an Echinocephalus, characterized by pharyngeal ducts that can reach almost 1 and a half feet, or half a meter in length.", "While everything about the Dipteroganthes is somewhat bizarre, they are a highly successful, albeit highly specialized, form of life in this region.", "This environment is also home to distinct varieties of hive sponges, which form impressive reefs on the seafloor.", "And nestled among reefs like this one, a bizarre filter feeder is waiting.", "This is a ‘Sea Belt,’ a distant relative of the hive sponge.", "This organism is formed from a stationary hive and hundreds of drones joined together by suction cups, forming a structure similar to a circular ribbon.", "The belt constantly rotates so that each drone passes through the interior of the hive and deposits plankton trapped during the spin.", "The living hive then digests this plankton and transforms it into a ‘nectar’ that feeds the drones.", "Truly, there’s no other organism like it.", "Other organisms get around by very different means.", "Rotigrada is a diverse class of lifeforms that traverse the seabed by rotating themselves via contractions of their muscles.", "This form of locomotion has earned them the common name of ‘Sea Wheels.’ Each individual zooid in the larger wheel possesses two legs, which look a bit like the spindly legs of Earth millipedes.", "Unlike millipedes, however, Sea Wheels have no true front or back, with every zooid on the wheel having their own simple mouth.", "As a result, which mouth gets used depends entirely on which section of the Sea Wheel is closest to their prey on a given hunt.", "And so, the wheel spins on, feeding upon whatever lies in its path.", "Along the rocky shore of the supercontinent, we can find something exceedingly rare for planet Polinices — a creature that can move upon dry land.", "At least, to some degree.", "This massive lifeform is a colony of carnivorous pharyngopods, which work together to drag the serpentine body of the colony out of the water to catch prey in puddles along the shoreline.", "A pair of simple eyes located at each of its ends provides simple visual information that facilitates navigation in this environment.", "The flexible appendages that the colony uses to get around resemble the tube feet of Sea Pigs, an unusual type of Sea Cucumber that walk along the floor of our oceans on tube-shaped legs.", "Yet the thousands of tentacular appendages on the underside of the intertidal colony aren’t just feet — but are actually individual zooids, with mouths, teeth, and stomachs.", "And at almost ten feet, this shambling goliath is one of the largest and most dangerous predators in its environment.", "And at last, the final lifeform on planet Polinices we’ll be discussing is the Laimargia — one of the most recognizable organisms in the Polinices reefs.", "This bottom feeding lifeform is adapted to engulf sand and digest the organic matter found in it — playing a very important role in the ecosystem by recycling nutrients.", "The most impressive characteristic of Laimargia, however, is its size.", "Some species of the genus can reach almost 200 feet, or 60 meters in length, making them without a doubt the most massive polizoans.", "As incredible as this sounds, some of the absolute largest Earth Siphonophore colonies do reach similar lengths in the deep sea — although they can’t quite match the Laimargia’s size.", "In possessing such incredible bulk, the enormous bodies of Laimargia serve as a habitat for a plethora of organisms — who find refuge upon its trunk.", "As a result, the Laimargia resemble a moving landscape steadily shifting across the sea floor.", "The waters of Polinices are home to some of the most surreal forms of life I’ve ever documented for the archive.", "Even the most alien organisms in our oceans aren’t quite as surreal as what swims below those waves.", "If you enjoyed learning about the complex creatures of Polinices, you can follow and support the artist using the links in the description.", "An artbook exploring more about this amazing planet will be coming sometime in the future — so keep an eye out!", "And as always, thanks for watching.", "If you enjoyed this entry, please lend your support and like, subscribe, and hit the notification icon to stay up to date on all things Curious.", "See you in the next video." ]

[ "Seas of Polinices", "Meet the Stegocaudate", "Cycles of Life", "Onirocolia", "Amphinatans", "Sponge Eaters", "Greatest Reef", "Hive Drones", "Signal Repeaters", "Chain Fish", "Biological Internet", "Dipterognathe", "Sea Belt", "Sea Wheel", "Intertidal Hunter", "The Last Giant", "Outro" ]

[ "s js is a framework for building scalable Node js web applications with TypeScript in this course, Vlad will teach you an S JS by teaching you how to build a REST API.", "Hello, and welcome to this course.", "My name is Vladimir, I am a full stack software developer.", "In this course, we are going to build a CRUD REST API with Nest.", "Yes, our goal is to build something as close as possible to a production app, we will implement authentications and to and tests.", "And we will work with relational databases as well as with a modern development RM such as prisoner.", "My teaching style is very hands on.", "I'm a firm believer that you only learn by doing all my code is very easy to follow.", "But if you're stuck, you will find a GitHub repository with the completed project in the description below.", "Additionally, feel free to leave questions in the comment section or on my channel code with flood.", "I will try to answer to them as soon as I can.", "This course requires a basic understanding of JavaScript ESX and TypeScript.", "But don't worry if you don't have it, as I will explain everything in a step by step fashion.", "So what is nest GS?", "Not to be confused with Nex GS, which is a front end react framework.", "NES GS is a no GS backend framework.", "It fully embraces TypeScript.", "And it's also very different problem from let's say, express GS, it solves architecture, the weak point of Express GS, see, if you're using Express GS, it's very unimplemented, it doesn't give you a direction of how your product should be structured, or how you should do things.", "And while Express GS can work out very fine for small projects once your product starts to grow.", "And if you are not an experienced developer that knows how to structure it and scale it properly, it can quickly become a mess.", "But NES GS is not just another framework in the sense that it does not try to reinvent the wheel, it actually uses Express GS under the hood.", "So you can see it as an abstraction of Express GS.", "And in a nutshell, it allows to create testable, scalable, and easily maintainable applications for NSGs.", "Modularity is very important.", "It uses concept like dependency injection, and it is often branded as the Angular for backhand.", "So now that you have an idea of what NES GS is, why would you use it?", "Well, structure, modularity, native TypeScript support a lot of functionality out of the box easily integrates with Graph QL micro services REST API, and has very good documentation on security.", "It also tremendously grows in popularity, which is a very important factor to consider.", "In fact, right now, NES GS is the most popular back end framework below express on the same level as Koa, Gs, and above, Adonis, loopback, feather Gs, and even Meteor.", "Plus, employers really love it because it brings architecture structure.", "And it's easier to hire developers because they don't need to learn a new custom architecture every time they are on boarded on a Express GS project.", "So after that long explanation, let's jump into our project and code our NSGs application.", "And in this project, we are going to build a API application programming interface.", "This will be a CRUD API Lucia's very common terms for API's and the resources that we're going to either update, read, delete, or create will be bookmarks.", "So without further ado, let's get started.", "Before we start, we need to have no GS installed.", "I'm using version 16.", "But any future version with a long term support should work.", "You also need to have Ness GS installed.", "So you need to install their CLI globally and yes, yes CLI.", "Then we can drop into our terminal and create our new project with Nest new.", "And let's name it nest GS API tutorial.", "The CLI will ask you to choose a package manager.", "I usually like to go ahead with yarn.", "Perfect.", "Now our product is installed, we can navigate into it.", "I will open it with code VS code.", "But you can of course use any editor of your choice.", "And let me make the code bigger.", "This is the VS code Visual Studio Code.", "The theme I'm using here is material theme.", "And the icons you see here is material icons.", "You can download them and install it here via their extension menu.", "So NES GS has created a starter project for us.", "It has a source folder where our files are, it has a test folder, where it keeps the end to end tests.", "And it has some configuration files here.", "Let's first clean it up, we don't need the app controllers back.", "And we don't need the app dot service.", "And nor do we need the app dot controller.", "And since all those files were imported into the app module, we need to go and delete them here.", "So for NES modules are very important.", "You see that this file, the global file is called app.module.ts.", "This is similar to something that we have in React, where we have an app.gs or app.ts file.", "So this will be the main module or the app that will import other modules.", "So I have talked about modules, but I haven't introduced what is a module.", "So for any concept related to nest, yes, you can just go into the nest Yes, documentation, and it's on the nest years.com.", "And you click on documentation, and you'll have this page where you will have a lot of docs on any concept that you want.", "And for instance, here module, it's written that it's a class annotated with the module decorator.", "And in fact, we have a class called app module that has been annotated with the module decorator, if it's not annotated with the module decorator for net, yes, it's not a module.", "And if you don't know what a decorator is a decorator is just a function that adds some metadata to the to the current class or function that it is kind of decorating.", "So just adds more property to to that class.", "So if we go back to the modules, documentation, we see that a module can import other modules.", "And it is the case for the application module.", "So the main module, the root module, it can, for instance, import User Module, or there's model chat module, any module that you want.", "And every module can itself import, also controllers, and providers, we are going to talk about those a bit later.", "But for now know that a module can import other modules.", "And usually I like to organize my modules into feature modules.", "So if I have an application, where, for instance, we have bookmarks, well, what would be the part of the like the application, right, you will have the authentication logic where a user can create its profile login sign up.", "So for me to be ot module, then you will have maybe user module that will handle the logic related to the user will have also the bookmarks module, and maybe the database module.", "So you see, you organize your app into those features, right, and you break it down into modules.", "And the result is that it makes your app much more easier to handle.", "And to reason about, let me show you a another project I'm working on, just to illustrate the structure.", "So I have a source folder.", "And you see I have an old module, category, common post Prisma, which you see all around for the database user.", "And if I click here, you see that you have some data, you have the module as as, as we expect, and we have some providers, those we are going to talk about it a bit later.", "But this is an example of a kind of production ready, project.", "So you guys can see the organization and the cost structure in a nutshell of of next year's projects.", "Okay, so we now know that modules organize your app, right?", "And they are declared with a class annotated by a decorator module.", "So let's go ahead and declare another class another module to break down our application into those small sub modules.", "So we know that we are creating a bookmark application, what would there be in a bookmark application, while I have already touched upon the authentication.", "So in our CRUD API, I want to be able to create users and to allow them to log in, right, so we will have an authentication module.", "But let's go ahead and create a auth module.", "And usually the convention is that you need to put the modules to create in a folder, and the only time that you can not respect this convention is when you're using the main app module component that will import all the other kind of modules or components.", "So let's go ahead and create the folder here and let's name it out.", "And at first, I'm going to show you how to create it manually when you're using a framework for the first time.", "It's Better to actually write everything on your own and not use any generators.", "Because nest yes has a generator has a CLI command that allows you to kind of automate that creation.", "And we're going to see that in a moment.", "But at first just write it by hand.", "So we get a bit of a muscle memory going on.", "So we create a folder called auth.", "Right?", "What do we know about modules, we know that it should be it should be a class that should be annotated by decorator module.", "So let's create a file.", "And we just respect that convention that if we have a file, we try to add the its kind of function to its extension.", "So this is an extension right.gs is an extension.ts is an extension dot, CPP for C++ would be an extension as well.", "So here, it's since it's module, it will be.out.module.ts.", "And we're using TypeScript for all the products.", "So it's Ts, and we need to create a class.", "So it will be od module, right.", "And we need to decorate it with a decorator, called module.", "And that decorator comes from the Nash Yes, common module, and we just need to open it provide an object.", "And that's it.", "That's the minimum requirements to create a module.", "So all we need to do is to save.", "And that's it, we have created a module, and we have forgotten something important, we have forgotten to export that class.", "So if we don't type export, this class will be available only inside that module only inside that file, when you export it to allow other files of our application to use it.", "So we go back to app module.", "And now we can just import our module.", "And we can use TypeScript intelligence to help us to find our modules and files.", "So here, it knows that the auth module exists inside out.", "So all we need to do is to click here.", "If it doesn't appear, you can always do command.or control dot, and it will propose you an option to import it from the odd module file.", "And here it is to verify that our logic works, let's go ahead and launch our NES GS application.", "So the bootstrap logic is inside the main.ts.", "It looks a bit like what we could expect from a Express GS application, right?", "So we have the app that is being instantiated here.", "And then we launch a server on port 3000, I will use Port 3000 333, because usually, the port 3000 is reserved for react in my development pipeline.", "So I prefer to use 3333.", "I save it.", "And now I open the terminal in the project.", "Let me clean that out.", "And all I need to do is I need to do yarn, start Dev.", "And all those scripts are actually defined here inside the package that Jason, we have start.", "And we have start Dev.", "So the reason why I'm using start Dev and not start is because start dev What are files, and recompile the code when needed.", "So if we do yarn, start Dev, it will launch NES Gs, and we don't have any errors, which means that it's very good.", "Everything has compiled correctly, NES GS has generated a dist file, so a kind of output compiled JavaScript file from TypeScript, we don't need to really worry about it.", "It's just how naseous works.", "And that's it, we have our API working.", "So let's clean that up and, and come back here.", "So modules allow us to break our app down into smaller components that we can easily manage.", "Let's go ahead and create the user module and the bookmark module.", "In this case, I'm going to use the nest CLI to create those modules.", "So you have an idea about how it works.", "Just open the terminal, and we'll going to open a new terminal session.", "And we execute nest G for generate module.", "And we name it user and nest will generate the module for us and automatically imported into the app dot module for us.", "So we have a folder user, with the user, that module class here.", "And we do the same thing with a bookmark.", "Right.", "And it also generates a bookmark module for us.", "And if we check our terminal, let's kill this one.", "We see that the application is still logging.", "If I for instance, press Ctrl save, you see that it is recompiled so everything is working correctly.", "Now let's add more logic to our application.", "So let's add the login logic.", "So when we build a nest GS application will usually separate our logic into controllers and service, we can refer to the documentation.", "And basically it says that controllers are responsible for handling incoming requests and returning responses for the clients and providers or services are responsible for executing the business logic.", "So we separate our logic into controllers and service providers to be able to, to simplify what we do, right.", "So let's go ahead and implement it.", "We go now into ot module, and we create a service and a controller.", "So again, the same can be done with the NES GS CLI, and we're going to do it by hand the first time.", "So let's create a controller, dot Ts, and ot.service.ts.", "If we go to the controller, we need to create a class class or controller, we need to annotate it with the decorator controller.", "So nest years knows that it's a controller.", "And we need to do the same for that service class service.", "For the service, we need to annotate it with the decorator injectable.", "And that just means that it's going to be able to use the dependency injection that NES GS uses under the hood.", "But more on that a bit later.", "And we need to of course, export those otherwise, we will not be able to import those classes in our application.", "And since we have added that, we need to add that to the module as well.", "So controllers, or controller, and providers, or that service, let's check our application if it's running correctly.", "Okay, no errors.", "Cool, running good.", "So I've introduced the dependency injection, but I haven't really said what it is, you can of course Google it online.", "But let's go ahead and introduce it with a concrete example to see how it works.", "So we have a auth service class and we have a controller Christ, right?", "What is happening usually is that the controller will need to call the service.", "So the controller will receive a request from the internet, for instance, a post request asking to login a user, right.", "And then it's going to call a function from the audit service class and return its result back to to the client back to the browser.", "But to do so, ot controller will have to instantiate a auth service class, right, because in the end, it is JavaScript.", "So if you want to create that instance, for instance, it will be service is equal, new or service, right?", "To avoid doing that.", "To avoid having to manage where it's created, and who manages it all, we use dependency injection, that means that instead of our controller to actually have to declare it, for instance, to actually have to do something, something like that, give me the service here, give me that, an instance of that class.", "And I don't care how to instantiate it, just give me an instance.", "And this is how you do it in SCS.", "Private or service.", "Service.", "And that's it.", "Nice, yes, we'll handle on itself, How to instantiate the auth service, and how to pass it to you in that old controller file.", "So you don't need to really worry about and private here, if you have never seen that notation, it just means it just means that and then have to do something like this, or services equal or service.", "Instead of doing that, you just write private, and you scrap off this.", "That's that just a shorthand.", "And if we check our code, we see that it is being executed.", "So everything is okay, everything is compiled.", "And now if we want, like if we put a function into the odd service called test, this function is not going to return anything.", "If we want, we can call this function directly like that.", "Right?", "So that's dependency injection in a nutshell, if you want more information, just Google it.", "There's a plethora of explanations online, how it really works.", "This is how Nigeria's use it and basically it allows us to not handle dependency management.", "And it's just easier to work with when we have dependency injection.", "So let's come back to the auth service and create two functions because our auth module will manage to functionality, login and signup.", "So let's go ahead and create a function, login and sign up.", "Right.", "And that's all is going to do for now, the auth service will store the business logic right now there is none.", "So let's come back to the controller and create two endpoints, an endpoint for login and an endpoint for signup.", "So the way to do it again, is using decorators, it just simplifies how you write your logic.", "So we expect a post request on signup and a post request on login.", "So we create a function, let's name it sign up, right, and sign in.", "And, and to make it a route, we just need to annotate it with the post decorator that comes from Ness GS common, and let's call it signup.", "And sign in.", "And since we are in the odd controller, it's usually a good practice to put a global prefix route called odd.", "So when we are going to call that route, we're going to do a post request, have to out signup, right.", "And if we call that route, it's going to be that that request.", "Let's just return a string for now.", "I am sign up.", "And here I am signed in.", "Let's verify that the product is compiling all good.", "And let's go ahead and test our API with insomnia.", "So insomnia is a HTTP client, similar to postman, you can also use postman if you have if you're used to it in some way, just a bit more minimalistic and easier to use.", "So let's go ahead and test our endpoint.", "And if you remember, our old controller was on the endpoint, odds sign up, and right.", "And we do the Send Request.", "And we see that we have response, right, I am sign up.", "And that is basically what we have written here, right.", "And if we launch and free request sign in, it's going to print us the other response.", "One interesting thing, though, is that if we look at the headers, we see that it is powered by Express.", "So as I said, In the beginning, an S Gs use Express under the hood, you can replace this by another framework called fast Defy.", "But for most use cases, you will probably use Express, and that's going to be just fine.", "That also means that everything that you know about Express, you can access it.", "So this is the nice thing about NES GS, if you like Express Gs, and you need more structure in your app, you can use NES Gs, and still have access to that express ecosystem if you need.", "One other thing that is very interesting is that Express has sent us a content type of text HTML, right?", "So this is a text.", "So NES GS will automatically convert the data type based on the return.", "So here, it's a string, if I send a object, for instance, message, hi, or Hello.", "And we send it to sign up.", "We now have a object and the header is application that Jason So that's a very handy, you don't need to worry about sending the right data type, ness, GS will do it for you.", "Let's go back to our app.", "And let's create more logic.", "So as I said, In the beginning, the controllers will handle the requests.", "So it will fetch the body of the request if needed.", "It might check some headers or any work related to the request.", "Regarding the business logic, the actual execution, we offload that to the service.", "Usually the pattern is that we are going to create the same function on the service side.", "So let's go ahead and do it.", "We have a function now sign up and sign in.", "Right?", "And instead of returning something from here, we can actually call the service and we can put that message here.", "Sign up.", "Hello.", "And that's right.", "I have signed up.", "And here I have signed in right there things correct and let's call those functions from the service, these odd service that sign up and this out service that sign in.", "So what it does is that it allows to keep our controller clean, and only busy with a logic with to the requests, while our while our service will be busy with the business logic like connecting to the database, editing the fields, etc.", "So let's go ahead here and do it again.", "And we see that it works as well.", "And if we launch sign in here, it also works.", "Now we know how a controller works, we know that it is responsible for handling requests.", "We know how a service works or a provider, it is responsible for handling the business logic.", "But what would be a business logic without connecting to the database, right.", "So we need to somehow set up a database and connect to it.", "And by that time, I guess you have noticed it, my style of teaching is to introduce concepts bit by bit.", "So now we need the database.", "Let's go ahead and set up a database.", "For that we are going to use Docker, Docker is an amazing tool that will allow us to run our database directly on our computer, but so we don't have to install it.", "So it will run in a containerized environment I have Docker already installed, you can go ahead and install it.", "And one quick way to check if it works.", "You just write docker ps and if it inputs something that means that it's working, my version is is version 20.", "With that being said, let's go ahead and and create our database.", "So when I work with databases, I prefer to use Docker Compose, Docker compose will automatically allow me to spawn the Docker containers and to destroy them.", "So it's very handy.", "Let's go ahead and create Docker hyphen, composite Yamo.", "So here's the configuration of our Docker Compose, I use version 3.8.", "In the services we define our Docker container that we want to run is going to be dev dB, this is just the name I give it to, to it.", "The image I'm using is Postgres 13.", "So we are going to use the relational database Postgres version 13 is going to be exported on the port 5334.", "So if we connect to Postgres 5334 on our computer, we'll be able to access it.", "And the environment variables I'm going to use is the user who is going to be Postgres, the password 123, as you have seen, very secure, and the database name will be nest, and it's going to be on the network Free Code Camp that is defined here.", "That's about it.", "So to to launch our database, we go back to our terminal, we open a new one.", "And we do Docker compose up, we choose the DB that we want to run.", "So it's dev dB, the DB, and we will run it in background.", "So with Duke and that's it.", "And we if we go to docker ps, we see that we have a container now that is running.", "And we can even access a lock if we want.", "So Docker logs.", "And it's written that the database system is ready to accept connection, it has deployed, it has compiled everything is running correctly.", "Cool.", "Let's go back to our app.", "So we have the database running in Docker.", "But how do we access that there are libraries like SQLite, typo RAM mongoose, that allow you to connect to the database.", "In this example, I'm going to use a new IRM that I really love and I have been using for over a year now.", "It's called Prisma.", "So you can access the website on Prisma.", "That IO, what Prisma is, in a nutshell, is that it's kind of a query Query Builder, but it's so easy to use.", "So basically, you define a model, for instance, that will be a post with ID title and all the fields that you want in a database.", "And you can get them from your JavaScript code or your TypeScript with that syntax.", "And we're going to explore it straightaway.", "So with Prisma, we are going to create the database connection logic the database module in a way.", "So that means that we need to create another module since the database module will be able to use to be used by auth module because you need to login sign up.", "It should be used by bookmark module and even by user module.", "So it's a new feature of our app for Prisma.", "We need to have two libraries installed.", "The first one is Prisma CLI, it will allow us to create Our schema and run migrations deploy the migrations into the database.", "So it's more of a maintenance library.", "And the other one is the Prisma.", "Client.", "So Prisma has different clients, the one we're going to use is for JavaScript.", "So let's install Prisma CLI yarn add, and we're going to add it as a development package Prisma and yarn add Prisma client for the client.", "Okay, let's clear that out.", "With that being installed, we now have access to the Prisma.", "CLI.", "Let's run it and px Prisma in it.", "And it's going to generate several files for us.", "First of all, it generated this dot env file for the environment variables.", "And it just created a Postgres connection string by default, that we're going to change a bit later.", "And it also generated that Prisma folder in the root directory.", "So what it has, it just has its schema.", "And this is where we're going to declare our models.", "See, when you use the library like type or M, you will create entities and you will place them inside your logic for Prisma.", "There's only one place that you need to handle your your models a bit like with Graph QL, actually.", "So you would declare those structures that will describe the shape of the data that will be in your database right here, it says that it's going to use the Prisma client GS library, which we have installed, the provider will be Postgres, but you can have any other library Prisma supports my sequel, and even MongoDB.", "And the URL is the URL of the connection to the database.", "So it's going to grab it from the first environment, a file that it finds.", "So if you place one inside the prison folder, it will grab this one.", "For that tutorial, we're just going to leave it here in the global root folder.", "And let's go ahead and create our models.", "So the way to declare the models is just to type model, and you name it was a singular word.", "So if it's users, it's going to be user.", "And if it's bookmark, it's going to be bookmark, right.", "Model bookmark, bookmark.", "And what do we have in our app, we have users and basically bookmarks, right, so we only have two entities in our app.", "So the user will have an ID field.", "It's an integer, we need to tell the Prisma that it's an ID.", "And we need to set a default as auto increment.", "Or that can be found in the Prisma documentation, of course, and same goes for bookmark, we also have to add the created Add Field.", "Otherwise, we will not know when it has been created, it's going to be a date time.", "And the default would be now which means when the record is created in the database, a default value of now means the time at the creation is assigned to that variable.", "And we also have to add updated add, I'd like to add that as well.", "Date Time and prisoner has a special command here updated.", "And we can copy that to the bookmarks as well.", "Right.", "So for the user, what we will have, well usually we store the email of the user is going to be a string.", "And it's going to store also the password, at least the hash of the password, so we're going to put hash shrink.", "By the way, if one of the fields needs to be optional, you can just put the, so let's create two optional fields.", "First name is going to be an optional string and last name, optional string as well, right, we also have a bookmark.", "So the bookmark that we're going to save is going to have a title is going to have a description, which could be optional.", "And we are going to have a link which will be also a string but will not be optional, because when you set a bookmark to a certain link, well, a link needs to be there.", "Here we go.", "We have created our two models, we save the file, and now you see auto formats it nicely.", "Then we need to add the database connection string to our to our database URL variable here.", "So let's check it here.", "So the user is Postgres password is 123.", "And the database name is nest.", "So let's go ahead and change that.", "User is Postgres.", "password is 123.", "The port is at 54345434.", "The database is nest and scheme not public, we can leave it out like that.", "So now when we run Prisma commands, prisma will be able to access our local database that is running here.", "docker ps.", "By the way, if you have the Docker app installed, like I have on Mac here, you can have, you can access the dashboard for Docker and see your container in action here, next year's API tutorial.", "And you can even see the logs, right, so let's run our Prisma command.", "So the way to do it is to run MPX Prisma.", "And let's press help for good to get some help.", "So we have several commands, all that is explained into the Prisma documentation.", "Of course, it's quite nice, by the way, you can check it out.", "So we have several commands that will be useful for us, we have the Generate, we have the migrate.", "And we have the studio Studio will allow to create a kind of a online client so we can explore our database through the browser, we're going to see that soon.", "But the one that we're interested at that point is Prisma migrate devs, what it's going to do is that it's going to read that schema, and it's going to generate the migrations in that folder.", "So let's go ahead and run that terminal, clear MPX Prisma and migrate data and basically says that we you have added tables, bookmarks and users for those migrations to be applied, we need to visit the database.", "And it's usually common when you rise my when you run, migrate Dev is only for development.", "If you need to push your migration to production, there's another command that will not delete the data.", "But for now, we can just delete it.", "And we can press yes.", "And it's going to ask us the name of the migration, we can just say in it.", "Now we see that it has generated a migrations folder.", "And basically it just generated some SQL.", "And when we run Prisma, migrate Dev, it actually does two other things.", "First of all, it pushes automatically, that schema, that SQL to the database.", "So the database if we go there, and we check the logs, here, we see that there is some command that has been run insert into public users created an email hash.", "So Prisma has already pushed some migrations onto the database.", "So the database has the tables, the tables of users, and bookmarks.", "And one other thing is that Prisma has also automatically run the Generate command.", "So when you use Prisma, migrate, Devon Prisma, also does and pm Prisma.", "generator, and what generate does, and it's actually a very good, cool thing is that it takes your schema here.", "And it creates TypeScript types for your schema.", "So it creates the user interfaces or classes.", "And same for model, the bookmark interfaces or classes.", "So you we can directly use those fields in our code.", "So we can go.", "And now we see that we have a user here, the user and the bookmarks as well, that are that are exportable as TypeScript types from the Prisma client.", "So we can use those types directly in our application, which is awesome.", "They're just very awesome.", "We don't need to code that by hand, we can use it directly with Prisma.", "Right.", "So let's come back to the schema and inspect our database with Prisma studio.", "So Prisma gives us a very handy tool called Prisma.", "Studio, we can execute it by typing MPX Prisma.", "Studio, and it's going to connect to the database at the URL in the end v file.", "Here we go at Port 5555.", "We are now at the Prisma.", "Client and we see that we have a user and a bookmark models, right.", "And we can go here and inspect our database, when we'll have some some stuff there.", "And we can even add records if we want.", "So it's totally compatible with the Prisma schema.", "It's actually quite cool.", "Let's discard the changes for now and come back to our code.", "We can leave that running that a that Prisma studio running, and we can come back to our code here.", "So far, we have created the Prisma kinda migrations folder, and we have created the Prisma schema.", "But we don't have any way from our code to actually connect to the database.", "And for that, we're going to create a module to do it easily, right?", "We're going to encapsulate all our logic regarding the database in the module and only export from the module, the stuff that we need to be accessed by the application.", "Alright, let's go ahead and create A module I'm going to generate, I'm going to use the NES CLI, because I'll be quite lazy here, module Prisma.", "And I'll just call it the same name as, as this folder.", "But it's, of course, two different things here, this Prisma folder in the root, stores the schema and migrations, while this one will be our module, following the NES, GS modular structure, right.", "So we will create an SG module Prisma.", "And now it's here.", "And we will also create the service, we have created the service manually here, let's go ahead and create the service with the CLI.", "So instead of module, we have Prisma, or sorry, we have service.", "And by default, it is going to create the spec files.", "So the test files, we don't want that here.", "So we say no spec.", "And now we have the service that is important, as provided in the module, right.", "And in the service, we are going to create our logic that connects to the database.", "So the way I like to do it is that I like to have the Prisma service extending the Prisma client.", "And Prisma client is a class that allows to connect basically to the database, right, it has a constructor constructor, it has connect, disconnect, and execute SQL and everything.", "So what I'm what I want to do is I want to configure, I want to instantiate it with its configuration, so I need to constructor and I need to call super.", "So super, will call the constructor of the class I'm extending, and the constructor of Prisma client needs to have data sources needs to have DB and URL and the URL will point to that trink.", "In the moment, we're going to see how to use config variables, so dot n and everything in SGS.", "But for now, let's just put that hard coded into our Prisma.", "Service.", "Right.", "And I think that from now, we're going to need a bit of more real estate to run our scripts.", "So instead of running every time, the terminal here, I'm going to kill it actually prisoners to you as well.", "And I'm going to run my scripts in a dedicated terminal.", "Let me make it a bit bigger.", "So I'm going to do yarn start demo.", "And I'm going to split it and do yarn MPX Prisma.", "Studio.", "And this is item two, of course, is nice terminal I use on Mac.", "So if you have any questions regarding the terminal, that's the that's the one.", "Let's go back to our code.", "We have the prisoner service declared here.", "And we had it imported into the modules.", "So technically how it works in SGS.", "So let's say we want our module to have access to the prisoner module, because it's all modular, right?", "Well, you could, you could do something like import Prisma module, right.", "So let's see if that works, or works.", "And normally, you would have access to the providers that are inside that module, right.", "So let's go ahead and try it out.", "So in order to service that is part of the auth module, and that has access to the Prisma module now, because auth module imported in auth service, we can use dependency injection, to get reference to that service to Prisma service from our auth service code.", "So constructor, private Prisma.", "And we can just reference it by Prisma.", "Service.", "Let's press save.", "And let's see what we have, oh, we have an error.", "Well, why do we have an error?", "It says that nest can resolve dependencies of auth service, please make sure that the argument Prisma service at index zero is available.", "So what it does is that it says hey, you're trying to import a a service here.", "And I don't know what is that?", "I don't I don't have access to that.", "And even though we have imported the Prisma module from the in the art module, we have not allowed the Prisma module to export it to export the prisoner service to other providers.", "So if we want to do that, we just need to do exports.", "Prisma service, right.", "And now the error should be resolved and we don't have we don't have any errors.", "right now.", "So basically, that means that if you have a module here, you will need to import it in auth module to make it work.", "But that's a bit tedious.", "Because we have our Prisma module where the user will need to have access to the database, the bookmark will need to have access to the database.", "And if we add to other modules, they will all need to have access to that prison model.", "So do we need to really import that every time like every time we need to create an import and create a model.", "Now, what is possible in in next year's is to create a global module.", "So instead of importing it like that, what we can do, we can go into Prisma module and add another decorator called global.", "And just by adding that and making sure that the stuff that we want to be exported, it also is also in the exports array, just by writing that this prisoner service will be available to all the modules in our app.", "And if we check our logging, everything works correctly, just make sure that your global module is also imported into the app module into the root module.", "And in fact, it is important here.", "Now we can freely go and and do what we want.", "And here comes the interesting part.", "Because this is where we really start to write business logic.", "This is where we really start to do programming and not configuration.", "And if it was a bit tedious to set all this up, well, if you do something like that properly, with Express alone, it will take you much more time.", "And you need to be really good with architecture to be able to make everything work flawlessly here we're in SGS, we have everything working out of the box.", "And of course, it takes a bit of time to get used to the way of SGS.", "But in the long term is going to save you so much time.", "And here we don't actually need the object so we can delete it.", "The injectable can accept other objects.", "But for now, it's not important in the scope of this of this tutorial.", "So without further ado, let's go ahead and start writing our logic.", "So for this signup, what do we need?", "The signup is the creation of a user right, we need to create a user based on something that we pass in the body usually, so usually it's going to be as post route to all sign up.", "We are going to save Send the body to that route.", "And the body will contain the email and the password and is going to receive something back about something back we're going to discuss more into details because we are going to touch to authentication and especially DWT JSON web tokens.", "We're going to talk about that a bit later.", "Right now just let's focus on the process between the request and what is happening in the in the logic.", "So net GS has a lot of decorators.", "So this is a decorator.", "This is a decorator, right?", "It has a lot of decorators that that have different functionalities.", "Remember I said that under the hood is express GS?", "Well, if you want, you can access that express GS under the hood, all you need to do is write a decorator called Rec.", "And it comes from Nash yes common.", "And let's call it Rec.", "And we give it the type of request, which comes from Express actually, it's going to be a bit careful about that, where things come from.", "And if we now press and if we now console log rec, we will see that rec will have a lot of properties.", "And those properties are actually coming from the Express request object.", "So let's just log it for for the loads and CO the odd sign up.", "I have signed up amazing.", "Let's go back to our logs here and we see that we have logged the request object.", "And that request object is basically the same as C Express request object.", "And you can get stuff like Heather's like body, etc.", "Right.", "So if we want to log the body, it will be something like request body and then if we want, we can pass that body to the signup function.", "So let's go ahead and request body and provide a body of course it's going to be form URL encoded.", "Here we have an email and a password let's send it over and let's log that into the console and we see that the body has been locked.", "Now usually how it will work is that we will pass the request body inside our function and of course here it complains because it the sign up doesn't doesn't have any declared parameters.", "But what happens if the email is not defined if the password is too weak, or even, there's no password?", "Well, this process of validating, that is called the validation.", "And SGS has a lot of tools for that to make it really easy to do.", "But before even going to to that direction, I want to point out that this method is not very clean every time we need to get a request.", "And then we don't have any, any information of what is inside the body.", "And SGS uses DT O's data transfer objects in a nutshell is just an object where you push your data from, let's say a request.", "And you can run validation on it if you want.", "And you can even have the shape of those details because we use TypeScript.", "So we can say that the body should have an email, and it should have a password, right?", "So let's go ahead and implement that when working with NES GS, you should never really use the request object of the underlying underlying library.", "Because what if you switch to fast defy what if you switch to another framework that they might add in the future, you will use that kind of independence that NES GS has, you will not be able to reuse the same code pretty much.", "So what we're going to do is that we're going to use another decorators called body.", "And it just allows us to get the body of the request, right, let's call a DTO.", "And let's declare it as any, because right now, we don't know the shape of it.", "And let's console log that detail.", "And I'm going to use the My Favorite logging pattern.", "So basically, is just going to create an object and put the DTO inside it.", "And that's the shorthand for that.", "Let's go ahead and do the request again.", "And you see that it also works.", "So the advantage of using decorators like that is that express will get the right body, depending of the framework for you.", "So you don't need to really worry where the body is express or fast defy or any other framework.", "Message.", "Gs does it for you, right.", "But here, it only brings us half of the answer, because we don't know the shape of it.", "So we need to create a interface for that shape.", "Let's go ahead and create it.", "So usually, I like to create a folder called DTO.", "And inside the DTO, I use the Baron export pattern.", "So I have an index.ts that is going to export all the fields.", "So here we are going to do what while it's going, let's call out.dto.ts.", "And there's going to be interface called odd DTO, it will have an email, which will be a string, and it will have a password, which will be a string, and we need to export that.", "Right when to close that.", "And we're going to index and we need to export that detail from the index.", "And if you have never seen that pattern, the Baron export pattern.", "The main advantage is that now I can just do odd DTO.", "And it's going to import all the details from that folder, instead of doing something like odd detailed Ts.", "And if we have something else like sign up the detail that is instead of doing that is going to import everything from the same folder, all the imports will basically be there in those brackets instead of being spread out in your in your code, right.", "So that's a nice pattern that I love using it brings a bit of more code.", "But honestly, it's worth it.", "It makes your code much readable.", "And now we have access to this parameters, email and a password in the DTO.", "Right.", "And let's let's clean it a bit.", "Delete the requests.", "Recall, let's try it again.", "And it works again.", "But here, it's only TypeScript.", "So what if we don't pass the email?", "What if we, we forget to pass the value to the email?", "Well, if we log that, we don't have any errors, we, we have email that is void and we have a password.", "So that's a problem because now we need to write codes like that if DTO dot email, if not then throw error and is this is very verbose.", "We can simplify that a bit by using the class transformer and class validator libraries.", "So let's go ahead and implement them.", "And just before we implement them, let me introduce pipes.", "What are pipes in SGS pipes are just a function that transform your data.", "So if you have a string that comes from the request, because usually apart from if you send the JSON If you send a string in the in the in a query something like sign up, for instance, user ID is equal one or user one, that one will be a string.", "And if in your code, you need to use a number, that could be a problem.", "So one way of doing that is to use the built in types.", "So what we can do is that we say email is going to be a string.", "And we can isolate the email field directly from the body like that.", "And the password would, will be, will be created like that, right.", "And let's, let's log goals email password.", "And for some reason, my pitch here is not working.", "See this line is a bit big.", "So I'm going to go into preach here, and reduce a bit the, the print with and you try that out.", "Okay, 50 works well.", "And let's also look the type of type of email, which will type of email.", "And same for type of password, type of password.", "So again, I go here, and we say that the email is a string, the password is a string.", "So what if we want to transform the password into a number?", "Well, it could be done simply like that by using inline pipes, parse int, type, and there are other pipes.", "But usually, it's the this one that you're going to use.", "And here, since it's not a number, the password will throw an error.", "So it's going to stop the execution of our code.", "And if you check here, there is no console log is going to stop the execution of our code before even we run the business logics.", "So this is amazing.", "But if the password is a number, well, it's going to have is going to work right now.", "And we see that here, the password has been converted by the pipe to the number, obviously, this process is a bit verbose because you need to create a pipe for every data field, what we can do visit DTO is just is just apply those transformation and validation directly on the on the detail.", "Right.", "So let's go ahead and continue what we're doing with that small explanation about what are pipes.", "But I think it's quite important to understand the pipes before we move into the detail of validation.", "So there's more explanations about pipes in on the NES GS website.", "And you see that we have different types, both pipe float pipe, uu ID, which stands for unique, unique identifier, but there's something called Class validator.", "So basically, this is what we need, we need to install those two packages, class validator and class transformer.", "So let's go ahead and add them.", "Yarn Add Class validator and class transformer.", "Here we go.", "And now what we can do is that we can go into the DT O.", "And to apply the transformation and the validations, we need to use a class not an interface.", "Basically, it is the same for us, it doesn't change anything, it just that instead of interface, it's a class.", "And we need to add something here is email, for instance, from the class validator package, and is not empty.", "And is going to be and this is going to be a string.", "And it's going to be erased, not empty.", "And let's go ahead and throw the request again.", "And we see that it does not work right.", "Why doesn't it work?", "Well simply because we don't tell nest yes to use the pipe logic to use the validation pipe globally everywhere.", "So we need to go into the main Ts.", "And just before the abduct, listen, write app, use Global pipes.", "And here we just write validation type.", "And validation pipe is a built in pipe by NSCs for that same purpose, right?", "And we need to instantiate it like that new validation pipe.", "So now that we have added that validation pipe, let's go back to the insomnia and run the request.", "And here we see that we have two errors.", "The first one is email should not be empty an email must be an email, right?", "So that's cool.", "So if we provide something like test, well, it's still going to complain that it must be an email.", "So flat, Gmail dot Come.", "And now everything works.", "This is validation in a nutshell.", "Thanks to DT O's, the validation pipe can do other stuff such as transform automatically your data.", "One thing that could be interesting for you guys is to see that use case.", "So if I'm going to my controller, and I'm going to console log, the DTO.", "Right.", "And if I'm going to execute that logic, we log that.", "But what if I try to cheat?", "What if I have identified a maybe a vulnerability in your server and I want to inject a variable, for instance, ID is equal one.", "Or any other variable?", "Well, if I console log, that ID will be passed to our DTO.", "And maybe that's not something that we want, right?", "One of the things that the pipe validator can do is that it can strip out the fields that you don't need, what we can do is just set whiteleys to true, and it's going to do, right, we send the same request.", "And now we see that the ID is not here, what it is doing is that it's stripping out the elements that are not defined into our DTO.", "So now we can be sure that rd to has an email and a password, and know all the fields that we have defined.", "So this is amazing.", "Let's go back to our controller now.", "And write the rest of our logic.", "Now we know that the DTO is validated, and it has an email and a password.", "Let's pass it to the signup function.", "To make it all clear.", "Clean that and let's open the audit service.", "And in the audit service, here, the signup function will receive a detail of the deal, right.", "And now we can run our business logic with self assurance that the data that we receive from the client from the browser is actually correct.", "So the first thing that we're going to do is that we need to generate a hash based on the password, I like to use Arcanum.", "So a lot of people use B crypt for password hashing.", "And that's a fine solution.", "But I also had the refresh token in my in my application.", "And there's a problem with B crypt because its verification algorithm is only limited to the first 72 bytes are going is considered to be a better solution overall.", "So I'm going to go ahead and use argon.", "For that we need to install argon, two.", "And we can import it into our oath service.", "So all as argon from argon two.", "And the first thing is that we need to generate the password.", "Then save the new user in the DB, right.", "And we need to return the user, the saved user.", "We're going to do those three things first.", "So let's generate the password hash is SQL Argan.", "Hash.", "The first will come the plain text that we want our hash.", "So it's going to be detailed or password.", "And that's it.", "Then we're going to say the user in the database.", "So const user is equal await.", "And it will be in a sync function, of course, because it's called Prisma.", "A synchronously this prisoner user.", "And since we have defined user in our prisoner model, create data.", "And this is the data word that we're going to use to create the the user with.", "And what we have here we have email, which can be detailed email, and we have hash, which will be that hash.", "Right, we can save it.", "And it's not happy because it says promise string is not assignable to type string, and of course, are going to hash is in a sync function.", "So our wait and the user is created.", "And then the user is created.", "We just returned to the user.", "Let's go ahead and, and create our user.", "So we can go back to insomnia and delete that ID and create a user.", "And our user has been created.", "Obviously, we see that we have returned a hash, which you should not return because that's basically the hash password of the user.", "Not very secure.", "And let's let's try it out again.", "So we go to Prisma studio.", "We gonna reload, and we see that the user has appeared here, we can delete it, delete record, here we go.", "And go back to our code and just say that, listen, I don't want to return the hash.", "Well, how do I do it with Prisma?", "Prisma has a lot of possibilities.", "Either you, you create a select, and you select only the fields that you want.", "For instance, if we want only the ID, we say Id true email true.", "And, for instance, created add to true.", "So it will only return those fields like that.", "And let's go ahead and delete that.", "But obviously, it's not very handy, because there's a lot of logic to, to write, right.", "So what I prefer to do is to write transformers.", "So we're going to cover that topic a bit later.", "But for now, an easy and dirty solution will be to do delete user hash, there is going to just strip out the hash out of that user object and return that.", "So let's go ahead and create one.", "And we have the user object without the hash.", "Amazing, right?", "So one other thing that will be interesting, what happens if that I, if I send the user again, well, if I do it, again, it's going to be created again, and another user and another user.", "That's because email field is not set as unique in the prisoner.", "So let's go ahead and run the migrations to set it unique.", "And we can delete that.", "Otherwise, we'll have some problems.", "And let's go ahead and get back to the Prisma model.", "And this is how migrations of Prisma works.", "So those migrations have created, the bookmark and the user.", "Now we're going to modify our model.", "And to make it all compatible with our database.", "So we can simply include the new updates to our database, well we need to do is we need to modify our schema.", "So for instance, email should be unique.", "We might want to rename the the table user to users, because right now it is great user is good for Prisma, because Prisma Prisma loves those kinds of things.", "But we're going to just map these names to another name.", "So map users, and map.", "book marks, everything seems to be correct.", "Amazing.", "One thing that we might add as well is the relation between bookmarks and user.", "So bookmarks will belong to the user.", "The way to do it with Prisma is to create a link to the user in the bookmark because many to one connection, so many Bookmarks can belong to one to the same user.", "In other words, this user can have many bookmarks, but any given bookmark at any given time belongs only to one user and not to several users, so many to one, let's create a user ID variable is shall be an int.", "And user, it shall refer to the user model, we need to tell it it's a relationship is going to use fields.", "So we use fields to indicate a prisoner which fields are used for primary keys.", "And we use reference to indicate to Prisma to which variable this primary key references to so it's going to be to the ID, which is an integer, or fuser.", "So we just name ID, right.", "Amazing, right.", "So we have made some changes, and Prisma automatically included an array bookmark here, we just need to change it book marks.", "And is going to be an array of bookmark module.", "All good.", "So now we have made our changes, we need to run the migrations, how to do it, we come back to the terminal.", "And we do NPM Prisma.", "Migrate, Deb is going to connect to the database, enter the name for the new migrations.", "Let's just name update models.", "It has run the generate.", "So it has generates the new variables in TypeScript for bookmarks and for user ID.", "And it has made the email unique and it also has pushed the new migrations here into the database.", "And we might need to restart studio.", "Sometimes it's a bit buggy when you run the migrations, and it works correctly.", "So now we have the user and with the new fields, email should be I believe it should be unique somewhere it should be ready Unique.", "But anyway, we have bookmarks here.", "And the bookmark has been updated with user ID and the user object.", "So which is, which is really nice.", "So go back to our code and write continue writing our logic.", "So we go back to the audit service, let's see if our logic against the duplicate user works.", "So we create one user ID one, because we have visited database.", "And if we create the same user with the same email, again, what we have is a five or not very cool, right?", "Because 500 errors don't tell us anything about what happened.", "It's better that we provide to the user a kind of phase specified error saying, Look, in that case, it is a forbidden exception, because credentials is already taken, right?", "So we need to create that error in SGS, it's actually quite easy to do.", "And if you see here in in the logs, we see that the there's an error with the unique constraint failed on fields email.", "So prismas tells us that email is unique, and we cannot really use it.", "So what we can do is that we can say, we can add try catch, block.", "So we put all that into the try catch error.", "Here, we can just isolate if the error comes from Prisma or not.", "So if error instance of prison Prisma known client request error, and all that is detailed in the docs, right?", "The only time where you would write those detailed error exceptions, is basically when you create a unique field with unique properties.", "Basically, you don't need to cache all the possible Prisma errors here, I just want to make sure that if I'm catching the Prisma, duplicate, unique duplicate error, so if the error is is Prisma error, and not something else is that happens if error dot code is equal to p 202.", "Which stands for duplicate field like Prisma has error codes defined and this specific code stands for you try to create a new record with the unique fields that has been violated.", "So if that happens, we throw a naseous exception, throw new, forbidden exception.", "Credentials taken, right.", "And that new forbidden exception actually comes from from SGS.", "It is well documented in the docs, and is the error is not does not come from the Prisma what we do is that we just throw the error, right.", "And let's go back to our insomnia send request.", "And here we see that the status code is for free.", "And we have a descriptive message error message telling to the client, hey, the credentials are taken, you cannot use that.", "Amazing, right.", "So we have created the signup service function.", "So let's go ahead and create the sign in.", "So what happens when we sign in while the user will provide the password and the email?", "The first thing is that we need to find the user by email.", "If user does not exist, throw exception, then compare passwords.", "And if password incorrect, we throw an exception.", "And if everything goes well, we just send back the user.", "Okay, so the sign in function will also receive the same DTO as signup, we don't really have a difference between the signing and signup process in some application, they do in some application, the signup object, the signup detail will be more complex, but in our case, it's going to be the same.", "So the first thing is to find the user.", "So we go and find the user const user is equal await this prisoner user find.", "So the way you can find elements in Prisma either you find them by find unique or find first.", "So if you want to find a single element from the database using Prisma you can either find it with unique or first find first will allow you to get the element by any field and find unique will allow you to get the element by unique fields.", "So in our case, either a ID or a fields with unique property.", "So let's, let's use find unique.", "Where email is DTO that email, right?", "So the first thing that can happen is that someone tries to log in with an email that does not exist in our database.", "So to handle that use case, we're going to create what's called a guard conditions.", "So if not user, we're going to stop the code at that point and throw an exception, throw new, forbidden exception, credentials incorrect.", "And if the user has been found, we can just continue our logic and compare the passwords.", "For the password comparison, we're going to use the compare function of the argument.", "So for the compare password, P W, mattress, physical await Argan.", "Verify the first argument will be the hash.", "So the hash password, it is in the user, of course, so user dot hash.", "And the second argument is the password in plain text, and it comes from the detail DTO dot password here.", "And again, we put a guard condition if not PW matches, if password does not match, we fire an exception, the same exception as above, here we go.", "And if everything goes according to plan, we can send back the user.", "And before sending back the user, we can delete the hash field on the user object.", "That looks good.", "Now before we go ahead and try it out, let's create some handy scripts for us.", "So first of all, let's just write a script that will allow us to respond our database instead of typing it manually here in the terminal.", "Let's create a script in the package Jason.", "So we can just run it and it will rebuild our container for us.", "So our Postgres database.", "And the second thing is that, let's also write a script that will allow to apply those migrations to the database.", "So let's start by the database.", "So let's, let's call, let's call this clip D dB.", "Dev restarts.", "So that means restart the database with Dev development environment.", "So by definition, we only are in development.", "But if you have a project, and that has several environments, such as testing environment, maybe staging or something else, well, you can create several scripts with that syntax.", "So for now, let's go ahead and first try it out our script here.", "So Docker Compose.", "So to remove a container, and here in our Docker compose our container or service is called dev dB.", "To remove it, we use RM.", "And let's go ahead and see what what functionalities we have here.", "So we have forced to, to remove them without asking us for confirmation, we also have stopped to try to stop the containers before removing them, it could be nice, it's a nicer way of stopping them instead of just killing them.", "And we also had this v dash v to remove the volumes attached to that containers.", "And that's a good thing to do.", "So to for our cleaning script is going to be Docker Compose, remove dev DB as f v. So let's go ahead and put that into our maybe let's do something like that, let's put our logic into several sub scripts.", "So it's just easier to manage them the B dev RM, right.", "And the same would be dB dev up.", "But instead of removing is going to, to push it to create it and with is going to be done in background.", "And for the DB dev restart script is going to do yarn dB, the RM and yarn DB Dev.", "Up.", "Let's try our our newly created script in our terminal and see if everything works correctly.", "Yarn DB dev restart.", "So we see that it runs the first one and then it runs the second one.", "So we had the Remove thing here.", "And we have the creation of a new Docker container here.", "And if we do docker ps, we see that we have one created here for us The problem, though, is that even though we have created the database, it doesn't have migrations applied to it.", "So it does not have tables of users and bookmarks.", "So we also need to create a script to automatically apply the migrations.", "So remember, in the beginning, we have run the command Prisma, migrate Dev, what is going to do is that is going to generate a new migration based on the current migrations.", "And we don't really want to do that, what we want to do is that we want to apply those existing migrations to to the database.", "So that process is much more safer than regenerating the whole migrations every time.", "Additionally, when you do prism, migrate Dev, it asks you for confirmation.", "And it asks you for name of that migration, for instance, we have in it here, and we have update models.", "So it's very hard to automate.", "However, the other script that Prisma has is called MPX, prisma.", "Actually, let's go ahead and check the Migrate Doc's help.", "And we have Maghreb data, that's the one that we have used in the beginning to generate the initial schema and to run the migrations.", "But if we just need to apply the migrations to a database, we can just run Prisma migrate, deploy.", "So let's go ahead and create that script.", "So Prisma, Devil deploy.", "So this is going to deploy the migration to our dev dB, which is here at that, at that at that link.", "So in so Prisma, migrate, deploy, right.", "So and what we're going to do is that as soon as the database is up, we're going to run that script as well.", "So it's going to also deploy our current migrations to the database that we're working with.", "And yarn Prisma dev dB, what might happen as well is that if you have a slow computer, the database might take a bit of time to start.", "So it's usually nice to put this bit of sleep here, I'll put sleep one second.", "So we are sure that before trying to apply those migrations, our database is running, and everything is set up correctly.", "So we don't try to apply the migrations on a database that is in Bootstrap mode.", "So let's go ahead and try that out.", "Again, yarn DB restart, is killing the database.", "It's restarting it is waiting a bit, and it applies the migrations here.", "And we we see that it's written that we have, we have found two migrations, and the following migrations have been applied here.", "Amazing.", "Now we can go ahead and start our server.", "And thanks to TypeScript, we now know that we have an error amazing, we don't need to run the script at runtime to notice that we have an error, we have it here even before starting the server.", "So we have what we have in the OD controller, you have not given a DTO while in the service, you require the to, let's change that.", "So in the surface, the sign in function, it requires the DTO while in the controller, you don't pass it.", "So let's copy the body here, the body logic and pass it to to the sign in function.", "That should resolve the issue.", "Amazing.", "Now we can come back to insomnia.", "By the way, I noticed how to make the font bigger.", "And I just didn't think about it.", "But yeah, basically, there's an option in the in the in the journal options where you can resize the font.", "So sorry, for the smaller fonts in the beginning, I'm learning as well.", "Let's go ahead then and do the signup requests.", "So there's Senate and we had the user, if we try it again, we receive an error.", "And if we do sign in and provide the same credentials, we have the user again, if we do a mistake with a password, we have an error, which is nice.", "And if we do a mistake with the email, we have an error as well.", "Amazing.", "We basically have implemented the sign in function and everything works correctly.", "One thing though, in the real applications, when you sign in, of course, this information can be sent to the browser.", "So it can it can, for instance, render information about the user.", "But it is not enough to help the API to help the server to actually identify the user connecting to it, we see that in our case, we send the email and the password.", "And it's called Basic Authentication.", "But we cannot do that every time.", "Right?", "So there are some API's where you need to send the email and the password.", "And basically anything required by the basic authentication at every API request, encoded, maybe in the base 64 format.", "That might be a bit technical, but that exists.", "But in our case, for the user experience, we want the user to login only once in a while, right.", "So to allow the server to track the user to know who the user is, there are two techniques.", "The first is sessions, you probably have heard about them already.", "And the second one is G wt, Jason Web Tokens.", "And that's another way of, of tracking the user on the website.", "So know who the user is and allow or forbid, requests based on user identity.", "Because if the user sends that back, it's not enough, of course, anyone can fake that.", "This whole process is called authentication, and authorization, right?", "So we identify the user.", "So the user provides some credentials.", "We know who that is, we identify then the user, but then we need to give something to the user.", "So we can authorize that user through subsequent requests, for instance, login, signup, everyone can call that route, right.", "But there might be something private, for instance, user, slash me, and that only attentive FIDE users can call it.", "So let's go ahead and implement that functionality.", "I said before, we are going to use DWT, for that we have already prepared modules for NES GS.", "Now.", "So far, we only have seen custom made modules.", "So it's module that we have made ourselves.", "But Ness, GS also has modules that you can use in your app, like any NPM library, so let's go ahead and implement some of them.", "The first module that we're going to implement is the Config Module.", "So for now, we have used hard coded environment variables.", "So this database URL, we have actually hard coded in Prisma, right.", "So instead of doing something like that, which is not secure at all, because that will be available in your GitHub repository.", "And also, it is error prone, because what happens if you do an error here, right, it's very hard to notice.", "And it can be only detected at runtime efficiently.", "So that's something that we're going to fix with the Config Module.", "So let's go ahead and install it, we can kill the server and install yarn, add nest GS config.", "And we can start the server back again.", "And let's go ahead and implement that Config Module.", "So the Config Module is usually implemented on the root module.", "So here, or you can put it in a in a custom module and implemented there, if you need to use something like validation on that.", "So for instance, you can check that, oh, this variable should be a string, this variable should be a number, this can also be checked.", "But it's out of the scope of this project.", "So let's just leave it out.", "But know that you can actually put the Config Module inside a custom module called config if you want.", "But for now, we're going to just import it here.", "We have just installed the Config Module, let's go ahead and implement that Config Module.", "And, and you see it comes from Nash TS config, I actually like to move all the node modules packages on top.", "Now Config Module requires some configuration.", "And if we add it requires a four route option.", "And that's all we need to do to load that dot n file into our application.", "Under the hood.", "The Config Module uses dot and for library, I actually have a nice video about dot n on my channel.", "So if you are curious how it works, check it out.", "Like any module that we have here, it also have a service and also uses dependency injection.", "So we can import that Config Service inside any of our modules of our app.", "So where do we need it?", "Well, at first, we're going to need it in Prisma.", "So let's go ahead and use it in prisoner to use dependency injection.", "Don't forget to annotate a class with the injectable decorator.", "So if it has injectable that would be able to use dependency injection.", "You don't need to put inject inject trouble if you don't have any dependency injection requirements.", "So if you don't use something like Prisma Prisma service, for instance, if you use that Ness, GS will complain somewhere, for instance, prisma.", "User, find many, if we do that it should complain, because it's going to try to get that object and that will be undefined.", "So it will not know what the user is.", "And in fact, it says Cannot read property of undefined, right.", "So for any class in net, she has to use dependency injection.", "And that class, of course, needs to be inside the module, we need to annotate it with injectable.", "decorator.", "So now it will work.", "But of course, we don't want to use Prisma.", "That was an example.", "What we want to use, however, is the Config Module.", "So let's go ahead and name it config Config Service.", "Config Service is a service declared in the Config Module that we have imported here, I'm just repeating it so you guys can absorb the new, the new concept easier, right?", "Repetition is key.", "And what I'm going to do here is that this string, now, I'm not going to hardcore it, I'm going to import it from the dot and file.", "And the way the Config Module exposes that dot and file contents, is by having getters in on the config object.", "So this has a config object, we can do config.", "dot get.", "And we just named the the name of the variable and database URL, let's put it in quotes, clean that and fire it up.", "And now we have an error saying basically that, okay, we know what a Config Module is, but the Config Service is not exposed.", "Well, that happens, because, by default, all the modules are kinda contained.", "So this Config Module would be only available in the app module, but will not be available into the Prisma module.", "So it's very similar to what we have here.", "With a global, you can expose our Prisma module to the whole app.", "Well, any NES GS compatible module also have this functionality.", "Of course, we cannot use the decorator here.", "But inside this object, there's an option called is global.", "So we can just enable it, and that basically does the same thing.", "Let's come back in now, it should work to make sure that our prisoner Service is working correctly.", "With config, we can go ahead and print the config.", "And we see that we get the right URL.", "So everything is working.", "And let's test it out.", "Let's create a new user have led to amazing the new user has been created.", "And that proves that our logic works.", "Now let's come back to the GW T, the subject of authentication seems to be quite easy, right?", "Like how hard can it be just login and sign up?", "Come on, every website has that.", "But in fact, under the hood, it's very, very complex.", "And there are companies, multi million multi billion companies, if I'm not mistaken, making hundreds of millions of revenues per year, providing that service to corporate and, and and companies.", "So that's a quite edgy subject to get right is also very hard.", "So in this example, I'm going to provide a very simplified functionality, very simplified authentication.", "If you need to get more information about that.", "I have a two hours video on that subject alone on my YouTube channel.", "It's about net CFG WT authentication.", "If you're interested, check it out.", "But without further ado, let's get started and dive in and try to add authentication to our CRUD app.", "Now SGS has some decent documentation on authentication and authorization.", "And behind the hood, it uses passport passport is a authentication framework for Express GS with a lot of strategies.", "So you can log in with Facebook login with Google auth zero Twitter govt and has a lot of functionality that you can use in our app.", "In our example we are just going to use G wt.", "So basically the user will give the email password pair, and it will receive a G wt, what is it readable T, I have a video on that on my channel, but basically is just a string with a signature, some data and some description about the kind of string it is and which algorithm it is using.", "And basically inside it to say, Jason that is encoded in base 64.", "And this is the information that the server could pass to to the client.", "So for instance, in our case, we could pass that the sub which refers to the ID will be a an ID or the user.", "The name could be Vladimir, in my case, and the email could be Vlad G Gmail.", "com, and you can add as many claims as you want, though, all those fields are called claims.", "There see expiration, you can put an expiration we can put a creation date.", "Basically, you can put any data you want.", "And you pass that the server creates that when the user logs in or signs up, and it passes it back to the browser.", "So every time the browser goes somewhere on the application, it sends it over to the server and the server says okay, yes or no you have access to that or not.", "This behavior is quite similar to sessions, except that sessions are being passed automatically, with each request while govt needs to be passed, basically with code, but apart from that, they solve pretty much the same problems, or at least people use them to solve the same problems.", "Of course, some might argue that G diabetes are bad for authentication, but I don't necessarily subscribe to that point of view.", "If people are using DWT for authentication, we should at least show them how to do it correctly.", "So let's go ahead and install the needed packages, we need to install quite some packages if you have any problems with following the steps.", "Of course, all the code will be uploaded on GitHub in the description below this video.", "But without further ado, let's let's proceed and install all the needed packages.", "So what we need to have we need to have Ness GS passport module, we need to have passport and passport to local we don't need passport local is a library to handle local authentication.", "So we don't need passport local nor do we need the types we only need passport and NES GS passport.", "This is basically the passport library.", "And this is the porting to net GS kind of a, a module for Nash Yes, for passport.", "So we need to install those two.", "Let's kill it and yarn add those.", "We also need to install g WT specific libraries.", "So here NES GS govt model, and pass for govt package of passport.", "So it's a bit a lot of libraries to install.", "But don't worry, just follow the steps everything is going to be okay.", "And we also need to install the types for those paths for G WT thing because no library and they don't have TypeScript inside the repository, it's in another repository.", "And we are going to save it as a development dependency.", "Here we go yarn, add D for development dependency in types password TWG.", "Now we will have all those added here somewhere.", "Right.", "And let's see how we can use them in our application.", "First of all, everything regarding authentication, of course goes into authentication module.", "And that's nice thing because everything will be organized and clean in our project.", "The first thing that we need to import is the G WT module.", "So remember what we have installed.", "This NES GSG WT is basically used to sign in the code tokens.", "This under the hood uses JSON Web Tokens library so it just kind of a niche yes modularization of that library, while the other one in the beginning that uses passport.", "This is a true kind of module that pours passport to to the next GS.", "So the reason why I'm saying that is that this we are going to use it in our service while the other library, we are going to kind of put it in another folder called strategy because the first time you see that kind of pattern, it's a bit weird.", "So we're going to import it here, G WT module.", "So this is to sign in decode the the JSON Web Token and we just need To register it.", "And there are several ways to do it, you can provide some the secret because the DWT needs to sign with a secret, you can provide it here, an expiration date and stuff like that.", "I usually like to leave it blank, because in most of the use cases, here, we're not going to use a refresh token.", "But most of the time when you deal with Govt, you also need to use a refresh token.", "And the refresh token will have a different secret and expiration date from the from the access token, and more about those in a minute.", "But that's why I kind of like to declare the module here and customize it further into the auth service provider.", "Right.", "So we this is to sign in decode JSON web tokens.", "So let's, let's do it.", "Now let's do it.", "First, we go here.", "And since it's a module, because everything in Nigeria are kind of modules.", "It also has a what a service of course, well, we need to import it again with dependency injection.", "And this DWT models is registered inside this module.", "So it will be accessible here.", "We don't need to make it accessible there.", "And the use case of that module is just to sign some tokens.", "So let's go ahead and do it.", "We need to import it here as the dependency injections of private govt G WT service.", "Right.", "And this is imported from DWT from the same package.", "And if you have any doubt, you can also just check the package and see what's what's there.", "There's a god service God module and some interfaces.", "And I think it's actually a good practice to always kind of inspect a bit the the libraries that you use, it will allow you to get a better understanding of what what is inside instead of just blindly following documentations and see things just appearing there out of nowhere.", "So we have signup and sign in?", "Well, we said that we don't need to return a user, we actually need to return tokens.", "But to return that we need to sign that information, though, like this user information and transform it into the token, obviously, like here, so we need to generate something like that, right?", "Based on for instance, data like email and ID.", "So let's go ahead and create a function for that.", "This is going to be signed token.", "And I like to put it in a sink as well.", "And this sign token will take the fields that we need to sign, it's going to be user ID, which is going to be a number and a email, which is going to be a string, so we're going to send the user ID and an email.", "So later on, when he passes back, something like that, we can get those two information out to that token, and run validations or assume that all this is the user ID one.", "So whatever action that he does on our platform check first is that he has authorization to pass that specific action and then perform that action.", "So this is the kind of information that we're going to extract from the govt and kind of trust what's inside.", "So we're going to construct an object that we're going to sign, let's call it data user.", "Let's code sub user ID sub is just a standard of of the GW T's kind of convention that that you need to use a unique identifier for a sub field.", "And let's add any field that we want for in our case is going to be an email.", "And what we're going to do is that we're going to return this G WT sign and all those functions come from Jason Web Token library that you can find on NPM if you need sign a sync.", "And the first thing is going to be a payload and the second, the second argument is going to be a options for the signature.", "And this is where we can set our secret secret information that we're going to sign the data with.", "So only us know that information.", "So if a user comes back with a token ad with token, we know that it comes from us because we have signed it with our secret password.", "And actually, we can name it payload because it's going to be more descriptive payload.", "And the second option will be an object.", "First of all we want to set when the token will be expiring.", "So let's set it at fixed 15 minutes.", "15 m So that means that once we give that token to the user, the user can do some actions on our platform for 15 minutes after that, the token will be rejected and the user needs to sign in again.", "And we also want to add the secret, of course, secret is mandatory.", "Otherwise, we can't really sign up for the secret.", "Since it's a secret, we should definitely not commit it to GitHub, let's put it into the MV file as well, as called GBTC.", "Correct.", "And let's name it whatever like super secret.", "And let's copy that and use the same process that we have using to Prisma Prisma service, let's import the Config Module, private config, sorry, Config Service.", "And let's get that the GW t here.", "Cons secretly SQL these config get govt secret.", "Here we go.", "And since we're using TypeScript, we can actually provide some interesting function descriptions, like the return type is going to return a string.", "Right.", "And here.", "And for signing, for instance, instead of returning the user, what we do is that we return this sign token user.id and user dot email.", "Perfect.", "Since we return in a synchronous function, we don't need to put a sink here.", "This is only useful if we do some asynchronous operations, when with await here, since we're returning the promise, we don't need to put it here.", "The code will know that it's a promise.", "And same thing happens here.", "And we don't even need to do it, the user here, we can clean that out.", "And let's also return the user here.", "Awesome.", "Let's get back to our insomnia, and pass the URL request.", "So now if we do sign in, is going to return us.", "Of course, we forgot to start the server.", "Silly me.", "The server is running no errors, let's do the request again.", "And now we have a text, which is not very nice, though I didn't really want a text.", "But it gets us the the JSON web token.", "And by the way, if we copy that, and paste it here into govt.io website, we see that we have the sub, which has the user ID and our email.", "So this information that we have signed is correctly included into the body.", "Now into the next part, one thing that we might want to add is that instead of returning a string, because here is going to return a string.", "And of course, next js is going to convert the headers to text HTML, I'd like to return a object.", "So instead of doing that, we can just change the logic a bit.", "Here in our sign token, we can return an object with access token, I have noticed that usually, the convention for access token is to have this snake case convention.", "And we can just return the access token here.", "Like that.", "And of course, is going to complain because our type now is incorrect.", "Our type is promise string.", "So it should be promise of object access token, which is a string.", "Now everything is working correctly, and we execute the sign in again, we get a object with the access token key.", "Amazing.", "Now on to the next part, the strategy part, we have generated a access token.", "And basically token a user can use to pass requests, protected requests to our application, the next step is to actually write the logic that will be able to intercept that token.", "So that token that we the user passes to us validated, make sure that it didn't expire and make sure that the signature was which we created, the token is correct.", "And then only allow the actions that the user wants to do on our platform.", "So to summarize, we have written the logic that allows us to create a token, right?", "It returns a access token to the user.", "Then what would happen?", "Well, the user will call another route, for instance, users slash me to get information about the current user and He would provide in the headers authorization token, something like that bearer space.", "And that would be the access token.", "So the logic that will verify that this bearer token is correct is called a strategy.", "And this is what we're going to implement now.", "For that we create a folder in our module called strategy.", "We'll create a baron expert.", "And we'll create the strategy which is basically just a class strategy, the Ts, the strategy, the G, the Ts, export class, G devotee strategy.", "We have an example in the NES she has documentations.", "Let's check it out.", "Here.", "The strategy should extend the passport strategy, which comes from the NES GS passport module.", "And it implements the G WT strategy, which comes from this passport, DWT library.", "And what it does is that it configures it in the constructor calling super.", "So it calls this module this service.", "It says that the govt should be extracted from the headers as a bearer token.", "So it just means that it should be it should have this kind of format bearer space token, which is a standard for a bearer token.", "This property is set to false by default.", "So we don't need to set it to false.", "It just allows us to ignore the expiration date of the access token which can be useful when you were testing but we don't need it at that point.", "And it takes the secret key as a as a parameter.", "And the secret is basically this thing that we have defined here, we have signed our token with a specific secret.", "Well, we need to allow the strategy to decode that same token with that kind of secret, not really to the code, but more to verify that the signature of the token has been really signed by that secret.", "So we know that the token comes from this server from our API.", "So let's go ahead and implement it.", "The jeido which is strategy should extend passport strategy that comes from Ness GS module passport, and it should take the strategy that come from passper jadibooti.", "Right.", "And it has a constructor because we are extending a class we need to call its its constructor, the constructor of the parent class like that.", "And we need to provide the configuration of that of that password strategy class.", "So we can just go ahead and copy what is there.", "And delete that.", "Because it's false by default, and import extract g, oo, t and x.", "And this is basically the secret, right?", "So this class is also a provider like the auth service class, right, so it can use injectable.", "The reason why we separate it in a different folder is just to make sure that we don't we know that this class has a specific use case.", "And it's for validating the D token, the access token.", "So that's why it's inside a folder.", "But it can also use dependency injection under the hood.", "So that means that it can inject Prisma inject Djibouti and inject the config and this is what we need because we need to get that that secret from the environment variable so let's go ahead and do it injectable and here is going to be config Config Service.", "config dot get and it's going to be I think we call the govt secret everytime I forget how we call things.", "G WT secret.", "Amazing.", "Now, now everything's okay.", "The only thing that we need to do is that we need to export that class from our Baron export, which is a good pattern.", "And we then need to import that strategy as a provider.", "So NES GS is aware of that of the strategy being part of our application.", "So G to bootstrap the G. And that's all we need.", "Let's go ahead and start the server.", "Nice.", "Everything seems to be correctly instantiated, and we now have the DWT strategy configured.", "Now we can protect some of our routes with that strategy.", "That means that you can access a route only if you have the valid strategy here we are using CWT but if you want you can also have strategies like login with Facebook login with Google.", "And they have their own configuration options and stuff like that.", "So again, we generate the token with the auth service.", "And then we have a strategy that we can decorate other routes with.", "So only people with a valid token can access it.", "But we don't have any other routes, any other controllers are part of the odd controllers.", "So let's go ahead and create one in the user module, I'm going to use the CLI nest G controller user.", "I would name my controller users based on the REST API format.", "And let's go ahead and implement a simple get endpoint is going to be get me if you leave get decorator blank, it will, it will catch any any requests.", "So it will catch any requests like that.", "If you put something there, it will actually catch it with that pattern.", "So if you leave it blank, it will just use the pattern of the controller to catch it.", "Obviously, if the controller has nothing, it will try to catch it at root, which is not a very good idea because it can have conflicts and undesired behavior.", "But in this case, we are going to use me.", "So we are going to call that endpoint with users slash me.", "And in me, we are going to return something return user info.", "It's just a drink, right?", "Right now we are not doing anything.", "And if we go back to insomnia, and CO users me, and let's actually delete that, and it's not the post request, it's a get request is going to return us user info because we have just mapped that route on to our application, but we haven't protected it right.", "So there see.", "So to protect a endpoint to kind of have a condition that will say, Okay, if you meet certain conditions, we are going to execute that, that logic, else, we are not going to execute that.", "To do that in Ness.", "Yes, we use what we call guards.", "And again, you can use the nest GS documentation to read about guards.", "A guard is basically a function that will stand in front of a route handler.", "So in front of a endpoint, and to allow or not allow the execution of that endpoint.", "In our case, our guard will check for the strategy.", "And if the strategy digital which strategy is correct, is going to allow the execution of the route if not, is going to block it, you can of course, create custom guards.", "But in our case, we can use something that has already been pre made.", "And that comes from the NES GS passport module.", "And it's not called.", "So to use guards on a given route or on a given controller, you can use pretty much everything at a global level at the controller level, or you can use it at the route level.", "So in our case, we want to block the GET ME route if you don't have a valid token.", "So let's go ahead and create that we need to use a decorator called Youth guards.", "And in the youth guards, we can provide the guard that we want to use.", "And Neji has passport, the module that we have here somewhere, actually here.", "NES GS passport, it already has a guard for to work with that strategy, right?", "So if we inspect the code here, we see that will do what does it have?", "It has a note card, it has some interfaces.", "It has passport module, but this is what we are interested in.", "It's not guard and basically.", "So it's basically a guard that is compatible with Nash's that we can use.", "And that works very well with the strategy.", "So let's come back.", "Let's go back to the user controller and import it here into the youth guard.", "decorator.", "So old guard.", "And here in the parenthesis we provide what kind of guard it is what kind of strategy it is guarding for.", "So it's G W team.", "And when we create our strategy with with that was that strategy with that strategy object that comes from passport, Govt it by default assigns DG WT kind of key to it so so you can assign any key that you want.", "For us, for instance, GT 32 But by default, it just leaves it like that.", "So it will be identified by the odd guy with that keyword.", "So if you have a refresh token, you can do something like that.", "You can name it really the way you want, you can give it any name that you want.", "But by default is G wt, you can leave it blank, or you can leave it here Djibouti, I will prefer to leave it like that, because it's going to be clear, is going to be a bit less of magic, because the first time I encountered the old guard, I was wondering, how does it know that this job jadibooti is linked to that strategy.", "And that's how, so we are going to say that, Oh, this route should be protected by that strategy.", "Now, let's go into insomnia and try to use the same request again.", "And see we have a 401 status unauthorized?", "Well, it's because the strategy is being executed.", "And it does not receive the bearer token.", "So it throws an error.", "So let's recreate a bit the flow, I cleaned up the database, I have now three routes, get me route, a signup and sign in route.", "So let's go ahead and sign up and create the body email if lad@gmail.com passport, sorry, password 123.", "And this create the account, we have an access token, that access token, we can use it in our bearer tokens.", "So if we, if we throw the request in right now if we use a request, right now, we're going to get a 401.", "Because we haven't required any we haven't given any bearer token.", "Let's go ahead and implemented authorization.", "Bearer.", "And then we paste the token.", "And now we have another error, which was interesting.", "Let's see what is going on.", "This validate is not a function, okay, we forgot one function in the in the GW strategy, and it's validly date.", "So let's go ahead and write it.", "And it's going to take a payload of any, let's log that payload.", "Cool.", "One important thing that we forgot to implement is that we forgot to have valid function.", "So the token is going to be transformed into that object and put into payload.", "And then we need to return it.", "So here we can perform any validation that we want.", "And then we can return the user.", "In our case, we're just returning the Jason.", "So what it's going to do by returning the payload is going to append the payload to the user object of the request object.", "It sounds a bit confusing, but under the hood of Nigeria's, we use Express, right?", "And we can get the request and the response of express with the right decorators, which I have shown in the in the beginning of the course, right?", "What the WG strategy does, is going to attend that a user object to the request object, so we can use it in our route.", "So the user is going to be that payload.", "So it's going to be that object with the sub email expiration date, etc.", "But let's get back to the strategy and just run it again.", "It is passing correctly, right?", "So we have the the console log the payload here, as I said, it's an object with a sub of the user ID email, our email and other information that was contained in the token, right.", "So let's clean that.", "And let's see, why is it useful for us?", "Well, if we go back to the controller, I said that the strategy will put that decoded payload or whatever value we pass here, whatever value we pass in, the validate function is going to append it to the user object on the request object of the request of the or the or the API.", "So we can get that object here.", "Request.", "Actually the Ric Rec.", "And Rec object is from nest GS and request interface is from Express.", "And we can do console log user is equal to rich dot user.", "Record user.", "And you see that even expressed now that a user is possible because because when you validate the identity of a user, its identity can be appended to the request object.", "So here we are going to log that is going to log the payload.", "So the object that we have returned from here.", "So if we run the requests, again, we'll come back to the thing.", "And we see that we now log, the same payload, but from the controller, because we have written user here.", "So if we pass any other value here, let's say hi, Well, hi is going to be logged.", "Here, because we basically attach whatever we export from the validate function to the request user object, right?", "Does that make sense?", "If that doesn't make sense, don't worry about that, we are going to build upon that concept.", "And I'm going to come back to it a couple of times.", "So basically, that means that we can get the information of the GW T from the token and do something with it.", "Since we have an ID, we can get a user by the letter Z, since we have an email, we can maybe get the user by that email, everything is possible, we just know who that user is, that requests the users me endpoint, let's clean the strategy and return the payload, we can close the strategy file and come back to the user controller file.", "So what we're going to do now is that we need to get the information of the current user based on the access token, right.", "So now we need to get information of the user and return it back.", "So that can be done in several ways.", "In that example, we are going to get the user object from the database directly in the validate function.", "So on top of having config, we also need to inject Prisma Prisma service and here we can get the the object so it's not going to be any it's going to be, it's going to have a subfield which will be a number, and it's going to have an email field, which will be a string, validate will be in a sync function can get the user const user is equal await the prisoner.", "And I forgot to put private.", "The reason why I don't put private in front of the context is because if we do something like that, I can't really use this because super must be called before anything.", "And since I'm not using config in my, in the rest of my application, there's no point to use private and remember when we use private is just means that we declare the variable here automatically, right?", "So we don't need to do that I can leave it without private and of course, it's going to be config dot get.", "But here we can use private because we use it elsewhere.", "So this prisoner user, find a unique ID is going to be where ID is equal payload dot sub.", "Also, very important thing to notice is we if we return Nope, it's going to throw an error.", "Right?", "So the user will be now if the user will be not found.", "And a 401 error will be returned.", "And if the user will be found, that user object is going to be appended to the user request object on the request.", "And the thing that we can do before doing so is to delete the hash.", "So we don't inadvertently export some sensitive information, and then we return the user.", "And in our user controller, what we can do is that we can return a rack dot user.", "Now if we run the requests user, slash me, we're going to get back the user based on the access token.", "And now we have our application working, we can sign in, sign up and get the information of the user.", "So that's quite cool.", "But there are a couple of things that we can enhance, before I told you should not use the request object immediately because it is error prone.", "And this is correct.", "So we can fix that.", "And we also can make that a bit more clean.", "So this is easier to do.", "So let's start with that.", "Every time that you need to put a string somewhere.", "It's called the magic drink.", "It can create errors, and we can make that cleaner by abstracting it in its own class.", "So let's go ahead and do that.", "This functionality will be part of the odd.", "So let's go ahead and create a guard, a custom guard.", "So new father guard, and again, the Baron export here, and we are going to create the duty guard.ts.", "And what is going to do is going to just be a class jadibooti guard.", "And all we need to do is to extend the old guard.", "And we are extending a guard with GE WT strategy.", "And that's pretty much it, we might just run the super and, and we need to export that class so we can use it in our application.", "So instead of writing out guard, like that, with those strings, we can just write that class.", "And let's export it and import it in our user controller.", "jadibooti guard.", "And if we run, if we check the runtime it is executing correctly.", "And we can even get the information correctly.", "Oh 401.", "Unauthorized and we can we can.", "So so this is similar to what will happen in our application, we get a access token for a specific amount of time.", "And once it is expired, you cannot use the protected route anymore.", "So we need to get a new one.", "So let's go ahead and create a request email flat ARCHIE MILLER comm and pass word 123 We get the new access token.", "And then we come back to the to the header here and replace it with a new one.", "And if we send the request, it works correctly.", "So now we have fixed that.", "And let's go ahead and fix this.", "This is a decorator.", "So you know, all those things are decorators, we have made a custom guard that extends the auth guard provided by naturally as passport.", "But we can also make a custom decorator that will go in the request object and get that user object and return it back to us.", "So now we can go in the old folder because it's kind of part of the OT, ot functionality, right, we can create another folder called decorator.", "And again, export the burn with a burn export.", "And let's create a custom what we call a puram decorator.", "And I don't remember the syntax by heart.", "And obviously that's why as programmers, we have documentation, so use it when you can you're not supposed to know everything by heart.", "And in the custom decorators documentation, we have params decorators, and that basically mean that you can put them in the parameters of your endpoints.", "And there are a lot of them already defined, you see that you have the request, we have already seen their session as well.", "You have IP headers query body that we have used, right.", "And they say that you can create a custom decorator, for instance, to get the user object on the request object.", "And the way to do it is like that.", "So they just copy it.", "And I'll explain in a minute what it does.", "So let's go and create our decorator, let's call it get user.", "decorator, the Ts, and let's call it get user.", "And that's it.", "It is creating the params decorator that we can use like that.", "Get User right, and it in fact, it only knows it.", "And what it does is it can take a data that you pass to it, for instance, that would be data.", "But by default, it's unknown.", "So you don't you don't need to pass it.", "And the second argument it's actually gets, it actually gets the execution context of the request.", "So it's important to understand that NES GS is an abstraction right?", "It uses something under the hood.", "It can use Express it can use any other protocols.", "Here, we say that the this execution context switch to HTTP because we're using HTTP, but sometimes you might use for instance WebSockets, right.", "Or you can use RPC for something like like micro services.", "In our case, we use HTTP And then we say get requests, there are other things that you can do, you can get the response as well.", "But here, we want to get the request.", "So it's going to get the request object of the Express Library, right.", "And then we can do something with it.", "So this request will actually be the same as Express request.", "If that makes sense, right, this request is going to be that, and then it's going to return whatever we want from it.", "So the decorator will put in a variable here, whatever we return to it, and is going to be a user.", "And in our case, since we have used the strategy, in our case, the user object will be the user object from Prisma.", "Right, that's all we need to do for the custom decorator, let's export it from the Baron export.", "File, and in the user, we want to use the Baron export pattern is going to export it from the decorator file.", "And here, we don't need to put any data for now we're going to leave it blank.", "And here user is going to be of type user.", "And that will come from the Prisma client.", "So in the beginning of the video, I said that Prisma generates TypeScript typings for us, so which is very cool.", "So now, we can say that this variable is of type user that was defined in our prisoner schema.", "And now we can just return the user and it makes it all clean, and that decorator, you can reuse it pretty much everywhere.", "Now, we can also optimize that logic a bit by moving the guard on the controllers level.", "So that just means that everything that is in the user controller, while it will require you to be to have a token, it will require you to provide an identity of who you are, which makes sense.", "That way.", "We if we have another endpoint here, for instance, patch.", "Edit User, well, we want me to copy the guard here as well, we can just put it on the global level.", "So let's go ahead and run our requests again, and everything is working.", "So let's say that in that in this case, you don't really want to pass the whole user object, you just want to pass the ID.", "So you can say I just want the ID and then it's going to be user ID and it's going to be a number.", "So you can say something like that.", "And then in your logic, you can get the ID of the user, if you want to do something like that, it's quite easy.", "You come back to the Get User decorator.", "And you say, well, if if data if there's something in the data, then you return request user.", "data, and data will be a string.", "And it could be optional.", "So we if we don't provide it is going to return the whole user object, if we provided it's going to return the the a field from the from the user objects.", "So we can we can actually try that out here.", "And here, we say we want to get the email of the user is going to be a string.", "And we can before returning the user console log that email.", "Let's run the request.", "And if we come back here, or there's something that's not working a required parameter cannot follow an optional parameter.", "Let me go back to the get user.", "And here, okay, I see.", "So instead of doing like that, and this is true, a optional parameter can only be put at the end here, the old order kind of metrics.", "So we will say String or undefined.", "So that way, the data could be potentially undefined.", "Let's go back and throw the request.", "And we have a log of our email and the same time we get our users so everything is working correctly.", "Let's clean that up.", "And we don't need to get the email anymore.", "So thanks to those tools, decorators and guards.", "We have created quite a clean logic for our application.", "You see everything is quite organized, and everything has its place.", "There are a lot of decorators that nest GS has and it allows basically you to save Have some code and have something?", "Well, I would say economic from a from a visual point of view.", "For instance, there's another decorator that I use quite a lot.", "And that I haven't showed yet.", "It's HTTP code.", "So usually, when you create a resource on the server, you send back a 201 HTTP code.", "So if we go ahead here and create a new user, Vlad to the status code will be 201.", "Right?", "So that just means that the server has created something in a database, that's kind of a standard, you can of course, make it return to Oh, so for that is going to be HTTP code.", "That's the decorator.", "And inside the decorator, we're going to return a status.", "So for instance, it could be 200.", "Gnaeus, also has enums.", "So instead of returning numbers, which is error prone, you can return enums, HTTP code, HTTP status.", "And you have accepted found and it basically means different codes.", "So code 200 means okay.", "So and if we put the mouse here, we see that 200 is equal, okay.", "And there's a lot of other code that is that are used in the development.", "So you see, here's a whole list here not found, for instance, that is very known for or for 401, authorize that is thrown by the strategy when the bearer token is not correct and forbidden, for instance, for free, when we throw a forbidden exception.", "So we can do that.", "Obviously, when we create a user, now it's going to be two Oh, but by default, a post request will return to r1.", "So we don't really need to change that.", "However, when we sign in, we don't really create a new resource.", "So I like to return the code 200.", "So we can use it 200 Here.", "So instead of like signing in with a 201, it can be used to sign in and get it to oh, that's quite cool.", "So post requests return usually 201, GET request will return 200.", "So we don't need to specify a because decorator here, we have implemented quite some features already.", "And you see that our application starts to grow, will soon implement the user routes.", "For instance, the patch user route will also have bookmark routes, and application will start to grow, it's going to be very tedious to actually go in insomnia, and run all those kind of tests manually.", "Imagine you have something like 100 endpoints, and you need to test several use cases, for instance, like, Oh, I've signed up with a profile of admin and the admin should be on boarded.", "And then it should do that.", "And then I need to sign up with you, oh, my God, it's pretty much impossible to test manually.", "So that's why we use automated testing.", "There are three kind of main levels of testing you have unit testing that you probably have heard about, unit testing will usually take any any functions, for instance, is going to take the sign up function is going to mock any dependency that the signup function is using, for instance, argument or connection to the database.", "And it's going to try to make sure that this function is executing and calls the right the right things and everything is working correctly on that unit level.", "However, that takes a lot of time.", "And to make it right, you need to actually practice a lot.", "There's a lot of methodologies, how to do unit testing.", "And it can be really nice when you have a project where a lot of people work on and a product that will respond through years and years of development.", "Unit tests are a good investment in terms of your time.", "However, in most of the cases, what we want to have really is end to end testing and integration testing.", "So we have unit testing just above, we have integration testing, integration testing, will kind of take several modules.", "And that's why NES GS is so cool, because, by default, it separates our application into modules.", "So for instance, I want to check the odd functionality on it.", "Well, I can load the odd module and the Prisma module, and maybe the Config Module.", "And I can test only all those three together.", "And when I'm happy with the result, I can just test something else user user well for the user will need to have a user.", "So it needs to use the auth module.", "So we're going to use the auth module user model prisoner module, but not the bookmark module.", "And we can can test all those together, integration testing, you define some segments of your app and you test them together.", "I like to test it with the test database, so on of having a dev DB that I use for like manual testing and manual feedback, I will also have a test DB here in our Docker compose that I'm going to spawn and destroy every time I do my tests.", "So you have integration testing, and then you have end to end testing and end to end testing kind of verifies a very high level user journey of your app.", "So okay, a user signs up signs in, he requests his profile, he does that.", "So it mainly verifies how the user will interact with your app.", "While integration testing, we can really test a lot of things, for instance, well, is the same token working correctly, is it the same token with signing is working correctly are the exception throw correctly.", "So this is more for integration testing.", "Since testing takes a lot of time, usually, it's estimated that testing takes at least the same amount of time that you have spent on creating your app.", "So if you have spent something like two weeks building your app, you'll probably spend at least two weeks testing it.", "There are various methodologies for testing, there's test driven development where you write your app as you test.", "Obviously, we have not done that here.", "And it can solve some problems as well.", "But in our example, here, in our small CRUD application, what we can do is that we can use end to end testing.", "So end to end testing will allow us to kind of showcase the use of our app, and prove that it kind of works, we don't need to go into details and make sure that everything works together.", "If you're interested by that, you'll probably be using integration testing, I have a video about that on my channel.", "So if you are interested about that, specifically, and how to do it with Prisma, well be my guest, there's a one hour video on the subject.", "But in our example, we are going to use end to end testing.", "And I'm going to use a library that has been suggested to me by one of the core developer of NES GS.", "And I have to say, it's quite cool.", "It allows you to save a lot of time.", "And it's called Pakhtun.", "By default, NES GS uses super test for the end to end test.", "But In that example, we are going to use Pakhtun je s. So without further ado, let's get started and create our end to end tests.", "So we don't have to jump between our code and insomnia over and over again.", "Okay, so let's start with that amazing endeavor.", "And first of all, let's install package on yarn, add pack.", "So pack to me is an amazing library for testing your API's.", "It is really nice to work with.", "And it works very well with Graph QL.", "And it has a lot of features that we're going to use straight away.", "And to install it, all we need to do is to use AES to install it with factum.", "So before we start, our test will need to consider a couple of things.", "First of all, we will have to set up a test database for our end to end tests.", "Because we want to keep the dev DB actually separate from the test dB, so we don't delete our database every time.", "So that's one thing.", "And the second thing is that we'll have to set up the database set up the Prisma service to be cleaned up every time we run our tests.", "But before doing that, let's clean up our app.", "And to inspect file.", "We can just go here and delete everything.", "So how NES GS works is that it's going to compile a module.", "And we're going to take the whole global module, the app module is going to compile that and we can create a test module out of it.", "And on that test module, we can call requests like we do with insomnia.", "So let's go ahead and first, create a describe blocks.", "So it's going to be app content.", "And inside that app, and when we will just run a test, a to do test should pass just to see that if our script is running, and we are going to kill our server because we don't need the server anymore.", "We are going to kind of use what we call test driven development.", "We are going to write tests and write logic and make sure that our tests are passing.", "So The way to run that file is through tests end to end here, there's a script already created for us by nursery's.", "So yarn test end to end.", "And let's see if that at least works.", "And we see that we have a past test, nothing really happened.", "But that's fine, because we haven't defined our tests yet.", "So let's go back to our test and create the Prisma module.", "So before all the tests, what we're going to do, and it's going to be in a sync function, it's kind of a hook that is provided by jest, we're using jest as our main testing framework, both describes come from jest.", "And we're going to use Pakhtun for for the requests to send the request to our server and to analyze the the answers to responses from the requests.", "So before doing that, we need to create a module module ref await test, the test is going to come from from NES testing.", "NES GS test think there will be a test.", "Test create testing module.", "And here we import.", "And that's basically a, a, a module as we have here in the app module.", "So we create a module that will import that app module inside it.", "That's the easiest way to do it.", "app module for the app module come from the from from here.", "And we are going to say compile.", "And that's pretty much it for end to end test, we just import everything because everything needs to work together.", "And what we need to do, then is to well, let's see that passes to begin with.", "Right?", "Amazing.", "Now, what we can do is to avoid everytime that every time that we want to run the test.", "To avoid that we have to go here and do yarn test and 20, we can set the test to be kind of automated.", "So the run automatically as soon as they detected change in our code.", "So we go back to package json and say just watch.", "One important thing that we need to say as well is to disallow the cache of the test in case we don't run into problems where some resources might be cached.", "So that's fixed as well, let's go ahead and run it and see if that works.", "So now it should be running continuously.", "And if we save, nothing would happen.", "But if we run a new test, it should automatically recompile it.", "So it will detect if we have any new tests in our application.", "And if I press A is going to run all the tests again, that's pretty much just usual, just I would say flow, you press W to get more options.", "But for now, that's all we need to do.", "And let's delete that test and, and see if we can connect to our test database right now.", "And let's add a couple of things.", "Basically, what we are doing here is that we are simulating the the server.", "So anything that we have defined in the main Ts, we also need to define here.", "In our testing module here we use Global pipes.", "If we don't include those, the detail validation in our tests will not work.", "So we need to also include those just before here.", "So now that we have the module compiled, we need to run a win to create a NES GS application testing application.", "So we can say app is equal module, dot ref.", "Create module ref, create nest application, right, so he's going to try to emulate an app.", "Here, it just compiles a module that can be useful when you run integration testing.", "But since we really want to run an end to end testing, with that, also app we can abstract it in name in the describe here, I nest application and app will be this.", "And now we can include the pipes.", "Otherwise, the validation pipe will not work.", "It needs to be as close as possible to our real server.", "And at the end we say await up in it.", "So this is where we kind of start the server and when We are done.", "When all the tests are done, what we do is that we do app close.", "So we close the app.", "And we see that now it is still working, everything is good.", "This is our starting logic.", "This is our teardown logic, we can close that.", "And now let's think about the database.", "Well, by default, NES GS, in our case, will connect to our dev database, we need to have a dedicated test database for our test and a dedicated database for everything else.", "So how are we going to do it?", "First of all, let's create the dev DB in our in our Docker Compose.", "So just copy here and called sorry, test dB.", "Test DB is going to run on port five, and 5435.", "So it should not be running on the same ports or otherwise you will have a problem.", "And the rest can pretty much stay the same.", "We can now go back to the package that Jason and we see that we have a we have the scripts for the dev dB, right?", "Well, we need to have the same scripts for test dB.", "So let's copy that and write it here test to be your third.", "So and and just copy all the scripts here.", "And those will be for test for is not test deploy dB.", "Test, remove and DB test up.", "So for the test DVD, it's going to be just test a B test, the B prisoner deploy.", "And here in the to start is going to be test, remove yarn DB test up, and er prisoner test, deploy.", "Okay.", "One important thing though, is that Prisma does not manage the the environment variables by default.", "So here is going to just load the environment, the database URL from the environment file that it detects.", "So I need to be a bit more specific here.", "This means that prisoner will try to find that variable from the environment variables.", "And if it doesn't find it, it will try to get it from the NV file.", "So one thing to work with Prisma with different environment variables, because you can just create another.in the development that indata testing, that would not work.", "Well with that the cleanest way I found to manage environment variables with Prisma is to use a NPM package called dough 10.", "CLI, so let's go ahead and implement it.", "Yarn add the 10th.", "CLI.", "So what is going to allow us to do is to inject the dot env file of our choice in our kind of scripts.", "So by default, if we just stay on the environment variables is going to get this environment variable.", "So if we don't do anything, everything is going to be loaded immediately from this one, right.", "However, if we, if we want to use another environment variable, such as in the the test, it's a bit more tricky to force or all our code to use this one, because Prisma will automatically only get the dot ends, it doesn't know about the end the test, and it cannot know about it.", "The Config Module from the API tutorial can load that specific one.", "For instance, it has a variable called end file path, and you can specify where the environment variable ease, but we will have to create a lot of filler code and it's going to be quite ugly.", "So it's better to use the 10.", "CLI.", "It keeps our code clean.", "And we don't need to change anything here, we just need to include that library here.", "So let's go ahead and do that.", "So if we are using the dot env development, we don't need to use the 10th CLI because by default is going to be using this one and this one will override any any other environment variables file.", "However, if we use the test ones, we need to inject this one first.", "So it's very easy to be honest, you do you just do the n the E and you just provide the path to the end file environment file and dot txt And then you just execute the rest.", "This is this is specific to Docker.", "So Docker does need to be aware of the environment variables.", "However, when we run our test, we also need to make sure that the NESs GS is loading the right, the right environment variable, not this one, but this one.", "And for that we also need to include here.", "So we include that end, hyphen, e dot and the test on the test end to end.", "And on the deployment of our migrations, right, and let's come back to a dot and if the test and just they just clean that here, and implement that new string, but instead of the Port 5434, we're going to have the Port 5435, which is the right port.", "Now to test it all, and this is the moment of truth.", "Let's go ahead and kill it and do yarn test, end to end.", "Also, an important thing is that we need to create a hook for test and twin.", "So when we run the end to end test, it needs to run the DB test, restart.", "So it's going to clean the database, the test database, and it's going to push the migrations on that test database.", "And it's indicated in the dot n dot test.", "And to define a hook in package that Jason scripts, so we just say pre.", "And we put the name of the script here.", "So if we execute that, this is the hook that's going to be executed before.", "And we do yarn, DB test, restart.", "And just to make sure that everything is correct, the B test restart.", "Okay, let's try that out and see if that works.", "So we see that the hook is working.", "And everything seems to be correctly working now to make sure that the migrations have been pushed into our test dB.", "So let me just open a new terminal session, and I just do docker ps.", "And we have now two databases, one that has been created just just now.", "And it is the database on port 5435.", "It is our test database.", "And this is the old database on port 5434.", "So what we want to do is to make sure that this database has the migration, all we need to do is to use Prisma.", "To do but remember that Prisma is also using this the 10th file.", "So what we can just do is to force Prisma studio to use this one with the same technique that we have used here.", "So that N E F test, let's copy that.", "And it's MDX because we are running it from the terminal.", "And we do Prisma studio.", "And that should automatically connect us to to the right database.", "Now we see that the studio is blank.", "However, if we connect to the to the other one with dot length, will be connecting to the dev database.", "And here we have some fields that we have been testing with insomnia.", "So everything is working correctly, we can clean Prisma studio, we won't need it for our tests.", "And let's come back to our testing logic.", "If you have any questions regarding that process, feel free to drop them in the comment section below.", "I will try to answer as soon as possible.", "But all the code here will be available in the GitHub repository in the description of this video.", "So if you are stuck somewhere, just check there.", "And I'm going to clean here because everything works correctly.", "And yeah, let's start our testing process.", "So now we're connected to the test DB via this environment file.", "Everything is okay.", "Let's go back in our in our testing module.", "So what do we need to do?", "First of all, first of all, before running our tests, we need to make sure that the database has been cleaned.", "And of course, every time we run our end to end tests, the whole database is actually restarted, so cleaned and restarted.", "But when we run our tests in the same kinda just session, we also need to clean the database.", "We don't need to restart the Docker container because that takes time that takes like three, four or five seconds.", "And we don't want to wait all that time.", "Right?", "So what we want to do is that we want to tell Prisma to clean everything that is in our database every time we run the tests, right?", "So because we have a just end to session that is watching.", "So that is keep going, it doesn't stop.", "We need to do it manually.", "So it's quite easy to be honest to do it.", "But let's first examine our schema to make sure that we are doing the things right.", "So what should happen here?", "Well, every time we do we run our tests, we need to delete the users, and the bookmarks.", "And sometimes there could be a problem where for instance, of the bookmark is linked to a user, right?", "But what happens if you delete the user first?", "Well, if you delete the user, first, the bookmarks suddenly might be without a user.", "And that could be that could be problematic, because that can create errors, to make sure that we don't have any errors.", "And that elements are deleted in the right order, we can either tell Prisma to delete first bookmarks, and then the users.", "But that can be a bit daunting, because imagine you have something like 20 models, so your teardown logic of your database can be quite long.", "Or you can do something like that you can say, on Delete.", "And we just say cascade, that means when the element that is it is the kind of the parent of that when the parent model or that bookmark is deleted, the bookmark should be deleted as well.", "To implement that we need to run migrations, I'm not going to do that, I'm going to go with the other option, where I'm going to make sure that the bookmark is deleted before the user, but know that it is possible.", "And in some cases, it is really good to have a on delete cascade, and it's unless you really want to conserve the data in your database.", "So for instance, you can in an app have categories and posts.", "Let's say that the user decides to delete a category, well, you can say what happens with the posts in that category?", "Are they kind of set to are they just do we keep them?", "Or do we delete them as well, in our case, if a user has been deleted, the bookmarks should kind of be deleted as well, I don't see why would we keep the bookmark so undelete is set on cascade.", "But in some application, you might want to keep the user data, you know, you never know.", "But know that it is possible to have those kind of hooks on prisoner, but I'm not going to go with it.", "Because I don't want to run the migrations, I'm going to just show the other way.", "The other way is to go into Prisma.", "Service.", "And we need to implement a new function that's called Clean dB.", "And what does clean dB?", "Well, we need to tell it what it does.", "And we need to delete the bookmarks and the users.", "So we can do return this prisoner.", "Sorry, actually, user, it works like that, because this is actually prisoner.", "So this is the Prisma, client, user, delete many.", "So what do we need to have here, we need to delete all the users.", "And we need to delete all the bookmarks.", "And of course, since we need to do it in order, it needs to be first bookmarking.", "And you're right, except that Prisma kind of optimizes our, our request and could delete the user before the bookmark.", "So to avoid that we can use transaction a transaction is when we tell Prisma, to make sure that the things are done in the specific order.", "So this transaction, and we just provide an array and elements will be executed one by one.", "So we first need to delete the bookmarks, and then we delete the user.", "So we don't have a case where a bookmark can be without a user.", "And we just need to return that.", "And that's it.", "That's all we need to do.", "This is our teardown logic that we need to run before our end to end test.", "And let's come back to the end to end test in before all hook, we need to make sure that in that logic, the database is reset.", "So how do we get the database?", "Well, it's actually quite simple in Nash, yes, because it uses dependency injection.", "So you can do app prisoner.", "Let's just declare our Prisma service here.", "And now we can say, we can say prisoner is equal to app get, and we can get any provider that we want.", "It's called Prisma.", "Service.", "And it's going to just get that Prisma service and we can put that into the variable and we can call that variable like that await Prisma clean dB.", "So it's quite cool to do tests with Nest Yes, because yeah, it's just a nice experience.", "And we can come back here.", "And we see that property, clean DB does not exist on type prisoner service.", "That can happen sometimes when you write code, and you didn't allow Nigeria to recompile the files.", "So in our case, we, I think we need to just restart the server.", "And that should work.", "So if you are doing major changes to the underlying logic to the services, you might actually need to restart the end to end test because it needs to compile the files into into JavaScript, right.", "And that's it.", "And let's go ahead and now create our end to end logic, we can close that collapse this, we don't need to touch it anymore.", "And we don't need to touch it either.", "Because as soon as we close the app, the prisoner connection to the database is also close.", "So we are quite happy.", "Now let's create our tests of describe what do we need else we will have user and we will have bookmarks.", "So you notice that I actually write the tests first, before we even have a for instance, bookmark logic is because that will allow us to kind of have a structure already and think about our application before we even build our code.", "So what should be in the oath?", "Well, it should be sign up.", "And there should be signing and that's pretty much all the race, then we should be able to get the user get current user or more like get me then we should be able to edit user.", "And for the bookmarks, we should be able to get bookmarks create bookmark we should be able to get bookmarks.", "We should be able to get bookmark by ID maybe edit bookmark and delete bookmark because that way we will have our CRUD application now next year's complaints because we haven't created a single test.", "Let's go ahead and just create a to do I think it will be happy with that should sign up.", "Let's see that works.", "Okay, that works.", "So we have should sign up we also have should sign in.", "And let's start by that.", "So this is kind of our testing structure.", "Now we're going to run our tests right our tests actually and for that we are going to use Pakhtun so to run the tests was packed on we first need to import it with import all as Pakhtun from factum.", "So after that we have imported Pakhtun.", "We can now use it in our application.", "But factum is a request making library, it needs an API, it needs the server to make requests.", "And so far, our servers, our NSGs app, it just has initiated the nest application context, we also need to start a server by providing a weight dot listen.", "And we can provide the port at which we want the app to listen.", "And now we can do the request so we can go into our first route a to do and we can provide a callback function to that test.", "And what do we call we call return Pakhtun spec.", "And then we provide the the request type is a post request to OD two to HTTP localhost 3333 Odd sign up and then we need to provide the body as well with body and the body will be the to the odd DTO and it will take an email which will be flat@gmail.com and the password which will be one To free.", "And we will provide that email here.", "And we shall expect a status of 201 Because we're creating a resources.", "So let's get back and see, okay, perfect.", "That test took 42 milliseconds.", "And that has succeeded.", "If we want to see what's inside the request body, we can just call inspect, at the end of the promise chain.", "And the body here has been locked, along with the code and the headers.", "So you see that we have the headers that is powered by Express, the status code is 201.", "And we get our access token.", "Now, this is a bit verbose because every time we're going to call the the API, we need to write that this is called also the base URL.", "So what we can do is that we can abstract that away from this post request.", "So we don't need to repeat it in a subsequent request.", "So we can do Pakhtoon request, said base URL, and we can just provide that base URL.", "And instead of writing the localhost here, we can just write out, sign up, that is much cleaner, much shorter.", "And that does the same effect.", "Let's get rid of the inspect to see if our test is passing.", "And everything is nice.", "So it just took a bit more time, but it just independent of our of our logic.", "Okay, now, it's amazing DTO, we are going to reuse it in our whole Old application, kind of odd flow.", "So we can just move it above.", "And let's also test if the sign in route is working.", "So we are going to delete it to do here, provide a callback to be to test and return out sign in.", "Since it's a end to end test, it will first execute this code.", "So we will have a user and then it's going to execute that code.", "And obviously it should be too low.", "And let's see how it works.", "Amazing, everything works together.", "So we have tested that we can create a user and that we can sign in usually when you write a test, you also need to test the use cases where your test will will fail.", "Alright.", "So for instance, before writing should sign up, we should actually write it should throw, throw throw an exception, if email empty.", "So we can also write all that to test if that logic will, will flow.", "So we can just copy that.", "Put it here and say that we expect a a code of 400.", "So we're going to write 400 status code to be expected because we expect the error to be thrown by the validation pipe, which returns a 400 error, bad user input.", "And we also need to provide a DTO without the email.", "So what we're going to do is that we're just going to provide just the password 123 Actually detail that password.", "So we reuse that, that detail.", "And let's see if our test is passing and we see that the test is passing next we can also check the other way around.", "So should throw if password password tempting.", "So instead of having the password here, it's going to be email and the to that email and should also throw 400.", "Right.", "And we can also test both just in case, throw should throw if not that you nobody provided.", "And I'm just going to do it without the body.", "And we can do pretty much the same with the with the sign in.", "So we can copy that and test it with a sign in here.", "Except that it's going to be signing everywhere.", "Let's go ahead and check our tests.", "And everything is passing.", "And that's pretty much the process of kind of end to end testing.", "It doesn't really test how our modules how our functions interact with.", "So we might return the right status, but maybe some something in the database is not is not saved in the correct format and that we are not going to be able to verify that with end to end testing.", "end to end testing is not the is not designed for that end to end testing is just there to make sure if the app is working end to end.", "So if kind of all the functionalities are working more or less as expected, if you need to go in more details, you're going to actually create integration testing.", "And that's out of the scope of this tutorial.", "Now, a very interesting part is that we need to check the user information, right.", "But for that, we need to send the bearer token.", "So Pakhtun provides a very neat functionality that allows us to store a variable in the packet and execution context.", "So we don't need to create a variable somewhere, for instance, we don't need to do something like that access token, and then assign it somewhere else based on the of what our API returns, what we can do is that we can use the store API of pakhtuns.", "So here in should sign in, let's inspect the body response that's going to be returned.", "So we have the body and we have the access token.", "So we can actually save that value in the memory of Pakistan.", "So let's go ahead and use that functionality.", "And it's basically a stores function stores back request and response data.", "And we can choose where what we want to store.", "So for instance, is going to be user at user access token is kind of like assigning a variable.", "And the path to that variable will be access token.", "So it's going to get the access token from the body, the access token variable from the body, which is in the Jason and is going to put that into that variable.", "And later on, we can reuse that variable in our requests.", "So let's, let's do it here.", "Get me it should get current user return packet on the just copy that here.", "And we are going to put users need and it should not have a body.", "However, it should have a a an authentication headers.", "And if we check the code, right now, let's run that.", "We see that get current user, we have a status of 404. less interesting.", "Why is it?", "What is going on with it?", "So users?", "Has that controller and me, users me, so why is it not working?", "That's very interesting.", "404 cannot post it's a post request, of course, it expects a get request.", "So get.", "And now it says that it's it's 401 unauthorized because we don't have the access token.", "Right.", "So let's get go ahead and pass the access token.", "In the same way we have passed them in insomnia.", "Remember here in headers we have.", "We have authorization bearer space and the access token.", "Let's go ahead and do that here.", "Headers, with headers, and we can provide the object key value.", "So the key is authorization.", "And the value is bearer.", "And to inject that variable that we have saved here, there's a special syntax in Pakistan.", "And it is this thing a bit like what we have in in template strings with JavaScript, except that you have an S here for store.", "And you can put the name of the variable here.", "And normally, we should get a a correct answer.", "And we can even inspect that to make sure that we get the correct one.", "And you see that we got the user object that was expected.", "In a nutshell, that's all integration testing is most of the time you will just test if the status code is correct.", "And at that point, we have tested all our routes.", "And what is left is to actually write the logic for edit user and the write the logic for create bookmarks, get bookmarks, get bookmarks by ID, edit bookmark, actually by ID, and delete bookmark by ID.", "So this is what we're going to do in the next part.", "In the next section, we are almost there, we have almost finished our CRUD application.", "So what we need to do now is to create the logic for the patch request, and the crud requests in the bookmark module.", "Let's first start with the patch request.", "And we are going to need the service here, we can leave our end to end in the background.", "And we can go ahead and create our, our service.", "So nest G service, user know spec, it's going to create a service for us that we can now use, let's put there and we need to create a function here Edit User in the same fashion that we have done with the auth service.", "So edit user is going to be probably in a sync function is going to take several fields is going to take a user ID.", "And that's pretty much it.", "And it also needs to inject prisoner praise Max service.", "And that's yeah, that's about it.", "So once it receives the user ID, it also needs to receive a DTO.", "And it's going to be Edit User DTO.", "Let's create that DTO.", "So Edit User DTO, the Ts.", "And it's a class, Edit User DTO.", "And what can we edit?", "Well, we could edit the email, we could edit the first name and the last name, so email, drink, first name, string, and last name, think and all those fields can be optional, because we can just edit the email without editing the first name, or the first name without the email, etc.", "Right.", "So we can also provide the class validator with email.", "This is going to be a string, string is string.", "And all those are going to be is optional.", "It's optional is optional and mean to export that, Edit User DTO and exported here through the parent export pattern from Edit User DTO, let's clean those files and come back to user controller.", "The patch request, edit user will receive a body of type edit user detail.", "And it's going to also get the user and just the user ID.", "So Id, user ID and it's going to be a number.", "And he's going to call the function in the User Service edit user.", "And it also needs to have video edit user DTO.", "And let's just call that so on that side on the controller side, this is done return this.", "We have of course not imported the the user service here, we also need to import it through dependency injection, private user service, user service.", "And now we can use that user service here return this user service added user user ID and detail on on the control side, it is now done.", "Let's go back to the user that service and write our logic here.", "So what we need to do is to update the user with the DTO.", "We know that the DTO will either have an email first name or last name.", "So we can trust the DTO.", "Because remember, we have this function, we have this pipe with a widely that's true.", "So we are sure that we are going to receive at least something at least something in in in our in our API request.", "And we can say user is equal await this Prisma user update where ID is user ID and the data that we're going to update, we just can just destructure the DTO.", "So if the video has something is going to be structured here, and before returning the user, we can delete the user dot hash and return the user.", "That's our edit logic.", "And before continuing any further, let's go back to our tests and run the test for that edit, edit functionality.", "So we come back to our tests.", "We have one Is that we have user get me.", "And we have edit user, right?", "So we go here and just copy the test here and right should edit user is going to be users.", "And it's going to be a patch request.", "And the headers are correct.", "And we need also the body, the body will have it to the to edit user DTO.", "And let's just edit the first name of Lada mirror, and just the email.", "Lat at code with blood, that and let's push that detail to the body with embody the T O and let's see if we can get something interesting.", "So first, let's see this test executes.", "So here it goes.", "should edit user, it is executed.", "Interesting.", "And let's maybe inspect that.", "Where's the answer here is this.", "This is the response.", "So we get the user with the updated email and with the updated first name, which is quite cool.", "So that works, we can also make our tests a bit more defined.", "For instance, we can say that, Oh, we expect that the body contains a field where we expected the body contains the first name Vladimir, and an email of that, well, we can just say expect body contains.", "And we can provide a value.", "So it's going to be detailed that first name.", "And we can do the same with the to that email.", "And let's see if our code executes.", "Cool.", "Our code is now working obviously, you can test it out, you can say expect body contains let's say I know false value.", "And that should throw an error because false value is not part of the body value false value not found in response body.", "So that's a handy way of checking if some fields are there, without going too much into details.", "Okay, now let's go ahead and create the routes for the bookmark.", "So for the bookmark, we haven't done anything yet.", "We will need to have a controller and a service.", "Let's go ahead and create those.", "So nest G controller, bookmark, no spec.", "And same for the service.", "Miracle we can clean that out.", "And here what do we need?", "We need to have a couple of routes.", "Okay, bookmarks, maybe put it here as bookmarks.", "We also need to use some guards.", "So govt guards need to have an access token in order to use those routes.", "So that is done at all missing imports.", "Have we forgotten something else?", "No, I think we have adult we can close user controller and just work with bookmarks controller right now.", "So we have a route to get all all the all the bookmarks, so it's going to be get get bookmarks.", "We also have get bookmark by ID.", "We have edit bookmark by ID.", "And maybe delete bookmark by ID.", "Let's check our test.", "If we haven't forgotten something, create all create bookmarks as well.", "So we get bookmarks.", "Get bookmark by ID, edit bookmark by ID and delete bookmark by it and we also need to have a route for creation.", "So create bookmark that's it we need to have a positive decorator for create bookmark, we need to have a get decorator for get bookmark by ID by ID.", "Let's move it above so gets are in one place.", "We also have added bookmark by ID so it's going to be patch and delete is going to be deleted.", "So we have the whole crud crud thing.", "Let's also import the service because all our business logic will be in the service.", "Private book mark So bookmark service, book mark, service.", "And let's copy all those functions in, in the bookmark service.", "And just clean the decorators here here we go very well, now all of them will have to use get user decorator, get user.", "And it will have to use user ID.", "Number.", "Sorry, it's actually goes into here.", "And we need to fetch the ID.", "Same goes for here.", "Same goes for here.", "And same goes for there.", "And the reason why I have to have these ready is that I can check if a bookmark belong belongs to a certain user or not.", "So when we are deleting a bookmark, we need to make sure that we are not deleting the bookmark of someone else.", "And when we get the bookmarks, we need to make sure that we are getting the bookmark of that user.", "That's why we in that, so the Git bookmark will not need to have a DTO.", "This will not need to have a DTO, either, but it will have to have a parameter.", "So if we want to get a bookmarks or get book marks by ID forces, two, or five, well, this ID is called the params, we can get it with another decorator.", "Here around that also comes from less common, and it's going to get the ID and the Name of that variable will be equal to the variable that we defined here.", "And we need to put two dots like that.", "And similar to what Express does express also have those parameters.", "And there's going to be book mark ID is going to be a number.", "And by default, this is going to be a string, but we can convert it to a number with parse, and pipe, the Create bookmark will have to have a detail.", "So let's go ahead and create that DTO.", "Index Ts and create book mark that detail the TS export class create a book mark DTO.", "And what will the Create bookmarklet to have?", "Well, let's check out our schema.", "So the bookmark has a title description, which can be empty, no link, okay, title, description and link.", "Let's go ahead.", "And let's add that title is a string description is a string and it can be optional.", "And link a string as well.", "And we can use this drink validation is drink is drink.", "And this can be is optional.", "And this is is not empty.", "Here we go.", "And we can export that create video from the folder.", "Now we can close it all open the bookmarks and add the DTO here as body the DTO will map to create bookmark DTO and edit bookmark DTO will also have something similar.", "And I'm going to show you a cool, neat way to reuse our code.", "And here we have made an error it should be capital.", "And it should be capitalized here because it's a class.", "And that should be fixed.", "Above.", "That's nice.", "And the next thing we said that we want to have edit bookmark by ID by ID Okay, edit bookmark.", "Detail the Ts.", "So what we can do is to just copy what we have here added bookmark the deal.", "And everything could be optional.", "That's the only difference here and here.", "This is this is for TypeScript.", "No this is for the validation to know so you don't get confused.", "We can change title description and link and we also need to export that detail from our DTO folder.", "And then go back to here and the patch request will be edit.", "Bookmark DT Oh, nice.", "And we just need to have the one last route, delete bookmark by ID.", "Well, it also will take the, the ID here.", "And we can just reuse the same logic that we have in get bookmark by ID.", "Here.", "Here we go, we have everything that we need on the controller side.", "Now let's jump into the service side.", "Let's jump into bookmark service.", "So what do we need to get to bookmark, we need to have user ID, which is a number and that's about it, right?", "We don't need to have anything else yet just to user ID, then we need to get the bookmark by ID, well, we still need to get the user ID.", "But we also need to have a bookmark, it should be a number and create bookmark, we need to have the user ID.", "But we need to have a DTO of create bookmark DTO, since it's going to be an object, same for edit, bookmark DTO dot edit, bookmark DTO.", "And delete bookmark by ID is going to be user ID as well.", "And bookmark it.", "Like, like here, and that's pretty much all our parameters.", "Now we can pass our R values here to the service, return this bookmark service, get bookmarks, user ID, we also need to do the same here, get bookmark by ID, so just need to change it here.", "And you also have the bookmark ID that goes there.", "And for create bookmark, purchase similar except that the second argument will be d t Oh.", "And here as well, it's going to be the same DTO but it's going to be create bookmark edit bookmark by ID.", "And here we we actually have forgotten something.", "Since it's added a bookmark by ID, you say the idea of the bookmark at which you want to be edited and you provide the body so we have forgotten also to put a ID here.", "And let's just copy it here and provide the bookmark, bookmark ID and then the DTO.", "And of course, we need to go and modify the signature of that function.", "And delete the bookmark by ID is going to be your turn this bookmark service delete bookmark by that by ID user ID and bookmark it.", "Whew, that's, that was a bit tedious.", "But we have all the logic pretty much programmed from the from the controller's point of view.", "Now let's go ahead and jump into the service to to see how we can make that work.", "And we're going to do it one by one.", "So when you write code, it's also nice to actually test it straightaway.", "So you get an immediate feedback on how your code performs here is going to be very wide because we are running entwine tests.", "But usually you would first go with integration tests.", "But in our case, since the application is quite simple, that's going to do it.", "We rerun the test database to make sure that everything is updated correctly, all the files are generated as they should be.", "We have our first tests that are being run.", "And let's go ahead and add the logic for the second one.", "So the first thing is to create bookmarks.", "Okay, maybe we can, we can first get the bookmarks, get empty bookmarks first, get empty bookmarks.", "So because we want to kind of simulate the user experience on our app, if we imagine what the user would be with end to end tests, let's actually close that.", "Close this To make it a bit more readable.", "So we have the signup functionality, the user signs up, then he signs in, then the user will get himself.", "And then he can edit himself.", "So we can simulate what the user can do on the platform, then the user will go on a dashboard or something, and he will get empty bookmarks.", "Because he haven't created.", "He hasn't created any bookmarks yet.", "So let's go ahead and simulate that.", "Let's copy this code and simulate it here.", "It should get bookmarks.", "Return Pakhtoon is going to be bookmarks, it's going to be get requests, the headers can stay the body, we don't need any, the status should be 200.", "And let's inspect the result.", "And we see that the body is actually empty, nothing is there.", "And this is normal, because we haven't written any any logic yet.", "So we can come back to our bookmark service and write our logic.", "So let's import Prisma.", "Because it's not important yet.", "Prisma Prisma service.", "So get bookmarks.", "We need to return this Krisna.", "Sorry, I forgot private, this.", "This Prisma.", "Bookmark, return file, find many where, where what where user ID is equal to user ID, we can just leave it like that.", "So it's going to return all bookmarks that are linked to us to the user that is doing the request.", "Let's see what it does return.", "And here, now we have an empty array.", "And because by default, when Prisma will run, find many, if it's not going to find anything is going to return an array, because you are expecting to find a lot of elements, right?", "So what we could say is that inspect status, expect body.", "And here we can say what the body will expect.", "And it should be an array, an empty array.", "Let's see if that works.", "Then we can go ahead and continue with our logic.", "And we can write the code for create a bookmark.", "So same thing return, it should create a bookmark return Pakhtoon spec post bookmarks with headers correct.", "And then we need to provide a DTO.", "So let's go ahead and provide a DTO here at that level.", "Create bookmark the deal.", "Okay, the tie the title should be it should be first bookmark.", "And the link will be Let's actually put a link to one of the videos of Free Code Camp.", "I personally liked the video, that guy who teaches keep your needs are really well done, man.", "And I'm going to save this URL in my bookmarks.", "Here we go.", "And we put the DTO into our with body.", "It should expect the status or two or one because it's a post request.", "And let's see what it does.", "Well, obviously it will do nothing, because because we have not programmed the logic yet.", "So let's go ahead and program the logic here this create bookmark.", "So in the same fashion, we can make it a sink and create our bookmark const bookmark is equal await this prisoner bookmark create data.", "And what do we put here?", "First of all, the bookmark is created by a user.", "So we can say user ID is equal user ID.", "And then we can just destructor the detail.", "And then we can return the bookmark to see what it does.", "And let's see if our code executes.", "I'm going to check here and inspect the, the, the response, let's inspect the response.", "And we see that we have, we have created the first bookmark, it is linked to user ID nine, which is the current ID and that is the second bookmark.", "So if we do it again, we see that the ID is three is because while we're cleaning the database, we're not cleaning everything, we just clean the users table and the bookmarks table, there's another table that keeps track of the indexes.", "And that is not clean.", "And this is normal, that is going to be incremented.", "But that's okay.", "It's not a problem in our case.", "And anyway, you should not in your test relate to hard coded IDs, like here.", "So now we have created a bookmark.", "And we can go here into get bookmark and re execute the same code.", "So let's go ahead here should get bookmarks.", "And we can just copy it here.", "And let's see that code executes.", "Okay, cool.", "We had to get bookmarks and wish we had that.", "And we can inspect that.", "And we'll probably see that we have an array.", "And in that array, there is our newly created bookmark.", "So now we should have the get bookmarks and expect the status 200.", "Yes.", "But now we know that the body should be an array, and it should be one element inside it.", "So what we can do to make a very simple test is that expect Jason length to be one.", "So we can expect the array of bookmarks should have at least one element.", "So that's that we can then proceed and write the logic for getting the bookmark by ID.", "So the way to do it is to simply should get bookmark by ID, which will copy the tests that we have already.", "So if we want to get a specific bookmark by ID, we can write it like that.", "But we don't know the it right?", "We weren't sure about it.", "Because as I've just said, we don't reset the ID is the that has been sequentially generated by Postgres, for elements.", "So we need to keep track of the bookmark ID that we have created somewhere.", "So let's go ahead and where do we create it should create bookmark, this is where we need to use the stores API, like we have used for user access token.", "So stores is going to be book mark ID is going to put the ID field of the bookmark inside it.", "So to use parameters with Pakhtun, when to use their own kind of way of doing so we need to the ad here and with params with path params.", "And it's going to be the key is going to be ID and the value is going to be the value that we have saved in our in our store.", "So let's see if that works.", "Very well.", "But now let's write the logic.", "Because we haven't written the logic yet.", "And we have the function here, get bookmark by ID is going to be pretty much the same.", "Apart from we are going to use Find first.", "And we need to get the bookmarklet that belongs to a certain ID.", "And which ID is also a a bookmark ID provided here.", "And let's go ahead here.", "Let's execute our, our logic.", "And we see that now we have the right answer.", "And we can go back here and do some basic assertions we can say expect body contains and it's going to be what is it going to be the value, the value is going to be this number which will which is which is going to be the bookmark ID.", "Okay, let's see that works.", "Perfect.", "Let's now finish it with edit bookmark by ID and delete bookmark by it.", "Before we go any further.", "Let's just examine if everything is correct, get bookmarks.", "By user ID, that's fine.", "Get bookmark by ID.", "Yes, that's okay.", "Create bookmark.", "We pass the user ID and the DTO that's fine.", "And edit bookmark by ID and this is where we need to do a bit more work.", "So first of all, we need to be get the bookmark by ID and then we need to check if user owns the bookmark.", "And then only we are going to do the modifications.", "So the first part is quite simple bookmark is equal await this prisoner bookmark, find unique, where ID is called bookmark it.", "And then if not bookmark, or so the bookmark add specific ID does not exist or if the user ID at the bookmark is not equal to the user ID.", "That means that is a bookmark that we try to edit does not own to the current user, then we throw an exception, throw a new, forbidden exception, access to resource denied.", "That's it, and the function should be an async function.", "And we can clean that out, we don't need those parentheses here, because we only have one throw exception.", "And again, it's a god condition.", "So it's going to stop the execution of our code below.", "So if the bookmark belongs to the user, then only we can modify the the user, then only we can modify the bookmarks.", "So we will return the modified bookmark this Prisma bookmark update, where ID is called bookmark ID.", "And the data will be DT Oh, okay, just destructure the DTO here, and we can come back to our tests and just copy our test here.", "should edit bookmark by ID should.", "Edit bookmark is going to be a patch bookmarks by ID year.", "And we need to take a detail.", "So the detail is going to be here and the to edit bookmark to and we're just going to add the description.", "And the description was actually the we're going to add the title and and the description.", "So let's just copy this and we pass that DTO to the body with body.", "Here, we expect the status of 200.", "And let's first execute it and inspect that to make sure that we had the right things.", "Awesome, we had right things and we can just expect the title and description to the to build those values.", "Let's I see that we have a whitespace here.", "Let's expect body contains DTO dot title.", "And same for detailed description.", "Let's see our test.", "Awesome.", "That works.", "And now let's run our last test.", "So usually when you delete a resource status that is return is a two or four.", "Let's see if we can we can actually do that.", "So first of all should should delete delete book, delete bookmark.", "So it's going to bed delete with path params IDs with headers, correct.", "We don't need any body.", "We don't.", "And let's see if that works.", "Okay, one thing that I like to use when I delete resources, I like to have the code to have four.", "So we're going to modify a bit HTTP code, like we have seen before HTTP status, no content which is which stands for code to have four.", "And if we go back to the test and run them again, we now have an error.", "We can of course go ahead and just modify that and we can return back to our bookmark service and feel the last logic here.", "And we don't want to return anything.", "So it's going to be a sync function.", "While here, we also need to check if the user owns the bookmark.", "So we can just copy, copy it here.", "And if the user owns a bookmark, then we can go ahead and delete it.", "So await this prisoner bookmark delete, where ID is equal bookmark ID.", "And that's pretty much it that will delete our bookmark.", "Let's come back here.", "And just after the Delete, let's make another API request should get empty bookmark.", "And what we can do is that we can just copy the should get bookmarks here.", "And and expect the Jason length to be to be zero.", "Let's come back and run our tests.", "And yeah, amazing.", "We now have a entwine tested crud API with authentication.", "So I hope that you enjoyed this tutorial that you have learned something out of it.", "Of course, there's a lot of stuff that we can still do.", "We can work on security.", "When we deploy our API, we can run it in the cluster mode through pm two.", "And we can do a lot of amazing things with that library called Ness GS.", "Furthermore, to improve the code coverage of this app, we can add integration testing and unit testing.", "But so far, my mission here is accomplished.", "I have taught you how to use NES Yes, and how to make a solid use of its architecture.", "My name is Vladimir, I hope you liked this tutorial, and see you for more ad code with flutter" ]

[ "Course introduction", "What is NestJs", "Why using NestJs", "What we are building", "NestJs project setup", "Modules", "Auth module", "Dependency injection", "Auth controller", "Setting up postgres in docker", "Setting up prisma", "User & bookmark models", "Running prisma migrations", "Prisma module", "Using auth dtos", "NestJs pipes", "NestJs global pipe", "Hashing user password with argon", "Sign up logic", "Sign in logic", "Automate postgres restart & prisma migrations", "NestJs config module", "Using passport js & jwt module with nestJs", "Get current user with access token", "NestJs Guards", "NestJs custom param decorator", "e2e tests with pactumJs", "Setting up test database", "Automate test database restart & migrations", "Using dotenv cli with prisma", "Prisma database teardown logic", "Auth e2e tests", "User e2e tests", "Bookmarks e2e test" ]

[ "Byju’s emerged as among India’s most valuable unicorn startups, after it ended in 2021, with a valuation of over $22 billion US dollars.", "Which is also enough to rank it among the largest in the entire world.", "And if Byju’s was ever listed on the public stock exchange, it would be ranked around the 30 to 40s as the largest company in India.", "And probably the largest educational technology or Edtech company in the entire world.", "This is driven primarily because of the market that Byjus operates in, after all, education is among the biggest in the entire world.", "And specifically, the EdTech market is valued at around $254 billion dollars as of 2021, which will grow to over $605 billion by 2027.", "This helped the enterprise to be among Times’ 2021 top 100 most influential companies around the globe.", "Which by all means, shows how much Byjus is impacting not just India but all around.", "Furthermore, it even triumphs over the largest American-based Edtech firms such as Coursera, Udacity, and Udemy.", "So how did Byjus become the EdTech Capital of the world?", "Before we move on don’t forget to leave us a like and subscribe for more!", "Byju’s emergence began because of two individuals who are known as Byju Raveendran and Divya Gokulnath, at the start of their operations in 2008, their product offering was video-based learning programs for students.", "This enabled the youth to have an alternative type of learning, where education isn’t just limited to the walls of a classroom.", "Which was fundamentally the need for change in the world of education, as leaders and voices around the world were calling for it.", "By 2012, the company was growing, so much so that it landed among the top 500 fastest-growing startups in the entire Asia Pacific.", "And during these times, the Edtech market wasn’t much talked about, the internet in India wasn’t as big as it is today, and video-based programs such as YouTube were still starting to take off.", "So, a fast-growing startup that has yet to see the potential of the entire market meant that the executives really had great execution within the business.", "By 2018, the company has then received several investments from prominent investors around the world, from Sequoia Capital India to Tencent to Sofina and Lightspeed Venture Partners, Most importantly, however, is that one of the backers was Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg’s philanthropic initiative called the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative.", "In the same year, Byju’s entered the unicorn club 2018, which meant that the startup is now valued at over $1 billion dollars.", "Surprisingly it was only a decade after, that the firm became a decacorn, meaning a $10 billion dollar business.", "And, today, Byju’s has taken off with a $22 billion dollar valuation, meaning its valuation exploded in just four short years since 2018.", "Moreover, it is not even a public company which as we have seen in recent years, tends to have its valuation take off.", "Currently, it has operations not just in India but across 21 other countries globally and has over 12,000 teachers with programs in 11 languages.", "And, what has brought Byju to become such a large Edtech business is kind of debatable, but we think it is because of its first in the market-style business, which means that it was among the first-ever startups in the market, this helped them pave its brand and their people.", "Further, Byju’s headquartered country which is India may have also helped them see the need for providing accessible education to everyone, and this has been segmented further with India’s role as an IT hub of the world, which meant that innovation is necessary for anything we do, and so is in the education system.", "Our opinion is kind of aligned with Byju’s overall mission, which is envisioning the future education, having everyone access it and empowering the ecosystem.", "Its role going from a $22 billion dollar business to maybe a hundred billion dollar, lies in its pure execution and growing acquisitions it has done.", "Byju’s has been on a rapid pace on buying up several businesses across the world, for them to enter certain markets.", "Among its largest acquisitions is Tynker, a coding platform for students based in the US, which it bought off for $200 million dollars in 2021, Epic, another US-based education firm, which it bought for a staggering half a billion dollars, and Toppr for $600 million dollars.", "These acquisitions are more than likely a lot, in total it had acquired 16 edtech or related firms which totaled more than billions of dollars.", "Furthermore, it has partnered with some of the best organizations world wide, after it joined with firms such as Intel, Disney, and other major corporations.", "These have enabled Byjus to have a brand that now stands among the best in the world.", "It is even among the official sponsors of large events such as the FIFA World cup, THE ICC Cricket, of which one of the teams named Team India is also a sponsor of Byju’s.", "These have enabled Byju’s to thrive in the past, present and its future role as the world’s edtech software.", "Although, the rise of a software company, especially very fast, is going to receive criticism.", "Well, after all, its valuation skyrocketing meant that business is booming, which in part is also thanks to the rapid increase of users during the covid lockdowns.", "But this rapid growth is going to be hard to manage, which is a key moment of failure for companies who grow too quickly.", "Thankfully, Byju’s seems to have handled the pressure, yet, however, it still has several problems that came along with it.", "Some of the problems we have identified is first, Byju’s valuation may have gone too far, take a look at the recent Indian startups that have gone public, meaning who went on to sign their company to the stock exchange, PayTM who saw its valuation reach a peak of $15 billion dollars and only to fall to its lowest around $4.6 billion dollars.", "Valuation is not always a good sign that the company is doing well, especially in the world of private equity where executives tend to oversell their company in order to raise cash.", "The company has even announced as of recently that it is trying to list the entire company through a special purpose acquisition company or spac for short and is speculated to be based across national borders all the way to the New York stock exchange, for an approximately valuation of over $48 billion dollars, which makes the startup far more valuable than what it was before its planned IPO, but is it really worth this much?", "Could it follow the same path PayTM is going to go through?", "Well, that’s not even the only problem, the company still needs to go through a lot of regulatory hurdles within its nation borders.", "But if it does indeed go through this path, it may emerge as the biggest SPAC deal to date, far surpassing the world’s largest either from western giants or eastern, more than the current historical breaker Grab, a superapp in Southeast Asia who had done so with $40 billion dollars.", "Moreover, the other issue that came along with this is some criticism about its work culture and even its product offerings at times.", "According to Glassdoor, where current and former employees can rate their companies anonymously, saw that far more issues are raised rather than great reviews.", "These issues are varied but one that we saw the most is stated to be because of long work hours and a lack of work-life balance, which probably was the result of the recent demand for Byju’s products which meant that employees and its executives need to accommodate to the unprecedented rise of customers.", "This emphasizes their occasional growth for hunger problem, which is often denoted by some of its customers as the company tends to mislead their products.", "And these are not the only problems that Byju’s have, there are likely more out there.", "But, we can’t really say much about it mainly because every company in the world has, after all, problems of their own.", "What stands clear, however, is that Byju’s rose against all odds to become the global edtech software." ]

[ "The EdTech Capital", "The Byju's History", "The Landscape of Today", "Acquisitions & Mergers", "The Challenges", "Criticism" ]

[ "Country music star Carrie Understood has been happily married to former NHL player Mike Fisher for a while now.", "Even though they’ve been together over a decade, they seem to still be as in love as ever.", "Let's take a look inside their relationship.", "Carrie Underwood and Mike Fisher met through a mutual friend, Underwood's bass player, Mark Childers, who thought that the two would make a great match.", "In an interview for VH1's \"Behind the Music,\" Underwood laughingly explained that Childers wanted to set the pair up on a blind date, but she insisted that they meet at her concert.", "She explained, saying, “I [was] like, ‘We’re sticking him in a meet-and-greet, because if he's weird I don't want to deal with him.’\" Luckily, Fisher was not weird, and the two immediately hit it off.", "In \"Behind the Music,\" Underwood also shared that after the meet-and-greet she texted Childers that she thought Fisher was, quote, \"hot, hot, hot.\"", "Equally as smitten, Fisher said in his \"Behind the Music\" interview that Underwood was more beautiful in person than on TV.", "The country singer went on to explain that the two went out for a drink, shared dessert, and exchanged numbers — and the rest, as they say, is history.", "Well, sort of.", "According to VH1's \"Behind the Music,\" due to Carrie Underwood and Mike Fisher's hectic schedules on the road, the pair were not able to see each other for a long period of time following their first meeting at Underwood's concert.", "In the episode, Underwood shared, \"We started talking on the phone quite a bit for the next like three months.\"", "Although we can imagine the next few months must have been difficult, the two were able to establish a strong connection before taking their relationship to the next level.", "Underwood admitted in \"Behind the Music,\" “When you have the spark with somebody and you have a connection it's wonderful, but then when you agree on the core things in your life — your beliefs and your faith — that does connect you to somebody even deeper.\"", "As Bustle noted, Underwood and Fisher finally had their first official date on New Year's Eve in 2008 and even shared their first kiss when the ball dropped.", "We're having a hard time thinking of anything more romantic than that!", "According to VH1's \"Behind the Music,\" Mike Fisher actually came up with the idea for one of Carrie Underwood's most critically-renowned songs, \"Temporary Home.\"", "Underwood said in the episode that she felt compelled to include a dedication to Fisher in the liner notes.", "She explained, \"He had become an important part of my life and inspired [...] a lot of the songs that were on that album.\"", "With Fisher's help, Underwood was able to write an album that was personal with songs inspired by her real-life romance.", "Almost a year after Underwood and Fisher started dating, Fisher proposed to her on a romantic Sunday afternoon.", "Snow was falling, and they were in the woods near his home in Ottawa, Canada.", "Underwood told VH1's \"Behind the Music\" that as she said yes, she tackled him in the snow in excitement.", "Fisher spoke about his engagement with the Toronto Sun the next day, where he shared, \"It's true.", "We're both obviously excited and very happy.\"", "Although an engagement after only a year of dating may seem like a quick turn-around, everyone could tell that the couple had an immediate spark, and things quickly turned serious.", "In an interview with The Boot, Luke Laird, one of the co-writers on Underwood's album \"Play On,\" shared that \"Mama's Song\" was inspired by Underwood's moving on to a new stage of life with her new man.", "According to Laird, \"Carrie just came out with that first line, 'Mama, you taught me to do the right things.'", "And this was before she was engaged, obviously, but she was in a relationship.", "We knew where this was coming from.\"", "Underwood and Fisher went on to get married in July 2010 in a lavish ceremony at the Ritz-Carlton's Lake Oconee, Georgia resort.", "If you've listened to any of Carrie Underwood's breakup songs, it's easy to assume that she's had her fair share of messy relationships.", "But, according to the singer, her relationship with Mike Fisher is different.", "Underwood shared in an interview with Glamour that before meeting Fisher she had always doubted her partners in previous relationships.", "She said, “I don't have to worry about Mike.", "I don't think twice.", "He's going out?", "I don't care; it doesn't bother me.", "I don't bat an eye.” In a feature that Underwood wrote for The Sydney Morning Herald, she explained that, before Fisher came along, she had plenty of experience with, quote, \"two-timing men\" and \"love gone wrong.\"", "Just like the men she sings about in songs like \"Before He Cheats\" and \"Cowboy Casanova.\"", "However, unlike those from her past, Fisher is a completely different kind of man.", "She shared, \"[He] is such a warm, caring person and has a wonderful faith in people that I sometimes lack.", "He's a gorgeous heart wrapped in a gorgeous man.\"", "Carrie Underwood and Mike Fisher have two adorable boys named Isaiah and Jacob.", "Isaiah was born first in February 2015.", "In an interview with Redbook, Underwood gushed about how thrilled she was to become a mom.", "She said, \"I definitely feel like it's changed me as a person.", "I'm happier.", "I'm in a better mood a lot of the time.", "He'll be watching cartoons and I'll be watching him.", "I'm completely in love.\"", "Not far behind Isaiah, Jacob was born almost four years later in January 2019.", "In a tearfully sweet Instagram caption, the proud mom shared, \"Jacob Bryan Fisher entered the world in the wee hours of the morning on Monday...his mom, dad and big brother couldn't be happier.", "[...] Our hearts are full, our eyes are tired and our lives are forever changed.", "Life is good.\"", "No matter what obstacles Carrie Underwood and Mike Fisher may encounter together, they always seem to find a way to overcome them through their shared faith.", "Fisher and Underwood both grew up having a formative relationship with God and have made their faith a priority in their marriage.", "In Episode 4 of the couple's docuseries, \"Mike and Carrie: God & Country,\" Underwood shared, \"First and foremost is our faith.", "We know God brought us together and trust his judgement.", "And then just finding [...] ways to compromise through it.\"", "Similar to their marriage, the pair also intertwine faith in their family, as they want their sons, Isaiah and Jacob, to grow up with the same values as they have.", "In an interview with CBN, Fisher explained that, although he wasn't always comfortable with his religion when he was growing up, he wants Isaiah and Jacob to be proud of their faith and not scared of it.", "“That love of the Father is unconditional, and that’s a pretty good feeling, to know how much he loves me.” After Mike Fisher retired from professional ice hockey in 2018, he was allotted more time to spend with his family and to support his rock-star wife.", "Carrie Underwood brought her family along with her on the \"Cry Pretty Tour 360\" in 2019, allowing Fisher and her kids to see her in action.", "Although Jacob was 3 months old at the time and probably didn't know what exactly was going on.", "Although Underwood was thrilled to have her family on tour with her, she shared with \"Today\" that bringing a 3-month-old with her on the road wasn't easy.", "She said, \"I'm tired.", "But, I mean, how many people get to take their children to work with them?\"", "Fisher even shared how proud he was of his wife after her show in Birmingham, Alabama, in an Instagram caption that read, \"What a night!", "This is Izzy's first tour show that he'll remember.", "He had a blast [...] His mommy is a rockstar on stage and off the stage.", "Touring with a 3 month old is brave to say the least but if anyone can do it she sure can!\"", "In 2020, Carrie Underwood and Mike Fisher released a four-episode docuseries, \"Mike and Carrie: God & Country,\" through the Christian nonprofit I Am Second, which creates films about individuals who have put Jesus first in their lives.", "The docuseries details the ups and downs of Underwood and Fisher's marriage, their individual and communal relationships with God, and their journey to become parents.", "One of the show's producers, John Humphrey, spoke to Entertainment Tonight about the docuseries.", "He explained that they wanted to shed some light on who Fisher and Underwood really are, Underwood being more than just a superstar and Fisher being more than just a former hockey player.", "In an interview with the Toronto Sun, Carrie Underwood shared that the pandemic brought some unexpected benefits.", "Mainly, it allowed her and Mike Fisher to spend more quality time with each other and with their kids.", "She said, \"This year, my silver lining was just getting to be home and be in one place so I could watch them grow and just spend time with them.\"", "In an interview with CBS Sunday Morning, Underwood recalled a memory of a sweet comment that Fisher had made to her.", "Reflecting on it, she explained how they grew as a couple during the pandemic as they spent extra time together.", "She said, \"Some couples kinda get stronger, and you see some go the other way [...] And I feel like we were really good at being together all day, every day.\"", "All couples have their differences, and Carrie Underwood and Mike Fisher are no exception.", "In Episode 1 of their docuseries, \"Mike and Carrie: God & Country,\" Underwood explained, \"We learn from each other, and we have spirited discussions about things that we disagree on, but at the end of the day, we love each other very much.\"", "In Underwood's book, \"Find Your Path: Honor Your Body, Fuel Your Soul, and Get Strong With the Fit52 Life,\" she writes about what led her to become a vegetarian.", "She explains that she grew up on a farm and became very attached to the animals.", "As a result, she didn't feel right eating meat.", "Underwood explained in her book that since her childhood, \"I've never gone back to eating beef, and I never will.\"", "With her history as a vegetarian and an animal lover, Underwood shared in Episode 4 of the docuseries that she had a hard time accepting Fisher's love of hunting.", "However, she said they learned to compromise and accept their differing opinions and hobbies.", "Although it may seem like Carrie Underwood and Mike Fisher have a perfect life, they have experienced hardships throughout their marriage.", "Underwood had three miscarriages in less than two years while trying to conceive their second child.", "She shared in a vulnerable interview with People that she had many difficult, emotional discussions with her husband and with God.", "She shared, \"Of course you wonder if it's you, what am I doing wrong, or what have I done wrong.", "I remember having conversations with Mike trying to make sense of it all.\"", "Underwood elaborated on this challenging time in Episode 2 of her docuseries, \"Mike and Carrie: God & Country.\"", "She explained that, although the experience was incredibly difficult, she and her husband, in the end, became stronger as a couple.", "She explained, \"We were able to kind of work through our faith together like we'd never done before.\"", "Mike Fisher and Carrie Underwood have never claimed to have a perfect marriage or to be perfect parents.", "Like many of us, they're actually still trying to figure out how to organize different aspects of their lives.", "Underwood revealed in an interview with Parents, \"My work life is pretty busy and can be unpredictable.", "Sometimes things are so hectic, I feel as if I'm not as present as I would like to be for them.", "[...] I tell myself that there are ebbs and flows.\"", "In fact, something that initially attracted Underwood to Fisher was that, as a former professional hockey player, he understood her hectic schedule.", "In her feature for The Sydney Morning Herald, Underwood explained that — before she met her husband — it was hard to find people to date after winning \"American Idol.\"", "Most guys didn't understand her lifestyle.", "But, fortunately, Fisher does.", "And we love to see it!", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about your favorite celebrities are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Introduced through a mutual friend", "Before their first date", "He inspired her third album", "The proposal", "Carrie trusts Mike", "Two children together", "Shared faith in Jesus", "Her family came on tour", "They have a docuseries together", "Quality time during the pandemic", "Working through their differences", "Growing stronger together", "Juggling their busy lives" ]

[ "Japan and Bangladesh are two countries that have one of the strongest social and economic relations amongst other partnerships.", "This, however, is often been overlooked and people think that there is little connection between the two.", "But, Japan, is a renowned economic ally to most Asian countries but is more so in the nation of Bangladesh.", "From 1972, a year after its independence to 2020, Japan has collectively provided financial support of about $24.71 billion US dollars, either as aid, loans, grants, technical assistance, and so on.", "At the same time, in 2020, Bangladesh became the largest recipient of Japan’s official development assistance or ODA, an amount that is estimated to be 2.6 billion dollars, which also makes Japan the single largest country development partner at that year and only behind an institution called World Bank by a small margin.", "Moreover, a report published by the Japanese international cooperation agency or JICA, stated that the land of the rising sun has assisted hundreds of major projects around the country of Bangladesh, these ranges from the transportation systems such as the Dhaka Mass Rapid Transit Development Plan and Bangladesh subway project to energy generating schemes such as the Matarbari Powerplant and urban developments in helping advance digital Bangladesh to even improving the overall private sector by direct investments.", "So, why did Japan choose Bangladesh as its hottest economic partnership and investment destination?", "Before we move on don’t forget to leave us a like and subscribe for more videos!", "Just a year after the independence of Bangladesh, Japan established diplomatic relations between the two.", "By 1973, Japan extended various programs that would initially help the small economy by sending over volunteers, a year later established an office for its cooperation agency JICA and sent its first-ever ODA loan.", "Fast forward to the 1990s, Japan and Bangladesh have established a one of kind relationship that helped Bangladesh’s economy grow, this is through rigorous investments, trades, and further infrastructure development assistance.", "By 1992, Japan officially became a leading partner in terms of ODA’s which continuous up to today.", "The entrance of the 21st century, on the other hand, was the century when Japan had leveled up its investments.", "Leading years up to 2014, JICA has assisted energy projects after energy projects, and these JICA-backed schemes would eventually power 25% of the entire total power generation of the nation.", "These are likewise seen in other sectors such as transportation, urban and rural developments, education and health systems, and eventually placing assistance in the majority of the country’s various sectors.", "And these are actually being thought of as real pure quality and kindness from the Japanese, as it aims to tackle the challenges of the land and increase the economy, as it is because back then that these are often thought of as pure commercial interests.", "Today, we can see the relentless approach of the Japanese people.", "During the COVID-19 pandemic which saw immense economic breakdown, Japan has been a leading figure by sending medical equipment and vaccines, budget supports, and other cooperations.", "Furthermore, the Japanese ambassador Ito Naoki stated that Japan is looking to invest a lot more into Bangladesh as soon as the pandemic ends.", "One example where these funds may go is in the upcoming Narayanganj economic zone, which will see Japanese factories flouring within the establishment, and be a central manufacturing hub for vehicles, electronics, and mobile phones.", "These have the potential to become an investment hotbed worth about 1 billion dollars from Japan and see a hundred thousand jobs be created.", "And, the future of both countries has a long way to go.", "There are currently several initiatives that are bringing the two countries closer, such as the “Look East” initiative that aims to help Bangladesh grow closer to the Eastern Asian nations, the “Bay of Bengal industrial growth” or Big-B which was initiated way back in 2014 by then prime minister Shinzo Abe and prime minister Sheik Hasina on accelerating the development of Dhaka-Chittagong-Cox Bazar belt through various programs which aims to fully transform the country to become South Asia’s industrial hub.", "These and the so-called private enterprises have aided the country.", "Today over 300 Japanese companies are operating in Bangladesh, which is triple that of 10 years ago, and we expect this to grow further.", "And these companies have become a source of improving the technological advancement of the nation.", "What stands out, however, is the continuous support of Japan’s public and private sector in helping transition the very lives of the Bangladesh society to the next wave of life" ]

[ "The Japanese Investments", "The Backed Projects", "The Partnership History", "The Investment Boom", "The Present Figures", "The Future Look East" ]

[ "- Watch the end of this video, it's just like broken console.", "I think I saw smoke.", "(David laughing) - I suck so much.", "- Yeah, this is a nightmare.", "- Ooh.", "- Yes.", "- It's not that David and I set out to waste a whole bunch of money on AliExpress, it just kind of happened.", "We were having a conversation while we were shooting and David tells me, he's like, \"Hey, did you know-- - That you can upgrade the screen on a Game Gear and make it modern?", "- And not just a Game Gear, but even other retro consoles.", "And I was like, \"Oh my God, I've wanted to do that for years.\"", "So today we get to go through everything that we bought on some combination, I think it's AliExpress and eBay.", "- Yap.", "- To get our hands on everything we need to upgrade the displays on my Game Gear and... - Well, the Vita.", "- Oh my God, you're gonna try and do both of them?", "- Well, this is already upgraded.", "- You upgraded this already?", "- This was the inspiration for the whole thing.", "- You know what the real inspiration was for me?", "Telling you about our sponsor.", "- GlassWire.", "Are you worried someone else is using your Wi-Fi?", "GlassWire can alert you anytime a new device joins on.", "Use offer code LINUS and get 25% off GlassWire at the link below.", "(upbeat music) - Holy crap, this is outstanding.", "- [David] Right?", "(laughs) - I mean, I imagined what my favorite childhood games might look like on a better display, but I've never had a chance to actually experience it.", "I mean, this wasn't my childhood.", "My childhood (clears throat) was a little larger, heavier, and consumed six, (David laughing) not two, AA batteries per charge.", "So then did you do this yourself?", "- I did it myself.", "- Now what do you need to upgrade about the Vita?", "I can see you've already hacked it, so that's good.", "- No.", "That's how it always was.", "And so I bought it for like $80, this Vita.", "- Oh, it is really beat up.", "- Yeah, (scoffs) it's really beat up, but it's like $300 for a good condition one.", "So I figured I should buy a beat up one and then buy the parts to fix it and upgrade it myself.", "And the total would be less than half of what it would cost to buy a pristine one.", "- And it won't be authentic like original.", "- No.", "- But who cares?", "- No.", "I don't care.", "- Okay.", "Well, let's begin then.", "I actually have no idea what I bought because (David laughing) all I did was tell this guy-- - Hey.", "- To get me set up.", "And apparently I'm getting a whole new chassis.", "- I didn't order the chassis, that came with the battery replacement.", "- I'm getting...", "Wait, battery replacement.", "Oh my God.", "Are these lithium batteries?", "- Yes.", "You might be able to run it for more than half an hour.", "- What?", "- No.", "That's not the authentic experience.", "(David laughing) No.", "I should spend hundreds of dollars a year on AA batteries.", "- Oh, and you're not allowed to use rechargeable.", "No.", "That's illegal.", "- I did even back then, even though the battery, like (mumbles) Now, one of the biggest problems with the Game Gear is not just that the display is hot garbage, it's that the cover in front of the display, it has gotta be... You talk about how this is, where did it go?", "- This is scuffed.", "- You talk about how this is scuffed, this is scuffed glass.", "This is scuffed I don't know.", "(David laughing) It looks less durable than acrylic.", "And the best part is the brightness slider, where you at?", "Here you are.", "If you actually crank the brightness... - [David] It's like completely unusable.", "- What?", "I even know how to play it.", "Like I can't even see what I'm doing.", "You know.", "(David laughing) - [Adam] See the camera can't show it, but this actually looks pretty impressive for the time.", "- Man, that sound of collecting the apple takes me straight back to my childhood.", "Let's get this freaking screen replaced here.", "- Have you looked at all into how hard it's gonna be to do this?", "- Adam gave me some clues.", "- Okay.", "- It is going to be harder than I had hoped.", "I will say that much.", "Holy crap.", "CleanJuice GG is a USBC charger for the Game Gear?", "- [Adam] That's so sic.", "- This is gonna be the most tricked out Game Gear.", "I'm so excited.", "- So-- - Where's your stuff?", "- My stuff is-- - Dump it.", "Show me what you got.", "We're doing a hall video, David.", "(David laughing) This is guys, there's no format for this video.", "This is just David and I both wanted to upgrade our old consoles and needed an excuse to spend money on it.", "- I'm gonna be real.", "I pitched this video because I knew this was gonna be way too hard for me to do alone.", "And so I want Linus' help.", "So basically what I got is I got a replacement front panel that has the screen included.", "You can buy just the screen, but like you have to put adhesive and take it.", "That's not [indistinct] - Probably have to heat it up, but like yeah.", "- That's way beyond my skill level.", "I got a new battery too.", "- Oh yeah, that's a good call.", "- Because it's just like runs for like two hours.", "- If you're gonna be in there already anyway.", "- Yeah.", "- Battery technologies come a little way.", "- Yeah, I've looked at the, I fixed it, this assembly guide and they rate their difficulty at a five and I've done some stuff that's two or three.", "And you know, that was a bit of a stretch, but this is a five when I looked at it, all the way at extremely difficult.", "- No.", "We got this.", "Don't even worry.", "(David laughing) Don't even trip, dawg.", "- I'm hoping too, that we can pop open the Game Boy Advance that I've already modded, but I didn't solder the brightness control wires because I don't have a soldering iron at home.", "So I was hoping to sneak this into here at some point.", "So we'll see.", "- Well, where the hell is a GameBit screwdriver?", "- [Adam] The Netflix show Queens GameBit.", "- No.", "(David laughing) - Did we seriously not...", "Wait.", "Hold on.", "Is it included?", "- No?", "- I think this is a GameBit.", "Yeah, this is like.", "- Oh, that's super kit.", "- Okay.", "- And I shout out to you I fixed it.", "- Yeah, I know, right?", "Okay.", "There we go.", "So this is a four and a half millimeter GameBit screw.", "Sega, I know your hardware division can't hear me from the depths of hell where they're currently residing, but this is bad.", "Okay.", "Don't do this.", "You've got all the screws out, right?", "- Yep.", "There's only four screws, right?", "- And you're quite certain of that?", "- No.", "I don't know.", "Maybe not (laughing) - Well, here's some screws.", "- [David] Yep.", "- All right.", "You should try removing those ones.", "That's good.", "Yep.", "- It was a test.", "He passed (laughing) - [Linus] Oh my God.", "Okay.", "- [David] Ooh.", "- Wow.", "I've never seen the inside of a Game Gear before.", "And like, obviously not.", "When I was this age, it wouldn't have occurred to me to rip apart my freaking game console.", "That was my like most valued possession on this earth, right?", "But as an adult, that's the first thing I do (chuckles) (David laughing) with any electronics, so it's just weird to me opening up something that I've never seen before.", "Man, I think mine's gonna be way easier than yours.", "Is that open yet?", "- Oh yeah.", "Are you ready to see the inside of a Vita?", "- Yeah.", "For sure.", "I've actually never seen this either.", "- Oh, that ribbon kit is real short.", "- It's actually kind of beautiful.", "It had a web cam and everything?", "- It has two cameras, a front facing camera too.", "- I never had one.", "- Oh, it's so cool.", "- Yeah, I skipped many console generations.", "This is the last handheld I owned until I bought a switch.", "- Really?", "Wow.", "- Wait.", "No.", "I lied.", "I had a DS.", "Everything here is pretty self explanatory.", "That's the nice thing about older electronics is everything's kind of pretty clearly laid out.", "So I guess I'm just going to steal these batteries and put them in my old chassis 'cause there's no way I'm gonna use this lemon yellow chassis.", "This is ridiculous.", "What if I would actually prefer to just stick with AA's, I guess I could do that.", "- You really prefer AA's over lithium pack?", "- Yeah.", "I love AA's.", "- Okay.", "- I mean, I guess you and I have had this debate before.", "- Yeah.", "- Re-Xbox versus PlayStation controller.", "And I'm still right.", "And you're still David.", "- I mean, I don't hate the planet unlike you.", "I don't want a whole bunch of extra (drowned out by Linus) - [Adam] Wow.", "(David laughing) - Both have drawbacks.", "I don't think one is necessarily fully better.", "Also I need your help, I have no idea how to get that out of there.", "- Oh, fun.", "(David laughing) Well, it looks like it's a clip in plastic piece of some sort.", "What the devil are you doing here you little ribbon cable?", "- [David] Oh, it's 'cause the back is a touch pad.", "- Of course it does.", "- Okay.", "I don't know enough about batteries.", "Is it possible that like it's just in the same size, it's almost double the capacity or are they just lying?", "- Battery tech has come a long way since this.", "- Hey, that's pretty cool.", "Almost doubling the life.", "That's actually freaking sweet.", "- Is anyone feeling a two-tone vibe right now?", "(David laughing) I don't look at this yellow face plate, but I also don't feel like desoldering the battery contacts from the original black ones.", "- [Brandon] Two-tone.", "- Two-tone.", "- Watch the end of this video.", "It's just like Linus and David start with working (David laughing) but not perfect consoles and end with broken consoles.", "- That's my real expectation.", "(grunts) Oh my God, I'm too strong.", "- Did you just break something?", "- I don't know.", "- Let's see.", "You only broke the latch and you only broke part of it.", "So you're good.", "No.", "You're probably good on this.", "You're probably good.", "Let me see.", "You know what?", "Screw it.", "No.", "I'm going OG chassis.", "High risk, high reward.", "I'm doing it.", "These springs are making it so I can't get my lithium batteries in here so they've gotta come out.", "Ah, all right.", "Well there goes your battery corrosion.", "See you later, buddy.", "- Bye.", "- I should be able to get this pack in now.", "Yep.", "Easy.", "Okay.", "Supposedly this is hot enough, I need to remove this battery contact.", "So we're gonna see how this goes.", "I don't think I'm gonna be able to transfer enough heat until the... Oh, okay.", "Nevermind.", "That was very easy.", "Oh my God.", "This is so amazing.", "There's a little 3D printed block here that just acts as a filler, so you can go from this nine volt DC barrel plug to USBC and the original red rocker (gasps) stays and just goes over top of this new rocker (screams) Should I make sure it's still working?", "- Sure.", "- I'll do everything but power first and then hopefully, that'll be fine.", "Oh God.", "Did you hear that?", "- [David] That sounded really bad.", "- I think I saw smoke.", "- [Brandon] Oh no.", "- I smell it.", "What did I just fry?", "What could I possibly have just fried?", "(Linus sniffing) Where are you coming from?", "Honestly, it smells strongest on the CleanJuice.", "What the crap just happened?", "All we did was power the CleanJuice GG.", "- I always knew I was great at this.", "Look, I'm still making progress (laughs) - All right, David.", "- I suck so much.", "Okay.", "Let's go.", "- So you can see it's warmed up here.", "Okay.", "And then right on the other side, this trace right here, got pretty toasty.", "I wonder if it may just be defective 'cause I really don't think I did anything.", "- Here's my one tech tip for the day.", "When you have your things disassembled, that's a good time to clean it (scoffs) - That's a good tech tip, David.", "- You got one.", "- Every indication I have right now is that this thing is just working, now that it's shaking its sillies out a little bit.", "I'm going for it.", "- Yeah, what's the worst thing could happen?", "- I mean, my kids could be playing with this and then the lithium batteries could ignite and I could-- lose my house and my family.", "- Wow.", "You guys ready?", "Got a fire extinguisher handy?", "- [Adam] No.", "Where do we hide-- - There should be one around here.", "- There should be one here.", "- Good luck everybody.", "'Cause this really does not look like it goes on here.", "Oh yeah, this is very... Tray is different.", "Back to the guide.", "(Adam chuckles) (David scoffing) - They didn't have a better take in that?", "- What?", "- [Adam] Should we drop the battery and go straight for the screen and then-- - No.", "(David laughing) I'm sold on USBC charging now.", "- That's pretty cool.", "- Yeah.", "- I just wanna celebrate the fact that I've now gone from-- taking things apart - A working device to a not working-- - To a broken device.", "(Linus laughs) - Well, I forgot 'em.", "- Well, I mean even in my Intel upgrade, one of the things that I was super excited about was finally fixing my PS3.", "I didn't.", "Update on that, it's still broken.", "I bought a different PS3.", "Not a backwards compatible one 'cause they're too expensive.", "- Oh no.", "- Maybe we'll do another video like this (chuckling).", "- [Adam] I think I've had a horrible realization about your Game Gear.", "- What horrible realization about my Game Gear?", "- So when you look here, you see how it says VA5.", "- I see how it says VA5.", "- That's a different version than the one we need.", "Luckily Anthony has another one here.", "- Oh, really?", "- And so maybe we're gonna upgrade Anthony's Game Gear.", "(Adam laughing) - What?", "(David laughing) Okay, so what do you need to upgrade the screen of a VA5?", "- [Adam] They just don't make 'em, people don't care.", "- VA5's are just (beep) and nobody wants them.", "- [Adam] Well, the thing is that the VA5s have the better screen already.", "- That's the better screen?", "(David laughing) (Adam laughing) His is like in way better shape than mine too.", "This is VA5.", "- [Adam] Wow.", "It looks so different.", "- Are we FUBAR?", "- Not me (chuckles).", "- Do we just need to like go on Facebook marketplace, like right now and go buy a Game Gear?", "- [Adam] I'm on Facebook marketplace right now.", "- Give this trash back to Anthony.", "- Okay.", "- Get it out of my site.", "Can I help you at least?", "- Yeah.", "- Can we have some success today?", "- Let's do it.", "- I wanna see something fire up before I go home today.", "I have eight more minutes, then I have to run into a meeting.", "- I don't think we're gonna do that.", "- Okay.", "Holy (beep).", "No way (gasps) Okay.", "I knew he got a Game Gear.", "It's the next morning.", "I can't believe how fast you turned this around.", "- Yeah.", "That's pretty good.", "- [Adam] This is really great.", "- But you got that carrying case.", "How much did I pay for it?", "- Oh, I robbed the guy.", "- What?", "No.", "Shut up.", "(all laughing) - No, 150.", "- Okay.", "- That's pretty good.", "- [Adam] Yeah.", "No.", "It was really good for the Game Gear plus the games, plus the other things that are in there.", "- I'll buy this off you for 150 right now, Adam.", "- Wait.", "- Shut up.", "Oh my God, it has original documentation in it.", "- [Adam] That's pretty cool.", "- Okay.", "It included games for 150?", "- [Adam] Yep.", "This is all in there.", "- Wait.", "Is this a Japanese Sonic the Hedgehog?", "- [Adam] Sega.", "- Wait, the screen is broken, which I guess is... - Is the perfect candidate for a screen replacement.", "- It's okay.", "(David cheering) Yay.", "- So you know how we said that there were updated parts available now, those came out four days ago.", "One-- - So it's not your fault.", "(David laughing) - One person has done the mod (Linus laughing) and there's no guide for it yet.", "- [David] That's wild.", "- So it's really good we didn't go that route.", "- We found it after we stopped filming yesterday, they have a replacement for the A4 and A5.", "(David laughing) It's right on their website.", "He's like, \"I have no explanation for this.\"", "(David laughing) - I was on the Game Gear so I've read it and I saw the post from two days ago where someone's like, \"I did the mod with the new Bennvenn screen.\"", "And I was like, \"I've been vindicated.\"", "I'm like, \"I'm okay.\"", "- Honestly, I think I'm ending up with the better one here anyway, just because of the 4,000 color output.", "David and I discussed it and I think we agree that we'd rather have the less efficient SOC and the higher color screen.", "- Yeah.", "- These ones have a better screen because after a few years, Sega wanted to cut some costs.", "So they did a bunch of revisions, changed some components and now on the later revisions, the screen only puts out like 512 colors as opposed to like 5,000.", "- I can tell I'm less nervous than yesterday 'cause I spent about 20 minutes trying to get this ribbon cable to no avail, but I did at first try today.", "So maybe that's my second tech tip of this video, is sometimes stepping away might be the right call.", "(soft background music) Although there's the one piece here that I have no (beep) clue where it goes, and I'm a little bit worried about that.", "- [Linus] (laughing) This guy right here?", "- Yeah, (beep).", "- No.", "You are not.", "- I think that it's an outside piece.", "Like where does this go?", "I can't see it in the tear-down either.", "- Okay.", "Let me see.", "Geez, this guy.", "- Doesn't that look like an outside piece?", "- No.", "- [Brandon] Definitely does not look like an outside piece.", "- Definitely not.", "- I don't see it in the breakdown.", "- [Linus] I'm not gonna lie... - You're starting to feel like it's not necessary, right?", "- No.", "(David laughing) I'm starting to feel like it's not my problem, (David laughing hysterically) (laughing) but I don't know if it's not necessary.", "`All right.", "I'm sorry, I've lost interest.", "(David laughing) - I really want this Game Gear screen on here.", "- No.", "I believe in you.", "- Oh my God.", "I've been trying to figure out why this is so thick, why it's on a shock mount.", "It has a CFL back.", "It has a tube.", "- [Adam] It's no wonder the longevity of these is not great.", "- Yeah.", "And no wonder this thing had to be so thick.", "- Yeah.", "- That's why the Game Boy didn't have a back light.", "- Yep.", "Because it would've had to like whoo.", "- Because we didn't have power efficient compact LEDs yet.", "Obviously for anyone who's studied the history of handheld gaming or display technology, you're like, \"Well, yeah, obviously.\"", "(David laughing) But it's just the kind of thing I never thought about.", "Like why did the backlight in my childhood handheld console suck.", "This is amazing.", "Hold on.", "I wanna get this out.", "Adam, make sure that I don't break anything.", "- [Adam] Oh God.", "Well, stop.", "I don't know.", "(all laughing) - Check it out.", "- [David] Wow.", "- It's a giant freaking CFL hoop in the ceiling of your office building or warehouse.", "Well, in the context of a handheld gaming system, I'd like to see you-- - That's pretty freaking cool.", "- fit one in there.", "- Nope.", "No.", "(Linus laughing) That's so cool.", "- And then it's got this giant plastic diffusion layer.", "This is amazing.", "The whole motherboard has to come out.", "- [Adam] That's so cool.", "- That's not adjusting the brightness.", "Maybe I need a game.", "Smell something?", "- [Adam] Is that just me?", "- [Linus] Yeah.", "- [Adam] That is just the heat from the CFL.", "- [David] Oh my gosh.", "You can see it.", "- Yeah.", "And the diffusion sucks.", "- [Adam] Sucks.", "- [Linus] That's just like bright down the middle now, sort of.", "Okay.", "I gotta run to my meeting.", "- While he's away, I might put it together without that little metal piece and see if I break it.", "- Let me turn this off 'cause I don't know how to solder and I don't need a hot thing right beside me other than this hot thing right beside me.", "- Oh.", "- Oh.", "- Oh, it turned on.", "- You did it.", "- Yeah.", "I'm not a moron.", "Take that dad.", "- The issues that I have Linus-- - Sorry.", "- No.", "get it out.", "(Adam chuckles) - Yeah.", "- Did you ever find where that piece went?", "- Yeah.", "For sure.", "- Yeah.", "It goes right there in the parts tray.", "- Yeah.", "See, it's not here, so where could it possibly be except inside the Vita?", "- You're full of (beep), you totally just threw it away, didn't you?", "- I did not throw it away.", "- [Adam] He ate it.", "- Adam took out my motherboard, which holy bananas, well, wait, how do we even attach this to the that?", "Oh my God.", "Do I have to solder a ribbon cable like this?", "- Oh no, you don't have to solder a ribbon cable, you have to solder wires.", "(soft background music) - How many?", "I think 10.", "- [David] Like eight or nine, yeah.", "- Ah (beep).", "- Oh, that's not even... you're looking at other stuff.", "You gotta solder onto this.", "- [Linus] Oh no.", "- [David] Oh no.", "- This is a pretty advanced tier mod.", "- Luckily, I've called in the cavalry.", "- This is Dan.", "- Hey.", "- You don't know him, but he's off probation now.", "- [Adam] He's awesome.", "I like Dan.", "- Oh, thanks guys.", "- Do we have our hotter station?", "- I'll go grab it if you need it.", "- Yeah.", "This is very bad.", "What I just did is extremely bad.", "It's recoverable, but it's really bad.", "(David laughing) - [Brandon] Linus.", "- (beep) It pulled the pads off.", "Okay.", "Where do I need to solder to?", "- It's on the left side it looks like.", "- (beep) Fortunately, this doesn't consume the whole pad, but the pads are now one quarter of the size.", "- [Brandon] It took him 10 seconds.", "- Do you mind if I have to look, see what you did?", "- No.", "I'm good.", "- Oh.", "(David laughing) - But is Dan good?", "- I just need the hot air station.", "- Okay.", "Let's get that going.", "- Yep.", "This is definitely better, what I'm doing right now.", "See how it leaves like the pad behind instead of ripping it away?", "- [Adam] Yep.", "- That's good.", "- Okay.", "While he's doing that, I wanna show you guys how much better-- - [Brandon] Alex, (mumbles).", "- This new bad boy is.", "It looks like a brand new Vita.", "- [Linus] That's amazing.", "- And that wasn't that hard.", "It was hard.", "Like this is slightly above what my skill level is, but being next to you gave me the confidence I needed to make this happen.", "I'm gonna play a game.", "- Which is really amazing, considering the state of my project right now.", "- Well, I assumed that this was gonna be way easier because it's older tech like you...", "I just thought it would be like remove a couple of ribbon cables, slide a new thing in.", "- (laughs) Yeah.", "Oh, I like that.", "- May I have a look?", "- Yeah, you can look.", "- Oh yeah.", "Those are pretty (beep) small, aren't they?", "(David giggling) Okay.", "So I have a solution for that.", "We have these guys, which are very, very small.", "But you cut the ends off - Oh, beautiful.", "- of those and then... Or we could just go directly on to the-- - Yeah, I would just go directly on.", "- Okay.", "Sure.", "Stick it in.", "There you go.", "Wiggle it around a bit.", "And in case you screw up even more, we have this solder mask.", "- In case I screw up even more.", "- Yeah.", "- Okay.", "What is it about people who just get off their probation around here and just like what's delivering all the sick burns?", "- It's 'cause it's three months of buildup.", "They've been thinking (laughs) about it since day one.", "- You say that as though you speak from experience.", "- No.", "I'm trying to break the cycle.", "I'm trying to be nice.", "I'm trying to be positive.", "- Shut up.", "- [Adam] I just wanted to say how proud we are of you.", "- This is not gonna be easy.", "- [Adam] That's why I got Dan to do it.", "- [Dan] Yeah, I'm working really hard right now.", "- All right.", "I want the Dan review.", "Is that adequate?", "- I'm gonna lose my job.", "That's actually pretty good.", "- [Linus] Thank you.", "- So we've got 40 more of those to do.", "- Yeah.", "(David laughing) It's not 40.", "- No.", "It's like 10.", "- [David] Well, looks like the Vita charges, which is nice.", "- Okay.", "All right.", "Mr. David gloatier over here.", "(scoffs) - Okay, lemme just have a look at this.", "- Oh, don't just do that.", "What did you... Stop.", "Oh my God.", "See, this pad's lifted off the board.", "- Oh no.", "- Stop.", "- Oh God.", "- Stop moving it.", "Wait.", "Stop.", "You're still moving it.", "- I'm not.", "- Yes.", "You are (laughing) - Yeah, I mean that's about eight.", "(Linus screaming) - So if we get everything wired up and put it all together, what's the risk of it totally destroying?", "- Oh, like 10 outta 10, it's gonna happen like immediately.", "- It's gonna happen so this is like-- - Like we have to fix that.", "It'll probably explode it if these are wrong, 'cause the picture's different than the numbers.", "- These are really, really tight.", "I don't know if these wires are small enough, man.", "- Yeah.", "That's (beep) wrong.", "- So I basically have to just undo all of this?", "- No.", "Just put another one in.", "- Oh yeah.", "Oh, that green one is so good.", "Okay.", "Man, I'm getting like way better at this as I go.", "Yeah, I have to go.", "Okay.", "Bye.", "- Okay.", "Bye, Linus (chuckles) Let's see if we can get this done.", "- Dan.", "- Yes.", "- This is not what we discussed.", "(David laughing) - I know.", "The wires are the wrong size.", "- Mm-hmm.", "I mean we did discuss that.", "- Yeah, you really screwed that up.", "I mean, I really screwed that up.", "Sorry.", "(Linus laughing) What I did discover is that this board is kind of slightly different than every other duo lasik board.", "- Mm-hmm.", "Yes.", "- So you see this little guy here?", "- Yeah.", "- I didn't put that in and whoever we bought it from didn't put it in.", "- Right.", "- So-- - Oh, that was added by hand.", "- That was added by hand, in the factory, from new.", "- What?", "- So in all of the tutorials and all of the schematics and every other picture of the duo lasik board that I've found, there's these big brass circles on all of the boards.", "If you see on that one over there, there's a big brass circle and that's always mirrored on the duo lasik variety as well.", "So this is your single lasik, right?", "This one has two.", "So basically we could have gone through everything yesterday and we still would have had the same issue because there's some components missing right here.", "- Oh.", "- And there's some components missing over here and over here.", "- Because.", "- Because what we discovered is that this, I think, is one of the first 300 units produced.", "We can't identify what the manufacturing is.", "The first digit is the Z, which is the manufacturing location of the Game Gear, the second digit is the year 2, 1992, and then the third place is the model run of that manufacturing facility.", "So we have a first edition run and it's model number 318.", "So it's a 318 Game Gear that came off the line.", "- Hold on.", "This says 1990 on it.", "- Hmm.", "Well, I don't know then.", "- That's very early.", "No, that's earlier than '92, remember?", "- That's a couple years I think.", "- Yeah.", "(David chuckles) - I'll have to check that later.", "So anyway, yeah, this is the clock signal from the microprocessor, which is that chip next to your thumb.", "(Linus chuckles) And in the later schematics, there's a capacitor that goes to ground, which is what that's doing.", "You see it's tied into the little negative post of that-- - Yeah.", "- capacitor there.", "- [Linus] Oh, amazing.", "- So this wire that was supposed to go from here to the clock source, 'cause this is a little crystal oscillator, 34 megahertz.", "If you flip it over, I had to run a cable from the backside.", "And it took me hours-- - Oh, I see it.", "- to figure that out.", "- [Linus] Oh, cool.", "- And yeah, (Linus laughing) I used some of those small wires to tie into the video chip there.", "- What are the odds this is gonna work, man?", "- My confidence in Dan is very high.", "I believe in you Dan.", "- Yeah, Dan's pretty much a wizard.", "My one question is that, is that orange wire supposed to not be touching anything?", "- Oh good God.", "Okay.", "- I'm really good at finding problems.", "I'm not great at providing solutions.", "- [Adam] Linus.", "(David laughing) - So where is it supposed to go?", "Oh, I see it.", "- Supposed to go on pin 16.", "Yeah.", "This is a nightmare.", "If you're gonna do this at home, (David laughing) make sure you don't have a vintage board that's different than every other board on the market, and get the right size wire and don't do it on camera and don't do it in front of your boss.", "- And I can't even keep track of which Game Gear is which anymore.", "So where does this go now?", "- That?", "I don't know.", "- That's the front, I think.", "- That's the front, right?", "- Yeah.", "- You're the one that took it apart.", "Yeah, I guess so.", "Oh, now there's buttons everywhere.", "- Oh my God.", "- Oh.", "- Oh, you took it away.", "- Sorry.", "He screws up for the Game Boy.", "- Game Boy.", "Oh my God.", "- Is this-- - Is this like what you're supposed to do?", "Like you just up.", "- I literally do not know.", "- Oh, I think this might be glass.", "Like look at it compared to this.", "- [Adam] Well, yeah, that bubble.", "- That's what an acrylic one looks like.", "Should we scratch-test it?", "- Yeah.", "(David laughs) - And I tried to scratch it with my nail, which I would be able to do with acrylic and I was not.", "- Okay.", "Yeah, that's true.", "This has been such an adventure, like honestly.", "Most fun I've had in a while making a video.", "- [Dan] I'm really glad that it wasn't quite as cut and dry as just plopping a screen.", "- I mean, I could've dealt with a little less (David chuckles) excitement than this.", "And I'm really stressed out about that weird power module that smoked at some point in this process.", "Yeah, we might just maybe forego putting it in.", "- [Dan] Yeah, don't put that in.", "- Don't put it in.", "- [Dan] Don't put it in.", "- We don't trust it.", "- You sure?", "'Cause it seems to work.", "- It also catches on fire and smokes and that's really hot.", "- When we tested it, it worked once.", "- It did?", "- And then the second time it made the smell.", "- We can go AA batteries.", "- That's for now.", "- You wanna put the original back on?", "- Yeah, I can put the original back on.", "Did it burn a different trace?", "No.", "It just burned this one more.", "Yeah.", "This thing is clearly defective.", "Did you finish your Game Boy?", "- Dan did (laughs) - Oh my God.", "- He helped me solder it.", "Although you did screw the motherboard Dan, so it's just floating.", "- Oh, is that what those extra screws were for?", "- Yeah, it's okay.", "So now I can control the brightness, which is nice.", "- Those are on.", "- [Dan] Moment of truthiness.", "- Okay.", "I'm gonna blow all the air out of my lungs so that if it burns, I get at least that out of the a hundred dollars I spent on this Game Gear plus whatever other components have been destroyed.", "- No.", "I've got a good feeling.", "- Is that why you're standing way over there?", "- Yeah, definitely.", "And it might also be the fact that it's almost the weekend.", "- My hands are shaking.", "I'm sorry, what?", "- Nothing.", "Don't even worry.", "- Is it a problem that this thing looks like it needs to go down on this pad?", "- [Dan] Nope, those will be okay.", "- Oh.", "- Oh yes.", "- Dan did it.", "- Make sure you get that sound.", "- Yeah, there it is.", "This is so awesome.", "My hands are shaking right now.", "Volume control still works.", "- Volume control.", "- Does brightness control work?", "- Yes.", "I made sure of that as well.", "- It totally does.", "- You should also have custom scaling models too.", "And you be should be able to have scan lions or not if you want.", "So this is what's interesting about this screen, it uses the crystal oscillator, so it's gonna be lockstep exactly with the hardware.", "- So no tearing?", "- No tearing, no missed frames, nothing, no input lag.", "It uses the same clock source that the microprocessor uses.", "- So after three days we still have one working Game Gear.", "- There's definitely one small issue.", "Something is interfering... Ah, yes.", "Nope.", "I was right, Dan, and you were wrong.", "- You do need to move it?", "- We do need to deal with this because these wires are so thick.", "- Oh.", "- And it's making it so that the game slot is crooked.", "It's lifting this part off.", "Okay.", "So I just need to reroute these wires.", "- Yeah.", "They should be long enough so that you can reroute.", "- Oh, hold on.", "I'm gonna power it off.", "One sec.", "- (scoffs) Good choice.", "- Okay.", "I think I found a new way to route this wire that's a little better.", "And I think I got this now.", "- And that's done it.", "- Wait.", "- Okay.", "- Holy crap.", "Are we good?", "- Yeah.", "So I didn't destroy it.", "- I wanna see it actually do a thing.", "- Yeah.", "- Holy bananas.", "Okay.", "We're getting there.", "It is actually closed.", "- Nice job.", "- That is so much better.", "No.", "You nice job, I didn't do anything.", "- We did it.", "- It's too crisp.", "It's too good.", "- Well, you can make it worse if you hold start and push up and down.", "- Like now?", "- [Dan] Yep.", "You can do a whole bunch of different settings.", "- Wait, what just happened?", "- The scaling settings.", "- Whoa.", "This is scan line things.", "- You can add scan lines.", "Yeah.", "It's pretty cool.", "It's an amazing little product.", "- I think I like the clean look.", "Look at this, I can actually see what I'm doing.", "No perceived additional latency, I can tell you that much.", "I mean, I still, I'm not perfect at the game, but okay.", "Which one?", "This one?", "- [Adam] It's on two.", "- Okay.", "You ready?", "- That's the Sonic.", "Look at that difference.", "- [David] Dang.", "I'm a little bit sad about the dings on the glass.", "- Oh, I'm not even gonna notice them when I'm gaming.", "I can actually see what the freak I'm doing.", "I am so stoked.", "- Look at the refresh latency on the old one compared to-- - [Andy] Can you hold down a little bit, Linus?", "- Freakin' amazing.", "I don't think I could possibly happier with this result.", "- [Adam] No.", "That's fantastic.", "- [David] It's pretty incredible.", "- [Linus] Oops.", "I've been pressing-- - [Dan] Oh no, I found a mine cart.", "- [Linus] Okay.", "Yeah.", "I think I found the exact same mine cart at the exact same time.", "- [Dan] Careful.", "There's a-- - [David] Have you managed to beat the first level yet?", "- [Dan] No.", "- This was so much fun and so worth it.", "Shout out to Dan, just like this shout to our sponsor.", "- Manscape.", "Manscape has partnered with a Testicular Cancer Society to help you take care down there.", "While you're down there trimming, Manscape and the Testicular Cancer Society wanna remind you to check yourself for testicular cancer with easy once a month routine at home self health checks.", "This year, for a limited time, you can get their new special edition TCS Lawn mower 4.0 electric and waterproof trimmer.", "There are only 10,000 units in existence.", "And with this launch Manscape will be donating 50 grand to the testicular cancer society to help those impacted by testicular cancer.", "Head to manscape.com/tcs to grab yours and as always, use code TECH at checkout for 20% off and free shipping.", "- Did you guys enjoy this video?", "Check out the one where we did some very, very small scale soldering to fix a CPU that had the pins sheered off.", "That was a fun one." ]

[ "Intro", "What we are doing", "A Good Start", "Battery Upgrades", "Uh oh...", "David Tech Tips", "That's Dark...", "Upgrade Continued", "Adam Goofed it!", "Adam Ungoofed it!", "Original Game Gear Display", "David's First Boot!", "Linus's realization", "This is Dan", "Linus screws up", "Nevertheless, we persisted", "This Game Gear is unique", "David GBA Upgrade", "Moment of Truthiness", "Screen Deets", "One Final Speedbump", "Conclusion", "Outro" ]

[ "Remember this storage backplane, from my Raspberry Pi Hardware RAID video?", "Broadcom sent it with a MegaRAID storage card, and it worked great with the SATA and SAS drives I tested.", "But this backplane is special.", "It's not just a stock Serial Cables backplane, it's a customized box, code-named \"Elrond\", and it demonstrates a new storage standard, SFF-TA-1005.", "Along with the MegaRAID card's 'Tri-mode' support, I can in theory hot-swap SATA, SAS, and PCI Express NVMe drives all using the same slot.", "In my last hardware RAID video, I could only demonstrate SATA and SAS drives, because apparently some other YouTube channel got first dibs on Kioxia's latest drives, which I was trying to borrow for my own testing.", "I had asked Kioxia if I could borrow a couple of their enterprise NVMe drives, and they were like, \"Yeah, sounds good!", "So are you gonna be testing this on a beefy new server with PCI Express Gen 4?\"", "I was like... \"Well, actually, I have a Raspberry Pi.", "With PCI Express Gen 2!\"", "And they were like, \"Wait, what?", "That's... not even possible.", "And who uses high-end enterprise drives on a $35 single board computer?\"", "So I told them that it is possible with the CM4 now that the Broadcom driver's sorted out, and as to who uses high-end enterprise gear on a Pi?", "Well...", "I do!", "So here they are, the Kioxia PM6 and CM6.", "And you heard it here first: these bleeding-edge SAS 24G and NVMe drives work brilliantly on the Raspberry Pi.", "They might be a little overkill, but that's how I like it.", "I should note this video is NOT sponsored, and I'm NOT keeping these drives, either.", "I just want to see what's possible with a humble Raspberry Pi.", "And if you want to skip to the part where I start hot-plugging drives and see if the Pi explodes, you can jump ahead to this time.", "Kioxia, if you didn't already know, is descended from Toshiba Memory Corporation, so they're not new to the flash memory game.", "The drives they sent me use the same internal flash chips, so what's the difference between these drives?", "And why are companies building NVMe SSDs in this form factor?", "I thought all NVMe drives were M.2?!", "Well, server vendors try to build their servers for a broad range of applications.", "Having one standard form factor—in this case, the SFF, or \"Small Form Factor\"—for all mass storage means they don't have to build and sell dozens of different types of servers depending on someone's storage needs.", "And besides, this drive, tiny as it is, is a LOT bigger in volume than the board space on a tiny M.2 drive.", "With that volume comes more room for up to 30 terabytes of storage, not to mention better thermals.", "Which is important since these drives can suck down up to 25 watts per drive!", "These cooling holes aren't just for good looks!", "And there are similar-size U.2 SSDs, but they required different cabling than SATA and SAS bays.", "And while SATA speeds have gotten stagnant, SAS, or Serial Attached SCSI, has continued to get better every generation.", "The PM6 is SAS 24G, which, if you do the math, is four times faster than the fastest SATA drives.", "The PM6 is capable of up to 4.3 Gigabytes per second read speeds, and the CM6 can pump through 6.9 Gigabytes per second on a PCI Express Gen 4 bus.", "The major difference between the two is their communication interface.", "I won't get too technical here, but the interface used for the NVMe drive follows the \"SFF-TA-1001\" spec, which is sometimes called U.3, but that's not the official name (due to a kerfuffle between different storage vendors).", "It allows one port to serve three types of drive: SATA, SAS, and PCI Express NVMe.", "And while some people say SAS's days are numbered, rumors of SAS's death in enterprise storage have been greatly exaggerated.", "Some features of SAS like effortless hot-swap, backwards compatibility, a mature management protocol, and existing implementations still keep it relevant.", "But there are advantages to PCI Express-based storage, and the SFF-TA-1001 spec allows NVMe drives to work with the exact same slots and cabling where you traditionally only had SATA and SAS drives.", "And if you have a faster computer and the latest MegaRAID card, you can get PCI Express gen 4 speeds for all the drives, giving more than one hundred gigabits per second of total data throughput.", "Enough about the standards, though.", "Let's throw these drives in Elrond and see how the Raspberry Pi handles them!", "All right, so in my older video I was using some cheap Kingston consumer SATA SSDs, and some cheap used HP 10K SAS drives.", "I have the Elrond enclosure connected to the Pi through this MegaRAID card, and I have the patched driver running so I can see the card.", "Using storCLI, I can see two SATA SSDs and two SAS hard drives in the first four slots.", "I'm going to hot-unplug one of the Kingston SSDs with the Pi running.", "After a few seconds, storCLI stops showing it in the list of drives.", "And if I plug it back in...", "It reappears.", "So SATA hot-plug works fine.", "And now I'm going to plug Kioxia's PM6, which is a SAS 24G drive, into the bottom bay, and we'll see if it comes up.", "It takes a few seconds, but it also shows up just fine!", "And now is the part that's really fun, since I've tried hot-plugging NVMe M.2 drives on the Pi before, and it never goes well.", "I'm going to plug the CM6, which is an NVMe PCI Express drive, into the 5th slot, and we'll see if it's automatically recognized too.", "And look!", "It took a few seconds, but now it's showing up too!", "Now I'll plug in the other CM6 drives, and again, after a few seconds, they also appear.", "So hot-plugging all three types of drives works great!", "To see how they perform, I wanted to test individual drives first.", "I switched the RAID card into JBOD mode, so the Pi would see \"just a bunch of disks\".", "Then I used \"lsblk\" to identify all the drives by serial number and size.", "Once I identified which drives were the PM6 and CM6, I partitioned, formatted, and mounted them.", "After the initialization finished, I ran my disk benchmark script on both drives, and got these results.", "Interestingly, the CM6 NVMe drive performed better than the PM6 SAS drive for random writes, but was neck-in-neck for read speeds.", "And if you're one of Kioxia's marketing representatives watching this part of the video, you might be screaming at the screen that these numbers are wildly incorrect.", "And you'd be right!", "These numbers are being measured on a Raspberry Pi.", "This tiny little thing has a 5-year old mobile CPU and one lane of PCI Gen 2 bandwidth.", "It's pretty much maxed out, at 400 Mebibytes per second.", "If you can afford a real server like ServeTheHome can, you can get speeds up to 6.9 Gibibytes per second!", "That's 17x faster than the Pi can ever dream of getting.", "So with that in mind, I wanted to see if the Pi could get a little bit faster if I put the CM6 NVMe drives into a RAID 0 array, and it did.", "Not a huge difference, but now large block size random IO was about as fast as it could possibly be on the Pi, and 4K random reads were a little bit faster.", "To give a little more data, I also compared the speeds of the single CM6 against a single Kingston SSD and a single old HP SAS Hard Drive.", "To the surprise of nobody, the super old used hard drive is absolutely decimated in random performance, even by a cheap consumer SSD.", "But throughput isn't the only consideration when it comes to storage.", "Enterprise drives usually have better warranties, better ability to handle massive read or write-optimized workloads, and price tags to match.", "Speaking of price, these are some of the fastest enterprise SSDs on the market, and judging by the prices people are paying on eBay, they ain't cheap!", "And with that price tag, do I think anyone else will be plugging Kioxia CM6 drives into their Raspberry Pi any time soon?", "Maybe, maybe not.", "But as someone who lives on cheaper second-hand hardware, the fact that it can be done today means that when these drives are recycled in the next generation of servers, it's good to know that this and future Pi generations should be able to work with them.", "Of course, with Chia miners eating up all the hard drives on the market today, maybe it'll be cheaper to buy enterprise drives like these than SATA hard drives!", "Who knows?", "Subscribe so you don't miss out on the next insane test, and until next time, I'm Jeff Geerling." ]

[ "UBM with Elrond", "Getting KIOXIA drives", "Why NVMe U.3?", "Hot-plugging NVMe", "Performance on the Pi", "Pi in the Enterprise?", "Outtakes" ]

[ "This right here is a MOSFET and this right here is another MOSFET of the same type, at least according to its label.", "Because if we look closely we can not only see differences in the font but also in the design of the heatsink.", "And according to the manufacturers datasheet it seems like this one is a genuine one because I also bought it from a well known component supplier for kind of a high price.", "But if you love a good bargain like me then you probably also already bought a pack of 5 of them for the price of 2 originals ones from sites like Ebay.", "With such deals there is always the suspicion that the components are fake aka counterfeit which is a nowadays a big problem when it comes to electronics.", "Because as you would naturally assume fake components usually either come with differences concerning their properties, they fail quicker or they do not work at all.", "And since that can be problematic if for example a fake component has to fulfill a crucial job in a very important electronics system, I wanted to find out by myself how much such fake components really suck in comparison to the originals and that is exactly what I will be doing in this video.", "So let's get started!", "This video is sponsored by Keysight and their biggest test gear event of the year Keysight live from the lab which is now available on demand.", "You can sit down with engineering pros as well as tech YouTubers like ElectroBoom, The Signal Path, CuriousMarc or even me.", "Topics range from oscilloscopes to 5G and much more so there is something for everyone.", "So check out the link in the description and level up your lab skills.", "Now before I get to compare the genuine MOSFET with the maybe fake one of which I probably have a few dozen of different types lying around as well as having a closer look at maybe fake Operation Amplifier ICs; Let's firstly answer the question how such fake components come to be.", "Because producing ICs aka Integrated Circuits or MOSFETs is not really simple.", "You need a silicon wafer onto which transistors get formed as well as additional layers for the wiring and much much more.", "Just read this MOSFET manufacturing description found by Google and you know it is not an easy process.", "So obviously fake component producers do not go through this manufacturing process but instead either refurbish or relabel old salvaged components, simply label empty packages that not work at all or what I think is most popular is that they take cheaper worse performing components and relabel them.", "Through those methods they avoid research, manufacturing and marketing costs and basically make a profit selling sometimes garbage.", "Now to identify fakes we could have a peek at the die inside the IC but since that is not realizable for most people watching, we could also look out for package anomalies or simply do some electrical testing.", "And exactly that bring us back to my MOSFETs for which I want to determine their resistance when fully turned on and the time it takes for them to turn on and off because I think those are two of the most important characteristics when using MOSFETs in demanding applications like a power supply.", "Now the datasheet states a resistance of 35mΩ as well as the values for all the rise and fall times in ns.", "But before verifying those I would always recommend pulling out the transistor tester that you can get for cheap from the internet.", "With it we can measure some basic values of the original MOSFET that we can then compare to the maybe fake one.", "And it seems like all the recorded values are pretty close to one another.", "So time for the proper resistance test in which I powered the gate with 12V and let a constant current of 1A flow through the MOSFETs while measuring the voltage drop across the drain source path.", "The original one came with a voltage drop of 25mV and unexpectedly the fake one also offered pretty much the same voltage meaning the resistance of both MOSFETs were according to the datasheet.", "So next I soldered load resistors to both MOSFETs which get powered with 12V while a square wave signal with a high frequency gets applied to the gates through the help of two MOSFET drivers.", "And after inspecting the occurring waveforms at both MOSFETs on the oscilloscope it seems like once again there isn't really much of a difference.", "Their rise and fall times also correspond with the datasheet so is the maybe fake MOSFET an original one instead?", "Well you can never be 100% sure because there are tons of other tests we would have to do to truly find that out.", "Only one thing is for sure, ordering parts from Ebay or similar is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you are gonna get.", "For example I had another batch of IRLZ34N MOSFETs lying around which I also simultaneously tested and as it turns out their resistance is 5mΩ lower than the original one and they also turn off a bit quicker.", "So yeah this maybe fake one is better but then again you can also accidentally receive such an IRF540 MOSFET fake which in my case comes with a resistance of around 350mΩ which is 4.5 times higher than its advertised resistance.", "Like I said Ebay purchases are a gamble but only there you can save a bit of money or find such handy to have assortment sets which I truly love to have around.", "This one comes with a variety of OpAmps which is a component that I use quite often in projects for different applications.", "So of course I want them to work properly and just by having a look at the LM358 ones I feel like something is off here in comparison to an original 358 I once again got from a big supplier.", "And since I also had another LM358 lying around which again looked a bit different I thought this comparison could be fun.", "So what I want to compare is their input offset voltage as well their slew rate.", "According to the datasheet the input offset voltage is 3 to 7mV which describes the voltage difference between the inputs of the Op-amp that when amplifying a signal also gets amplified and thus is basically a divergence to the ideal output value which means we want this offset voltage to be as small as possible.", "And the slew rate according to the datasheet is 0.3 V/us which describes how fast the output of the Op-amp rises and falls and that is obviously important for fast signals.", "Now for the input offset measuring I simply built up an inverting op-amp configuration with a gain of 100 whose input I connected to GND.", "So by measuring the output voltage we know the offset voltage multiplied by 100 which in the case of the original LM358 is around 13mV.", "The other two came with values of 160mV and 70mV which is all still in spec with the datasheet but you can already see that there is a noticeable difference.", "So next was the slew rate test for which I simply build up a voltage follower circuit for all the Op-amps on a breadboard.", "The input signal is like before with the MOSFETs a square wave and after applying that to all the Op-amps we can have a look at all the outputs at the same time.", "Now feel free to guess which Op-amp you think is the original one and let me stop you right there it is not the fastest one because that is the maybe fake from the assortment set.", "Instead it is the second best performing one while the slowest one is the other maybe fake.", "So once again the maybe fake options didn't perform terrible since they all fulfilled the datasheet requirements I tested.", "But like I said before don't get too comfortable with questionable components because it can also be a complete nightmare working with those.", "But I am not really the role model here since I have used maybe fake components in the past and will probably use them in the future.", "All I wanted to do with this video is raise awareness and I hope I did just that.", "With that being said I hope you enjoyed the video.", "If so consider supporting me through Patreon.", "As always don't forget to like, share, subscribe and hit the notification bell.", "Stay creative and I will see you next time." ]

[ "Fake Components?", "Intro", "How Fake Components come to be", "MOSFET Fake Testing", "OpAmp Fake Testing", "Verdict" ]

[ "In the event of an extraterrestrial arrival, would aliens really be as aggressive towards us as they sometimes are in the movies?", "It’s a possibility; like us they could have predatory instincts that helped them rise to the top of their food chain, and they’d perhaps need a ruthless edge to advance enough to find (and travel to) Earth in the first place.", "And, according to newly declassified documents, it seems that that sinister potential shouldn’t be underestimated.", "This is Unveiled, and today we’re exploring the extraordinary suggestion that the government thinks UFOs (or aliens) could be hurting its citizens.", "Do you need the big questions answered?", "Are you constantly curious?", "Then why not subscribe to Unveiled for more clips like this one?", "And ring the bell for more thought-provoking content!", "UFO sightings vary year by year, but they’ve been on a relatively steady rise since the 1990s with only a few dips in frequency.", "For the past couple of years, in particular, there’s been a resurgence partly thanks to official military reports and government investigations into UFOs.", "For a long time, UFO sightings had been largely written off by politicians and often by scientists... but not so much anymore.", "Project Blue Book, in the 1950s and ‘60s, was the first major official investigation into these kinds of claims... but there are modern versions of Blue Book, too, delivering some interesting results.", "In amongst the thousands of UFO reports made every year, there are various hoaxes and clear missightings... but then there are some that rank higher in terms of seeming reliability, such as the 143 unexplained claims coming from within the US armed forces (and addressed in the infamous UAP Report, published June 2021).", "There are also others that go further, though, with claimants alleging actual contact with aliens.", "So far, there has been little by way of official government public guidance when it comes to these cases... but still, the questions they raise aren’t disappearing.", "What would an extraterrestrial visitor want with us?", "And why would they put us through some of the various ordeals that alien abduction stories include?", "While the US government hasn’t exactly shouted their message from the rooftops, however, there seemingly has been at least some investigation made... it’s just been mostly kept under wraps.", "Between the years 2007 and 2012, we know there was the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (or, AATIP).", "This was a project so secretive that people weren’t even aware of its existence until 2017, when a whistle-blower named Luis Elizondo left his high-ranking position in AATIP and released videos and data.", "The videos quickly attracted interest because they contained clearly real footage of strange objects performing apparently supernatural feats of movement in the air.", "Shortly after AATIP was made public, a Freedom of Information Act request was filed by “The Sun” newspaper in the UK, in a bid for more about it to be made available.", "And, in April 2022, according to reports by The Sun, the Pentagon released around 1,500 pages of related information, covering topics such as alien abduction, secret technology, and more.", "There were sections of the documents that weren’t released for security and privacy reasons, but the parts that were made public are nonetheless interesting.", "And perhaps one of the strangest and most compelling sections is titled “Anomalous Acute and Subacute Field Effects on Human and Biological Tissues”.", "Peel back the jargon, and what we’re basically dealing with here is a document that lists all the injuries reportedly linked to UFO sightings, and potentially alien technology.", "These documents contain details (many never-before-seen) pertaining to alleged injuries that victims have suffered after coming into contact with strange flying vehicles.", "In total, there are more than 300 cases of medical damage cataloged.", "One of the most common reported injuries is damage from electromagnetic radiation, which the report suggests may be caused by energy propulsion systems used on sighted UFO vehicles.", "Luis Elizondo, the official who first brought awareness to the program, has also recounted situations like this, where pilots report sunburn on their skin after chasing UFOs.", "In the Pentagon documents, there are a variety of other injuries alleged or referred to, as well, including brain damage, nerve damage, heart problems, and trouble sleeping.", "The documents, which also include contributions by MUFON (the Mutual UFO Network), have a wide range of data to work from, based (as they are) on information collected from as far back as the 1870s.", "There’s 150 years’ worth of UFO strangeness here.", "In amongst it all, there are also reports of telepathic events, seeming teleportation, drawn out abductions, and even unaccounted for pregnancy - according to “The Sun”.", "While it may be rare for government figures to vocalize their stance on UFOs, then, this yield of information makes it clear that UFO reports aren’t always totally ignored.", "The alleged injuries listed have been taken seriously by officials, with suggestion that the technologies potentially involved in some cases could constitute a real threat to the interest of the United States as a whole.", "Importantly, while we are dealing with UFO and alien stories here, there are various non­-alien explanations that can be considered.", "One conclusion, for example, is that many of these strange encounters may more simply warrant the possibility that there are weapons and aircrafts of Earth that the US government doesn’t know about yet.", "Unknown (but terrestrial) tech that could still cause injury to an unsuspecting passer-by, so the idea goes.", "In an effort to make sense of the wide range of cases covered, then, there are also attempts to categorize paranormal encounters.", "For example, with a UFO sighting, was the craft flying of its own accord or did it have a pilot?", "There are groups for non-alien, mythical experiences, too, including believed encounters with ghosts, spirits, elves, and more.", "Elsewhere, there are sections about crop circles and even about reported cases of spontaneous human combustion.", "On the one hand, these documents (released by the Pentagon, remember, and covering the AATIP secret government program) read something like an ideas meeting for sci-fi movie makers.", "Many of the most prevalent alien blockbuster tropes do feature.", "But, really, that’s a big part of the revelation.", "Again, AATIP and these papers are significant first and foremost because they show that the government is taking a real interest in the claims of UFOs around the country.", "There evidently is some acknowledgement that something strange is happening.", "And, considering the lengthy UFO injury list that’s covered, there is a seeming concern, on some level, for the health and wellbeing of those who experience a UFO encounter.", "There are reported plans for the Pentagon to continue expanding its UFO research in the future, too, as the official stance looks likely to get even more hands on in the next few years.", "Indeed, much of this might be seen as just the latest initiative toward reverse engineering.", "Whether it’s genuinely alien or not, whenever reports of an unknown aerial object are put across a desk in the US government, there are alarm bells ringing.", "With this in mind, parts of the 2022 information release suggest studying UFOs purely for tech advancement reasons.", "If there’s something with an apparent invisibility cloak, for instance, then how has that happened?", "And how can the US make sure that its invisibility cloaks (if they have them) are all up to date?", "Drones are all the rage nowadays, but if there’s a drone out there that does things your drones can’t do... then you’ve got a problem, regardless of whether it’s really alien or not.", "In terms of the injuries sustained, again, might there even be a way to study those to ascertain precisely what had caused them?", "It’s another possibility.", "There have been government UFO reports before this, and declassified documents, and many have received more fanfare.", "But, still, the implications here are significant.", "AATIP wasn’t a secret by the time these most recent papers surrounding it were released, but here we see more about the motivations that were behind it.", "The government, it seems, is worried about the existence of unknown technology... and the harm that it has done and could do.", "In the modern world, UFO reports are being continually declassified and new footage is emerging... so could there also be a growing sense of unease within the authorities?", "Finally, the report also detailed the attempts of senator Harry Reid to look into UFOs in depth.", "Reid was the early driving force behind AATIP, continually pushing for more to be done in response to UFO claims... but he faced various blocks along the road, and has before suggested that (despite the recent progress) there is still much more that the government hasn’t released.", "This is still a developing story, then, and there could be further revelations to come.", "But that’s why the government thinks UFOs (or aliens) could be hurting its citizens.", "What do you think?", "Is there anything we missed?", "Let us know in the comments, check out these other clips from Unveiled, and make sure you subscribe and ring the bell for our latest content." ]

[ "Intro", "Increased UFO Sightings", "The Declassified Documents", "Is it Aliens?", "Conclusions" ]

[ "Maybe it's true that theory is somehow more philosophically interesting than just benchmark applications, in just empirical pursuit on methods.", "But the application is a different axis.", "I actually think that the applications are super philosophically interesting.", "I mean, they force you to ask ... Because they actually ask questions that aren't just mechanical.", "You have to ask the normative questions.", "Right?", "The thing that I think is exciting about applications is that nobody told you in the first place what is worth predicting.", "That, by itself, the convincing someone that this is actually a problem worth solving.", "You're listening to Gradient Dissent, a show where we learn about making machine learning models work in the railroad.", "I'm your host, Lukas Biewald.", "Zach Lipton is a professor of machine learning at Carnegie Mellon university.", "He has an incredible number of research interests, and it was actually hard to research all the papers that he's been working on, prepping for this interview.", "I'll give you a couple of topics that we might cover today.", "Robustness under distribution shift, breast cancer screening with machine learning, the effective and equitable allocation of organs, and the intersection of causal thinking with messy data.", "He's the founder of The Approximately Correct blog and the creator of Dive Into Deep Learning, an interactive opensource book drafted entirely in Jupyter notebooks.", "Couldn't be more excited to get into it.", "I have a couple of your papers that you flagged that I'd love to talk about, but kind of before then, I kind of wanted you to catch me up.", "I feel like last time I knew you, you were applying to grad school, and now you seem like a successful professor with a lab at a very famous school.", "What happened, Zack?", "Yeah, it's been a weird ride.", "So when we met, it was in San Francisco.", "And that was like ...", "I had already made this weird decision to go and do this tech thing and live in California for a year, get into grad school.", "But before that I was a musician, so it was even a bigger jump.", "I think it looks more planned or directed now than it was at the time.", "The guiding thing to get from being a musician to being a PhD in machine learning was just a recognition that I wanted to be in PhD.", "I had enough friends who were in the sciences that I sort of knew that maybe the sorting hat got it wrong or something at some point.", "And I didn't even know what modern machine learning was.", "It was really guided by a kind of, I knew I wanted to be in a certain kind of scholarship, and I wanted to be in a certain kind of environment.", "And I knew that meant going to grad school.", "And then sort of looking like, all right, I was an old man for a first person starting on a scientific career.", "So it was like ...", "I wasn't going to do a wet lab thing and spend 10 years learning how to like pipette because it was too late for that.", "And I had had just enough of a connection with computer science earlier that I knew that was something I enjoyed doing.", "But I don't know.", "It's kind of weird to look back.", "I mean, I think in terms of from where we met, which was I kind of knew almost nothing.", "I was just kind of wanted to go to grad school for machine learning.", "I think the biggest thing is, is that I entered the field at the moment of a really great leveling event.", "So the sudden rise of deep learning was an unexpected thing.", "And I think it would be an exaggeration to say it completely wiped out people's skillsets or whatever from before then.", "But it certainly opened up a path in research, where at least the next two, three years of steps in that direction, or a good chunk of them, didn't really require that you were like ...", "If things were just progressing normal science, and it was like kernel machines were dominating, for me to get to the point where I was a world leader in understanding nonparametrics or something, that wouldn't happen in like three or four years.", "But entering a field where suddenly everyone is doing deep learning and there was kind of like a wild west type environment made it very easy to sort of pick an area, say ML and healthcare, and very quickly be at least like ... Now, the new generation of technologies, be one of the leaders applying deep learning in that.", "So I think I got lucky that I sort of entered at that moment of transition where it wasn't so disadvantageous that I wasn't an expert in ...", "I wasn't a great engineer, and I didn't necessarily have all of that mathematical background, but I was able to sort of ... One advantage of it is I didn't have a lot of commitments.", "So I wasn't committed to a set of methods that I had invested years in reputation and getting them to work.", "So I could be kind of nonpartisan about it and say like, \"This is clearly a thing that's happening, and I have no sunk costs, so get in there.\"", "That's really cool.", "It's actually kind of inspiring.", "I like it.", "What was your initial research on when you got to grad school?", "What were you looking at?", "I was working on healthcare problems.", "I had had some personal health experiences that were pretty devastating earlier in life.", "And I think that was just sort of always a motivating thing of, \"Could we be making a lot of these kinds of inferences better that guide medical decision making?\"", "It still is a kind of overriding, organizing motivation in my work.", "My research is a little more diverse.", "I don't just do the, \"I want to grab things and get empirical results on, say, a specific medical dataset.\"", "Although, I do have a bunch of research in my portfolio that is applied to medical work, but also the motivated kind of underlying theoretical and methodological problems.", "But that was how I started PhD, was working on medical stuff.", "I wrote a statement of purpose that I think caught the attention of some people, like UCSD, which is where I ended up doing my PhD.", "There's a division that does biomedical informatics, and there's a computer science department.", "One's in the med school, the other's in engineering school.", "And I think they had been talking about maybe getting a joint student at some point, or someone who would be funded on one of the medical informatics training grants but be a student in CS.", "And they were looking for someone like that.", "What I was hired to do essentially was to work on healthcare problems, but I kind of just sort of ...", "I started with that motivation and looking at what people are doing, but I was sitting in a computer science department and watching what's happening with machine learning.", "So for example, I suppose the first problem I worked on was something in text mining.", "So it was medical articles.", "And we were doing massive multi-label classifications.", "So all the medical articles that get indexed by the NIH are tagged with some subset of this large controlled vocabularies.", "Kind of enables things like systematic reviews of literature.", "And so just a simple ... Like back when we were using linear models.", "And the challenge was that it was 27,000 classes, and we're trying to predict them all and do it in an efficient way.", "And now it seems kind of quaint because it's like ... You train language models with like billions of parameters and vocabularies that are like 300,000 words and it's not that big a deal.", "So I started working on that, but I was seeing what was happening in deep learning.", "And I think the first kind of bigger break that wasn't just a kind of minor paper was, we were watching everything that was happening.", "Convolutional neural networks where maybe the thing that were catching the most attention 2013, '14.", "But I was interested in a lot of these problems that had more sequential structure, so I was getting medical time series data.", "Like people are admitted, there's a bunch of measurements, they're getting updated over time.", "And so I started paying attention to natural language processing, what was happening, because that's another problem on a kind of sequential structure.", "And I was seeing things like these papers in 2012, '13, '14, that like [inaudible 00:07:27] gave, and other people like that were doing with language modeling and seek to seek type things.", "And you start thinking, \"Are these methods sort of limited to these kind of neat, ordinally, kind of sequenced things like language?", "Or would they also work for things like messy multi-variant time series data that you have in clinical settings?\"", "And so Dave Kale, who I mentioned earlier was the guy that they tried to recruit, I had actually met him when I was starting PhD at UCSD, actually at machine learning for healthcare.", "One of the first years of that, when it was still ...", "It wasn't even a conference at the time, it was like a symposium.", "And so we got together, this is like second year of PhD, and we kind of had this idea of ...", "It wasn't obvious at the time.", "Now, anything that looks like a sequence, people throw an LSTM at the time.", "But at the time, was really only making headway popularly in language.", "And a little bit maybe on top of RNN combinant type things like on top of video or stuff like that.", "And so we were interested, \"Can we do much better than kind of status quo at predicting things like length of stay mortality, recognizing diagnoses based on ...\" And so you have these time series where the added complications are you have a bunch of different variables, some of them are missing, they're not observed at some fixed interval on the wall clock, they're observed at different times.", "If you try to re-sample to make a statistic of the time series that's reflective of a fixed wall clock time delta, then you wind up with missing data that's not truly missing, but it's missing as an artifact of the sampling frequency.", "It wasn't observed in that window.", "So then what do you do?", "How do you impute it?", "Do you carry it forward?", "I guess you have a lot of windows where nothing happened?", "Yeah, yeah, yeah.", "Right, exactly.", "Say your heart rate's measured continuously automatically by the equipment.", "However, the coma score is recorded once per hour by the doctor when they make the rounds.", "And then some serological result, maybe it's checked once per day or maybe some days it's never checked, or something like that, you know?", "Well, if you choose that time interval that's somewhere in the middle, like hourly, and you have this one thing that you're measuring that's happening multiple times inside a window, this other thing that's only happening once every like seven windows.", "I mean, an alternative way that you could represent it is you could just say every measurement is a ... You don't have the time tick for the RNN correspond to a fixed delta on the clock, but you can make it correspond to the observation and say something like, \"Add as a feature.", "What is the time lapse since the last observation?\"", "That's a little bit like those event based representations that they use for music generation and stuff like that.", "In our case it didn't work as well.", "I mean, I'm always curious ...", "It's funny, we've talked to a whole bunch of people from different angles in the medical field, but can you give me a rundown of the current state of the art in ML and medical stuff?", "Like what are the most impressive results that you've seen recently?", "So there's a bunch of slam dunk results, I think.", "I mean, you have to divide up the categories of problems.", "I think a lot of people ... You see a lot of the whatever the public think pieces about ML and healthcare, and they just kind of slop everything together.", "And it's just like, the AI is making decisions, and you'll have an AI doctor, and is it better than a regular ...", "It's kind of just the way that collapses doctorness as to a single task.", "Sure.", "I think the reality is, you have a whole bunch of different tasks.", "Some of them are really clearly recognition problems.", "Like it's a pattern recognition problem, and the environment around that problem is so well understood that if you solve pattern recognition, then you know what to do with the answer.", "So you don't have a real policy problem or a decision making problem, you just have a ...", "I put in this things like ... Now I'm going to get angry letters from, I don't know, some specialist that I'm saying they're automateable or something.", "But I think the things that are most amenable to this are the results like the diabetic retinopathy, where they take the retinal fundus imaging and they're able to predict whether or not someone has retinopathy, and do it, say, as well or better than a physician can just by looking at these images.", "This is one of those things where the doctor knows what to do if they're a hundred percent sure about the diagnosis.", "If you could just do the diagnosis more accurately, it's good.", "And then you know what to do.", "And you do the diagnosis here purely from an image?", "So it's essentially an image classification test?", "Right.", "Exactly.", "Things that sort of just reduce to, \"Hey, it's a pattern recognition problem.", "That's all we're doing.", "That's all the doctor's doing.\"", "Those things you can ...", "Pathology, I think, has some of these, like diagnosing things based on microscopy.", "One of the best papers I saw on machine learning for healthcare in the first year that it was a publishing conference is people said, \"Hey ... \" It turns out they were attuned to the climate.", "They were actually writing from Uganda, and were ...", "The paper's very straightforward, but the problem was ...", "The A plus part of this paper is how well motivated it was.", "It said, \"Hey, there's ...\" Three of the biggest maladies in Africa were tuberculosis, malaria, and intestinal parasites.", "These things are diagnosed based on basically pattern recognition by human doctors looking at microscopy, like microscope images.", "Africa, at the time, as it was arguing in the paper, they didn't have nearly enough technicians to be able to give timely diagnosis to everyone.", "And I think at the time they said something, it was some to do with like ... Because it's much easier to diagnose ... Or it's much easier to donate a microscope than a microscopist.", "So there was a situation where there were more microscopes than there were technicians on the continent.", "And basically, it was like, if you just do pattern recognition really accurately, you can ... And you can even avoid a lot of the pitfalls that normally plague machine learning.", "Like you could standardize the equipment, just send everyone the same damn microscope, the same phone camera for taking the picture, et cetera.", "So they train a simple combinant, there was not a lot of like ... You didn't need to do anything super novel methodologically, and you ended up getting like 99% accuracy on doing this four-way classification among these [inaudible 00:13:40] done.", "This is an important problem.", "You can imagine shipping that tomorrow.", "Not really tomorrow, but you get the idea.", "Does that really work?", "I see a lot of these kinds of results, and I wonder, do they really work or is it somehow a more toy version of the real problem?", "Right.", "I mean, I think that's almost always a concern when you look at machine learning results, right?", "Because the results that you see in a typical ML paper almost always on a sort of randomly partitioned holdout set.", "So you're always worried about basically, \"Hey, I've ... \" Everything in the paper is sort of conditioned on the faithfulness to that idea assumption.", "That my training data and data I'm going to see in the future really can be regarded as independent samples from the same underlying distribution.", "And that's almost never true in practice.", "And the question is, is this true in a way that just completely bungles up everything you've done?", "Or is this ...", "So an example of where there's a huge discrepancy, is you have people saying that we have human level speech recognition.", "And then if you ever actually use your speech recognition, it's really clear that it's nowhere near human level.", "So what it means is, on the training corpus, if you randomly partition it, and you only look at the maybe accuracy on catching the ... Actually, I take it back.", "They're not looking at phoneme level error rates.", "They do look at word- I take it back.", "They're not looking at phoneme level error.", "They do look at word error rate at this point.", "But you get the point.", "It's like, if you make this really strong assumption that the training data is... And people confuse these because they use the same word.", "They say \"generalization\" in both cases.", "But one is the extrap... Or maybe what you might better, rather call \"interpolation\" than \"extrapolation\" of, \"Do I generalize from the training set, to samples from the exact same underlying distribution?\"", "Yep.", "The other is like, \"Can I tolerate the sort of perturbations and distribution that are assured to happen in practice?\"", "And so I think this is the thing that people deal in a really clumsy and kind of ad hoc way with right now.", "And a lot of my more theoretical and methodological research is about, what are actually proper sound principles according to which you can expect to generalize under, perform under, various shocks to the data generating distribution.", "So then I want to get to that, but I feel like I took you off on a tangent for no reason there.", "So, just going back to- You take me on a tangent, and I'll oblige.", "I appreciate it.", "But sorry, the other medical examples that you think are impressive.", "I think you were laying out like an ontology of it.", "Right.", "So I think the retinal fundus imaging, I think there's that long pipeline of productionalizing things in clinical trials, and I'm not actually up to the minute on where those are in that process.", "But that would be stuff that I'd be really confident would see it to production somewhere, if only as an assistive tool that like, \"Hey, if the doctor disagrees with this, get a second opinion.\"", "Yep.", "So that stuff I think is really out there.", "But then you see the other things people are talking about, people started talking about management, conditions, decision-making.", "And they started training models to do things like predict what would happen based on past decisions or whatever.", "Now this stuff, it gets way, way, way funkier.", "Or all this kind of stuff that has a flavor of...", "There are maybe two things that people do.", "One is estimating conditional probabilities and pretending that they're estimating treatment effects.", "And they're just acting as though knowing probability of death given this, and death given that, actually is giving you really deep insight into what would happen if you intervened.", "Probability that someone dies given that they had a treatment is very different from probability that someone dies given that I intervene and give him that treatment, when in the historical data, this person always would have received a different treatment.", "So I think you have that kind of work, where there's a huge gap between the kinds of things people are trying to say about how... You have two sides, people who really understand causality and therefore really measure it and conservative about the kinds of claims they're making.", "And then other people putting out associative models, and acting, and writing in a way that seems to confuse whether they're associative or actually causal models, in terms of the kinds of decisions they could plausibly guide.", "Or you have sometimes people doing things like off-policy RL, where you look at things like sepsis management, or whatever, and you try to say, \"Well, okay, can I fit some kind of...\" It's the same as the RL problem, like I've observed a bunch of trajectories sampled from one policy, and then I fit a model, and I make an estimate of what average reward would I have gotten under this alternative policy.", "But being able to make that kind of statement is still subject to all kinds of assumptions that you need in causality.", "Like that there's no confounding that the past treatment decisions are not actually influenced by any variables that you yourself don't observe that also influenced the outcome.", "So all of these kinds of things, when people start talking about guiding decisions, making better treatment decisions, inferring all these kinds of things from observational data, I think there's a huge gap between the way people are talking and getting things into practice.", "But maybe those are the very most important things to actually be working on.", "And then you have the easily cordonable ML pattern recognition problems.", "Like just, \"Can I look at an x-ray and say, 'Is it pneumonia or not?'", "Can I look at a mammogram and say, 'Should they be recalled or not for diagnostics?'\"", "And so where does this time season series analysis stuff that you were talking about in the beginning fit into that?", "Is that at a point where it's a tool a doctor could use?", "For example, the first big paper that we did on this is the one we published at ICLR, which is Learning to Diagnose with LSTMR.", "And then so we're feeding in the time series and predicting which diagnoses apply to this patient.", "So I think you could paint a story that's not totally crazy about how this could potentially be useful.", "And one example would be, \"Hey, I have a new patient.", "There's some kind of emergency, that I have the patient, I have them hooked up.", "I'm recording data.", "If I'm not sure what the diagnosis is, it would be nice to be able to have a short list.\"", "So that's part of how we evaluate.", "I could look at what the machine thinks are the 10 most likely diagnoses, and I could say, \"Okay, I'm going to make sure that I include these things in the differential,\" or something.", "It would be some kind of sanity check, like you're using the machine as a wide pass to just make sure that you're considering the right diagnosis.", "Is that actually useful directly, like in its form?", "You know what I mean?", "Like, there's a question of, \"Could that in general, that kind of idea, work, and is this sort of maybe a proof of concept, that it's plausible?\"", "I think we can maybe make that kind of argument.", "But in terms of, for the specific cohort, like for the patients in the ICU, is this really something where what we did is directly useful?", "I think you have to really lack humility to go out there and just say like, in an unqualified way, this is actually useful in practice.", "I think probably not.", "Like, I think for a lot of those patients, basically, we're able to demonstrate this technology is capable of recognizing these facts about these patients.", "But in reality, the diagnoses for a lot of these patients was already known.", "We're just showing that we can figure out what it was from certain trajectories, certain traces, certain measurements.", "If the doctor already knows the diagnosis, what do we really do to improve care?", "And I think this is how my research has evolved.", "I started off maybe asking a lot more of these, which is dangerous thinking with representation learning.", "And like, \"Can we do anything useful with these types of weird looking data?\"", "You know, the standard thing you remember from the early 2000s or whatever was like, \"Always find a way to represent whatever you're working with, as like, a fixed length vector.", "And then feed it into like, menu of [inaudible 00:21:49] learn models, or whatever.", "And see what comes out.\"", "It was exciting to say, \"Could we actually get signal out of these varying lifetime series, with these weird- missing those patterns, and whatever.\"", "But you know, at some point, okay, like the representation learning thing has happened, and we know that we can do this.", "And there's less things that are truly exciting there.", "Because we sort of know how to... We have a good set of tools, between sequence models, and [inaudible 00:07:17], and graph convolutions, et cetera, for representing various sorts of exotic objects.", "And that's no longer, maybe to me, the most exciting thing.", "So the most exciting thing is, \"Okay, we can do function fitting.", "Let's just say we can do function fitting.", "Let's say we even believe that we've solved function fitting.", "What's next?\"", "Like, that doesn't get us to the AI doctor.", "That gets us to maybe we've solved retinal fundus imaging.", "But for the most part...", "Here's another problem, to just poop on my own work a little bit more.", "And one thing that we often do, is we make these statements about, what is human level performance on some task.", "But we often don't think about the wider scope.", "We're sort of myopically focused on... Like, in ML, you're really told, I've got my inputs, I've got my outputs, I've got my loss function.", "And then the room inside there?", "That's where you dance.", "Right?", "But think about the diagnosis problem.", "This is an example I like to give my students, is, the way we cast the diagnosis problem in ML is, given all this measured data, can you infer more accurately or as accurately as the human, what is the applicable diagnosis?", "But was that ever the hard part?", "The extreme example is like, if the doctor gives you the test for Lyme disease and the result is positive, the fact that the machine can more reliably look at the data that contains that fact and say, \"You have...\" That's an extreme example.", "But you get the point.", "It's like, given that you were already routed to the right kind of care and had the right measurements done and whatever, maybe the machine is good at doing inference about what you have, but maybe that was never the interesting part, that was never the hard part, that was never the part that really demanded that you need a human in the loop.", "The hard part was seeing a patient.", "You have no data about them.", "And you have to make these hard decision problems.", "Decisions are not just about treatments.", "There's also decisions about information revelations.", "That's something we focus on a lot in the lab.", "Now it's these weird problems where the decision is what to observe.", "Like, I want to estimate...", "I want to ask them to figure out what is the best drug to treat some patient.", "I've got a bunch of people coming in.", "I can run some tests, but I can't run every test for every patient.", "I could try some treatment, but I can't run every treatment for every patient.", "So like, if I were to cast this kind of problem... And you can make it really abstract.", "You could just say, \"I've got some kind of set of variables, they're related by some causal graph.", "In every time step, you get to observe some subset of them, and you have some budget that constrains which ones you can intervene on.", "But the point being that it's like, the set of data you observe not being taken just, like, by god, given to you as something that you take for granted, but rather, widening the scope of what we consider to be our jurisdiction as people thinking about decision-making and automation.", "Well, I'm obviously I'm a big fan of that area of research.", "Because I do think in practical applications, you do actually have some control over those things.", "Like what data you want to collect and how you want to collect it.", "And I do think it's a messier research problem.", "But probably more directly useful in a lot of cases, just because the function fitting stuff is so well studied, relative to the impact that it can have.", "Yeah.", "Sometimes, I think people have a... You've seen this before.", "You were Stanford math or something?", "You've seen the kind of weird hierarchies that people form within a discipline, this idea of like, \"Okay, there's the mathematicians, are on top of the physicist, are on top of the chemists, are on top of the biologists, are on top of the applied\" whatever, whatever.", "And this thing happens in ML a little bit with theory and application, where people get snooty.", "And I think one thing that's weird is that there's two axes that get collapsed there, of theory and application, or mathematics and empiricism.", "Like mode of inquiry versus method versus real world.", "And I actually think that maybe it's true that theory is somehow more philosophically interesting than just benchmark applications, than just empirical pursuit on methods.", "But the application is a different axis.", "And I actually think that the applications are super philosophically interesting.", "They force you to ask... Because they ask you to ask questions that aren't just mechanical.", "You have to ask the normative questions, right?", "Like, the thing that I think is exciting about applications is that nobody told you in the first place what is worth predicting?", "That by itself, convincing someone that this is actually a problem worth solving.", "I was just reading one of your papers that you pointed me to, on, essentially, collecting more data.", "The way I would describe it is, it's about collecting more data, to get the model, to learn the things that you want or the connections you want, versus the sort of spurious connections.", "You had a good example of models predicting seagulls because they see the beach.", "You make this point that's evocative, of like, we assume that that's bad, but it's kind of hard to articulate exactly what's bad about that.", "Because it hurts you in generalization maybe.", "But if it doesn't hurt you in your data set, it's probably harder to distill what's bad about that.", "Right.", "You have all these papers out there that are just saying the model's biased, or the model depends on superficial patterns or spurious patterns, or whatever, without any kind of clear sense of what technically do they mean?", "And what we get out of that is trying to say, \"Here's something that I think causality has to offer.\"", "I think a lot of people talk about causal inference really focused on the wrong thing.", "Thinking like, \"Is it useful, or is it not useful?\"", "Like, \"Can I take the Pearl machinery and go apply it on the real data, and estimate, and get the number.\"", "And economists are, I think, more focused on that.", "Like, \"Can I get the number?", "Can I estimate it?\"", "But I think one thing that's nice about all this is Pearl's perspective.", "And I think that is really important.", "Causality is not just useful because you can actually estimate the causal [inaudible 00:13:39].", "It's important because you can coherently express the kinds of questions that you actually care about.", "And at least within that, you can have a way of making coherent statements about things.", "So in this case, it gives us the vocabulary, of to say, \"In what sense is it wrong to depend upon the beach?\"", "When I'm saying this as a seagull.", "It's that it's not what causes it to be a seagull.", "Or an example that I like a lot of times is like, \"Why is it not right to base lending decisions, for whom you give a loan to, on what shoes they're wearing?\"", "And so part of it could be that you know something about how shoes relate to finances.", "Like, you know something about the structure of the universe.", "And you're able to think in your head, \"What happens if I intervene on your shoes?\"", "You know, if I take someone and I intervene on their shoes.", "Because you know people can intervene on their shoes, right?", "If everyone who wears oxfords to the bank gets a loan, and everyone who wears sneakers doesn't, people will intervene and say, \"Is this a reasonable procedure?\"", "One reason why I say, \"This is why I want to depend on this or not on that,\" is to say, \"What would be-\" I can do this counterfactual simulations and say, \"What would happen, where I to intervene on that?", "Would this change your ability to pay?", "Would this change the applicability of the label and the image?\"", "So I think for us, the big insight is just to think of it kind of coherently.", "So I think for us, the big insight is just to think of it kind of coherently as think of like semantics as actually sort of being causal in a way, like this was what causes the label to apply.", "Then it becomes maybe well-defined, right?", "Because, I mean, the benefit that we have in our paper, the learning the difference that makes the difference paper, we actually have humans in the loop.", "So we're saying, \"Hey, this is something that may or may not be actually identifiable from the observational data alone, but it's something that we can get via the annotators.\"", "They're revealing to us ...", "I read this example about genre in movies, right?", "So if you train a classifier to predict sentiment on IMDB movie reviews, you find that top positive words, or you do something like just train a linear model and look at high magnitude positive coefficients vs. negative, the high positive ones would be like, fantastic, excellent, whatever.", "Negative ones would be like terrible, awful.", "But the positive ones also have romance, and the negative one also has horror.", "You're like, \"That's wrong.\"", "Why is it wrong?", "It's because then Jordan Peele comes out of nowhere and starts making all these great horror movies, and your model's inferring that they're bad because it's kind of depending upon this thing that the signal is not durable over time.", "I was kind of thinking in that example, though, that I think romance movies are generally better than horror movies, and maybe the average human agrees with me.", "So there is some sort of ...", "Right, but that's an associative statement, right?", "You're saying they are generally better, and that actually does seem to be what the general public agrees with, right?", "The problem isn't are they generally better?", "It's does it have to be that way, right?", "Could you imagine a world in which tastes shift and the talented movie makers really shun romance movies and they become bad?", "I mean, so there's a sort of embedded assumption here.", "It's something that we're looking into a lot now, and for anyone in the audience who's really interested, there's a lot of great work by a scholar named Jonas Peters, who's maybe more of a theoretician, but approaches these problems.", "There's questions about you say ...", "Partly the question, one way of motivating us as you think about robustness out of domain, you say, \"When I go out into the rest of the world, is it always going to be true that romance is good and horror is bad?", "If I go to a different culture, do I expect that that can ...", "If I can move to a different state, do I expect that this is the durable part?\"", "So one kind of assumption here is that the things that cause the label to apply, that this relationship is actually stable.", "So you can imagine that the things that actually signal positivity versus negativity in a document, that this is relatively stable over years, but there's a complicated relationship in the background that influences, is the perceived sentiment positive?", "Is the movie quality high?", "What is the budget of the movie?", "Right.", "What is in vogue?", "What are the houses spending money on?", "What are the publishers saying about what's getting distributed, whatever?", "But these things are all changing.", "But the causal features are ... You can think of if there's a structural equation that says what is the perceived sentiment from the text that that thing is actually relatively stable over time compared to these other features.", "That's part of our empirical validation.", "So we have this model, right?", "We show that what we essentially get people to do is to rewrite the document.", "They're told to make a sort of a minimal edit, but it should alter the document such that it accords with the counterfactual labels.", "So it was originally a positive review.", "We say, \"Edit the review without making any gratuitous edits such that it is now a negative review.\"", "When they do that, you wind up with a new dataset, where for every original review tha had horror in it and was positive, now there's a sort of bizarro counterpart, and it still has horror in it.", "The reason why it has horror in it is because of the instructions.", "The instruction said, \"Don't make gratuitous edits.", "Don't change facts that are not material to the sentiment.\"", "So this is something that we can argue about whether it's actually statistically possible to have disentangled that horror is or isn't a causal feature without that intervention.", "But once we have this document, we say all the horror movies still contain horror, but their label has been flipped.", "All the romance movies still contain romance, but their label has been flipped, because other parts of the document, the ones that actually needed to change in order to flip the applicability of the label, have been changed.", "So if you train the model on the counterfactually revised data, you find that the coefficients flip.", "So excellent and fantastic are still positive words.", "But now horror is also a super positive word, and terrible and awful are still negative words, but romance becomes a really negative word.", "The cool finding's if you combine these two datasets together and train on them, they kind of wash each other out.", "So you find that all of the things that look like they don't belong on these lists of important features actually seem to kind of fall off.", "So we're dealing with causality here in maybe a more gestural way.", "We're not using the mathematical machinery of graph identifiability or anything like that.", "But we are getting an interesting kind of really suggestive result on real data.", "When we look at it, just to that last point that we were talking about with generalizing out of domain and are the causal connections durable, one thing that we looked at in the camera-ready version of that paper is we say, \"Okay, we trained it on IMDB.", "Let's now evaluate it on Yelp, Amazon, et cetera, et cetera.\"", "When you go to those other models, the model that was trained on the counterfactually augmented data, which is the combination of the original and the revised, does much better out of domain.", "That's just not guaranteed to happen.", "The ports are not shared.", "There's a lot of funky things happening statistically here.", "But what I think is suggestive here is it's like it does sort of agree with the intuition that you say on movie reviews, horror verse romance is an important part of the pattern.", "That's a real clue.", "But once you start looking at Amazon electronics or something, that's no longer actually maybe a durable pattern.", "Someone's like, \"Oh, my Discman was such a horror\" or something.", "Well, I think what I really liked about that paper was sometimes I feel like, at least for me, some of the highly theoretical papers kind of point out problems, and they're kind of hard for me to even engage with, because I don't sort of see the practical effect.", "But you have actually such a simple mechanism proposed here that actually worked in your case, which I thought was super cool.", "I've noticed in my 15 years of working with ML teams, a lot of teams naively intuit to do things like what you're saying, and they usually feel bad about it.", "They feel like they're kind of doing this weird manipulation of the data to try to get it to generalize better by literally often rewriting the text in structured ways.", "So I don't know.", "I just really enjoyed the ...", "It's a cool paper with a cool theoretical motivation that I think is really important, right, of kind of eliminating different types of bias and making these generalize better, but then also an interesting practical way of doing it.", "It's reminiscent of active learning techniques and things, but more interesting.", "Cool.", "Yeah, thanks.", "It was fun to write it.", "It was scary for a minute, though, because we're asking these workers to do this weird kind of thing and not sure of the results.", "It was sort of like a little bit of coin relative to- Sure.", "... the pot of discretionary funds at the time.", "So it was sort of like there was this moment of, \"Well, what the hell are we doing?\"", "But yeah, it was nice that it worked out.", "I mean, I think that's just mainly one of the differences between a sort of ... Not to get into academia versus industry culture wars, but I think something that academia done right affords you is it's not like we need to get the product out or something.", "We have this thing more after, and it's like, okay, you have that intuition that this mechanism might be interesting.", "But the next step isn't just do it or not do it.", "It's like the ability to have a PhD student spend a lot of time to have kind of arguments about this for a couple months of, \"How do we want to do this?", "\", agonize over the experiments, kind of go back to ... Let's say we drew a toy causal model in our heads.", "What does this correspond to?", "So we have a lot of followup work coming from that now, but the fact that you get that, for somebody, it's their full-time job for a year, is thinking really hard about a problem.", "You can get from, \"This is something kind of wacky.", "Maybe let's try it,\" and then call it ... versus \"Okay, now this is your full-time job for a year, is we're going to think really hard about this one problem.\"", "Yeah, yeah.", "That's super cool.", "I was kind of curious.", "So I was also looking at another recent paper that you pointed me to that was a little bit kind of harder for me to parse, algorithmic fairness from a non-ideal perspective.", "Could you describe what you're doing there?", "Yeah.", "So this is a paper with ...", "So I actually have a postdoc in the philosophy department now.", "So he's working with me and David Danks, and this paper is really about ...", "I guess in some sense, it sort of touches on the high-level theme of identifiability, which is ...", "There's a lot of well-founded concerns.", "If you're going to have decisions automated, these are decisions that in general are addressing problems that are sort of ethically consequential when there's bail decisions, lending decisions, hiring decisions, mediating the flow of information, any of these decisions.", "All the normal questions that you have about and concerns that you have about fairness and equity and justice continue to apply.", "I think as machine learning has gotten widely deployed, people have sort of become more and more aware of this.", "I think in 2015, I was starting a blog, or 2016, on this.", "I didn't even know there was this community out there of people working on it.", "There wasn't conferences like the Fairness, Accountability, Transparency, and whatever.", "Now it's kind of blown up, and it's blown up for a few reasons.", "But I think there've been a few pivotal things that caught people's attention.", "One, there was the hiring screening thing that was filtering out resumes by female candidates.", "Probably the biggest thing that caught people's attention was the ProPublica article about machine bias.", "This is talking about recidivism prediction models.", "It's predicting who will get rearrested if released on bail.", "So you have these systems, and suddenly, basically, the claim is these systems are being used to guide sentencing decisions or maybe bail release decisions, and they're biased against black people.", "This is obviously a big problem.", "Then immediately sort of people, there sort of arose this crisis of, \"Well, how do you quantify that?", "What is the quantity that says there's bias?\"", "So someone says, \"Well, let's compare the false positive rates compared to the false negative rates.", "You have this whole kind of literature.", "Let's compare just a fraction of people that are released on bail among all defendants.\"", "You say, \"Well, the distribution of crimes among defendants are maybe not the same.\"", "You have these metrics that are based on thresholds, but you're not necessarily considering all aspects of the distributions.", "People come back and these kinds of criticisms.", "Ther sort of emerged this whole community that spans sort of algorithmic fairness, which is looking at these kinds of problems and trying to say, \"What are formal ways we could define fairness?\"", "So you might say the model should functionally behave equivalently regardless of what your demographic is, fixing all your other data, and then the criticism against that is you say, \"Well, that's meaningless, because if you withhold gender, but you have access to, say, all of my social media data or you have access to some sufficiently rich set of covariates, someone's gender is captured there.", "So what does it mean to say just that you didn't explicitly show that bit in the representation?", "If the information's there, you have it.", "So what does it mean to say it didn't impact your decision?\"", "So there's this whole kind of line of work that's sort of trying to express this problem formally, and they're trying to express it in a world where everything is sort of defined statistically in a world where basically what we know is there's a set of covariates, which are just some numbers, some distribution.", "We'll call it X.", "There's a demographic indicator.", "It's like, \"Are you in Group A or in Group B?\"", "There's the predictions by the model, and there's the ground truth.", "This is sort of like now trying to say, \"What are the kinds of parities that we want to hold?\"", "So maybe I say, \"I want an equal fraction of the population classified as positive, whether they're in Group One or in Group Zero.", "I want the model that doesn't actually look at the demographic.", "I want them to have the same false positive rates.", "I want them to have the same false negative rates.", "I want them to have the same [inaudible 00:13:38].\"", "So people propose- Do you think you could put these in the ...", "Sorry.", "I'm trying to connect these to, as you say, false positive, false negative.", "I'm just imagining the cases.", "I mean, can you say these in more real-world cases- Sure.", "... so people don't have to make that connection?", "Right.", "Actually, this is sort of the kind of focus of a lot of our critique, is that.", "You could just describe the world in those terms and zoom out and start talking about various kinds of equations, and you could say a whole lot of things that seem intuitively plausible or reasonable, like, \"I want this to be equal to that.\"", "But what's missing from this whole thing, so when people talk Word2Vec and say that Word2Vec is biased, Word2Vec is discriminatory, Word2Vec is racist, what does that mean?", "What actually is even the category of object to which these statements apply?", "You kind of realize really quickly that we've sort of obstructed so far away from the problems in that description that we don't have the relevant facts to say what is fair.", "So example would be if a model is being used to predict whether or not you're going to commit a crime and being falsely predicted as going to commit a crime means that you get denied bail or something, being predicted positive is really bad.", "If the model is trying to predict who, condition on were they to be hired, would be likely to get promoted and it's using this to guide resume screening or something like that, then getting predicted positive is good.", "So in one case, maybe- ... then getting predicted positive is good.", "So in one case maybe, you'd be concerned about false negative rates.", "Like if someone who really has the skill level being denied the opportunity for the job.", "In another case, you'd be concerned about false positive with someone who wouldn't commit a crime, be flagged.", "But lost in all that conversation also is whether or not something is like justice promoting or like justice whatever your normative positions are.", "And you fix any set of normative concerns that you say define your morality.", "I would argue that even anywhere within the normal spectrum, there's still a problem that these descriptions of the problems aren't sufficiently rich to say what you should do.", "Because the facts that are omitted are what actually is the problem I'm addressing.", "If there's disparities in the distributions initially, what caused that to be?", "If I'm making a decision, what actually is the impact of the decision?", "What is the impact?", "How has it actually helped or hurt people if I change this decision making process?", "So an example might be, let's say you have a process that is determining like admissions to higher education.", "Like in this case, intervening in a way that created more parity in the decisions I'd argue or create more demographic diversity in the ultimate decision, I'd say is a good thing.", "Now that's my normative position.", "Maybe someone who's not as progressive disagrees, but we can disagree about that.", "Even fixing my set of positions, if you change the situation and you say the issue is something like you're certifying surgeons or something, does objecting someone to say a different standard across demographics actually help or hurt their careers?", "In this case, that might be a bad thing because if you were to alter the decision making process that would say a safety certification, then maybe the reality, like the real world impact would be to almost legitimize discrimination further down the pipeline where now patients are going to treat doctors differently because they know they were subjected to different tests.", "So there's these different decisions that have different kind of...", "But because of what actually is the decision you're making and what actually has impacted the decision.", "Something that looks from a technical perspective, like an identical problem could actually have a very different interpretation in terms of what is the justice promoting policy to adopt.", "So the concern is that by abstracting away from all those relevant details, you kind of lose sight of this.", "What we ended up finding, and this is really [inaudible 00:47:41] gets credit for this.", "And I think a big contribution of this paper is really just making this nice connection across like a very wide interdisciplinary boundary, is that this is almost exactly in some ways a recapitulation of a lot of arguments that have been had for decades in the moral and political philosophy literature.", "There you have two approaches to theorizing.", "You have many approaches, but just like one of the axes of differentiation and how to theorize about these questions of justice is the ideal versus the non ideal approach.", "The ideal approach says, let's just imagine a perfect world and just say that things that hold in the perfect world, we should just fixate on one of them and try to make our world look more like that.", "It's saying...", "So you can think of the reason why this can go wrong.", "For example, this kind of theorizing has been used to oppose policies like affirmative action in a blanket way where you just say, \"Well, in the ideal world, we'd all be colorblind.", "So therefore we don't need affirmative action.\"", "That's unjust.", "The non-ideal approaches in some ways is a more pragmatic way of looking at these sorts of problems where you say...", "Right.", "So among other things missing from the ideal approach is you don't say anything about what... You say how should someone behave in a world that is already in some ideally just or fair state and where everyone else is completely compliant with what justice demands of them and your job is to not fuck it up.", "That's very different from the non-ideal approach where you're saying, \"Hey, I live in this world, there are existing disparities.", "Now, given that I live in this world, given that there are these disparities, given that there is all these people who are bad actors out there, what is the justice promoting act?\"", "And to recognize that that's not necessarily the same thing.", "Then you have to be concerned with, well, what are the disparities?", "Who has the right or the power or the legitimate mandate to intervene on what kinds of decisions to try to rectify them?", "And then what are the policies that are actually effective?", "So I guess these questions become...", "If you remove those details, these questions become vacuous.", "I'll give you an example, would be higher education admissions.", "So if you just say like, \"Okay, well we want to have the same fraction admitted among men and women.\"", "I think most of the people saying that aren't actually paying attention to facts.", "This is among what population, right?", "So if you were to look at like a typical school, there's already a huge gender disparity in the application.", "So if you just accept people at the same rate.", "If you take fix anyone problem and you really start going deep, you see that there there's all these other details that, what is the right thing to do?", "What actually counts as the fair decision making process?", "Hinges really precariously on a bunch of facts that are not represented in the problem descriptions.", "So I think that's our angle in this kind of critique is to cast a light on that.", "There's this common saying in the Fair ML world, like, \"Oh, we have 72 definitions of fairness or something like this.", "Look how many definitions.", "And the kind of maybe TLDR is like, we don't have 72 formal definitions of fairness.", "We have zero.", "The reason why is because you have 72 different fairness inspired, parity assertions, but the real actual question of fairness is the question of what are the material facts that you need to make a determination about?", "Which apply in a given situation?", "When you look at the different topics in machine learning, is there one that you feel like people spend way little too time on, like one that you just think has way more impact proportionate to the amount of attention that people give it?", "My only reluctance is that there are things that are... At least the trajectory is on the right track, like people are paying more attention.", "But I think in general, coming up with coherent ways of addressing problems that are beyond the IID setting is really key.", "I would subsume under this, like both addressing causality and mechanism, and also include robustness on the distribution shift.", "You have like one very narrow subset of distribution shift problems, which is the mini max like adversary setting where the adversary is able to basically have the same underlying distribution, but it's like the samples are composed with some asshole who's able to like manipulate your data within the L infinity ball.", "So you've got like four million people working on that problem.", "But in the broader set of, what are the kinds of structural assumptions that allow us to generalize under distribution shift?", "I think we have maybe...", "This is a problem that plagues every single real world ML setting and that even among papers that say they're working on this problem, I think the vast majority of people don't seem to even understand the basic concepts.", "For this technology to actually be usable, I think we need to have coherent principles under which we can make confident assessments about when it's going to be reliable and when it's not.", "I mean, that's obviously a little bit biased maybe towards my research agenda, but I think that's- No, that's fine.", "That's why we ask the question.", "It really is.", "I mean, I guess that's sort of like the common sense what is done for how you should choose a problem is like you should pick something that you think is important and under appreciated and not over appreciated.", "Yeah.", "Fair enough.", "I think actually you should feel happy that even that situation, I think somehow it's not logical that people get stuck working on problems they don't think are the most important problem maybe, or at least based on some of the conversations we've had.", "Part of that is people being lazy.", "Part of that is the friction, right?", "If you had a thing that you thought was important once, and then you built your lab around it and you got funding on it and your whole life revolves around maintaining this research.", "I guess now that I'm running a big lab and now that I have finances to worry about and all that, I'm a little bit more appreciative of the handful of people out there who really did make these hard left turns at some point.", "I think Michael Jordan's a nice example of that.", "You could say he's like Miles Davis or something, but it's like, okay, each decade he had neural networks vision on parametrics.", "Now, I guess it's like mechanisms and markets or whatever he's working on.", "Well, you've made quite a leap from music to deep learning I think.", "Yeah.", "I think it's time for me to retire.", "I think five, six years, that's the left turn.", "That's the left turn limit.", "The final question is...", "I don't know [crosstalk 00:54:42]- I have a mortgage now though, so it's a little bit harder.", "But you have a fancy computer behind you there.", "I don't know what.", "That's actually my Power Mac from '95, '97, maybe.", "Does it work?", "Oh yeah.", "Did you have one?", "Something like that.", "Yeah.", "With like HyperCard and yeah.", "Yeah, I think there's still like Oregon Trail and like Diamond, all those like weird free wear games, like Max Ski.", "Oh yeah.", "Max Ski.", "Epic.", "Final question.", "When you look at taking machine models from the ideation or the research paper to actually deploy it in production, where do you see the biggest bottlenecks or things falling apart the most?", "I think the biggest bottleneck is still problem formulation.", "I think if we were to be really sober of most of the things that like people thought they were going to do, and then you look at the way they propose the problem and then the data they could actually collect and if they could produce it, and does this in any way actually address the problem that they thought they were going to?", "I think would be...", "I don't know how you would collect that statistic and there's some like measurement questions, but I think it would be like really depressing.", "It'd be really sobering that I think most things people think they're going to do are either kind of goofy and who knows if they work or just like not relevant, will never get used.", "I think that that's figuring out where there's really a well motivated application of machine learning and what it is.", "There's like that weird next, the kind of pieces of information that you're asking people to put together.", "I think this is why, not to be like data scientists are great or whatever, but like why I think people are really good at this job or really hard to find in some way.", "And at the same time it's kind of puzzling, right?", "Because I don't think that the great data scientists are in general great or even rate-able mathematicians.", "I think for the most part, of people actually touching data are mostly lousy mathematicians.", "They're usually not world-class engineers.", "I certainly am not.", "What is it?", "I think it's this weird combination of like the weakest link kills you.", "You have to see...", "I think good at doing this applied work.", "What is the important problem?", "You have to also know, what is the current technology like in the ballpark of being able to get you on this kind of problem?", "How does it match against the data that's available?", "Then I think you have to at least at an intuitive level, do this non-statistical thinking of what's actually the process where you're deploying it?", "The x-rays or whatever it was, we talking about that, their retinopathy imaging or something.", "This is sort of a good application of machine learning because of what those images look like isn't changing over time.", "But you look at all these places in industry, people trying to build recommender systems, do all these things where it's basically...", "It's like totally incoherent.", "Nobody has any idea what happens when you actually deploy it because you're modeling something that's only like in the vaguest or weakest of ways actually related to what you think your would like to be predicting.", "You're predicting clicks or whatever.", "You're predicting a condition on the previous set of exposures.", "Almost never with any kind of coherent accounting for what happens when you deploy the model.", "I think this obstacle is people making that...", "I think this is always in some ways the hardest part of intellectual work in this area is the bindings.", "First level difficult is like technical skills.", "Are you a good programmer?", "Are you a good engineer?", "Do you write proofs that are correct?", "You do whatever.", "But I think the conceptual difficulty in working on machine learning is do you make the connection between this abstraction that you possess and the world that you're actually trying to somehow interact with?", "That to me, I think often is where all kinds of things go off the rails.", "I think where a lot of even good academic work goes off the rails.", "It's like you can go down some rabbit holes asking like really second, third order theoretical questions about these fairness things without ever asking of does this actually match up on to any real world decision that I would want to make?", "Does it actually help someone with a problem that I purport to be motivated by?", "I would just say that...", "I mean, I don't know if that's kind of a banal answer is like- No, no.", "It's great.", "Asking questions the right way or something, but... Sure.", "Well, thank you so much, Zack.", "Thanks for taking the extra time.", "That was super fun.", "Yeah, for sure.", "Thanks for having me." ]

[ "Sneak peek: Is this a problem worth solving?", "Intro", "Zack’s journey from being a musician to a professor at CMU", "Applying machine learning to medical imaging", "Exploring new frontiers: the most impressive deep learning applications for healthcare", "Evaluating the models – Are they ready to be deployed in hospitals for use by doctors?", "Capturing the signals in evolving representations of healthcare data", "How does the data we capture affect the predictions we make", "Distinguishing between associations and correlations in data – Horror vs romance movies", "The positive effects of augmenting datasets with counterfactually flipped data", "Algorithmic fairness in the real world", "What does it mean to say your model isn’t biased?", "Real world implications of decisions to counteract model bias", "The pragmatic approach to counteracting bias in a non-ideal world", "An underrated aspect of machine learning", "Why defining the problem is the biggest challenge for machine learning in the real world" ]

[ ">> After transcription initiates -- and RNA polymerase is located on a molecule of DNA.", "Now, we have to talk about the second step, which is elongation of the growing transcript -- the messenger RNA molecule.", "So, as RNA polymerase is moving along the template strand of the DNA -- RNA polymerase, itself, separates the two strands of the DNA molecule, so that you have one strand that's called the template strand.", "The second strand, we refer to as the coding strand.", "And, RNA polymerase reads the nucleotide that's here, and incorporates the complementary nucleotide there.", "And, this growing strand of RNA exits a hole in this protein, and the end of the transcript.", "That's the part of the messenger RNA molecule that was synthesized first, exits RNA polymerase, and is floating around in the nucleus, where this transcription step is happening.", "Okay.", "This is prokaryotic -- elongation.", "And, we're going to see that in eukaryotic elongation, there's not much of a difference between this step.", "Eukaryotic initiation and elongation look fairly similar in this regard.", "One thing that's different about prokaryotes, though, sorry -- about eukaryotes, is that as soon as this end of the transcript comes out of RNA polymerase, it gets a 7-Methaloglaunocine cap added.", "And 7-Methalglaunocine is a special type of nucleotide.", "It's a G, essentially, except that it involves a five-prime to five-prime linkage.", "That is the five-prime end of the G is stuck to the five-prime end of the transcript.", "And, there's a specific reason for this.", "And, that's that this five-prime cap, it's called -- we refer to that as the five-prime cap.", "And, that protects the five-prime end of the single-stranded molecule of RNA from being degraded.", "So, that's one way the cell controls how much of this gene gets transcribed and how much transcript -- how many messenger RNA molecules can accumulate to be, then, translated into proteins.", "And part of that process is protecting this RNA molecule from undergoing rapid degradation.", "So, the next step in this process would be RNA polymerase moves along the template strand.", "So, let's say that the template strand -- has this sequence.", "And then that would mean that the coding strand of DNA is its complement, as we know.", "So, when RNA polymerase starts here and reads in this direction and winds-up here -- it's reading the template strand.", "And, there's no way to know in advance which strand RNA polymerase is going to use as the template strand.", "But, the template strand is the strand that the RNA polymerase molecule's creating base-pairing with.", "So, we know that the RNA sequence is going to be complementary to the template strand.", "The RNA that's produced here is going to have this sequence U because we know that there are U's in RNA and not T's, except that it's complementary to the T. So, that actually should be an A.", "Here, we have A base-paired with U in the RNA language -- A, C, G, U, A.", "So, the key point here is that an RNA molecule is going to be identical in sequence to the coding strand because both of those -- the RNA molecule and the coding strand -- are both complementary to the template strand.", "And, that's how you tell when you're given the sequence of a messenger RNA molecule, which strand is the template strand, and which was the coding strand.", "The RNA and the coding strand will match in sequence.", "There's going to be one difference though, and that's in the polarity of the molecules.", "And, we'll talk about that in class.", "Now, something else happens in eukaryotes, aside from the addition of that 7-Methalguanine cap.", "And, those two things are splicing and polyadenylation.", "And, we're going to talk about splicing next.", "But, now, I want to talk about termination.", "So, how does RNA polymerase know when to stop transcription?", "We've looked at how RNA polymerase starts transcription initiation.", "How does it know where to stop?", "A big difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.", "In a prokaryote, as that RNA polymerase molecule is moving down a double-stranded piece of DNA -- and generating that primary transcript -- the RNA molecule.", "In prokaryote, there's a section of the gene -- the DNA -- that will encode a section of the RNA that will form a hairpin, which we've already talked about in class before.", "There's a particular DNA sequence at the three-prime end of every gene that will cause that RNA molecule after it exits RNA polymerase -- that hairpin will actually physically interact like a lock and a key almost, with RNA polymerase.", "And, that causes RNA polymerase to literally, practically fall off of the DNA molecule.", "And, that stops transcription.", "RNA polymerase is no longer attached to the DNA molecule.", "Eukaryotes do things a little bit differently in this regard -- transcription termination.", "In this case -- as RNA polymerase is, again, moving down the DNA molecule, producing a transcript, there's going to be a section of the gene that encodes a specific sequence.", "In the RNA, it's AAUAAA.", "That's the polyadenylation single sequence.", "And, what that does, is -- it's located about 200 or 300 base-pairs upstream of the very end of the transcript.", "And, this sequence gets recognized by another protein that's associated with RNA polymerase.", "When that protein reads that sequence in the RNA molecule AAUAAA, a different protein comes in and cuts -- the transcript off of RNA polymerase.", "And, that happens about 20 base-pairs, 20 nucleotides, downstream towards the three-prime end and releases this RNA molecule.", "So, now you have an RNA molecule that's floating around in the nucleus that has that single sequence.", "And, then, about 20 more nucleotides.", "And, by the way, what's up here?", "That's the five-prime end.", "And, it's going to have the 7-Methalguanine cap on it.", "The last step in eukaryotic transcript termination is that at the very three-prime end of the transcript -- after it gets cut -- about 20 nucleotides downstream of that poly(A) signal sequence, the enzyme poly(A) polymerase -- does exactly that -- it polymerizes or adds poly(A), a string of A's to the end of that transcript.", "And, this is called the three-prime tail or the poly(A) -- many(A) -- tail.", "And, that's how transcription terminates in eukaryotes." ]

[ "Introduction", "DNA template and coding strands", "Eukaryotic RNA 5' capping with 7-methylguanosine", "Elongation: synthesis of the RNA molecule and relationship to template and coding strands", "Termination of transcription" ]

[ "Hello, and welcome to another ml5.js video tutorial.", "In this video, I am going to attempt to classify my drawing as a cat.", "So how am I going to do this, and how come this video is so darn short?", "Well, I'm going to make use of a pre-trained model called DoodleNet that comes as part of the ml5 library.", "The DoodleNet model, which you can read more about on the documentation page, is a pre-trained model that classifies and labels hand-drawn sketches from 345 categories.", "Huh, I wonder what might these 345 categories be?", "Well, if I scroll down and take a look at the DoodleNet data biography, you will find out that the data set comes from Google's \"Quick, Draw!\"", "which was a game that was created in 2016.", "And Yining Shi, who created and trained this model-- you could find out more about Yining by going to this link here-- collected the data in 2019.", "This is what the Google \"Quick, Draw\" data set is.", "It's 50 million drawings.", "I don't expect that Yining used all 50 million.", "We can see 50,000 per category, so do the math-- 50,000 times 345.", "[BELL DING] And you can find all of Yining's training source code here in this DoodleNet repo itself and more information about how the model is trained.", "But guess what?", "This video is actually really a follow-up to my coding challenge about training a machine learning model to recognize drawings of shapes-- circle, squares, and triangles.", "So I did this whole process of collecting a data set, training a model, and then deploying that model all in the browser in a separate video.", "And in this one I'm just going to quickly, basically, do the same thing but use a more sophisticated, more robust pre-trained model created by Yining Shi.", "All right, here we go.", "So this is my starter code.", "What is it doing?", "You can see this is very simple.", "It's just creating a canvas-- it's 400 by 400.", "I have a Clear button.", "So when I press that Clear button, it redraws the background, erasing the drawing.", "And then the draw function, whenever the mouse is pressed, it leaves a trail from my current mouse position to my previous mouse position-- or maybe I should say my previous mouse position to my current mouse position.", "Yeah, it's the same thing.", "I also should note that I have imported the ml5 library.", "I'm currently using version 0.6.0.", "So if you want to match that version if you're working trying to recreate this code, that's the version I'm using.", "Step one, create a variable to hold the image classifier, and I'll call it doodleClassifier.", "Step two, call imageClassifier-- give myself some more space here for the code-- And?", "Indicate to ml5 that I want to load the DoodleNet pre-trained model.", "And then I need a callback for when that model is ready.", "I need to make sure I have all the indentation correct.", "Once the model is ready, I just want to take the canvas itself and pass it to the model for a prediction.", "Once it's gotten that canvas and sent it through the neural network, it will get results back-- a probability score, a confidence score for every single one of those categories.", "And I can retrieve that in a callback, which I am naming gotResults.", "Ml5 follows an error first callback pattern, which means if something went wrong, it will come back in the first argument as an error.", "If everything went well, I'll get the results in an object called results.", "Handle the case of an error by just getting out of here and logging the error.", "And then let me just log the results.", "Run this sketch.", "In truth, I'm not so sure what this warning is.", "These kinds-- this happened to me in my own example, where if you ever have your image resolution not matching what the neural network is expecting, you could get an error.", "This is just a warning, so I'm not entirely sure what's going on there, but I'm going to ignore it for right now.", "And what I want to focus on is the results that came back in a giant array.", "Object, object, object, object, object, object, object, object, sing the object song.", "The way that this array is ordered is whichever label has the highest confidence score is going to come back first.", "So this is just a blank, white canvas.", "What does it think it is?", "It's a line.", "That kind of makes sense, like, the least amount of drawing, would just be a line.", "The next one is a snowman.", "[LAUGHING] That also makes sense.", "(DRAMATICALLY) Look, this is my art.", "I call it snowman.", "But, let's see-- if I draw some stuff, I could classify it and hopefully start to get things that make a little bit more sense.", "So what I want to do is just display-- I think I'm just going to display the highest confidence.", "Well, we can-- let's look at a couple of them.", "Let's always look at the first two confidence scores.", "So I'm going to make a variable for a div where I can draw-- not draw, but I can pass the information from the result into an HTML element-- a DOM element.", "Then when I get the results-- now, if I just wanted to show the label, I could just pass the label in there.", "But let me form something that has a bit more information in it.", "I'm going to use the backtick for a template literal, which allows me to combine text and sort of the values of variables in one.", "And I will say results label followed by results confidence-- this actually lets me do it on multiple lines, which will be convenient here.", "And then I also want to multiply this by 100, number format it to only have two digits, and then put a percent sign.", "So it's kind of like the percentage confidence.", "And then let's do the same for the next one.", "Put the final backtick in here.", "And then I probably should add a line break.", "Is that how do you a line break?", "I sort of know how HTML works so that I see these on two separate lines.", "Let's just see what happens here.", "Model loading-- line-- why do I only see \"line?\"", "Oh!", "[LAUGHING] I spent all this time making this content variable but I forgot to actually put it down there.", "Apologies.", "So content should go here.", "And I'm a person who likes to use semicolons.", "I'm sorry, but I just have to use the semicolons.", "Here we go, model loading.", "Let's see what we got.", "Line 34-- oh, whoops.", "I lost the line break.", "There we go.", "Line, 34 point percent.", "No, I don't want that point percent.", "Why is that showing up?", "All right.", "Let me give it one percentage point.", "And then, of course, by the way, once I have gotten the results-- just to get to the next step here-- I also will then want to classify it again.", "So this is a way that I can continuously loop over and over and over again with the neural network model classifying, classifying, classifying.", "Classify the canvas, show the results.", "Classify it again, show the new results.", "Classify again, show the new results.", "And I think now-- here we go.", "Let's draw my cat.", "Let me try this again.", "Is there a cat even in there?", "So I have a suspicion here, and this is always really critical-- is the data set that was used to train this model is incredibly consistent in that the line thickness of all the drawings is very uniform.", "So I think maybe I haven't really gotten that right.", "I arbitrarily decided-- let me use a stroke weight of 8.", "My suspicion is if I make that a little bit thicker, I might get results that are more like what I'm hoping for.", "Look, it's a cat!", "It's a cat.", "A nice, raccoon-like cat.", "Oh, we're super-confident now.", "Look at this.", "Oh, all right.", "So we can see these works quite well if you happen to draw like the Google \"Quick, Draw!\"", "data set.", "I think it's an important question to ask-- if you are classifying drawings and there's an audience that is experiencing your web application or your project, is the Google \"Quick, Draw!\"", "data set representative of that audience?", "Are they represented in that data set?", "That's kind of something that I talk a lot about over many videos about thinking about the sort of ethics and politics of data collection.", "OK, and now for the next step.", "Rather than draw onto a canvas, if I use a notepad here with a document camera pointed at it, can I get it to recognize my drawings on paper?", "I am going to duplicate this sketch, call it DoodleNet Video.", "I'm going to add a variable called video.", "I'm still going to use the canvas, and I'll show you why in a second.", "I could pass the video directly, but I'm going to draw the video on the canvas and resize it.", "And this should be exactly the same now.", "As you can see, it's now seeing my notepad over here.", "I'm going to start by trying to draw a strawberry.", "(SWEETLY) A strawberry!", "[MUSIC PLAYING] That's sort of more like a heart.", "[MUSIC PLAYING] It's a beach again, or it's raining.", "So why is this not working?", "I'm not entirely sure, but let's see if I can-- even with this exact same image, kind of adjust it.", "So one thing that I might think about doing is applying some image processing to it.", "So one thing that I could do very quickly is add a filter-- a threshold filter with a threshold of 0.5.", "Let's try that.", "A threshold filter takes any image and converts every pixel to either black or white based on some threshold value-- in this case 50%.", "Let me try a thicker pen.", "[LAUGHING] [MUSIC PLAYING] There we go.", "It's a strawberry.", "Let's draw-- I'm going to see if I can draw that cat now.", "[MUSIC PLAYING] I don't know.", "It's either a cactus or a cat or maybe a hedgehog.", "But you can see that this is working.", "We now have the ability to take input from a camera.", "I don't know to what extent this filtering is altering it.", "Like, look-- right now it says it's 52.4% cat.", "Let's actually try making the filter only apply if I press the mouse, and we'll see how that affects things.", "This is what it looks like without the filter.", "With the filter, you can see-- first of all, it's much more stable.", "With the threshold filter, I have a very consistent image.", "But there's a lot of noise otherwise in the image.", "I think it wants me-- it's like it's telling me, it's daring me, to draw a snowman to get that 1.8% up.", "[MUSIC PLAYING] But this is a snowman.", "Look at that.", "Look at that snowman.", "[FANFARE] There we go, a snowman.", "All right.", "Can I make it-- am I going to make it worse or better by adding some arms?", "Snowman, there we go.", "OK, so I hope you enjoyed this particular video.", "I would encourage you to experiment with this model.", "I think there's a lot of creative possibilities in terms of what this interaction might be applied to.", "Could you play a game where you have to control a character by drawing?", "What happens when you pass images that come from fill in the blank to this model?", "I encourage you to play with that.", "I encourage you to look at my shape classifier video to train your own model that recognizes shapes and drawings and that sort of thing.", "Share it with me.", "I would love to see what kinds of creative possible outcomes come from this stuff.", "OK, goodbye.", "Hopefully there'll be more ml5 videos to come.", "And I look forward to seeing you there.", "[MUSIC PLAYING]" ]

[ "Introduction! About DoodleNet", "Code! doodleClassifier", "Try! console logging results", "Code! resultsDiv and loop classification", "Try! drawing a cat", "Code! make it work with video", "Try! draw a strawwwberrrry", "Code! add threshold", "Try! thicker pen", "Try! threshold on/off", "Try! A snowman", "Wrap up!" ]

[ "- Let's do it!", "Hey, hey!", "All right, yeah, yeah, hey!", "You think you're tough, until you get some sciatica.", "Ah, you can't move.", "- Yeah, I go with it, - Follow through.", "- go with it, everything, like.", "(shot banging) - What's going on, everybody.", "Tommy from FightCamp here and in any second, one of the greatest of all time, Mike Tyson is gonna come walking through that front door.", "We're gonna be able to talk to him about boxing, fitness That's interesting.", "and all things FightCamp, can't wait for it.", "I wanted to just start out talking about the concept of self improvement.", "So this concept of like you versus you is something that's really big in the FightCamp product.", "Somebody could take a workout and they'll have a certain score from that workout.", "How many punches they threw, how hard they hit, how hard they worked, and then they can come back at a later date and take the exact same drill or the exact same workout.", "So if they're training to get in better shape, they can go up against that former version of themselves and see if they can beat that version of themselves.", "- I think everyone does that when they train, try to overcome like, their first achievement, beat the record, subconsciously, I think everyone does that.", "With no physically, probably, huh?", "Yeah, yeah.", "And so with that concept of self improvement, is that something that's always been something that you focused on?", "- Perfection is so complex that if you're not good enough, you're beneath it.", "And if you surpass it, you're too high.", "It's just you don't, you just can't win with that.", "Perfection game, it's just It's just, when you're hot, you're hot.", "- Yeah.", "- That's how it goes.", "- Yeah, for sure.", "Would you say that throughout your career, definitely from when you were a kid to when you first turned professional to when you were at your peak, you definitely just got better and better over time.", "- That comes from repetition.", "It's constantly doing it over and over and over again.", "You can do it in your sleep and it's just, that makes, that helps you become better I believe.", "And basically the same thing from the first day to the day you become champion.", "It's just the same basics with more intensity, more desire, more will, as time goes by.", "You have to have a goal that's worth dying for, if you don't have a goal that's worth dying for, what the hell you wanna do it anyway?", "- You were pretty passionate when you were competing, would you say?", "- Absolutely.", "Yeah.", "- Yeah.", "- Absolutely.", "- What motivated you back then when you were competing and you were, you know, on top of the world in boxing?", "- I don't know, I used to, I wanted to be like my heroes I read about.", "You know, Benny Leonard and Muhammad Ali, all those guys and you know, Armstrong, Roberto Duran, I just wanted those guys to, I wanted to be like them, and I knew, when I read the book, I knew when they, most of them, when they retired, they were broke and alcoholism, but I just wanted to be in that fraternity.", "(Mike laughs) I don't know why.", "- Yeah, yeah, some of those guys, when they're at their best, they were just unbeatable.", "- You never forget them.", "- Yeah.", "Yeah.", "Who was your favorite fighter of all time?", "- Ali probably, him Roberto Duran.", "It was quite a few, but those are like the top guys, Sugar Ray Leonard, golly.", "- Yeah.", "- Pernell Whitaker was awesome, Meldrick Taylor.", "It was a line of great, Cesar Chavez, Julio Chavez, forget it, man.", "(Tommy laughs) Forget it, I mean real fighters.", "- Yeah, he was always ready to fight.", "- To the end.", "- Yeah.", "- Exciting too.", "Nothing boring about them.", "Ali, what do you think it was about Ali that made him great?", "- Self confidence.", "- Yeah.", "- Self confidence.", "- Yeah.", "It's important.", "- Self belief.", "- Yeah.", "- Determination.", "Skill, brains, and guts.", "- Definitely self confidence.", "You can see that with everything he said, the way that he did everything.", "- No, absolutely, confidence breeds success, success breeds confidence, goes hand in hand.", "- You said confidence breeds success.", "- And success breeds confidence.", "- Yeah.", "That's interesting.", "Yeah, with Ali, I like to say like what makes an athlete or a fighter great is not necessarily just how good they are at the sport, right?", "But with Ali, he's one of those people that was just a crossover star for so many reasons.", "- Well, greatness is when you make your delusions your reality.", "- Okay.", "- You know, something that's just totally unbelievable to the human's imagination and you make it your slave.", "- When you make your delusions your reality.", "Alright.", "- Nothing's impossible for somebody who's gonna try.", "If you're gonna try it's capable of being done.", "- Yeah.", "Would you say that's something that you did?", "You made your delusions your reality?", "- 100%.", "- Yeah.", "- 'Cause nobody's supposed to live this crazy life.", "(both laughing) Still be living this.", "Yeah, 100%, yeah.", "- Yeah.", "You're still doing it, huh?", "Yeah.", "There's no doubt about it, yes.", "- Maybe more than ever in some ways, right?", "- It's just where life takes you.", "You're not navigating in yourself.", "You may believe so, but you just, you're not navigating your life.", "- Yeah.", "So when we talk about motivation, if you're gonna make your delusions your reality, that takes an extreme amount of grit and motivation, right?", "So what motivated you back then when you were younger and you're fighting?", "Just to be in that fraternity with those guys, just, it was just, it's just all I wanted.", "I wanted those guys to know my name.", "Yeah.", "And then what motivates you now?", "- Just succeeding.", "Reaching my highest me I can be, you know, I wanna see what's my greatest potential.", "- Yeah, you reach a lot of people now in a different way.", "Would you say that it's a goal to inspire people or to help people learn, or?", "- I don't know, it's just a, you could look at me as an anti-hero.", "You could learn what not to do to be successful.", "You know, I don't look at myself as giving the world roses and flowers.", "I don't, that's not who I am.", "My life is created with a bunch of thorns.", "- Yeah, if I could speak for myself, I could say, I really appreciate at the very least that you make people think.", "Right?", "So I've listened to your podcast a little bit too.", "- Thank You.", "- Yeah, it makes me think, so I appreciate that.", "I wanted to move on to this idea of tracking progress.", "So the FightCamp punch trackers, they're a big part of the product.", "How important was tracking or benchmarking to you when you were training?", "Did you track things like, how many miles you ran, how many.. - Absolutely, absolutely.", "And I And I could, I knew without, if I did this, this was three miles, this was five miles.", "So I do the three miles.", "If I could do, if I could do the three miles in like, what, 15 minutes then I'm hot, you know what I mean?", "If I can do five minute miles, then I'm on the ball.", "And that's what I ran for.", "Ran for speed.", "How fast can I do four mile?", "How fast I do seven mile.", "Yeah, and you knew if you were getting in that same one that, you know, six minute mile, then a five minute, 50 second mile, that's how you were getting better?", "- Yes.", "- Yes.", "Throughout the course of a camp.", "So you- - Yes, no doubt about it.", "- Would you start a camp and you'd feel like maybe you weren't going that fast, but as the camp went on?", "- No, as the camp go on, you become better.", "Then when you become better, you push yourself more.", "You push yourself where you sometimes you have to submit to yourself, you just have to push yourself.", "You know, and not to kill yourself, you can tell when it's too much, but sometimes you gotta push yourself, I'd say to myself, when I was younger and I may have done five miles today, right?", "But I could have done 10.", "And I said, \"Wow, God gave you all this and this is all you have to give back, five miles.\"", "And that was my motivation.", "- Okay.", "Would you go into one of these runs knowing what you did last time for time or knowing what your best time was?", "- Oh every day we did time.", "How fast I do five miles uphill.", "Every day, timed it.", "- Was that something big with your trainer with Cus D'Amato?", "- No.", "It was with me.", "- With you.", "- He didn't believe in running.", "(both laughing) He'd be like, \"Hey, why don't you clean your room?", "You're running out there all day, you should clean your room.\"", "He used to believe you go in the ring, you box all day, box all day, 'cause that's what you're doing.", "You ain't gonna be running on the track, this ain't not a track meet, you're up there running all day wasting your time, you could have been in there cleaning a room or something.", "I thought, God, this guy's nuts.", "- Boxing that's because even back then, it's so old school.", "- I just liked the whole, the whole thing, the running and everything that goes along with being a fighter.", "Without that, my fighting is whack, the training with the perseverance, the struggle, that's what it's all about.", "- Yeah, it's the best feeling in the world to get something like that done too.", "- Oh man.", "- Yeah.", "- Once you win the morning you win the day.", "- So what are some of the other things that you tracked when you were training?", "Other than maybe the minute miles like calories?", "- How many punches I'd thrown?", "- You did?", "- Yeah.", "How did you guys track how many punches you threw?", "- Well, they counted as many as they can and also they film it.", "Then they count it when they film them.", "- So they would have somebody filming, sparring and bag work and counting punches?", "- Yeah.", "- Wow.", "Do you remember the numbers from back then?", "How many punches you'd throw maybe per round or anything like that?", "- No.", "- Yeah.", "- But when I was training for my last fight I threw more.", "- Wow.", "- Yeah.", "- The last fight with Roy?", "- Yes, yes.", "- Wow.", "So this idea of you versus you, that we were talking about, you were taking that into every run, trying to be better than that last one.", "- Absolutely, yeah.", "Always trained, always there's some egocentric, I gotta beat this record, I gotta beat this.", "I'd beat, even 'til I hurt myself.", "- Yeah.", "- And that's just, that's the good part of the ego, you know, pushing you to your highest potential.", "You know, sometimes when you struggle, your ego say, \"Hey, stop.\"", "'Cause you ego don't wanna push yourself, don't wanna exert yourself.", "- Yeah.", "- But you gotta, you have to suppress your ego and continue to move.", "Yeah, that ego wants you to do 10, 20 miles.", "He feels that too, he don't wanna deal with that stuff.", "- Yeah, yeah.", "Yeah, it's funny, a lot of people have negative connotations when it comes to the idea of the ego, but in a lotta ways, it has very positive effects on you.", "- You just have to take everything that's good from it and throw the rest of the stuff in the garbage where it belongs, that's just what life is about.", "- Yeah absolutely.", "- From my perspective, I guess.", "- Yeah.", "All right, amazing.", "That's really cool.", "So another thing I wanted to talk to you about, one of the things you see a lot with FightCamp, the tens of thousands of users we have is, a lot of them are parents.", "And once they get the bag in the house with the content and the trackers, it becomes the kind of things where like, first of all, they're setting good habits for their kids 'cause their kids are watching them work out and then their kids are like, I wanna hit the bag, I wanna work out, Cassie, do you have that video?", "I'd love to show Mike what I'm talking about here.", "So here's a little kid doing one of my workouts, Mike, it's the cutest thing ever.", "(upbeat music) So he's following literally everything I'm doing, learning how to sweat, learning how to get that feeling.", "(upbeat music continues) And obviously this is a little guy, right?", "But as they get up in age and they get a little bit more coordination, some of our kids have even gone on to compete in amateur fights and stuff like that.", "Cassie, you wanna grab that?", "- There's no exercise like this.", "- Yeah.", "- There's nothing like this.", "- Yeah.", "- Constantly punching, this, you know, humans are not made to do this.", "You know, we're not developed to fight.", "Our hands are too developed, they break, that's why they started wearing gloves.", "'Cause every time you first round, boom, first punch, break your hand.", "- Yeah.", "- And this is something that human beings discovered, 'cause we're not built for it.", "You know, if we were, we wouldn't never have to have wraps or anything, but our hands are too brittle to be slamming against anything of any substance.", "Just as human beings, really sick imagination of really taking the anger out.", "- Yeah, that's what I was gonna say because we're, you know, everything you say makes sense, right?", "But for some reason, even though people aren't made for it, they're drawn to it.", "- That's interesting, right?", "- Yeah.", "- Isn't that something?", "- Yeah.", "- Well, you know why?", "Because I don't really wanna say it on television, but this is our narcotics, you know?", "You have to know that.", "- Yeah.", "- Ain't about running, all that stuff.", "That's a natural high.", "They can't stop.", "People got their bones, everything messed, they go and they still run out there running.", "Without it, they're miserable.", "- This one right here is like that.", "She's up every morning running and then she's working out 14 more times.", "- There's nothing like outside running.", "Huh?", "There's nothing like it.", "- It's good for them, yeah, what do you think about it?", "It's that feeling that you get after you complete a hard workout, right?", "- It's euphoric, that's the word I'm looking for.", "It's really euphoric.", "You have to come down.", "Maybe you can't stop.", "You gotta keep moving to come down.", "You know?", "- You know, a lotta people, they have different ways to get, it's almost like a high, like you said, a narcotic, people always say that, like the runner's high, right?", "But we find- - And that's the runner's high, they got something called, oh yeah, I can imagine, yeah.", "- Yeah.", "Yeah.", "- Anybody don't hear anything.", "Isn't that something?", "You don't don't hear anything but yourself breathing.", "- Yep, it's the best feeling in the world.", "And then what we found with a lot of our members that, hitting the bag, that aggression is even another level of that runner's high because maybe they're at work all day and they're frustrated and they can take it out on the bag.", "- Yeah.", "- I believe that.", "That's pretty awesome.", "- Yeah.", "Do you ever feel frustrated in doing a workout or something like that or hitting the bag makes you feel better?", "- Yeah, all the time.", "- Yeah.", "- All the time.", "- Yeah.", "- Sometimes I hit the bag to get some, I look at it and it's silence a while, if I punch somebody in their face at this moment, maybe this would happen.", "Somebody I really don't like at this moment, you know, some people, you really, some people you have to fucking kick their ass, you know?", "You just don't care how much of Buddha you wanna be or whatever.", "Some people need their ass kicked.", "That's what it is.", "I'm sure I wish I didn't say that, but.", "- No, that's how I feel about David.", "(Mike laughs) - You ask him, man, somebody has to do that.", "- I love Dave.", "Dave's the best.", "- See how he feels about me.", "- Yeah.", "- He's awesome.", "Dave's awesome.", "When we talk about, you know, that kid watching their parents and then doing the workouts, is that something that you encourage your kids, this idea of like being physically fit?", "- Absolutely.", "My daughter has to understand.", "She's the tennis player and she has to know, playing tennis is a running game and you have to build your metabolism, build your heart up real fast.", "And this is the best thing for it.", "- Do you think that she got a lot of these good habits from you, from watching you working out and competing?", "- She knows.", "Sometimes she thinks she knows too much.", "Then I have to explain to her, this is why this happened.", "'Cause you didn't listen.", "But she a good student.", "- Yeah.", "- You know, it's tough listening to your parents.", "It is complicated.", "- Yeah.", "- So I make it like when we fight back and forth, but she could feel comfortable and won't have to be, you know, she could say what she wants.", "- Yeah.", "Yeah, kids are always watching us, right?", "- Absolutely.", "- I remember I was watching, I used to watch my mother.", "She used to do the Richard Simmons.", "(both laughs) - Richard's a badass.", "- He is.", "- Richard Simmons is bad, listen, I'm watching this tape of Simmons.", "And somebody had made fun.", "He was walking.", "Somebody had made fun of and he just, boom.", "- Oh yeah?", "- Yeah, he, Richard Simmons was tough, man.", "- Really?", "You ever met him?", "- I don't know, but I have the biggest, most respect for that brother.", "- Yeah.", "- You know?", "He really wanted to help the world, make sure everybody stays slim and healthy and everything, you know?", "- Yeah.", "- That's a real, like I said, nothing's impossible for somebody who tried, what he did was something that you can never think.", "Now that's an ego you can't even imagine.", "Yes, he believed it was his job to get everybody in the whole plant in shape.", "- Unbelievable.", "- Woo.", "(Mike laughs) No seriously.", "That's what he believed.", "- Yes, 100%.", "- That was his journey.", "- Yeah.", "- He did beautiful.", "Yeah.", "I know, I'll never forget him, never forget that man.", "- Yeah, yeah, and he was somebody who wasn't scared.", "He wasn't scared to be himself.", "- Let's do it.", "Hey, hey!", "All right, yeah, yeah!", "All right, bring it down.", "(Mike laughs) - Mike, we gotta get you up on stage leading everybody through workouts soon, Mike, yeah.", "- Do Richard Simmons, all right.", "(both laughing) We got it.", "- Absolutely.", "That's hilarious.", "(Mike laughs) So, so that's really cool.", "And I had read about your daughter, she's like a tennis star.", "- Yeah, she is, and she's up and coming.", "- Yeah.", "Did you teach her any of these workout things that had made her better how to run?", "- Absolutely, I told her that you in tennis, you're playing a running game.", "You need to get in track and field.", "You need to get in track and field.", "running sprints out there for an hour.", "And she's starting to do, she's playing soccer now, but she just need to keep that constant running, moving, stretch and boom constant for an hour.", "It's moving fast.", "Constant to keep the heart pumping.", "- Yeah.", "Yeah.", "That's really cool.", "Do any of your kids do the, like hit the FightCamp bag for a workout ever in the garage?", "- No, I do and my daughter, the only two that hit it.", "- Oh cool, so you and your daughter will hit the FightCamp bag.", "- Yeah.", "- Oh, cool.", "What do you guys do on it?", "- I just time a minute.", "Gimme a minute.", "Stop.", "Gimme 20 second reps, boom.", "Gimme another minute.", "- Yeah.", "- Then I push the minute up to a minute and a half.", "- Okay.", "- And she's up to two minutes.", "Then we get stopped.", "- That's cool.", "- She's getting it.", "- Similar to what we were talking about back with those runs where it is always about, okay, you have a minute down.", "Let's do the minute and a half.", "- It's just like, that's how the world runs.", "That's why it's better now than it was 1,000 years ago.", "You know, that's what pigeons.", "We race our pigeons and whoever gets there quickest win.", "And it's just, they know that they're racing and it's for time.", "They know they have to get there at that time.", "They know they're racing and they go there, fetch 'em, click them.", "They're the fastest bird.", "- The pigeons.", "- Yeah.", "- Oh.", "- Racing pigeons.", "They're called some of, listen, to buy a championship racing pigeon probably cost you $2 million.", "- Really?", "- Yeah.", "- For how many pigeons?", "- One.", "- For one pigeon?", "(Tommy laughing) I don't, look it up.", "- Really?", "- The most expensive pigeon ever, watch and see.", "- Yeah.", "That's awesome.", "I didn't know that.", "- Homing pigeons.", "They don't fool around.", "- The champion pigeons.", "- Yeah.", "The champions, the world champions.", "- And they're just bred like that over the years and that's why they're the best?", "- Yeah.", "Yeah.", "Since, since the goddamn crusades.", "- Yeah.", "That's interesting.", "It's funny, I was watching something.", "I was yeah- - You know, the queen of England has pigeons too she puts in the race as well.", "- Really?", "Still?", "- All the Royal families do that, I think it's a betting game, a sporting game.", "- Interesting.", "- Yeah.", "- Yeah, I knew that about you that you had pigeons that you had kept.", "I didn't know that you raced them though.", "- Yeah, I raced them as well.", "- That's really cool, when I was a kid, I grew up in the projects in Cambridge, in Boston and we used to catch pigeons and let 'em go, of course, we used to set up a little.", "- Those are street pigeons.", "- Yes, those are the tough ones.", "- You don't want a pedigree.", "- We would set up like a milk crate with the stick and tie a string around it, put the bread, boom, pull it out and let 'em go.", "- Yeah, a pedigree pigeon would never go for that, like, you're too dead.", "- They're too smart.", "- Yeah, that's hilarious.", "Mike's pigeons would just look at me, like come on, fool.", "- Well, they wouldn't understand it.", "- That's hilarious.", "I love it.", "Oh yeah, and with your daughter, when you do the boxing workouts on the FightCamp bag, can she punch?", "- Yes, she still love it, of course, she hits the ball like a savage.", "- How old is she?", "- She's 13, on Christmas Day she became 13.", "- Amazing.", "Yeah.", "Yeah.", "Well, congratulations, you must be proud.", "- I am just happy that she's doing something that she likes.", "- That she loves.", "Yeah.", "- She looks good.", "She stays lean and mean.", "Yeah, I'm just happy and proud of her.", "- Absolutely.", "Yeah.", "Something that- - You know, most young girls, they look at food as the outtake in life sometimes, you know, it's comfortable.", "So I'm glad she didn't reach that level yet in life.", "- Yeah, that she's doing something positive that she likes.", "- Yeah, that she likes, that she likes.", "- Yeah.", "That's really cool.", "That could potentially even like take her to college and everything.", "- Oh, she wants to go to professional, she wants to turn pro next year, so, and she's 15.", "- Amazing.", "Like Osaka.", "- Yeah, that's what she wants.", "That's her dream.", "- Yeah.", "Yeah, well she's definitely got the right role models.", "That's for sure.", "- Yeah.", "She trained with a Venus camp before.", "- I'm talking about you.", "- Well, I'm okay.", "but it's good for her to see her peers.", "- Yeah, it is.", "- Good to see other women look good.", "- Yeah.", "- And do well.", "- Yeah, absolutely.", "- She has to understand she's just as equal, you know.", "- Really?", "That's interesting that you say that.", "So that's something that you talk to her about, is that confidence then.", "- Yeah, and I don't know.", "Do I want her to be alpha?", "I don't know.", "I want her to be her.", "You know, I don't want her to just, she has to know the power of the word, no.", "And all those, you know, just life lessons and stuff.", "- Yeah, yeah, what I heard from you there a little bit, tell me if I'm wrong was a little bit of that athlete confidence, like, I want her to know that nobody's better than her.", "- Well, exactly.", "But you always have to, this is interesting.", "When you talk about, when sports, I always talk about my training.", "You always gotta be careful about the way you fight your fights.", "Because the way you fight your fights, will be the way you live your life.", "So she has to always be careful the way she plays tennis.", "She has to always in control, never lose control.", "'Cause if they could break you there, they can break you in life.", "And that's how, that's how I look at life.", "This is life, I'm fighting.", "It's the same thing for mistakes I'm gonna make in life.", "I'm gonna make in here, and same thing's gonna happen.", "I'm gonna lose.", "I'm gonna suffer.", "I'm gonna die, you know.", "- That's interesting because when I think of the, that athletic, competitive edge, especially in terms of like a fighter, you almost think of that fighter that is a little bit outta control, but dominant for that reason, but to you, do you look at that as like a negative and you think a fighter's like different?", "- No, no great fighter's out of control.", "He can give the perception as if he's outta control, but no great fighter, no great athlete's outta control.", "That's just the perception he gives.", "It's normally an illusion.", "- Yeah.", "And when it's not an illusion, they're probably in trouble.", "- You know, that's, some people need the way to act that way to perform the way they need to perform.", "You know, I have to be the mean guy, and also in order for me to perform the way I perform.", "'Cause I have to, I'd have to have that aura of just, I don't know malevolent, whatever it is, it's dark aura, in a fight.", "- Yeah.", "I think that makes sense.", "And something you said a little bit ago that I wanted to just quickly circle back to is, you almost made a connection between this concept of you versus you, the way you were from one run to the next, where you wanted to beat that as being almost tied to the way people have grown, humanity's grown over time.", "Is it 'cause you feel that that constant strive and that battle with the ego to be better is pushed off of?", "- Well I think this is really, we're talking about the ego, listen.", "We're living in a time now where normally a guy, 50 years old, he would never be able to perform the way 50-year-olds and 60-year-olds are performing now.", "We have anti-aging gimmicks and medicine that can take us back to our 20s.", "And we're 50, so we live in a different time.", "We're almost the bionic man era, you know?", "- Yeah, you looked like the bionic man in your last fight, I couldn't believe the way you move still.", "- Oh man, they, these doctors can do anything.", "(both laughing) This is Frankenstein stuff, man.", "- Yeah, I couldn't believe how explosive you still were when you were punching.", "- Thank you.", "- Yeah, it's amazing.", "Must feel good to be able to still perform like that.", "- It's a good exercise.", "- Yeah.", "Yeah.", "Awesome.", "So moving on, you said that one of your main reasons for investing in FightCamp was that you feel like there's millions and millions of people that are just like you and you said, \"For that reason, that's why I know people are gonna gravitate towards.\"", "- 100%, listen.", "Even if they have like, their bag, then you'll see, you look at, hey, I'm working out today, so, you get and upset with your wife or so, I'm working out today, you know?", "That's how my mind work, it's just, I have too much energy, I'm gonna work out at the bag today.", "- Yeah, yeah.", "I can't stand still sometimes.- - Yeah.", "Yeah.", "Obviously when you say like people just like, you don't mean top athletes, you can be a heavyweight champion.", "You mean they struggle with some of the same things.", "- Exactly, 100% emotion, relief, tension.", "- Exactly, 100% emotion, relief, tension.", "People don't know how to relieve their tension.", "You know, they panic instead of releasing like on a bag or go for a walk or something.", "- Yeah.", "And you feel know boxing is a great way to relieve tension.", "- It's the only way, not really, but this is, there's nothing better than that.", "That actually is, when you do it, it's how you feel.", "You feel like you're euphoric on another level.", "This is why it's so successful.", "- Yeah.", "It wouldn't be successful if it wasn't what it was said to be.", "- Yeah.", "- The best.", "- Yeah.", "Absolutely, we have some kickboxing stuff now, too.", "We added that recently.", "You ever try that?", "- Never.", "- No, I tried.", "I embarrassed myself when I tried to throw the kicks.", "I go, I tried- - What are you doing?", "Right?", "(Tommy laughs) - But speaking of the kicks and the kickboxing, I don't even know if we mentioned this to you, but when you, when you did invest in that last round, we had some others that invested too like Georges St-Pierre, you know, Georges St-Pierre?", "- Yes, The champ.", "- The champ.", "Yeah.", "Francis Ngannou, the heavyweight.", "- Oh that's the, he's champ now too.", "- You know, Usher, the singer.", "- Yeah.", "- The recording artist.", "Yeah.", "So he invested as well.", "- Oh, he made a great move.", "He's really athletic as well.", "He likes to keep in shape, but he played Sugar Ray with other folk, Sugar Ray, Leonard- - Yeah, Sugar Ray Leonard.", "\"Hands Of Stone,\" right?", "- Yeah, it was good, yeah.", "I like that.", "- Yeah, that an awesome movie.", "- He really played the whole psychology game just like Ray Leonard, hey, I can't, I'm too smart for that, that he just, this was brilliant, it was brilliant.", "- Yeah, you thought Usher did a good job in that movie.", "- I think he did a great job, yeah.", "- He can box.", "I delivered a FightCamp to his house and one of our trainers Flo Master was Usher's trainer.", "He taught him how to kick box and how to box.", "So we brought it there and he made Usher go through a workout.", "And I was surprised, Usher can throw some punches.", "Yeah.", "- That's really be interesting.", "Maybe we get some celebrity boxing.", "- That'd be cool.", "Yeah, it'd be cool to even have you guys all doing something together just for some fitness stuff, be fun.", "- Running sprints and stuff, yeah.", "- That'd be amazing.", "Yeah.", "- When I was younger, everything was working out, my whole life, my uncles, if we're shooting dice, we're shooting for pushups, sit ups.", "It's just, everything was working out.", "Hey, I bet you, I could beat you right from here to here for 30,000, I could do this and that.", "Everything was all, everything we did was consistent about working out.", "I bet you I'll beat you up the stairs.", "It's just, that's how my whole life was.", "Competing.", "Yeah.", "- You think you're still doing it?", "- I had the best weed in the world.", "I got the best FightCamp in the world, yeah, I think I am.", "(both laughing) - I love that.", "We're taking over with FightCamp.", "The number one at home fitness solution by far easily.", "No problem.", "That's why Mike Tyson's working with us.", "- Exactly.", "- So this is named after a fighter's FightCamp.", "What happens in a FightCamp?", "What are some of the pillars of a FightCamp?", "- You have to live the lifestyle of a fighter.", "You have to, isolation.", "That's what people really don't really dig.", "When you're hundreds of miles away from New York City and you're in the woods and you hear coyotes and all that crap, it's not fun then, but that's discipline.", "Discipline is doing what you hate to do, but doing it like you love it.", "- What was that?", "- Discipline is doing what you hate to do, but doing it like you love it.", "- I love that quote.", "- Yeah.", "And that's what you have to do to be the best.", "- Yeah.", "- If you have any problem, if you had a problem, are you feeling, if you, it's just because just, you don't even have to, just because you eat too much ice cream, I don't wanna eat it no more.", "No, you that's what discipline is, just take something outta your life and put something in your life that's gonna improve you.", "And that's what discipline is.", "- Yeah.", "- I'm not gonna eat ice cream for six months.", "I'm not gonna throw it out my life, but I'm not gonna take six months off.", "You know?", "And that's what discipline is.", "Not just taking things away from you, but letting you know, you can live without anything.", "You don't need anything.", "- Yeah, that diet discipline is one of the hardest too.", "You talk about the ice cream.", "Ooh.", "- Oh yeah, but it's good when you overcome that, you can't, no one can change anything.", "You can't change with this unless you change yourself.", "You know, we think, well, this is gonna change the world.", "More people are gonna keep buying this and buying this and we gotta grow with it.", "- Yeah.", "- You know?", "We have to grow with it.", "- Yeah.", "- We can't make this just one good idea and then just take on over the world.", "We have to grow with it.", "- Yeah.", "Yeah, speaking of growing with it, that's one of the things.", "So recently we added more content, different content to the FightCamp platform.", "So one of the things that we added on top of the bag workouts is strength and conditioning.", "Yeah, was strength and conditioning, a part of your training camps coming up?", "- Yes, later in my boxing career, I started using weights and doing a lot of benching and stuff and doing sprints.", "- Lotta abs?", "- Yeah, a lotta abs, lotta everything.", "It was just beautiful time in life.", "- What would you do for abs?", "- What we would do, we'd have throw the medicine ball back and forth, the medicine ball this, and then I'd go home and I'll do 2,500 on my thing under my bedroom bench.", "And I would do 2,500 then.", "- So, with one of your FightCamps- - You know, that's why I had my, my back was refusing it because I did so many sit ups.", "- It was the sit ups, huh?", "- Yeah.", "- Overdoing it a little bit.", "Yeah, 'cause you do so much core is what Cassie teaches me.", "It starts to pull those muscles forward and hurt your back.", "- It paralyzes you, it gives you sciatica, right?", "Oh, you know what sciatica is?", "- Hmm-mm.", "- Do you?", "- Hmm-mm.", "- Oh.", "- Yeah.", "- You think you're tough 'til you get some sciatica, ah, you can't move.", "- You fall the ground.", "- Oh, somebody gotta help you to the bathroom, it's embarrassing that your wife's gotta help you.", "(both laughing) It's really humbling.", "- That's why one of the, one of the very important things that we do when we started adding core work in, and this is something that Cassie's like decades in training brought to us was a concept of not just the core shred workouts, which we do have for the abs, but also the stabilization.", "So we do a lotta core stabilization, the abs and so.", "- See that's the new, people overdid it.", "People had beat the hell outta their back to get the abs, you know?", "- Hmm-mm.", "It's 'cause boxing's old school.", "- Old school for real.", "- Even sounds like, even- - It's not about working hard.", "It's about working smarter now.", "- That's a great quote.", "- See, I thought y'all made it up.", "- Yeah.", "- Yeah, but that's true.", "Do not work harder, smarter.", "- I think it is, yeah.", "Like recovery is a big thing that you never heard that even 10, 15 years ago.", "- Yeah, we gotta stop running on these hard solid foundations, you know, they're no good for our legs.", "- How did you mix rest into your training camps?", "- Excuse me?", "- Like rest, how important was that in your training camps?", "- I don't know.", "It was not important for me.", "- No?", "- No.", "- Yeah.", "It wasn't like somebody- - I can't, I can't sleep.", "- No?", "- I can't sleep before a fight, if I hit them, it's all night.", "- All night.", "- I'd hit 'em all night, yeah.", "- Yeah.", "So- - The trainer will say, \"Go to bed,\" chill, I might hit some mitts.", "- Yeah.", "And you said something earlier that was really interesting to me where there's a lot of metaphors in boxing that relate to like, even if you're not a fighter, you know, relates back.", "And one of the things you said is like, you know, training camp's all about isolation, right?", "And most people can't go to the Catskills and have a camp, but they can cut things outta their life that are affecting them negatively.", "They can stop going to the club on the weekends and doing things like that if they wanna accomplish their goals, so.", "- Well, listen, there's no weekend club.", "Well, if you gonna be a weekend warrior, you gonna train for five days and two days you gonna party and fuck a bunch of..., no, that's not, it's not gonna work if you wanna be a world champion.", "Get out, you gonna be a amateur champion maybe.", "And you can't even be an amateur champion doing that.", "You gotta dedicate your whole life, every inch in your life that you ever could think of into that.", "'Cause you're gonna need it to survive.", "Everything you have.", "- Yeah.", "And do you think that some of that same mindset applies to people just looking to hit fitness goals?", "- Absolutely.", "Absolutely.", "That's looking, I looked at guys and I say, I want my body to look like that.", "I want that kind of body, everybody inspires everybody knowing or not.", "- This is the time of the year, it's January where people, they start to like set these goals for themselves fitness wise, these new year's resolutions and people, they set these really lofty goals, like January 1st, I'm gonna start.", "And then the statistics show that by the third week in January, 80% of those people completely abandon this dream that they had this vision.", "You have any advice for these people right now?", "- Just live your life one day at a time, the moment, just get through that day.", "And once you almost like, hey, you get through the day, it's all great, then wait for the next day.", "You know, you never, you know, you can have goals, but just get through the day first, you know, just get through the day.", "- So yeah, with like a fitness regimen, you think just take it one day at a time.", "Don't think about the end game.", "- No, you think this is what I have to do.", "It's whatever happens in my life, this has to be done at this particular time.", "And that's just how, the day can't start without that being done.", "- Yeah.", "- It's how I live my life.", "If I don't get that done, I won't eat that day.", "- Okay.", "So if somebody came up to you, like somebody you care about, \"Mike, you know, I'm overweight, I need, the doctor said I need to cut some things outta my life, I need to get back in shape, what advice would you give?", "What would you tell them day one to start doing?", "- I would just stop all sugary drinks, sugar, juices, and all that stuff, stick with the water, the tea, mostly warm water, 'cause warm water burns fat, cold water adds to fat.", "And so I would just tell 'em eat everything that's fat like seafood, well, most seafood is fat burning.", "So I would tell 'em to eat all fat burning food, do certain natural medicines like bromadrine and stuff that's on the market.", "Everything that burns the fat, eats the fat, read about it, doing some examinations about the issues of it.", "You know, investigation's the best way to do it.", "- Yeah.", "- Anything you wanna do, you can find out from investigating on the YouTube, whatever we have now, you know?", "- Yeah.", "(Tommy laughs) And make sure to subscribe to his YouTube channel as well.", "Mike Tyson's YouTube channel.", "- Oh, my YouTube is crazy.", "- Yeah.", "That's amazing.", "(Tommy laughs) Yeah.", "It's awesome.", "So you said something that was interesting to me too when you talked about the ice cream where it's like, I think a lot of people, they think, well now I'm gonna be on a diet.", "So that means I get nothing of what I like and the way you proposed it was like, don't think of it like you're throwing this away forever.", "- No, it's a moment in my life.", "You know, that's not throwing your life away.", "This is just putting something aside for, to accomplish your goal, you can go back to your cigarettes after that, but we have a goal to accomplish.", "You know, I know you don't, that's just what you do.", "Some people just have to be, have some goals.", "I'm goal orientated, I always wanna have a goal, no matter what it is.", "I walk around the block more than I did yesterday just to have a goal, without a goal, I sit around the house and then I could, I just eat too much.", "You know?", "So I just always have goals.", "- Yeah, you gotta have that like conquer mindset.", "- I just, I just left from doing, I don't know what was that interview for my cannabis, selling cannabis now, I come from that to selling FightCamp, it's like what?", "But whatever goal I set to establish is gonna be delusional.", "And in order for me to accomplish that goal, I have to become that character and believe that I'm that character and that character that's gonna exist and I'm gonna be that character.", "And that's how that really happens.", "That, well, it did, for me, of course, you know, it's me.", "- Just projecting forward into the future.", "- Absolutely, wanting to be up more than anybody wants you to be down.", "You know, you're nothing without your haters and enemies.", "Even though they beat you better, you're nothing without them, without them you're average.", "- How important is confidence to that?", "- I don't know, I believe, like I said before, confidence breeds success, success breeds confidence.", "Confidence applied properly will supersede a genius.", "There's nothing in the world like confidence.", "- Yeah.", "- Nothing.", "- So a lot of these people trying to hit these fitness goals in the new year, you think it's more about discipline than anything?", "- Oh, absolutely, discipline.", "Like on Thanksgiving, oh listen.", "You don't know what a black house look like in fact, oh, on Thanksgiving you see the sweet potato there, cakes here, pies here, juice here.", "It's everything there and you have to say, well, I'm not gonna eat this.", "I wanna eat this, but I'm not gonna eat this 'cause no, I'm not gonna eat that.", "But most of the stuff, my mother-in-law is smart, lot of it's vegan, so she realized after a couple of Thanksgivings I didn't eat anything.", "So she made most of it vegan.", "- Yeah, yeah.", "You know what's horrible for me?", "When I was younger, our New England championships for three years in a row, I was in the final of the New England championships.", "And it was the day after Thanksgiving.", "- What, championship for what?", "- For boxing.", "- Really?", "- Yeah, yeah, and it was the day after Thanksgiving.", "So I had to make weight the day after Thanksgiving.", "So every Thanksgiving I'm like, I'm gonna be locked in my room.", "Everybody leave me alone.", "- I know, food is an interesting subject.", "It's like, it's under FDA as a narcotic, right?", "It's just.", "- It is?", "- It can imprison you, and it has imprisoned me before.", "- Yeah.", "So I was able to ask the FightCamp community, tens of thousand of people all throughout the US, if you could ask Mike Tyson one question, what would it be?", "And I cut out all the BS on it.", "Can you ask him if he can gimme a dollar I was like shutup y'all.", "- I like that.", "I like that guy, can I get a dollar in it?", "- Ask Mike if he can gimme a dollar.", "They're getting, all putting their Venmo in the comments and all that.", "- I love this.", "Gimme a dollar, that's good.", "(both laughing) - Yeah.", "But- (both laughing) - Tommy wants a dollar.", "- Yeah, I really wanna know.", "- That's an inside joke.", "- You know how it is though when you go home, you're gonna see people you grew up with back and it's, \"Mike, you're killing it, I love the podcast, can I get a dollar?", "- Yeah, now they break me up.", "- Now they break me up.", "(both laughing) - But two of the questions that stood out the most, I actually would love to ask you is, people like, why don't, you have Mike Tyson in front of you, ask him how to generate punching power.", "What are the mechanics?", "What does he do?", "- It's all leverage.", "- Yeah?", "- Yeah.", "Leverage.", "- Okay.", "- Yeah.", "- What do you mean by leverage?", "Would you be able to show me, would that be possible?", "- Oh yeah, probably, yeah.", "- Do you wanna finish up here and then we'll go there or do you wanna do it right now?", "- I'm pretty much finished up with the questions.", "The other thing they asked about, everyone says it's pretty obvious that Mike had the best head movement in heavyweight boxing history.", "- I don't know about all that.", "- Well, one of the best head movement.", "- Maybe one.", "- Maybe one of the best, I think the best head movement though.", "And people are wondering if they can get a little demo on what they should be doing, moving their head.", "- Well, it is not as easy as it looks, and they think, well, just going in, like it comes with hours and hours of training doing this, moving and moving and moving, slipping and slipping.", "And so it becomes like part of your life.", "- Yeah.", "- You know?", "- Yeah, Are there any considerations when you're moving your head?", "Like you're trying to get your head out of the center line.", "- No, well, you wanna get out the center, but the objective for him to throw the punch before you can counter.", "If he throws the punch here, you counter here, you go to here.", "And you're still outside.", "- Yeah.", "Absolutely.", "That makes sense.", "So you want them to miss and when they miss, that's your opportunity.", "- Absolutely.", "Sometimes you can punch while he's punching.", "You can throw, boom, at the same time, as he punches, boom, you go down.", "- Absolutely.", "- It's all about moving after you punch.", "As soon as you punch you're gone.", "Whatever it is, boom, side, whatever it is, you have to go.", "- I love that foot movement.", "Is that something that Cus D'Amato taught you?", "- Yeah, twisting.", "- Twisting is what it's called.", "So it's not even a pivot.", "It's almost like a jump step.", "- No, it just sounds like, just, we do, slip, and you whip your butt.", "- And then when you do that, you have somebody who is here, you shift on 'em they're still looking this way, you're right here.", "- It's right here.", "Boom.", "- Yeah.", "- Sleep.", "- Yeah, absolutely.", "(Tommy laughs) Absolutely.", "- That's what boxing's about.", "The punches that knock you out, the punches don't actually see.", "- Yeah.", "Yeah.", "I've heard that actually.", "Yeah, it makes a lot of sense too, because your brain gets a, you know- - A jolt.", "- Yeah, and your brain gets conditioned.", "I think, to take punishment as you learn how to box, like the more you're sparring, if you.", "- You're right.", "- Yeah, if you see it coming your brain can prepare.", "But if you don't see it - Like some guys get knocked out early in their career and then something happens and they just keep winning all the time.", "Then they become champions, and it's just from that experience that changed their whole life.", "They're not afraid to get hit anymore, they're not afraid to make mistakes, take chances.", "- Yeah, well thank you for that, Mike.", "I appreciate that.", "Look, I boxed for, since I was a little kid, but, you know, and I can teach some fitness people how to box, but there's gonna be nothing like having Mike Tyson, right?", "There's knowledge passed down.", "- I think we should do that before.", "- It was awesome.", "All of this, this is all, twisting it's like golf.", "Just everything's there, boom.", "- That's how you get the power?", "- Yeah.", "- What is it?", "What is it that you're doing there?", "You're really shifting your weight, right?", "- Yeah, it's just balance.", "- Yeah.", "You know what I noticed about your punches?", "A lot of times people will teach, you wanna punch and retract, but with you, every punch is a knockout punch where you.", "- Yeah, go with it, - follow through.", "- go with it, everything like.", "(shot banging) - Yeah.", "- I go through with it, boom.", "- Every punch you throw it like that.", "- Yeah.", "- Interesting.", "You think that was one of your keys to having a lot of power?", "- Yeah, I'm going through them, my objective is to go through them.", "- Yeah.", "It's so funny, just for me coming up in the amateur system, everything's about, get that quick point there.", "Ah, there you done.", "- And the amateurs, boom, I drop you.", "You get up and go pop, pop, yeah.", "- And you win, yeah.", "Yeah, yeah, yeah.", "Is that one of Cus D'Amato's philosophies?", "Did he teach you how to power punch or was that something that came natural?", "- You have to, you have to be ferocious.", "Fans wanna see that.", "- Yeah, was Floyd Patterson, was he a power puncher?", "- He had a couple of knockouts.", "'Cause he was fast.", "- Yeah.", "He's fast.", "But it wasn't the same, you were more of a power puncher naturally, yeah.", "- Yeah.", "- Yeah, he moved his head well though.", "- Really fast.", "- Yeah.", "- But then he was small for that time.", "- Very.", "- Yeah, 187 pound.", "- Crazy, yeah, the heavy weights weren't that big, yeah.", "- It's just weird how different generations get bigger and bigger.", "I don't know about better, but they get bigger.", "- Tyson Fury.", "- Monster, right?", "- Wow, huh?", "And the way he moves still.", "- He's a strange dude, right?", "- Yeah, yeah.", "(Mike laughs) - He's a strange guy.", "- Yeah, I think he's like a spirit brother to you.", "He's named after you.", "- Yeah.", "- He crazy.", "- He's nuts too.", "- Yeah, he is, right?", "(both laughing) I love him.", "He really is odd.", "- All right, so there you have it.", "I hope you enjoyed that.", "We have Mike Tyson in studio, one of the greatest of all time and of course, FightCamp investor talking about all things confidence, FightCamp, fitness and all his philosophies towards training.", "If you like that content hit the Like button and don't forget to subscribe for more content like that.", "Now I'm gonna go practice that move he was showing us." ]

[ "Introduction", "Perfection is so complex", "Heroes who motivate", "Greatness is when you make your delusions your reality", "Tracking Progress", "FightCampKids", "Boxing is euphoric", "Passing on good habits", "Richard Simmons is a badass", "Tyson & Daughter Do FightCamp Drills", "2 Million Pigeons", "Tyson's daughter packs a punch", "No great fighter is out of control", "The Bionic Man Era", "Investing in FightCamp", "I've got the best FightCamp in the world", "What is a fighters FightCamp?", "A lesson on Discipline", "Strength & Conditioning", "It's not about working hard, it's about working smarter", "Rest & Recovery - or a lack there of", "Setting goals - one day at a time", "Weight loss tips", "Always have a goal", "Confidence breeds success. Success breeds confidence.", "Q&A With FightCamp Community", "Head Movements Tips", "Learn Power Punches with Tyson", "Join FightCamp" ]

[ "- I'm Julia Child, bon appetit.", "- Julia Child was the first chef who became famous on television, but she wasn't a restaurant chef.", "She never had a restaurant.", "What she did is she made people understand that cooking should be fun, that you can be all together as a family and I think she inspired a lot of Americans, especially women, to become chefs.", "Hello, this is Wolfgang Puck and this is part two of \"The Breakdown.\"", "[upbeat music] First up, \"Burnt\".", "[energetic music] [metal clattering] [chef speaking in French] I thought the moves were maybe right, you know, how things go back and forth, but I don't want to look at the shoes of some waiter or chef, or whatever.", "I thought that was weird.", "I much sooner would look at the person, how they move with their hand, because it's really about their hands.", "- [speaks quietly] Chef, chef, the menu.", "- Hey, right here.", "[people chatting in background] - It looked to me like they were tasting the food and tasting the wine to go with it, like almost a food and wine pairing, and see maybe how the two different things gonna make it into one great experience.", "In a restaurant where you have sommeliers, somebody responsible for the wine and knows generally much more about wine than the chef.", "The chef might know more about the taste.", "So if they work together, maybe they can make the perfect experience if you have the right combination, the right wine with the right dish.", "Often I see people in restaurants, they start, they have oysters, they have some seafood appetizer, whatever it be, but they already ordered their Cabernet Sauvignon or things like that, a good red wine and then they have oysters on the table, or crab on the table, which would be great with the good crisp white wine, a glass of champagne.", "So to me, it's really important to have the right wine with the food.", "[pots clattering] [background chatter] - On you?", "- When we organize a menu, when we do new things, it's never a whole new menu it's always like an evolution what is available at the market so, to me, that's the way it is and with wines it's the same in a way.", "I tend to drink rose wines in the summertime when it's warm outside and have them even for an aperitif sometimes but in the winter time I might drink a heavier red wine.", "So, to me, the season flows not only with food but also with wine.", "- Ca va?", "- Qui, Chef.", "- Apron's up.", "- The chef is putting down the heating lights.", "These aren't lights but actually they are heating the plates so that way, if a plate gets put on the pass where are the boy that pick up the food, you put the lights down, the heaters down, so that way the food stays hot.", "[bright music] Very often you see now in restaurants, chefs using flowers, for example, for color, some of them for taste too, but more for color.", "So, if you put the flower of garlic chives it will have flavor.", "If you're put in a nasturtium flower it will have this peppery flavor, so not only it will make the dish look beautiful, but also tastes good.", "I want to have both.", "I want it to look good, but first of all it has to be delicious, not just to throw something on it and say, okay, now it looks better.", "It has to have purpose.", "If I read a review, good or bad, obviously everybody out there gonna say if their review is great, we don't say the food critic is really good.", "If they write a bad review we say the food critic sucks, so somewhere in the middle is the right saying, I really believe that we are maybe not as great as somebody has said, or not as bad as somebody has said, somewhere in the middle is maybe the right balance because a lot of these food critics from newspapers go with a preconceived notion to a restaurant.", "So they know already, ah, this is a fancy restaurant let's hit them over the head a little bit.", "Or this is a hole in the wall, let's make them look really good.", "I went to some restaurants when I read the review, I said, wow, this is amazing and then I went, I said, what was the guy smoking to write like that about this restaurant, you know?", "So, I think that food critic, for better or for worse, have very little power today.", "In comparison, the way it was 30, 40 years ago, a food critic of the New York Times, the LA Times, or the San Francisco paper, wherever, when they wrote a great review about your restaurant you know you would be full for six months.", "These days, social media is the real critic of the restaurant.", "Next up, \"Julie And Julia\".", "- [Julie] Tuesday, August 13th, 2002.", "Day 1, 364 days to go.", "- Julia Child was a great friend of mine, we cooked many times together.", "Julia Child was the first chef who became famous on television, but she wasn't a restaurant chef.", "She never had a restaurant.", "What she did is she put American people in the kitchen that it's okay, you can cook, if you screw it up just throw it away but worse you can do with it?", "But she made people understand that cooking should be fun, that you can be all together as a family and I think she inspired a lot of Americans, especially women, to become chefs.", "- [Julie] I cooked artichokes with hollandaise sauce, which is melted butter that's been whipped into a frenzy with egg yolks until it's died and gone to heaven.", "And let me say this, is there anything better than butter?", "- You know, butter is really amazing.", "And they say, butter tastes everything better, which is right, in a way, because if you have a simple grilled fish and put butter on it, it tastes better.", "If you have a steak and you put butter on it, it tastes better, in whatever version you put it.", "- [Julie] Every time you taste something that's delicious beyond imagining and you say, what is in this?", "The answer is always going to be butter.", "- If you make a sauce, a reduction and then you finish it with butter it ties the whole thing together, makes it smooth, make it really more velvety tasting.", "It just makes it taste better.", "If you have, like in the movie, artichokes and you make a hollandaise it's basically egg yolk, which is fat, and then you add a lot of butter to it and season it with a little lemon juice, cayenne, and salt and pepper, and it will taste delicious with anything.", "I think chef might rely in French restaurants too much on butter.", "They put butter on the bread, they put butter in the sauces, they put butter in the soup.", "I don't think it's necessary if you have the ingredients taste really delicious and they're really fresh and they are grown in the right places.", "I like the purity of the dishes, sometimes, without butter.", "Next up, \"Waiting\".", "- Three more minutes to the ball drop, baby, come on.", "[all cheering] - Oh, hi there.", "- [Chett] You're not closed yet, are you?", "- Er, not quite.", "- [Chett] Oh, terrific.", "- I believe this scene is totally overplayed, I never saw it happen in a restaurant, or in restaurants I frequent, or in one of our restaurants.", "I don't know if they were so happy or so upset?", "I think it's not a reality.", "- Sorry guys.", "[all shouting angrily] - It's so interesting because I have people come to the restaurant really late, even in the old time when I was the only one there.", "One time Jack Nicholson came from somewhere really late, we'd closed the kitchen and he said, Wolfer, what's to eat?", "And I said, oh, what would you like, meat or fish?", "He said, okay, cook me some fish, give me some pecan pie, and I made it for him and I stayed.", "Instead of going home at 11, I stayed until 12 o'clock.", "Especially if we know them, if they're regulars, we will cook for them but, if it's somebody comes not appropriately dressed, you see they don't fit really into the restaurant, we say, I'm sorry we are closed.", "Next up, \"Overboard\".", "- I prepared and handled raw food?", "- I hunt it, you cook it.", "- You shot a chicken?", "- Come on, honey, save the jokes.", "We're starving here.", "- [Joey Proffitt] Yeah.", "- Probably gonna make chicken soup, I think the pot is way too small to make chicken soup.", "I think you can cook it whole if you want to, for sure but, hopefully they took out the intestines.", "[gas hisses] [Joanna screams] - Hey, hey, hey, hey, whoa.", "[children screaming] - We had many fires in the kitchen.", "As a matter of fact, we had one in Washington in our restaurant where they didn't do the ventilation right, so the whole thing caught fire.", "We had to evacuate the restaurant, so it was very problematic and sometimes that, you know, we all have hoods in the restaurant.", "If the hoods are not cleaned properly they can catch fire and then the fire extinguishers go off and we have to close the restaurant.", "I remember one time we had a fire at Chinois with oil, which is very dangerous, and some stupid guy put water in the hot oil and then it flamed up like crazy, so the fire trucks came and everything.", "So I think we had a few fires.", "- [Dean Proffitt] I'll get the burn ointment, you'll be all right.", "- Ouch.", "[extinguishers hissing] - Injuries in the kitchen have changed so much.", "I remember the first time I got injured and really badly burnt my whole arm, was in Dijon, my first restaurant in France, I did not speak French.", "It was the first week I was there.", "I stayed at the hospital overnight and I still remember I was on the operating table, they took off pieces of skin and I was lying there and I said, God, I don't know what they're gonna do with me?", "And then I stayed overnight and then they let me go, I went back to the restaurant and I started to work the next day with heavy bandage around, but it was so hot.", "I also had splatters in the face, so just being in the kitchen was so painful.", "You know, if you don't focus a hundred percent it's very easy to cut into your fingers, burn yourself.", "- Way to hustle, guys.", "You all right?", "- You know, practice makes better, so I think the next time she gonna make a chicken soup she probably gonna get a big pot so the chicken fits in there and figure it out, or cut it in half or into pieces.", "In cooking, just like anything else, practice makes better.", "You want to be sure to be able to execute.", "All right, thanks for watching the clips with me.", "See you next time." ]

[ "Intro", "Burnt", "Julie & Julia", "Waiting...", "Overboard" ]

[ "A minimalist lifestyle concerns itself with minimizing the number of material resources we need to be satisfied.", "A tremendous benefit of this approach is the reduced cost of living.", "The less we need, the more time, money, and energy we save.", "So, can we also apply minimalism to our social connections to gain the same benefits?", "Can we be happy with a minimal amount of friends, or even without friends?", "Ideally, a social minimalist gets by with a minimal amount of social connections: just enough to fulfill his social needs.", "But many consider living with a few or without friends unhealthy and painful.", "Being friendless deprives us of the benefits of a social group.", "So, is a lack of friends synonymous with a dreadful existence of loneliness and social isolation?", "Do the friendless indeed deserve our pity?", "People seem to agree that having friends is always better than having none.", "Therefore, we celebrate the blessing of friends.", "Having many friendships means we have many options to socialize and, thus, no shortage of pleasurable human interaction.", "However, as far as the social minimalist is concerned, having fewer friends has benefits as well.", "And, in some cases, going without friends is the best option.", "Can we be happy without friends?", "This video explores the benefits and downsides of friendship, the current state of friendships, and if we actually need friends.", "The ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus believed that we could attain peace of mind and freedom from suffering by wisely balancing our desires and seeking sustainable, moderate pleasure.", "He created a hierarchy of needs as a roadmap by dividing natural and necessary, desires, natural and unnecessary desires, and vain desires.", "Things like extreme wealth and fame he considered obsolete and impossible to satisfy.", "But also luxurious food, marriage, and sex, although he thought these desires are natural, Epicurus saw them as unnecessary for a happy and content existence.", "But to friendship, he attributed the same value as food and shelter, as he saw it as one of the greatest portals to pleasure and one that’s generally easy to obtain.", "I quote: Of all the means which wisdom acquires to ensure happiness throughout the whole of life, by far the most important is friendship.", "End quote.", "As opposed to romantic love, friendship (also known as ‘philia’) usually doesn’t evoke strong emotions, and there’s much less possessiveness and jealousy, and it’s more non-committal.", "Philia centers around shared interests, utility, and enjoying the other person’s company.", "According to Epicurus, friendship is based on trust, treating each other well, and maintaining a generous attitude.", "If these criteria are met, friends allow us to share information about the world and our ideas, learn from their experiences, and help them with ours.", "Friends can lend us a helping hand, a listening ear, and words of advice in times of hardship.", "Also, being part of a social circle can open doors to various opportunities, like finding a partner.", "Epicurus chose to live together with friends while enjoying the simple pleasures of eating bread and cheese and drinking weak wine.", "If we extrapolate from Epicurus’ views, we can see that the benefits of friendship still stand today.", "Also, we have far more options now, as we can maintain friendships with people in other areas of the world, have friends exclusively online, and communicate with any friend whenever we want.", "But the emergence of modern means of communication and how today’s societies are structured seem to render traditional ways of friendship obsolete.", "Most activities that require a social circle can be obtained elsewhere.", "For example, we can use services to talk about our problems or to move out.", "We don’t need to leave the house for discourse anymore, as the online spaces offer a plethora of online groups, forums, and communities.", "Moreover, the likelihood of finding fellow thinkers online is much greater than meeting them offline because we’re not limited to the people in our immediate environment, our cities, or even our countries anymore.", "And even though online dating was a rarity in the early zeros of the twenty-first century, it has become the norm, meaning that we don’t need to attend social gatherings anymore to find a mate.", "We can also find quick and cheap entertainment through streaming services and video games, which many people prefer over a meetup with friends nowadays.", "So, it appears that the necessity of friendship is slowly eroding and being replaced mainly by the increasing amount of options that technology offers.", "The coming metaverse will probably accelerate the disappearance of old-fashioned face-to-face interaction, as humanity will largely plug itself into virtual reality.", "Some find the idea of a friendless world daunting: how can we be possibly live without friends?", "But traditional friendship also comes with costs and downsides.", "Having friends is no free ride.", "Especially today, in our individualistic societies, friendship (in the traditional sense) seems more challenging to obtain than in the times of Epicurus.", "We focus very much on ourselves, and our busy, hectic lives absorb most of our time and energy.", "Friends can be a blessing, but they’re not essential to survive anymore.", "As C.S.", "Lewis stated: Friendship is unnecessary, like philosophy, like art, like the universe itself (for God did not need to create).", "It has no survival value; rather it is one of those things which give value to survival.", "End quote.", "For many, an extensive social circle has become a luxury good, as friendship seems more challenging to come by these days.", "It comes with costs that not everyone is willing to make.", "The first cost we can distinguish is time, which, with our busy lives, is often a scarce commodity.", "Do we want to exchange the little free time we have for the company of other people?", "Many choose not to, as they instead spend their free time on solitary activities like creative pursuits.", "The second cost we can distinguish is energy.", "We’re often so tired during the workweek that we prefer spending our evenings in front of the television.", "Hence, we commonly practice friendship on the weekends, which means that we spend the energy left after our workweeks on socializing.", "Therefore, many choose to spend their free time in solitude to recharge.", "The third cost would be resources, as socializing requires money in many cases.", "Having no social life, therefore, saves money.", "But also, the lack of funds refrains people from socializing, which could cause social isolation among the impoverished.", "The fourth cost is more hidden but still a price we pay when we engage in social interaction.", "Friendships require conformity to a certain extent, depending on the people we’re dealing with.", "Consciously or subconsciously, we wish to be liked by our friends and vice versa and meet mutual expectations.", "And thus, we present ourselves to appease them and sweep unwanted characteristics under the carpet.", "So, we pay the price of wearing a mask among our friends, not showing the entirety of ourselves, afraid that we fall out of favor.", "But, as Arthur Schopenhauer stated, we can only truly be ourselves in solitude, in which we can safely cast off our masks as there are no people to consider.", "Not all friendships conform to Epicurean ideals.", "Friendships certainly can be a source of misery, especially with those that do not have our best interests at heart.", "The Buddha urged people not to associate with the foolish but with the wise.", "Associating with bad friends can be harmful and holds us back from associating with the wise who can improve our lives.", "If no wise people are available, it’s better to walk alone than be accompanied by bad friends.", "One of the earliest Buddhist texts, known as the “Rhino Sutra,” advises us to wander alone like rhinoceros.", "I quote: Avoid the evil companion disregarding the goal, intent on the out-of-tune way.", "Don’t take as a friend someone heedless and hankering.", "Wander alone like a rhinoceros.", "End quote.", "Many people have friends just for the sake of having friends.", "Often, they barely have standards for friendship, so they surround themselves with destructive individuals.", "For example, we maintain habits like violent behavior and doing drugs to belong to a group that does the same.", "Or we tolerate and even adopt hateful ideas just to remain connected with those we consider friends.", "Or we put up with bullying and ridicule by our so-called friends that go beyond playful banter just because we fear not having friends at all.", "Or we simply just waste our time engaging in meaningless chatter when we have much more productive and pleasurable things to do.", "The term ‘toxic friend’ is widespread these days.", "Even though we may realize these people are bad for us, we’re afraid to let them go because we fear loneliness.", "So, humans often seem to prefer destructive relationships to solitude, probably because the thought of being alone terrifies many.", "We depended on the herd for survival for many generations, and social ostracization often meant death—the drawbacks of communal living we had to take for granted.", "But today, many societies allow us to survive with minimal social contact, which gives us the luxury, to a great extent, of not having to associate with people that make us miserable.", "As Robin Williams famously stated: “I used to think the worst thing in life was to end up all alone.", "It’s not.", "The worst thing in life is ending up with people who make you feel all alone.” End quote.", "Is there a case for social minimalism?", "Or do we need friendships to satisfy our social needs?", "Psychologist and author Dr. Daniel Marson says that we humans don’t need to have friends.", "He acknowledges the vital importance of inter-individual communication for human development.", "But he also states that, because of this importance, we overemphasize the quality and intensity of social relationships.", "I quote: We need to interact with each other but it is not necessary that these relationships reach anything more than a basic level of connectedness.", "It is nice to have strong social relationships but it is not necessary for our survival or even our happiness.", "Simply put, it is not necessary for humans to have friends.", "End quote.", "Marson explains that many people struggle with making and keeping friends and often think very negatively of themselves because of that.", "So, it’s not just the absence of friendship that’s the problem, but the notion that there’s something wrong with that.", "According to Marson, a lack of friends is not wrong.", "Not having friends doesn’t automatically mean that we’re socially isolated and lonely, as there’s a gap between “social isolation” and “having friendships.” And we can gain the same benefits of friendships simply by the possibility to interact with people.", "So Marson’s ideas tell us that a minimalist approach to friendships would be sufficient to satisfy our social needs.", "We deem friendship important.", "But according to a study of about four thousand adults, having our basic needs met and feeling competent in what we do is more important.", "If we compare these outcomes to Epicurus’ hierarchy of needs, we can conclude that satisfying our basic needs, our natural and necessary desires, is the cornerstone of our well-being.", "But, as opposed to what Epicurus believed, friendships may not be so essential.", "However, social interaction remains an important, beneficial part of human life.", "We might want to emphasize the importance of social interactions, especially in times when these are forcefully minimized.", "Also, in our increasingly individualistic cultures, many people lack social interaction, even when they have friends.", "Being without friends, in the traditional sense, doesn’t seem so problematic.", "And when we consider the costs and downsides of having friends, it might even be preferable at times.", "But minimizing social interaction to the extreme probably isn’t a good idea for most of us.", "We naturally crave connection with people.", "It nourishes the spirit.", "Even if it’s just a friendly conversation with the cashier.", "Thank you for watching." ]

[ "Intro", "The decline of friendship", "The cost of friendship", "The misery of bad friends", "Do we need friendship?" ]

[ "Captions are on!", "Click \"CC\"at bottom right to turn off.", "Follow us on Twitter (@AmoebaSisters) and Facebook!", "If you had to think about the most exciting day you ever had in a science classroom, which day would that be?", "Looking back through the years---we have a few.", "The time we participated in an earthworm dissection.", "The time we took apart an owl pellet.", "The osmosis eggs.", "All of the fruit flies in genetic experiments.", "Oh, I could go on, but I will never forget one day in my 9th grade science class.", "My teacher brought in pond water.", "And I put one drop of pond water on a microscope slide and saw the most amazing thing ever...I saw, an amoeba.", "A single celled amoeba on that microscope slide, and I was forever stuck on science from that point on.", "Because I could not believe this little cell was there, alive on this slide, still eating because that’s what amoebas do a lot.", "To imagine that every person is actually made of billions of cells---of course not amoeba cells but animals cells--- billions of animal cells, is fascinating.", "In fact, it really makes you reflect on some of the incredible statements of the modern cell theory.", "The modern cell theory includes the following: 1st that the cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms.", "2nd that all living things are made of cells.", "One or more cells.", "The amoeba I observed was a single-celled organism, so unicellular.", "Humans are made of many cells, so multicellular.", "And 3rd, all cells come from other, pre-existing cells.", "Cells have their own little world inside them.", "They carry genetic information!", "They can divide!", "Many have functions and processes that their organelles, structures inside them, can take care of.", "On our planet, we can divide cells into two major groups.", "As a cell, you’re either a prokaryote or an eukaryote.", "Bacteria and Arachae are prokaryotes.", "Everything else---plants, animals, fungi, protists----are eukaryotes.", "Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have genetic material.", "Both have cytoplasm.", "Both have ribosomes, which are small organelles that make proteins.", "Both have cell membranes which control what goes in and out of the cell.", "But what makes them different is a big deal.", "Prokaryote---pro rhymes with no---they have no nucleus which holds the genetic material and controls the cell’s activities.", "Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles.", "Membrane bound organelles are fancy organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria and golgi apparatus.", "Eukaryotes---eu rhymes with do----they do have membrane bound organelles.", "So now you may be wondering what do the organelles do---what are their functions?", "Well you know our style---we love our science with a side of comics.", "So we want to take you on a tour of the ride of your life---into the inside of a cell!", "To start our trip, we’re first going to have to get through this cell membrane, also called a plasma membrane.", "It’s selectively permeable which means that it only lets certain select materials in and out.", "By doing so, it keeps things in the cell stable---also known as keeping homeostasis.", "We have an entire video on just the membrane itself---which is found in all cells, but for now, we’re just going to have to squeeze through this protein in the membrane.", "Inside the cell, we find ourselves in this jelly like material called cytoplasm.", "It surrounds all of these internal cell structures, and you’ll find it inside both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.", "Now organelles that are just floating around in the cytoplasm can have more support than you might think.", "Cells contain a cytoskeleton which is a collection of fibers that will provide support for the cell and its organelles.", "The cytoskeleton can even play a major role in movement.", "The cytoskeleton actually deserves its own video though because it is very complex---and its organization varies depending on what kind of cell you’re looking at.", "Moving through this cytoplasm, let’s start with ribosomes.", "They are NOT membrane bound organelles and they are going to be in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.", "And they make protein.", "Which is really important because that’s what so much of genetic material---DNA codes for---protein.", "Ribosomes can be free in the cytoplasm.", "They can be attached to another organelle too, which we’ll talk about a bit later.", "We are now going to focus on eukaryote organelles, which means, organelles that will be membrane bound.", "So this takes our travel to the big boss, the nucleus.", "In eukaryotes, it holds the genetic material.", "Genetic material as in DNA for example.", "All cells have DNA but if you’re an eukaryote, you have a nucleus to put it in.", "The nucleus controls the cell activities.", "Inside it, it has a nucleolus, which is where ribosomes can be produced.", "Attached to the membrane of the nucleus, or nuclear membrane, you can find the endoplasmic reticulum.", "ER for short.", "It does a lot of processing of molecules for the cell---like protein folding----and it also is highly involved in actually transporting those molecules around.", "Like a highway!", "There is rough ER which has ribosomes attached to it, making it---as you can imagine---rough.", "And them smooth ER which doesn’t have the ribosomes.", "Rough ER specifically tends to be involved with protein producing and transporting, because remember that ribosomes make protein.", "Molecules that leave the ER can be sent away in vesicles that actually pinch off of the ER themselves.", "Smooth ER has many additional roles including detoxification, which is one reason why your liver cells tend to have a lot of smooth ER.", "Another additional role of smooth ER is that it can make some types of lipids.", "Next the Golgi apparatus.", "It’s the ultimate packaging center.", "It can receive items from the transport vesicles that pinched off of the ER.", "It has enzymes that can modify molecules it may receive and it sorts the materials it receives as well.", "It can determine where to send those molecules---including some that may eventually be sent to the membrane so they can be secreted, which means, items that can sent out of the cell.", "So with all that’s going on in here, you might start to wonder...what’s powering this thing?", "The mighty mitochondria.", "Or mitochondrion, if just talking about 1.", "Like a power plant!", "This thing makes ATP energy in a process called cellular respiration.", "It’s not a type of power plant that you would think of...it runs on glucose, which is a sugar, and needs the presence of oxygen to efficiently make ATP energy.", "Now at this point, we need to mention that eukaryotes are not a one size fits all.", "Animal cells can have differences from plant cells.", "We have a...fork in the road here.", "For example, plant cells not only have mitochondria, but they also can have these awesome organelles called chloroplasts.", "Chloroplasts actually make glucose by using light energy in a process known as photosynthesis.", "They tend to have a green look to them because they have a pigment that captures light energy and reflects green light.", "Both plant and animal cells can have vacuoles---now vacuoles can have a lot of different functions but many types act as storage of materials.", "Plant cells can have one large vacuole called a central vacuole while animal cells can have several smaller vacuoles.", "Remember how we already said that all cells have membranes?", "Plant cells additionally have a cell wall which is a layer that offers additional protection and shape maintenance that animal cells do not.", "Hmm now how to get out of this animal cell we’ve been in?", "Well...we could get out like a protein would.", "So if we were a protein, we would only be made because of instructions from DNA and remember that in Eukaryotes, DNA is found in the nucleus.", "We would be made by a ribosome.", "The ribosomes could be attached to the Rough ER.", "The Rough ER highway would provide a vesicle to send us to the Golgi apparatus where the sorting can take place.", "And...if we’re tagged for being secreted...we’re sent off thru a vesicle from the Golgi to the membrane.", "And...out we go!", "Just keep in mind that in our quick tour, there are still so many more awesome organelles found in different types of eukaryote cells to continue exploring so to the Google for more!", "Well that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters and we remind you to stay curious!" ]

[ "Intro", "Cell Theory", "Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes", "Tour Inside Cell Explaining Organelles and Structures", "Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells", "Pathway of Protein Out of Cell" ]

[ "Looking to wear something that works for the office and then dinner after?", "Want to feel as if you’re wearing something from New York Fashion week?", "Take notes so you’re ready to strut your stuff.", "Here’s the hottest fashion trends for 2022.", "You can look cute and stay warm all winter long thanks to this trend.", "Although they originate back to the 1930s, puffer coats are still in fashion.", "Vox explains the longevity of the puffer coat's reign can be attributed to the, quote, \"relatively slow cycle of outerwear fashion,\" and simply because puffer coats do a good job of doing what a coat is supposed to do: Keep you warm!", "\"Hey, George.", "Can you feel this?\"", "Although puffer coats are nothing novel, there are a ton of jackets with many fun new twists out on the market.", "There are oversized quilted corduroy jackets in light pastel patterns for when you want to feel extra cozy on a chilly day, or you can be bold and try a bright color in a ski puffer jacket style.", "According to L'Officiel, puffer jackets were also a big hit on the runway for the Fall/Winter 2021 season, so like we said, don't worry: They're not going out of style any time soon.", "Who says business attire has to be boring?", "According to Harper's Bazaar, some of the biggest names in fashion, such as Chanel and Prada, designed big blazers for their Spring/Summer 2022 collections.", "There's so many ways to wear these versatile pieces—you can pair your blazer with the traditional option, pants, or you can switch it up and go with shorts, a dress, or even a skirt instead.", "According to Vogue, mini-skirt suits made a big impact on the runways this past September with designers like Christian Dior, Michael Kors, Versace, and so many more debuting adorable matching sets.", "If you want to take the boldness of a blazer a step further, get a suit in a bright color like fashion editor, stylist, and author Caroline Vazzana.", "We hate to be the bearer of bad news, but it's time to toss your skinny jeans.", "That's right: In 2022, it's all about wide-leg trousers and flared pants.", "Not only are they more comfortable, but there are so many fun styles to choose from.", "According to L'Officiel, wide-leg trousers and flared pants originated in the '60s with the introduction of bell-bottom pants, and represented disco culture while simultaneously symbolizing, quote, \"liberation within fashion through the late 1900s.\"", "And you can still spot these pants everywhere today.", "Harry Styles can almost always be seen in high wasted, wide-leg pants at his concerts.", "The Cut's editor-in-chief, Lindsay Peoples Wagner, was spotted in bold colored wide-leg pants throughout New York Fashion Week, and Emma Chamberlain definitely knows the value of a flared yoga pant.", "Trust us, from cozy knit flared pants for a night in, to sleek trousers for a dinner with friends, there's a variation of these pants for every occasion, and you need at least one pair in your closet for 2022.", "We know you've been bored during Zoom meetings in 2021, so what better way to add a little bit of a dramatic flair to your wardrobe in 2022 than with some fringe?", "Brands like Burberry and Balmain got creative with fringe designs when they showcased their Spring/Summer 2022 collections, by creating what Who What Wear describes as \"car wash-esque straps.\"", "There's lots of room for innovation with this trend, so don't be afraid to try something new and add some fringe pieces to your closet.", "L'Officiel explains that your clothes are meant to emphasize natural movement, so what better style to wear as you strut down the street?", "What better way to celebrate the world reopening after two years of Zoom meetings than by wearing bright and bold colors?", "From influencers like Emma Chamberlain and Yolande Macon, to fashion icons like designer Erin Robertson, it seems like everyone is stepping out of the house in bright hues from electric blue to bright red.", "\"I don't understand why you're completely disregarding your signature color.\"", "During her Spring/Summer 2022 fashion show, designer Cynthia Rowley displayed beautiful, flowing gowns in shades of hot pink and red-orange, along with other garments that featured patterns in lemon yellow and pastel pink.", "The entire runway looked like a joyous commemoration of color and light—perfect for the new year.", "In case we haven't convinced you yet, Who What Wear predicts that soft, neutral shades will cycle out of trend in 2022, and be replaced with colors like saffron.", "If you loved past trends like jumpsuits and coveralls, now's the time to elevate your look and add a catsuit to your closet for 2022.", "According to The Trend Spotter, you can dress up a sleek catsuit with heels, think Taylor Swift's recent \"Saturday Night Live\" performance fit, or dress it down with a t-shirt and sneakers.", "Vogue tells us that celebrities aren't the only ones catching on to this trend, and noted that this chic look already accounted for some of the most popular street style moments during New York Fashion Week in September 2021.", "And the best part about this trend?", "Since catsuits are such a statement piece, they require minimal styling, and are the perfect option if you're feeling a little lazy.", "That being said, get ahead of the rest of the world and rock a catsuit on your next date night, trip to the grocery store, or anything in between.", "Start planning your spring and summer wardrobe by picking out some pieces with cutouts.", "While the first thing that comes to mind when you think of this trend might be Maddy Perez's iconic cutout pants from the HBO show \"Euphoria,\" InStyle emphasizes that cutouts are here for the long run, and they'll be even more daring and sexy than ever before in 2022.", "If you're stuck on how to style a piece with cutouts, The Trend Spotter suggests pairing pieces like an asymmetrical cutout shirt with leather pants or a skirt.", "For a night out, you can put together contrasting pieces like a skin-tight dress with cutout details and an oversized jacket.", "StyleCaster notes that while mini, quote, \"LBDs” were a hit in 2021, 2022 will swap the little in little black dress for long.", "So, what does all this mean?", "Get ready to see lots of body-con black maxi dresses featuring cutouts all the way down to the floor in the coming months.", "\"So, this is my bra.\"", "If you want to try something new in 2022, show a little skin and wear your favorite bra as a crop top.", "According to Vogue, we can attribute this micro-trend to the world's new, quote, \"post-pandemic tastes for subtle sultriness.\"", "That being said, if you're going for a more modest look, your bra top can also be paired with contrasting menswear pieces for those who are hesitant to dive head-first into this bold trend.", "Whether you wear an actual bra or something a little more subtle, like a tiny knit or crochet top, you can pair it with pieces like a bulky blazer or high wasted pants to add some extra fabric to your look.", "Marie Claire reported that bras worn as shirts were all over the runways at Spring/Summer 2022 collections such as Fendi and Jonathan Simkhai.", "So once the weather warms up, you'll likely be seeing a lot of this trend in streetwear.", "Let's be honest, you've been dying to buy a beret ever since you watched \"Emily in Paris.\"", "According to Refinery 29, data from the fashion shopping app Lyst showed a \"100% increase in search for red berets\" after Season 1 premiered in 2020, and the trend hasn't stopped gaining popularity.", "Dating back to French culture in the 1800s, we think it's safe to say berets are timeless.", "Even if you're not in Paris, you can still transition these adorable accessories from winter to spring and look super chic doing so.", "Believe it or not, there's a lot of different styles of berets to consider, from wool flat caps to leather berets, and even plaid versions of the iconic hat.", "It's time to take a hint from Harry Styles and purchase some pearl beads to take your fits in 2022 to the next level.", "A pearl necklace or a set of earrings can add a level of sophistication to any casual outfit, but don't be fooled: These aren't your grandma's pearls.", "Luckily, there have been a few quirky twists to the seemingly traditional accessory in recent years.", "According to L'Officiel, the first brand to have an edgy take on pearls was Vivienne Westwood in the late '80s with her pearl choker design, and since then we've seen fun additions such as colorful beads, layered necklaces, and chunky gold accents.", "Forget what you've been told: You can look just as good in knitwear as your grandparents can.", "This trend has taken an unexpected turn as designers like Jil Sander, and Missoni have created formal knitwear pieces that you can wear on your next night out.", "While knit clothing has previously been associated with a more \"relaxed feel,\" Vogue explains that designers have revolutionized the way that we see the material by designing \"sharp silhouettes\" for the next season of knitwear.", "That being said, we all love feeling cozy, and there's still plenty of comfortable knitwear options on the market for winter in 2022.", "So, why not pick up an adorable knitwear set for your next movie night, night in, or even a Zoom call?", "Blair, Serena, and the girls at Constance Billard aren't the only ones who can rock a pleated or plaid skirt.", "According to Marie Claire, you can pair a plaid mini-skirt with any turtleneck or blazer to create a classic, timeless look.", "Once the weather gets cooler and you need a little more coverage, you can pick out a midi-length pleated skirt for the same effect.", "The best thing about these trends?", "You can transition them throughout every season.", "While plaid skirts will allow you to romanticize fall and its preppy aesthetic to the fullest, pleated skirts add some movement to your look and can be paired with heels, loafers, and almost any kind of outerwear you can dream of, any time of year.", "While you may think that all things sparkly are reserved for the holidays, 2022 will revolve around bold trends and colors, so why not give sequins a try?", "According to L'Officiel, the Spring/Summer 2022 runways were all about \"brilliant sequins, sequined applications, sparkling crystals, and on-trend chains,\" from Versace to Valentino.", "While you may be hesitant to step out of the house to do grocery shopping in a full-out sequin ensemble, StyleCaster recommends adding touches of sparkle to your everyday look.", "Try pairing neutral pieces with a sequin top or skirt, or start off slow with some shimmery accessories, like earrings or a purse.", "If you're still feeling unsure about this trend, take some inspiration from influencers like Kit Keenan, who's never afraid to rock a sparkly mini dress, or take notes from Lizzo, who turned heads in a sheer, shimmery, floor-length maxi dress.", "If you're looking for a comfortable walking shoe that's also trendy, invest in a good pair of loafers in 2022.", "Although they've been popular for a while, brands keep coming up with ways to elevate and evolve the seemingly basic shoe with embellished details, bold colors, and chunky platforms.", "\"Momma always said there's an awful lot you can tell 'bout person by their shoes.\"", "According to L'Officiel, loafers originated in Norway in the 1930s and made their way to the United States in the '50s, primarily worn by students and young men.", "Now these smart and practical shoes aren't just worn by college students sprinting to class.", "Influencers and fashionistas like Margot Lee seem to be just as obsessed with the trend.", "StyleCaster notes that after a few years of slippers and Zoom meetings, the world isn't ready to go back to uncomfortable footwear like heels and boots anyway — and we're not complaining.", "The micro-mini skirt trend is straight out of Y2K — and we could not be more obsessed.", "According to Vogue, this trend was popular in the '60s and '70s as it represented, quote, \"a shift in societal dynamics,\" and then made a major comeback nearly two decades ago in the early 2000s.", "And once again, the micro-mini is back in fashion.", "W Magazine reported that Miu Miu, and Moschino and other big names in fashion turned heads on the runway with these tiny skirts.", "You can pair micro-mini skirts with contrasting pieces like knee-length boots and oversized jackets, or you can fully embrace the micro-mini and pair your skirt with a crop top and strappy sandals.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about fashion are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Puffer coats", "Oversized blazer or suit", "Wide-leg and flared pants", "Fringe", "Bold and bright colors", "Catsuits instead of coveralls", "Classy cutouts", "Bras as shirts", "Wear a beret", "Pearl accessory", "Knitwear", "Pleated and plaid skirts", "Sequins add sparkle", "Loafers", "Micro-mini skirts" ]

[ "Sometimes, we will get situations where we need to calculate the angle between 2 forces, or 2 sides on an object in 3D space.", "In that case, using the dot product can be really helpful.", "So if we have 2 vectors with an angle, we can write the dot product like this.", "If you’re trying to find the angle, we can write the equation like this to calculate the angle between the 2 sides.", "In another situation, we might need to find the components of a vector that is parallel and perpendicular to a line.", "The parallel component is sometimes shown like this, or like this, and its referred to as the projection of a force.", "To find it, all we do is take the dot product between the force expressed in cartesian form and the unit vector of the axis, or side where the projection is supposed to be.", "If we need to find the perpendicular component, then we can use this equation to do it, which is just the Pythagorean theorem.", "Here, A is the magnitude of the force, this is the parallel component and this is the perpendicular component.", "This will become much clearer with examples, but to do so, you should be able to express forces in cartesian form, and be able to write position vectors along with unit vectors.", "In the previous video, I go through this step by step, so if you need a refresh, or you forgot, please check the description.", "Now let’s move on to some examples, and see how we can find angles, projections and more.", "Let’s take a look at this question where all we need to do is figure out the angle between the sides of the triangular plate.", "We are going to do it using the dot product.", "So let’s write down the equation to figure out an angle.", "So first, we need 2 position vectors, for the 2 sides of the triangle.", "One from A to B and one from A to C. Let’s write down the locations of points A, B and C (pause after each letter).", "Now we can write our first position vector.", "Let’s simplify.", "Next, a position vector from A to C. Now, we need to find the magnitude of these position vectors.", "Pause 2 seconds.", "Next, we will take the dot product between the 2 position vectors.", "So all we’re doing is multiplying I components by I components, j components by j components and k components by k components.", "The result is a scalar value.", "Now all that is left is to plug everything into our equation.", "Solving gives us our answer.", "Let’s take a look at this question involving projections.", "We need to figure out the magnitudes of the projected components of the force along cables AB and AC.", "When we have questions asking for projections, we need to find unit vectors.", "So in this problem, we need a unit vector for cable AB and cable AC.", "So let’s start by writing down the locations of each point.", "So we have points A, B and C. Next, we need position vectors from A to B and A to C. Now we can find the magnitude.", "Okay, so finally, we can divide each component in our position vector by the magnitude, and we get our unit vectors.", "We are now ready to do the dot product.", "First, the projection of force F onto cable AB.", "For that, all we do is take the dot product between force F and the unit vector AB.", "Remember, force F has to be expressed in cartesian form, and since the question already gives it in cartesian form, we can just take the dot product.", "Since we are asked for the magnitude, remember, it’ll be positive.", "The negative sign means that our components points in the opposite direction to the unit vector.", "Next, the projection of force F onto cable AC.", "Those are our answers.", "Let’s take a look at this problem where we need to find the projected component of the 600 N force along rod AC.", "Unlike the previous question, our force isn’t given in cartesian form, so we need to express it as such.", "After that, we need a unit vector for rod AC.", "So do to all this, we first need to write down the locations of all the points of interest.", "First, point A.", "Next, we need to figure out point B.", "The question says point B is at the midpoint of rod AC.", "So the x component would be 1.5m in the negative x direction, the y component would be 2m and the zed component would also be 2m.", "We are just dividing the distances by 2.", "Next, we have points C and D. To express the 600 N force in cartesian form, we need a position vector from B to D. Now we need the magnitude of this vector.", "Next step is to divide each component in our position vector by the magnitude, which gives us our unit vector.", "Lastly, we just multiply the magnitude of the force by the unit vector, and that is our force expressed in cartesian form.", "Now we need a unit vector for rod AC.", "The process is pretty much the same.", "First, a position vector from A to C. Now the magnitude.", "And lastly, the unit vector.", "Let’s write it in decimal form.", "Now all that’s left is to take the dot product between the force and the unit vector.", "Solving this gives us the component of the force that is along rod AC.", "Now we need the perpendicular component.", "For that, we use this equation.", "So F is the magnitude of our Force, so it’s 600 N. The parallel component is what we just found, so now, we can solve for the perpendicular component.", "Those are our answers.", "That should cover the types of problems you will face when it comes to dot products and forces.", "Thanks for watching and best of luck with your studies!" ]

[ "Intro", "Determine the angle θ between the sides of the triangular plate.", "Determine the magnitudes of the projected components of the force", "Determine the components of F that act along rod AC" ]

[ "hello everyone i am Chaya and i am a Program Manager from the Azure Backup team in this video, i shall be describing the right procedure to delete a recovery services vault using the portal as well as powershell scripts.", "Recovery services vault deletion is a multi-step process and any vault containing registered servers, storage accounts, private endpoints, backup items either in soft delete state or otherwise, Azure Site Recovery items etc, cannot be deleted.", "Hence this video should help you understand the correct procedure to clean up the vault successfully.", "So let's get started.", "First, let's go to the overview blade of the vault which we wish to delete and click on delete.", "We have made changes to the portal to better illustrate the right order in which the steps for vault deletion need to be completed.", "Here you can choose to either delete manually on the portal or through powershell script.", "The powershell process requires minimal effort for vault deletion as it recursively deletes all items by itself.", "This method can be used if you don't wish to review each of the backup items individually and are sure about deleting all the contents of the vault.", "To start off let's first take a look at the manual procedure of vault deletion via portal.", "The screen here illustrates all the steps in the recommended order with each of the links such as 'go to settings' and 'go to backup items' leading to the respective portal page where we need to perform the deletion steps.", "The information bubbles describe the importance of each step along with the link to the documentation.", "And the view procedure steps describe the steps we need to perform after launching the respective pages associated with each step.", "As the first step, if your vault is enabled for multi-user authorization, you will need to seek permissions from the security admin to perform critical operations such as disabling soft delete and backup item deletion.", "In this demo vault, multi-user authorization is enabled.", "So let us try to disable soft delete when MUA is on.", "As you can see we get an error and the operation gets blocked.", "The error says that we do not have the required permissions on the associated resource guard.", "There are two ways of seeking the necessary permissions.", "We can either make use of Azure AD privileged identity management and seek permissions to this or alternately, we can also contact the security admin offline and request for contributor access on the resource guard for a short period of time.", "Now i have taken the required permissions from the security admin offline and have obtained contributor access on the resource guard.", "Let us try to disable soft delete again.", "As you can see i can now disable soft delete without any error.", "Disabling soft delete is a mandatory step as deleting backup items when soft delete is on will keep the items in soft deleted state for 14 days and this will block vault deletion.", "Next let us check if the security features is enabled and disable the same if it is so.", "As we can see, security features is enabled.", "So let us disable the same as that is also a mandatory step in order to remove hybrid servers.", "Next let's stop backup for cloud protected items and delete the same.", "Let's go to backup items.", "If you have existing items in soft deleted state, such items will be indicated in red like the backup item shown here.", "In order to remove this you'll first have to select the backup item and undelete the backup item.", "This is necessary to perform because as the soft delete state is now disabled, upon deleting this backup item again it will no longer go to the soft deleted state.", "As you can see the backup item will no longer be in soft deleted state.", "So we can go ahead and stop backup and delete the backup item without having to worry about it going back into soft-deleted state.", "As MUA is enabled it will ask for a directory to validate the operation.", "Next let us perform the same procedure for azure files.", "Stop backup and delete backup data.", "The same procedure applies for each item of SQL server in azure VM, sap hana in azure vm and azure virtual machine.", "When it comes to hybrid servers like Azure Backup Server, Azure backup agent and DPM we cannot delete the backup items through azure portal.", "But all we can do through the portal is to review the backup items.", "So let us do the same.", "As you can see by following this procedure most of the backup items have been removed.", "Only the backup items of the hybrid servers remain.", "These backup items can be removed by simply unregistering the hybrid servers in the backup infrastructure blade.", "Unregistering the server will automatically delete the backup items as well.", "So for this we first need to visit backup management servers here we select the respective Azure backup server and delete the same as you can see the one backup item which is associated with the server will be automatically deleted upon unregistering it.", "Similarly we will be navigating to protected servers in order to unregister any Workload in Azure VM servers as we had a SQL Server in Azure VM there will be an associated server for this database.", "We will just right click and unregister the same.", "We also have an Azure backup agent which will be deleted in the same manner as Azure backup server.", "As you can see, the backup item associated with it will also be deleted.", "Next we should check if there are any Storage Accounts associated with the vault.", "As we can see we do have a Storage Account associated with it.", "This can be removed by simply right clicking here and unregistering.", "This should complete Backup Infrastructure.", "For a complete cleanup we also recommend you to visit the respective Azure backup agent, Azure backup server and DPM consoles and stop protection explicitly.", "Although this step is not mandatory for vault deletion it is strongly recommended for a clean up.", "Next we can move on to steps four and five.", "Steps 4 and 5 are only applicable if you have Azure Site Recovery items present in the vault.", "Else you can directly skip to step 6 which is removal of private endpoint connections.", "But in this vault we do have a replicated item.", "So let's go to replicated items and disable replication for each of the items.", "We just select the ellipsis and disable replication.", "As the replication gets disabled we will next visit the documentation which will highlight the steps required to remove replication for your specific disaster recovery configuration Finally any private endpoints associated with the vault will need to be removed before vault deletion this can be done by visiting private endpoints and selecting each PE and removing them.", "As you can see the private endpoint has been deleted.", "Now confirm and go ahead and delete the vault.", "As you can see the vault has been deleted and this concludes the procedure to delete a vault manually through the Azure portal.", "Now coming to deletion using PowerShell scripts.", "This method can be used if you don't need to review each of the backup items individually and are sure about deleting all the contents of the vault.", "Even for deletion via powershell script, it's mandatory to seek permission via multi-user authorization before running the powershell script as the script performs critical operations such as disabling soft delete and backup item deletion.", "In this demo vault multi-user authorization is not enabled, so i will be skipping step number two.", "Before running the script, ensure that you have at least powershell 7 and the recent or the latest version of Az module.", "In order to ensure the same you can visit our documentation and run the prescribed commands in order to get the latest Az module and at least PowerShell 7.", "After you ensure this click on generate and download script.", "This should download the script and you can ignore the browser warning.", "The downloaded script would have already compiled the name of the vault, resource group name, subscription name and subscription id of the vault which we wish to delete.", "In order to run the downloaded script all you need to do is open the powershell console as administrator change to the directory which contains the downloaded script and then run the script which has been downloaded.", "Allow the script to run, provide authentication, after which the script should start running.", "This script will disable soft delete disable security features which all the backup items, servers, and storage accounts as well as the Azure Site Recovery items and private endpoints associated with the vault and delete the same.", "This script may take a few minutes to run and delete the vault based on the vault size.", "As you can see, the script has removed each of the backup items.", "Do grant the required permissions if prompted.", "Towards the end of the script if the vault deletion has failed, you can check which of the backup items were left in the vault and try to delete the same manually.", "Also make sure that to check and address any warnings.", "Here the vault has been deleted successfully.", "If you try to access this vault through the portal, the vault will be deleted and it will no longer exist.", "This concludes the complete procedure for vault deletion.", "Thanks for watching." ]

[ "Introduction", "Deletion using Portal", "Deletion using Powershell Script" ]

[ "Lisa Marie Presley's famous father passed away when she was 9-years-old, so her memories of him are few.", "Sadly, Elvis' death wouldn't be the last time she faced tragedy.", "Keep watching to learn the tragic truth of Lisa Marie Presley.", "Lisa Marie Presley was born on February 1, 1968, exactly nine months to the day after her parents got married.", "The morning of her birth was certainly nontraditional.", "Classic Country reveals that even though her mother's water broke early that day, Priscilla Presley still had her hair and makeup done before her daughter's arrival, and Elvis Presley took his time getting out of bed.", "Lisa Marie spent her early years at her father's home, Graceland, in Memphis, Tennessee.", "However, her parents divorced when Lisa Marie was 4-years-old, which meant the young girl had to deal with a lot of change and upheaval.", "After Priscilla left Graceland in 1972, the pair finalized their split in 1973.", "Lisa Marie began traveling back and forth between her dad's home in Memphis and her mother's home in Los Angeles.", "Lisa Marie later explained that life at her dad's was pretty fantastic, especially for a young child.", "As she told Express, they shared some unusual habits, but they had a blast.", "Lisa Marie said, \"[We would] go to bed at four or five a.m. and get up at two or three the next afternoon.", "It was always a lot of fun.", "There is not one bad memory.\"", "Everything Lisa Marie Presley knew to be true came tumbling down around her on August 16, 1977, when her father, Elvis Presley, died at the age of 42.", "Elvis was discovered unconscious by his girlfriend, Ginger Alden, in his bathroom.", "His death was officially due to cardiac arrest, likely exacerbated by chronic constipation and his ongoing and persistent drug use, per Town & Country.", "Lisa Marie later said that the last time she saw her dad alive was around 4 in the morning on the day of his death.", "She said her father found her still awake, told her she should be asleep, and tucked her back into bed.", "Lisa Marie added that her bedroom was next to the bathroom where her father was found, and she knew from the attention being paid to the room that something horrible had happened.", "Lisa Marie worried about her father's health even as a young child, pleading with him not to die more than once.", "Per Express, she revealed he had collapsed before, and she was the one to help him recover.", "Lisa Marie told the outlet: \"It was just starting to become too common.", "He was not too happy.", "He was in such an ivory tower and so untouchable and so alienated.\"", "Because her parents divorced when she was only 4 years old, it's probably not too surprising that Lisa Marie Presley has admitted she doesn't have a ton of memories of Elvis Presley and Priscilla Presley together.", "In fact, when asked to recall a moment that included both of her parents, Lisa Marie told HuffPost the best she could do would be to share memories of them separately, explaining, \"I don't recall a lot of them together.", "[...] I was with them mostly separately.\"", "Lisa Marie added that when it came to life with her father, her most vivid memories are of how their bedrooms were on the same floor at Graceland, which gave them a lot of opportunities to spend time together.", "Of course, that sometimes happened at odd hours, as Elvis stayed up late into the night and didn't mind if Lisa Marie did, too.", "\"I'm upstairs.", "The upper part of Graceland is basically his room and my room so we spent a lot of time together up there.\"", "Lisa Marie Presley got married for the first time in 1988 to musician Danny Keough at West Hollywood's Celebrity Center International of the Church of Scientology.", "As shared by People, the wedding was attended by only nine people, including Lisa Marie's mother and grandparents, along with her mother's sister and three friends of the family.", "At the time, Lisa Marie was already pregnant with her first child, a daughter that she and Danny would name Riley.", "The details of the day were held tight to the chest, and Priscilla Presley's publicist released a terse statement summing up the day's events.", "The statement read, \"Lisa, 20, married musician Daniel Keough, 23, her boyfriend for the past three years.", "Priscilla said, 'I am thrilled for Lisa Marie.", "Danny is a great guy, and I couldn't be happier for the two of them.'\"", "Per the Associated Press, the pair welcomed their son, Benjamin, in October 1992.", "They ultimately divorced in 1994 after six years of marriage.", "Riley later revealed that, while life with her mother was privileged, life with her father was quite different.", "She told The Guardian, \"My father had mattresses on the floor of his apartments.", "He lived in cabins and trailer parks.\"", "However, Riley was quick to point out that life with her dad was pretty great despite his lifestyle.", "Lisa Marie Presley first met her second husband, the late pop music superstar Michael Jackson, in 1970 at an industry event.", "However, decades would pass before the two would reunite.", "When that happened, Presley was still married to her first husband, Danny Keough, and she and Jackson became phone friends.", "The two grew close as Jackson weathered allegations of sexual abuse.", "\"These statements about me are totally false.\"", "Jackson and Presley made things official the following year.", "In fact, the two made things incredibly official.", "As related by Us Weekly, they were married only 20 days after Presley's divorce from Keough was finalized in May 1994.", "Presley shared the news of their wedding in a statement, also revealing they had wed outside of the U.S. and that she would be working under the name \"Mrs. Lisa Marie Presley-Jackson.\"", "Though the two weren't married for long, their relationship was scrutinized constantly.", "Presley once explained to ABC Primetime Live that the insinuations regarding their marriage were hurtful, saying, \"How can you fake this 24 hours a day — sleeping with somebody, waking up with somebody?", "I'm not going to marry somebody for any reason other than the fact that I fall in love with them.\"", "Unfortunately, Lisa Marie Presley's marriage to Michael Jackson ended quite soon after it began.", "Presley filed for divorce from Jackson in December 1995, only 18 months after their May 1994 wedding.", "Presley later defended her decision to leave Jackson because she felt she was unable to help him — or he was unwilling to let her.", "She told Express that her ex-husband's behavior made the decision necessary, explaining, \"The hardest decision I have ever had to make, which was to walk away and let his fate have him, even though I desperately loved him and tried to stop or reverse it somehow.\"", "Presley added that Jackson desperately wanted to have children with her, but she was still reeling from having left her first marriage and breaking up the only family that her children had known.", "Jackson pushed hard, telling Presley that his friend Debbie Rowe had already agreed to have his children if she would not.", "Despite their rocky reality, Presley later shared that she and Jackson contemplated getting back together before he died in 2009.", "In 2010, Presley told Oprah Winfrey they had an on-again, off-again relationship, saying, \"We still spent four more years after we divorced [...] getting back together and breaking up.\"", "After divorcing Michael Jackson, Lisa Marie Presley moved on to date actor Nicolas Cage.", "As reported by People, the two were introduced at a party in 2000 and got married in August 2002, though they quickly filed for divorce only three months later.", "Bizarrely, the divorce took quite some time to settle and wasn't finalized until May 2004.", "Cage later discussed their brief marriage and on-again, off-again relationship with Barbara Walters, explaining that, while their union made sense, as they both hailed from famous families, their personalities weren't compatible for long-term love.", "He revealed that both he and Presley were a bit fiery, noting, \"Oftentimes when you have two people who are very strong and their own personalities, and rather intense, sometimes you can have a hard time meshing.\"", "Though it took some time, it seems that the marriage between Presley and Cage resolved without much drama.", "Ultimately, neither was required to pay spousal support, and each retained the assets they brought into the marriage.", "A few years after her marriage to Nicolas Cage ended, Lisa Marie Presley found herself getting married for the fourth time.", "This time, she married fellow musician Michael Lockwood, a guitarist in her band.", "Per The Hollywood Reporter, the pair welcomed twin daughters, Finley and Harper, in 2008.", "However, it seems like things with Lockwood took a turn for the worse not long after.", "Presley filed for divorce from Lockwood in 2016, an act that kicked off a fierce custody battle over their twins.", "In 2017 Los Angeles detectives raided Lockwood's home and seized computers after Presley notified authorities, claiming that the machines contained inappropriate photos and videos.", "Their daughters temporarily ended up in the custody of California's Department of Children and Family Services before Presley's mother stepped in.", "Presley's divorce from Lockwood was finalized in May 2021.", "These days, the two share joint legal custody of their daughters, with Presley retaining physical custody.", "In August 2018, Lisa Marie Presley opened up about something that had caused a lot of pain in her life and which had echoes of her father's death written all over it.", "She began struggling with drug addiction at the age of 45.", "While speaking to Jenna Bush Hager for Today, Presley aired all of her dirty laundry.", "For starters, her addiction began much later in life than a lot of people experience.", "She said, \"I was not happy.", "And by the way, the struggle in addiction, for me, started at 45 years old.", "It wasn't like it was happening all my life.\"", "Happily, by the time Presley spoke about her bout with addiction, she had already recovered.", "Presley shared how her therapist called her a \"miracle\" and noted that she shouldn't be alive after overcoming everything she's experienced.", "According to People, Presley also penned the forward of the book The United States of Opioids: A Prescription for Liberating a Nation in Pain, detailing her battle with painkillers.", "She says she was prescribed the drugs following the 2008 birth of her twin daughters but that: \"[I]t only took a short-term prescription of opioids in the hospital for me to feel the need to keep taking them.\"", "Drug addiction and divorce aren't the only hardships Lisa Marie Presley has faced.", "In 2018, she shared that she was over $16 million in debt, a number that feels nearly impossible for the person who inherited Elvis Presley's estate.", "As Lisa Marie's current business manager, Justin Stiegemeyer, told People, the bulk of the debt was racked up while her former team at Provident Financial Management managed her finances.", "He explained that the singer had not been informed of the status of her accounts and that, by the end of 2010, Lisa Marie was left with liquid assets worth only $20,000.", "Per Pop Culture, Lisa Marie sued Provident Financial Management for $100 million, alleging the company squandered the money she received from her father and his estate.", "She also alleged that her former financial advisor failed to accurately relay to her just how much she really had in the bank.", "Pop Culture also reveals that, of the $16 million, $10 million is due to unpaid taxes for the years 2012 to 2015 and that approximately $6 million is related to a home she owns in the U.K.", "In 2020, Lisa Marie Presley was faced with unfathomable tragedy again when her son, Benjamin Keough, died by suicide at the age of 27.", "Benjamin was found dead at his home in Calabasas, California.", "Benjamin was Lisa Marie's second-born child with ex-husband Danny Keough.", "A year after his death, Lisa Marie noted Benjamin's 28th birthday on Instagram, revealing she didn't anticipate ever recovering from losing him.", "She wrote, \"I worshiped the ground you walked on, on this earth and now in Heaven.", "My heart and soul went with you.", "The depth of the pain is suffocating and bottomless without you every moment of every day.\"", "At one point, Benjamin was planning to follow in the footsteps of his grandfather and mother when he was signed to a record label in 2009.", "Lisa Marie also previously revealed that both Benjamin and his older sister, Riley Keough, were supportive of her own music career, telling HuffPost that her son \"loves\" being out on the road with her when he could.", "If you or anyone you know is having suicidal thoughts, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline​ at​ 1-800-273-TALK (8255)​." ]

[ "Parents divorced when she was 4", "Elvis died when she was 9", "Few memories of her parents together", "First marriage ended in divorce", "Marriage to Michael Jackson", "Divorce from Michael Jackson", "Short marriage to Nicolas Cage", "Marriage to Michael Lockwood", "Dealt with drug addiction", "Revealed she was in major debt", "Lost her only son in 2020" ]

[ "All for that one image.", "All for that one cut.", "You are always taking on challenges.", "You long to create something you haven’t yet seen, to make your imagination a reality.", "We believe in your creativity.", "The limitless potential of each and every one of you.", "Our mission is to support that creativity.", "Which is why we continue to innovate to listen to our customers.", "To not only meet their expectations, but to consistently exceed them.", "A devotion to speed, to capturing the fleeting moment.", "To astonishing image quality.", "To projecting images beyond that of the human eye.", "Meeting professional demands and achieving cinematic expression.", "We strive to continue being the challenger.", "Challenging ourselves to support your unceasing creativity.", "Through that creativity, we can see an exciting ‘future’.", "Working together to create images that go beyond imagination.", "Today, let us introduce a step toward the new future.", "THE ONE.", "Unprecedented resolution and speed.", "50MP x 30fps 120 times/sec.", "AF/AE calculation 0 Blackout 240 fps Refresh rate viewfinder 8K Alpha One.", "The Alpha 1 will clear a path for the future of cameras to come.", "This new dimensional model pushes creativity to a new level by condensing Sony’s most advanced technologies all into one.", "50 megapixels and 30 frames per second.", "A combination of high resolution and speed has finally been realised.", "Images of 50 megapixels are captured with the world-first speed of 30 frames per second.", "This is made possible by the use of the newly-developed Exmor RS stacked image sensor and the BIONZ XR, a new generation image processing engine to process high resolution data at high speed.", "This is a full-frame size, stacked, back-illuminated CMOS image sensor with 50.1 million effective pixels, allowing for high-resolution shooting and the ultimate freedom in photography, providing the ability to crop any shots while maintaining beautiful image quality.", "The 50 megapixels high resolution is complemented by 15 stops of dynamic range for smooth gradations from shadows to highlights.", "Even with this sensor’s high pixel count, it delivers high resolution and low noise throughout a wide sensitivity range.", "The combination of high resolution performance and speed, allows creators to capture previously unattainable moments at 30 frames per second with no compromise to resolution.", "Autofocus and auto exposure calculations at up to 120 times per second.", "The autofocus of the Alpha 1 continues to track subjects with incredible accuracy, even when subjects move quickly or in unpredictable directions, and exposure can be automatically adjusted even through sudden changes in brightness.", "Autofocus and auto exposure calculations are performed at a maximum of 120 times per second.", "Whether it be 30 frames per second, or any settings of continuous shooting, calculations are performed at a maximum rate of 120 times per second.", "The Alpha 1 is capable of blackout-free shooting, a function highly regarded in the Alpha 9 series.", "In cases where there is a blackout during continuous shooting, viewing maybe interrupted while framing and tracking.", "The Alpha 1 viewfinder does not black out, allowing you to seamlessly capture the subject during continuous shooting as if you were capturing it with the naked eye.", "To cope with the Alpha 1's performance, the viewfinder is also designed to achieve both high resolution and speed.", "In order to display in high-definition, it features the highest resolution OLED in its class with the largest viewfinder magnification.", "To track fast moving subjects, it features up to a 240 frame per second refresh rate for super-smooth display.", "Also, another new feature has been added to improve display response, and make it easier to follow a subject without display lag when panning at low shutter speeds.", "The Alpha 1’s greatest feature is that you can enjoy all the benefits of future advanced functions at the same time, allowing you to capture moments and express them in any way you please.", "In addition to its resolution and speed, the Alpha 1 has evolved in many ways to provide the best shooting experience, no matter the situation.", "Its non-vibrating electronic shutter allows for silent shooting, which makes it possible to shoot without being noticed, allowing you to take previously impossible shots of things like decisive sports scenes, that would normally have been not allowed due to the sound of the shutter.", "The Anti-distortion shutter has been greatly improved thanks to the high-speed readout of the newly developed image sensor allowing for approximately 1.5 times less image distortion than the Alpha 9 II.", "For the first time ever, flicker-free photography is available with the inclusion of an electronic shutter, as well as mechanical shutters.", "This minimizes the flickering phenomenon that occurs in both fluorescent lights and LEDs, allowing you to shoot indoor with all the benefits of the electronic shutter.", "Flash photography, which used to be possible only with mechanical shutters, can now be done with an electronic shutter as well.", "All the functions unique to the electronic shutter are available regardless of environment.", "Flash photography has also evolved dramatically in mechanical shutters, with its first evolution in flash synchronization shutter speed in the last 40 years.", "The newly developed dual driven shutter provides flash synchronization shutter speed up to 1/400 in full-frame and 1/500 in APS-C.", "It opens the door to new creative possibilities.", "With these breakthroughs in both electronic and mechanical shutters, the Alpha 1 will greatly expand the creative opportunities for photographers, by enabling them to shoot in areas that were previously considered impossible.", "Sony’s acclaimed Auto Focus technology has also dramatically improved in the Alpha 1.", "The focal plane phase-detection autofocus covers nearly the entire area of the sensor and implements a higher density of phase-detection autofocus points than the Alpha 9 series.", "It is capable of tracking subjects with complex movements and at high speeds without missing a beat.", "And, with AI technology evolving day by day, a new genre has been added, and for the first time in the Alpha series, Real-time Eye Autofocus is now available for shooting birds.", "We believe that the Real-time Eye Autofocus, which has been praised for its accuracy in capturing both humans and animals, will provide a new experience for many birders now that it also supports compatibility with birds.", "It achieves a high level of tracking, even under the unique conditions of shooting birds, such as sudden takeoffs and changes in framing during high-speed flight.", "Real-time Eye Autofocus for humans and animals has also evolved in recognition performance with improved AI technology.", "The recognised subject is tracked and focused precisely through calculating 120 times per second, allowing you to focus on framing and composition.", "When used in combination with continuous shooting at 30 frames per second, it ensures you capture the decisive moment accurately.", "Performance of Real-time Tracking has also been improved, allowing for more reliable tracking of moving subjects.", "Autofocus tracking is now possible with F22 in continuous shooting.", "It can be used when taking pictures at a lower shutter speed or when panning.", "Moreover, the wide variety of native E-mount Lenses are guaranteed to adapt to the Alpha 1's best autofocus performances.", "All these autofocus features allow for a worry-free shooting experience, so you can concentrate on composition and creativity.", "The Alpha 1 is not only an evolution in still images, but also of video performance, satisfying the needs of cinematic creators.", "Movie functions are also heading to a whole new level.", "8K30P shooting is now possible for the first time with the Alpha series.", "Oversampling with 8.6K achieves overwhelming resolution performance and enables new video expression.", "It allows creators to capture images with a previously unattainable sense of depth and realism.", "4K shooting allows for video recording with a high frame rate of 120p and up to 5x slow motion for impressive video expression.", "When recording 4K in Super 35 Mode, video recording of 5.8K oversampling can be done for excellent details.", "It can be used in combination with the improved Real-time Eye Autofocus, even when shooting huge amounts of data at 8K.", "The Alpha 1 supports various modes for cinematic expression.", "It is equipped with the S-Cinetone, popular on the Cinema Line FX9 and FX6 which delivers cinematic expression.", "10bit S-Log3 delivers 15+ stops of Dynamic Range and Hybrid Log-Gamma supports BT.2020’s wide colour gamut.", "Creative Look can be used for both stills and videos when immediate delivery is required.", "The Alpha 1 achieves a maximum of 5.5 steps in 5-axis in-body optical image stabilisation.", "When shooting video, Active Mode image stabilisation is activated optically, which allows for handheld, mobile shooting.", "As with the Alpha 7S III, the heat dissipation system is optimized to allow for longer shooting durations: a maximum of 30 minutes when shooting in 4K60p or 8K.", "The Multi-interface Shoe employs a digital audio interface which enables digital audio transmission without a cable while also supplying power.", "16-bit RAW video output is available from the camera via an HDMI Type-A terminal.", "The Alpha 1 is the all-in-one camera that can meet the needs of creators, and is capable of supporting the next generation format 8K and 4K filming.", "In addition to its specs, other features, such as autofocus performance, S-Cinetone, and Creative Look, have been expanded to enrich expression.", "The Alpha 1 pursued reliability and comfort in any environment as well as user-friendliness through intuitive operation and various customisations.", "The Alpha 1 has achieved high reliability with a long-lasting Z battery, improves dust and moisture resistant design, magnesium alloy chassis, a high resistant mechanical shutter, and Dual CF express Type A cards.", "At the same time, the intuitive User Interface, function buttons, and Still / Movie independent settings allow anybody to use the Alpha 1 simply and fully customized too.", "The Alpha 1 provides a new dimension of solutions and experiences in a variety of situations and workflows to better suit each purpose.", "It provides solutions and experiences on a whole new level.", "The Alpha 1 is equipped with 2 built-in antennas that support faster, more stable communication functions, achieving industry-leading transfer rates.", "In addition, it has a SuperSpeed USB and a wired LAN port that supports high-speed communication.", "It has achieved industry-leading performance in both wired and wireless communication.", "FTP transfer, essential in the sports or news shooting scenes where immediate delivery is required, can now be done via wired LAN, wireless LAN, and even via USB tethering to smart devices.", "This allows for high-speed transfer of both still images and videos from anywhere.", "New image formats have been added to make the workflow even faster and more efficient.", "The Alpha 1 supports light JPEG format and in-body cropping for fast data transfers, even in harsh communication environments.", "When it comes to shooting in a studio, tethered shooting with a high-speed USB provides comfortable transfer rates, even in high-resolution shooting.", "High-speed Wi-Fi allows for comfortable tethered shooting, even outdoors, with no cable connection required.", "Another new image format, Lossless Compressed RAW, has been added for flexible and efficient RAW development, keeping high image quality.", "In addition, it also supports 10-bit HEIF formats.", "Additionally, there are various applications to streamline the workflow.", "Alpha will unleash new levels of creativity as a network connected camera.", "Alpha has redefined the speed performance of cameras and is now proceeding to the next phase by embracing the speed of 5G technology with Xperia.", "Delivery of images to an FTP server on the go is made fast and easy via tethered USB between Alpha and Xperia.", "But when it comes to Xperia PRO, even faster delivery can be achieved thanks to the 5G millimetre wave network technology.", "Rapid delivery of images or video files will open up new worlds for the creator's workflow.", "Xperia PRO is uniquely equipped with an HDMI input terminal which allows for high-quality livestreaming with images from the connected camera.", "The device becomes a high-resolution external monitor with 4K HDR OLED display while livestreaming.", "The 5G speeds make livestreaming from the field a reality, connecting creators with audiences instantaneously.", "Together, Alpha and Xperia bring you the future of digital imaging, sharing imaging data and connecting people remotely with reality in real time.", "The Alpha 1 is a model that embodies the challenges of Sony.", "We will continue to challenge ourselves to innovate, to change the way today’s creators can see the world.", "And now, we’d like to share some work from our partner creators.", "Look to the future and the opportunities ahead as shown through the Alpha 1.", "There’s only one thing out there that really matters, and that’s the moment.", "When you see the moment and you capture the moment.", "With photography, I want it to be an extension of my creative mind.", "It is my tool for expression.", "We’ve seen just how much creativity can inspire and empower people.", "I think the images that we take today and tomorrow, they’re going to shape how we are in the future.", "I believe that photography is the most powerful tool invented to witness what is happening in our world.", "For my job I use normally Alpha 9 and Alpha 7R and when I opened the box and saw the camera I said ‘wow what is this?’ the Sony Alpha 1.", "Sony Alpha 1 is the perfect camera.", "You can have a lot of resolution, its 50 megapixels.", "It’s a very fast autofocus and 30 frames per second so this is everything in one.", "You’ve got the greatest high-tech tools in the world, whether you’re shooting video or stills, all in one box.", "When Sony went from HD to 4K, and now slow-motion 4K, and now they’re doing 8K, it just changes the way that you can shoot.", "I’m very excited about the flash sync speed.", "Weddings in particular, there are no do-overs, and those action shots I really need the ability to light them and shoot through them and not miss.", "As sports photographers we rely so heavily on our equipment.", "The speed we can take pictures at, the speed of the focus.", "30 frames per second at this resolution I didn’t think would be possible for a very long time, but here you’ve got it.", "To able to shoot 50 megapixels at 30 frames per second is just absolutely mind-boggling.", "And I feel like it will open up almost new mediums of art because you can do things that haven’t been able to be done with other cameras.", "The processor in this camera is so fast.", "It’s lightning.", "The new menu system is absolutely fantastic – it’s so intuitive.", "The EVF is now much higher resolution.", "This camera, the One, is an improvement on anything we’ve had before.", "You know to make a camera like the Alpha 1 takes hundreds or thousands of geniuses working collectively to make this masterpiece.", "There’s no compromise.", "With this type of technology you can essentially do anything.", "It’s just a beast – I’m so excited to work with it, to get my hands on it.", "This is going to be a game changer for me.", "I can just grab this new camera and know that it’s going to be a hundred times, a thousand times smarter than the previous version of any camera Sony has ever made.", "I am so proud and happy to be one of the first photographers that can use this camera.", "I think that the Sony Alpha 1 is the future.", "It’s something really amazing.", "Basically the Alpha 1 gives me every camera I’ve ever needed – in one.", "Sony will continue to stand beside creators and support them.", "We will continue to innovate, to make your creativity and your imagination into a reality.", "The One Mount concept brings Sony's most advanced imaging technology together via the E-mount platform, seamlessly connecting a versatile range of camera bodies and lenses that offer unlimited creative potential.", "Alpha is moving toward the future.", "Thank you for being with us today." ]

[ "Introduction", "Resolution and speed", "Features that broaden shooting possibilities", "Autofocus performance", "Movie creation", "Reliability and operation", "Professional workflow", "Alpha with Xperia", "First impressions of professional photographers", "Closing" ]

[ "Tired of your Thanksgiving turkey tasting like sawdust and sadness?", "Did the Butterball hotline block your number?", "Are you Googling \"spatchcocking\" in the middle of the night?", "Don't panic.", "This is the right way to roast the big bird.", "\"I am so thankful to have you all here today.” “I am thankful ... that I only burned the turkey a little bit.", "Sorry, gang.\"", "Brining is the secret to creating moist, well-seasoned turkey, but traditional wet brining methods come with some annoying drawbacks.", "For one, to brine a whole turkey you need a very large food-safe container, larger than many people have in their kitchens at home.", "Wrangling an unwieldy bucket or bag filled with saltwater and a whole turkey is an opportunity to make a big mess and splash salmonella juice all over your kitchen.", "Also, all the extra water from the brining process can make the turkey skin paler and less crispy.", "For all these reasons, dry brining is the best, easiest way to make your turkey more delicious before cooking.", "In a dry brine, you take all the basic components of a brining solution like salt, sugar, and spices, and sprinkle them on the skin and inside the cavity of your whole turkey at least a day before Thanksgiving.", "Several days of curing time is even better.", "The salt will penetrate the interior of the meat, seasoning all the way down to the bone if you give it enough time.", "Dry brines can be as basic as just kosher salt, but ingredients like brown sugar, ground spices, herbs, and even MSG can help take your turkey to the next level.", "Unlike richer birds like duck and goose, turkey doesn't have much subcutaneous fat.", "The fat in duck skin melts as the bird roasts, almost frying the skin and making it naturally crispy.", "Turkey skin needs some help to achieve the shatteringly-crisp, golden-brown finish we all want.", "Adding fat to the outside of the turkey will prevent the skin from sogging out and promote even browning.", "The turkey experts at Butterball recommend coating turkey in neutral oil or clarified butter to encourage browning.", "Butterball's \"set it and forget it\" method of brushing the turkey with oil at the beginning of the cooking process asks very little of the cook, but you can achieve even better results if you apply fat throughout the cooking process.", "Like many other proteins, turkey benefits from coming to room temperature before you cook it.", "Although it's not strictly necessary, letting your turkey rest at room temperature for an hour will improve your cooking experience in a couple of ways.", "Firstly, a 70-degree Fahrenheit turkey will cook significantly faster than a fresh-from-the-fridge 34-degree turkey.", "Your bird will also cook more evenly if given a chance to temper before roasting.", "This resting period has the added benefit of allowing moisture to evaporate from the surface of the turkey, drying out the skin.", "Less water equals more browning, so a tempered turkey is going to come out crispier than one that went straight from the fridge to the oven.", "You might be worried that letting raw meat sit out at room temperature is a food safety hazard, but since you're cooking the meat after it tempers, the risk of illness is very low.", "Of course, there's a limit to this logic, and we wouldn't recommend leaving your turkey out at room temperature for more than two hours.", "Although cooking stuffing inside the turkey is a time-honored and delicious tradition, many modern guides to Thanksgiving prep advise cooks to bake the stuffing in a separate tray rather than putting it in the bird.", "Technically, since the dish isn't stuffed inside the bird, it's called dressing when prepared this way.", "The reasons for this shift away from traditional stuffing are twofold.", "First, improperly cooked stuffing can be a safety hazard.", "Stuffing must reach an internal temperature of 165 degrees Fahrenheit to ensure all harmful bacteria are killed.", "You can't make the mistake of only checking the temperature of the turkey, as it may finish cooking before the stuffing has exited the temperature danger zone.", "Second, stuffing slows down the overall cooking process, which could potentially dry out the turkey.", "If you grew up eating stuffing that came from inside a turkey, you know that dressing can never fully replicate traditional stuffing's rich turkey flavor.", "The cooks at \"America's Test Kitchen\" answered some questions on NPR, and while they were generally anti-stuffing, they had a useful tip to mitigate some of the pitfalls of cooking a stuffed bird.", "They recommended microwaving the stuffing until hot (around 130 degrees) so it won't drop the temperature of the bird excessively and cook faster than a turkey filled with cold stuffing.", "The hot stuffing will also take less time to reach 165 degrees, so it will be done at the same time as the turkey.", "One of the trickiest aspects of cooking a whole turkey is that it's composed of two very different types of meat: breast and leg.", "Not only do the breasts cook faster than the dark meat, but they will become totally dry if cooked to the temperature that leg meat needs to reach maximum deliciousness.", "And you don't want that ... \"This turkey dry as a damn bone.\"", "\"WE WANT PIE!\"", "Generations of crafty home cooks have come up with numerous hacks to avoid overcooking the turkey breast.", "Two of the most popular methods are using aluminum foil to cover the breasts once they finish cooking, and starting the turkey breast-side-down in the oven to protect the breast meat.", "If you don't care about taking a picture with the whole bird tableside, you can carve the breasts off when they finish cooking, returning the dark meat to the oven for the rest of its cooking time.", "This will give you juicy white meat every time.", "Some kind of roasting rack is essential for a picture-perfect, evenly browned turkey.", "Although it might seem unnecessary to add this extra piece of equipment when you could just throw a turkey in a pan and cook it in the oven as is, the roasting rack will (quite literally) elevate your turkey game.", "A turkey sitting in the bottom of a roasting pan will begin to stew in its own accumulated juices.", "The moisture will make the bottom of the bird flabby, pale, and sad.", "By raising the turkey safely above the liquid in the pan, a roasting rack allows the hot, dry air in the oven to crisp up every inch of turkey skin.", "If Thanksgiving is the only time you roast a large hunk of meat at home, you can always DIY your own rack.", "A bed of vegetables, for example, can also support the turkey.", "The vegetables have the added benefit of contributing flavor to the turkey drippings you'll use for gravy.", "Give your turkey plenty of time to thaw.", "If your bird is still frozen on the inside when you put it in the oven, you could be setting yourself up for an infectious situation.", "Don't just let your turkey hang out on the counter all day, either.", "The best, safest way to thaw your turkey (which is, unfortunately, also the slowest) is to thaw it in the fridge.", "You need about a day for every four pounds of turkey, which for a big bird could mean more than half a week.", "Your turkey is going to leak a lot of juice as it thaws, so make sure it's sitting in a pan that's large enough to accommodate all the liquid so your fridge doesn't turn into salmonella city.", "If that method seems like a pain, or if you bought a turkey the day before Thanksgiving and don't have a week to prepare, don't lose hope.", "It's also safe to thaw a turkey fully submerged in cold water.", "Just make sure that your container is either sitting under a slow tap or that you change the water frequently.", "This method can thaw a 12-pound turkey in around six hours.", "If you bought your turkey in a blind panic on Thursday morning, you can go straight from freezer to oven.", "This will take about 1.5 times as long and not taste as good as a thawed turkey, but it will save Thanksgiving and won't send anyone to the hospital..", "The classic way to cook a turkey is to roast it slowly at a relatively low temperature, around 325 degrees Fahrenheit.", "This procedure can produce a fine bird, but can tend to dry out the meat slightly because the turkey spends more time in the oven than with higher-heat methods.", "You can guard against this by basting with some kind of fat every 20 minutes or so, although that detracts from the simple appeal of this strategy.", "The more professional, and faster, way to cook a turkey is to start it in a searing-hot oven for the first bit of cooking time and then lower the temperature to cook the meat all the way through.", "There's also the double-drop method, in which you preheat the oven to 475 degrees, go down to 425 degrees when you insert the turkey, then reduce to 350 degrees once the skin has seared.", "Not only does this technique take less time than the low-and-slow method, but it also gives you crispier skin and juicier meat.", "If you're like us, you don't often buy large cuts of bone-in meat to feed a crowd, so it can be hard to figure out what size of turkey you need to purchase.", "Fortunately, the calculations required for turkey acquisition are relatively simple.", "You need one pound of turkey for every guest you're serving.", "If you're very popular and are hosting an enormous number of people, you can start reducing this for turkeys larger than 16 pounds, as they have proportionally more meat and less bones by weight.", "Keep in mind that this estimate is the minimum that will ensure that every person at your table is fed.", "For many of us, the greatest joy of Thanksgiving is not the dinner itself, but all the leftovers we get to put into recipes after the fact.", "If you want to make sure to cook enough turkey for leftovers the next day, allot 1.5 pounds of turkey per person.", "Although the sight of your golden-brown, delicious turkey might make you want to reach for the carving knife immediately, premature puncture can ruin a perfectly-cooked turkey.", "When you apply heat to a piece of protein, the liquid inside becomes more volatile.", "If you cut into a big hunk of meat right after it's done cooking, the juice will rush out, leaving you with a sad, gray, dry mess.", "Resting is doubly important for whole animals like turkeys, as their large mass means that they will continue to cook and increase in temperature for several minutes after they come out of the oven.", "That means you can stop the cooking process several degrees before your final target temperature, knowing that carryover cooking will take you over the finish line.", "This gentle exit will make your turkey juicier and more tender.", "Most mass-market frozen turkeys come with a little device inserted into the breast meat that pops out when the turkey is \"done.\"", "While in theory, this feature would be a boon to home cooks who don't have meat thermometers, these pop-up timers have a major flaw: They're set to go off at 178 degrees Fahrenheit.", "Dark meat can handle getting that hot, but breast meat will turn into sawdust and sadness at that temperature.", "Turkey producers might have set that high temperature from some misguided notions about food safety, but they're not doing their product any favors by encouraging consumers to cook it until it's desiccated.", "Experts say that turkey is safe once it reaches 165 degrees, and some chefs advocate for even lower temperatures, saying that resting and carryover cooking allow you to remove the bird from the oven before it gets to 165.", "Many of us cherish the spectacle of a whole golden bird presented at the Thanksgiving table, with the host carving the bird while the guests sit and watch.", "If this is important to you, or if you cling to stuffing your turkey, feel free to leave your turkey whole.", "Likewise, if the idea of adding some mild poultry butchering to your Thanksgiving prep list is a little daunting, it's okay to go the traditional route.", "\"Go away you turkey haters!\"", "If, however, you're comfortable with ripping the backbone out of a raw turkey and you want the tastiest possible meat on Thanksgiving, spatchcocking is for you.", "Spatchcocking is a method for flattening out a whole bird so it cooks more evenly.", "First, you cut out the turkey's spine with poultry shears or a knife, then you use brute force to crush its breastbone so it lays flat.", "Writing for Serious Eats, J. Kenji Lopez-Alt says this method improves the turkey in several ways.", "It evens out the cooking time between the breasts and thigh and makes the skin crispier.", "It also reduces roasting time by about half and gives you a spare turkey spine to enrich the broth you use for gravy and stuffing.", "Some people will never be able to get past a spatchcocked turkey's rather ungainly appearance, but it's a surefire shortcut to a more delectable Thanksgiving turkey.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more Mashed videos about your favorite cooking tips are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Try dry brining", "Add fat for crispier skin", "Rest at room temperature", "Stuff with care", "Avoid overcooking", "Try a roasting rack", "Plan your thaw", "Start with high heat", "Plan your portions", "Let it rest before carving", "Question the pop-up timer", "Consider spatchcocking" ]

[ "Americans seem more stressed about money than ever before.", "87% of Americans said that inflation and the rising costs of everyday goods is what's driving their stress.", "And that's one of the highest numbers of stress that we have seen in the Stress in America survey.", "Four in ten Americans say that money affects them negatively and the state of their mental health.", "Money is a universal stressor regardless of your financial standing.", "Poor mental health not only takes a toll on a person's overall well-being, but it's also bad for the economy.", "Workers experiencing even one poor mental health day a month could lead to $53 billion less in total income each year in the United States.", "Money touches every part of our lives, right?", "It's modern day survival.", "I felt hopeless.", "I was feeling that depression and I didn't really know what to do.", "It's affecting some Americans more than others.", "Statistics say that 75% of Latinos are stressed about money.", "One of the biggest anxieties that we face is: how are we going to build generational wealth?", "So why is money so stressful in the United States?", "And what can Americans do to alleviate the pressure?", "With the cost of living skyrocketing, many Americans are experiencing financial stress on a daily basis.", "Something that comes up time and time again when we query Americans about their personal finances.", "Essentially, it is the expenses that surprise them on an ongoing basis.", "So trying to pay for everyday items, not having emergency savings and debt.", "Those three issues are at the top of their list of concerns.", "Tawnya Schultz and Lea Landaverde became money coaches after they experienced their own financial struggles.", "I was in debt off and on all of my twenties and early thirties and around when I was 34 is when I had about $28,000 in debt.", "Even someone who has a masters degree in finance has their own personal finance issues, right?", "I was still figuring out how to adult as well as how to be in this corporate world, make an income, which for sure led to overspending, you know, lifestyle creep.", "I was in this debt cycle of trying to get out of debt, paying off debt, getting back into it.", "And I was just tired of feeling like I could never get out of it or feeling like I was always going to have debt.", "More than 80% of Americans ages 18 to 43 said money is a significant source of stress for them.", "Certain individuals are struggling more when it comes to concerns about inflation and money.", "Between men and women, there were differences in the way they processed it.", "We had more women tell us that it was negatively affecting their mental health, yet men told us that it affects their mental health more often.", "I felt like I was at a low point because, for my age, and where I wanted to be, where I thought I should be in life, I felt like behind.", "I didn't have any savings.", "I was living paycheck to paycheck.", "In a lot of ways money is a safety net or a source of stability.", "And without it, people feel vulnerable and anxious about the future.", "Latino and black adults were more likely to say that money was a significant stressor more frequently than white and Asian respondents.", "Especially coming from my experience as a first gen. My parents didn't know how to navigate this financial system.", "That's why I even myself entered finance because I saw the stress my parents faced so then I could learn and help protect them, as well as protect the community and providing them education about finances that are transparent.", "Many Americans don't feel hopeful about their financial future, with 41% saying it's \"going to take a miracle\" to be ready for retirement.", "I think the problem in recent years has been that there has been this so called risk shift, whereas the risk of being responsible for things has been shifted from others onto the individual.", "What can you put on that list?", "The cost of obtaining a college education previously in the public realm borne by taxpayers.", "We know where that's been going.", "The burden of saving for retirement was often more heavily owned by employers when they provided pension benefits.", "That was shifted to individuals with the changes in 401(k)'s.", "Health care has become increasingly expensive.", "That's responsible for one fifth of the American economy.", "And consumers and employers bear that burden.", "Americans say they're feeling pressure to cut back on spending.", "More than 50% of adults say they've already cut back on dining out and will consider reducing their spending more if inflation continues to rise.", "More than 75% of adults said they're worried higher prices will force them to rethink their financial choices.", "Even higher income Americans making at least $100,000 per year say they either have or are considering cutting back on spending.", "People need to have a sense of hope.", "And so when the economy is working for them, there's a greater likelihood that people will have hope that they can accomplish their basic, personal financial objectives.", "Americans are making a connection between their financial stress and worsening mental health.", "Forty-two percent of U.S. adults say that money negatively impacts their mental health, with 28% saying they worry about their finances daily.", "Many Americans tell us that some of their sources of financial stress are as simple as looking at their bank accounts or making purchases or talking about money, thinking about money or your finances.", "It can feel unavoidable with the approaching summer and travel plans, holidays, gift buying.", "All these things are really stressful and can trigger concerns about finances.", "Sometimes dealing with stress can worsen someone's financial problems.", "An April 2020 Credit Karma survey found that 35% of respondents said that stress from the pandemic made them impulse buy.", "I was sad so I would shop and that led to me accumulating over $30,000 of credit card debt.", "And I had to figure out how the heck I was going to pay that off.", "Things are getting way more expensive and we want to experience things and we want to live.", "And so in order to provide some sort of happiness, I was getting serotonin through shopping.", "I started drinking more and I feel like eating more and spending more.", "So you start doing those coping mechanisms because you're stressed about money or stressed in life somehow.", "And so it was leading you down like a road that I didn't want to be on, but I didn't know – I felt stuck.", "I felt trapped.", "Mental health issues can have serious consequences for a person's overall well-being.", "There is clear evidence that mental illness affects your physical health.", "We typically see stress manifest in two ways.", "One are physical symptoms, so things like teeth, grinding headaches, stomach discomfort, muscle tension.", "The second is emotional responses.", "So that can look like anxiety and stress, difficulty sleeping, changes in your eating patterns.", "And so when those come together and they are unmanaged, that's where we see really negative physical and emotional consequences.", "Many people struggle with the shame of their financial difficulties, and it's often a burden that's carried alone in silence.", "And in turn, people go to great lengths to hide their financial difficulties, which further entrenches them in their isolation.", "And that isolation and burden can become so great that people facing these difficulties are more likely to experience suicidal thoughts and even make suicide attempts as a way to escape from their problems.", "While there are many forces at play that are outside of people's control, such as the rising cost of living, there are steps Americans can take on their own to help themselves feel more financially secure.", "Experts say the first step is examining your mindset around money.", "I was constantly looking for like, how can I find hope in this situation?", "Because you can have fear and scarcity, especially nowadays.", "It's so easy with the economy and inflation.", "We're bombarded by it every day.", "I'm like, There's not enough money.", "There's not enough money.", "So it keeps us in a scarcity mindset and that like fear around money.", "Raised financial anxieties.", "Myself and I had all the resources to actually take action on my day or not even get into debt.", "But yet, because of my mental health and because of the environment I was in and because I didn't want to take ownership of my finances, I had to face the realness of my debt.", "There are experts, such as therapists or money coaches, who can help people deal with overwhelming feelings as well as make a financial plan.", "A money coach essentially is a partner in crime that you have someone by your side that helps you hold yourself accountable and provide you financial education at the same time with guided actual steps forward to reaching your financial goals.", "I think the biggest reason there is shame tied to finances because so much of our self-worth is tied to what we have in a tangible way.", "So people tend to relate their job or these external markers of success numbers in their bank account with their worth as a person, which is why it can be so difficult to deal with financial issues and especially seek out help for them.", "It's also important to monitor your physical health.", "What is happening to us mentally?", "It affects us physically.", "Also, if you're not treating your depression and anxiety well, you are probably not doing a great job managing blood pressure and diabetes and other chronic conditions.", "I was kind of go back to the basics, which is to make sure you're eating healthy, that you're getting enough sleep, that you're staying active and that you're staying socially connected.", "The concept in mental health recovery is that a first step is building hope.", "We need to see that there's a path to recovery and that things will get better.", "And they usually do.", "Invest in you.", "Ready, set, grow.", "CNBC and acorns." ]

[ "Introduction", "Financial stress", "Mental health", "Personal finance" ]

[ "[MUSIC PLAYING] BRIAN YU: OK, let's get started.", "Welcome, everyone, to the final day of CS50 Beyond.", "And goal for today is going to be to take a look at things at a bit of a higher level.", "There is going to be less code in today's lecture.", "The focus of today is on two main topics-- security and scalability-- which are both important as you begin to think about, you're writing all this code for your web application.", "You're ready to deploy it so that people can actually use it.", "What are the sorts of considerations you need to bear in mind?", "What are the security considerations in making sure that wherever you're hosting the application, you and the application itself is secure and that your users are secure from potential vulnerabilities or potential threats?", "And also, from a scalability perspective, we've been designing applications that so far probably only you or a couple other people have been using.", "But what sorts of things do you need to think about as your applications begin to scale, as more and more people begin to use it, and you have to begin to think about this idea of multiple people trying to use the same application at the same time?", "So a number of different considerations come about there.", "We'll show a couple of code examples.", "But the main idea of this is going to be high level, just thinking abstractly, sort of trying to design the product, trying to design the project, trying to figure out how exactly we need to be adjusting our application to make sure that it's secure and to make sure that it's scalable.", "So we'll go ahead and start with security.", "And on the topic of security, we're going to look at a number of different security considerations as we move all throughout the week, from the beginning of the week until the end of the week, thinking about the types of security implications that come about.", "And so one of the first things we introduced in the class was Git, the version control tool that we were using to keep track of different versions of our code in order to manage different branches of our code, so on and so forth.", "And so a couple of important security considerations to be aware with regards to Git.", "You all probably created GitHub repositories over the course of this week, maybe for the first time.", "And GitHub repositories by default are public.", "And this is in the spirit of the idea of open source software, the idea that anyone can see the code.", "Anyone can contribute to the code.", "And that, of course, comes with its trade offs.", "On one hand, everyone being able to see the code certainly means that anyone can help you to find bugs and identify bugs.", "But it also means that anyone on the internet can see the code, look for potential vulnerabilities, and then potentially take advantage of those vulnerabilities.", "So definitely, trade offs, costs, and benefits that come along with open source software.", "And another thing just to be aware of, we mentioned this earlier in the week, but your Git commit history is going to store the entire history of any of the commits that you have made, as the name might imply.", "And so if you make a commit and you do something you shouldn't have done, for instance-- you make a commit that accidentally includes database credentials inside of the commit somewhere or includes a password inside of the commit somewhere-- you can later on remove those credentials and make another commit and remove the credentials.", "But the credentials are still there inside of the history.", "If you go back, you could still find the credentials if you had access to the entire Git repository and could go back and find that point in Git's history.", "So what are the potential solutions for if you do something like this, accidentally expose credentials at some point in the repository and then remove them?", "What could you do?", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: Change the credentials.", "BRIAN YU: Certainly.", "Changing the credentials, something you should almost definitely do.", "Change the password.", "It's not enough just to remove them and make another commit.", "And there's also something you can do known as Git purge, where you can effectively purge the history of commit, sort of overwrite history, so to speak, in order to replace that, as well.", "But even that, if it's been online on GitHub, who knows who may have been able to access the credentials?", "So definitely always a good idea to remove those, as well.", "On the first day, we also took a look at HTML.", "We were designing basic HTML pages.", "And there are a number of security vulnerabilities you could create just with HTML alone.", "Perhaps one of the most basic is just the idea that the contents of a link can differ from where the link takes you to.", "There's probably a pretty obvious point where you often have text that links you to a particular page.", "But this can often be misleading and is commonly used in phishing email attacks, for instance, whereby you have a link that takes you to URL one, but by default, it shows you URL two, which can be misleading, for sure.", "Or I can have situations where I could-- let's go into link.html-- I have a link that presumably takes me to google.com.", "But if I click on google.com, it could take me anywhere else-- to some other site, for instance.", "And the way that it does that is quite simply by just having a link that takes you to a URL, but the contents of that URL are something different or something else entirely.", "And so that alone is something to be aware of.", "But that problem is compounded when you consider the idea that even though your server-side code-- application code you write in Python and Flask, for instance-- you can keep secret from your users, HTML code is not kept secret from users.", "Any users can see HTML and do whatever they want with it.", "And so on the first day, you may have been trying to take a look at an HTML page and try and replicate it using your own HTML and CSS, for example.", "The simplest way to do something like that would just be to copy the source code.", "So I could go to bankofamerica.com, for instance, Control-Click on the page, view the page source, and all right.", "Here's all the HTML on Bank of America's home page.", "I could copy that, create a new file, and call it bank.html.", "Paste the contents of it in here.", "Go ahead and save that.", "And now, open up bank.html.", "And now, I've got a page that basically looks like Bank of America's website.", "And now, I could go in.", "I could modify the links, change where Sign In takes you to, make it take you to somewhere else entirely.", "And so these are potential threats, vulnerabilities, to be aware of on the internet that are quite easy to actually do.", "So this is less about when you're designing your own web applications but, when you're using web applications, the types of security concerns to definitely be aware of.", "So let's keep moving forward in the week-- yeah, question?", "AUDIENCE: Can you copy JavaScript source code in the same way?", "BRIAN YU: Yes.", "Any JavaScript code that is on the client, you can access and you can modify.", "You can change variables and so on and so forth.", "And this is actually a pretty easy thing to do.", "So if I go to like, I don't know, The New York Times website, for instance, and I look at the source code there-- let me go ahead and inspect the element, and I'll try and hover over a main headline.", "OK.", "This is the name of a CSS class.", "You could access any JavaScript.", "You can also run any JavaScript in the console arbitrarily.", "So I could say, all right, document.query selector all let's get everything with that CSS class.", "Or maybe it's just the first one, because it's two CSS classes.", "All right.", "Great.", "I'll take the first one, set its inner HTML to be, like, welcome to CS50 Beyond.", "And you can play around with websites in order to mess around, change them.", "So all of the JavaScript CSS classes, all of that, is accessible to anyone who is using the page, for example.", "Other questions before I go on?", "Yeah.", "AUDIENCE: Any thoughts on JavaScript obfuscation?", "BRIAN YU: JavaScript obfuscation-- certainly something you can do.", "So since JavaScript is available to anyone who has access to the web page, there are programs called JavaScript obfuscators gators that basically take plain old looking JavaScript and convert it into something that's still JavaScript but that's very difficult for any human to decipher.", "It changes variable names and does a bunch of tricks in JavaScript to still execute the exact same way but that looks quite obscure.", "Definitely something you can do.", "Still not totally foolproof, because there are ways of trying to deobfuscate JavaScript code, at least to some extent.", "So it's not perfect, but definitely something that you can do.", "Other things?", "All right.", "Let's take a look at-- OK, when we were writing Flask applications, we were writing web servers.", "And so one thing that's just good to know from a security perspective is the difference between HTTP, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and the secure version of it, HTTPS.", "And that has to do with the idea that on the internet, we have computer servers that are trying to communicate with each other that are trying to send information back and forth.", "And when these computers are trying to send information back and forth, we would like for that to happen securely, that when one computer is sending information to another computer, that information is going through a number of different routers.", "And each of those routers could hypothetically have information that's intercepted.", "Someone could try and intercept a package on its way from computer number one to computer number two.", "So how do we securely try and transfer information from one location to the other?", "And this has to do with the entire field of cryptography, which is a huge field that we're only going to be able to barely scratch the surface of.", "But the basic idea here is that we would like some way to encrypt our information, that if I have some plain text that I would like to send from my computer to someone else's computer, I would like to encrypt that plain text, send it across in some encrypted way, such that the person on the other end could decrypt it.", "And so this is perhaps a more sophisticated version of what you might have done in CS50's problem set two when you were using the Caesar or the Vigenere cipher in order to encrypt something.", "The ciphers that are used in computing on the internet, for instance, are just much more secure, for example.", "But they follow a similar principle.", "And so one form of cryptography is called secret-key cryptography, where the idea is that if I am a computer up here and I have some plain text that I want to encrypt, I also have some key that only I know.", "And I can take the plain text, and I can take that key and run an algorithm on it.", "And that generates some ciphertext, some encrypted version of the plain text that was encrypted using the key.", "I can then send that ciphertext along to the other person.", "And so long as the other person has both the ciphertext and the key to encrypt it, they can do the same process and just decrypt it, generating the plain text from it.", "That way, the ciphertext is transferred, not the plain text, from one side to the other side of this communication.", "And so long as both parties in this instance have access to the same key, they can encrypt and decrypt messages at will.", "Why doesn't this quite work on the internet, though?", "What is the problem with this model?", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: If you're sending the key as well as the ciphertext, then it's just revealed as sending the plain text that you have one.", "BRIAN YU: Exactly.", "When we transfer the ciphertext across, the other person also needs access to the key.", "We need to transfer the key across the internet, as well, to give it to the other person.", "And so anyone who is intercepting the ciphertext could also have intercepted the key and therefore could have decrypted the information and gotten the plain text as a result of it.", "So this secret-key cryptography, ultimately, it doesn't work in the context of the internet if it needs to be the case that the key is just transferred across the internet.", "Now, you could try encrypting the key, for example.", "But then whenever key you used to encrypt the key, that also needs to be sent across the internet, and you end up with this problem where you can never figure out a way in order to make sure that information can be transferred securely.", "So the solution to this lies in a different idea called public-key cryptography, where the idea here is that instead of having one key, we'll have two keys-- one called a public key, one called a private key.", "And the idea here is that a public key is something you can share with anyone.", "Doesn't matter who has it.", "And a private key is a key that you keep to yourself that you don't give to anyone, even the person that you're trying to communicate with.", "And because we have two keys, each key is going to serve a different purpose.", "They're going to be mathematically related.", "And take a theory of computing class if you want to understand the exact mathematics behind this.", "But the basic idea is that the public key can be used to encrypt messages, and the private key can be used to decrypt messages that were encrypted using the public key.", "And so what does this model look like?", "Well, I have some public and private key.", "And if I want some other person to send me information, I will give them my public key.", "Just give the other person the public key so that they have access to it.", "Remember, the public key is used to encrypt data.", "So they can use the public key and encrypt the plain text, generate some ciphertext.", "And then all the other person needs to do is send me that ciphertext.", "The ciphertext comes across to me.", "And I now have the private key, the key that I can use to decrypt the information.", "And using the private key and the ciphertext, I can then decrypt the message and generate the plain text.", "So this is the basic idea of public-key cryptography, this idea that we use a public key to encrypt information and a private key to decrypt information.", "And by separating this out into two different keys, we can share the public key freely without needing to worry about the potential for internet traffic to be intercepted and decrypted, for example.", "And so this is the basis on which internet security works.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: What if someone else intercepts the ciphertext and they also have a private key?", "Would they be able to decrypt it?", "BRIAN YU: If someone else intercepts the ciphertext and they have a private key, they won't be able to decrypt it, because the private key and the public key are mathematically related in such a way that if you encrypt something with a public key, you can only decrypt it with the corresponding private key.", "And so generally speaking, you'll generate both the public and the private key at the same time, such that only messages encrypted with one can be decrypted with the other.", "So you can't just have some other random private key and decrypt the message.", "It can only decrypt messages from the public key.", "AUDIENCE: So how did this person get that specific [INAUDIBLE]??", "BRIAN YU: So this person down here generated both the public and the private key at the same time.", "There's just an algorithm that you can use to randomly generate a public and private key.", "You share the public key with anyone you want to be able to send you messages.", "That person you share it with can use the public key to encrypt the message.", "And then you, the person who generated these keys, can take the encrypted message, use the private key that you generated, and get the plain text out of that.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: How difficult is it to get the private key from the public key?", "Is it impossible?", "BRIAN YU: How difficult is it to get the private key from the public key?", "Long story short, we don't really know.", "We think it is very difficult to do.", "We think that it would take a very long time.", "If you took a computer and tried to get it to go from the public key to the private key, we think it would probably take billions, trillions, more years if a computer was operating at top speed trying to do this calculation.", "But no one has been able to technically prove that it is difficult.", "And so this is a big open question in computing right now.", "You can take a theory of computation class for more information on this sort of thing.", "But there are some open unsolved problems in computing, and this happens to be one of them.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: Is it based on primes and very large primes, and you multiply them together?", "BRIAN YU: Yes, this is basically the idea of very large prime numbers that you multiply together.", "The long story short of it is it's based on the idea that there is some mathematical operations that are easy and some mathematical operations that are believed to be difficult.", "And if you take two very big prime numbers, a computer can multiply those numbers very easily and calculate what the product of those two numbers is.", "It's just a simple multiplication algorithm.", "But if you have that result, that big multiplied prime number, it's very difficult to factor that number and figure out which two prime numbers were multiplied together in order to generate that number.", "And nobody has been able to come up with an efficient algorithm for factoring it.", "And so as a result, because we believe factoring numbers to be a very difficult problem, we use it as the basis for computing security on the internet.", "Brief teaser of theory of computation.", "Take any of the 120 series here at Harvard, at least, for more information about that.", "Other things?", "Some other security considerations when designing web applications to be aware of-- we mentioned this before, but when it comes to storing credentials, you should generally always store credentials in environment variables inside of your application rather than have inside of your Python code some password, whether it's the secret key of your application, whether it's the credentials to your database, whether it's some other credentials for an API key, for example, that you're using the server to access.", "Usually best not to put that in the code in case someone else gets access to the code.", "Generally best to put it in an environment variable, a variable that's just stored in the command line environment where your server's being run from.", "And then add code that just pulls the credentials from the environment.", "You can use in Python, at least, os.environ.get to mean get some information from the application's environment.", "And this is generally going to be a more secure way of doing the same thing.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: How do we do that in Heroku if we want to upload our code to the website?", "BRIAN YU: Yeah.", "So if you're uploading this to Heroku, if you go to your Heroku application and go to the Settings panel, there is a section, I think it's called config vars, that basically just lets you add environment variables to the Heroku application.", "And that will automatically set those environment variables such that when you run the application, it can draw from those environment variables.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: Is it [INAUDIBLE] yesterday, or is that something you can't have access to?", "Because if you just did [INAUDIBLE] and then the key, it goes away when you close the terminal, correct?", "BRIAN YU: Yes.", "So that's true.", "So you can certainly, on your own computer, set aliases or environment variables inside of your profile that automatically set credentials in a particular way.", "The idea is that you never want to be taking those credentials and committing them to a repository that other people might be able to see, for instance.", "That's where things start to get less secure.", "OK. Moving on in the week to talk about some other security considerations.", "We'll talk about SQL, the idea of databases.", "And when we introduce databases, there are a lot of security considerations that come about.", "But we'll just touch on a couple of them.", "The first is how you store passwords.", "So you can imagine that inside of a database, you might be storing users and passwords together.", "And maybe we have a whole users table that has an ID column, a column for people's usernames, and a column for people's passwords.", "And you could imagine just storing passwords inside of the row.", "But why is this not particularly secure?", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: If anyone gets access to the data table, they can see what all the passwords are.", "BRIAN YU: Exactly.", "If anyone gets access to the database, they immediately have access to all of the passwords.", "And this is probably not a secure way to go about things, because you probably hear in the news from time to time that databases aren't perfectly secure, that every once in a while, there's some big security vulnerability where someone's able to get access to passwords inside of a database.", "And that becomes a major security concern.", "And so one way to try and mitigate this problem is, instead of storing passwords inside of the database, store a hashed version of the password.", "A hash function, as you might recall from CS50, just takes some input and returns some deterministic output.", "And a hash function can generally take any input password and turn it into what looks like a whole bunch of random sequences of letters and numbers.", "And the idea here is that it's deterministic.", "The same password will always result in the same hash value whereby when someone tries to log in, when they type in their password, rather than just literally compare their password and say does the password match up with the password in this column, you can say, all right, let's hash the password first.", "And if the hashes match up, then with very high probability, the user actually signed in to the website with the correct password.", "And you can then log the user in.", "And now, if someone was able to get access to the database, they wouldn't get access to all the passwords.", "They would only get access to the password hashes.", "Now, it's still a security vulnerability, because someone could, in theory, be able to figure out information about the password from the password hashes.", "But better, certainly, than literally storing the raw text of the password in the database.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: Do we know how the hash functions generate that code?", "BRIAN YU: Yeah.", "The hash functions tend to be deterministic, and you look up what the hash functions themselves are.", "So there are a couple of quite popular hash functions that are out there that do this sort of thing.", "But the idea of the hash function is similar to the idea of public and private keys, that it's very easy to hash something, and it's very difficult to go in the other direction.", "I can easily hash a password and generate something that looks like this.", "But it's a difficult operation to take something that looks like this and go backwards and figure out what it was that the original password was.", "And so that's one of the properties of a good hash function.", "Yes?", "AUDIENCE: Did you actually hash these, or did you just hit the keyboard?", "BRIAN YU: I think these are probably-- there might be hidden messages here if you look carefully.", "But separate issue.", "Other things?", "OK.", "So how is it that potential data is leaked as a result of using a database?", "Well, there are a number of ways that applications can inadvertently leak information.", "Take a simple example.", "Oftentimes, you'll see websites that have a Forgot Your Password screen where you type in an email address, and you click Reset Password.", "And that helps you to send you an email that allows you to reset your password, for example.", "And you imagine that you type in an email address, and you get, OK, password reset email has been sent.", "But maybe some applications work such that if you type in an email address that doesn't exist, then you get an error that says, OK, error.", "There is no user with that email address.", "What data has this application now exposed?", "What information can you get just by using this part of a web application, for instance?", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: You know that that email address is not in the system, so you know that person is not using that app.", "BRIAN YU: Yeah, exactly.", "Just using the Forgot Password part of this application, you can tell exactly who has an account for this application and who doesn't just by typing email addresses and seeing what comes back.", "So there's potential vulnerabilities in terms of data that gets leaked there, as well.", "And there are all sorts of different ways that information can get leaked.", "Oftentimes, there's a growing field whereby you can tell just based on the amount of time it takes for an HTTP request to come back whether or not-- you can get information about the data inside of a database based on that whereby if you make a request that takes a long time, that can tell you something different than if a request comes back very quickly, because that might mean fewer database requests were required in order to make that particular operation work or any number of different things.", "And so there are security vulnerabilities there, as well.", "Final one.", "I'll briefly mention the SQL injection.", "We've already talked about that.", "But again, something to be aware of just to make sure that whenever you're making database queries, you're protecting yourself against SQL injection, that you're making sure to either use a library that takes care of this for you or escape any characters that you might be using that could ultimately result in vulnerabilities in SQL.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: How about the websites or tools like LastPass that store your credentials for other sites?", "Don't they have to have some way of reversing their own hash on it in order to give you that credential when you go to another site?", "So when it auto fills your username and password, it has to-- if they're storing a hashed version on their side but filling in the plain text version in the password field, how are they able to reverse that in a way that is secure?", "They would have to have a table of keys or something that then is just as vulnerable as leaving the password.", "BRIAN YU: Yeah.", "So for password manager-type applications, it's a good question.", "I think the way most of them do this is that you have a master password that unlocks the entire database of the passwords that are stored there.", "And the idea would be that they're encrypted using the master password as the key to be the unlocker such that they're encrypted.", "And only by getting the master password correct can you then decrypt the information and then access the plain text version of the passwords that are inside.", "And so hashing and encryption and decryption are slightly different.", "In the case of encryption and decryption, you still want to be able to go from the ciphertext back to the plain text, whereas in the case of the password hashing, you don't really care about the ability to reverse engineer it to go backwards.", "All right.", "And finally, on the topic of security, we'll talk a little bit about JavaScript.", "JavaScript opens a whole host of different potential vulnerabilities from a security standpoint.", "But we'll talk about a couple.", "The first is this idea called cross-site scripting, or the idea of taking a script and being effectively able to inject it into some other site by putting some JavaScript that the web application didn't intend into the web application itself.", "And so here's a very simple web application written in Flask.", "And this is the entire web application.", "It's got a route, a default route, called / that just returns, \"Hello, world!\"", "And it's got an error handler that we didn't really see in the class.", "But basically, it handles whenever there's a 404 error, whenever you're trying to access a page that was not found.", "And it just returns, \"Not found,\" followed by request.path, whatever it is that was the URL that you requested.", "And so I could run this application.", "I'll go ahead and start up Chrome, and I'll go ahead and go to the source code for XSS1.", "I'll run this application.", "Go here.", "It says, \"Hello, world!\"", "And if I go to helloworld/foo, for example, some route that doesn't exist, I get not found, /foo, because that's not a route that's available on this page.", "I go to /bar.", "Not found, /bar.", "What could go wrong here?", "Where's the security vulnerability, again, thinking in the context of JavaScript?", "The page my application is returning is literally just \"not found\" followed by whatever was typed into the request path.", "And so what I could do is you could imagine that instead of running /foo, I could instead make a request that looks something like /script alert('hi) and then /script, for instance, injecting some JavaScript into the request path whereby if I do that, I say, OK, /script alert('hi') /script.", "Press Return.", "And OK, Chrome is being smart about this.", "Chrome actually isn't allowing me to do this, because Chrome has some more advanced features that are basically saying Chrome detected unusual code on this page and blocked it to protect your personal information and error blocked by XSS auditor.", "That's cross-site scripting.", "So Chrome is automatically auditing for this.", "But not all browsers are like that.", "And I can, I think-- let's see if I can disable-- if I disable cross-site scripting protections, I think I can get this to-- yeah, OK. Disabling cross-site scripting productions, we can still type in the URL and actually get some JavaScript that the page didn't intend to still run on this particular web page.", "And so if someone were to send you a link that took you to this page, /script alert('hi'), you could get JavaScript to run that you didn't intend.", "And maybe that's not a big deal.", "But it could be a bigger deal in a situation that looks like this, where we have JavaScript and document.write is a function that just add something to the page.", "And here, we're loading an image, img src, and the source is some hacker's website.", "And then we say, cookie= and then document.cookie.", "Document.cookie stores the cookie for this particular page.", "And so effectively, what's happening in this script is that your page, when you load it, is going to make a web request to the hacker's URL.", "And it's going to provide it as an argument whatever the value of your cookie is, for instance.", "And that cookie could be something that you use in order to log in as the credentials for some website, like a bank application or whatnot.", "And as a result, the hacker now has access to whatever the value of your cookie is, because they can look at their list of all the requests that have been made to the application much in the same way that you've been able to do in the terminal to see all the requests for your Flask application.", "And they can see that someone requested hacker_url?cookie= this cookie, and they can then use that cookie to be able to sign in to other sites, as well.", "So most modern browsers, like Chrome, are pretty good at defending against this sort of thing.", "But definitely something that is a potential vulnerability, especially for older browsers.", "Questions about this cross-site scripting?", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: Are you getting the user's cookie, or whose cookie are you getting there?", "BRIAN YU: Whoever opens the page.", "So the user's cookie, potentially on an entirely different site.", "The idea is that if your site is vulnerable to cross-site scripting in this form, then you open up a possibility where someone could generate a link to your website that includes some JavaScript injected like this whereby someone else could steal the cookies of your users on your website.", "And they could get the cookies for themselves and use those cookies to sign into your website and pretend to be people that they're not, for example.", "There's a potential security threat there.", "So cross-site scripting is one example of a JavaScript vulnerability.", "Another vulnerability is called cross-site request forgery.", "Imagine that you have a bank website, for instance, and that bank gives you a way to transfer money.", "And if you go to that URL /transfer and then you provide arguments as to who you're transferring money to and how much money you're transferring, you can transfer money.", "Might be a web request that allows you to do that.", "Imagine some other website, some website where hackers are trying to steal money, where they have code that looks a little something like this.", "They have a link that says, \"Click Here!\"", "And when you click on the link, that takes you to yourbank.com/transfer transferring to a particular person, transferring a particular amount.", "And some unsuspecting user on this website could click the button.", "And as a result, that takes them to their bank.", "And if they happen to be logged into their bank at the time, that could result in actually making that transfer.", "So cross-site request forgery is the idea that some other site can make a request on your site as by, in this case, linking to it.", "This still isn't an amazing threat, because the person actually still needs to click on the button in order to be able to load in order to actually go to yourbank.com/transfer/whatever.", "But you can imagine that a clever hacker might be able to get around this by doing something like this-- rendering an image, for example, and saying the source of the image is going to be this.", "And when an HTML sees an image tag, the browser is just going to go to that URL and try and download that image.", "It's going to go to the URL, try and fetch that resource.", "And here, that resource is yourbank.com/transfer and then transferring that money.", "So the user doesn't even have to click on anything.", "And by making a GET request to yourbank.com/transfer, if yourbank.com isn't implemented particularly securely and just allows you to go to a URL like this to transfer money, then that could be the result.", "So how do you protect against this?", "How would you protect against your website being able to do something like this?", "Because your website probably wants some way of being able to transfer money if you have a bank application, but you don't want to allow people to make requests like that.", "Answer, yeah?", "AUDIENCE: Yeah.", "It's facetious.", "BRIAN YU: Go for it.", "AUDIENCE: You get a better bank.", "BRIAN YU: Get a better bank.", "OK.", "Certainly something that would work.", "Other thoughts?", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: Change the form request type so it's not literally in your own [INAUDIBLE].", "BRIAN YU: Yeah.", "Change the form request type so that it's not literally here.", "So this right here is a GET request.", "You might imagine that instead, it's a form that's submitted by a POST, like a POST request, a form that you actually have to submit, click on a Submit button, in order to submit that form.", "And so now, you could imagine that someone could still create a vulnerability by doing something like this.", "They have a form whose action is yourbank.com/transfer submitting by a method POST.", "And now, they have these input that are type hidden, which are just input fields that don't show up inside of a page.", "And they can have hidden input fields that specify who it's to, what the amount is, and then just some button that says, \"Click Here!\"", "And if they click here, then unwittingly, the user could be submitting a form to the bank that's initiating some transfer.", "And in fact, if the hacker is being particularly clever, you don't even need the user to click anything, because we can use event listeners to get around this.", "I could say body onload-- in other words, when the body of the page is done loading, run this JavaScript.", "Document.forms returns an array of all the forms in the web document.", "Square bracket 0 says get the first form.", "And there's a function in JavaScript called .submit that submits a form.", "So you can say, all right, get all the forms, get the first form, and run submit.", "And that's going to result in submitting this form, making a POST request to yourbank.com/transfer, which results in some amount being transferred.", "So this is a potential vulnerability, as well.", "If you're writing this bank application, you don't want to allow a code like this to be able to get through your security, because that opens up a whole host of potential security vulnerabilities.", "And in general, the way that people tend to deal with this is by adding what's called a CSRF token, a Cross-Site Request Forgery token, basically adding some special value that changes into their own forms and then, anytime someone submits the form, checking to make sure the value of that token is, in fact, a valid token.", "And that way, someone couldn't fake it because some other form on some other hacker's website isn't going to have a valid CSRF token inside of their form page.", "And so larger scale web application frameworks, like Django, offer easy ways to add CSRF tokens to your forms, as well.", "But just something to be aware of as you begin to think about, when you're designing a web application, how could someone exploit it?", "How could someone make requests on behalf of users that they don't intend to in order to get some malicious result to come about?", "So lots of security things to be thinking about.", "Questions about security or any of the security topics that we've covered or talked about?", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] the token is generated [INAUDIBLE] event, or it's a unique token for every user?", "BRIAN YU: Yeah.", "Imagine that in the case of CS50 Finance, for instance, that when I click on the Buy page that takes me to the page where I can buy stocks, my route for buy is going to basically generate a new token and insert it into the form that then gets displayed to me.", "And then when I submit that form, it gets submitted back to the same application.", "And the application can then check.", "Did the token that came back match the token that I inserted into the page?", "And if they do, in fact, match, then that's a way of sort of verifying that the user was actually submitting the actual form and not some fake form that they were tricked into submitting.", "All right.", "In that case, let's switch gears a little bit, and let's talk about scalability.", "Here again, there's going to be even less code.", "And the idea is just going to be, all right, what happens when we begin to scale our web application?", "We've got some web server, and we've got some users that are using that web server, which we're going to represent as that line.", "And so what happens when that server starts to have more users that are all trying to use the application at the same time?", "What do we do?", "Well, the first thing to probably do is figure out how many users our website can actually support.", "How many can it handle before it stops being able to support users?", "And so this is where benchmarking is quite important.", "Benchmarking is just this process by which we can test and sort of load test our application to see what we can do to see how many users we could potentially handle on our server.", "And so what happens if we find out via benchmarking that, OK, our server can only hold 100 users?", "What if we need to support 101 users or 102 users?", "What can we do?", "One thing we can do is called vertical scaling, where the idea here is, all right, we have a server.", "And that server only supports 100 users.", "All right, well, let's just get a bigger server, right?", "Let's get a server that supports 200 users or 300 users.", "And that's going to be able to better handle that load.", "But there's a limit to this, right?", "There's a limit to how much you can just increase the size of a server and increase its ability to handle load.", "And so what could you do to be able to handle more users?", "AUDIENCE: More servers.", "BRIAN YU: More servers.", "Great.", "And this is an idea called horizontal scaling, where the idea is that we have some server.", "And let's say, instead of having one server, let's go ahead and have two servers that are running the exact same web application.", "And now, we have two servers that are able to run the application and handle twice as many people.", "What problems come about now, logistically?", "User tries to access our website, and now what?", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: That means you could have a race condition situation or how the servers communicate to each other [INAUDIBLE].. BRIAN YU: Yeah.", "How do the servers communicate with each other?", "Certainly, race conditions become a threat, as well.", "And then a fundamental problem is a user comes to the site, and which server do they go to, right?", "We need some way of deciding which server to direct a particular user to.", "And so generally, this is solved by adding yet another piece of hardware into the mix, adding some load balancer in between the user and the servers whereby a user, when they request the page, rather than going straight to the server, they go to the load balancer first.", "And from there on, the load balancer can split people up, say certain people go to this server, certain people go to that server, and try and decide how it is that people are going to be divided into the different servers.", "And so how could a load balancer decide?", "If there are five servers and a user comes along, how should a load balancer decide which server to send a user to?", "There is no one right answer to this.", "There are a number of possible options, a number of different what are called load balancing methods.", "But how could you decide where to send a user?", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: The server with the least amount of users currently.", "BRIAN YU: Sure.", "The server with the fewest users currently, what's often called the fewest connections load balancing method.", "You try and figure out which server has the fewest people on it.", "And whichever one has the fewest people on it, send the user there.", "Definitely good for trying to make sure that each one has about an equal load, but potentially computationally expensive.", "You're doing a lot of calculation now, so there's a trade off.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: You could just do it randomly.", "BRIAN YU: You could do it randomly.", "You could just generate a random number between 1 and 5 and randomly assign someone to a particular server.", "Definitely something you could do.", "Other things?", "Certainly the random approach is quick.", "It doesn't involve having to do any calculation across all the different servers.", "But if you're unlucky, you could end up putting a lot of people on server number two and not many people on server number eight or whatnot.", "And so what else could we do?", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: Just set up a counter [INAUDIBLE].. BRIAN YU: Sure.", "Some sort of counter.", "If you only have two, you just alternate odd, even, odd, even.", "Go to this server.", "Go to that one.", "If you've got eight, you just rotate amongst the eight-- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and go back to 1.", "And so these are probably three of the most common load balancing methods-- random choice, whereby you just pick a random server, direct the user there; round robin, where we do exactly that, just basically go one up until the end and then go back to server number one; and then fewest connections, whereby you try and actually calculate which server currently has the fewest number of people on it and then try and direct the user to that one with the fewest connections.", "There are other methods in addition to this, but these are perhaps three of the most intuitive where you can start to see their trade offs.", "Depending upon the type of user experience you want, depending on how computationally expensive certain operations are, you might choose different load balancing methods.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] benchmarking, and what are some common ways to do that?", "BRIAN YU: Yeah, there are software tools that can do this.", "There are a number of different ones-- the names are escaping me at the moment-- where you can basically test on a particular URL and get a sense for how well it's able to handle that load.", "And if you have particular use cases, I can chat with you about that, as well.", "So all right, let's imagine we have two servers now.", "And every time a user makes an HTTP request to a server, every time they request a page, we direct them to one server or the other server using one of these methods, either by choosing randomly or by round robin or by figuring out which one currently has the fewest users connected to it or is handling the fewest connections.", "What can go wrong?", "Whenever we're dealing with issues of scale, we just try and solve a problem and figure out what new problems have arisen.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: You only have five servers, and now you need six.", "BRIAN YU: Yeah.", "Certainly, if you only have five servers and suddenly you need six, that could potentially become a problem, as well.", "But let's even assume that we have enough servers.", "We have five servers, and every time someone load a page, they get sent to a different server based on one of these methods.", "What can still go wrong with the user experience?", "And in particular, I'll give you a hint.", "Let's think about sessions.", "What can go wrong?", "Remember, sessions were ways of storing information-- in our case, inside of the server-- about the user's current interaction with the server.", "It stored which user was logged in.", "It stored the current state of the tic-tac-toe game.", "It stored other information.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: You have to pick one [INAUDIBLE].. BRIAN YU: Yeah, exactly.", "If I initially load a page and I go to server one and some information about me is stored in the session, like whether I'm logged in or the current state of my game or something else, and then I load another page and it takes me to server four this time, well, now, that server doesn't have access to the same session information that server one had if the information about the session was stored in the server.", "And now, that information is lost.", "So I could load a page, and suddenly, now, I'm logged out of the page for no apparent reason even though I've logged in just a moment ago.", "And then I could go to another page, and maybe by chance, I'm back to server one, and now I'm logged in again.", "So strange things can begin to happen.", "And so to solve that, what could we do?", "How can we make sure that sessions are preserved when the user is requesting pages?", "Again, no one correct answer.", "Multiple possibilities here.", "How do we solve this problem?", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: Would there any way to store the session on the load balancer?", "BRIAN YU: Store the session on the load balancer.", "That's a good idea.", "And that will actually get me at the first idea here, which is this idea of sticky sessions.", "And this is slightly different.", "Rather than store all the session information in the load balancer, it just needs to store for this particular user which server has their session information.", "So if I went to server number one initially, the load balancer will remember me based on my IP address, cookie, or whatever and say, all right, next time I try and request a page, let me direct them back to server number one, for instance.", "That way, whenever I come back, I'm always going to go to the same place.", "There are other ways to solve this problem, as well.", "You could store session information in the database that all the servers have access to.", "You could store session information on the client side, whereby it doesn't matter what server you go to, because all the session information is inside the client.", "So there are a number of ways to solve this problem, but these generally fall under the heading of session-aware load balancing.", "Someone mentioned the problem of, OK, well, I have five servers, but what happens when I need six?", "To solve this in the world of cloud computing, where nowadays most people don't maintain their own hardware for their web applications, they just rent out hardware on someone else's servers, for instance, on AWS, for instance, use Amazon servers-- you can take advantage of auto scaling, which automatically will grow or shrink the number of servers based upon load, whereby you could initially have two servers.", "But if more users come about and you need more, we can add a third server into the mix.", "More people come out, we need even more.", "We add a fourth server.", "And auto scaling goes in both directions.", "So if suddenly we find, all right, we had a lot of load at this particular peak time of the day but now there are fewer users on the site, the auto load balancer can sort of say, all right, we don't need four servers anymore.", "Let's go back to three and then later on, if it needs doing, go back up to four again.", "And it can automatically, dynamically reconfigure the number of servers in order to figure out what the optimal number is given the number of users that are currently using the application.", "What happens, though, when one of the servers fails for some reason?", "The server just dies, for instance.", "The load balancer doesn't necessarily know about that.", "And so if it's still directing people across four different servers, it could direct users to that server that is no longer operational.", "Any thoughts on how we might solve that problem?", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: Have the load balancer ping the server at determined intervals to see if it's still there.", "BRIAN YU: Yeah, some sort of ping to make sure That the server is still there.", "And often, one of the easiest ways that this is done is via what's called a heartbeat, whereby each of the servers gives off a heartbeat every fixed number of seconds or minutes, for instance, whereby if every 10 seconds the server pings the heartbeat, that gets sent to the load balancer.", "If ever the load balancer doesn't hear the heartbeat from the server, it can know that that server is no longer operational, and it can say, all right, you know what?", "Let's stop sending users there and only send users to the other three servers.", "Questions about that or any of the ideas of how we scale our servers to be able to handle load?", "We decided, all right, if too many people are on one server, we need to split up into two different servers.", "But that introduced a bunch of problems that we had to solve-- problems about load balancing, problems about what to do about sessions, so on and so forth.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: Do you hear a lot about distributed servers?", "I'm wondering how they [INAUDIBLE].", "BRIAN YU: Sure.", "How do servers share data?", "Well, they use databases.", "And of course, as we start to figure out what to do with more and more servers, we also need to figure out what to do about databases, figure out how to scale databases and make sure that as we scale them, the databases are able to handle that load, as well.", "And so in the past, we've had, all right, a load balancer.", "We've got servers.", "And in our model right now, we have a database that both of these servers are connected to.", "But of course, the problem is soon going to arise of, all right, now we've got a lot of servers that are all trying to connect to the same database.", "And now, we've got yet another single point where things could potentially go wrong or where we could potentially be overloaded.", "So how do we solve this type of problem?", "One of the most common ways is database partitioning.", "One form of database partitioning you've, in fact, already seen, and it's just an extension of what we've been doing with SQL, whereby we have this flights table.", "And we could say, all right, rather than store the origin and the origin code, let's go ahead and separate what's in one table into a couple different tables.", "Let's separate the flights table into a locations table where the locations table has a number for each possible location.", "And then it also, in the flights table, now, only needs to store a single number for the origin ID and the destination ID.", "We could also separate tables in different ways.", "If we have some general way we could partition a table into different parts that are generally going to be queried separately, then we can do another partition where I could say, all right, my flight's table is getting big.", "Let's split it up.", "And all right, at my airline, the international departures and arrivals are handled separately from the domestic departures and arrivals.", "So no need for those to be in the same table.", "Let me just go ahead and take flights and separate it into a domestic flights table and an international flights table, for instance.", "One way to just partition things into two different tables that could potentially be stored in different places that ultimately allows for handling of scale.", "But ultimately, all of these are problems that are still going to lead to the fundamental problem of if I only have one database and 10 or dozens of servers that are all trying to communicate with that same database, we're going to run into problems.", "The database can only handle some fixed number of connections.", "And so one solution to this is database replication.", "So all right, how does database replication work?", "Well, probably the simplest form of database replication is what's called single primary replication, whereby I have one what's called primary database and maybe three databases in total, but only one that I'm going to consider the primary one.", "And you can read data from any of the databases.", "You can get data out of any of the three databases, whereby if there are three servers and each one wants to read data, they can just share among the three databases reading data to make sure that we're not overloading any one database with too many connections.", "But you can only write data to a single database.", "And by only writing data to a single database, that means that anytime this database is updated, then this database, our primary database, just needs to update the other two databases.", "Say, all right, there's been a change made to the primary database.", "And it's the primary database's responsibility to then communicate to the other two databases what those changes are.", "And so that's single-primary replication.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: How is that more efficient than just communicating with all three of them?", "Because I think you're sending information from the first database to the second and third.", "[INAUDIBLE] information sent that's just rewriting to all three of them.", "BRIAN YU: That's true, though.", "Databases could potentially batch information together into transactions and things and groups so as to be a little bit more efficient.", "So certainly ways around that problem.", "But yeah, a good point.", "Of course, this helps the read problem.", "It makes it easier to be able to read data out of databases.", "But it leaves open a potential vulnerability or a potential scalability problem with regard to writing data, because there is still only a single database on which I can actually write data to if that one database is responsible for updating all of the other databases.", "And so a more complex version of this is what's known as multi-primary replication, where the idea is that each database can be read to and written from.", "But now, updates get a lot more complicated.", "All of the databases need to have some notion and some way of being able to update each other.", "And there, conflicts begin to arrive.", "You can have update conflicts where two different databases have updated the same row.", "All right, how do you resolve that problem?", "You can have uniqueness conflicts, whereby if you add a row to each of two databases at the same time, maybe they get the same ID.", "Maybe this one only has 27 rows, so this database adds a new row with ID number 28, and this database does the same thing.", "And now, when they try to update each other, we have two rows with the same ID.", "And now, we need some way of resolving those, because the IDs are supposed to be unique.", "And so that can create problems, as well.", "And then there are other types of conflicts, too-- delete conflicts, whereby one database tries to delete a row at the same time another database tries to update a row.", "So which do you do?", "Do you update the row?", "Do you delete the row?", "And so these are all conflicts that when you're setting up a multi-primary replication system, you need to figure out how you're going to ultimately resolve those conflicts.", "You gain the ability to write to all the databases, but new problems arise as you begin to do that.", "Yeah?", "AUDIENCE: So is the information in each database the same?", "Are they [INAUDIBLE] with each other?", "BRIAN YU: Yeah.", "In this model, the databases in general are going to be the same, though they're not always perfectly going to be in sync, which is yet another problem, whereby there might be some time after I write to this database before that data propagates through all of the databases, for instance.", "AUDIENCE: So why not keep it in one?", "BRIAN YU: You could keep all the information in one database.", "But a single database server can only handle so many connections.", "And so you might imagine that having three different servers, three different computers that are all able to handle incoming requests, just increases the capacity of your application to be able to handle that kind of load.", "All right.", "Questions about databases, database replication, any of the scale problems that come about there?", "All right.", "Final thing I'll mention on the topic of scaling that can be helpful is just the idea of caching.", "Caching is something we've talked about a lot before.", "But a general idea could be that in order to try and solve this problem of constantly having to request information from the database, if we could store data in some other place-- in particular, inside of a cache-- then we don't need to access the database as often, because we've got the information already stored.", "And so one way to do this is via client-side caching.", "And so inside of the HTTP headers, when an HTTP response is sending back information to a user, you can add an HTTP header called cache control that basically says for up to this number of seconds, you can just store information about this page and not request it again if you try and request the page for a second time.", "And this helps to make sure that if the browser tries to request the page again, it doesn't need to.", "It can just use the version that's stored inside of the cache.", "And a more recent development is this idea of an ETag, or an entity tag.", "And the idea here is that if we have some web resource, some document, some piece of data from a database that our web application is sending out to users, when I send users that resource, that document, I'll send that document, and I'll also send an entity tag that corresponds to that particular version of the document and send them both to the user.", "And imagine this is a big document.", "It's a lot of data, so it's expensive to query and to send to the user.", "The next time the user tries to request this page, what the user can do is the user can send the entity tag, the ETag, along with their request.", "I would like to request this resource, and, oh, by the way, I already have this version of the entity stored locally inside of my computer's cache.", "And if the web application then looks at that ETag and says, all right, you know what?", "That's the latest version of the document.", "The web application can just respond-- in particular, with an HTTP status code of 304, meaning not modified, to just say, you know what?", "This entity tag is the most recent entity tag.", "Don't bother trying to request the document again.", "Just use the version you saved locally in your cache.", "And if, on the off chance, the document's been updated and therefore has a new ETag value, then the web application goes through the process of sending that entire document back to the user.", "But by taking advantage of technologies like this, this can allow us to make sure that we're not making too many requests to the database, that we don't make redundant requests if a particular resource hasn't changed.", "So caching can be done on the client side.", "Caching can also be done on the server side, which changes our diagram slightly so as to look a little bit more like this, whereby now, we've got some more complications here.", "We've got some load balancer that's communicating with a bunch of different servers.", "All of those servers have to interact with the database, and maybe you've got multiple databases going on here that are each able to do reads and writes, either in a single-primary model or a multi-primary model.", "And those servers also have access to some cache that makes it easier to access data quickly, in a sense, saying, if there's some expensive database query, don't bother performing the database query again and again and again.", "Take the results of that database query once.", "Save it inside of the cache.", "And from then on, the server can just look to the cache and get information out of there.", "So lot of security and scalability concerns that can potentially come about as you begin web application development.", "And so goal of today was really just to give you a sense for the types of concerns to be aware of, the types of things to be thinking about, and the types of issues that will come about if you decide to take a web application and begin to have more and more people actually start to use it.", "So questions about that or about any of the other topics we've covered this week?", "All right.", "So with the remainder of this morning, between now and about 12:30 or so, we'll leave it open to more project time, an opportunity to work on any of the projects you've worked on so far over the course of this week and also an opportunity to work on something new if you would like to.", "I know many of you yesterday decided to start on new projects, projects of your own choosing built in React or Flask or using JavaScript or any of the other technologies we've talked about this week.", "Before we conclude, though, I do have to say a couple of thank yous, first to David for helping to advise the class, to the teaching fellows-- Josh and Christian and Athena and Julia-- for being excellent in helping to answer questions and helping to make sure that the course can run smoothly, to Andrew up in the back, who's been taking care of the production side of everything over the course of this week, making sure that all the lectures are recorded and making sure they're posted online, such that afterwards, you, when you're here or when you're not here, are able to come online to see them.", "So thank you to everyone for helping to make the course possible.", "Thank you to all of you for coming to the course.", "Hope you enjoyed it.", "Hope you got things out of it.", "We've really only scratched the surface, though, of a lot of the topics that we've covered over the course of the past week.", "There's a lot more to CSS and HTML and JavaScript and Flask and Python and React than we were really able to touch on over the course of the week.", "It was really meant to be more of an opportunity to give you some exposure to some of the fundamentals of these ideas, some of the tools and the concepts that you can ultimately use them as you begin to design web applications of your own.", "So I do hope that you've learned something from the week but, in particular, that you found things that are interesting to you, such that you continue to take those ideas and explore them.", "Go beyond just what we've been able to cover over the course of this week and explore what else these technologies and these tools and these ideas ultimately have to offer.", "So thank you so much.", "We'll stick around until 12:30 to help with project time.", "[APPLAUSE] But this was CS50 Beyond." ]

[ "Introduction", "Security", "Git Vulnerabilities", "HTML Vulnerabilities", "HTTP and HTTPS", "Cryptography", "Secret-Key Cryptography", "Public-Key Cryptography", "Environment Variables", "SQL Vulnerabilities", "SQL Injection", "JavaScript Vulnerabilities", "Cross-Site Scripting", "Cross-Site Request Forgery", "Scalability", "Benchmarking", "Load Balancing", "Load Balancing Methods", "Session-Aware Load Balancing", "Auto-Scaling", "Scaling Databases", "Database Partitioning", "Database Replication", "Single-Primary Replication", "Multi-Primary Replication", "Caching", "Client-Side Caching" ]

[ "Hey there, viewers!", "A good smile says a lot about your personality.", "You get a ton of compliments when you have good looking teeth.", "Your teeth help you chew food, speak clearly and make you look good.", "Believe it or not, those pearly whites are also a mirror to your overall health.", "In today's video, we’re giving you simple tips and tricks for a healthy mouth.", "Do you brush before bed?", "What kind of toothpaste do you use?", "Are you drinking too much soda?", "We’re talking all that AND more... 1.", "Don't Sleep Without Brushing We’ve all heard you need to brush twice daily.", "But how often do you actually follow through and do it?", "Germs and food collect on your gums as the day goes on.", "You need to get rid of it before you sleep.", "After dinner, germs in the mouth go crazy on all the acids and food over your teeth.", "These germs and microorganisms create holes in your teeth called cavities.", "If you don't stop it, it can lead to tooth decay and inflamed gums.", "Day brushing is important, but when you brush at night, you’ve signified that you’re no longer eating for the rest of the day, and you’re giving your teeth a rest.", "This means no midnight snacking!", "How many times do you brush in a day?", "Sound off in the comments below, and stay connected with our ever-growing Bestie community... 2.", "Correct Brushing Have you ever wondered whether you're brushing correctly or not.", "Many of us aren’t!", "Use a soft-bristled brush, and go in gentle, small circles on your back teeth.", "As for your front teeth, brush in a vertical direction.", "Do this for 2 minutes.", "People often go to and fro on their teeth, which is not a good method for cleaning.", "As the saying goes, you don’t need to brush all your teeth, just the ones you want to keep.", "As for the types of brushes, a soft brush will go easy on your teeth.", "Don’t use one with hard bristles unless your doctor tells you to.", "Electric brushes can help you up your oral hygiene game.", "Many brushes come with pressure indicators that stop you from brushing too hard.", "This can keep your gums from getting damaged.", "Excessive enamel wear due to hard brushing can also be avoided.", "Some brushes have built-in timers that ensure you brush for those two whole minutes.", "Make sure you change your brush regularly.", "You should replace your toothbrush every 3 months.", "If you're noticing that your bristles are too bent, you may have to replace it earlier.", "Looking for answers on all the latest health and wellness news?", "Hit that “subscribe” button, and join our millions of followers.", "Stay up to date on all our great Bestie content.. 3.", "Use An Anti-cavity Toothpaste There are hundreds of types of toothpaste you can get.", "Just make sure your toothpaste has a special chemical called fluoride.", "This is an absolute showstopper.", "Fluoride is a powerful chemical that stops microorganisms from forming cavities.", "There may also be additional benefits in your toothpaste like teeth whiteners, and pleasant flavors.", "But as long as there’s fluoride, you’re good.", "Fluoride lays an invisible protective layer over your teeth, which safeguards them from cavities.", "Studies have shown that using fluoride can prevent cavities much better than just brushing and flossing.", "If your water supply is fluoride deficient, you might see white, frosty patches on your teeth.", "This indicates fluorosis, which requires you to immediately up your fluoride level.", "The first step towards this is using a fluoride-rich toothpaste.", "If possible try leaving the toothpaste in your mouth.", "Don’t rinse it off with water.", "Just spit it out without swallowing.", "This will allow the fluoride to stay a little longer on your teeth.", "4.", "Clean Your Tongue Your tongue harbors a ton of microorganisms.", "It’s the perfect hiding place for bad bacteria.", "Rotten food and microorganisms hide in the tiny crevices.", "Over time, your breath will start to smell.", "This is why it’s good to use a tongue cleaner.", "If you’re comfortable using the backend of your brush, you can scrape your tongue lightly with that.", "Cleaning your tongue will clean your taste buds, which might make you taste things better.", "That’s a bonus!", "Before we move ahead, here’s another video you might like.", "Watch and learn more about the 19 signs you are suffering from calcium deficiency.", "5.", "Floss Like a Boss We know this must be the millionth time you’ve heard about flossing.", "The importance of flossing should never be dismissed.", "Wind floss around your fingers and make your way gently between two teeth.", "Don't floss too hard.", "It may cause lacerations and bleeding.", "Flossing helps get rid of the plaque stuck between the corners of your teeth.", "This removes those nasty chunks of broccoli.", "Gentle stimulation of gums can reduce inflammation and keep away bad breath.", "Consider this as a relaxing massage for your gums.", "It's recommended you floss at least once daily.", "Flossing is as important as brushing.", "If you’re new to flossing, start with ready-to-use dental floss from the drugstore.", "You can also try the water flosser, which has revolutionized manual flossing altogether.", "6.", "Use the Correct Mouthwash Your dentist will recommend mouthwash according to your needs.", "There are mouthwashes meant to remove plaque, maintain acidity in your mouth, reduce sensitivity around the gums and even remineralize your teeth.", "It's a blend of antibacterial agents and essential oils that leave a refreshing aftertaste.", "Children and elderly who are unable to brush properly have more use for mouthwash than others.", "But this doesn’t mean brushing and flossing are less important.", "7.", "Drink More Water Water is the best drink ever.", "Are you having too much soda and juice?", "You may say no, but your teeth tell a different story.", "Soda and juice make your mouth more acidic, while also giving you excess sugar.", "If you’re not into guzzling down water with every meal, try some green tea.", "Or fill a tall glass with ice cubes.", "Add lemon slices, cucumbers, or mints for a fresh summer drink.", "Water will keep you hydrated and prevent dry mouth.", "A dry mouth is more vulnerable to cavities.", "If you’re a mouth breather, you will have a dry mouth.", "8.", "Go To the Dentist Taking a trip to the dentist’s office has always been scary.", "Make a point to visit them every six months.", "It doesn’t matter if you have dental problems or not.", "Your dentist will remove the hardened tartar you can’t get to.", "Don't miss this tooth cleaning.", "Other oral conditions like gum diseases and cancer can be checked by your dentist.", "9.", "Watch What You Eat It’s hard to resist chocolates, cookies, pudding, cake and ice cream.", "But what you eat will stick in the gaps of your teeth.", "Sticky candy is especially notorious for this.", "Studies show lowering your sugar intake by just 5% of your daily calorie count can drastically reduce your risk of cavities.", "If you’re a fan of other sticky foods like chips, bread and pasta, your teeth will be at double risk.", "These foods linger in the mouth for a long time, making it much more acidic.", "Bacteria will soon multiply.", "Instead, have some fiber-rich fruit and vegetables.", "You can eat dairy products without added sugars.", "Sugar-free snacks are gaining popularity.", "Sugar-free gum can help as well.", "If you love ready-to-eat foods, it's time to stop.", "Don’t cut fruit into small pieces.", "Just bite into the whole fruit and get those jaws working.", "This will stimulate your teeth and keep them strong.", "10.", "Stay Away From Foods That Stain Your Teeth Things like tea, coffee, and wine are bound to make your teeth dull.", "The colored pigments in these foods settle on the outer surface of your teeth.", "They can lose their natural brightness.", "Smoking also puts tartar on the tooth and gum surface.", "It can also make your lips darken, stink up your breath and yellow your teeth.", "11.", "Keep Mints and Breath Sprays Handy Bad breath is the most common oral problem.", "It's embarrassing and gross.", "Keep mints and breath spray around if you’re out.", "Just know these are products that just mask the foul smell.", "If you want to address this problem from its root, you have to do everything else we’ve talked about.", "12.", "Face Yoga Sound strange?", "Let me explain... Face yoga is a natural face sculptor that increases blood circulation in and around your mouth.", "Those of you wanting to look younger can try face yoga.", "This gives you a sharp jawline, healthy gums, and good lips.", "Remember if you take care of your teeth now, they’ll take care of you in the long run.", "Many people won't have perfectly aligned teeth, but it doesn’t make you any less attractive.", "A carefree smile is the best smile.", "Let’s take a look at a couple more videos.", "Calcium is important for your teeth and bones.", "Watch and learn about 11 calcium-rich foods you need to eat daily.", "Are you lactose intolerant?", "Are you wondering about how to level up on calcium?", "Then watch 19 dairy-free calcium sources you need to know about.", "Go ahead, click one.", "Or better yet, watch both, and learn more about how to become healthier.", "Do you struggle with your oral hygiene?", "Let us know in the comments below!" ]

[ "Intro", "1. Don't Sleep Without Brushing", "2. Correct Brushing", "3. Use An Anti-cavity Toothpaste", "4. Clean Your Tongue", "5. Floss Like a Boss", "9. Watch What You Eat", "10. Stay Away From Foods That Stain Your Teeth", "11. Keep Mints and Breath Sprays Handy", "12. Face Yoga" ]

[ "[MUSIC PLAYING] CARTER MORGAN: Welcome to another episode of \"VM End-to-End,\" a show where we have a VM skeptic and a VM enthusiast get together and hash out all things VM related.", "Brian, thanks again for coming in and spitting knowledge at me.", "BRIAN DORSEY: I'm so excited about this one.", "Disks, disks, disks.", "CARTER MORGAN: Yeah, you would-- I don't understand this.", "I've been trying to figure this out for three episodes now.", "What is it about disks that is so exciting for you?", "BRIAN DORSEY: I think part of it, for me, is that I think almost all useful systems have to store their information somewhere, right?", "Your system has a memory, and you care about the data.", "Most of the time, that's on a disk somewhere, or ends up on a disk in the end.", "And so I think, for me, it's where systems get real.", "And-- CARTER MORGAN: OK. BRIAN DORSEY: --that's the big deal.", "CARTER MORGAN: I could see that.", "It's a fundamental unit of computing.", "And so that's what's exciting.", "BRIAN DORSEY: Yeah.", "And on that unit, we think of them as physical hard disks or maybe an SSD.", "But let me turn this back on you.", "In the cloud, in Compute Engine, what do you think a disk is?", "CARTER MORGAN: OK. All right.", "Going back to a slice of a data-center model, to me, a disk would be a bunch of pieces from real physical machines spread out over a data warehouse or a data center, pulled together, and presented to me, the user, as one logical disk that I can work with and operate on.", "BRIAN DORSEY: Exactly.", "Spot-on.", "CARTER MORGAN: Yes.", "BRIAN DORSEY: That is exactly it.", "And in fact, some of that-- so it's a network-attached disk, right?", "And it speaks of a protocol.", "And even physical disks, these days, speak of packet protocol.", "So SATA is serial ATA.", "And they talk about the blocks.", "So here's a block of data, or give me that block of data.", "And ours speak of similar protocol, but over the network, to a group of disks.", "CARTER MORGAN: So I guess, what is it that's exciting about that, and especially the network-attached part, because what I care about is performance.", "I care about backups and scalability.", "I care about reliability more so than a fundamental unit of computing.", "Where do these disks sit in relation to those?", "BRIAN DORSEY: Yeah.", "OK.", "This is a meaty question.", "So I think, actually, let's talk about each of these in a row.", "So performance, to start.", "I think performance is tricky.", "What does it mean to be fast?", "And I think there's actually two different parts of that, for disks.", "One is throughput.", "In a bulk, how much data can you copy over a certain amount of time?", "And the other is latency.", "So how quickly can you get a response back to a specific question?", "CARTER MORGAN: Right.", "It feels like a physical disk is going to be faster than that because I don't have to communicate over a network.", "That seems like common sense to me.", "BRIAN DORSEY: And I agree it seems like common sense.", "And it's true for one and not for the other.", "And it's weird why that is.", "So as physical disks are getting faster over time-- sorry, as they're getting larger and faster-- but they're getting larger faster than they're getting faster.", "So there's more and more capacity on the disk.", "And the window to read and write that is not getting as big as fast.", "So if you're talking over the network to hundreds or thousands of disks, you can actually get more overall throughput.", "So the throughput side is an area where we are actually faster than a single physical disk.", "But sometimes-- there is a little extra step there.", "So if you need the absolute lowest latency read, you might need something faster.", "So we have a product, local SSD, to do that.", "CARTER MORGAN: And that's basically just literally attaching a very fast hard drive to a machine.", "BRIAN DORSEY: Yeah, it's a-- CARTER MORGAN: OK. BRIAN DORSEY: --physical SSD on the host that we are running your VM on.", "CARTER MORGAN: OK.", "So that seems, to me, like-- I come from video game programming.", "So is it something I would use for maybe an inventory-management system?", "Something like, I recall items in inventory often.", "Is that a good fit for this?", "BRIAN DORSEY: It would seem like it, but I think, in this case, probably not.", "So the local SSDs are actually intended for temporary storage because they are mapped to this physical host.", "And we want our VMs to be long-lived and able to move around.", "So there are cases where we can't have the data live as long as you might like on a local SSD.", "So they're best fit for things like caches or data that can be regenerated by processing or transcoding workloads or things like that.", "CARTER MORGAN: Intermediate calculations in math or vectors or whatnot.", "OK. BRIAN DORSEY: Absolutely.", "CARTER MORGAN: All right.", "That makes a lot of sense, then.", "So then what does Compute Engine offer when it comes to different types of physical disks or different types of PDs, persistent disks?", "BRIAN DORSEY: Yeah.", "I think there are multiple different types, and I'm probably not going to go into all the details.", "But the basic breakdown is an area that I think you didn't hit here that I think does matter to everybody.", "And that's cost.", "CARTER MORGAN: Oh, that's a big one.", "Yeah.", "BRIAN DORSEY: So it basically boils down to a price-to-performance ratio.", "So when you have a workload that is really performance-sensitive, there are versions of persistent disks that can hit that.", "And they tend to be a little more expensive.", "And if you've got a workload that is mostly about storing information, and you don't access it that often, there are less expensive modes of PD to do that.", "CARTER MORGAN: And that makes sense to me.", "If I was a small-business owner, I might not need the speed and scale that, say, a company like the size of Google would operate at.", "BRIAN DORSEY: And-- CARTER MORGAN: So then-- BRIAN DORSEY: Sorry, I just cut you off there.", "CARTER MORGAN: --to not get into-- oh-- BRIAN DORSEY: But-- CARTER MORGAN: Mm-hmm.", "BRIAN DORSEY: --to that point, I think lots of workloads need both as-- or, systems need both.", "You've got a long-term storage and a high-speed portion as well.", "CARTER MORGAN: OK. That's actually a really good point.", "So then, OK, talking about systems-- and like you said, in systems in the while might need two types of disk.", "What about backing up these kind of systems that are in production?", "Do these virtual-network disks actually help with reliability or backing up data?", "BRIAN DORSEY: A lot.", "Absolutely.", "So like you said, it's this logical collection of blocks, right?", "So in many ways, I think it's like having most of a SAN, a storage area network.", "So you get most of the features you would want from that.", "And by that, I mean you can take a snapshot of a disk, which makes a point-in-time copy without slowing the disk down.", "So you can make backups of live systems any time you want.", "And the other thing you can do is, you can take an existing disk, and you can just make it larger, even while it's connected to a machine.", "I feel like everybody has run out of disk space at some point.", "CARTER MORGAN: I have a laptop, and it's run out of space.", "And there's nothing I can really do about it other than plugging in an extra hard drive.", "So that's a feature that makes a lot of sense to me.", "You said something earlier about snapshots and whatnot, though.", "And I'm curious, what's exciting about that?", "How does that become usable in a production system?", "BRIAN DORSEY: So there's the straight-up backup use case, which I think is important.", "But then one of the big ways we scale computers these days is-- there's vertical, and there's horizontal, right?", "So vertical might be like making the disk bigger, like we talked about.", "And then horizontal is, add more computers to the mix doing it.", "And so if you have a computer that's set up the way you want it to work, you can take a snapshot of that.", "And then you can make multiple images of that that are running on multiple machines and have them work as a group to do the work.", "CARTER MORGAN: OK. That is actually really cool, because you're going to get reliability and consistency there.", "You're not going to get human errors.", "BRIAN DORSEY: Yeah.", "CARTER MORGAN: I am a huge fan of that.", "Is there anything else there that you want to touch on?", "Because, like you said, you're going to get backups from this.", "You're going to be able to scale vertically and horizontally from this.", "I feel like those are some really big benefits to disks and why they're useful, and even more useful than having a physical non-cloud-native disk.", "So what do we need to follow up with in the future?", "We said cost.", "BRIAN DORSEY: Yeah.", "CARTER MORGAN: I missed cost, and that's really important.", "So let's definitely have an episode on cost.", "What else am I missing?", "BRIAN DORSEY: I think a whole episode there makes sense.", "And then, I think, with the scaling stuff, you get more moving parts, right?", "So if you go horizontal, you'll have more computers.", "You'll have more disks.", "You start-- need to think about networking patterns.", "And so it's useful to have some automation to set that up and configure it in a consistent way.", "CARTER MORGAN: Yeah, and I'm actually excited about that because I'm a big fan of automating as much as I can.", "I make mistakes.", "I don't want to risk it.", "Brian, thanks again for just taking the time.", "I've got to admit, slowly, you're winning me over, because-- BRIAN DORSEY: Love it.", "CARTER MORGAN: --there seems to be a lot of benefits.", "Thank you.", "That's all for us this episode.", "If you're watching this at home, let me know anything that you think we missed talking about or anything that you thought was very cool.", "I'm getting won over right now.", "Are you with me or no?", "Let us know in the comments below.", "[MUSIC PLAYING]" ]

[ "Intro", "Carter asks: what is it about disks that Brian is so excited about?", "Carter focuses the conversation on: Performance, Scalability & Reliability", "Performance - throughput & latency", "What are the different kinds of Persistent Disk? Price/performance", "Backups & reliability?", "Summary & What's next?" ]

[ "When we are given the lengths of the 3 sides of a triangle and we want to verify the triangle is a right triangle, where one of the angles is equal to 90 degrees, we use the Pythagorean theorem.", "The formula for the Pythagorean theorem is c squared equals a squared plus b squared.", "And in this formula, c is the length of the hypotenuse, or the side opposite the 90 degree angle in the triangle.", "And a and b would be the length of the sides that connect to form the 90 degree angle in the triangle, which are often referred to as legs.", "As an example, let’s say that we are given a triangle with sides of lengths 5.25, 7 and 8.75, and we need to verify that this is a right triangle.", "To do this, we use the variables from the Pythagorean theorem of c squared equals a squared plus b squared.", "We first square all of the lengths of the sides.", "So, we have 5.25 squared, which equals 27.5625, next is 7 squared, which equals 49, and then 8.75 squared, which equals 76.5625.", "So, we next ask ourselves, do adding the 2 smaller numbers together, equal the larger number?", "So we add the 2 smaller numbers together, 27.5625 plus 49, and doing so, we get 76.5625.", "Which equals our third variable.", "So we can assign a to be 7, b to be 5.25 and c, the hypotenuse, to be 8.75 squared.", "And indeed, we can verify that this triangle is a right triangle.", "The key to verifying a right triangle is to square all of the lengths of the sides and check if adding the 2 smaller numbers together equals the larger number.", "Here are a couple more examples of verifying a right triangle.", "Alright my friends, hopefully you got something out of this video, I do have more videos right there for you, till next time, I am outta here." ]

[ "Intro", "Formula for Pythagorean theorem", "Example of verifying a right triangle", "Keys to verifying a right triangle", "More examples of verifying a right triangle" ]

[ "Napoleon controls almost the entire European continent.", "Having defeated Prussia and Austria, he tries hard to dominate Spain.", "In the west, the United Kingdom has always been his biggest opponent.", "The island is well defended by its powerful Royal Navy.", "The country sends an army to Portugal which with the help of local forces, chases away the French.", "They now threaten to take over Spain.", "To the east, Russia and France see a gradual weakening in their relationship, although they are officially allied.", "Russia has never backed Napoleon in his wars and now refuses to implement the Continental Blockade imposed by Napoleon on the UK.", "Having had enough, Napoleon plans to invade Russia.", "He gathers more than 650,000 soldiers from all over Europe, and signs alliances with Prussia and Austria.", "Meanwhile, Russia signs a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire and prepares its troops at the border.", "Napoleon hopes for a blitz and an easy victory that would force the Tsar to negotiate peace.", "His army crosses the Niemen River toward the Russian armies.", "Its south wing is constituted of an Austrian contingent and its north wing by Prussia.", "But the Russian armies, largely outnumbered, avoid engaging in battle and retreat deep into the land.", "Napoleon then accelerates the pace and tries and catch up.", "His supply lines are stretched quickly, requiring excellent organization by many men.", "The Russians deploy the scorched-earth tactic, burning down everything in their path while retreating.", "Many soldiers die of exhaustion along the way.", "Finally reaching the gates of Moscow, Napoleon and his 130,000 remaining soldiers go face-to-face with 120,000 Russians.", "The battle proves to be a bloody affair, which France wins with great difficulty.", "Napoleon and his 100,000 men enter Moscow, which was evacuated.", "A week later, Russian soldiers set fire to the city.", "During five weeks, Napoleon tries to negotiate peace with the Tsar, but receives no response.", "Eventually, as winter is coming, Napoleon is forced to retreat.", "Along the way, the troops at the back of his formation are subject to constant attack.", "Further west, two Russian armies prepare to block his retreat.", "Napoleon understands that he must hurry if he does not want his army to be annihilated.", "His troops, exhausted and starving, now suffer from the frost and snow.", "Horses die of exhaustion and are eaten, while the artillery is abandoned.", "When they reach the Berezina River, a Russian army is stationed in front of the bridge to block them.", "Napoleon discreetly sends men further north to build two bridges.", "Eventually, while the French troops cross the river, the Russian battalion approaching from the north reaches them.", "Bridges are burned to prevent the Russians from following them, condemning the fate of the remaining 10,000 French soldiers who couldn not cross on time.", "Only a few tens of thousands of French soldiers manage to leave Russia, while Napoleon leaves alone for Paris.", "Upon reaching Paris, Napoleon moves quickly to raise a new army.", "Meanwhile the Tsar, despite being weakened by war, continues the offensive knowing he has much to gain if he becomes the liberator of Europe.", "The Tsar moves diplomatically closer to Prussia, which considers the possibility of freeing the Confederation of the Rhine from Napoleon.", "This would render Prussia as the new influential power in the region.", "The King of Prussia discreetly prepares his armies.", "Austria chooses to be neutral for the moment, while the Confederation of the Rhine remains loyal to Napoleon.", "Once the Russian army is at the gates of Berlin, Prussia declares war on France.", "Together they leave for Saxony to fight what is left of Napoleon’s Great Army.", "But the latter is joined by Napoleon’s new army, and with a few victories they force Prussia and Russia to seek a truce.", "Meanwhile in the Iberian Peninsula, Wellington's army, along with the Portuguese and Spanish forces, seizes Madrid and is preparing to expel the French from the country.", "During the truce, while the armies are reinforced on both sides, the battle plays out on the diplomatic level.", "Sweden joins the coalition while Austria offers mediation to Napoleon.", "Austria suggests to restore the so-called natural frontiers of France in exchange for peace.", "But Napoleon does not take up the offer, and Austria joins the coalition.", "The truce is broken, causing the three great armies to march onto the Confederation of the Rhine.", "Their advance forces Napoleon to play the defensive card.", "He retreats to Leipzig, where a decisive battle involving half a million men takes place.", "During three days, the French and their allies resist the offensive, but besieged on three fronts, they finally must retreat.", "During retreat, the only functioning bridge is destroyed too early, condemning a third of the French army.", "Napoleon crosses the Rhine with only 70,000 men, while the Confederation of the Rhine joins the coalition.", "Meanwhile in Spain, the French army, chased by Wellington, is pushed back to the borders.", "France is besieged from all sides.", "The French armies, completely outnumbered, resist as well as they can the advance towards the country.", "But the coalition eventually enters Paris.", "Napoleon, who is in Fontainebleau, is forced to abdicate.", "Napoleon loses all powers.", "He is then forced by the coalition to go into exile with a few hundred men on the island of Elba, over which he has sovereignty.", "In France, the monarchy is restored and King Louis XVIII accedes to the throne.", "In Vienna, the victors meet for several months in order to redraw the new borders of the continent and try to establish a long-term peace plan for Europe.", "Representatives from small states are not given a voice in the negotiation.", "Big powers lead the discussions and carve up territories.", "The Duchy of Warsaw mainly becomes Congress Poland, in a personal union with the Tsar of Russia.", "Prussia extends westwards while the Confederation of the Rhine becomes the German Confederation.", "Austria recovers many lost territories, while old kingdoms are recreated in Italy.", "The United Kingdom of the Netherlands and Sweden-Norway are created.", "Finally, Switzerland's neutrality is recognized by all.", "From his island, Napoleon follows closely developments on the continent, especially in France.", "He knows that the return of the monarchy is little appreciated by the people.", "For one last time, he would decide to try and regain power.", "He secretly leaves for France.", "Napoleon lands near Cannes with a few hundred men.", "On his way to Paris, he receives a hero’s welcome in cities while French troops also join him.", "When he reaches the capital, the king has already fled and Napoleon gets back power.", "But in Vienna, heads of states form a seventh coalition.", "Napoleon prepares the country for war.", "In the Netherlands, an army under the Duke of Wellington's command is prepared, while in Prussia, Blücher’s army goes to join him.", "To the east, an Austrian army is waiting to be joined by the Russian army which would arrive several months later.", "Napoleon decides to make the first move.", "If he can prevent the armies of Wellington and Blücher from joining forces, he may then also be successful in preventing the Austrian and Russian armies from doing the same.", "He leaves immediately with 125,000 men.", "Upon arrival, the Prussian army finds itself stretched and disorganized, while the army of the Duke of Wellington, consisting of soldiers from Britain, the Netherlands and German states, is positioned near Brussels.", "Napoleon just about manages to prevent both armies from joining forces and pushes them both further north.", "An army of 30,000 men chases the Prussian troops, while Napoleon advances towards Wellington who has positioned himself on a ridge near Waterloo.", "The next day, the French army, which is reaching Wavre, sees most of the Prussian army leaving westward, and decides not to chase them, instead preferring to attack the garrisons left behind in the city.", "On the western front, Napoleon and Wellington engage in fierce battle.", "In the afternoon, as Napoleon seems to be winning, the first Prussians arrive from the east.", "Napoleon has no choice but to send some of his men on the eastern front, which leads to his defeat.", "Napoleon goes back to Paris and tries for the last time to form an army, but the government refuses.", "He then leaves incognito to Rochefort, where he hopes to board a ship for the United States.", "But British soldiers are checking the port.", "After wandering for several days, Napoleon, aware he’s a wanted man, tries his luck and asks the British to take him to the United States.", "But instead, they take him to the island of St. Helen, which would become Napoleon’s last prison.", "Isolated and closely surveyed in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, he would not no longer be able to influence anyone anymore.", "He writes his memoirs, eventually falls sick, dies on May 5th, 1821 and is buried in the island.", "In 1840, his remains are unearthed and brought back to the Invalides in Paris.", "To this day, it serves as Napoleon's Tomb." ]

[ "Context", "French invasion of Russia", "The retreat from Russia", "The Sixth Coalition", "The fall of the Empire", "The congress of Vienna", "Hundred Days", "Belgian Campaign", "Exile in Saint Helena" ]

[ "- Oh, hey guys, just here at the mall to pick up some tech news.", "What, where I get it from.", "The global chip shortage has affected all kinds of sectors that use technology, that being all of them, but the automotive industry has had enough.", "Ford and General Motors have announced partnerships with various chip makers, including GlobalFoundries, TSMC, NXP Semiconductors, and Qualcomm, which the company say opens the door to joint R and D and manufacturing that could ease the burden of tightened supply lines and increase the supply of cars with more advanced features.", "Okay, cool.", "So how exactly will they do this?", "Yeah, they don't know.", "The announcements didn't mention any specific actions any of the companies will take to achieve their goals, but look, you gotta start somewhere.", "Step one is saying we're gonna fix the supply shortage.", "Step two is...", "I'm an ideas man.", "NFTs are a polarizing subject right now, but thankfully, someone made a place where everyone is welcome to download all the NFTs.", "You heard that right, every image linked to an NFT on the Ethereum and Solana blockchains is currently downloadable as part of a 20 terabyte torrent file hosted on thenftbay.org, 'cause that's like The Pirate Bay, 'cause...", "The site was put up by an Australian developer named Geoff Huntley as a way to hopefully comment on and educate the public about the nature of NFTs.", "As you may know, NFTs aren't an image, they're a token that may be linked to an image hosted on a server somewhere.", "And now, also hosted in a 20 terabyte torrent file so you can max out your internet connection to own the crypto bros. Whatever you think about them, it looks like NFTs' normalization cannot be stopped with the latest innovation being virtual commemorative tickets NFTs given to NFL fans.", "You can give it to your kids, say, \"I was there and this proves it.\"", "The twist is that your kids are NFTs too in this example, that's the future.", "And Facebook is backtracking a bit with a new test that will give a subset of users control once again of what they see in their newsfeed.", "Users in the test group will be able to turn up or turn down the amount of content they see from specific friends, groups, and pages on their personal Facebook homepage.", "The move is likely a response to general criticism of the way Facebook and Instagram's algorithms just make society worse.", "But meta is also probably trying to get ahead of proposed legislation that would force social media companies to give users the option for an algorithm-free feed.", "That's a trend we're seeing across multiple companies.", "Apple's new self repair service is undoubtedly a response to activist shareholders and pressure from the FTC, and Twitter recently dropped support for Google's AMP system for news article links, which has also come under scrutiny recently.", "Could it be that the internet might be getting better?", "Now it's time for quick bits, brought to you by Samsung, who is reopening two of their most popular Samsung Experience stores in Canada, one at Yorkdale Mall in Toronto and the other here at Metrotown Mall in Burnaby.", "It's right, I'm in it.", "And trust me, it is a vibe.", "Why are you looking at me?", "With new repair services, product training and mobile pickup areas, living the Samsung experience is easier than ever.", "And to celebrate, Samsung is given Canadians the chance to win a wireless charger trio or Galaxy Smart tag.", "So kind.", "Very Canadian.", "To enter, just post a photo of yourself at a Samsung Experience store with #SamungCanada, #SamsungContest and tag and follow Samsung Canada on Instagram.", "Click the links below to learn more about the giveaway and to find a Samsung Experience store near you.", "Maybe I'll meet you there (laughs).", "Look, quick bits are gonna happen in your life.", "At some point, you'll have to deal with them.", "Xbox boss Phil Spencer is a bad ass boss.", "Why?", "He recently told Axios that he hopes to see the gaming industry as a whole embrace legal emulation, a concept that I think would give Nintendo executives a collective aneurysm.", "Xbox has certainly been talking the talk here, between backwards compatibility and game streaming, you can play games from the original Xbox on the latest model and games from the new Series X on the last gen Xbox One.", "So keep being yourself, Phil.", "Phil, Phil, Phil, Phil, Phil, Phil, Phil.", "That's good enough for me (laughs).", "He did make Elder Scrolls 6 an Xbox exclusive though.", "I'll allow it.", "MediaTek has long been the lesser cousin to Qualcomm in the world of arm processor manufacturers, but the company's latest chip, the Dimensity 9000, could give snapdragons a run for their money.", "It's the first chip built with both arm's new V9 architecture and TSMC's is four nanometer process, so this thing that may just be the new mobile chip king, at least until November 30th when Qualcomm has an event scheduled.", "You get to sit on the throne for a little while though, at least, and that's fun.", "Apple's long rumored autonomous car has gotten some fresh rumors to keep the mill going, courtesy of Mark Gurman.", "He says the car, codenamed Project Titan, is expected to launch in 2025 with a custom Apple chip and no steering wheel or even pedals.", "Why would you need that anyways when Apple knows how to drive your car the best?", "It's just like the iPhone.", "Sideloading?", "Everything worth downloading is in the App Store.", "Apple knows best, but no, no, no, no, no, no, no, don't, shh, shh, sleep now.", "Warner Brothers has taken the wraps off it's Super Smash Bros style fighting game, which is bafflingly not named Warner Smash Bros, big mistake.", "You can pit DC heroes like Superman against Shaggy from Scooby-Doo and Arya Stark from Game of Thrones?", "Is this how weird the first Smash Bros felt when it came out?", "Does everyone in the game have kryptonite or something?", "What is the lore here?", "And a teen in Hamilton, Ontario was just arrested for stealing 36 million US dollars, or 46 million Canadian, in cryptocurrency last year using a SIM swapping technique to hijack someone's two-factor authentication.", "Police were able to locate the team because they used the money to purchase a rare online username, which is what anybody would use millions of dollars for.", "I'm gonna blame this on NFTs somehow.", "But don't blame me for ending this episode because it's over.", "Come back on Monday for more tech news, we'll be back in the studio.", "But at first, I gotta get some bubble tea, because there's, is there a bubble tea place here?", "I haven't been here in a while (laughs) and play with some folding phones.", "(laughs)" ]

[ "Tech News Shopping", "Ford, GM solving chip shortage", "NFTBay", "Choose Your Facebook Algorithm", "Samsung Experience Stores", "QUICK BITS", "Phil Spencer, love that guy", "MediaTek Dimensity 9000", "Apple autonomous car", "Multiversus", "Crypto teen arrested", "Outro" ]

[ "Hi everybody, welcome back.", "Today we're going to talk about—we're going to start with looking at epidemic models, how to model epidemic propagation.", "So I've got a little video animation here of what kind of model we're going to use which is going to be a model of type, of an agent-based type.", "So what do we mean by that?", "We have these two people, one in red and one in blue, walking around and each of them has a territory that they live inside and they're actually walking at random and then at some point they meet and when they meet is the moment at which one of them who's infected, this red one, might be able to transmit an infection to the blue one.", "So there are various types of epidemic models, this is just one possible type.", "It's, as I said, an agent-based or individual-based model where we're actually trying to track individual people and, so that's the model we're going to look at for the next couple of lectures.", "So in order to implement that on a computer we need to be able, for example, to say, “How do these walkers move around in space?”, so they're going to take random jumps and choosing a random direction to jump in and then we have to say “How do they actually transmit the disease?”.", "Well that might happen with a probability of infection as well.", "So how can we model probabilities in the computer?", "So, we're not really assuming that you know much about probability, we're going to sort of develop the intuition using computational tools as is the theme of this course.", "So we've already used this function called rand in Julia.", "rand because of, you know, stands for random, and so for example, if I have a vector of friends written as strings, I can choose a random friend to call for example.", "And I just do that by calling this rand function on this container object.", "The container has various, various objects inside and it's just going to pick a random one and we saw that in one of the videos this week as well.", "So for example, if I just keep running this function we see that I'm choosing a different friend each time.", "Sometimes I repeat the same friend and then sometimes I don't.", "And because we're using Julia, we can actually use this function rand with objects of many different types.", "So currently there's something like 80 different methods of the rand function without importing any more packages, so for example I could take a random element of a tuple as well and if I do that I see, you know, one then two then one et cetera.", "So this is a pretty versatile function but its, its point, what is the point of this rand function is to generate, is to choose one of these elements in this collection in a way that you would, you know, call at random, I’m going to choose an element at random.", "What do we actually mean by that?", "We mean uniform and “uniform” is a, you know, technical term that means that I'm going to choose each of these elements with equal probability or equal chance and the act, the act, actual act of choosing an element, is called “sampling”, so I'm doing random sampling of these objects in the vector and in a uniform way so the probability of each of them occurring is the same.", "But what do I really mean by that “probability of each of them occurring”?", "Well, one of the ways that we could think about that— not the only way—is that if I do this sampling many, many times, we expect that the frequency of each of these outcomes, for example the frequency at which I will choose to call Alicia, is approximately one quarter of the time because there's one, because there are four elements in my vector.", "So basically if I have N elements I will choose each one with a probability 1/N That means that, in the long run, if I sample millions of times I expect to see that approximately, you know, one million divided by N of those times I get Alicia.", "But I also don't expect it to be exactly equal to a million divided by N. And we'll see that later on in a computational way.", "So let's use this for example to roll a die, a classic experiment in probability and we can easily do that on the computer.", "So let's take a die with six sides— by the way die is the plural, sorry die is the singular of dice, dice is the plural of die—so I'm rolling one die for the moment so let's take six sides and then this, you know, sides object is one to sides, that is a range, right, we know that that is a, the type of that object is actually a Julia range object, so it represents this vector from one to six but it does not actually store the values in memory.", "But there's this—again, I can specialize the rand function on these, this kind of object and it will just choose one of these are numbers between one and six uniformly.", "So again, you know I'm sampling uniformly from that range now and it's choosing one of these numbers at random which is like rolling a single die.", "So we can also repeat this sampling n times by just adding another argument to the, to the rand function.", "This, this works in general with a rand function with any kind of object, so I'm now sampling 10 of these,.", "I'm rolling the die 10 times, effectively.", "Right, and again, every time I do the experiment I’ll get a different result for this vector.", "So what would we like to know?", "Well, if we just look at these numbers you can see that oh, well two, the number two, came up four times, the number five came up twice, and each of the other numbers turned out, to come up once, I believe if I’ve got that right.", "So we actually want to count those frequencies, the frequencies, frequency is the number of times that these, these outcomes are occurring.", "I want to count those frequencies, so I'm going to use a function called “countmap” in the StatsBase package.", "So “Base” here refers to the fact that this is a sort of fundamental package for many statistics packages in the Julia ecosystem.", "“Stats” here refers to statistics.", "And count map is literally going to count how many times each of these inputs occurs and it will return a dictionary, as you can see here, which tells me “Oh, four occurred once, two occurred four times, et cetera”.", "So exercise: think about how you could write this function, how can we actually write this function to do this counting.", "Maybe that will be on the homework.", "Okay, so once we've got the frequencies by using this countmap we now want to plot them of course.", "Right, we don't just want to be staring at these tables of numbers, let's just plot them using the Plots.jl package.", "So there's actually this bar function which draws a bar chart.", "So this is what's called a “bar chart”; it has bars and it has gaps between the bars.", "This is because this data is discrete data.", "Right, I have, you know, just the values one, two, three, four, five, and six, I don't have any intermediate values.", "Later on we'll see a similar graph, similar-looking graph, that means something a bit different, which is a histogram.", "Okay, so we're seeing the outcome, we're seeing how many times that outcome occurred, for example two occurred four times in this particular experiment; let's run it again and we can see, you know, each time we run it we get a different result.", "For example, you could say, well, how, how likely is it that I get four of the same number occurring.", "So you can see that, well I had a few, a few tries where I didn't get four: here I didn't even get three of the same number, I got, you know, two of the same number several times, and here I actually got five.", "So for example you can ask the question “How likely, how often will I see five of one particular outcome occurring?” and that's actually a kind of tricky calculation if you use mathematics, you know, if you do mathematical calculations with probability theory.", "But computationally it's pretty easy to do by doing a Monte Carlo simulation.", "So what we're doing here is called Monte Carlo simulation.", "That means we're just running a simulation many times with random numbers inside the simulation somehow.", "So Monte Carlo is a city in the country of Monaco in the south— sort of located at the south of France where there are many casinos and hence many random numbers are being generated by physical means.", "So by the way, I should just say that computers cannot actually generate true randomness, randomness.", "You can get true randomness by, by recording atmospheric noise or a noise from an electro— electronic circuit and there are actually websites that will give you true random numbers but it's useful to be able to generate pseudorandom numbers or almost, or look, you know, random, things that look like random numbers in the computer and that's what this rand function is actually doing.", "We won't go into the details today; maybe there'll be a video on that next time.", "Okay, so now, I said that this sampling was uniform, that we're expecting to get an equal number or approximately equal number of ones, twos, threes, fours, and fives, and sixes and if you look at this graph, you'll see that that's just not true at all.", "It's very, very far from being uniform, which would be flat on this graph.", "So what's going on.", "So okay, what we're going to do is just increase the number of rolls that we're doing, and maybe as we take more and more rolls it will become more uniform and that's actually what happens.", "So what we're going to look at is now the “relative frequency” or proportion of the, the rolls that come out to be three.", "So I'm going to divide the outcome, the, divide sorry the number of rolls, I'm going to divide that by the num—the total number of rolls.", "And now I'm going to, um, so we're going to start off with just one roll, and then two rolls, three rolls, etc.", "and as I add more and more data you can see how this bar chart or bar graph changes.", "So what is, so we're looking again at the relative frequencies or proportions, you know, what is the proportion of threes out of the 66 rolls that I've, that I have, and how does that compare to what I expect to find which is that they're all equally likely, which would be with probability one sixth for each of the six options, which is this, this horizontal red line.", "And so you can see that as I add more and more data, well, it's, it doesn't, still doesn't look very uniform but I can, you know, increase a lot, by a lot the amount of data.", "Actually I could even go up higher, let's say 10,000 rolls, and see what the data does and okay yeah, it does actually seem to be getting much closer to uniform.", "It's still not quite uniform but we could, for example, say well, how far away from uniform are we and we could try and work out a way to measure that and then you can actually prove using advanced probability theory that, as you take more and more roles, the chance, the probability that you will be far away from uniform goes to zero in some particular way and that's called the “Law of Large Numbers”.", "Okay, by the way, how did I do a simulation?", "I actually pre-generated the data.", "Because we're using random numbers, it doesn't make sense that every time I move the slider I, I just completely regenerate a new set of data.", "What I want to do is generate the data once and for all.", "That's what I'm doing here, I’m restricting to a total maximum number of roles and then I'm generating that number of random roles at once and then this histogram and this bar chart is just taking the first 97, in this case, of those, of that data and doing the bar chart of that, those 97 elements, so when I add the next one it's still taking the same data up to 97 and it's just adding a new datum at the end.", "That's a general thing that we should always be doing when we're running these simulations with randomness, to make sure that we, you know, it makes more sense sort of intuitively to us.", "Okay, so this, what, so what are we actually doing, you know, if we think about this mathematically, what we're doing is we're generating this outcome, so let's call the outcome something, we'll call it capital X, and, but every time we run the experiment capital X is actually changing in its value and so this, so capital X is an example of the object that we call a random variable, the type of object that we call random, a random variable.", "So it's actually pretty difficult to define a random variable, you again, you need to take a probability course to do that.", "We'll just have this intuitive idea that it's an outcome that is random but it has a limited set of possible values.", "For example, here it can only take the values between one and six, in this particular case, and what we're interested in is what is the probability, what is the frequency or chance of this value being, for example, equal to one, and so we're going to write that as blackboard bold P of x equals one, the probability that x takes the value one.", "What is that probability?", "Theoretically it's one sixth in this particular simulation.", "In this particular example it's about one-tenth.", "The, the, that's called the empirical probability.", "Okay, so now what could we do with this?", "So suppose we want to infect somebody, with chance, with probability one sixth right when these two individuals meet, with probability one sixth we do transmit the infection.", "So how could we do that, we could actually roll a die and if the die came out to be one then we would do the infection, otherwise we would not.", "So okay, that's, that's okay if we have a probability of the form one divided by something but what if we had, you know, some real number and we wanted to generate an event with that probability.", "So what we could do is use real, floating point random numbers, so if we do rand of Float64 it will actually generate a random number that's uniformly distributed between zero and one and there's a real number now and we can actually leave out the Float64 and it will do exactly the same thing because this is inside sort of the most basic random number generation you can do on a computer, in a way, and so, you know, so Julia provides that function with no arguments.", "Okay, so let's actually visualize this and we're going to take some number of samples and then again I'm pre-generating the data, so I'm taking 500 samples, just 500 random numbers between 0 and 1 uniformly distributed, and we're going to plot them.", "So let's start out.", "Here's my first random number, it happens to be around 0.35, and so I'm just plotting on the x-axis where these random numbers appear and on the y-axis I'm generally, I'm going to plot the same random number in the same position on the x-axis and I'll just plot on the y-axis which step it appeared in, sort of, sort of some kind of time as I'm generating these random numbers, just it helps the visualization.", "So let's start generating these numbers and you can see that on the x-axis they spread out in some way along the line but they leave these gaps sometimes, right, and as I add more data I expect that those gaps will be filled in.", "If they're not filled in then I certainly am not generating numbers in a uniform way, but you can see that, for example up to now, you might suspect that doesn't look uniform because there's this gap there, but as I take more and more data eventually those will be filled in.", "So this is actually what randomness looks like, it actually has more clumps in than you expect, so for example if you look at this data in two dimensions you can see there are these sort of big spaces I just didn't, I just happened not to get the right data in the right part at the right time and, and so you get these clumps.", "Anyway, but as you, as you see what I'm doing is filling in this, you know, so these are the random numbers I'm looking at on the x-axis and they're filling in the whole interval from zero to one in an approximately uniform way.", "So how can I use that to now generate an event with a certain probability p?", "Well first of all let's plot a histogram of this data.", "So that's a similar plot to what we had before, but now we're going to actually split the interval zero to one into boxes, and count how many of these numbers fall into each box.", "Why do I need to do that?", "because these numbers can actually fall anywhere on the line, so it doesn't make sense to say what is the probability that you fall exactly at a particular value.", "That probability is actually zero.", "So let's do that with these histograms.", "I'm going to fix the number of bins to be 10 to start with and I'm going to start adding data, and as I add data you can see that I have these 10 bins of width 0.1 each and I'm counting the number of data points that fall into that bin.", "Again I'm pre-allocating the data.", "So as I add more and more data, you would, we would again expect, that you know, we think we're doing uniform sampling, we think that the result should be flat, we think they should be exactly the same number, you know we think in our heads that intuitively there should be the same number of points in the interval 0 to 0.1 as the interval 0.1 to 0.2, but actually there aren't.", "So let me take some more bins and you can see that really it's quite, it’s quite far from uniform, but then I can actually increase the number of samples again, let's say to ten thousand, and then as I take more and more samples, it gets closer and closer to uniform meaning that, you know the distance away from of of each value from the mean value that I didn't actually draw, should be getting less and less.", "Okay so that's uniform random numbers now let's use those to sample events with a given probability, and this is called a Bernoulli trial.", "So let's do the same visualization again and now i'm going to add my random numbers.", "Here they are.", "So let me put that slider down again, the maximum number of samples down to 500 again, so we can get a bit of a better view, and so here we go.", "Here are my random numbers.", "Now what I'm going to do is say I want something with probability less than one-third or less than 0.31.", "So I'm going to put my slider at 0.31.", "There it is and now what I'm going to do is say that oh look if I take these points which fell less than, you know whose x coordinate is less than this value of p, then actually the proportion of those compared to the total is approximately p. So that's what I'm going to use.", "Right so as I change p, I'm picking more and more of the points with a higher or lower probability as I change p. These points that I've highlighted here.", "So the algorithm is actually quite simple I'm going to generate a uniform random number, also called uniform random variate, that's the outcome of a random variable that's called a variate, using rand and then I'm just going to check: is that number less than p?", "If it is I'll return true otherwise I'll return false and Julia has a simple way to write this in this nice syntax: bernoulli(p) which is like I'm going to define a function using this short form function definition equals, I'm going to take my random number and compare it, is it less than p. So remember that comparisons in Julia have a value.", "For example is 3 bigger than 4, it is not.", "If I change it to 3 less than 4 it returns true.", "So you might think that you could write that as function you know bernoulli2(p) if rand is less than p return true else return false, and you can certainly write it like that, and it will do exactly the same thing but there's no point in doing this because this this expression already has the value that I'm returning.", "so I can just write it like that okay So what is this Bernoulli random variable, it, well it is a random variable actually, the outcome of this, So I can think of this as flipping a coin but the coin is biased: it either falls on heads with probability p or tails with probability one minus p, and so all the possible values all the possible outcomes are just one or zero, true or false and I know their probabilities.", "I want probability p when it for for having heads and probability one minus p for having tails.", "This is called the probability distribution of my random variable, when I specify all of the possible values and their probabilities.", "So now let's flip many coins, which are biased.", "So how could I do that?", "So I want to flip 10 coins, I can use an array comprehension for that, and I call the Bernoulli function that I just wrote.", "So if I do that, I see every time I run the function I get a different set of 10 values, trues and falses, and I should get true approximately one- third of the time or three-tenths of the time.", "So let's define a function flips of n, p to do n coin flips with probability p, p. So I can take this array comprehension and just run, run it through the function called count, which literally counts how many true values there are in that collection.", "But it turns out that I actually don't need to put these, these brackets in.", "If I don't put the brackets in, I now have a different type of object.", "It's no longer an array, it's called a, it's called a generator expression and it looks like this and so that is something that does not store its results in memory.", "An array always allocates memory and stores the results there and a generator expression does not, it just generates a new, new, new value each time you ask it for the next value.", "And count does not actually require you to store anything in memory and so it's more efficient to use this option.", "So I timed it and it's something like you should time it too using benchmark tools, it's something like almost twice as fast, in this particular case, as using an array comprehension.", "Okay, so now what do we want to do, we actually want to—so this is going to return, this flip function is returning me a number, the number of coins that came out to be heads.", "In this case it was seven.", "Let's run it a few more times, okay, I got a 10 there and there's a 4 sometimes etc.", "But what I never, I'm going to see a zero.", "It's very unlikely to see zero come out, it's very unlikely to see 20.", "So actually what I want to calculate is what is the probability distribution of the of the result of this calculation.", "So this is a new random variable.", "Every time I run the calculation I get a different answer and I want to know what is its probability distribution.", "And so I can run the experiment with this new function run experiment n and p and a number of times and it's just going to collect the data from running this flips experiment a number of, a certain number of times.", "And so, we can then look at the probability distribution in exactly the same way and it looks like this.", "So as I add more and more data, you can see that—oh, well actually, around 30, oh sorry, sorry, I'm running with 100, let's run with 20 instead, 20 coins, then, so I’m gonna add data and it's going to concentrate somewhere around 6.", "So it turns out that 6 is, you know, the most likely probability in this particular experiment and then it's very unlikely to see a number of heads that's bigger than say 11 and smaller than 2.", "But as I add more and more data, it will gradually, you know, it will manage to spread out and you can see that when I take a very large number of experiments, basically this picture stays the same.", "So what's happening is that I, what I'm calculating is the distribution of this data set that I’m sampling and that's called the empirical distribution.", "But as I take more and more samples here, I’m taking a million, it actually converges to a shape and that shape is called the population distribution, which is the underlying theoretical distribution of this random variable, which is the number of heads in 20 coin flips.", "And to finish, let's change this 20 to something bigger, say 100, and do the same experiment again.", "So here we go, I'm going to add more and more data and as I add the data it concentrates in a similar way to, to the way it did with 20.", "But now when I take a lot of data, we see a very familiar shape, which is this bell curve called the “Gaussian distribution” or “normal distribution,” and so this is an illustration of the famous central limit theorem that what we're actually doing is we have the result of a coin flip is a random variable with the value 0 or 1 and we're actually summing up n of those random variables and when we sum up n independent random variables, they usually converge.", "The result, the distribution of the result usually converges to a normal distribution in the limit, but to make that precise, again we need an advanced probability." ]

[ "How to model epidemic propagation?", "Random Sampling using rand()", "Classic experiment of Rolling a die", "Monte Carlo Simulation to plot the frequencies", "Relative frequency or proportion of rolls of the die", "Random variables", "Uniform random numbers", "Visualization: plotting the pre-generated data", "Sample events with a given probability: Bernoulli trials", "Algorithm", "What is Bernoulli random variable?", "Probability distribution of random variable", "Flipping many biased coins", "Illustration of Central Limit Theorem" ]

[ "(loud keyboard typing) (machine beeping) (chimes) - [Computer] Welcome to the HEV Mark IV protective system for use in hazardous environments and conditions.", "- Everyone's got that game.", "You know the one.", "The one that shattered your preconceptions about what video games could be.", "Maybe for you it was the Italian plumber, or a soldier on a sneaking mission, but for me, and many others, it was a theoretical physicist with a crowbar.", "I was obsessed with Half-Life.", "When I was in school I'd day dream about the fastest way to complete levels.", "One year I went to our Halloween party dressed as a zombie scientist.", "The head grab made of chicken wire and paper mache.", "I think maybe two people recognized who I was.", "God knows what the rest of them thought.", "I met Gabe Newell at a gaming convention in Germany when I was 19, told him Half-Life was the first PC game I'd ever completed.", "He said that's cool.", "I didn't have any follow up questions so I just kind of nervously shuffled away.", "So, what's this all about exactly?", "Well, Half-Life just turned 20 years old and I'm not a kid in Ireland anymore.", "Somehow I came to live here in America making documentaries about video games.", "So, I figured if anyone was in a good position to make a video to celebrate the legacy of this franchise, well, just seemed like the stars had aligned or something.", "I reached out to Valve a few times, but never heard back.", "Nobody responded but I got the message.", "Half-Life is a difficult topic for them.", "Unfinished business, a story left untold, an asterisk that qualifies everything the company has achieved since.", "It sort of hangs over their legacy like a rotten smell that just won't go away.", "But the influence of this series won't go away either.", "It radiates outwards from that blast 20 years ago, and its effects can still be felt today in the design of countless games, the work of modders, the legacy of E-Sports, and the passions of a fandom that still persist today, in spite of the deafening radio silence from its creators.", "So then I thought, to hell with it.", "Let's just do the documentary anyway.", "If we can't talk to Valve then let's talk to all of those people whose lives were changed by Half-Life.", "The contemporary developers whose work was inspired by Half-Life, and the crazy ones who are attempting to finish the story themselves.", "To do this we'd have to hit the road for a couple of weeks, traveling from LA to New York with a few stops in between.", "A journey through the design and influence of Half-Life.", "A road trip into the unforeseen consequences of a series stuck in limbo.", "I wanna figure out what it is about this game that has us still talking about it 20 years after its launch.", "So grab your crowbar, friends, we're Black Mesa inbound.", "(loud bang) (dramatic music) - [Cory] The entire industry fundamentally shifted with the release of that demo.", "(dramatic music) - [Scott] So about a year later the mods start rolling out.", "Counter-Strike lands in 1999 in June.", "Started playing and I was like, this is totally different than anything else.", "(gun reloads) - [Vince] When I started at 2015, 2015 was actually already working on a Half-Life expansion pack that never saw the light of day.", "- [Randy] And so we made a list of all the kind of cool things that were out there.", "The top of our list was actually Half-Life.", "(dramatic music) - [Man] We kind of modeled ourselves after a triple A studio, which may or may not be the right thing from volunteer only like modding project.", "- [Woman] So many people were introduced to video games as a rich story telling experience through Half-Life that I think it had a really big impact on a lot of people who make games, but it also had a big impact on people who just enjoy games.", "(calm music) - So these are all the old Half-Life Beta and Alpha builds that I still have collected at my place of all these sort of old versions of Half-Life that I had through out the years.", "And there was something, you know, I would get a lot of game discs over the years.", "This was back when people were pretty open to give.", "So, here's like Beta 17, here's the Half-Life Alpha build from October of 1997.", "- Did you play all these?", "- Yeah.", "Half-Life Alpha version from December of 1997.", "This is, you know, the first year, right?", "But I sort of got all these builds and I was keeping them and, you know, I don't know why but I was just, there was something about the game that got me really excited with sort of the animations, and I remember the first demo where they were sort of showing the tentacle technology kind of busting through the glass, right?", "That was like an amazing demo that Gabe and the guys did.", "I was just kind of interested in the game and I think pitched Valve on the idea of coming up and sort of tell the story of the making of the game.", "Sent an email, which I still have, to Gabe saying, \"Hey, what do you think of this idea?\"", "They're like yeah, sure, come on up.", "So, I headed up.", "Took a couple days off school to go up to Seattle, to fly up from LA to Seattle and hang out at Valve as they were finishing Half-Life.", "Company that never shipped a game before, it was two guys from Microsoft, Mike Harrington and Gabe Newell, we're sort of trying to build this kind of new game company.", "And, yeah, it's insane what it has turned into, but back then it was just a cool game that I was really excited about.", "And, you know, everyone in the journals and world was excited about too, right?", "Was winning awards at E3, people thought it was, felt fresh and felt different.", "See, I just wanna come and go and tell that story.", "I wanna say it was in September of 1998, when they were pretty much like finishing up, like when I was there.", "You saw the photos that are still in the story.", "But they had the sort of head crab pinata that was at the studio that they were gonna eventually crack open when they finished the game.", "Again, it was a much more dramatic story back then, and we called it the final hours because literally they had to like finish the game, bug test it, and then what they put on that CD ROM was like that was the game because there were no day one patches or anything like that.", "See, I was there and probably spent, I wanna say maybe two or three days at the studio and one of the things when I do final hours, is I really like to talk to everyone at the studio.", "So, I wasn't just talking to Gabe, I was literally talking to John Guthrie, and Ken Birdwell, and Marc Laidlaw, and all these guys that were kinda actually working on the game to hear their story.", "I was just fascinated, right?", "As a kid in college this was a crash course in what it takes to make a game.", "I remember Gabe took me out for, I think sushi, one day.", "I'd never really eaten Sushi in my life at that point, or something like that, and I was embarrassed because I was trying to figure out how to use the chopsticks and he was sitting there eating his sushi and I'm like I feel like I'm gonna be an idiot here and I need to like figure out how to eat my sushi properly, use my chopsticks properly, so that I impress this guy.", "'cause again he had come from Microsoft, like he was a well off sort of well-known executive in the tech world, and Mike had come as well.", "And Mike's wife at the time, Monica, was sort of there doing the marketing stuff.", "So it was kind of very much a family affair.", "I remember Gabe and his wife Lisa they were packing manuals for some of the boxes on the floor and it was just like, it was a very simple time.", "(inspirational music) - I was working on a first-person shooter when Half-Life came out.", "It was the first game I ever worked on.", "The premise of the game was kind of cool.", "You played a fallen angel, and you had these powers, so you could turn people into pillars of salt, or make their blood boil and they'd explode.", "It was like, oh, that's fun, but it was very bog standard level design stuff and that's not to say their levels sucked or anything, it was just what was expected.", "It was the red key and the blue key, the crates and the scientists and everything.", "It was sort of the standard collective.", "You'd go through the levels and you'd sort of do it without thinking about it simply because the way they were designed was very smart, to sort of pellet lead you through.", "Like a mouse through a maze.", "It was the accepted norm.", "This was build engine to current 3D and it was what people were sort of expecting to do, so we didn't think too much of that.", "Our demo was coming out in like a week, and that it was announced the Half-Life demo was going to come out, so everybody in the office downloads it to their machines and their demo was not only longer, but it was better and longer than our entire game.", "And we were about to release a single boss battle of our game and that was our demo, and it was in a single room and you just fought Lilith, and it was over.", "Everybody played and it was like this quiet discomfort that sort of spread throughout the entire studio.", "And when I went to Cyclone one of the first things I said was I am only interested in coming here if you guys are not fully owned by 3DO, 'cause I don't wanna go over and work for 3DO, I'm not interested in that.", "And they were like no, no, no, we're all independent, right?", "That ended that day.", "The demo came out, the game came out, and it just thudded.", "It was an echo of nothing.", "Nobody cared, because the entire industry fundamentally shifted with the release of that demo.", "Everybody in the gamers side and the creators side all had their brains collectively flipped.", "It was the they live moment where Rowdy Roddy Piper is putting the glasses on and seeing the signs, right?", "That is truly how I felt going, oh, this is how games can be.", "(dramatic music) - Love FPS games, right?", "Like Doom and Quake, and played tons and tons of 'em.", "Then Bleak happened and that ended up being a demo that they put out with graphics cards or something, but that came out, it leaked early.", "- [Danny] Right.", "- And I remember everyone freaking out about that.", "The train ride stuff is kind of amazing, because at that time it was so engaging.", "You're just like what is happening here?", "You can't wait to see kinda what happens next, and not that much really happens, right?", "But for some reason it was just, hadn't been done like that before so it was just something that I think intrigued us all.", "- One of the quietest, smartest openings that actually shows you precisely who you are, and precisely who you are is not super soldier created in a lab, it's not greatest spider of all time, it's dude on his way to work.", "Casting a character who never speaks so you're 100% placed in Gordon Freeman's shoes.", "They were one of the first games that I ever played in which the character you embody takes part in the inciting incident of the story, right?", "You actively are encouraged, tricked by the scientist, to do something which causes all the chaos of the entire game world so you're far more invested in fixing it.", "At the time I didn't fully realize it, it wasn't until subsequent play throughs that I realized how well, how expertly crafted, they had done that moment.", "Story was told at you.", "We were in our infancy of story telling where it was a bunch of probably level designers dictating some of the story so they were loving to do this but maybe that wasn't their forte, so it was not necessarily writer solely or anybody that was directing these things.", "It was more like the collective team saying you know what'd be great in this level, let's try this.", "- It was guys that all came out of the mod community.", "That was a smart thing that Gabe and Mike did, is the mod community around Doom and Quake was incredible and they were really smart about just going, as you said, to these kids who learned how to use some of these editing tools and went to them and said, hey, come work on this game.", "So yeah that what was cool, yeah, the personal stories of, I'm trying to think, like John Guthrie, even John Cook, all these guys that were modders and just sort of came in the studio.", "It provided a lot of interesting color.", "And again it had a very interesting structure there too with these cabals, which I think they still use to this day, where sort of groups of people that would all come together and build things.", "As a kid that was studying in college, I was like this is just a fascinating sort of exercise in understanding how companies work, and how teams work.", "(loud crunching) - I love the sound design in that game.", "Like firing the pistol, the first time you get the pistol, especially because it took so long.", "(high pitched squeal) (gun fires) You'd get that tuh tuh tuh tuh tuh tuh tuh tuh, you know the crowbar, and just when you were tired of just having the crowbar they introduce the pistol.", "And then they slide in shotgun, the revolver, the machine gun, at those perfect times, but the sound, when you hear the world, when you hear that (loud fast beeping) you just filled up your health, grr-um.", "You know, that do do do, when your health goes a little bit too low on the thing.", "Critical.", "(loud beeping) - [Woman] Blood loss detected.", "- All these things that feel like you are placed in that world.", "The pacing of that game brought you those moments, that tentacle is just unbelievably good, and it came at the right time.", "It came at a time when you needed something spectacle, challenging, and then just constantly hearing that duh duh duh duh duh.", "(loud banging) (groans) - I still remember I got an early version of Half-Life and it was Halloween of 1998 and I remember I was at my place in LA and I got so sucked into the world that people kept ringing my door trying to trick or treat and I just was like ignoring them because I was sitting there playing Half-Life.", "And I remember it was that moment where you sort of have the helicopter outside and you've got the rocket launcher and it was this moment where you're having this battle and it just grabbed you so much because what they did with that game, there's such a flow to it, right?", "You're in this flow state and I remember the CD audio tracks on the CD that they had recorded and they would sort of come into the gameplay and you'd sort of get into the skirmish mode, right?", "And the music would start and you'd sorta start these battles, and there was a chorography to it.", "Which was just incredible.", "I still remember that, like Halloween and it was starting, and it was three o'clock and like the sun set all these, and I was just so focused on like getting through Half-Life.", "I still remember the helicopter fight, I remember the guards start of dropping down on those black lines and coming down and kinda fighting you.", "- Their AI wasn't that revolutionary but it was.", "It was the first time it didn't feel like random people mobbing you, but soldiers around the corner communicating with each other and then tossing grenades around the corner.", "It was absolutely mind-blowing.", "The introduction of the fighting the helicopter came at that right moment when you're like, all right, I'm ready for something and then it just kills you almost instantly.", "Like oh, okay, I get it.", "(loud whirring) (loud explosion) They are the originators of having no cinematics.", "And that effected me so strongly that even with God of War, what I wanted was no camera cuts, but also no cinematics.", "I wanted you to be able to be, you know, in a room with 10 people and I wanna pay attention to that person, right?", "And if I don't pay attention to the other nine people I might miss something.", "That's really hard.", "It's really cool to talk about, but I can see how they had to engineer certain tricks at the time, locking you in a room with somebody, giving them an active, but then inside of the narrative having them encourage you to have an active, right?", "And they begin that right away with \"Gordon, I need you \"to help me with this experiment,\" right?", "And you become accustomed to that.", "First person shooters were there to throw a bunch of enemies at you, empower you, and then, oh, we kinda need to slow the pace down so let's put some security keys every once in awhile.", "This one really built up that, at the time very popular mythology of X-Files, right?", "That sense of the truth is out there and there's a conspiracy, and the lowest person on the totem pole is able to elevate to the heroic stature simply by answering the call.", "And that's what you're doing.", "It's the classic hero's journey of the call to action, and that call to action literally happens right after you get off the train.", "(dramatic music) - [Danny] Half-Life wasn't designed in a creative vacuum.", "It was a direct response to the types of first person shooters that were flooding the market at the time.", "Newell and Abrash are often credited as the inspiration for pushing the genre into a more story focused lane, but the team they built around them were full of programmers who had been working on the bleeding-edge of first person shooter design for years.", "Many of those folks had come from Texas.", "Specifically the greater Dallas area.", "This was the birthplace of the genre.", "Home to both id Software, creators of Doom and Quake, and Apogee, later 3D Realms, creators of Duke Nukem.", "Around the launch of Half-Life a group who had broken away from 3D Realms were looking for a new project, so on a brisk day in early 1999 they came together to brainstorm their future at the home of one of the designers, a young man who had created a handful of maps for the Duke Nukem expansion pack.", "To find out what happened next I was going to have to talk to that young designer, where he still works and lives, a city called Frisco on the northern outskirts of Dallas, Texas.", "- I knew a bunch of people up there.", "I worked with Doug Wood, who was lead animator at 3D Realms, I worked with Chuck Johns, who did all the character design at 3D Realms.", "Brian Martell, one of our partners, worked with Harry Teasly at Micro-Pros, he was the art director for the project.", "Just kind of knowing each other 'cause the communities, especially back then, was super tight for people working in first person and 3D.", "So we made a list of all the kind of cool things that were out there that we thought would be really great to be a part of.", "And the top of our list was actually Half-Life.", "We saw its genius, you know?", "It's doing what was a natural evolution of what needed to happen in first person, and even though the original game I think in that launch period sold like 400,000 units, like to us it was like, wow, this thing is going to be massive, it needs to percolate.", "So even though it wasn't like the biggest selling franchise back then we knew that there was some magic to it, and we felt like we could legitimately help.", "- [Danny] The team's previous attempt at going independent, a company called Rebel Boatrocker, had their first game canceled because they'd bit off more than they could chew.", "Creating a brand-new studio to create a new game with a new IP in a new engine.", "So, if they were going to take on a new project, they wanted to only do one or two of those challenges, not all four.", "Half-Life seemed like a good fit.", "It was a successful IP, which back in 1999 meant expansion packs were soon to follow.", "It ran on a modified Quake engine.", "The design of the game was something they felt they could work within.", "So, the team decided they'd try and reach out to Valve, but little did they know as they were slowly filing it at Randy's house, that Gabe Newell in Seattle was already interested.", "He had read a blog that Randy had penned about the closing of Rebel Boatrocker, and before leaving work that evening decided to reach out.", "- That night randomly I got an email from Gabe.", "He said, hey, I heard you guys are free right now.", "Maybe we should talk about something.", "So I got on a plane, went up to Seattle.", "I had this idea of kinda doing, simultaneously doing like a Rosencrantz and Guildenstern kind of thing with Half-Life, but also what if the pitch was you're coming at it from the enemy team, you're the bad guy, right?", "But then, like, because of the circumstances you actually aren't a bad guy either.", "Like you have to be a good guy too.", "So I went up, elevator pitched Gabe, and then gave him more, they were like this is amazing, we should do this.", "Then he's like here's the thing, we don't own Half-Life, so you gotta go down the street and talk to publisher Sierra and if you can talk them into it, we're down.", "So I drove down the street and Gabe called ahead to let 'em know I was coming.", "I think we got the, that was February, and we got the deal done in April.", "That's pretty gnarly for that kind of business development, but they were motivated and I was motivated, so we were able to get that job done pretty fast.", "- [Danny] To get the contract signed, Randy and his colleagues would have to incorporate as a new studio.", "Their first project was going to be Half-Life Opposing Force, an expansion pack to a game made by a company called Valve.", "So perhaps it's fitting that they landed on the name Gearbox.", "They started work right away, but soon realized that Valve's unique way of project management was not particularly well suited to collaborating with external studios.", "- About the game itself, Laidlaw was the person I talked to the most and that was probably a sum total of three to four hours of conversation, of interactions, right?", "- [Danny] You guys were on your own, pretty much.", "- Totally, totally on our own.", "We had to figure everything out on our own.", "We had no restrictions.", "I mean, I had opened with my pitch but they didn't really have any rules for us.", "Imagine if we went crazy.", "Like I know of an expansion that was in development by another studio that got canceled 'cause it just went too weird.", "It wasn't, it wasn't, and it makes sense that it was canceled.", "It was trying to integrate like the Team Fortress characters were in Black Mesa and like it was, there was some weird stuff going on.", "They kind of, like, wanted to define the identity of the G-Man in a way that really wasn't compatible with the mystery that the team intended.", "- [Danny] The project that Randy is referring to was known as Hostile Takeover, a game where you played as a junior G-Man who teamed up with the characters from Team Fortress, which Valve had recently acquired.", "As it happens this was actually the first project that Call of Duty and Titanfall creator Vince Zampella had worked on back at 2015 Games, before he and the team eventually started work on Medal of Honor: Allied Assault, but he has a different answer for why it never came out.", "- When I started at 2015, 2015 was actually already working on a Half-Life expansion pack.", "- [Danny] Right.", "- So, that never saw the light of day.", "Yeah it was more involved with the main story, it wasn't a side thing, but they were already in production on it, but it got canceled.", "I remember taking a trip up to Valve not long after starting at 2015 and realizing that they absolutely hated the guy that ran 2015 and it was like, oh, shit what happened here?", "So, then after that it fell apart pretty quickly.", "- [Danny] While 2015's expansion pack was canceled, Gearbox's would go on to great critical and commercial success.", "Opposing Force was celebrated for breathing fresh, creative energy into the Half-Life universe.", "So I asked Randy what were some of his favorite elements from that game.", "- The boss in the, you know, I really, in hindsight, shouldn't have done it, 'cause it's like kinda breaks Half-Life a little bit, but I recreated the Star Wars trash compactor after the pit worm, and the design of the pit worm, and Patrick's like had to code that up to get it to like, you know, and Steven Bahl did these amazing animations so it was like really creepy when that big eyeballs like looking at you, and like the big, and you're like oh crap.", "The barnacle grappling hook was a great idea.", "I think that was actually Patrick's idea.", "'cause, you know, there was, Quake CTF had a, the Three Wave guys added a grappling hook and we were having so much fun playing with that.", "I'm like hey what would be a grappling hook in the Half-Life universe?", "There already is a grappling hook, it's the barnacle hanging from the ceiling.", "What if Gordon can get one like stuck on his hand, or Adrian can get one stuck on his hand?", "(loud slurping) - Okay, I'll cover you.", "- [Danny] The success of Opposing Force paved a way for a second expansion pack, and just like Opposing Force, the team at Gearbox wanted to tell the story of Half-Life from a fresh perspective.", "- The only reason why the first one happened is 'cause we pitched it, right?", "There was no plan, everything was kind of ad-hoc, and then once that happened I was like, I was pretty hungry and I loved what we were doing, so I had a conversation with, gosh, I think it was Jeff Pops who was up at Sierra, about the possibility of doing another expansion and the starting concept was, hey, remember when Gordon's in the tram at the very beginning and he's going down the tram ride and there's a security guard just banging on the door trying to get in?", "Okay, so this is the game where that's you.", "That was our starting point.", "We mapped it all out and we figured out where, what the Barney was doing, and we created the Otis character to give a counterpart to Barney and had some fun with it.", "Barney was in the elevator when the cataclysm happened when Gordon caused the resonance cascade.", "And Rob Heironimus, one of our level designers, I think that was the only thing he did on Blue Ship, but he spent the entire project just making that elevator ride just the most amazing.", "Like there's animation, with like things flying around the elevator crashing.", "It was like Tower of Terror in video game form.", "The stuff I worked on, I really liked, the whole game trains you to just run up to the health things and use them.", "And then have one that's broken and sparks coming out of it, and when you walk to it and use it, it explodes.", "Now that was nice, I did like one point of damage, but did huge amount of force, screen shake, pushed you way back.", "I wanted it to feel impactful, but I didn't really wanna kill anybody.", "I just wanted you to feel like, oh, shit.", "Anything could happen, like I didn't see that coming, that was a shock, that was a surprise.", "Kind of a magic trick on people.", "- [Danny] When it comes to Half-Life, Gearbox are most known for their work on those two expansion packs, but the truth is that they worked on almost all post-release Half-Life content in some way or another.", "They helped a little on the console Dreamcast Force, and helped on various Counter-Strike projects, but it was their work on the PlayStation version of the game that resulted in one of the most interesting Half-Life side stories.", "An entirely co-op adventure staring two female protagonists called Half-Life Decay.", "- Whenever we do something we always try and go above and beyond, right?", "So, like, hey, PlayStation 2 looks like it might be an interesting platform.", "We were talking to Sony before it launched, we got access to some development hardware.", "Sierra never published a console game, like literally never published a console game, so we were like I think we're gonna be the first people to force Sierra to publish a console game, or develop a console game, we're gonna do it on the PlayStation 2, and let's make it Half-Life.", "So we were really just kind of on board, so it's like just porting it isn't enough.", "What else can we do?", "Let's build another chapter.", "I played a lot of Golden Eye on N64, and my fondest experience on console FPS's are when you can have split-screen co-op, or split-screen multi-player, so I'm like okay we gotta do that.", "We gotta do it.", "It's gotta be done.", "And, okay if we're gonna do co-op, like Half-Life there was semi co-op, but like what if we took that, what if we actually designed the game to assume co-op, but we knew, okay, we're gonna have two characters now, and we're gonna make new characters 'cause that's what we do.", "Okay, what are the two characters?", "What occurred to me was when Gordon gets the HEV suit there's an HEV suit but there's two empty pods.", "Who are the scientists that are wearing those other two suits?", "That's who our game is gonna be about.", "Those other two scientists.", "We already knew one of 'em, it's the one that trained us in the HEV training in Half-Life.", "So when you do the training in the tutorial mission, you have this hologram version, and we named her I think Gina Cross, and we named her Gina Cross because the voice actor was named Gina.", "So all the audio files had like a Gina tag on them.", "Then we invented the other character and named her Colette.", "We had to take the resonance cascade from a different point of view.", "We thought, well, if you're the scientist in the HEV suits one of you's gotta be the one that delivered the sample to Gordon, oh that's cool.", "- [Danny] Half-Life had two official expansion packs and a handful of ports to various other systems, but among the wider community, something very interesting was happening.", "Half-Life had re-awoken the first person shooter.", "After years of un-inspired Doom clones, people were excited about the genre again.", "This was the second age of the FPS where a focus on storytelling, creative level design, and artificial intelligence came into focus.", "On top of that, the game was designed to be Modder friendly, allowing developers to use this modified Quake engine to plug mods directly into the game's launcher.", "What happened next was an explosion of user created games, maps and modes, single player mods, death match maps, new versions of Quake favorites.", "But in a world with servers and CD's packed full of Half-Life mods, nothing was as big as Counter-Strike.", "To get to the bottom of how this all happened, we traveled to Phoenix, Arizona, to talk to an E-Sports veteran whose entire career began with the launch of CS.", "(inspirational music) How old does this make you feel, that we're talking about Counter-Strike being 20, almost 20 years old?", "- Old, 'cause I was old when it came out so to speak, in the sense of the demographic I play around, you know?", "The sense of kids playing video games.", "So even when it first came out 20 years ago I was kind of one of the older guys on the scene.", "And when you asked me to do this, and even last night I was kind of trying to do some of my own research or remembering what beta was, what guns and stuff, in case you ask me very technical questions.", "And just memories were flooding back when I was reading these change logs of the different versions, I was like I remember that one.", "And so it was, it's crazy.", "20 years almost, you know?", "Almost 20 years.", "- [Danny] Scott was the founder of GotFrag, one of the Counter-Strike community's first and largest news sites.", "He's been a figure at the forefront of E-Sports broadcasting ever since, and was even a manager at E-Sports team Evil Geniuses for a time.", "Today he chills out in his native Phoenix and helps manage the Counter-Strike Professional Players Association.", "A sort of de-facto union which helps pro-players with legal advise during contract negotiations and acts as a player-focused voice within the Counter-Strike community.", "Let's rewind that a little bit.", "- Sure.", "- [Danny] What was your first experience playing Counter-Strike, do you remember?", "- Beta one day one.", "Downloaded the mod.", "Again, it's also a bygone era.", "Like, what's a mod, right?", "You ask a kid, hey, did you download any mods?", "They don't know what you're talking about these days, right?", "It was just one of many mods that got dropped out of Half-Life being the most amazing game engine.", "So, Half-Life comes out in what, '98?", "So about a year later the mods start rolling out, Counter-Strike lands in 1999 in June.", "Downloaded it, starting playing, I was like this is totally different than anything else.", "Rainbow Six was a turn based tactical shooter kind of, so it wasn't what it is, was, now, so there was nothing like Counter-Strike, or it was some sort of World War II related thing, right?", "Return of Castle Wolfenstein.", "Right after Counter-Strike comes Day of Defeat as a mod, right?", "So I download this thing day one beta one, June 19th, and I'm enthralled by it.", "I'm like this is amazing.", "It's not what it is now, it was very broken, it was hostage only back then for the first couple months.", "- [Danny] Yes, CS underscore.", "- CS underscore, yeah.", "It was truly Hostage was the only game type.", "You went and had to rescue hostages if you were CT and defend the hostages you had taken if you were terrorists.", "And, on top of that, you've got a set of guns.", "It's not a loadout system, it's not a class base system, it's a money system.", "So based on how much money you have you determine how much that round you can buy guns.", "That alone, with the round system where everything restarts, we're gonna re-wrack and start all over, put you back at your starting bases and here we go.", "Keep track of how you do each round.", "So kind of a continually reset, no health packs, right?", "No armor laying around, right?", "You get the stuff from the beginning of the round, you buy your armor, you don't buy your armor, your health is your health.", "Not an easy game, right?", "Fun and easy to learn how to play.", "It's, oh, this is okay, buy guns, this is the maps, but not, again like any good E-Sport, easy to play, easy to get into and kind of understand, but really hard to master the nuances of it and actually get really good at.", "- After we finished and delivered Opposing Force, we kind of weren't sure what we were doing yet, so we just immediately went into some multi-player mod work and we built something we ended up calling Half-Life CTF.", "And Patrick was just like on, like every day he would just code up a bunch of features and then every afternoon we'd just play it for a few hours.", "At the time we'd also noticed some modders that were working on something pretty cool.", "Some clever ideas that became Counter-Strike.", "And there were some other things that we had and there was, like Valve was messing around with their own mod, what everyone called Ricochet for example.", "Opposing Force CTF kind of became the foundation of what ultimately became the Counter-Strike yellow box.", "Where, in fact, it started with we have this but it's not enough to sell, let's create a collection of things.", "And so then we got a kind of hodgepodge of all these mods together.", "Counter-Strike became the lead but retail wouldn't take it because what's Counter-Strike, so it was called Half-Life Counter-Strike.", "So if you see the original yellow box, it was called Half-Life Counter-Strike and then if you turn it over you'll actually see a list of all the other little things we were all throwing in there to try and do a sum of the parts kinds of pitch, like, hey, this adds up to $20 or $30 worth of value because of all these pieces in it.", "- The updates were hot and heavy.", "Once a week then once every couple of months.", "There were always new maps.", "because again, back in the world of modifications, these guys weren't like, Cliff and Ming-Lee didn't make the maps, community did.", "And some of the most famous ones, a guy David made Dust and Dust 2, and Cobblestone is full on still in the business.", "Making maps and levels and stuff, right?", "- [Danny] I'd love to know who made Scouts Knives.", "- Oh Scouts and Knives, Rats where you were shrunk and you were the little guy running around, you know?", "I actually like the ones that are still in play, that are classics, so Train, Inferno, Dust 2.", "People bitch and moan, like why do you guys keep playing the same seven, eight maps?", "We have a few that come in and out, but basically these maps are 20 years old in some regards.", "Or the core of them is 20 years old.", "Sure they've been gussied up and trains have been moved a little bit in Train, but still two bomb sites in roughly the same areas, the same dynamics.", "- [Danny] I have a copy of your favorite, probably your favorite version of Counter-Strike here.", "I just thought you might like to have a look at it.", "(laughs) - By the way, Condition Zero.", "Yeah, Condition Zero.", "- Valve wanted, they were trying, I mean there was probably a lot of interesting business reasons that I think it's better off if they get into, but it led to a climate where there were some opportunity available to develop Counter-Strike in a few ways.", "One way was on the first Xbox, and Microsoft threw some money in for that.", "We put a little deal together, and in hind-sight that was a mess.", "Gabe was really insistent, like, hey, dude, instead of doing the deal with the publisher like you usually do, you should do the deal with us.", "We're developers, we totally get each other, we'll take care of it.", "Like, oh my God it was a nightmare.", "They did not know how to be publishers back then.", "They did not know how to deal with people like us for sure.", "So that was a mess, but we got started on it and they were schizophrenic about what they wanted.", "We created maps which were totally compatible with the multi-player Counter-Strike that were designed as competitive Counter-Strike maps.", "We had all the guys working at Gearbox that were part of the original Counter-Strike team, Chris Auty and Johnson who made Dust, like these guys were working at Gearbox.", "So we made, there was freaking awesome maps that we made, and we made this kind of single player campaign, which really was AI guys with you.", "You played the maps over and over again to accomplish certain challenges and criteria, right?", "So it wasn't story driven at all.", "And we were dependent upon some new work that Valve had imagined that they called, what did they call that?", "It was like GUI 2.0 or something?", "Or UI 2.0?", "They just went off the rails with that feature and it didn't get done.", "We were dependent upon it, so that kind of screwed us up a little bit.", "Then they did this one big come to Jesus meeting with me where they're like no, you know what, you should make it like Opposing Force, where it's all single player and campaign driven.", "And I'm like in Counter-Strike?", "I don't think that's what customers want.", "At that point I had taken a lot of risk.", "They weren't really financing development.", "I mean, they threw a little bit of money at it, but not nearly what we spent, so it was like this is kinda bullshit.", "So I walked, I told him fuck off.", "- [Danny] Gearbox had invested thousands of hours in their version of Condition Zero, a CS that focused on multi-player but added a Tony Hawk inspired offline mode, where players would repeat levels to complete challenges.", "But Gearbox was actually the second studio to take a swing at developing this game.", "They had taken over from Rogue Entertainment in 2001.", "The game eventually found its third home at Ritual Entertainment who Valve contracted to make the single player focused version that they had unsuccessfully pitched to Randy.", "The game when Gold and review copies were sent out, but when the scores didn't look so good, Valve actually pulled the launch of the game and dumped all of Ritual's work.", "The game found its fourth home at Turtle Rock Studios who finished the game by taking the seed of Gearbox's vision, and packaging it alongside 12 of Ritual's single player levels under the banner Deleted Scenes.", "It seemed that Valve were more comfortable buying out external teams than working with them remotely.", "At that time Gearbox was still under contract with Valve, but by this stage Randy wanted out.", "- We kind of did a deal, they were kind of shitty about it frankly, but we did a deal that got us separated.", "In hindsight both at the time it felt shitty, in hindsight it was horrifyingly exploitive.", "I'm really not pleased about it, and it soured like a lot of ways I thought about Valve for a long time.", "They did to us things we'd never would do to any developer.", "It's really annoying.", "- [Danny] Has time healed that?", "- I had a talk with Eric Johnson years later about it and he kind of shared some, there were some other things going on behind the scenes that were really affecting Valve, and it made their behavior make sense, but it was like still shitty.", "Ultimately he told me that what they were really doing is the game couldn't come out because of some other things.", "They were doing the big play with Sierra where they were trying to re-acquire the Half-Life IP.", "- [Danny] So they were buying time?", "- Yeah.", "- [Danny] At your expense.", "- Yeah, at our expense, yeah.", "And I said, dude, you should have just leveled with me, I'd have played the game with you.", "Like we're supposed to be on the same team, man.", "- [Danny] As the community created more and more free mods, Valve seemed determined to bring these under the wing of the studio and make commercial versions of them.", "Counter-Strike's box copies hadn't been very successful, so they started work on a sequel to Team Fortress Classic and hired the team responsible for Day of Defeat.", "A retail version of that was published by Activision in 2003 but outside of Valve's control post 1.0 Counter-Strike was expanding into new and exciting avenues.", "Professional games had existed before, but usually just as cheap marketing gimmicks, but as broadband expanded throughout the world, it actually made watching E-Sports events possible for the first time.", "Sites like GotFrag went to great lengths to broadcast these matches to fans all around the world.", "And suddenly there was an audience, and with this audience came sponsors.", "Counter-Strike was an E-Sport and the community was holding all of the cards.", "- I'll use the word we a lot, I don't really mean, it's more of the royal we.", "It's not me as in Scott, but we as the community, built this game.", "They gave us one thing, this hostage rescue thing, with a few maps, a few guns, and feedback just started coming day one hot and heavy.", "More maps started being developed, more guns coming, they would tweak, they would adjust what we said.", "And then the hardcore took this and we took it one step further and go okay how do we compete on it?", "Should it be 12 rounds?", "Europe was going with charges only, which meant only the offensive team scored rounds.", "You know, we kind of as a community, globally, playing in different leagues and on different ladders, kind of figured out what is now, for the most part, the standardized rule-set of competitive Counter-Strike, which Valve then took to heart when they added it in Global Offensive as match making the kids play on.", "It roughly uses those same parameters now, right?", "We basically play the same game we played for 18 years.", "After those first couple of years of development with Counter-Strike and figuring out the game, and how we compete in the game, we've just gone for it since then.", "(dramatic music) - Counter-Strike's story doesn't end there.", "We'll dedicate a shorter video to chew that one out, but the cliff notes look something like this.", "Valve released Counter-Strike Source alongside Half-Life 2 and split up the casual base, but the professional players pretty much universally hated it.", "1.6 was king, that was until time made a mockery of that too and the money, of course.", "E-Sports had moved towards the expanding market and strategy games.", "Counter-Strike pro players were left in the lurch as their old version didn't get any updates.", "All the while the Half-Lifer's were gifted expansion pack after expansion pack.", "But just like CS, eventually Star Craft became old news too.", "Toppled by a modified version of that genre.", "Valve smelled the blood.", "They had made a massive mistake in not owning the E-Sports wing of the previous mass market online mod.", "It wouldn't happen again.", "They hired a bunch of modders, and well, you probably know the rest.", "But Counter-Strike wasn't done either.", "The newly released version, Counter-Strike Global Offensive, wasn't exactly the most popular game at launch, but through work with the community, it has since exploded in recent years and is even more popular than 1.6 was back in its hey-day.", "Counter-Strike fans are enjoying a renaissance now while all the Half-Lifers are still waiting on that last expansion pack.", "If only they could sell gravity gun skins I hear you say, we'd be playing episode three by now.", "And there it is, the fan-boy bitterness.", "The specter of episode three is easier to ignore when we're talking about the good old days, but to be a contemporary Half-Life fan is to smile through the disappointment.", "Don't worry, we'll get to Half-Life 2 in just a second.", "This story is far from over, but first I think we could all use a bit of a break.", "(inspirational music) All right, so we've been to California, we've been to Texas, we're now in Arizona, talking to people about their experiences with Half-Life, and it's weird because I thought I was going into this wondering about the development of these games, and like how they impacted people in terms of design, but what's kind of actually come up is how it's impacted their lives in an interesting way.", "Like Cory Barlog, he doesn't really make first person games, but he has all of these other emotional touch points he has with the series that are connected to various periods of his life.", "Randy Pitchford, he's probably the closest to it in terms of design because he worked on those games, but he also has a lot of like emotional and business baggage with the entire Half-Life franchise.", "In fact, one of the weirdest things about this, is that all of these people, to a person, have all wanted to talk to us about Half-Life.", "Like literally every single person we emailed about this documentary said yes, and then took time out of their schedule and some of them had PR people fly in from a different city to make sure we could do this, to talk about a game that none of them worked on that came out 20 years ago.", "So, when I think about that in relation to myself, it's making me think why I'm doing this.", "Like, we could have done a documentary on anything this month.", "So why did I force Jeremy to get in the car with me with his massive camera, this is a convertible by the way, to go all around America and talk to people about this old ass game?", "Like, it obviously means a lot to me as well.", "I'm not really sure, I'm still trying to like process this whole thing and figure it out.", "But one of the things I definitely wanted to do while we were in the sort of general Arizona area, since we were in Phoenix talking to Scott, was go visit some mesas.", "I've never seen a mesa before.", "The Black Mesa in Half-Life is actually based in New Mexico.", "I looked around some places around New Mexico and a sort of general area around here and none of them really looked exactly the way I remember the game where you come out of that tunnel and you're fighting the marines outside of that massive view of the river and the mesas in the distance.", "But the place that did look like it to me was actually northern Arizona.", "Now we probably can't get up that high, but we're gonna get high enough.", "And I mean high in the spiritual way.", "We're going to Sedona, which not only is famous for its beautiful mesas, but also for its various vortexes.", "And if you know the narrative of Half-Life one, you know that vortexes, and vortegons, and portals are a very important part of what makes that game special.", "So, this is our spiritual journey into the heart of Half-Life.", "Let's see if we find what the vortexes have for us.", "(inspirational music) Hello and welcome to the beautiful mesas of Sedona, Arizona.", "We woke up especially early this morning to try and see the sunrise but unfortunately nature had a different idea, but as it turns out it kinda works a little bit better for my, you know, beautiful HEV jumper here.", "I feel perfectly dressed for the occasion.", "One of the reasons I wanted to come here was because the mesas in Half-Life, they're, it's almost like a Disney lot or something.", "They're just these, like, it feels like you could reach out and touch the like cardboard sides of them.", "(gun fires) (loud explosion) And seeing them in real life it actually kinda feels the same way.", "Like when we drove in here there's something about the scale of these things that doesn't feel real.", "It's especially weird because they're so big and they're also like so on top of the town.", "Sedona's one of these places where people, there's a lot of crystal shops.", "People come here for the energy.", "They check out the various vortexes.", "There's probably, is there a vortex here?", "There's probably a vortex.", "We probably drove past a couple of vortexes on the way up here.", "And it does have a special energy to it.", "It's kind of different to Half-Life in that Half-Life's mesas are like, there's no foliage on them what so ever.", "But in a weird way I feel like thematically it's actually a little bit closer to the original Half-Life, you know?", "Precious gem stones being pushed into scientific machines and portals spewing out energy.", "I'm basically trying to justify a trip to Sedona for this documentary.", "But the whole thing has me kind of thinking about, that like, that weird out of body experience and it actually kind of reminds me of, have I ever told you about the story about when I was in the mission Stoned in San Francisco?", "So this is years ago.", "When I first moved to San Francisco I was in the back of a comedy club on the Mission with a friend of mine, some people I used to work with.", "So we had some edibles and what's weird is one of the, like, only, like, audio hallucinations I've ever had in my life was when I played the first Half-Life in the summer of '99.", "And I played for like five or six hours straight, and I remember walking away from the computer and being able to hear the soldiers.", "You know, those radio calls where it's like \"Where is he?\"", "And \"We've got Freeman\" and all that sort of stuff.", "I could like still hear them.", "So flash forward to like, this is maybe three or four years ago, and I'm in the Mission and I've taken these edibles, and I can hear the doctor from Half-Life one and Half-Life 2, Doctor Kleiner.", "You know that voice?", "Like \"Oh, Mr. Freeman\".", "I could hear.", "- Get away from there, Freeman.", "I'm expecting an important message.", "- And I'm like oh my God, this is the, I'm having like another audio hallucination and they always seem to be about Half-Life and I'm laughing about it, and I'm telling my colleagues and stuff, and we're all rolling around on the floor and whatever.", "But it's like 30 minutes have passed and I can still hear him.", "And I'm like it's a bit weird that this hallucination's really like, holding on.", "So it was in the back of this weird comedy club theater thing.", "And at a certain point I poke my head out from like behind, we're like behind the set, and I poke my head out and I can see just like a bunch of people in the audience and there's this guy on the stage and like now I'm looking at him and he's moving his lips and it sounds like Doctor Kleiner.", "So like at this stage I'm like I need to like figure out if I'm like having this really strong hallucination or whether or not this is actually happening.", "So I check the posters around and there's a name on it that says Harry S. Robbins, and I look up Mobi-Games or something and check out the credits for Half-Life and it's him.", "Doctor Kleiner is literally on the stage talking to us.", "He has a like science podcast or something.", "So, after the show ends he comes backstage and I'm like completely off my gourd at this stage, and I'm like, oh my God, it's so amazing to meet you, what was it like, you know, like 15 years ago or like I guess five or six years ago, doing the voice of this character?", "And like he literally speaks that way, and he was like \"Oh it was very fun.", "\"Valve are a great company to work for \"and I don't know anything about Half-Life 3.\"", "- Great Scott, Gordon Freeman.", "I expected more warning.", "- See, I'm not sure what the lesson is here, if you're getting stoned in the Mission try and not make it in a place where hallucinations and reality are going to intersect with each other.", "That's probably my weirdest Half-Life story.", "Although maybe climbing to the top of a mountain wearing a HEV sweater is (laughs) a close second, let's say.", "(inspirational music) As it turns out the sequel for Half-Life would be set far from any mesas but its launch would be no-less revolutionary.", "Half-Life 2 went through countless missed released dates and a hacker, who spread the game's files all over the internet for every game developer under the sun to poke through, but that didn't stop it from being what many consider to be the best first person shooter ever made.", "When you're a fan of video games it's almost in-distinguishable from sports.", "We follow developers like our favorite team.", "Indie studios are like the underdog story.", "Big publishers are the evil empire.", "We cheer when an old legend rises again and scream at the television when our favorite under-performs.", "So when a studio knocks it out of the park on their very first hit we don't expect them to walk up to the plate a second time and do it again.", "That doesn't happen.", "id Software was as close that we got as that type of MVP.", "They went from Wolfe to Doom to Quake, but even they couldn't seem to compete in a post Half-Life world.", "Maybe Valve knew this.", "Maybe they knew to make a revolutionary great game is one thing but to follow it up with another, well that's gonna take something very special.", "Once again it was time to raise the bar.", "(inspirational music) - Yeah, Half-Life 2 is even more interesting, 'cause you know we did that first story and it got a lot of attention.", "I think it was like, oh, let's do something for the second one.", "And then the original pitch for the second one is that I was going to write something called the first hours of Half-Life 2, which is basically gonna be the reveal of the game.", "But I went up to Valve and they gave me a demo of it and I started to work on the story.", "And I think they called up a few weeks later and said \"Oh by the way just kidding, \"we're not gonna announce the game now.\"", "And they kind of pushed back the announcement, even after they had already done some initial kind of interviews or demos, so I used all that information from what was gonna be the First Hours of Half-Life 2 to turn into the Final Hours of Half-Life 2 and then obviously that became a much grander story, with the hack and all that stuff around it.", "They felt more pressure, right?", "So Half-Life one was just a bunch of guys trying to figure out how to make an action game.", "Half-Life 2 was a team that felt the obligation of delivering for a fan base and the crazy that expectations that come with kind of pushing the limit of what you can do.", "And they were trying to push technology, trying to push game play, so it was a bigger studio but there was a lot more weight on their shoulders with Half-Life 2 'cause they didn't want to screw up.", "- Jay Stelly showed me, um, when he first got physics implemented in the engine, and they licensed, we licensed this stuff Havoc, and we started to get the stuff in, and he had this little view model for a tool that he could use in the game to throw physics objects around, and I was like that is awesome, and he was like yeah we're talking about, like, we think this is so much fun to like take a body and throw it into the Pachinko Machine, you know?", "There's like classic physics demos, like knock a pile of crates over, we think we need to make this like a weapon or a tool somehow in the game, 'cause it's just so much fun just to play with the physics, and that became the gravity gun.", "That's like, that's some of the genius I think of the Valve developers.", "Like literally that same week, in Tech 5, I was looking at id's engine, and they had just implemented their home brew physics.", "Like they created the physics all by themselves.", "And they added a little tool that you could use to manipulate physics in the engine and the mistake I made was, 'cause I knew what Jay's comment was, I said that's pretty awesome you should think about letting the player have that fun, 'cause you're having fun, like that's fun, and Tim's answer was no way, that's way too much power, we could never give that to the player.", "That says everything I need to know right now.", "When Valve stumbled upon a fun thing their instinct was to try to find a way to give it to the player, where as the id mentality was like afraid if the player would break the integrity of the technology.", "And yet, you know what, you can break Half-Life.", "You can create problems with the physics constantly, but who cares?", "Like some of the most successful games in the world right now are super jinky.", "- [Man] The world is also built out of materials.", "(gun fires) So if something looks like wood, then it sounds like wood, breaks like wood, floats like it, and if you shoot it it'll fragment like wood.", "(gun fires) (loud crash) Materials in the physics system interact with each other, so instead of steel drums floating they'll behave exactly as you expect them to.", "(loud banging) Didn't think this would be complete without a giant Pachinko machine.", "(laughs) - Yeah I think that whole kinda taking physics as a real piece of gameplay, right?", "That kinda really stood out as something new and unique and there was some frustrating moments with it, right?", "But there was some just amazingly fun moments where you could just sit around and play with it and see what could happen and your experience was different then mine because we did things slightly differently.", "That's always cool.", "- And I mean, the beginning of Half-Life 2, that is an incredible sequence of world building.", "When you repeat the train, but by then when you get off, it's a very different experience.", "It's very Orwellian, right?", "The military state oppressing all these other people and you can kind of throw the can at the guy and you pick that up, and hitting you with a baton, right?", "I remember throwing the thing back at him and he hits me with the baton, and it's like you get to experience, again, brilliantly experience first hand the stakes of the world and the world building.", "The world building isn't something happening behind glass.", "The world building happens to you, right?", "And I think that's the, literally the only thing, what makes games unique, is that you don't passively watch.", "You participate and the more people that can figure out how to make you participate in the world building and the active sort of goal of the world, I mean that's just, it's brilliant.", "- I mean the stuff with Alex I thought was really incredible as a character that you would really relate to, so it was sort of, you know, they had done some fun campy kind of character moments in Half-Life one.", "People I think forget how much Valve pushed forward on technology with sort of everything they did, right?", "So, like, even the original Half-Life that worked with this guy at NYU, Ken Perland, and did the facial expressions.", "Like how can you build off of that?", "Ken Birdwell, like he had new kind of animation systems he was designing, right?", "To sort of make the tech work, and yeah as you said like with Half-Life 2, it was like the physics gameplay.", "It was like they were really always interested in kind of pushing tech.", "Using tech to improve gameplay too, right?", "So it wasn't just like, hey, here's our crazy new graphics technology.", "It was like no, like these physics are going to actually impact how enemies interact with you.", "Then you get to moments like, like the strider fights or something, like in the town.", "Where it's just, there's music, there's enemies, and that sort of choreography or dance, the skirmish that would take place.", "Those were some of my favorite moments in both games.", "It was like two weeks before the game was supposed to come out and they still wouldn't even comment on what was going on with it, and there was I think a weird event at Alcatraz that I went to that they had done, I think with ATI or something, where it's like the game was still supposedly coming out in two or three weeks, and they did this event but they wouldn't really comment on if it was really coming out.", "Yeah, it was really weird, and it was like they were all there, they wouldn't say anything, so they had this whole party and then it didn't come out.", "And then finally it was like a week before or something and they go, oh by the way it's not coming out anytime soon.", "Those guys really care about their products or their customers and they don't wanna lie to people, and I think it's like one of those things where you get in a bad situation where it's like any kind of relationship and you're just like well how do you address these things, how do you talk about things?", "And it sorta becomes the thing where it's like you just, you know, what's unsaid right?", "I think there was a little bit of that where it sorta was like they didn't really know what to say.", "They didn't want to say something wrong so they say nothing, right?", "And that sorta, you know, same thing would happen with episode three.", "I mean all that stuff.", "I just remember it's like, you know, there's not a lot to share, they don't know what to share, so they'd rather just not say anything, and that certainly happened a little bit with Half-Life 2.", "So yeah, there was definitely a shift from one to two and that there was an obligation now to sort of deliver to this fan base that had a rabid appetite for more Half-Life.", "- [Danny] Half-Life 2 changed the FPS but this story didn't end the way it was supposed to.", "Three expansion packs were promised, but instead of licensing them out Valve would work on them internally themselves.", "The first was late, and fun but unremarkable.", "The second was much loftier and ended with bombastic set piece that landed on a narrative cliffhanger.", "The third, well, it's been 11 years now so you may want to cancel that pre-order.", "I've worked in the games press for about seven years now and have heard all of the rumors.", "That the game was spun up again by cabals within Valve a few times but none of those projects gathered traction.", "That there's a virtual reality project centered around the Half-Life universe, that may or may not still be in development.", "Was episode three worked on, or was it Half-Life 3, or perhaps was it neither?", "Maybe it was just a Vive game where you shake a crowbar around?", "Or has Valve just moved on?", "Has pressure, time, and a changing of the guard, pushed them further from the Half-Life universe?", "I figured if anyone would know, it would be Jeff.", "- I mean it's been so long, right?", "Yeah, you said it's one of the Internet's great mysteries, right?", "Look, believe me every year it's like, when I daydream about the game awards, it's like I imagine that moment with Gabe walking out with the Crowbar like here we go, right?", "It's like, we all want that, right?", "But that's just a fantasy at this point.", "Yeah, all the stuff around episode two and episode three, that was just so long ago it has become sort of a parody of itself.", "I don't know how much they really think about the Half-Life stuff anymore, honestly even, right?", "I think it's out there.", "I think a lot of the people who've worked on it have left, sort of a different group of people that are there now, it's a classic franchise that means so much to all of us.", "I don't think there's like a crack team that is, you know, spending months thinking about like how do we grow the franchise, what do we do, et cetera, et cetera.", "I think we're at just kinda a point in time and, as you said, there became just so much pressure over the years.", "I don't know.", "It's so hard to tell.", "And Valve's gone off on so many different things, and interesting things.", "I don't even know what Half-Life 3 is right now, right?", "Is it like a story based single player game, is it a multiplayer thing?", "Is it a battle royale?", "- [Danny] Virtual reality, or?", "- That's what I mean, like yeah, is it VR or something?", "There are a bunch of different ways to sort of skin that cat in terms of what they could go, but I think the thing is Half-Life 2 pioneered a lot with physics based gameplay, and sort of other contents, so I think Valve always looks at like how we're gonna push the genre forward if we did something.", "Yeah, it's one of those brands that at some point hopefully will come back in some form but I don't really know what form it will be.", "- [Danny] Do you have like sympathy for the position that Valve are in?", "I'm not sure sympathy's the right word.", "Do you think they're in a difficult position, maybe?", "- I think sympathy probably is the right word.", "Yeah, I mean, it's like working on something like Call of Duty.", "You have this expectation of you can't change everything but you have to change everything, and it's this weird, you know, we go to work every day wanting to make the best thing possible.", "We don't want to screw players, we don't want, you know, like we want to make the best thing too.", "But it's not always exactly obvious what you need to do to make it better without changing the core but keeping things fresh.", "- [Danny] Was it nice in a way to do something like Titanfall?", "To be able to-- - Absolutely.", "- [Danny] The way it happened probably maybe not the most fun thing, but was it nice to be able to just go oh all those ideas that didn't fit in this box we can put over here?", "- Yeah, starting over sometimes is nice.", "It gives you the freedom to do something new.", "- I even remember when I was writing Portal 2 there were some ideas and technology in Portal 2 that they pulled out, which F-Stop, which was an idea which I saw which they'd asked me not to write about.", "But at the time they were talking about that as something that could potentially be like an interesting mechanic for a like a future like Half-Life game or something.", "So I think there've been ideas, but again it's all driven by gameplay at Valve.", "So I don't think it's like here's the epic story we're waiting to tell.", "It's sorta like well what is the gameplay?", "So for sure people have experimented with stuff, but that's not just Half-Life.", "It's like, well, what could they do with Left for Dead?", "Or what could they do with Portal?", "So they have all these kind of IPs, so I don't ever know that like, hey, here's production.", "This team is devoted to making the next Half-Life.", "I think there were obviously people working on gameplay simulations and ideas but I don't know if it ever got to the point of here's the story of the next game.", "I remember one year at Spike VGA we did an honor for Half-Life which is, Half-Life 2 which is Game of the Decade.", "And Gabe flew down almost the entire team and honored them.", "And I wanted to do a thing with the G-Man and sort of show up on screen to kind of greet people or sort of remember it.", "And I was like, I kind of asked about it, I'm like, hey, could we get the G-Man model and I wasseen hoping, and, like, oh yeah, we got this new G-Man model we're gonna send down to you.", "It's like now we gotta go and find it.", "We don't know where it is.", "It's like somewhere.", "It's just not there was an actively, like, \"Oh, yeah, we're working on this \"super high rad G-Man we're gonna use for it.\"", "It wasn't even sort of part of the conversation.", "- [Danny] Since the release of episode two, the first person genre has evolved in two main directions.", "The first to large scale open world adventures, and the second persistent online shooters.", "While at one stage every FPS designer under the sun was chasing Half-Life's tail, now there simply aren't games like Half-Life anymore.", "The closest we've gotten to has been Respawn's work on the Titanfall series, but even that comes at an asterisk.", "Vince co-created Call of Duty, so he knows the score when it comes to the popularity of single player games.", "When the first Titanfall was made, the studio focused on multiplayer because it took less time and money to develop and was likely to be played a lot more.", "It wasn't until they actually had funding to take a real swing at single player that they designed the terrific Titanfall 2, a campaign that many have said is the best Half-Life game released in the past decade.", "Maybe it's the varied level design or the terrific sci-fi moments or the anthropomorphic robot buddy, but I think it might have something to do with the process.", "The original Half-Life was a collection of levels developed by dispirit teams at Valve known as Cabals.", "It wasn't until Marc Laidlaw was hired that they were pulled together into a cohesive narrative.", "Similarly, Titanfall 2's campaign was the result of an internal pitch process, not unlike a game jam.", "Designers work on different styles of play and these were all brought together to make the campaign which is how they ended up with such a varied and interesting game.", "In any case, I wanna know what Vince thought about the comparison.", "- I mean, we are using the Half-Life engine, right?", "So we have the source engine at the core of what we do so I guess there's some DNA there.", "I think it's got kind of a style maybe that is reminiscent of something Half-Life, right?", "It's also a great compliment by the way.", "I take that as a huge, huge compliment.", "The way we kinda do it, and if you look at it on paper it doesn't make sense, right?", "Like, so we have this six-hour-ish multi, single player experience that you put like 75% of your money and resources into that people either don't play or burn through as fast as they can to get to the thing that we spend 25% of our resources on and kind of cram it in at the end when we get everything else working, all the systems working.", "I think we approach it a little differently now, but I think back in the Call of Duty days it was definitely a single player game first and multiplayer was a part of that that came later.", "There's more variety of what you can do 'cause you play through a single player, you play through it again.", "It's probably pretty much of the same thing, right?", "Multiplayer it's a different game every time 'cause your opponents are different, how they act, where they go it's always different, so, and it's more social.", "It's just, to me, it makes more sense.", "- [Danny] Perhaps the future of Half-Life is a virtual reality game or an open world adventure, perhaps it's a multiplayer game.", "Would us fans be satisfied if they just dumped us back in crossfire with a virtual reality gravity gun?", "I don't know.", "Maybe?", "- Hours of deathmatch on crossfire with my mates, right, and then Half-Life 2 comes out, obviously played the hell out of that game, but then we instantly wanted to play that deathmatch and throw in toilets and, gravity gun just the funnest gun on the planet.", "And you could hold, you would use one piece of debris as a shield and then throw other ones, right?", "Hold the file cabinet, throw the toilet.", "It's just crazy.", "And I didn't spend that much time on it, again by then, again as soon as Counter-Strike came out it was my go-to first-person shooter, right?", "Everything else was you dabble with it, you'd have fun with it and then you go back.", "- [Danny] Do you play much of Garry's Mod at all or any of that?", "- A little bit, just a little bit for the wackiness of it.", "- [Danny] That ended up being its own thing for like 10 years.", "- Yeah, and it's still alive and well too, right?", "There's still of Garry Mod's craziness.", "- [Danny] He's gone off and had a career and made, Rust and all that.", "- Yeah, yeah.", "- [Danny] That's the biggest problem we had when we started doing this, was that, then everyone was like, oh, you need to cover this mod and this one and this one and-- - 'Cause it just, again it'd be really interesting to do like six degrees of separation of like Half-Life mod makers and like where they are now, right, because again it spawned a whole class of professionals.", "- [Danny] Episode Two would be the last Half-Life game Valve would work on.", "Portal was sort of side-loaded into the universe and the sequel more directly referenced the work at Black Mesa.", "But, by and large, the release of Episode Two marked the turning point in the story of Half-Life, a new chapter where a global community of fans would begin to make this game their own.", "It's not that modding was something new, on the contrary, the first Half-Life was one of the most modded game of all time spawning classics like They Hunger, USS Darkstar, Science & Industry, Natural Selection, Team Fortress Classic and countless more.", "You could do an entire documentary on any one of these mods.", "In fact, some of these communities were so big that they spawned subcommunities.", "Counter-Strike had large groups of players playing exclusively on jump maps and surf maps.", "- It's kinda funny because, I was thinking about this in the drive down, no offense to you as a game journalist, like I would buy the game magazines, not so much to read the game reviews, but for that disk 'cause that disk get all those games on it all these new demos, man.", "And, yeah, you might be able to download them online on your 14.4 modem or whatever, but I got this disk, it was just perfect, right?", "And Counter-Strike was one of those-- - [Danny] Yeah, 50 Half-Life mods.", "- Right?", "Every little mod, you were like, what is this, what is this Natural Selection, what are all these weird different wacky games?", "And again Half-Life has to have spawned the most mods of any game that quick, I would imagine.", "Other mods, I played the hell out of Day of Defeat, for sure, tons of Day of Defeat.", "It came out right after Counter-Strike as a mod, also a mod team that got sucked up by Valve and then turned into a real game, turned into a source version as well.", "There's a pattern here with Valve, right?", "They see a really good mod, they take the team.", "It was just one of many mods that got dropped out of Half-Life being the most amazing game engine.", "These creative, they're game programmers, they weren't kids making mods, these are kids that wanted to be game developers, right?", "- [Danny] One of these Counter-Strike modders was Robert Yang.", "Robert now works as a professor at NYU Game Center where he helps educate the next generation of designers.", "Like many modders, he started out making Counter-Strike maps.", "He enjoyed the world building part of it and telling stories through the environments he designed.", "The first project he worked on was the single player mod Nightwatch.", "But for Half-Life fans, it was the next project he collaborated on that would live in infamy.", "- At first, I thought the idea of Black Mesa source was terrible and silly.", "I was like, why would you remake this whole thing?", "Then I played Half-Life One source and I thought, wow, this is really disappointing and bad.", "I thought, I'm a big enough fan, I can like do this and contribute to this.", "So I decided to sign up, went to the forum I signed up and then that was that.", "Maybe things were simpler back then.", "You could just email someone and then get on a mod project.", "For Black Mesa source, I think, at that time, we had about maybe like 60 people on the wiki but maybe 20 or 30 of us were actually working on stuff.", "We tried to separate into departments, we kind of modeled ourselves after a triple A studio which may or may not be the right thing from volunteer-only like modding project, but we had our department, we had a coding department and we had like a level design department who each had their own sections in the message board.", "I remember each level design, yeah, gotta sign their own chapter that they were kind of in charge in.", "So I was in charge of Anomalous Materials, someone else is in charge of Black Mesa Inbound, Dana Munick was in charge of Blast Pit, Jean-Paul was in charge of Lambda Core.", "I was pro-change, change, I was pro-renovations, pro-reboot approach where, I mean, if you play the anomalous material section that's there, like that first big lobby room is fairly different.", "The flow and the way the player moves to the space is still mostly the same and everything is still kinda in the same locations, but I thought it was really important to make a big statement by doubling the scale of it and adding more polies everywhere and just really changing kind of the approach of it to be like, yeah, this is Half-Life in the source engine.", "I didn't wanna just do Half-Life One source, I felt like that was a shadow we had to escape and runaway from.", "- Hey, Mr. Freeman.", "I had a bunch of messages for you, but we had a system crash about 20 minutes ago and I'm still trying to find my files.", "Just one of those days, I guess.", "They were also having some problems down in the test chamber too, but I think that's all straightened out.", "They told me to make sure you headed down there as soon as you've gotten through your hazard suit.", "- Other stuff I wanted to do, I thought the original didn't feel quite populated or crowded enough.", "Yeah, we had to, that was actually a problem.", "I remember we had, as level designers, environment artists, we were thinking, what would a futuristic military chemistry lab look like?", "And we're like, it'll have the periodic table up over here, and what else has chemistry?", "Okay, let's put a beaker here and like test tables there, yeah, that reminds me of chemistry class in high school.", "Put the test table here.", "Yeah, it was strange to think about we had to extend this world building that they had started and merely gesture that, in the original words, computer mainframes everywhere and that doesn't make sense for a chemistry lab.", "The bathroom really pops out at me for some reason 'cause I just don't remember seeing a bathroom in a video game.", "Oh, there's like toilet paper there, like there's toilet paper on the shelf, like there's all this attention to details with something as mundane as a bathroom.", "And the bathroom just shows you I think the soul of the game a little bit.", "It's like, did they really care about this space, if the level designer really cared about this space.", "They thought about when people were gonna take a shit.", "- [Man] Be a dear and fetch me a roll of toilet paper.", "Hello?", "Hello, oh, thank heavens.", "I'm in dire need of some toilet paper.", "- [Danny] Black Mesa started out as a mod, but during its near decade long development, eventually evolved into a single player game of its own.", "In fact, it's not even done yet.", "Crowbar Collective recently released footage of their epic redesign of the infamous final chapter Xen.", "According to the trailer, we should be able to play it in early 2019.", "As you can imagine, a lot of designers have come and gone on the project over the years and creative leadership has even swapped a few times too.", "Robert left the Black Mesa team years ago, but remembers his time on the project fondly.", "Seening as Robert's job was replicating Half-Life One and Half-Life 2, he is one of a select group of people outside of Valve who can speak to the idiosyncratic nature of both version of the source engine.", "When we talked to Jeff, he noted that many of the developers at Valve were hired by Gabe from the modding community.", "And according to Robert, that modding spirit is everywhere in the design of Half-Life.", "- When they're making Half-Life One they're basically modding the Quake engine and just putting all these hacks into it.", "So when you're coming in from Black Mesa source on that train and then you're standing there and then you're like, great, is the door gonna open?", "And then the door doesn't open for a while and you're like, what's going on?", "And then there's a level change and you're like, why is there a level change, I'm already here.", "And that level change is a hack so that they can swap out that moving train for a fake static train and then the door can move at last.", "I remember trying to read through the squad AI in Half-Life and I remember AI in Half-Life cannot talk and move at the same time.", "Like, AI in Half-Life cannot do this.", "They cannot do like more than two things at once.", "They have a schedule full of tasks.", "So they have to say something and then they can move.", "That's why the soldiers have to stop and hide somewhere and then reload their gun.", "(explosions and gun fires) So when Half-Life 2 comes out and like grunts can like walk and shoot at you at the same time that's like mind-blowing.", "(gun fires) (loud explosion) They don't actually perform as a squad, like they're still basically independent agents that just happen to take turns like shooting at you.", "They're still not really essentially coordinated.", "So I think the grunt AI in Half-Life is this beautiful example of something seeming a lot more complicated than it actually is.", "Back when you're working on Half-Life One or Half-Life 2 era stuff, you're not really coding in a language.", "To script all the level logic you have to use entities and these entities are like icons or like visual things inside the world.", "So when you are scripting, okay, first Gordon Freeman will walk in here, and then that'll trigger the door and the door will close and then you have to trigger this sound and trigger that sound.", "Each of those is like an independent thing that like the level designer had to make and then manually like connect to this other thing.", "So what happens is that instead of getting like spaghetti code, you have like paella code or like risotto code where it's not like, it's not a long line of all these words in this programming language, it's literally just visual noise of 100 icons and trying to remember which of those icons you attach that logic to.", "Yeah, you have to like create the trigger and then convert that into a brush entity and then add all the information attached to it.", "Or there's some stuff where you're not necessarily attaching the scripting to like a wall or a door or something you're attaching the scripting to just this random point in space as a hack.", "It doesn't matter where you put it, but you have to put it somewhere.", "So what often ends up happening is you'll, you might make like another room that the player never goes into but that room is just where you put scripts inside it.", "So it's like you're making architecture for yourself that the player will never actually experience.", "- [Danny] Right, yeah.", "- It's like a backstage kind of, you literally have to build a backstage for your levels.", "- [Danny] Modding is in the blood of Half-Life, a child of Quake which, I guess, makes Titanfall Quake's grandchild.", "This is the nature of software.", "Ideas passed down through generations like bottles washing up on a beach.", "We like to think of games as these polished curated experiences, but the reality is that they're usually a lot messier than that.", "Games aren't made by magicians, well, okay, Randy notwithstanding, games are made by fallible humans with fears, desires and college debt.", "Many of the people who works on Half-Life are long gone from their positions at Valve, but the community of developers around it has never lost momentum.", "While Twitch users drop number three jokes in the live stream chat for The International, modders were still releasing new versions of Sven Co-op.", "This community was making Half-Life mods for the pure love of it.", "They didn't need encouragement to keep doing it, but they got it anyway in the form of a blog written by Half-Life's writer.", "So, just as Gordon had pushed that sample into the anti-mass spectrometer and changed the world forever, Marc Laidlaw penned Epistle Three and created a whole new wave of unforeseen consequences.", "(ominous music) - When I first played Half-Life 2 I had never before played a game with so many elaborate scripted scenes and it sort of like my brain exploded and say, oh my God, video games can do this kind of thing.", "These days I mostly appreciate it as sort of like a nostalgic trip back to my teenage years and it can make me feel the way I felt back then when I was first discovering that video games can do these complicated things.", "The boat scene I loved when I first played it 'cause I sort of didn't really expect it.", "And also it's very totally interesting where you're cruising down this river and sometimes these action sequences and then sometimes you're like spookily exploring these shore locations.", "(gun fires) - [Danny] What was it like going back to play Half-Life One then, 'cause-- - Oh, that was wild.", "Yeah, I was like, oh, I can see why people like this so much, but it's kinda square and weird lookin' 'cause I was playing it so many years after it came out.", "I remember really enjoying some of the, how you could see like the Half-Life sensibilities in their sort of seed form in Half-Life One before they grew to like how they were in the later games.", "I enjoyed being able to sorta like plum the design history of this company and see what they used to do.", "- [Danny] Two was almost like a totally different game but they have to like drag some of the fiction into it, so it must have been strange seeing like Dr. Kleiners everywhere.", "- [Laura] Oh, yeah, yeah.", "- [Danny] Like, why is there 50 of him?", "- [Laura] Yeah, we're counting him to be one guy in Half-Life 2.", "- My goodness, Gordon Freeman.", "It really is you, isn't it?", "- [Laura] So last year, Marc Laidlaw, the writer of Half-Life, made a blog post that was a gender swapped telling of, we suppose, his pitch for the story of Half-Life 3.", "It's a letter about everything that happened in Half-Life 3, but also seemingly there's a lot you can read into it that seems to be about Valve.", "It seems to simultaneously be a story about these characters who are worn out, worn out also by Valve.", "There's all these double entendres in it that are like, all of my friends have left and they're all gone, they went on to other places, and you're reading it and it's just kind of heartbreaking.", "And halfway through, I realized that I had to make this and then I realized, oh, I shouldn't just make it but I should make a game jam.", "I've been kind of addicted to game jams for a long time.", "There were a couple of years where I was doing like game jams a year 'cause-- - [Danny] Wow!", "- [Laura] I wasn't shipping anything at my day job and I really wanted to complete creative projects, right?", "And game jam sort of allow you to do that, they give you a deadline and encourage you to complete something by it, and for a lot of people that's the impetus that they need.", "A lot of people could create something weird and funny and creative at anytime but they sorta need the kick to do it.", "(lively music) One of my favorite games from the jam was a game called, I think, Epistle Three made by Heather Flowers which is entirely made of cubes.", "And because Heather hasn't actually played Half-Life One or Half-Life 2, it was sort of her abstract reimagining of like what these things probably mean.", "(chuckles) And you have to shoot the cubes with your gun to figure out what they are.", "You just walk around in these cube worlds and you shoot things to figure out like what they are and they talk back to you and be like, I'm Alex, don't shoot me.", "(chuckles) I love that one.", "That one's great.", "Brendon Chung made a version using entirely assets and sound clips from Half-Life 2 called Tiger Team.", "That one's brilliant.", "Rachel Sala just made a worm that you wiggled your mouth and it spits out Dr. Breen voice lines and its eyes flash.", "I made an entirely text game that technically has MMO elements where every time you choose whether or not to kill Dr. Breen it keeps track of how many people have done that and then it tells you how many people in the world had killed Dr. Breen and decides whether he's dead or alive based on that statistic.", "There's a guy who works under the name Dave Makes who made this bizarre sort of, it's just a hallway, you just go down the hallway and you wave your mouse wildly to kill headcrabs and then all the characters from Half-Life show up but they can't get your name right and you can't get their names right and you're just wandering down this hallway in a fever dream.", "There's so many bizarre takes on this story.", "And I think part of the reason there are so many bizarre takes on the story is because the story itself is very, very, very strange.", "- [Danny] Right.", "- Like, it's much darker than Half-Life 2 or any of the Half-Life 2 episodes.", "It's got some really disturbing stuff about what happens to Dr. Breen in it, who shows up as a grub with Dr. Breen's face stapled to the front of it.", "And Gordon has a very bad time in that synopsis.", "At the end, he gets snapped into the Combine's universe while on the Borealis and the Borealis is like traveling through space and then the G-man is like, goodbye, and just leaves him there and then it's the end of the game.", "- [Danny] And Alex ends up being like far more important to G-man, right?", "- Yeah, G-man says, Alex is my best friend now.", "But friendship ended with Gordon, goodbye, and leaves him there.", "I loved that they sort of unlocked everybody's ability to take ownership of Half-Life in a way rather than, like I know that some people did in fact try to make what I think Half-Life 3 should have been but I think a lot more people were just like, if I could just take over the Half-Life IP and do whatever I wanted with it, this is what I would do, this is how I would express myself using Half-Life as a tool.", "And I thought that was brilliant 'cause that is sort of what Half-Life 3 has become to a lot of people, it's just sort of a fantasm that haunts us.", "- [Danny] It seems that the posting of Laidlaw's blog and the decade long silence from Valve has almost handed full creative ownership of the franchise over to its fans.", "Here's another thing, Valve has a terrific in-house documentary team, a talented crew who frequently make videos about DOTA including the wonderful documentary Free to Play.", "But when the 20th anniversary came and went, we heard nothing from Valve and it wasn't a surprise.", "The only reason we set off on this journey was to do what needed to be done; to allow Half-Life fans the chance to revel in their nostalgia for a while and to try and figure out why it was that we're all still obsessed with this game two decades later.", "I still don't have my answer, but it does feel like we're getting closer.", "We had one more interview left on the schedule, and unlike all the others, this one wasn't looking back; it was looking to the future.", "(calm music) The game jam was a cathartic creative exercise, but there was always gonna be someone who attempted to finish what Valve had started.", "One such group call themselves Project Borealis, an international team of programmers, designers and artists that are currently in production on their vision for Half-Life Episode Three.", "When they reached out to the team it turned out the two of them were pretty close by.", "Project Manager Mike Dunaway and Concept Artist Mike Yakovlev lived about an hour away from my home here in Maryland.", "It also turned out that 3D artist Ben Lodge was visiting the guys all the way from Minneapolis so I invited them over, crammed all three of them unto a couch in my basement and had a chat about bringing back Gordon Freeman.", "- You know, we have a lot of people, we've got people who work for Google who work for us in the programming side of things, we've got a lot of, people like Mike here, who, our freelance artist, working on the team, a big guy that's sort of our lead sound designer, he's a PhD student basically, he's a doctor, and we've got another really talented programmer who also is a doctor, I don't know with doctors in having like second professions which are just as good as their first professions, but people who are sort of senior roles and technical leaders in the games industry as well.", "Off the top of my head, I know there's some that work at Ubisoft, Blizzard, I was at Obsidian Entertainment.", "Yeah, I mean, again my skills transfer over.", "They actually started in the industry and now they're outside of the industry, but, yeah, I just build cannabis dispensaries.", "- [Danny] It's a growing market as well.", "- Yeah, it's very growing.", "It's kind of funny-- - No pun intended.", "- Yeah, well-- - [Danny] One important decision the team made early on was to build the game in the Unreal Engine.", "They did this for a number of reasons.", "First of all, as we heard from Robert, working in source can be incredibly complex especially for a distributed team.", "And though they wanted it to feel like Half-Life, they also wanted it to look like a modern game.", "Using source would be an easy way to retain the feel of those older games, but it would put a 10-year-old cap on the quality of the visuals.", "Whereas, with Unreal, they could make it look like a modern Half-Life game.", "So they got to work attempting to recreate the look and feel of those original games.", "- You know, we're always kind of trying to pour ourselves back, rein ourselves back into what is fun to think about as a potential for Half-Life in any universe and what really make sense within that episodic sort of, this is just immediately after Episode Two, there's no like giant leaps and technology or changing of designs there.", "- Yeah, it's literally immediately after it.", "We pick up right there, right at the end of Episode Two so you can't just all of a sudden have everybody looks different.", "- Yeah, yeah.", "- It doesn't make any sense.", "Like we have this template, we have Half-Life 2 to sort of base everything on.", "And so that's kind of the linchpin of every creative decision we have to try and make 'cause we're not creating Half-Life 3, we're creating Half-Life 2 Episode Three so it still needs to feel like Half-Life 2 at its core.", "- A large part of the initial, we'll say six months of our development, beyond just structuring the team, was just researching and sort of reverse engineering what made Half-Life 2 feel like Half-Life 2 down to like things that we wouldn't even do in modern day game play design and development.", "Like how you stick to ladders and how you move up and down ladders, I mean, how you back hopping, right, and bunny hopping.", "We actually put in things that are essentially quirks from Half-Life 2 in source engine.", "We put those into Unreal because we wanted someone to be able to sit down and say, hey, can I do this one weird thing that I used to do in source?", "Oh, I can.", "Very, very minute things like that.", "Crouch jumping.", "We even had, at one point, we had like prop surfing working in the game.", "But we actually had to take that one out 'cause it was a little bit too game breaking for Unreal.", "- [Woman] Here it comes.", "(glass breaking) They're not gonna (mumbles).", "(gun fires) - There's a lot of things about the original Half-Life 2 weapons that don't make any sense.", "But the SMG doesn't have a grenade launcher but it shoots grenades.", "So one of the questions that Ben and Yakov were talking about early on was do we add a grenade launcher to make it more sense than-- - My response was no 'cause that's Half-Life 2, baby.", "- Yeah, that's how it is (chuckles).", "- They made a lot of weird decisions like that and whether we agree with them or not for like a modern next gen game we're not making a modern next gen game in some regards, we're making a modern interpretation of an old game.", "- Right.", "- Yeah.", "- So we need to sort of leave some of that silliness and that quirkiness in there sometimes.", "The guy who's modeling all of our weapons, he goes through, he'll pull out the source models and go, okay, how can I interpret this to make it look good, because the originals are very low poly and they're only really made to be seen from the view that you see them from, whereas, we don't have a difference between a world model and view model so everything's gotta look good and they need to look good from all angles.", "So going through, and it's like, okay, this is just a bunch of black rectangles meshed together, that's all Valve did.", "And trying to interpret that and then add detail to it.", "You see from this view, and it's just, there's some stuff that are like projected on there that if you look at it from the side it's all stretched because you're made to be seeing it from this view.", "And then you look at the world model that you see in like third person then you compare it with the first person model, they're totally different.", "How do you figure out what's going on there and ends up being like we'll troll through Google and then end up trying, oh, this is the label that they used for this part, I found it, you sort of puzzle this thing together and then you end up with something that looks, it feels like the original but looks current gen and more detailed and enveloped.", "- We released, I forget which update it was, but it shows like our first weapon animations.", "We made one change in the animation where in Half-Life 2 Gordon holds a handgun with one hand.", "- [Danny] Right.", "- Which, if you've ever shot a pistol that like does not work, like you'll recoil all the time.", "So our animator is like, okay, I'm gonna have him grip it with two hands, that makes sense.", "And oh my God, everyone was like, that's not how it is in the game, like you gotta go back to one hand so we kinda like went back and forth on that for a while and eventually like, okay, we'll go back to how it was where he's just holding it in one hand.", "But very minute stuff like that, if we don't catch it, the community will catch it when we release the update.", "And so it's a nice kind of feedback loop for some of that stuff to get it exactly right.", "- [Danny] And you guys are receptive to that, like that type of criticism you don't-- - I think we're receptive to that, because again it goes back to it's not Half-Life 3, it's Episode Three, right?", "Gordon doesn't suddenly decide to hold a gun differently from one episode to the next.", "He doesn't like die and then suddenly he's like, I gotta hold the gun like this.", "It doesn't make any sense like that.", "- [Danny] Each of the episodes out of their flavor: Episode One focused on you playing alongside Alex, Episode Two introduced the new enemy and had larger areas that you could cross in your buggy.", "The fresh Arctic environment was sure to give the team some sort of creative license to add their own flavor to the series.", "So how about a remix of an old favorite?", "- I think it was in the script.", "I think that was what first inspired it; the idea of like an Arctic version of a headcrab because there was like some of these characters gonna be in the Arctic.", "You know, headcrab is pretty bald, like it's just skin.", "We started playing around with how would they look if they froze, like maybe they would just be frozen in the snow and then you can like break them.", "But then something, I think, came up was like, well, what if we kind of modify it to be like a polar bear in some sense?", "So like the skin is dark like a polar bear skin, it's got like matted, gross, like yellowish white fur on the top and it's like adding just fur on it or adding just hair on it would be enough that it's still an iconic thing, it still has the same XOY, the same shape but it just sets it in that environment perfectly.", "So I just kinda quickly sketched up this like little photobash of a headcrab with, it's got like crab-like, the front claws a little bit more crab-like, they have that texture, the skin's a little bit darker and the fur is a little bit more like gross and matted like blood on it and stuff like that.", "And then when it got put in the update, like it didn't get like, I mean, I wasn't expecting it to get any like negative reaction but it didn't get like any negative, like almost none.", "- I mean, it's pretty clear that like in comparison to all the others in life that is in the Half-Life universe, the headcrab is something that like is changing, like a release in Half-Life 2 there's multiple variations of headcrabs, right?", "So we took this up further and we're like, well, if anything is gonna be changed in the Arctic it would be headcrab 'cause it's just like bald little thing and does it really survive in these like harsh temperatures.", "So we're like, well, yeah, if we're to use headcrabs as a, if they're still weaponizing headcrabs the combine and then they're gonna wanna make it in an environment that can resist the cold.", "So, yeah, that's what we've done.", "We have an internal sort of lore that they've done experiments and that's how they've sort of evolved these headcrabs into the hairy, furry version of themselves.", "And with that comes some different variants in how they play 'cause each headcrab variant has a different sort of zombie variant that goes with it and affects Gordon in a different way.", "And so we've kinda played around with that, while still trying to keep it within the sense of what makes sense and nothing that's truly too far out there.", "- [Danny] During the first 12 months they built their source mimicked engine and focused on establishing their distributed workflow.", "The team is taking the project slow and steady and plans to work on Project Borealis for a number of years.", "The next phase involves creating assets and building out a public AB test tech demo set in a snowy version of Ravenholm.", "The road ahead is long, but their hope is that all their hard work will result in something very special for fans.", "- There's a lot of self-inflicted pressure.", "- Yeah.", "- We inflict our own pressure on ourselves because ultimately we don't wanna be another Valve in the sense that we become this project that, okay, now this is the Episode Three project and suddenly people transfer their expectations of what they wanted out to do to us and we're doing this as a volunteer.", "So I think there's certainly, for me at least, there's some pressure there.", "- We all are here because we're passionate about Half-Life and we're passionate about making a cool and exciting and fun Half-Life experience.", "I would want people to understand that we're not just trying to cash in on some trend or anything like that.", "We're doing this because we care about it and we're gonna put as much care and effort into it as we can.", "And some of us are reordering our entire lives, taking different shifts at work so that we could have more time to do game devs that even though work is paying money and this is not we wanna be here doing this.", "- [Mike] Yeah.", "- [Danny] Why do you think you have that passion?", "Like, why reorder your lives and why do it?", "- I think for a lot of us it's the impact that Half-Life 2 had on our younger years.", "I'm 30 and like Half-Life 2 came out when I was in high school.", "And just watching, not only Half-Life series grow and change and stagnate overtime, but watching Valve grow and change and kinda just feeling like, this isn't just, I haven't really just been involved in Half-Life for a year, I've been involved in Half-Life for over a decade.", "(ominous music) - Is that what this is all about?", "Closure.", "The fact that 11 years ago our favorite game ended on a cliffhanger?", "That seems to be the prevailing thought of Half-Life fans around the world, but after talking to all these people I'm not so sure anymore.", "This community is like nothing else in the world of video games.", "It not only supports some of the biggest fan projects in the industry, but online groups like Lambda Generation, news channels like Valve News Network and dozens of mods that are still being played actively right now 20 years after the launch of the game.", "So you know what I think this is all about?", "Inspiration.", "On our travels we met a lot of people, a lot of different people with different ages and professions but each of them, in some way, at some point in their lives, was inspired by Half-Life to go out there and create something.", "A mod, a game jam, a website to help fans watch their favorite game, a new method of reporting on games, or an entire company.", "And perhaps the most peculiar part of all of this, at least for me, is that in trying to find that answer I'd effectively stumbled into the exact same creative process as those people.", "When Valve didn't get back to us, there's no reason why I didn't just go and do a documentary about a different game, there's no shortage of games for us to do work on.", "But there's something about Half-Life that just inspires people to create work around it.", "And I get it rusfor the programmers, the lineage of modding that exist in this game's DNA has inspired loads of people who wanted to work in game design.", "But I'm bad at programming, I'm not good at that stuff.", "What I do is video, and even still, somehow it managed to inspire me to go out and make something.", "And the more I think about it and the more I sort of analyze Valve's peculiar decade long radio silence, the more I think that the fact that they aren't really taking active ownership over Half-Life and the fact that they haven't talked about Episode Three, it's kind of a gift.", "The creative vacuum left by Episode Three has kept this community alive.", "And with time, allowed the fans to take ownership of the game and to continue to create beautiful new pieces of art born from the love of Half-Life with new, different, exciting and transformative.", "- I'm satisfied with the games that we've gotten since Half-Life 2 Episode Two.", "Like most of the Assassin's Creed games have come out since then, Dead Space came out, Dark Souls came out, like there's plenty of games that have been around for over a decade now that were rich experiences in my life.", "I don't need Half-Life 3.", "It doesn't hurt me if there would be no Half-Life 3.", "- [Danny] Would you be disappointed if it came out in a way?", "- Maybe, yeah, because now I've put all this energy into making my own Half-Life 3 now the IP holders are gonna, what, if they make something, I'd feel like mine had been stomped on, I don't know.", "The one thing I was very worried about when I started the jam was that people were going to make games, slamming Valve for not making Half-Life 3.", "- [Danny] Right.", "- And I really didn't like that idea.", "Because like I said, I feel fine that I haven't played Half-Life 3.", "I've gotten to play plenty of wonderful games, I don't need Half-Life 3.", "But those people wanted to make Half-Life 3 and they were stopped for whatever reason, for company reasons or finance reasons or internal politics reasons.", "They wanted to make Half-Life 3 and they couldn't.", "And I don't think it's right for us to harass them for not making it.", "They probably wanted to make it really bad.", "And I was worried that people were gonna make games that were bitter or angry or negative and I'm very glad that people didn't.", "- It is true that digital interactive entertainment is not merely the newest medium our species has created, but the first time our species has been able to create a medium where the audiences we're entertaining are affecting the experience, they're participating, it is interactive by definition.", "And we are at the very dawn of that.", "And I don't think the world will be the same and I don't think the human experience will be the same but we are just at the beginning of that and we're just figuring it out and we got to be here.", "- [Danny] Are we at a point where it's hard to come up with new grounds to stomp on in the first-person?", "- Yeah, I think you're always thinking that it's hard to come up with something new, right?", "But then someone will think of it or find it and we'll all go, oh my God, how did we not think of that?", "Yeah, I guess, like my kids have probably never played Half-Life.", "I know they played Portal and things like that, but-- - [Danny] Right.", "- I don't know that they've ever played Half-Life.", "- [Danny] What's it like-- - I'm gonna have to go home and fix that tonight.", "- [Danny] Right.", "- I think I'm on the side of maybe it's okay if there's never a Half-Life 3.", "Maybe the absence of Half-Life 3 is more important than what it could ever actually be.", "- [Danny] Right.", "- 'Cause in the end it'll just be this first-person shooter in an age where we don't really play single player first-person shooters anymore.", "Like, if Half-Life 3 came out, would it be an open world game now because that's kind of what the FPS was, that's our modern equivalent of the FPS culturally, right?", "Will it be on our phone 'cause that's what'll appeal to today's audience, right?", "We'll have micro transactions, or these little season passes.", "It's just-- - [Danny] 100 Gordon Freemans drop onto an island.", "- Yeah, 100 Gordon Freemans from like a giant Manta Ray or something, right?", "It's really difficult to imagine how in this current industry conditions would change what Half-Life 3 is 'cause the industry is so different from 2004 or 1998.", "- It's a huge part of sort of my story in the legacy of covering that company, that game.", "I think we all hope that they're gonna make new great things.", "And whether those are Half-Life branded or not I think we just want more games from Valve.", "But, look, now that Campo Santo is there, they're doing the Valley of Gods, which I'm really excited about, whether it's branded Half-Life or not I think we just want those magic moments again.", "But a lot of people that made those games have gone off and done other things and something new and Portal was a great example of Valve bringing in new talent to work with to come up with something new so that's why I'm excited about Campo Santo because the Valley of Gods, that trailer looks incredible, and from what I've heard that game is only getting sort of bigger in scope now that it's inside of Valve.", "So that's the one I think to me, could that be the next Half-Life level sort of experience coming from Valve?", "We'll see.", "- Maybe the G-man will wake up Gordon once again.", "There'll always be a part of me that hopes that one day that will come true.", "But no matter what Valve does or doesn't do the legacy of this game will continue to radiate from that blast chamber on Black Mesa.", "The world of first-person games was changed forever and so, too, were the lives of fans and creators all around the world.", "The more time moves on, the fewer of us there'll be that remember how important Half-Life was and its influence will exponentially decay.", "But no matter how small it gets I'd like to think, at least, that it'll always be there.", "- The fact that Half-Life 3 is not going to happen means that we can pretend that it belongs to us now.", "Like, we put in, as a group of people, more effort into imagining what it might've been, I suppose, than the limited number of humans at Valve were able to do even in 10 years, even if they did it all day long there's millions of us out here imagining what it could've or should've been like.", "And the fact that we're pretty sure it's not gonna happen now, I think, has given people freedom to make their wishes real, I guess.", "(calm music) (footsteps echoing) - You're living in the past.", "That experiment is single-handedly responsible for inspiring my career in science.", "- How much recognition do you think you're going to get for reproduction, though?", "- You should focus on inventing something new and unique.", "- He does have a point.", "- Oh, but this is more than replication, I assure you.", "For one, it shows how far our field has come since the original study was published, and to say nothing of the modern perspective necessary to monitor its influence.", "I mean, combined with today's technology, I've recreated-- - Bah!", "I can't stand to hear another word of this malarkey.", "- Don't mind him.", "But here's something to think about for the next time: creativity is the art of hiding your influence.", "Now let's get back to work.", "We should at least try to look busy.", "(typing)" ]

[ "Intro", "Credits", "Final hours", "Demo", "Sound Design", "AI & Activity", "Opposing Force", "Blue Shift", "Co-op", "Counter-Strike", "Condition Zero", "eSports", "Spiritual Interlude", "Half-Life 2", "3?", "Legacy", "Black Mesa", "Game-Jam", "Project Borealis", "Inspiration", "Outro", "Credits" ]

[ "Alright, welcome to the second tutorial in our simple microcontroller series, where we're going to show you how to do some pretty awesome things with the most basic microcontrollers possible and learn a ton of cool stuff while we're doing it.", "So in this video, we're just going to go over what we need.", "And basically, as you can see here, there's going to be some hardware, and there's also going to be some software needed to do this successfully.", "So first thing that we need is, of course, the microcontroller.", "So we are using the PIC10F200.", "And you can get that from any authorized distributor onlinecomponents.com, Digikey, Mouser, or whatever.", "You can also get it from Aliexpress, but they're not authorized.", "So if you get a terrible one, that's going to be up to you.", "So we recommend going through an authorized distributor whenever possible.", "And if you're going to be making more than one of these just for your own use, definitely go to an authorized distributor.", "But yes, the PIC10F200.", "Go get one of those things, they're cheap, probably want to get a couple of them because it's so cheap, just in case you blow something up in the process.", "The second thing that you're going to need is a programmer or debugger.", "Now, Microchip makes quite a few of these.", "And there's actually also some other DIY ones that you can make if you want we're not going to go into that but that is an option.", "If you're looking at it, there is the PICKit series and the ICD series and basically they all go from PICKit2, PICKit3, PICKit4, and then ICD2, ICD3, ICD4.", "The PICKit4 and the ICD4 are the latest ones.", "And that's what I'm using here.", "But Sergey, who wrote these tutorials, he actually uses a PICKit3.", "And technically, since this is an older microcontroller, you can use a picket too.", "So if you already have one of those perfect, you don't need anything.", "If you are planning on making millions of these things, then you probably want the faster and more robust ICD series, but they're way more expensive.", "So that's why we're just sticking with the ticket, because we're only using it for our own tutorials and prototyping and stuff like that.", "So microcontroller.", "And then you also need the programmer debugger, and then you're going to need the actual electronic components themselves.", "So right now I have the first circuit that we're going to use already set up.", "But you can see the things that we're going to need are going to need jumper cables, male to male and male to female depending on what tutorial we're on.", "Right now I'm only using the male to male but eventually will need some male to female jumpers on there, you can see the microcontroller, obviously, we have some 1K and 10K resistors for our LEDs.", "And also to protect the microcontroller with the switches, we have some push button switches, and then I don't have on here, but we'll need eventually is a piezoelectric buzzer.", "So once you have those things should be good to go.", "Also, all the stuff is on CircuitBread.com so if you don't want to be writing notes quickly, while I'm talking about this, go on, go to the tutorial, it's linked in the description and just see this list.", "So you can go and get exactly what you need to succeed.", "And finally, the last two things are one going to be the computer and to the software you going to run on it.", "So Sergey runs on a Windows machine but I have a Mac and you can run Windows, Mac, Linux, whatever you want, it will work with this.", "Now the software, you can use the older MLAB 8.76, which is a lot smaller than the newest software, the newest IDE.", "But it's still works with this microcontroller.", "And it's also a little bit more minimal and a little bit more streamlined in certain ways.", "So Sergey prefers using that even though he'll use both however it is Windows only.", "And since I run on a Mac machine, I'm using MPLAB X, which is their latest and greatest, which also works with this microcontroller also should note that MPLAB X, I believe only works with a PICKit4 and doesn't work with the older ones.", "But the 8.76 works with the older ones.", "So you need to look at it see what you currently have whatever you can do to save money, pick it two and an old Windows machine you have and if that's all you need, perfect.", "And that's it.", "That's really all the hardware you need is the computer these things right here and then you should be able to move forward, we're going to do a couple of conceptual tutorials.", "So if you want to order these things right now, if you don't have them already, that'll give you some time to review the next couple of tutorials before we actually set it up and start doing things but that's it.", "Hope you found this video interesting and also useful.", "If you did, please give it a like, subscribe to our channel and we'll see you in the next tutorial." ]

[ "Introduction", "You'll need the microcontroller - PIC10F200 (preferably in a DIP package)", "Compatible programmer/debugger (we recommend the PICKit 4 unless you already one)", "The electronic components that will go on the bread board", "You'll need a computer and the MPLAB IDE (either MPLAB 8.76 or MPLAB X)", "We'll be doing conceptual videos next but this is a good time to acquire what you need!" ]

[ "Let's make some yummy summer pasta using only 5 simple ingredients!", "Boil a pot of water and cook the spaghetti until al dente.", "Once cooked, reserve a half cup of pasta water then drain.", "Set aside the pasta.", "On medium-high heat, cook the olive oil and cherry tomatoes for five minutes.", "Add pasta water back in plus salt and pepper to taste.", "Simmer and let it reduce by half.", "It takes about three minutes.", "Add the spaghetti in and toss to coat.", "Remove the pot from the heat and gently fold in the basil.", "Plate with burrata along with more basil leaves, olive oil, and pepper, as desired.", "Now enjoy that yummy 5-ingredient pasta." ]

[ "5-INGREDIENT SUMMER PASTA RECIPE", "Reserve pasta water and drain", "Set aside pasta", "PASTA WATER SALT PEPPER", "Simmer and let reduce.", "BURRATA BASIL LEAVES OLIVE OIL PEPPER" ]

[ "SPEAKER: Today, we're talking about Apigee X, baseball and BigQuery, AI workshops for free, and ML inspired candy.", "Welcome to \"This Week in Cloud,\" where we serve you the lowest latency news.", "To help customers globally scale API programs, we're pleased to bring the power of Google's networking capabilities to API management, Apigee X.", "The latest release of Google Cloud's full lifecycle API management platform, it makes it easy and simple to apply Cloud Content Delivery Network, CDN, to APIs.", "Working in tandem, the two solutions-led enterprises not only secure and manage their APIs, but also make them available across a global ecosystem of stakeholders.", "With the start of baseball upon us, learn how BigQuery helps scale and automate insights for baseball fans and businesses alike.", "And while baseball serves as a fun playground, parts of the process outline here can be used across all industries that have big data and want to turn it into timely, contextual, succinct bits of valuable information with vastly improved efficiency relying on automation.", "Google Cloud is offering no cost training opportunities to help you gain the latest AI and machine learning skills.", "You'll have a chance to learn more about the new document AI along with explainable AI-- Looker, BigQuery ML, and Dialogflow CX.", "Check out the blog post to register.", "It's tough to resist candy, and even tougher to resist the magic of ML.", "So it's obvious why we jumped at the opportunity to collaborate with Mars, Inc. on an AI-driven recipe with Maltesers.", "Our own Sarah Robinson explore the relationship between AI and baking in order to whip up something really, really special.", "If you want to read more about these announcements or see a full list, check out the link.", "Any thoughts or ideas?", "Leave us a comment or tweet us.", "We'll see you in the Cloud." ]

[ "Intro", "Apigee & Cloud CDN", "BigQuery and baseball", "Learn AI and ML for free", "ML Recipes" ]

[ "TERI PATSILARAS: In this video, I will demonstrate how to use the SAS Visual Analytics Data Edit Report option to allow report users the flexibility to change object role assignments.", "Before I start this demonstration, I want to walk through the available viewer customization levels.", "Starting with the level that gives the report viewer the least amount of flexibility is the simple edits level.", "The simple edits allow for the report viewer to sort data, hide legends, and show data values to report objects.", "The next level, comprehensive edits, which is the default level, gives the report viewer a little more flexibility.", "This lets the viewer alter the original intent of the report by allowing the viewer the ability to change object types.", "For example, you can change a list table object to a bar chart.", "Last is the level that the demonstration will focus on.", "It's the data edits level, and this gives the report viewer the most flexibility within the report.", "Here, the viewer can of course perform all over the previous level's functions, but also allows the viewer to change the object's data role assignments.", "The viewer can also add or change filters and ranks.", "This feature helps meet the requirement for users to be able to select which measures and/or categories are to be displayed in objects, including the type of object.", "Sometimes this is referred to as self-service reporting needs.", "Let's get started with a demonstration.", "I will be using SAS Visual Analytics 8.5 for the hands-on portion of the video, but this feature was introduced in the previous 8.4 version.", "I will start with an existing SAS Visual Analytics report.", "In this demonstration, we are assuming that this report has two pages.", "The first page is named Dashboard Summary, and it uses one of the available out-of-the-box page templates.", "Our main focus for this demonstration will be on the second page named Self-Service Visuals.", "First, let me show you where we can set the viewer customization level.", "We have to be in Edit mode, and we'll be using the Options pane.", "From the Options pane, click on it to expand it, and we want to navigate to the report level.", "From this dropdown, we can see our pages and the objects we have on each page.", "But at the very top, we want to go ahead and click on it to get to our report level.", "Here, we can see the available sections for our options.", "We can expand the Viewer Customization grouping, and here we have our capability levels.", "We have Simple Edits, Comprehensive Edits, and Data Edits.", "You can see, for this report, I've already moved the slider up to Data Edits and saved my report.", "On the Self-Service Visual page, you can see I have two objects, a line chart and a cross-tab object.", "The line chart has two measures assigned to it.", "When I activate the line chart by clicking on it and select Role Assignment, here we can see the category date by month.", "And I have two, measures product price actual and product price target.", "Down below, we can see the data roles for the cross-tab object.", "Let's go ahead and switch to View mode and look at what we can do with our data edits capability.", "The first thing I want to show you is how to pin the right pane.", "You can use the button up at the top to show side pane or collapse it.", "Or you can simply hover over to the right and click on it to pin it.", "Then you can use the Data pane to open the Data pane.", "Right now, we have the cross-tab object active.", "But the first object we're going to work with in this demonstration is going to be the line chart.", "In this example, I want to remove the current measures and select a different measure for this line chart.", "So from the Data pane in one of the measure areas, you can right-click and remove all.", "You could right-click on one of these particular measures and remove all.", "Or you could right-click at the top lever of the measure grouping.", "Once you removed all of the role assignments, you could use the Data Assign button to select a data item or you can use the Data pane on the right-hand side.", "For this particular example, we're going ahead and select Profit.", "Now let's say we want to see a bar chart instead of a line chart.", "Keep the line chart active, and we'll use the Overflow menu and use the Change Line Chart To, and we will select Bar Chart.", "By default, the bar chart will sort the measure values descending.", "But let's go ahead and change the sort order date by month to ascending.", "We're going to right-click on Date by Month.", "Up at the top, choose Sort and then Date by Month Ascending.", "Now, instead of date by month, let's look at facility region-- again, demonstrating how we can change role assignments using the data edits viewer customization level.", "So again, we could right-click and say Remove All in our category option.", "Since we're just swapping out a single value, though, however, we can actually click on Date by Month, and in this example, we're going to select Facility Region.", "Now let's look at a few examples of how you can enhance a report from View mode.", "The Role Changes feature is the feature you get with the data edits level.", "The Object Change feature comes with the default level comprehensive edits.", "Simple Edits allows you to sort data, which I already demonstrated, but you could also add data values.", "To do that, from your active object, right-click in the object and look for labels.", "And we're going to add data labels.", "Moving back to the data role assignment, which is the data edits capability level, let's make one more change to this bar chart.", "Let's add product line to the group role.", "And then we're going to change the grouping style to stacked.", "Again, right-click on the active object.", "Navigate to grouping style.", "And select Stacked.", "Here, if you don't like the data labels, you can either turn them off or turn on segment labels.", "I'm going to go ahead and turn off the labels because I want to demonstrate adding filters and ranks.", "Before we add a rank, let's go ahead and swap out our facility region to facility state.", "And next we're going to look at the bottom five performing facility states by profit.", "To do that, we're going to use the ranks pane.", "We're going to add a new rank for facility state.", "And we are interested in the bottom five by profit.", "And finally, let's add a filter.", "Again, with our top object active, we're going to use the Filters pane.", "We're going to click New Filter for product line.", "And we're going to only inspect game right now.", "So right now at the top, we're looking at the bottom five states by profit.", "And we're only looking at the game product line.", "Now we can see why the documentation mentions the notion that viewers have the ability to alter the original intent of the report by not only being able to change object types, but also role assignments and by adding filters and ranks.", "To demonstrate another object enhancements, let's go take a look at the cross-tab below.", "Here I just want to emphasize the fact that options are object sensitive depending on the type of object.", "We're going to go ahead and add a heat map cell graph to the Profit column.", "We'll go ahead and right-click on Profit, select Add Cell Graph and Heat Map.", "We'll go ahead and sort descending.", "And here we can see another change that we've made.", "Let's move forward onto considerations.", "The most popular question that comes up when a report designer wants to open the data edits viewer customization level up to its viewers is, how do you control the list of available data items?", "Looking at this cross-tab, if I go ahead and switch back to the Data pane and I wanted to add measures, how do we narrow the available measures that are available for selection?", "It may be that you only want the viewers to have the option of a handful of data items and not the entire data source.", "We can do this by using the Show/Hide Data Items feature from the Data pane in Edit mode.", "So let's go ahead and switch back to Edit mode.", "And this is best done when you are ready to have the report go live, which is close to the end of your report development.", "So I'm going to go ahead and expand the Data pane on the left-hand side here.", "And from the Data pane Overflow menu, I'm going to select Show or Hide Data Items.", "You can see here from this list, I've already chosen to hide many of the longitude and latitude measures for this demonstration.", "But let's go ahead and hide all of the measure values except expenses, profit, profit moving average, and revenue.", "So I do not want employees used or the different breakdown of expenses.", "These are all categories.", "So here I'm just looking for measures.", "I'm going to keep profit and profit moving average.", "I'm going to keep revenue.", "And remove those.", "I'm going to click OK. And let's go ahead and test this.", "Click Save.", "And switch to View mode.", "So now when I click on the cross-tab to activate it and expand the right-hand pane and I have my data pane, if I choose to add, we can see I already have profit and expenses.", "And then the other two remaining values, profit moving average and revenue, are the only ones available.", "The reason I recommend performing these steps close to the end of the report design is because even in Edit mode these Show/Hide Data Items take effect.", "So if I were to switch over to Edit mode, you could see for even cross-tab, I have a limited number of items that I can select here as well as in the Data pane.", "To unhide those data items, again, you would use the Data pane Overflow menu and show/unhide those data items.", "Another usability feature I want to point out is that each user will come back to their own last save state for the report.", "I'm going to log out and log back in as a different user to demonstrate this.", "So let me sign out and sign back in.", "And I'm going to open the report.", "And when I log into this report and I switch over to the Self-Service Visual page, you can see that this report looks entirely different than the original report.", "You can see, when I maximize this top object, you can see that I'm looking at a box plot of unit yield rate for every product.", "And down at the bottom, I have a targeted bar chart looking at unit yield actual versus unit yield target for the products.", "What I want to demonstrate is the state of this report for this user is how they last left the report.", "If you want to get back to the original state of the report, then we will use the Report Overflows menu and select Restore Default Report State.", "And let's go ahead and toggle over to our Self-Service Visual page.", "And we can see that the original state of the report has been restored.", "For more information, please refer to one of these additional resources.", "Thank you, and check back with the Technical Insights and Expertise series for additional tips." ]

[ "Exploring the Data Edits Viewer Customization Level", "Simple edits | Able to sort data, hide legends, and show data value labels", "Comprehensive edits (default) | Able to alter the original intent of the report by changing object types", "Data edits | Able to change Data Role assignments, Filters, and Ranks", "Demonstration", "Additional Resources" ]

[ "- Welcome to the Huberman Lab Podcast where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday life.", "[bright guitar music] I'm Andrew Huberman and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.", "Today we are talking about time perception.", "Our perception of time is perhaps the most important factor in how we gauge our life, that is whether or not we think we are being successful, whether or not we are failing, whether or not we live in fear, whether or not we live in relation to things in a way that's positive, and the reason for that is that our perception of time is directly linked to the neurochemical states that control mood, stress, happiness, excitement, and of course it frames the way in which we evaluate our past, so whether or not we think of our past as successful or unsuccessful.", "It frames our present, whether or not we think we are on track or off track.", "And it frames our sense of the future, whether or not we think we have a bright future, a dim future, or whether or not the future is very uncertain or not.", "Today, we're going to talk about the science of time perception and we are going to talk about tools and protocols that you can use that can enhance your ability to dilate and contract time.", "What do we mean by dilate and contract time?", "We can control the speed at which we experience life.", "We can slow things down or we can speed our experience of life up.", "And we can do that in a very direct and dynamic way.", "It's actually not that hard once you understand how time perception works.", "So that's where we're headed.", "I think you're going to come away from today's episode with a lot of new knowledge and certainly with many tools that you can try in your daily life, whether or not that's work, sport, relational, emotional, and so on.", "Before we begin our discussion about time perception, I'd like to answer some questions that I received related to the episode on fasting and time-restricted feeding.", "If you haven't seen that episode, this information should still be of use to you.", "Time-restricted feeding involves eating for a particular period of time in each 24-hour cycle that's fairly regular.", "So this would be an eight-hour most often or a 10-hour block.", "Some people do shorter feeding windows, but regardless, that feeding window is supposed to fall at more or less the same period within each 24-hour day.", "This has a number of positive effects on gene expression that regulate a number of positive effects on the different tissues of the body, and for some people, not all, but for some people makes weight loss easier because of the way that they are not eating for large periods of each 24-hour cycle.", "In any event, one of the major questions I got after that episode was do supplements break a fast?", "And during that episode, I talked about what breaks a fast is highly contextual.", "It basically boils down to whether or not something you ingest, whether it be liquid or food, increases your resting blood glucose, how much it increases that resting blood glucose, and how long that increase lasts.", "So you can check out the episode for more about what breaks a fast, but to address this issue about supplements and whether or not supplements in particular break a fast, many of the questions were about Athletic Greens.", "Athletic Greens is a sponsor of this podcast.", "It is also a terrific supplement that I'd been taking for more than a decade before this podcast launched.", "And many people have been using and continue to use Athletic Greens.", "Does Athletic Greens break a fast?", "Well, that will somewhat depend on whether or not your resting blood glucose tends to run high or low, but for most people, including me, because I've measured it, ingesting Athletic Greens does not break a fast and if it happens to break a fast, it would be a very transient break in fast.", "So without knowing your resting blood glucose levels on an individual basis, there's no way I can say for sure that it doesn't break a fast, but chances are it does not because it doesn't contain much carbohydrate or sugar and it doesn't tend to therefore pull you out of the molecular mill you associated with low blood glucose states.", "The other question I get is whether or not things like fish oil break a fast, and once again, this will be contextual, but because fish oil is a fat, an essential fat, mainly essential fatty acids, in particular EPA and DHA, those don't tend to raise blood glucose very much.", "In my case, having measured using a continuous glucose monitor my resting blood glucose, fish oil does not in any way change my resting blood glucose.", "Chances are it won't do that for most people as well.", "So does fish oil break a fast?", "Chances are it does not.", "And of course people wanted to know about pill-type supplements, you know, caffeine and things that raise dopamine and their vitamins and minerals.", "In general, if something doesn't contain sugar or much carbohydrate of any kind, it's not going to raise blood glucose very much.", "Now, of course, protein can raise blood glucose and fat can too as well, although to a lesser extent.", "So again, this is all contextual, but at least by the logic that I just spelled out, Athletic Greens, fish oil, and most forms of supplements, provided they don't have any sugar or protein content, should not quote unquote break a fast.", "Before we begin, I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford.", "It is however part of my desire and effort to bring zero cost to consumer information about science and science-related tools to the general public.", "In keeping with that theme, I'd like to thank the sponsors of today's podcast.", "Our first sponsor is ROKA.", "ROKA makes eyeglasses and sunglasses that are of the absolute highest quality.", "I've spent a lifetime working on the visual system and one of the key things about our visual system is that it's designed so that when you move into areas where it's sunny or where there are shadows, you can still see things with crystal clarity.", "Many sunglasses out there have the problem that you have to keep taking them off and putting them back on depending on the overall so-called ambient environment that you're in.", "ROKA sunglasses have solved this problem and their eyeglasses also have super clarity regardless of overall ambient lighting, as we say.", "In other words, you see everything very clearly no matter where you are.", "They also come in a number of different styles.", "The aesthetics are really terrific.", "So unlike a lot of performance glasses out there that make people look like cyborgs, you can wear them anywhere.", "You can wear them to dinner.", "You can wear them to school or work or in social engagements and you can wear them running and cycling and out doing your various activities.", "If you'd like to try ROKA glasses, you can go to ROKA that's R-O-K-A, .com and enter the code Huberman to save 20% off your first order.", "Today's episode is also brought to us by Athletic Greens.", "Athletic Greens is an all-in-one vitamin mineral probiotic drink.", "I started using Athletic Greens way back in 2012 and so I'm delighted that they're sponsoring the podcast.", "The reason that I started using Athletic Greens and the reason I still take Athletic Greens once or twice every day is that it covers all of my foundational needs for vitamins, minerals, and probiotics.", "In fact, when people ask me what supplements they should take, if I were going to recommend just one supplement, it would be Athletic Greens because of the enormous number of biological factors that it impacts in a positive way.", "It has, as I mentioned, vitamins and minerals.", "The probiotics are really important for the gut microbiome and gut health which is important for the immune system and for brain health and for mood and a number of other important factors including hormones and so on.", "If you'd like to try Athletic Greens, you can go to athleticgreens.com/huberman to claim their special offer.", "They'll give you five free travel packs which make it really easy to mix up Athletic Greens while you're on the road or in the car.", "And they'll give you a year's supply of vitamin D3 K2.", "Vitamin D3 and K2 have been shown to be really important for a number of important aspects of your immediate and long-term health including blood lipid profiles and a number of other things.", "Again, go to athleticgreens.com/huberman to get the Athletic Greens, the five free travel packs, and the year's supply of vitamin D3 K2.", "Today's podcast is also brought to us by InsideTracker.", "InsideTracker is a personalized nutrition platform that analyzes data from your blood and DNA to help you better understand your body and help you reach your health goals.", "I've long been a believer in getting regular blood work done for the simple reason that many of the factors that impact your immediate and long-term health can only be analyzed from a quality blood test and it's for that reason that I get my blood work done once every four to six months.", "Might seem like a lot, but it has been vital in order to keep my health where I want it and to ensure that my health trajectory is heading in the direction that I'd like it to go with each passing year.", "The other thing about InsideTracker is they have DNA tests which can tell you about the specific makeup of your genes that can impact your particular nutrition, lifestyle, and supplementation regimes.", "They can also help you steer your immediate and long-term health in the direction that you want to go.", "They make the whole thing very, very easy.", "You can have the blood test taken at home or you can go to a local clinic.", "Then the results come back and the wonderful thing is the platform, the dashboard that they use walks you through your data and points to specific things related to nutrition.", "Maybe you should be eating more of certain things, eating less of others, supplementing in certain ways or not.", "And lifestyle factors like exercise in order to bring the numbers into the ranges that are right for your immediate and long-term health.", "If you'd like to try InsideTracker, you can visit insidetracker.com/huberman to get 25% off any of InsideTracker's plans.", "Just use the code Huberman at checkout.", "So let's talk about time perception and the most fundamental aspect of time perception is something called entrainment.", "Entrainment is the way in which your internal processes, your biology and your psychology, are linked to some external thing.", "And the most basic form of entrainment that we are all a slave to all year round for our entire life are so-called circannual rhythms.", "We have neurons, nerve cells in our eye, in our brain, and in our body that are marking off the passage of time throughout the year, literally a calendar system in your brain and body.", "And the way this works is beautifully simple.", "Light seen by your eyes inhibits, meaning it reduces, the amount of a hormone released in your brain called melatonin.", "Melatonin has two major functions.", "One function is to make you sleepy at night and the other is to regulate some of the other hormones of the body, in particular testosterone and estrogen.", "When we view light, we reduce the amount of melatonin released.", "In fact, if you wake up in the middle of the night, when melatonin typically is pretty high in your brain and body and you flip on a bright light in the bathroom, your melatonin levels crash down to almost zero and stay there.", "Light is a very powerful modulator of melatonin and light inhibits melatonin.", "Throughout the year, depending on where you live, day length varies, and as a consequence, the amount of light from the sun that is available to you varies.", "So when days are long, the amount of melatonin in your brain and body that's released tends to be less.", "There's less of it and it's released for shorter amounts of time, okay?", "Because light inhibits melatonin.", "When days are very short, the amount of melatonin that's released and the duration that that melatonin exists in your brain and body tends to be much longer.", "So melatonin correlates with day length.", "And if we are viewing more light, we have less melatonin.", "We view less light, we have more melatonin.", "You see different amounts of light each day but we have a process in our brain and body that averages the amount of light that you're seeing both from artificial sources and from sunlight and measures that off, and it's so exquisitely precise that for a given, say, eight-hour day in the spring, 'cause spring in the Northern Hemisphere or elsewhere, you know, days are getting longer, that means that the amount of melatonin is getting progressively less and less and that signal is conveyed to all the systems of your brain and body.", "And this is why most people, not all, but most people feel like they have more energy in the spring.", "Conversely, when you have an eight-hour day in the winter, the amount of melatonin that corresponds to that eight-hour day is getting progressively greater and greater because why?", "Days are getting shorter so melatonin is increasing from day to day to day.", "Every cell and system of your body pays attention to this, and as a consequence, most people, not all, but most people feel they have a little less or sometimes a lot less energy and a slightly lower mood in the winter months.", "Now, there are exceptions to this, of course, but the melatonin signal is the way in which your internal state, your mood, your sense of energy, even your appetite is entrained, is matched to some external event.", "In this case, the event is the rotation of the Earth around the sun.", "There are other forms of entrainment, meaning the matching of your brain and body to things that are happening in your external environment.", "One particularly interesting example of this was published last year by Parikh et al.", "in \"Cell Reports,\" Cell Press journal, excellent journal, showing that across the calendar year, the amount of testosterone and estrogen that human beings make varies such that in longer days, they tend to make more testosterone and estrogen than in shorter days.", "And this was correlated with things like desire to seek out romantic partners or have romantic interactions with their existing partners, even aggression, although not violent aggression, but sense of kind of willingness to argue and to get into kind of combative states and overall energy and mood.", "This is something that had been hypothesized for a long time but it had never really been cleanly demonstrated.", "And what they showed was that it's actually the skin that's taking information about the amount of light and converting it into these increases in testosterone and estrogen.", "Light exposure to the skin, turns out about two hours a day, this was sunlight, in this case, to the upper body, these people weren't naked, they were wearing clothes but their arms were exposed, their upper back and neck and face were exposed, they were not wearing hats, resulted in large increases, significant increases in testosterone and estrogen.", "Now you could probably export a tool from that if you liked.", "That's not really what this podcast is about but it's very clear that because the skin is acting as an endocrine orman, organ, excuse me, as kind of a hormone-influencing organ, that getting light on the skin, not just to the eyes, can influence our sense of wellbeing by these hormone pathways, and the threshold there again seemed to be about two hours a day.", "It doesn't have to be very bright outside.", "There can be cloud cover and so on.", "Many people will probably ask will sunscreen inhibit this effect?", "And it doesn't appear that it does.", "Obviously prioritize skin health and avoiding skin cancer.", "Sunscreen is kind of a controversial topic nowadays, maybe the topic for another podcast episode at some point, but nonetheless, what the Parikh et al.", "study shows and that's most relevant to today's podcast is that we are entrained, we are matched to the external light-dark cycle and as the day length changes, our hormones change.", "And we can override that with exposure to bright lights.", "You know, people go sit on tanning beds.", "That's not a practice I particularly myself engage in, but, you know, there are a number of different ways that people can override these processes.", "But the point is very simple.", "The point is that our perception of time is both conscious, you know, it's waiting, watching the clock tick down, and there are these slower, what we call oscillatory, meaning up and down repeatedly, slower oscillatory events related to day length that are influencing our hormones like melatonin, testosterone, and estrogen, and therefore our mood, our outlook, and even our behavior.", "The next level of time or bin of time, as we say, that we are all entrained or matched to is the so-called circadian time cycle, which is 24-hour rhythm.", "This is perhaps the most powerful rhythm that we all contain and that none of us can escape from.", "We all have this circadian clock that resides over the roof of our mouth.", "The cells in that circadian clock fire, meaning they release chemicals into our brain and body on a very regular rhythm.", "So across the 24-hour cycle, they will be very active at some periods and less active at others.", "Not surprisingly, there are periods of every 24-hour cycle when we are very active and we tend to be alert and others when we are asleep.", "Now, I've talked a lot about circadian rhythms and sleep on this podcast previously and so I don't want to repeat too much of that information in detail, but I'm just going to give a summary of how circadian entrainment works because I haven't really covered that in the context of time perception.", "We have the circadian clock.", "It oscillates.", "It goes up and down once every 24 hours and then repeats.", "Every cell of our body has a 24-hour oscillation in the expression of various genes.", "How that works is actually really simple, elegant, and interesting.", "DNA, genes, make RNA.", "RNA is converted into proteins.", "Every cell in our body has this beautiful 24-hour timer where a gene is expressed.", "And the important thing to understand about a given gene in this context is that that gene is inhibited, meaning it's reduced, by a particular protein, by a little biological molecule in that cell.", "So the gene gets expressed when there's very little of that other molecule around.", "DNA then becomes RNA.", "RNA is translated into a protein and that protein goes way, way up and the gene shuts down.", "But as that protein gets used up and its levels eventually drop low, low, low, low, low to zero, the gene cycle kicks in again and the gene gets expressed.", "The RNA gets expressed in the protein again.", "This all happens on a 24-hour cycle.", "So it's a little built-in timer in each and every one of our cells.", "And I didn't list off the genes, but for the aficionados out there, they go by names like PER for period, BMAL, CLOCK, and all these different things.", "We call them the clock genes and those clock genes regulate a number of different functions.", "So every cell in our body has a 24-hour cycle of gene and protein expression and the Earth rotates once every 24 hours and the processes that are happening in every cell of our body are linked.", "They are entrained, as we say, to the outside light-dark cycle because morning sunlight, evening sunlight, and the lack of light in the middle of the night make sure that the changes, these oscillations that are occurring within the cells of our brain and body are matched to the outside light-dark cycle.", "Don't want to go into all the details of how that happens but there's some very simple tools that one can use to ensure that your entrainment, your circadian entrainment, is precise.", "And I cannot emphasize enough how important it is that your circadian entrainment be precise, why?", "Because disruptions in circadian entrainment cause huge health problems.", "They increase cancer risk.", "They increase obesity.", "They increase mental health issues.", "They decrease wound healing.", "They decrease physical and mental performance.", "They disrupt hormones.", "You want your cells to be linked to the circadian cycle that's outside you and the circadian cycle outside you mainly consists of when there's sunlight and when there is not.", "And that's why the simple protocols to fall out of this whole discussion about circadian entrainment are the following.", "View 10 to 30 minutes of bright light, ideally sunlight, within an hour of waking assuming that you're waking early in the day especially.", "You wake up early in the day, get outside, see sunlight.", "Do that again in the afternoon or around evening, 10 to 30 minutes, depending on how bright it is outside.", "Artificial lights throughout the day, or if you want to be awake and you wake up early and there's no sunlight outside, you can of course turn on artificial lights if you want to be awake but basically you want as much bright light, ideally from sunlight, coming in through your eyes throughout the day.", "And then in the evening, you want as little bright light coming in through your eyes.", "I've said this over and over and over again on this podcast.", "There's always a lot of negotiations, but I want to make a few things clear.", "Try not to wear sunglasses if you can do it safely.", "Fine to wear eye glasses or contacts.", "That's not going be a problem.", "The light viewing that you do and the avoidance of light at night set the fundamental layer of your time perception.", "One of the best ways to disrupt your perception of time in the ways that we're going to talk about in the subsequent portions of the podcast is to disrupt your circadian clock and that is not a good thing for a number of different reasons.", "There are other ways to so-called entrain your circadian clock.", "One of the best ways to do that is to engage in physical activity at fairly regular times of day.", "You don't have to do it every day but if you're going to exercise, try and exercise at a fairly consistent time of day.", "Probably better to exercise than to not exercise, even if you have to move that time of day, but light activity and, we'll talk about the third in a minute, food, are the major ways that you entrain your internal perception of time to the external events of the world, meaning the turning of the Earth and therefore the exposure to sunlight or not.", "So in addition to sunlight viewing in the morning and throughout the day and avoiding bright light at night of any kind, not just blue light, trying to get your activity, your exercise at fairly regular, within plus or minus two hours, from each day to the next is going to have a very positive effect on so-called circadian entrainment, and also eating at fairly regular times.", "However, this is exciting.", "The data mainly point to the fact that you need to eat within more or less the same time window each day, not that you always need to eat your meals at exactly the same time.", "So you don't necessarily have to eat lunch at noon and a snack at four and dinner at eight in order to keep your circadian entrainment aligned or sharp.", "You could for instance have a small snack at noon and then eat at two and then have dinner at six and then a small snack at eight.", "It doesn't so much matter when the exact meals fall so much as that they fall more or less within a consistent period or phase of each 24-hour cycle.", "What happens when this circadian clock starts getting disrupted?", "I mean, this is after all an episode about time perception.", "It's not an episode about circadian rhythms and entrainment.", "Well, there's a classic study by Aschoff done in 1985 that's now been repeated many times where they had people go into environments where they didn't have clocks and they didn't have windows and they didn't have watches and they were sometimes even in constant dark or constant light, and they evaluated how well people perceive the passage of time on shorter timescales and what they found was really interesting.", "What they found is that people underestimate how long they were in these isolated environments.", "So after 42 days or so, they'd ask people how long do you think you've been in here?", "And people would say 28 days or 36 days.", "They generally underestimated how long they had been in this very odd environment with no clocks or watches or exposure to sunlight or regular rhythms of artificial light.", "In addition, they found that their perception of shorter time intervals was also really disrupted.", "So if they ask them to measure off two minutes, normally people are pretty good at measuring off two minutes.", "People come within, you know, 5 to 15 seconds at most.", "If you'd kind of have to sit there and just wait, you have a pretty good idea of when two minutes is up.", "You say two minutes is up.", "Well, when people's circadian clocks or circadian entrainment, I should say, was disrupted, their perception of time measurement on shorter timescales of minutes or even seconds was greatly disrupted.", "And as we'll see in a couple of minutes, that actually causes great problems for how you contend with work, how you contend with challenges of different kinds.", "You want your circadian entrainment to be pretty locked in or pretty entrained to the outside light-dark cycle so that your perception of time on shorter time intervals can be precise because the ability to perceive time accurately for the given task or given thing that you're involved in turns out to be one of the most fundamental ways that predicts how well or poorly you perform that thing or task.", "So we've talked about circannual entrainment, the matching of the cells and tissues and organs of our body to the 365-day journey that the Earth takes around the sun each year and we talked about circadian entrainment, the way that the 24-hour genetic and protein clocks of each and every one of our cells is matched to the rotation of the Earth on its axis and the exposure or lack of exposure to the sun because of that rotation on its axis.", "Next I'd like to talk about so-called ultradian entrainment.", "Ultradian rhythms are rhythms of about 90 minutes or so and all of our existence is broken up into these 90-minute ultradian cycles.", "When you go to sleep at night, whether or not you sleep six hours or four hours or eight hours or 10 hours, that entire period of sleep is broken up into these 90-minute ultradian cycles.", "Early in the night, you tend to have more slow-wave sleep.", "Later in the night, you tend to have more REM sleep.", "But nonetheless, your sleep is broken up into these 90-minute cycles.", "However, when you wake up in the morning, many of the things that you do are governed by these ultradian rhythms.", "For instance, if you were to work, meaning do math or try and learn a language or do physical work of any kind or work out, the 90-minute time block seems to be the one in which the brain can enter a state of focus and alertness and do hard work and focus, focus, focus and then at about 90 minutes, there's a significant drop in your ability to engage in this mental or physical work.", "Now, everybody from, you know, the self-help literature to the business literature to the pop psychology literature has tried to leverage these ultradian cycles by saying if you're going to do something hard and you want to focus on it, limit it to 90 minutes or less.", "And I am one of those people who's also joined that conversation and indeed I use 90-minute work cycles, and I think they are extremely powerful.", "One should never expect that you're going to drop immediately into a state of high focus at the beginning and then remain there for 90 minutes.", "We all struggle to varying degrees to achieve focus and motivation and drive within those 90-minute cycles.", "But it is true, meaning there is ample literature to support the idea that after about 90 minutes, we tend to go into a state of less ability to focus.", "So while this isn't time perception per se, it is again an example of entrainment.", "What are we entraining to, right?", "Just because we can focus for 90 minutes and then not so well at 100 minutes or 120 minutes, what are we entraining to?", "Well, what you're entraining to is the release of particular neurochemicals, in this case, acetylcholine and dopamine that allow your brain to focus for particular periods of time, 90 minutes or so, and after about 90 minutes or so, the amount of those chemicals that can be released tends to drop very low, which is why your ability to focus becomes diminished.", "If one would like to explore more about the kind of backbone and basis of these ultradian rhythms, it goes by a different name.", "This was originally called the basic rest-activity cycle.", "This was proposed many years ago by Nathaniel Kleitman.", "It was established to be true within sleep states as I mentioned before.", "Then it was debated for a long time whether or not these 90-minute cycles also control our ability to focus and perform work in wakeful states and it turns out that they do.", "Now there's a lot of literature to support that.", "I always get the question how do you know when the 90 minute cycle begins?", "In other words, let's say you wake up at 8 AM and you just finished a 90-minute sleep cycle.", "Does that mean that your next 90-minute cycle where you could do work begins right at 8:01?", "No, the interesting thing about these basic rest-activity cycles, these ultradian rhythms, is that you can initiate them whenever you want.", "This is not like a circadian rhythm which is a hardwired unerring signal of 24 hours.", "The ultradian rhythms that occur during sleep are hardwired, unerring.", "You don't get the option of making your sleep cycles 120 minutes or five minutes.", "You don't get that option.", "But if you decide that you want to apply ultradian rhythms to work and performance, you can set a clock and decide, okay, now the focus begins.", "Now the work begins and this 90-minute cycle is the period in which I'm going to do work.", "And I actually do this, you know, mid morning and sometimes twice a day, I do a 90-minute cycle where I limit all distraction as much as possible, put away my phone, often turn off the internet as well.", "I talked about this in an episode on kind of an optimal workday, at least for me, just to give an example of how this might work.", "But I want to emphasize again that these ultradian rhythms are ones that you set.", "So you decide I'm going to work for 90 minutes.", "What you can't negotiate, however, is that at about 100 minutes or 120 minutes, no matter who you are, you're going to see a diminishment in performance.", "You're not going to focus as well.", "And that's again because of the way that these 90-minute cycles are linked to the ability of the neurons that release acetylcholine and dopamine and to some extent norepinephrine, the things that give us narrow focus, motivation, and drive, the way that these 90-minute cycles are involved in those circuits.", "After about 90 minutes, those circuits are far less willing to engage and therefore it's much harder to continue to focus to a high degree.", "Some people like to do multiple 90-minute cycles per day of focus.", "In that case, you need to separate them out.", "You can't do one 90-minute cycle, then go right into another 90-minute cycle, then another 90-minutes cycle.", "You can't cheat these circuits related to acetylcholine and dopamine and norepinephrine unfortunately.", "I suggest that people do no more than three and ideally it would be two or just one of these 90-minute cycles.", "Why did I say ideally?", "Well, they are very taxing.", "You are in a very narrow tunnel of focus.", "So for me, I can do one mid morning.", "I can probably do another one in the afternoon.", "This is not the kind of work that's like checking email or text messaging or social media.", "This is very focused hard work, working on hard problems of various kinds, and this will be different for everybody.", "So I recommend that they be spaced by at least two to four hours and most people probably won't be able to handle more than two per day.", "There are probably some mutants out there that could do three or four, but that's exceedingly rare.", "I think even one a day is going to feel like a significant mental investment, and afterwards you're going to feel pretty taxed.", "So now we've talked about circannual, circadian, and ultradian rhythms, but we haven't really talked about time perception per se.", "We've mainly talked about the subconscious slow oscillatory ways in which we are entrained or matched to the year or to the day and these ultradian cycles that we can impose on our work and that we can leverage toward more focus if we like.", "But what about the actual perception of time?", "What actually controls how fast or how slowly we perceive time going by?", "There are basically three forms of time perception that we should all be aware of.", "One is our perception of the passage of time in the present, how quickly or slowly things seem to be happening for us.", "This is kind of like an interval timer ticking off time.", "Tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, tick.", "It's either fine-slicing like that, or tick, tick, tick.", "We have interval timers.", "I'll discuss the basis of those interval timers.", "We also engage in what's called prospective timing which is like a stopwatch measuring off things as they go forward.", "That might sound a little bit like what I just described but it's actually a little bit different.", "For instance, if I told you to start measuring off a two-minute time interval into the future, you could do that pretty well.", "But if I told you you had to measure a five-minute time interval into the future and you couldn't use any clocks or watches or your phone or anything like that, you would have to set the tick marks.", "You'd have to decide how many times you were going to count off during that five-minute time block.", "There's also retrospective time which is how you measure off time in the past.", "So if I say, you know, last week, I know you went to the park, you did some things with friends, you know, you went out in the evening.", "How long was it between lunch and when you went to dinner with friends?", "You'd probably think, okay, well, I remember I went to dinner at seven and we had lunch right around two.", "You're using memory to reconstruct certain sets of events in the past and get a sense of their relative positioning within time, okay?", "So we have retrospective, current time interval measurements, and then prospective time measurement into the future.", "The beauty of time perception in the human nervous system is that it boils down to a couple of simple molecules that govern whether or not we are fine-slicing time or whether or not we are batching time in larger bins.", "Those molecules go by names that maybe you've heard, things like dopamine and norepinephrine, neuromodulators, called neuromodulators because they modulate, they change the way that other neural circuits work.", "Also things like serotonin.", "Serotonin is released from a different site in the brain than dopamine or epinephrin is and has a different effect on time perception.", "So just to give you an example of how things like dopamine and serotonin can modulate our perception of time, want to focus on a little bit of literature that now has been done fortunately in animals and humans and which essentially shows that the more dopamine that's released into our brain, the more we tend to overestimate the amount of time that has just passed.", "Let me repeat that.", "The more dopamine that is released into our brain, the more we tend to overestimate how much time has passed.", "These experiments are very straight, straightforward, excuse me, and they're very objective, which is really nice, which is you can give people or an animal a drug that increases the amount of dopamine and then ask them to measure off without any measurement device like a watch or a clock when one minute has passed.", "As dopamine levels rise in the brain, people tend to think that the minute is up before a minute.", "So they, at the 38-second mark, they'll say, okay, I think a minute is up.", "So they've overestimated how much time has passed, okay?", "The higher the level of dopamine, the more people tend to overestimate.", "Now, it's also true that norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline, plays a role and its role is very similar to that of dopamine and that's because norepinephrine and dopamine are close cousins, as some of you may recall that they are actually manufactured from one another, okay?", "So dopamine can actually make epinephrin and norepinephrine biochemically.", "There's a cascade in which dopamine can be made into norepinephrine and epinephrin, which is remarkable.", "How does having elevated levels of dopamine and norepinephrine cause one to overestimate how much time has passed?", "Well, it does it because of the way that it causes fine-slicing of your time bins.", "So fine-slicing of time bins is like increasing the frame rate on your camera, right?", "Slow motion is achieved in movies and elsewhere by increasing the frame rate.", "So if you take a movie at 30 frames per second and watch it, it will appear to have a certain speed, right?", "'Cause those are just snapshots, 30 frames per second.", "In contrast, if you took that same movie at 4,000 frames per second, you are fine-slicing and you're going to see every little detail and as you play each one of those frames, it's going to look like it moved slower, okay?", "Whatever, so the kind of jump shot in basketball that's done slowly, any slow motion is the consequence of higher frame rate.", "So dopamine and norepinephrine increase frame rate, and as a consequence, they tend to lead us to overestimate the amount of time that's passed.", "Conversely, the neuromodulator serotonin causes people to underestimate the amount of time that's passed.", "So they've done these experiments.", "They actually have done these experiments using, in humans, with drugs that increase serotonin.", "They've also done them with cannabis which increases serotonin among other things including the cannabinoid receptor activation.", "And when people have elevated levels of 5-HT or whether or not they've ingested cannabis, they tend to underestimate how much time has passed.", "You do the equivalent experiment.", "You tell people that they have to guess or tell you when five minutes, for instance, has passed.", "Just use five minutes as an example this time.", "And generally they will miss the five-minute mark.", "They will think, they'll let six minutes pass and they'll think it was five minutes when they've underestimated how much time has passed.", "And that's because serotonin and some of the related molecules in the brain tend to lead to slower frame rates, right?", "They take the frame rate in the example I used before from 4,000 frames per second down to, say, 20 frames per second.", "So this is very interesting.", "It's interesting in terms of how pharmacology can be used to adjust time perception but it's also interesting in the context of that circadian rhythm.", "There's some emerging evidence that throughout the 24-hour cycle, there are robust changes in the amount of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin that are present in the brain and bloodstream and body depending on time of day within the circadian cycle.", "Now, I'm not talking about during sleep.", "During sleep, there are definitely variations in things like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.", "I talked about that in the episodes on sleep.", "Here I'm just talking about the role of these molecules in time perception during wakefulness.", "So much of the evidence points to the fact that in the first half of the day, approximate first half of the day, dopamine and norepinephrine are elevated in the brain, body, and bloodstream much more than is serotonin and that in the second half of the day and in particular towards evening and nighttime, serotonin levels are going up.", "I think that's fairly well-established now.", "What that means based on what we just discussed about the role of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in setting the frame rate of time perception is that our perception of the passage of time will be very different in the early part of the day and in the latter half of the day.", "And there's starting to be some evidence to support this, that early in the day, people tend to overestimate how much time has passed and later in the day, they tend to underestimate how much time has passed.", "And this is independent of taking any kind of substance that would increase or decrease dopamine or serotonin.", "Now, this is important in terms of how one thinks about structuring their day, because I know many people are thinking about the various tasks that they need to do throughout their day.", "Many, or I should say all of the literature, at least that I can find on productivity and things of that sort point to the idea that we should be doing the hardest task, the thing that we want to do the least or the most important task early in the day as a kind of a psychological tool for getting it done and feeling as if we accomplished something and I think that's an excellent protocol, frankly, but I'm not sure it's an excellent protocol because of the way that we sense accomplishment or at least it's not only an excellent protocol because of the way that we sense accomplishment.", "Another reason to move something that's very hard into the early part of the day is that if indeed the dopaminergic and noradrenergic circuits are more active at that time, we are actually in a better position cognitively to parse that hard problem because of the way that we are able to fine-slice our perception of time and fine-slice all the perceptual events outside us.", "So what I'm really saying is that early in the day, you are a much more high resolution camera, so to speak, than you are later in the day.", "Now, different types of tasks and different types of things require different frame rates or different ways of perceiving time, and indeed, this also lends itself to a tool whereby for activities that involve more kind of creative thinking that aren't as constrained by particular answers or outcomes and in which we need to kind of blend different aspects of our memory, different aspects of task utilization, in other words, for creative works, for brainstorming, for things that are a bit more fluid, so to speak, the more serotonergic second half of the day, and because of the way the serotonergic second half of the day lends itself to our time perception, may actually be more beneficial for those sorts of tasks.", "And I'll put a reference to a couple of the studies that point to this idea that in these higher dopaminergic states, we are better at doing certain sorts of tasks and in these more serotonergic states, we're better at doing other sorts of tasks and how the dopamine tends to be earlier in the day and the serotonin later in the day, so to speak.", "These are broad, I'm painting with broad strokes here, but I think these lend themselves to some really excellent tools because I think we all understand the value of doing something that's hard or challenging early in the day, but we should ask ourselves hard or challenging how?", "What does that task actually really require in terms of time perception?", "Some people might appreciate some examples of how this might work.", "Basically what I'm saying is if you are doing work that involves adhering to some rigid rules, so math or a recipe or execution of musical scales or physical skills or accounting or something that requires a lot of precision where there's a right and wrong answer and it's hard, I would suggest that you do that in the early part of the day because of the way that dopamine and norepinephrine impact time perception.", "You are literally better at slicing up time, you are a higher resolution brain during those times, and so that's going to lend itself better to events and demands that require high resolution, whereas in the afternoon in this more what I'm calling serotonergic state, that's when you're going to be better at brainstorming and creative works where there's some flexibility in terms of how you're batching time and perceiving time and there isn't so much rigid oversight of a right or wrong answer.", "And as an aside to support what I said but also to take us back to this critical role of the circadian rhythm, there is a lot of evidence that when one's sleep is disrupted, when sleep is either too short or is fragmented or is not of high enough quality for enough days, one of the first things to happen is that there is a dysregulation of these dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic states throughout the day.", "They get kind of mish-mashed up.", "It's not that they're a total mess but they aren't as cleanly defined.", "And I think this is one of the reasons why when we haven't slept well or we haven't slept enough, we tend to feel a little off, like we can't concentrate.", "Part of that lack of concentration is due to other things but part of that concentration could be due to the fact that our sense of the passage of time is disrupted.", "So there seems to be some value in keeping the dopaminergic noradrenergic state kind of limited to the early part of the day and this serotonergic state, as we're calling it, kind of pushed towards the second half of the day.", "Now, there is a version of how dopamine and norepinephrine can impact our perception of the passage of time in ways that can be very disruptive or even maladaptive and the best example that I'm aware of is trauma.", "Many people who have been in car accidents or who have experienced some other form of major trauma do what's called overclocking.", "Overclocking is when levels of dopamine and norepinephrine increase so much during a particular event, our level of alertness is increased so much during a given event that we fine-slice.", "In other words, the frame rate is increased so much so that we perceive things as happening in ultra slow motion.", "Now, that might not seem like a bad thing overall but the problem with overclocking is the way in which that information gets stamped down into the memory system.", "So the memory system, which involves areas of the brain like the hippocampus but also the neocortex, is basically a space-time recorder.", "What do I mean by space-time recorder?", "Well, your nervous system, of course, is housed in the darkness of your skull.", "It doesn't have a whole lot of information about the outside world except light coming in through the eyes and whatever happens to hit our ears in terms of sound waves and skin and so forth so it has to take all those neural signals and it has to create a record of what happened.", "Now, it doesn't create a record of everything that happened but car accidents and trauma and things of that sort oftentimes are stamped down into our record of what happened.", "And what gets stamped down, what we actually mean by the phrase stamped down is that the precise firing of the sequence of neurons that reflected some events, so let's say I'm in a car accident, certain neurons are firing because of the flipping of the car or their screams or there's blood, or, you know, things of that sort, all of that neural activity gets repeated in the hippocampus and then the sequence of the firing of those neurons is also remembered.", "So it's not just that neuron one, two, three, four fired in that sequence.", "It's also that neuron one, two, three, four fired at a particular rate.", "So it would be one, two, three, four during the actual event and then the memory is stored as firing of those neurons as one, two, three, four, right?", "If during the event, it was one, two, three, four at that rate, the storage of the memory is not going to be one, two, three, four, okay?", "In other words, there's both a space code, as we say, meaning the particular neurons that fire is important, and there's a rate code, how quickly those neurons fire or the relative firing, the timing of the firing of those neurons is also part of the memory.", "This affords our memory system tremendous flexibility.", "What it means is that you can take the same set of neurons in the hippocampus and stamp down many, many more memories because all you have to do is use a match of the different rates of the different neurons that were firing in order to set that code, right?", "Otherwise, if you needed a different set of neurons for every memory, you'd need an enormous hippocampus.", "You'd need an enormous head.", "So I think you get the basic idea.", "Overclocking is a case in which the frame rate is so high that a memory gets stamped down and people have a very hard time shaking that memory and the emotions associated with that memory.", "And it's not the topic of today's conversation but we will cover trauma in a future episode in detail, but many of the treatments for trauma, EMDR, nowadays there's a lot of excitement also about ketamine therapies, exposure therapies, you know, like cognitive behavioral therapies involve not just trying to reduce the amount of emotion associated with a memory, but also a deliberate speeding up or slowing down of that memory.", "In other words, trying to allow the person who experienced the trauma to take control of the rate of the experience in their memory, not just whether or not the memory happened at all.", "In fact, you know, one of the first things that trauma victims learn is that they aren't going to forget what happened.", "What's eventually going to happen ideally with good treatment is that the emotional weight of the experience will eventually be divorced from the memory of the experience.", "And that's done again by trying to reduce the amount of emotional activation during the recall of that experience and one of the best ways to do that is to alter the rate of the memory playback.", "In other words, taking that firing of neurons that might've been one, two, three, four, again, it would be much more complicated, but one, two, three, four for the car crash and getting the memory to play back at a rate of one, two, three, four, or even one, two, three, four, one, two, three, four.", "In other words, allowing the person or instructing the person to take control of the rate of the playback, and in that way, there seems to be still yet unknown mechanism by which people can uncouple some of the emotional weight that's associated with that memory.", "So overclocking is a kind of extreme example of where the dopaminergic and the neurogenetic system is ramped up so high that people have this, unfortunately, what seems like indelible mark in their brain of a particular event.", "But again, trauma treatment is designed to uncouple the emotional load of that event.", "Some of you are probably saying why dopamine during trauma?", "I thought dopamine was the feel-good molecule.", "Well, in reality, dopamine is not necessarily a molecule of reward.", "It's a molecule of motivation, pursuit, and drive.", "And because of the close relationship between dopamine and norepinephrine, oftentimes they are co-released.", "So whether or not dopamine is released during car crashes or other forms of trauma, we don't know but what we do know is that both the dopamine system and noradrenergic system, when we say noradrenergic, we mean norepinephrine, those systems are greatly increased anytime there's a heightened state of arousal.", "And arousal can have negative valence, like meaning associated with an event that we really hate, that we would prefer not to be involved in, or can positive valence, but dopamine and norepinephrine are kind of the common hallmark of all things of elevated arousal.", "And so that's why we see evidence for dopamine being associated with these changes in time perception both for positive events and for negative events.", "There's a very interesting relationship between arousal, dopamine, time perception, and blinking, and this is all supported by a really interesting paper, first author, Terhune is the last name, T-E-R-H-U-N-E.", "It's published in \"Current Biology.\"", "Cell Press journal.", "Excellent journal.", "The title of the paper is \"Time Dilates After Spontaneous Blinking.\"", "So heightened states of arousal are associated with heightened levels of dopamine.", "You now know that dopamine leads to a kind of fine-slicing of time and one of the ways that we fine-slice time is by blinking.", "You know, we think of blinking as just a thing to lubricate our eyes or to limit the amount of light coming into our eyes, but it's a shutter on our experience.", "So much of the information coming into the brain through our eyes impacts our attention.", "I've said it before on this podcast, that cognitive attention follows visual attention, at least for sighted individuals.", "Well, it turns out that dopamine and increases in dopamine are associated with increases in spontaneous blink rate.", "So the more aroused we are, the more awake we are, there are a number of effects.", "Pupils dilate, heart rate increases, et cetera, but also blink rate increases.", "And every time we blink, this study cleanly shows, we shift our perception of time, leading to, as I mentioned before, overestimations of time.", "So it seems as though in some way, blink rate is actually related to frame rate.", "So this is very, very interesting and the way that you could think about leveraging this would be if you wanted to actually slow down your perception of time, you would blink less.", "And if you want to speed up your perception of time, you would blink more.", "Now, you'd have to think of a scenario in which that would be useful to you.", "Obviously if you're going to blink, you're going to miss things as well.", "But I think it's a very interesting parameter of our visual attention as it relates to time perception, because what it really speaks to is that these neuromodulators like dopamine or serotonin that adjust frame rate, they're not doing it through some magical mechanism.", "In fact, there's no single brain area that we can say controls time perception.", "I haven't said today, oh, you know, it's the striatum.", "Well, it involves the striatum but I'm not going to say, for instance, oh, it's the cerebellum.", "The cerebellum is definitely involved in timing of movement, something for a future podcast, but time perception is what we call a distributed phenomenon.", "It's a network of areas in the brain working together.", "But dopamine and the way that it relates to the shuttering of your eyes seems to be controlling the frame rate on your experience.", "Numerous times on this podcast, I've talked about cold exposure and nowadays there's a lot of interest in things like cold showers, ice baths, immersion in cold water tanks and lakes and oceans and things of that sort.", "There are a lot of different positive effects of cold exposure provided it's done properly.", "It can lead to increases in metabolism, brown fat stores, which are the good fat stores that you want.", "They're sort of like a furnace that allow you to heat yourself up, stay warm in cold environments, to reduce inflammation, to increase resilience and so forth.", "There's a study published in the \"European Journal of Physiology\" showing that cold exposure can increase our baseline levels of dopamine robustly, 2.5x, and it's a long-lasting increase in dopamine and appears to be a healthy one, meaning it doesn't seem to be addictive.", "I'm sure there are some people out there addicted to ice baths, but, you know, when you think about the range of dopamine-inducing behaviors that are addictive, it seems to be more on the health-promoting side.", "What's interesting is that because cold water exposure increases dopamine, it will also change your perception of time and if you've ever done one of these cold water exposures, you've experienced this.", "You've experienced getting in and feeling like, wow, making it three minutes is a really, really long time, and you are fine-slicing time.", "Your frame rate is going up.", "Part of that, just at a kind of a coarse level is you're thinking, this is painful.", "I don't like this.", "I want to get out, right?", "But part of it is also that your dopamine levels are going up very quickly and therefore your perception of that discomfort is also being fine-sliced.", "And so you could leverage a tool, for instance, where you try and entrain your thinking to something other than your immediate experience, right?", "This is a kind of a controversy, if you will, in the cold exposure world.", "The question is do you try and lean into the experience and really feel it, or do you try and distract yourself, you know, sing a song or count off, you know, from one to a hundred.", "Just know that whatever tactic you use to get through the cold exposure that the dopamine level that's now increased in your system is going to cause you to fine-slice or experience that at slow motion.", "So a minute is going to seem like a lot longer than a minute in reality.", "So you could, for instance, decide to pay attention to some external cue.", "Maybe it's a metronome that ticks once every 10 seconds.", "You could decide to think about something else.", "You could decide to sing a song in your head or sing a song out loud.", "All of that will divorce you from the sensation that you experience somewhat, but more so it will divorce you from the perception of your experience as governed by that dopamine increase in frame rate.", "If that isn't clear, just know this.", "When you're in the ice bath, your dopamine levels are high.", "When your dopamine levels are high, your experience of the discomfort of that ice bath is at higher resolution.", "Now, up until now, I've been talking about how dopamine, and to some extent, serotonin can differentially impact your perception of how fast or how slowly things are happening in the moment.", "But remember, we have prospective time, we have our experience of time in the moment, and we have retrospective time and there are beautiful studies that have showed that the dopaminergic state changes the way not just that we experience things now, but that it changes the way in which we remember things in the past and the rate at which those things occurred.", "And those are in opposite direction.", "So to make this very simple, if something that you experience is fun or varied, meaning it has a lot of different components in it and is, in other words, is associated with an increase in dopamine in your brain, you will experience that as going by very fast.", "Now, this is different than the ice bath which I just said you experienced as going by very slowly, but here I'm talking about something that's fun and varied that you really like and you feel like it goes by very, very fast.", "Imagine an amazing day for a kid at an amusement park.", "They can do a ton of things.", "It's all new.", "They're very excited and they'll feel like it goes by very fast, but later they will remember that experience as being very long, that it was a long day full of many, many events.", "And so there's this paradoxical relationship between how we perceive fun, exciting, varied events in the present and how we remember them in the past.", "For those of you who've gone on vacation, if you've had an amazing day on vacation, it'll seem like, or an amazing vacation overall, it will seem like it goes by very fast.", "The last day of vacation, you sort of go, whoa, it went by so fast 'cause there's so much happening.", "But in memory six to eight months later, you remember, wow, that just went, you know, that was a long, long thing.", "We had this.", "Then we had that.", "Then we did this.", "Then we had that.", "It tends to spool out in a longer memory than the actual experience.", "Conversely, if you are bored with something or it's something you really don't like, it's going to seem like it takes a long time to go through that experience in the moment, but retroactively, looking back, it will seem like that moment was very short.", "So the other day I was waiting in the waiting room for the dentist, it was pretty boring.", "I was just kind of sitting there.", "There wasn't much going on.", "And it did seem like it was going on an awfully long time, but indeed, looking back, it just seems like, okay, I sat in that room, not much happened.", "And so it seems like a very short time bin.", "This seems to be an efficiency of how the brain stores information, dopamine being associated, of course, with fun and varied experiences and low dopamine being associated with kind of empty, boring, or what at the time seem like long experiences.", "And this whole thing has been stamped down into the scientific literature by those earlier experiments where they take human beings and isolate them in certain environments.", "You know, take away all their clocks and watches and cues and about what time of day it is and what time of night it is and allow people to have a life where they can either read and work and do things or where they have very little to do.", "When people are isolated in very boring environments and they don't have access to time cues, time dilates.", "They tend to assume that time has gone on very, very long.", "And so the reason I bring this up is we aren't just driven by these circadian clocks and these circannual clocks and these ultradian clocks.", "We are driven by these timers that vary depending on our level of excitement and they vary depending on our level of excitement because of these neuromodulators, dopamine and serotonin.", "So the way I like to think about it is that you have two clocks, two stopwatches.", "One is a dopaminergic stopwatch that fine-slices really closely.", "It's like, counts off milliseconds and it's grabbing a movie of your experience at very high resolution.", "And in the other hand, you have a stopwatch that's gathering big time bins, big ticks along the, you know, the hand is moving at bigger intervals, you know, marking off time.", "And depending on whether or not you're excited or whether or not you're bored, you're using different stopwatches on time and therefore you're perceiving your experience differently.", "One very interesting aspect to the way that neuromodulators like dopamine and novelty interact with time perception and memory is how we perceive our relationship to places and people.", "So really interesting literature showing that the more novel experiences we have in a place, the more we feel we know that place, obviously, but the longer we feel we've been there.", "So here's the kind of gedanken or thought experiment that illustrates what's in the literature.", "Let's say I were to move to New York City.", "I happen to really like New York City.", "I've never lived there, but let's say I lived there.", "I lived in a given apartment for a year and I would have a number of different experiences in this mental experiment.", "Let's say I had 100 different exciting and new experiences.", "I would at the end of that year feel as if I lived there a certain period of time, one year.", "I would actually know I lived there one year.", "If however I lived in three different places in New York City and I met three times as many people and I had three times as many novel experiences, I would actually feel as if I had been there much longer than had I only lived in one location.", "This is also true for social interactions.", "When we move to multiple or several novel environments with somebody else, we tend to feel as if we know that person much better and that they know us much better.", "Now, of course, we get the opportunity to interact with those people in different contexts and so indeed we do get the opportunity to see them, for instance, at the coffee shop, how they order coffee.", "You maybe go to a sports event, how they act there.", "Maybe how they interact with your family.", "You're getting a sense of them in different contexts.", "That's certainly playing a role, but it seems as if the more novelty you experience with somebody, not only the more familiar they are to you, but the more time you feel you've spent with them, even though the total amount of time can be exactly the same.", "And so that's a very interesting aspect of how our perception of time and these neuromodulators and novelty can shape the way not just that we perceive a given event in our world, but how we relate to a place or relate to a person.", "So we've talked a lot about the different neurochemicals and how those neurochemicals can influence our perception of time.", "We haven't talked a lot about the neural circuits and the various areas of the brain that underlie this.", "I do want to touch on that by highlighting a really wonderful study.", "This was a study published in \"Neuron,\" also a Cell Press journal, excellent journal.", "The title of the paper is \"Behavioral, Physiological, and Neural Signatures of Surprise During Naturalistic Sports Viewing.\"", "This experiment is really cool.", "They did brain imaging on individuals who are watching basketball games.", "These were basketball games that actually took place that were recorded and the subjects watching these basketball games in some cases, not all, had some interest in who would win or lose, and in some cases, not all, the subjects in these studies had some prior knowledge of which team they thought was better, which team was likely to win or not likely to win.", "The basic findings of the study were that they could measure surprise by the release of dopamine in two areas of the brain, part of what are called, is called, excuse me, the mesolimbic reward pathway.", "So the two areas of the brain that are important here are the nucleus accumbens and the VTA, the ventral tegmental area.", "These are areas that release dopamine as kind of a token of reward any time something is surprising or a positive expectation is met, okay?", "So if I predict that my team dribbling down court is going to score on this drive and they get the ball in the basket, a little bit of dopamine is released.", "These two brain areas light up in the functional imaging so-called FSRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging that they used in this study.", "What's really interesting about this study is not just that dopamine was released any time that something the subject wanted to see happened, right, any time they wanted to see their team score, they scored, but also during surprise.", "So if they thought for instance, and they would hit a button to predict that their team was going to score in this particular drive and they didn't, well, then dopamine could also be released in response to that surprise.", "So this speaks again to dopamine being something that's important not just for positive events, but for unexpected events.", "Now, that's all very interesting and speaks to the fact that dopamine is a kind of flexible currency in the brain.", "It's doled out, if you will, or released when something that one hopes will happen happens and it's released when there's a surprise, even if it's a kind of a negative surprise.", "It's not something that the subject wanted to happen.", "But the more interesting thing is how that relates to time perception.", "What they found was regardless of what caused the dopamine release, the frequency of dopamine release predicted how the subjects parsed the time bins of the game they were watching.", "What do I mean by that?", "Well, when you watch a basketball game or you watch anything, children playing or talking to your spouse or whatever, you're batching time.", "How are you batching time?", "Well, you could batch a meal by the, I don't know, the appetizer, the main course, and the dessert, but it turns out that's not what you're doing.", "You're batching time according to the frequency of dopamine pulses, the frequency of dopamine release.", "And that's what they saw in this study.", "If they evaluated people's perceptions of the passage of time, what they found is that that matched not whether or not the, you know, it was a particular time point in the game, not whether or not their team was going down court or running back up court to play defense, but the dopamine released served as markers which would predict the frame rate of their perception of the experience.", "And if that sounds complicated, what I mean is how often and when you release dopamine is actually setting the frame rate on the entire perception of everything, not just for positive events or negative events.", "So what this means is as you're going through life, dopamine and the release of dopamine is saying that's over and now you're in a new phase of your life even if it's very short, right?", "So if I get up in the morning and I really need a cup of coffee, as you probably all know, I wait 90 minutes to 120 minutes before I drink my coffee, but then I get my coffee and surely there's a dopamine hit there, I promise you, I actually am starting to carve up my day according to dopamine hits.", "Consciously or subconsciously, I'm actually carving up my experience according to when I'm getting dopamine throughout my day.", "This governance over our perception of time that dopamine has points to a very clear, very actionable, and very powerful tool.", "And that is a tool that many people have talked about before which are habits.", "People have discussed habits in a variety of contexts but in the context of dopamine reward and time perception, what this means is that placing specific habitual routines at particular intervals throughout your day is a very, not just convenient, but a very good way to incorporate the dopamine system so that you divide your day into a series of what I would call functional units.", "What would this look like?", "It would mean waking up and having one specific habit that you always engage in that causes a release of dopamine.", "You can say, well, great.", "That'll make me feel good.", "And I would agree.", "Dopamine released generally makes us feel motivated But it would have an additional effect of marking that time of day as the beginning of a particular time bin.", "Then inserting another habit, perhaps the beginning of, I don't know, your breakfast or something, but recognizing that that's a habit and being fairly habitual, you don't have to be, you know, obsessively precise about the timing, but that regular sequencing of things is going to lead not just to dopamine release as it relates to reward and motivation and feeling good, but it actually becomes the way in which we carve up our entire experience of our day.", "And this is almost a circular argument.", "You could say, well, of course, you know, I do one thing, then I do the next, then I do the next, and that's how I perceive my day.", "That's my day.", "It's my list.", "It's my to-do list, et cetera.", "But what I'm saying is that on the basis of this study, I should mention the first author, his last name is Antony.", "It was Antony et al.", "It was published in 2020.", "The study on basketball viewing, what it points to is that by engaging in specific habits that we know we can perform well, we are actually setting the frame rate on our day.", "And so I think there will soon come a time where human beings are not just thinking of, okay, my morning routine and my afternoon routine, I think that can be useful, and in fact, I used or mentioned a structure of that sort earlier in the episode, but rather thinking about what's actually going on at the level of our biology, which is that dopamine is marking time.", "Habits are a very clear way in which we can invoke dopamine release and therefore provide time markers, and what this means is that, for instance, during your morning, you might insert habit one and habit two at, say, I don't know, 8 AM and 10 AM, and in doing that, that marks an epoch, a little batch of time in your morning routine that's distinct from the second half of your morning.", "In other words, habits serve as flankers or markers for the passage of your day.", "Now, if that seems kind of hyper-neurotic or why would I want to structure my life like that, I would say that many people would do well to structure their life like that and to utilize habits not just for the sake of what you do during the habit, but because of the fact that the habits serve as a marker because of the way they can evoke dopamine release.", "And in doing that, you are able to segment your day into a bunch of smaller, if you want them to be smaller, or larger functional units.", "If anyone wants to experiment with this, the Huberman Lab Podcast puts out a newsletter.", "It's called the Neural Network Newsletter.", "You can sign up for it at hubermanlab.com.", "We put it out each month.", "You can see the previous newsletters.", "There's zero cost.", "We have our privacy statement there.", "We don't share your email or anything.", "And there you'll find the, you know, 12 steps to improving sleep was the first one.", "There's another, the second newsletter was all about neuroplasticity and using scientific literature to improve learning and teaching, and in the next newsletter I intend to include an example protocol of how one could use habits and the relationship between habits and dopamine, dopamine and time perception, to structure your day according to performance of particular types of tasks.", "Today we covered a lot about time perception.", "We certainly didn't cover everything about time perception but we covered things like entrainment, the role of dopamine, habits and various routines that can adjust your sense of time for sake of particular goals.", "If you're interested in learning more about time perception, I'd like to point you to a really excellent book called \"Your Brain Is a Time Machine: \"The Neuroscience and Physics of Time.\"", "The book was written by Professor Dr. Dean Buonomano who's a professor at UCLA and a world expert in the neuroscience and physics of time.", "I do hope to get Dean on the podcast in the not too distant future.", "If you're learning from and are enjoying this podcast, please subscribe to our podcast channel on YouTube.", "It's simply Huberman Lab on YouTube.", "And there you can also leave us suggestions for future guests and topics and questions about the podcast episodes in the comments section on YouTube.", "In addition, please subscribe to our podcast on Apple and/or Spotify, and on Apple, you have the opportunity to leave us up to a five star review.", "You can also follow us on Instagram.", "On Instagram I do short neuroscience tutorials and tools and protocols.", "I cover recent papers, many of which are not included on the podcast.", "We also have a Patreon.", "It's patreon.com/andrewhuberman.", "And there you can support the podcast at any level that you like.", "Not so much today but on many previous episodes of the Huberman Lab Podcast, we discuss supplements, and while supplements aren't necessary for everybody, many people derive great benefit from supplements for sleep, for focus, and so forth.", "One issue with supplements, however, is that what's listed on the bottle of various supplements isn't always what's included in the bottle and the quality of ingredients varies tremendously across different supplement manufacturers.", "For that reason, we've partnered with Thorne, that's T-H-O-R-N-E, because Thorne supplements have the highest levels of stringency of any supplement company out there that we are aware of.", "They work with all the major sports teams.", "They work with the Mayo Clinic.", "And so we're delighted that we partnered with them.", "If you'd like to see the supplements that I take, you can go to Thorne, that's T-H-O-R-N-E, .com slash the letter U slash Huberman to see the supplements that I take and you can get 20% off any of those supplements.", "If you enter the Thorne site through that portal, you can also get 20% off any of the supplements that Thorne makes.", "Thank you for your time and attention today, and last but certainly not least, thank you for your interest in science.", "[bright guitar music]" ]

[ "Introducing Time Perception, Note on Fasting & Supplements", "Sponsors: ROKA, Athletic Greens, InsideTracker", "Entrainment, Circannual Entrainment, Melatonin", "Seasonal Oscillations in Testosterone & Estrogen, Tool 1", "Circadian Timing, Tools 1, 2, 3 (for Circadian Entrainment)", "Tool 4: Timing Physical Activity; Tool 5: Timing Eating Window", "When Circadian Entrainment is Disrupted, Time Perception Suffers", "Tool 6: Ultradian (90min) Cycles & Focus", "Our Sense of the Passage of Time: Present, Prospective, Retrospective", "Dopamine (& Nor/epinephrine) Lead to Time Overestimation; Frame Rate", "Serotonin & Time Underestimation; Decreased Frame Rate", "Dopamine vs. Serotonin Across the Day; Tool 7: When to Do Rigid vs. Creative Work", "Example of Tool 7", "How Sleep Deprivation Degrades Performance", "Trauma, “Over-clocking” & Memories; Adjusting Rates of Experience", "Why Trauma Involves Dopamine & Epinephrine, Arousal", "Dopamine, Spontaneous Blinking & Time Perception; Tool 8", "Deliberate Cold Exposure, Dopamine, Tool 9: Adjusting Frame Rate in Discomfort", "Fun “Feels Fast” BUT Is Remembered as Slow; Boring Stuff “Feels Slow,” Recall As Fast", "Retrospective Time, Context Variation & Enhanced Bonding with Places & People", "Dopamine Release Resets the Start of Each Time Bin on Our Experience", "Habits & Time Perception; Tool 10 (Setting Functional Units of Each Day)", "Synthesis & Book Suggestion (Your Brain Is a Time Machine by D. Buonomano)", "Supporting the HLP: Subscribe, Instagram, Patreon, Thorne Supplements" ]

[ "This video is sponsored by Scan and Nvidia.", "I am using a Geforce RTX graphics card to power a beta version of Minecraft with RTX features.", "You can check out Scan’s range of Geforce RTX equipped PCs in this video’s description, built for titles like Minecraft, Control, Cyberpunk 2077 and more.", "I can’t imagine a world without Minecraft.", "Bit like mirrors, television, tetris and toothpaste, the invention of Minecraft seems inevitable once civilisation develops to a certain stage.", "Being rather old, my time in Minecraft was mostly spent exploring the earlier versions, before many of the advanced features found in the game today.", "Not that it mattered.", "The game was still incredible.", "I’d have vivid dreams about it.", "Most were spent exploring, but I remember one set in a library that seemed to stretch out in all directions.", "When I woke up, I was genuinely sad, believing that the game would never reach that stage for real.", "Boy, was I wrong.", "The game is so complex these days that it feels more alien and mysterious than those dreams about it that I used to have.", "And the new RTX beta has extended it further still.", "I don’t think 2kliksphilip 10 years ago would believe the Minecraft we have today could ever be possible.", "But here we are.", "The Minecraft RTX beta is available for free for anybody with a Geforce RTX card and Minecraft for Windows 10.", "To showcase the RTX features, there are 6 pre-made maps, made by some of Minecraft’s most talented community members.", "They are utterly incredible and the creativity on display here puts my dreams to shame.", "They are lit in real-time thanks to several of the RTX features- one being raytracing to give these worlds real-life lighting.", "And the other is DLSS 2.0 upscaling, which smooths the image and makes it run twice as fast.", "Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it.", "Nvidia recommends that for the beta, you stick to running at 1080p resolution, as the showcase levels in particular can be quite complex.", "The footage you can see here is done at the recommended settings and you can see it still looks fantastic.", "But for the rest of this video, I’ve ramped it up to 1440p and have extended the draw distance.", "Just know that, if you’d rather have more performance, then the default settings will yield higher and more consistent framerates than the experimental settings that I’ll using.", "I will be showing many ‘before’ and ‘after’ comparisons to demonstrate the effect that raytracing has.", "It’s all too easy to take it for granted, so to see how it looked before is needed occasionally to understand how much of a difference full path-tracing can make.", "In a way it’s sad that you can take it for granted so easily, but it’s testament to how realistic and natural the effect is.", "It is, after all, how it would be lit in reality.", "When I say it lights these worlds as though it’s real life, I mean it.", "This isn’t using any short-cuts or tricks- it’s lighting these places using millions of rays per second to produce a result similar to if these places were built in real life.", "You don’t have to understand it to appreciate it.", "With it enabled, everything will just look... right.", "So those clips were from Crystal Palace.", "Let’s move onto Imagination Island and take a ride while I babble more about stuff.", "Wheee.", "I can’t think of a game that would benefit more from raytracing than Minecraft does.", "It seems like a lot of people think raytracing is better suited to realistic looking games, or those with lots of detail.", "But games are good at faking those kinds of things already.", "Minecraft, on the other hand, features massive, procedurally generated and continually changing worlds.", "Even the best of lighting tricks will falter from time to time when trying to light Minecraft’s environments.", "But raytracing enables accurate simulation of whatever you throw at it, from spectacular views across beautiful landscapes and cave networks, right down that dark corner of your mud hut on the first night.", "I’m in love with this red canyon.", "Some of it is lit up with direct sunlight, but the rest appears to glow from the light bouncing off the sunlit surfaces... as well as from the bright blue sky.", "It gives the whole place a welcoming glow.", "And at the base of it- where this train journey would have ended had I not messed it up just there- is a massive, dark tomb.", "Not so much sunlight reaches in here, but what little that does still lights parts up, highlighting the subtle reflections and shading on the rest of the surfaces.", "They were given extra information for the raytracing to work with, to ensure that these surfaces were lit convincingly.", "Back up to the top now for another, quite different ride.", "This second ride we’ll do at night to showcase the glowing lava.", "Without raytracing, you’d have to simulate this with thousands of lights.", "Adding these would usually slow the game down.", "But it does the opposite with raytracing.", "It gives it MORE light to produce an image from, and thus a clearer result.", "And it looks beautiful.", "Even if this park might struggle to pass today’s stringent health and safety regulations.", "This lava’s shine extends well beyond the pools it radiates from.", "It lights up nearby forests, and even passing clouds overhead.", "Which in turn, shine yet more light back down across the world again.", "Thank you mister ride person.", "Onto another showcase level.", "Neon District is an entire city full of incredible, glowing structures.", "Everything either shines or reflects.", "In terms of sheer amount of content, this one wins hands down.", "I made my way into a carpark and it was full of futuristic looking vehicles.", "I sandwiched myself between two giant glass panels and saw how different blocks filtered the light in different ways.", "I know already that I’ll never see all that this level has to offer.", "The guys at Nvidia have been adding raytracing to Minecraft for just over a year.", "I wouldn’t be surprised if the Elysium Fire team had been developing this level for longer than that.", "It's the reflective surfaces which really stand out here.", "The metallic walkways accurately reflect whatever is around them.", "I entered this train carriage and you can see how the glass blocks subtly distort whatever’s on the other side of them.", "I then destroyed all of the lights and it plunged the whole carriage, and its reflections, into a deep red light.", "The sun set and the city returned to neon once again.", "There was an underwater showcase to demonstrate the beams of light and refraction.", "It really gave the ocean a feeling of depth and mass.", "I didn’t spend a lot of time in this part.", "I feel water is something we’ve gotten good at faking already, so bar the pretty beams of light and bizarre refraction, it’s just... pretty looking water.", "I was more impressed with the sheer scale of this structure and being able to see water from behind a glass surface like so.", "Inside this place was a 3-party puzzle, all set down tastefully reflective corridors.", "This room, housing a ship-wreck, was particularly impressive.", "As I completed parts of the puzzle, the RTX logo would light up.", "In normal games this would require some fancy trickery, but here it was just done by a few glowing blocks hidden behind the writing, and probably some redstone logic that I wouldn’t understand.", "My favourite showcase was ‘of Temples and Totems’.", "You start in a rather unassuming jungle village, but venture out into the wilderness and you’ll eventually stumble across some amazing looking places.", "Let’s go on a journey.", "When I saw this one I knew I had found the centre-piece of the level.", "But it turns out there are about 6 of these.", "Each lovingly decorated both inside and out, complete with their own themes, puzzles and traps.", "I spent some time taking timelapses of these places because with raytracing, the time of day really changes how these places feel to explore.", "Inside, light would zoom across the floor, lighting up the surroundings in whatever colour the sunlight hit.", "And outside, I loved watching the shadows of trees make way for the sun around late morning.", "This water temple contained some nice reflective surfaces... ...but it was this lava temple that I liked the most, bathing the surrounding jungle in an eerie orange glow.", "And I hate to play favourites, when all of the maps were so far beyond what I could construct, but this was definitely my favourite.", "A great combination of exploration, discovery, nature and spectacular buildings.", "It was sad to see these places with the raytracing turned off.", "The insides fared better, but the outsides fell flat when compared against the cinematic appearance of the raytraced lighting.", "And there was also a showcase level full of dozens of different experiments.", "I had some fun with those, mixing colours, but it wasn’t long before I carved my way out of the level to do my own thing, checking out the ground-level fog, and digging dark tunnels then flooding them with light by making occasional holes.", "Raytracing is what makes the lighting and reflections look so good.", "But it’s the upscaling that makes it playable.", "This little option in the menu activates DLSS 2.0.", "In short, it renders the game at a lower resolution, then uses AI to fill in the gaps.", "Compared with not having it enabled, it results in similar visual quality, excellent anti-aliasing and about double the framerate.", "I have provided a few before-and-afters here.", "The image itself remains virtually identical.", "The differences boiled down to the shadows and reflections, which I felt were sometimes less defined when DLSS was enabled.", "Aside from this section, DLSS is enabled for rest of this video because you can’t really argue with double the framerate, which pushed the game from about 40 FPS to 80 at 1440p, which is a lot smoother and more playable.", "These showcase maps are beautiful.", "But this is Minecraft!", "That’s not how the game works.", "There’s literally no way you can see somebody else’s world without getting that urge to make your own.", "It is MINEcraft, after all.", "So of course, after seeing all these pretty showcases I created a world for me to build upon and to destroy as I saw fit.", "This is my first structure built in raytraced minecraft, which I’ve imaginatively called ‘Nice House 1’.", "Come on an adventure around it with me!", "It gets the most light in the early morning, but because it’s built from white concrete, it doesn’t take much to light it up.", "Below it I’ve placed 2 large mirrors.", "These raytraced mirrors are the most reflective surfaces I’ve ever seen.", "It’s a little confusing, really.", "It looks exactly like the level itself and when you have 2 of them placed like this, the resulting images are confusing to say the least.", "Moving up to the rest of the structure, I used different colours of stained glass, which produces different colours and shades of shadows.", "This is the ‘white’ glass, this is the ‘black’, which reflects the scenery a lot more... and around the sides, large sheets of brown stained glass.", "My favourite.", "Come, let’s visit the top floor of this structure!", "Inside this is yet more differently coloured stained glass, forming a rainbow on the wall behind.", "You have to catch it early in the morning to see this though- the rest of the time I rely on the glowing white blocks but they aren’t quite as bright.", "Over the other side are glowy blocks of different colours.", "Look at how their colours bleed across the surrounding surfaces.", "Beautiful.", "Down into the main room, I mostly mess about with the same kinds of things.", "I used these lovely reflective trap doors as decoration around the outside, and I love how warm the world looks through my brown stained walls.", "And... that’s it for this house.", "I did plan to do more but got a bit sidetracked by these experiments.", "It’s easy to get carried away.", "Don’t worry- you’ll be exactly the same.", "Around the back you can see a dark corner where all the monsters like to hang out.", "Down here I’ve made 2 mirrors face each other.", "Get between these and you can see just how many times the lighting can bounce before the game cuts it off to stop your PC from melting.", "I believe it’s 8 bounces, though most surfaces won’t need anywhere near as many.", "And for my last experiment on this map, I made 3 dark rooms, lit by a single glowing block.", "This really shows how far lighting can travel and how naturally raytracing can light the darker corners even when there isn’t a torch in sight.", "This being beta, there are a few things they’re hoping to improve upon before official launch.", "It takes a while for the lighting to update in dark situations such as this one, which I believe they’ll reduce by prioritising new lighting information when the world is changed in this kind of way.", "I’ve noticed, for a video about Minecraft, there’s been a shortage of mines.", "So let’s go underground and try to find some and see how they look when raytraced.", "With RTX on, the caves aren’t just lit by lava and torches, but also by any of the blocks you’re looking for.", "Might not be realistic, but from a design and gameplay perspective it makes a lot of sense.", "And it looks cool too.", "Occasionally, distant caves will look brightly lit, then as you approach them they’ll get darker again.", "This is because the world hasn’t fully loaded, so the raytracing is unable to accurately light those parts straight away.", "This is an issue they’re aware of and are hoping to improve upon for the official release.", "But even now, I greatly reduced how frequently this happened just by turning the draw distance up.", "The mines were a joy to explore.", "Perhaps the most beautiful aspect of the game are these blue rays.", "I realised this was blue in colour because the light was passing through the water up above.", "Never before have I seen this in a game- especially not in real-time like this!", "So again I went overboard and spammed a load of stained glass over the holes to cast pretty coloured beams everywhere.", "Like I said earlier, I can’t think of a better game to demonstrate raytracing on than Minecraft.", "The sheer variety of environments and situations, paired with the sandbox nature of the gameplay, makes it a joy to explore and to experiment with.", "I’ve spent about a week messing about with it and even now I find situations where I can’t help but set up a timelapse, or want to smear my face into a reflective block.", "Some of that stained glass makes me want to lick it.", "I haven’t even played the game normally just yet.", "Every time I try, I think up a new situation involving water or mirrors that I want to test out, or get that craving to explore a mine or to blow something up spectacularly.", "But one of these days, I’m going to do it.", "I’m going to start a new world and build my first raytraced mud hut, then sit there, admiring my work, as the sun sets on that first day.", "It has been a collaboration between Nvidia, Mojang and Microsoft to bring pathtracing to Minecraft for Windows 10.", "Provided you have the hardware to run it, you can get this beta for free, click the link in the description for download instructions." ]

[ "Minecraft RTX", "Showcase maps", "Recommended settings", "RTX off/on", "Rollercoaster", "Glowing City", "Underwater", "Jungle", "Showcase level", "Upscaling with DLSS 2.0", "My own world", "Crafting Mines", "Conclusion" ]

[ "Well, it's a new month and it's time for some new Google Home and Google Assistant feature updates.", "Now remember any feature you see demoed here in this video is using the US English version of the Google Assistant.", "So, if you live outside of the US or you do not use that version of the Google Assistant, some of these features may not have rolled out to you just yet.", "And with that, let's dive into the first feature.", "If you're an iPhone owner, the Google Assistant can now help you find your iPhone.", "To do this, after you've set up your Google Home app, go to notifications and make sure that critical alerts are enabled.", "Then ask Google where your iPhone is and it'll be able to bring your iPhone even if you've put it on silent with the display off.", "Next up, Google made a recent announcement that they're committed to supporting Nest, smart home devices for five years.", "And this includes Google Home speakers like the Google Home Max, Nest Audio, Nest Minis etc.", "Check out the link below to view the full list.", "Next up, if you use Google Assistant devices to help you set timers, you'll be happy to know that Google has been working to make this experience better.", "When you have multiple timers going and named different things like a water timer or chicken timer, when you ask Google to cancel the chicken timer for example, it'll now know what you're talking about.", "Google Assistant: “No problem, the one called chicken is cancelled.” Next up, the Google Home app has received quite a few new features over the past several months.", "And first up for Nest Wi-Fi, and Google Wi-Fi users, the Google Home app has received some feature updates ported over from the old Google Wi-Fi app like new stats, peak usage, graphs and the device list has been overhauled as well.", "Allowing you to see how strong of a connection your devices on the network are getting.", "The Nest Doorbell has received a UI tweak in the Google Home app as well as two new features.", "The first one being quiet mode, which mutes the indoor doorbell chime, the outdoor one will still ring however.", "You won't get visitor announcements from Google assistant devices either, and you'll be only notified when someone rings the door through the app.", "Quick responses is another new feature coming to the home app.", "It allows you to send canned replies to the person, outside the door, via the Nest Doorbell.", "The last update for the Google Home app that I’ll call your attention to is feed customization.", "You can now customize the feed in the Google Home app by going to the feed and clicking the settings button up at the top left hand corner and choosing what you want to show and not show in your Google Home feed like certain cameras, doorbells, etc.", "Next, sunrise and sunset triggers in assistant routines have now been rolled out globally.", "I'll leave a link here in this video, as well, as in the description below so, make sure you check that out if you want to learn more about Google Assistant routines, and this specific feature as well.", "Next up, Deezer free users can now stream through Google Home and Nest speakers, Just note that you will be served ads as you listen and any playlists will be in shuffle mode.", "Now to enable this, just link your Deezer account by tapping media in the Google Home app, then select music, and then link your Deezer account.", "Lastly, Google is starting to roll out more features of Google Duplex as reported by 9 to 5 Google.", "You’ll soon be able to use the Google Assistant when ordering pickup orders at Select Restaurants by having the Google Assistant speed up the checkout process for you.", "You'll also be able to use the system for purchasing things on Google like movie tickets.", "All right, well, I hope you found this update useful.", "If you did, make sure you hit that thumbs up button and subscribe to the channel to see more videos like this one.", "Also, check out our monthly newsletter that recaps every video we do each month, plus some links to some great tech stories and podcasts, and that's linked in the description below.", "For 6 Months Later, I’m Josh Teder, thanks for watching." ]

[ "Intro", "Find iPhones with Google Assistant", "Google Assistant speaker device support timeline", "Improvements to timers", "New Google Home app features", "Sunrise & Sunset feature available globally", "Deezer free now supported", "New Google Duplex features" ]

[ "Hello world, with one simple trick a security researcher was able to quite easily hack into 70% of the WiFi networks in his city.", "Now this isn’t a hacking tutorial, I’m not going to be showing you step by step how to do the same thing.", "But it’s an interesting story.", "The researcher was able to do all of this with just a $50 WiFi adapter and a basic laptop for cracking.", "No specialist equipment required.", "Let’s dig in.", "The researcher, one “Ido” at cyberark had a lightbulb moment after being stuck without internet on a few occasions, and having to ask his neighbours if he could use their WiFi.", "After having to do this several times, he realised people often use their phone number as their WiFi password.", "His hypothesis being, if so many people really did just use their phone number as their password, cracking into their networks en masse should be pretty easy, as there aren’t that many possible phone numbers, for an 8 digit number excluding the area code there’s only 100 million combinations, which isn’t much in the world of cracking.", "To test this theory, his first step would be to collect thousands of WiFi password hashes so he could attempt to crack them.", "To do this he employed an arguably ageing technique called wardriving.", "Wardriving simply means to drive around armed with a laptop and a high gain WiFi antenna, collecting information about WiFi networks around you.", "The best example of wardriving in action is wigle.net.", "It’s a distributed wardriving platform, you can download their app which uses your phone’s WiFi and GPS capabilities to gather information about WiFi networks as you move, adding to their public map of almost 1 billion WiFi networks.", "Wigle isn’t nefarious in any way, it isn’t collecting password hashes like Ido did, but rather just basic statistics.", "For his wardriving setup Ido “used an ubuntu machine with [an alfa WiFi adapter]” these adapters cost in the region of $50.", "And as per hacker protocol he donned a classic black hoodie, hid the laptop in a rucksack and stuck the adapter on his back.", "Not the most incognito wardriving setup I’ve ever seen, but it is functional.", "Also, technically he’s warwalking here rather than wardriving I suppose, but anyway.", "Instead of collecting basic statistics on WiFi networks, Ido collected PMKID hashes.", "PMKIDs are used for roaming capabilities between access points.", "Roaming is a useful feature typically used in mesh networks, for example in universities when you need many WiFi routers to cover a whole campus, roaming allows a device to move freely between access points without having to manually stick in the password when you wasn to hop between routers.", "However, whilst a typical router for home use obviously won’t be part of a mesh network, they often come with this mesh feature enabled by default, which turns on the use of PMKIDs.", "It doesn’t help that in 2018 a vulnerability was discovered which enables the cracking of PMKID hashes to find the original WiFi password.", "For a router with PMKID enabled these hashes can quite easily be collected by a nearby 3rd party at any time.", "Ido used HCXdumptool to capture the hashes he was after, and proceeded to meander around his neighbourhood, definitely not looking completely sus, hoovering up those hashes.", "In total he “gathered 5,000 WiFi network hashes”.", "After which he proceeded to test his theory by cracking them.", "Ido loaded the hashes into hashcat - A tool which claims to be the “World's fastest password cracker”, and it is correct, I’ve used hashcat before, nothing comes close.", "It uses the GPU power of your computer and works with all kinds of hashes.", "Ido used a kind of brute force attack to crack the hashes, it’s called a mask attack and allows you to specify the exact keyspace that the brute force attack should use.", "For example, every phone number in Israel - the country of the researcher - starts with 05, followed by 8 random numbers, so he programmed this into the hashcat command, 05 followed by 8 ?d’s which each represent some random number.", "At first the researcher tried cracking on a monster cracking rig, decked out with 8 QUADRO RTX 8000’s each costing almost $7K.", "That behemoth cracks at almost 7 million hashes per second, which blitzed through the 100 million possible combinations in about 15 seconds.", "However the same attack took 9 minutes on Ido’s laptop, which isn’t bad all things considered.", "In total, using this method he managed to crack 2,200 passwords.", "44% of people had used their phone number as their WiFi password.", "He ran the remaining hashes against the infamous rockyou.txt password dictionary, which worked on a further 900 hashes.", "And after testing a few more super basic password combinations like 8 lowercase characters he ended up with 70% of the hashes he collected, cracked - which would obviously give him complete access to all of these supposedly private networks.", "Let me know in the comments, is it common where you live to use your phone number as your WiFi password, or is this just a thing in Ido’s hometown of Tel Aviv, Israel?", "This video is sponsored by Linode, who are giving you $100 worth of free cloud computing.", "Linode is a totally customisable cloud hosting platform - whether you’re looking to quickly spin up a VPN, website or host a kubernetes cluster - Linode has you covered.", "If it runs on linux it’ll run on linode.", "Linode just announced availability of their NVME block storage, the first alternative cloud provider to officially support this state of the art hardware.", "Linode’s philosophy is to focus on providing all the tools a developer really needs at competitive prices.", "Use the link in the description now to claim your free $100.", "If you enjoy this kind of video make sure to help me out by caressing the like button for the youtube AI as well as turning on those sub notifications.", "If you want to see what goes on behind the scenes make sure to follow me on the instagrams, I’m @jhonti I will of course link it in the description.", "And if you’re looking for something to watch next go check out my previous video on how fuel stations across Iran were completely disabled by a cyberattack.", "As always sources will be linked in the video description, stay tuned for more hacking videos, and have a good one." ]

[ "Intro", "The Lightbulb Moment", "Wardriving", "The PMKID Vulnerability", "Cracking The Hashes", "Free Cloud Computing" ]

[ "What you see here is the gameplay of a very popular video game called GTA 5.", "It looks super realistic, but it is still obvious that this is a video game.", "Now, look at this.. No, this is not real life.", "It is still the same GTA5 gameplay that went through a new model using artificial intelligence to enhance its graphics and make it look more like the real world!", "The researchers from Intel Labs just published this paper called Enhancing Photorealism Enhancement.", "And if you think that this may be \"just another GAN,\" taking a picture of the video game as an input and changing it following the style of the natural world, let me change your mind.", "They worked on this model for two years to make it extremely robust.", "It can be applied live to the video game and transform every frame to look much more natural.", "Just imagine the possibilities where you can put a lot less effort into the game graphic, make it super stable and complete, then improve the style using this model.", "I think this is a massive breakthrough for video games, and this is just the first paper attacking this same task applied specifically to video games!", "I want to ask you a question that you can already answer or wait until the end of the video to answer: Do you think this is the future of video games?", "If you want more time to answer, that's perfect, let's get into this technique.", "In general, this task is called image-to-image translation.", "You take an image and transform it into another, often using GANs, as I covered numerous times in my previous videos.", "If you want an overview of how a typical GAN architecture works, I invite you to check out this video appearing on the top right corner as I won't get into the details of how it works here.", "As I said earlier, this model is different than basic image-to-image translation as it uses the fact that it is applied to a video game.", "This is of enormous importance here as video games have much more information than a simple picture, so why make the task more complicated by achieving realistic transformations using only the snapshot as input?", "Instead, they use much more information already available for each image of the game like the surface normals, depth information, materials, transparency, lighting, and even a segmentation map which tells you what and where the objects are.", "I'm sure you can already see how all this additional information can help with this task.", "All these images are sent to a first network called the G-buffer Encoder.", "This G-buffer encoder takes all this information, sends it into a classic convolutional network independently to extract and condense all the valuable information from these different versions of the initial image.", "This is done using multiple residual blocks, as you can see here, which is basically just a convolutional neural network architecture, and more precisely, a ResNet architecture.", "The information is extracted at multiple steps, as you can see.", "This is done to obtain information at different stages of the process.", "Early information is vital in this task because it gives more information regarding the spatial location and has the smaller details information.", "In comparison, deeper information is essential to understand the overall image and its style.", "A combination of both early and deep information is thus very powerful when used correctly!", "Then, all this information here, referred to as the G-buffer features, is sent to another network with the original image from the game called the rendered image.", "You can see the different colors representing the G-buffer information extracted from different scales as we previously saw, with the gray arrow showing the process for the actual image.", "Here again, you can see this as an enhanced version of the same residual blocks as for the g-buffer encoder repeated multiple times, but with a little tweak to better adapt the G-buffer information before being added to the process.", "This is done using what they refer to as RAD here, which is again residual blocks, convolutions, and normalization.", "As I mentioned, this architecture is a bit more complicated than a simple encoder-decoder architecture like regular GAN.", "Similarly, the training process is also more elaborated.", "Here, you can see two metrics, the realism score, and the LPIPS score.", "The realism score is basically the GAN section of the training process.", "It compares both a similar real-world image to a game image and compares the real image to an enhanced game image.", "Helping the model to learn how to produce a realistic and enhanced version of the game image sent.", "Whereas this LPIPS component is a known loss used to retain the structure of the rendered image as much as possible.", "This is achieved by giving a score based on the difference between the associated pixels of the rendered image versus the enhanced image.", "Penalizing the network when it generates a new image that spatially differs from the original image.", "So both these metrics work together to improve the overall results during the training of this algorithm.", "Of course, as always, you need a large enough dataset of the real world and of the game as it won't generate something that the model has never seen before.", "And now, do you think this kind of model is the future of video games?", "Has your opinion changed after seeing this video?", "As always, the references are linked in the description below, and the full article is available on my website louisbouchard.ai with more information.", "Thank you for watching!" ]

[ "Hey! Tap the Thumbs Up button and Subscribe. You'll learn a lot of cool stuff, I promise.", "Is this the future of video games? Answer below!", "Image-to-Image Translation", "Video Game-to-Real WorldTranslation", "Paper explanation", "Conclusion & Question for you" ]

[ "This is me 10 days ago, helpless in the hospital after a near death experience that changed my life forever.", "Near death experiences are widely regarded in the scientific community as one of the most powerful events a person can go through, as they discover truths about life that were previously hidden.", "So I'm gonna attempt to walk you through everything I experienced from laying in agonizing pain on the cold, hard floor to detaching from my body and floating above it while being operated on in hospital.", "This experience made me look at life in a whole new way.", "And by sharing it with you I'm aiming to pass on some of the lessons I learned so you don't have to go through the same agony I did.", "Hi guys, it's Mark.", "So you know me, I'm a hustler through and through.", "I started with $0 to my name, working a dead end job and getting bullied by my manager.", "Through lots of hard work and determination I managed to quit my job and turn my fortunes around, making me a millionaire in my early 20s.", "Now this hustle mentality was a great benefit to me in my early years, as nothing could stand in my way, not even my so-called friends stealing my business plan.", "I might not be the smartest person in the room.", "However, every obstacle that stood in my way was absolutely obliterated by my ability to outwork everyone else.", "Over the years, this approach has proven to work time and time again, which means it's become a habit almost impossible to break.", "This brings me to the day of the accident.", "Currently it's exhibition season for many of my businesses.", "This is very important as if done correctly, it can set up the next 12 months of sales.", "Because of my hustle mentality I like to have a huge amount of control over these exhibitions.", "This means I've been working around the clock to perfect every detail.", "I also think it's important to meet my customers at the stand in order to get a real sense of customer demand, which is greatly beneficial when developing new product ranges.", "The downside of loving your business so much is that sometimes you don't realize how tired you actually are until it's too late.", "After working nonstop for weeks, getting everything ready and all weekend at the exhibition, I returned home absolutely exhausted.", "Now I could say I took my racecar out for a spin and crashed it 150 mile an hour, or I was piloting a Cessna 152 aircraft and crashlanded.", "That would make a much better story.", "But our last real life is nowhere near as glamorous.", "My near death experience happened as I was walking down the stairs in my own house I was wearing socks and my mind was wandering.", "And before I knew it, I'd slipped.", "I'd walk down those steps thousands of times before.", "However, when you are used to doing something over and over again, you engage your autopilot.", "This is also true for car crashes.", "Most accidents happen when you're 10 minutes from home, as you're so comfortable with your surroundings.", "My legs went straight up and I landed on my upper back, cracking three ribs and puncturing my lung as I crumpled down the remaining stairs.", "The broken ribs narrowly missed piercing my kidney, leaving heavy bruising.", "The technical term, which I later found out was multiple displaced posterior rib fractures, a punctured lung, and a high danger of pneumonia.", "This is why I'm still short of breath today.", "All I knew was that I was laying helpless on the floor, waiting for the pain to stop.", "At first, I thought I was just winded and it would pass.", "However, instead it became increasingly hard to breathe.", "As I drew ever increasingly shallow breaths, my wife and son called the ambulance.", "- [Operator] Is it your arm, your leg?", "- No, in my core, core, core.", "- [Operator] I understand that you-- - [Woman] Having trouble breathing, he's really having trouble breathing.", "- [Operator] Yeah, no, I understand that.", "If he's too (indistinct) to speak, then-- - [Woman] Yeah, yeah, that's all he can do now.", "His eyes are going funny, he's breathing funny.", "- [Operator] Okay, so we've got an emergency ambulance arranged.", "- All I can remember is a strange sensation of feeling cold, very cold.", "I looked to my wife and son thinking this could be the very last time I see their faces.", "I had one thought running through my head, I'm about to die.", "I'm a guy that always likes to be in control.", "So this situation was heavily distressing as my wellbeing was completely outta my hands.", "I just had to hope and pray the ambulance would arrive before it was too late.", "The hours that followed are a blur of pain and emotions.", "However, there are three key moments that have stuck with me and I'd like to share them with you as they've altered my view of the world forever.", "Moment one is when I made the decision to fight for my life.", "Once the ambulance arrived at my house they assessed my injuries and made it very clear that they had to get me to hospital as soon as possible.", "There wasn't a second to spare.", "The issue is I'm a tall guy, and even with the help of two paramedics, they were unable to shift me from my crumpled heap on the floor.", "One of the paramedics leaned over and whispered into my ear, we can help you, but you need to make this happen.", "They pumped me full of morphine and waited for me to make my attempt.", "I knew I only had one chance at this so I bided my time waiting for the perfect opportunity to make my move.", "My last bit of strength came when I heard on the paramedic's radio that a five year old girl a few miles away was choking and needed assistance.", "This made me realize I was taking precious time away from the NHS, and I forced myself to get up and live on.", "They wheeled me out into the ambulance and as the door shut I said goodbye to my family for what very nearly was the last time.", "During the journey to the hospital, I had an out of body experience.", "I was looking down on my lifeless body thinking about things like never before.", "Maybe it could have been the medication or perhaps my mind just needed to escape the intense pain I was feeling.", "Either way it was a sensation I had never encountered before.", "I thought about my businesses and how grateful I was that I have an amazing team that would handle everything correctly in my absence.", "My mind then wandered to my wife and son.", "I was so pleased that I created generational wealth.", "I was at peace knowing everyone would be okay.", "I also knew my son Curtis has grown into a capable businessman and would make sure that his mom was looked after.", "Moment two came when I had an unexpected surprise at the hospital.", "As soon as I arrived, I was rushed into the emergency room and was greeted by a friendly voice that said, hello Mr. Tilbury, I'm your doctor.", "And I'm also a big fan of your videos, which have helped me so much.", "It's now my turn to help you.", "I was then given pain relief, ketamine, and God knows what else.", "Rolled onto my side and without hesitation they cracked my ribs back into place.", "And then to reinflate my lung they inserted a tube to drain the blood which protruded from my left hand side.", "This is because my lung had shrunk all the way up to the top of my chest.", "That's about as much as I can recall as I was drifting in and out of consciousness.", "Although I wasn't thinking straight, I can remember the emotions I was feeling.", "Firstly a strong sense of gratefulness swelled within me for everyone that had helped me from the NHS, which is our public healthcare system in the UK.", "They were absolutely brilliant, from the paramedics to the doctors and everyone in between.", "Secondly, I felt a sense of fulfillment as I'd always followed my heart and lived my life to the fullest.", "I've flown airplanes, raced cars, traveled the world, raised a beautiful family, and grown a YouTube channel focused on helping people become wealthy for free.", "If I did die then and there in that operating theater, then I felt I'd made the most of every second.", "Experiencing new things is actually a great way to make your life feel longer than it actually is, as the more new things you do the more memories you'll have to hold onto.", "Luckily I survived the procedure so you could say one of my subscribers saved my life.", "Moment three was when you guys gave me your support.", "Once the procedure was done, I was lying down with no idea of what was going on.", "And I was so lonely.", "Almost 24 hours later my family were allowed to come and see me, which was to be honest, absolutely fantastic and very emotional.", "This is when I truly realized the loved ones around you are the most important thing.", "My son Curtis then suggested that it would be nice to post a photo on Instagram to let you know what was going on.", "I couldn't believe the amount of love and support that followed.", "I only started social media with Curtis at the start of lockdown, and in such a short space of time it was lovely to know that we had made such an impact and it felt like you were giving me that support back.", "It actually brought tears to my eyes.", "This near death experience transformed my outlook on life.", "And maybe, just maybe some of the following things I learned will also apply to you too.", "Firstly, you can't take your money with you when you pass away.", "So I'm buying two Lamborghinis, a Ferrari, and a boatload of drip as soon as possible.", "No, I'm only kidding, flexing isn't really my style.", "However, it is true you can't take your money with you.", "This drilled home to me the importance of family and relationships.", "I know I've mentioned it a few times, but knowing that my investment portfolio could provide my loved ones with passive income if the worst was to happen was a great comfort to me.", "Secondly, I realized the danger of hustle culture and how working too hard for extended periods of time can actually be life threatening.", "I've been hardwired to work hard all my life and hate the idea of taking a break.", "I always feel guilty when not working, but maybe it's time to change.", "If you see similarities in your life then maybe this applies to you as well.", "Thirdly, I notice how much I really care about helping others grow their wealth with my social media accounts.", "Your messages of support touched me so much that I'm rearranging my life and making this an absolute mission.", "Curtis and I have been writing, strategizing, and changing things around.", "And I'm pleased to announce that we are relaunching our podcast under the name \"Strike it Big\" in a shiny new studio, as well as working on our very own book together.", "The main point I'm making is don't let a near death experience be the trigger that changes your life.", "Take action now.", "You could start by picking up your free stock There's no better time than today.", "So I'm gonna leave the next video right up there, but don't click on it just yet.", "Make sure to subscribe if you want to grow your wealth." ]

[ "Intro", "Setting The Scene", "The Accident", "Moment 1 - Fighting For My Life", "Moment 2 - An Unexpected Surprise", "Moment 3 - Your Support", "The Transformation" ]

[ "FIlters make a lot of great visual effects much, much easier to do.", "But they are something of a work in progress, so in this video I'll cover what they are, how to use them, and some of the improvements YoYo Games have said are coming in the future.", "Filters are really nothing more than a prebuilt shader, you can even look at the underlying code if you want.", "They take things that are drawn or are being drawn and modify how they look.", "Using filters in the room editor is easy.", "Click the create new filter/effect layer button in the layer's panel, drag it to where you want, and name it.", "Then select the effect type and settings you want for that effect type.", "As it currently stands, filters affect every layer below them.", "So this filter will change the looks of all of these layers below it and leave all of the layers above it unaffected.", "One very important thing to note here is that if you are manually changing layers or depths in code, for example with something like depth = -y, you might see some unusual results as you could possibly move something in or out of the filter's effect by changing its depth.", "Although what you can do with a filter in the room editor is limited, I've found a number of simple but nice uses for them.", "For example, in this project, I'm blurring my moving background.", "You can also access and change filters in code.", "You can do more with them this way than you can in the room editor, but this is also where the problems start.", "But before we get to those problems, let's cover the basics.", "GameMaker provides you with these functions to interact with your filters through code.", "There aren't very many, so if you want to use filters in code, it's worth reading through all of them.", "They let you do things like create or destroy filters, turn them on or off, and modify their variables while your game is running.", "To use filters in code, we need a slightly better understanding of how they work.", "As I said at the start they're ultimately pre-built shaders, but between your code and the shader there is an intermediate layer we can think of as a struct applied to a room layer.", "So we use the built in functions to interact with this fx_struct, which the GameMaker engine then uses to interact with the shader.", "We can create these structs either directly in the room editor or through the function fx_create.", "If we create it in the room editor, we don't need to do anything else, but if you create a filter using fx_create, you also need to assign it to a layer with fx_set.", "You can see an example of this here.", "First I create an fx_struct by using fx_create, then I set its parameter, in this case just the intensity, and then I use layer_set_fx to apply this new struct to a layer so it actually does something.", "It's important to note that for you to do this, the effect actually has to exist in at least some room somewhere, otherwise it won't work.", "In this project I added it to an empty room.", "It's also important to note that the name of the effect isn't always the same as what it is actually called in the room editor.", "So, for example, I'm creating the desaturate effect, but it's called filter greyscale.", "You can get the 'true' name of a filter by placing one in the room editor and then calling fx_get_name on it either in debug mode or with a show_debug_message, this is one of those things that makes filters feel a bit like a work in progress, but it is what it is right now.", "We can also get access to an existing effect struct with this function - layer_get_fx.", "Once we have access to the struct we can change variables in that struct directly with fx_set_parameter.", "So for example here, I'm getting the struct on the blureffect layer and then based upon whether this variable blur_active is true or not setting the value of the blur radius with fx_set_parameter.", "Note that the parameter name is always a string.", "And I'll talk more about how to get this parameter name in a moment, but for now, just assume that we know it.", "You can also get a parameter struct from the effect struct with fx_get_parameters, and you can then set values in that parameter struct the way you normally set values in a struct and then apply that whole struct back to the effect struct with fx_set_parameters.", "You can see an example of this here.", "I'm getting the struct itself with layer get fx, then I'm getting the parameter struct with fx_get_parameters, then I am changing values in that parameter struct with the dot accessor, and then I am applying that whole parameter struct back to the effect struct with fx_set_parameters.", "Personally, I prefer the first method of directly setting values with fx set parameter, but both work.", "And this is just about everything you need to know to have full control over the filters in code, but for one small detail.", "All of this only works if you know what these variables name are and what type of variable they are, and the manual doesn't tell you either.", "Fortunately, you can figure them both out, but it's a bit annoying.", "The first way to try and figure them out is to guess.", "They follow a mostly consistent naming practice, so if you look at the variables name in the room editor and then add a g_ to it, removing any spaces, that will probably work.", "However, some variables follow a different naming practice.", "For example, you can see that Tint Colour becomes TintCol.", "So the second, more annoying but more accurate way to figure out a variable's name is to run the game in debug mode with a call to fx_get_parameters and fx_get_parameter_names.", "So I've run the debugger, and stopped on this line.", "We get our fx_struct with the function layer_get_fx, this is a blank struct that won't show you anything.", "But we can then use that struct with fx_get_parameters, which gives us that parameter struct.", "You can expand it in the debugger to see both the names of the variables as well as their type, either a number or an array.", "And if we call the function fx_get_parameter_names, you can see the string version that you need to use.", "Note that there are only two names, because g_TintCol is an array with four positions.", "The manual goes into greater depth here, but for an array you can either change the array as normal, if you are modifying the parameter struct directly like I'm doing here, or you can pass in an array or separate arguments if using the function fx_set_parameter.", "Using the debugger like this should answer all your questions, but there is a third way and that is to go look at the shader code itself.", "This way is also fairly annoying, but it has the advantage of not requiring you to run the game to figure it out.", "You can find the underlying shader code at C, ProgramData, GameMaker Studio 2, Cache, Runtimes, the specific run time, bin, and finally FiltersAndEffects.", "Here you can see all the filters, and you can then go into them, again go through a couple folders, and then open the shader code.", "You can look at all three of these, but the one that you want is the FSH File.", "You can open it with any text editor.", "There are two things to look for.", "First, the name, which in GameMaker needs to be a string but will otherwise be the exact same, and second the type.", "If you see float or int will be a number, while any vector (or vec2, vec3, vec4) will be an array of that many positions.", "So if you don't want to run the game in debug mode, you can go open this up and make a note of what you find, or keep it open somewhere— just probably don't mess with the actual file.", "YoYo Games has said a couple things about what is coming for shaders.", "In a post on the forum, they said that, \"This feature will continue to grow with the ability to specify your own Filters and Effects, applying Filters and Effects to a specific layer (rather than all layers below the Effect Layer), adding a Filter/Effect Layer to a Sequence and also applying Filters and Effects to a specific area of a Sequence.\"", "All of which sound great and I think will make them even more useable, though I really hope they figure out a way to make the variable names and types visible without running the debugger or navigating to some code in their folders.", "If you want more examples of interesting ways to use filters, checkout this article by Matharoo of GameMaker Station on the official GameMaker website or this video by 1upIndie on how to use filters to create a pixel transition.", "[music]" ]

[ "What are Filters?", "Using Filters in the Room Editor", "Using Filters in Code", "Figure out Variable Names", "How will Filters Improve?" ]

[ "The Gay Science is one of Nietzsche’s most beautiful and important books.", "He describes it as “the most personal of all his books”.", "When inquired on why he chose this title to his book, he wrote in a letter: “As for the title ‘Gay Science’, I thought only of the gaya scienza of the troubadours – hence also the little verses.” The Provençal troubadours were performers of lyric poetry specialising in the art of composing love poetry or “gai saber”.", "Nietzsche writes in Beyond Good and Evil: “Love as passion – which is our European specialty – must absolutely be of noble origin; as is well known, its invention is due to the Provençal knight-poets, those magnificent and inventive human beings of ‘gai saber’ to whom Europe owes so many things and almost owes itself.” Science implies seriousness, discipline, and rigor, while Nietzsche accepts this – he proposes to go further, adding singing, dancing, and laughter.", "“Where laughter and gaiety are found, thinking does not amount to anything”.", "Gay Science has the overtones of a light-hearted defiance of convention; it suggests Nietzsche’s “immoralism” and his “revaluation of all values”.", "In Nietzsche’s own words, one must strive to be an: “Artistic Socrates” A philosopher with both an intellectual conscience and with a feeling for art.", "Nietzsche recommends the artistic style of life that he considers his own life to be an example of.", "As well as a philosopher, he counts himself among the poets and artists.", "The book contains Nietzsche’s first proclamation of the death of God, as well as the eternal recurrence.", "It also contains some of his most sustained discussions on knowledge and truth, the intellectual conscience, and the miseries that accompany religion and morality, warning us against the “preachers of morality”.", "The book is written in Nietzsche’s aphoristic style consisting of short paragraphs covering a variety of themes.", "This style was unparalleled in the history of philosophy.", "Some hypothesise that it was born out of his terrible vision and headaches, which forced him to quickly write down a few ideas at a time, or as he would put it – to philosophise with a hammer.", "The book starts with Nietzsche’s preface followed by a Prelude in Rhymes.", "It is composed of 383 aphorisms divided into five books and ends with an appendix of songs.", "The book contains the largest collection of Nietzsche’s poetry that he himself ever published.", "Nietzsche’s first edition ended in Book IV and was published in 1882.", "The last section titled “Incipit tragoedia”, consists literally of the beginning of his next book, Thus Spoke Zarathustra.", "The second edition which includes Book V was not published until 1887, after Beyond Good and Evil.", "What may at first seem to be a haphazard sequence of aphorisms turns out to be a carefully crafted composition.", "The structure should be seen as part of a long train of thought, instead of isolated aphorisms.", "In the preface, Nietzsche speaks of the gratitude of a convalescent: “This whole book is nothing but a bit of merry-making after long privation and powerlessness, the rejoicing of strength that is returning, of a reawakened faith in a tomorrow [...]” The history of philosophy is filled with a great deal of sick thinkers, which are misled on account of their suffering.", "However, Nietzsche tells us that from such abysses, from such severe sickness, one returns new-born.", "One should not philosophise with one’s deprivations, but with one’s riches and strengths.", "He proclaims a return to the lifestyle of the Greeks, the Dionysian lifestyle.", "The Prelude in Rhymes include pithy remarks such as: “I do not love my neighbour near, but wish he were high up and far.", "How else could he become my star?” “He should be praised for climbing; yet The other man comes always from a height And lives where praise can never get – Beyond your sight.” There is a steady crescendo throughout the book.", "Book I is inferior to what follows; Book II gradually picks up strength; Book III is far better still.", "However, Book IV, titled “Sanctus Januarius” is most impressive.", "Nietzsche wrote to his friend Peter Gast: “The Gay Science has come; I immediately send you the first copy [...] Read, for example, the conclusions of Books II and III [...] Above all: is Sanctus Januarius at all comprehensible?", "After everything I have experienced since I am among men, my doubt about that is tremendous!” The title of Book IV “Sanctus Januarius” has a double meaning: it means Holy January (he published the book on January 1882), as well as the miracle of Saint Januarius, whose blood is kept in a vial in a Church and by virtue of a miracle, becomes liquid again on a certain feast day.", "After a period of convalescence, Nietzsche feels that his own blood has become liquid again.", "“I want to learn more and more to see as beautiful what is necessary in things; then I shall be one of those who makes things beautiful.", "Amor fati: let that be my love henceforth!", "I do not want to wage war against what is ugly.", "I do not want to accuse; I do not even want to accuse those who accuse.", "Looking away shall be my only negation.", "And all in all and on the whole: some day I wish to be only a Yes-sayer.” Book V, titled “We Fearless Ones”, is late Nietzsche and belongs with the major works of his maturity.", "The addition of Book V makes it clear that Nietzsche did not consider this book dated by his other masterpieces.", "It mirrors Nietzsche’s thoughts in such a way that it is a work of art in itself.", "The most well-known aphorism is the parable of the madman, where Nietzsche proclaims the death of God: “Have you not heard of that madman who lit a lantern in the bright morning hours, ran to the market place, and cried incessantly: “I seek God!", "I seek God!” – As many of those who did not believe in God were standing around just, he provoked much laughter.", "Has he got lost?", "asked one.", "Did he lose his way like a child?", "asked another [...] The madman jumped into their midst and pierced them with his eyes.", "“Whither is God?” he cried; “I will tell you.", "We have killed him – you and I.", "All of us are his murderers [...] Do we smell nothing as yet of the divine decomposition?", "Gods, too, decompose.", "God is dead.", "God remains dead.", "And we have killed him.", "How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers?", "What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death under our knives: who will wipe this blood off us?", "What water is there for us to clean ourselves?", "What festivals of atonement?", "What sacred games shall we have to invent?", "Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us?", "Must we ourselves not become gods simply to appear worthy of it?", "[...]” The death of God is one of Nietzsche’s most popular and misinterpreted statements.", "It is not a celebratory statement, but a tragic historical event in response to the decline of Christianity with the Enlightenment bringing about scientific rationality.", "It represents a crisis in the existing moral values opening the possibility for nihilism.", "Nietzsche suggests that this question was not yet asked widely, but that before long the sense that whatever we do is hardly of any consequence will spread like a disease.", "This terrifying sense of weightlessness is nihilism.", "What I relate is the history of the next two centuries.", "I describe what is coming, what can no longer come differently: the advent of nihilism [...] For some time now our whole European culture has been moving as toward a catastrophe [...].” One of Nietzsche’s response to nihilism is his doctrine of the eternal recurrence, described under the title “The greatest weight”.", "Though he hints at it in The Gay Science, it gains a crucial importance in his next book, Thus Spoke Zarathustra.", "The eternal recurrence supposes that you’d have to experience the same life, with the same events and same experiences, repeated for eternity.", "Nietzsche raises the hypothetical question of how you would react if a demon spelled it out to you.", "“What, if some day or night a demon were to steal after you into your loneliest loneliness and say to you: “This life as you now live it and have lived it, you will have to live once more and innumerable times more; and there will be nothing new in it, but every pain and every joy and every thought and sigh and everything unutterably small or great in your life will have to return to you, all in the same succession and sequence – even this spider and this moonlight between the trees, and even this moment and I myself.", "The eternal hourglass of existence is turned upside down again and again, and you with it, speck of dust!” Would you not throw yourself down and gnash your teeth and curse the demon who spoke thus?", "Or have you once experienced a tremendous moment when you would have answered him: You are a god and never have I heard anything more divine [...]\" Nietzsche suggests that most people would consider this a curse and that it would require the most impassioned love of life “to crave nothing more fervently than this ultimate eternal confirmation and seal.” The overman, introduced in Thus Spoke Zarathustra as God’s successor, is the “meaning of the earth” and is the type that would be able to gladly accept the eternal recurrence." ]

[ "Introduction", "Content and structure", "Parable of the Madman: God is Dead", "Nihilism", "Eternal Recurrence" ]

[ "Recently, we’ve seen quite a few headlines about traveling faster than the speed of sound.", "For example, the startup Venus Aerospace wants to reach 12 times the speed of sound.", "That’s 9000 miles per hour, and would bring you from New York to Frankfurt in less than half an hour.", "NASA is working on a Quiet SuperSonic airplane called X fifty-nine, that’s supposed to have a reduced sonic boom and be ready in twenty-twenty-four.", "The American Airline United announced they want to offer supersonic flights by twenty-twenty-nine.", "And Boeing as well as some other companies have made deals with the US military about developing hypersonic missiles.", "How seriously should you take these headline?", "What’s the difference between supersonic and hypersonic?", "And what’s with those missiles?", "That’s what we’ll talk about today.", "Before we talk about solar storms, I want to briefly thank our sponsor MagellanTV.", "MagellanTV is a streaming service for science and nature documentaries.", "They have more than 3,000 documentaries on science and science-related topics, and they’re adding new ones each week.", "If you like this video you may also like their documentary “The Dream of Interstellar Flight” which is about the next closest planetary system Proxima Centauri, what we know about it, and how we might one day get there.", "I have watched quite a few of their documentaries and have found them to be really interesting and well-done.", "MagellanTV is super easy to use, and runs on pretty much any device.", "If you want to try it out, use the link below because that way you will get a full month free.", "First things first, what is hypersonic flight?", "Is it just a fancy name to mean really fast?", "You know... hyperfast!", "No.", "Hypersonic flight is defined as flight above Mach 5.", "The Mach number tells you how many times faster than the speed of sound you are moving.", "So, moving at Mach 1 through a medium means you are moving at the speed of sound in that medium.", "Below Mach 0.8 you’re subsonic.", "The range from 0.8 to 1.2 is called transonic.", "Between Mach 1.2 and 5 you’re Supersonic, and faster than Mach 5 is hypersonic.", "What happens once you fly faster than sound?", "A plane emits noise that travels outwards into all directions, at the speed of sound, but in rest with the air, not with the plane.", "If the plane moves below the speed of sound, some of the sound moves ahead of the plane.", "But if you reach the speed of sound, the plane moves exactly with the sound, and the sound piles up along a cone creating a shock-wave.", "This is what creates the supersonic boom.", "You can’t hear the plane coming, but you hear a loud bang once it’s passed by.", "Actually, a plane usually creates two shockwaves, one at the front and one at the back of the plane.", "This means there are really two supersonic booms and if the plane is large enough, you can hear them separately.", "Here’s an example from the Concorde.", "The supersonic boom happens at any speed above the speed of sound though it’s the loudest directly at the sound barrier since the sound spreads out somewhat more at higher speeds.", "For this reason, supersonic flights are currently forbidden over populated areas, they’re just too loud.", "But what’s so special about Mach 5 that everything above is “hypersonic”?", "It’s somewhat of an arbitrary definition, but it’s roughly at about Mach 5 that some “funny effects” start to become important, effects that either don’t happen or aren’t important at lower speeds.", "What are those “funny effects”?", "The issue with hypersonic flying is what physicists call “stagnation points.” If you have an object that’s flying through a gas fast enough, it’ll basically stop the flow of gas at some places.", "But the kinetic energy from the gas molecules has to go somewhere, and that increases the temperature to what’s called the “stagnation temperature”.", "Problem is, this stagnation temperature increases quickly with the Mach number.", "The equation that relates the two looks like this, where T naught is the stagnation temperature and T the temperature before stagnation.", "M is the Mach number, and gamma is a constant that depends on the medium.", "For air, gamma is about 1.4.", "As you can see, the temperature increases with the square of the Mach number.", "That’s a problem.", "Let’s plug in some numbers for illustration.", "If you are flying at an altitude of about twelve kilometers, like an average overseas flight, T is about 219 Kelvin, or a little below minus 50 degrees Celsius.", "For Mach 1 this gives a stagnation temperature of about 260 Kelvin, so not much happens.", "But already for Mach 2 the stagnation temperature is 390 Kelvin, that’s 117 Celsius.", "Next time you fly on a fighter jet don’t stick your hand out of the window.", "At Mach 5 the stagnation temperature is 1300 Kelvin and by Mach 8 you have 3000 Kelvin.", "At that temperature, most metals melt.", "That’s not good.", "And it’s not enough to keep the metal from melting, because materials weaken long before they melt and also, the pressure increases along with the temperature.", "Worse, in these conditions out-of-equilibrium chemical processes occur, causing molecules to split or ionize.", "Well, you may say, what about rockets, seems to work for them.", "Indeed, for example, the space shuttle was flying regularly at Mach 25.", "But.", "The thing with rockets is they go up.", "And if you go up, the atmosphere thins out and eventually ends, so air resistance is no longer a problem.", "The space shuttle left the atmosphere at “only” about Mach 3.", "Flying hypersonic in the atmosphere, that’s what’s the problem.", "And we don’t want to do it with a rocket engine, but with a jet engine.", "The difference is that a rocket uses combustion with additional oxygen supply, and the rocket carries the source of the oxygen with it.", "That’s why they work in outer space.", "Jet engines on the contrary, take in and push out air.", "They are what’s called “air-breathing” machines.", "This requires less fuel and makes them lighter.", "So how do you get to hypersonic speeds without melting the aircraft?", "Well the obvious thing is to use materials with extraordinarily high melting points.", "Among the most promising materials are Tantalum carbide and hafnium carbide with melting temperatures above four-thousand Kelvin.", "But that isn’t enough.", "To get beyond Mach 5, you need to redesign the whole engine.", "Interestingly, and maybe contrary to what you might have expected, you do this by removing parts.", "In a jet engine, air enters the engine from the front is compressed with rotating blades.", "This heats the air, which is then mixed with fuel in the combustion chamber.", "But above about Mach 3 the air which enters the engine is hot and compressed just because it’s being slowed down so much, so one doesn’t need the compressor.", "The thing that’s left is called a ramjet, called that way because it “rams” into the air.", "A ramjet can’t fly below Mach 3 because it doesn’t have a compressor, so it needs to be launched by other planes.", "But it works up to about Mach 6.", "Above that, temperature and pressure get too high to have good combustion So why don’t we just keep the air flowing through the engine, instead of slowing it down, which causes the heating?", "Indeed, great idea.", "If you do this, you get what’s called a scramjet, short for Supersonic Combustion Ramjets.", "The Scramjet design greatly alleviate the heating problem inside the engine.", "Scramjets are basically tubes with some divisions inside where fuel is injected into the air – they don’t even have moving parts.", "The problem with Scramjets is that the air goes in and out the other end in about a millisecond, and it’s also turbulent.", "So the challenge is to find the right shape to control the turbulence and get the fuel where it needs to be.", "Scramjets work from about 4 Mach upward.", "The current speed record is Mach 9.6 and is held by NASA’s X-43 jet.", "In 2013 Boeing’s X-51 scramjet broke a record.", "It was the first scramjet to use jet fuel instead of hydrogen and had a more lightweight design.", "The record that it broke was not that of speed (it just flew a bit over Mach 5) but that of duration: it flew for 3.5 minutes.", "Yes, you heard that right.", "3.5 minutes.", "That’s the record.", "And don’t forget that to launch, it first had to be carried aboard a B-52, then accelerated to Mach 4.5 with a rocket booster.", "The leader of the team that designed the X-51, Kevin Bowcutt, delivered a TED talk in which he envision a future when people take hypersonic flights regularly and he claims that a way to do it would be to use antimatter as fuel... Hahaha.", "Ok, so I’m somewhat skeptic we’ll see hypersonic commercial flights in the near future.", "Not only, as you have seen, isn’t the technology ready, the whole process is also ridiculously fuel consuming.", "When it comes to supersonic flights, NASA seems to have made good progress in alleviating the problem with the supersonic boom by smart design.", "This is neat but doesn’t really do anything about the fuel problem.", "This makes me think we might see some supersonic flights but they’ll probably remain rare and expensive.", "Personally I think it makes much more sense to look for a mode of transportation in which you excavate a tube or tunnel to lower air pressure, such as the hyperloop, because that way it becomes dramatically easier to reach high speeds.", "So much about hypersonic travel, but what’s with those hypersonic weapons?", "It seems we’re in the middle of a hypersonic arms race between the United States, Russia and China.", "Russia recently became the first nation to deploy a hypersonic missile, tested in December 2018.", "And the Chinese have created a new hypersonic wind tunnel that, if you trust the Chinese media reaches up to 30 Mach.", "If you don’t trust them it’s still 22 Mach.", "The budgets for this research are, one could say, stratospheric.", "For 2021, U.S. research agencies have allocated 3 point 2 billion US dollars for hypersonic weapons research, up from 2 point 6 billion in the previous year.", "The attraction is easy to understand: at these speeds the enemy just doesn’t time have to react to the missile.", "The path of “normal” ballistic missiles is easy to predict, so anti-missile systems can target and destroy them.", "They’re also easy to see coming by radar because they fly high.", "But hypersonic missile are fast, can fly low and only appear on the radar late, and can unpredictably change direction, so by the time you see them it might be too late to do anything about it.", "But is it all advantages?", "No, according to a paper by researchers from MIT, that appeared in January 2021.", "That’s because common ballistic missiles fly at high altitudes where the air pressure is really low and reaching hypersonic speeds is fairly easy.", "They then simply fall down, but even so still hit the ground at supersonic speed.", "According to the MIT researchers, with an optimal trajectory, a ballistic missile would even be faster than a hypersonic glider.", "They calculate that for a distance of 8500 kilometers, the hypersonic glider would take 28 minutes, and the optimized ballistic path only 25 minutes.", "The claim that the threat from hypersonic weapons has been exaggerated by military officials, quite possibly to get funding.", "In their paper, they write: “It is commonly claimed that hypersonic weapons can reduce warhead delivery times by reaching their targets faster than existing ballistic missiles could.", "In 2019 testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services, the Commander of U.S. Strategic Command addressed this delivery time issue.", "Asked how long it would take a Russian hypersonic glide weapon to strike the United States, he responded: “it is a shorter period of time.", "The ballistic missile is roughly 30 minutes.", "A hypersonic weapon, depending on the design, could be half of that, depending on where it is launched from, the platform.", "It could be even less than that.”” The researchers then explain “The implication that a hypersonic missile could halve the time necessary to deliver a warhead between Russia and the United States—while false—subsequently permeated the U.S. discourse, fueling narratives of the revolutionary nature of these weapons.” They also claim that even though land radars cannot detect missiles flying low until they are too close, because they are behind the Earth curvature, hypersonic vehicles flying inside an atmosphere are actually easy to detect.", "That’s because they become so terribly hot that they can be seen from satellites with infrared detectors.", "They conclude that the performance and strategic implications of hypersonic weapons would be comparable to those of established ballistic missile technologies.", "So, my conclusion from all this is that we might well see some supersonic passenger flights again in the next decades, but I doubt they’ll become common, and hypersonic missiles are an overhyped threat.", "We have better things to worry about." ]

[ "Intro", "Sponsor Message", "What is hypersonic flight?", "The issue with hypersonic flight", "Ramjets and scramjets", "Hypersonic missiles", "Conclusion" ]

[ "(upbeat music) - Hi everyone, I'm James.", "I'll be teaching this class on design complex geometry.", "It will be based in Grasshopper, which is part of Rhino.", "And my background's in architecture and I've sort of used Grasshopper for well over a decade and Rhino as well.", "And I'll explain sort of through a slideshow first, kind of go over some of the concepts of advanced geometry how they came into architecture and why now they're kind of being exported into other fields, the way architects use the geometry.", "And then we'll do some examples in Grasshopper.", "I'll show you how to use the software for the first time.", "and then have some QnA time, where you can share your screen and ask in questions, and make sure that you know how to use the tools correctly.", "And then we'll do another example and know your name.", "And that would be this person's class.", "So I'm going to share my screen and go over the slides.", "So I know it's just with curves and a history of, of the curve itself and profiling for very long time, many centuries that this idea of a curve, made out of a composition of circles and lines sort of dominated how people thought building and designing objects.", "So you can kind of see in this example by Greg Lynn, just this, the arcs of the circles make the curve.", "And there's nothing in this curve, other than the arcs of circles and straight lines.", "And when we look at any sort of sacred geometry, that's sort of cathedrals, mosques, synagogues, that are a couple hundred years old.", "A lot of them can look quite complex, but when you look at them closely, you can sort of recognize that everything can be made with a compass and movement.", "'Cause it's all just circles, cutting into other circles, forming triangles, using the sort of center points of the new circle, and going from there.", "But it's all sort of just a range of this, with very basic geometry.", "Even in Shan Mosque, in Iran, that you have the circular arc and the straight line, and you produce the little complicated geometries but with very basic inputs.", "The spline, again this is from Greg Lynn, the spline was quite different.", "It allowed for a much smoother continuous curve, which had weights and points to control the junctions, the beginnings of the computational curve, which was built on top of this line.", "So when we look at those two together, you can see this one produces the smoothness that is not produced on the older type of composition curve.", "These curves got their start in the 1950s, when two car companies and France were competing with each other.", "So you have Citroen, who came up with the first baseline.", "And, Renault.", "Because Citroen were very secretive, so Renault tried to come up with something similar, and came up with something quite different, called the Bezier Pierre.", "And they sort of formed two sort of main types of curves.", "GM went a lot further a non-uniform baseline.", "And then Boeing further again, (inaudible) and just started calling them NURBS.", "So you kind of see that these curves were were first used by car companies, and airliners, and NASA to describe geometry, to communicate with machines, because they were looking for things kind of beyond standard plugs.", "The basic curve really took it's hold in graphic design and fonts.", "You can see Google's font here, was first done with basic curves, and had a relatively high file size.", "And their choice and geometry, which then influences design, resulted in much lower file sizes.", "Which in the case of Google, this logo is loaded so many trillions of times a day, that the file size is important to reduce energy consumption problems.", "Another big innovator within geometry, is Pixar.", "Who being CEO, (inaudible) he kind of did his PhD on subdivision services, which is another branch of geometry, and it looks that way.", "So from a computational perspective, the cellular automata is one form of a sort of recipe, where you start with basic inputs and computation is used to create complexity from those inputs.", "And these are sort of a very old, decades old, type of recipe that is quite common now, that everyone sort of tries out as an introduction to computation, to create their own game of life, which was done in 1970s.", "And another one, the L-systems, and these kind of are kind of like recipes.", "And Grasshopper components, or Grasshopper definitions is the name of the file.", "It's kind of like the recipe as well.", "We're kinda gonna go through a bunch of recipes, that you're gonna recreate yourself.", "And kind of just learn the basics.", "And only kinda after the course, will you start composing things that may be unique, in the same way that sort of, a chef might learn how to cook a new recipe first, then eventually get to know the sort of base ingredients so well, that they compose their own recipes.", "This is a, just an example of an architecture project created with L-systems.", "So it uses the same, this basically uses up the initial branch and then just replicates, repeating that as many times as it's tilted at a certain angle, and this uses the same logic, using a base component and then grows, building from the initial inputs.", "So the first architectural project, I'm just going to go through some architecture projects that sort of show my background in this, and where that field kind of comes into geometry.", "So at the first architecture project that maybe some people think of as a digital project (inaudible) is because the software at the time was not capable of building this building.", "And the French aerospace company that sells systems, had come up with a software that they had no use for.", "And Frank Gehry went and said \"I have a use for your software building this building.", "The software in my industry doesn't work for this.\"", "So they kind of collaborated and came up with their own culprit called digital project to create this project.", "And construction workers similarly said they would refuse to build this building.", "So ship builders said, \"we're okay with building curves.\"", "And it was a sort of a beginning of, of complicated components arriving on site, being scammed with a barcode, based into very specific missions, which is very different from traditional building sites.", "Yokohama Port Terminal is another project that would be quite difficult to create without kind of advanced CAT.", "In this case, you have this sort of shifting landscape, kind of going up and down where your craft is pointing.", "Kind of go up these steps and be on the top or go underneath.", "And the sort of plan section elevation traditionally used to describe buildings, or objects, or anything like that would just be quite difficult.", "So in this case, if you remember the contract manager from the last lecture.", "They just produce lots and lots of sections and they're not produced all the trusses, which are all slightly different, and that went onsite and then they constructed this project.", "Another famous project is by Greg Lynn, who did the curved in the first part of the lecture.", "The Embryological House, which is kind of a conceptual project, that described 50,000 variations of a house, from the same number of components.", "And it was a kind of conceptual proposal, that using computation and the design process meant, as well as certain machines that would, CNC machines, that would digitally create the parts, that there was no need to have a sort of, mass standard system anymore.", "We could move to a mass custom forms, custom model.", "This is sort of a model of the Embryological House.", "Another form of variation is a genetic structures.", "And this is the Hypo surface, which this whole wall moves as you kinds get near it.", "And by DECOI Architects MIT.", "An example of a sort of moving structure, that's built, that you can visit if you're in Paris, is the Insitut De Monde Arabe.", "And it basically has all these metal components that move throughout the day.", "And this structure is repeated facade.", "And you can kinda just walk in and go up the stairs, and look at it from the inside.", "And then there's the sort of complexity that can be generated through computations.", "And this is Galaxia Burning Man by Arthur Mamou-Mani, who was my first Grasshopper tutor.", "And this is a project he created where he got married at, and we'll look at scores by there.", "So these are three reasons or three types of projects, that are probably, at least variation and complexity, being two of the most common, of the reasons that you might pick up a sort of computational design software.", "Is to have many objects where there's a lot of variation between all of those objects, because there's a model that has a parametric control.", "So you can alter the parameters when you're doing output, or just to generate a lot of complexity very fast.", "And then kinetic structures is, I guess, a possibility.", "Some of the other reasons architects are less likely to do, in here is more likely to do Medic, but you can do in Grasshopper is optimization.", "So this is an example of, a human designed that node on the left, and given through an evolution solver that tries many, 20 times to make it more efficient.", "And then out of those 20 tries, it tries to do 20 better versions of them, and just keeps going until you make it stop, to make a lighter.", "So the idea was to get some sort of metal node, that would hold five wires, and have enough weight and structure to support them, and the Dunbiar of engineers.", "This is a much lighter node, that I don't think any human would design, normally.", "But you give it sort of inputs and a desired output, And it optimizes for that output, and started to try to create the lightest, strongest, node that still allows the five wires to go through.", "And you can do that in Grasshopper.", "And another type of geometry is sort of tension consult structures, that disappear from architecture for a long time, because they will be hard to draw.", "And sort of came back in the 1960s.", "And this is sort of a shrink wrapped skin on top of a metal frame that was flipped in multiple directions, that have a different floor each time, for different art exhibitions.", "And that sort of is part of the Kangaroo 2 plugin, which is the physics engine, that we're gonna look at in the last week.", "So some of, just an example of kind of working with complexity.", "This is from master students in London, which have been patients in my physics lab.", "And they kinda took all these inputs, generate the geometry, and then build that up into a 3D model of different towns.", "And their whole project is online at shampoo.net.", "So one of the places a lot of people put in their work for architects is for building a lot of these complex geometry projects.", "Just having more, there's different people around the world, who prefer a lot of these projects.", "And some really cool vendors and images of products and models.", "But actually getting these projects built is ahead of everyone else.", "And one of the problems into is a lot of these projects are over budget and very, very expensive.", "So a different direction is to use extended component, like a brick, and reduce variation in Grasshopper, or the other software.", "And this is the work of Gramazio Kohler and Eth Zurich.", "And they're just taking a break on the left here and using a six axis robot to pick and place them at very specific angles.", "And on this case, you can kind of to see these little drones that were carting the bricks and placing them in very specific angles on top of each other.", "And this idea is, I just watched a lecture recently and learned this about discrete architecture.", "A brick being a sort of discrete element that is not a column of a floor or a wall, but if you build any of those types.", "And constructing a more complicated discreet element so standard one component, and then putting that on a building site where that one component is added together to a pavilion or building if done on a bigger scale, where it's assembly determines whether, it's position determines whether it's, in the floor, the column, the ceiling, and so on.", "And he sort of, Retsin, compared to Greg Lynn's curve, sort of his own curve, and that sort of idea of reducing the cost but still producing complexity as a sort of primary goal.", "So being in minor, the main categories of geometry that you use are different from if you have a background in solid works.", "In solids you primarily work with solids first in surface geometry, at least, you kind of work with points and curves first and then generate surfaces from those curves and then generate poly-surfaces which are, if they're closed, become solids.", "So it's very much curve centric in terms of generating the geometry, as opposed to starting with the solid and getting going from there.", "In Grasshopper, it's slightly different, on the, the last few.", "So we're still going to work with points, curves, and surfaces.", "But, rather than call a collection of surfaces a poly-surface, we're just gonna call it a BREP, which stands for boundary representation.", "And other than that, it's kind of the same.", "It can include more information within its, in it, but we're just going to use it as a poly-service like in this course.", "And then the other types of surface geometry, are mesh and subdivision.", "And basically, NURBS, kind of a background of being used in anything that needs to be built in the real world.", "If they're very precise, they allow you to do curved lines between like an appoint setting in space, the opposite or kind of a different type of geometry is MESH Geometry.", "Where you have a points set in 3D space, straight lines between them, no math defining those curves, they're just points and straight lines.", "And you can have a low-poly sphere or a high-poly sphere, but moving these points can make life difficult.", "We need a different set of softwares to do that.", "The lower number of curves, or low number of components you have in any 3D model makes it easier to edit.", "So that led to subdivision, which goes back to account most PhD and CEO of Pixar.", "To have a different have to jump through that.", "We've covered a bit in the last course, but it's, it's the idea of having a lot of geometry on one side, or one face, and less jumps into the sides, you can sort of, if you're doing a human face, that you want a lot more geometry where the mouth and the nose and the eyes are, than the back of the head, and you can kind of adjust that way.", "And these different types of geometry are used to do different things.", "So in, in our last round, of course, we did the cat with subdivision.", "And subdivision geometry in math and lingual geometry is used to do a lot of smooth things, a lot of, sort of, soft geometry, where NURBs very precise, very accurate.", "And now we're gonna move into Grasshopper and do our first example.", "I'm just going to keep it as not too complicated geometry, but just to kind of get us that we start to use sliders for the first time and components.", "So this is my hometown Dublin Ireland, and this is Ha'Penney Bridge which was used to cross, complimentary to cross.", "We're going to draw that in, in Grasshopper.", "And if you just keep looking at the screen until I'm done, so that you see everything that's going on.", "And then we'll sort of, you can do, open the software yourself, and start doing this example, and I'll be available for anyone to share their screen, answering any questions and do that.", "So I created this file, that you can have a look at later tonight.", "And I'm going to share a lot of these Grasshopper files on the HackadayU project site.", "So this is our software.", "We have, when you open it up for the first time, this will be closed.", "When you open it up for the first time, you'll have to choose the unit type.", "It doesn't really matter what units you choose.", "The software is just going to think of numbers, so zero, one, 100, 1,000.", "If you set it as millimeters when you first launch it, you can set it for light years, it's gonna be light years.", "But for most of this course in the meantime, it's just numbers.", "And you can type Linux in this top corner, you can type commands, you can use icons, you can use these menus from the top.", "If you type Grasshopper here, that gets Grasshopper open.", "And we're going to do most of our projects inside of class.", "Only thing you might need to know, is to double click these top, front perspective to enlarge those parts of the screen.", "Sorry, I'm having trouble getting this to run the right way.", "So the only thing you may need to know, is to double click these titles to get them enlarged, and then you're gonna right click to, sort of, orbit around your model.", "Zoom, if you have a quick little mouse it's great to sort of involve a mouse forward and back.", "Otherwise you can use two fingers on a laptop, and slide an amount.", "And if you hold shift and right click, you can pan, which is sort of go that way, slightly different on all the other regions that are two dimensional, where right click is the pan and zoom is the same.", "So we'll double click on prospective view.", "And when I put my Grasshopper window as half the screen.", "To open a new file, so if you download the file later, you can sort of just go file, open document, confirm the file from there.", "Grasshopper files have a .gh extension where, Rhino files are a .pdn, and they're saved as different files.", "And in that sense, you have to make a choice.", "Whether the information you create is in your Grasshopper file or in your Rhino file.", "Inside of Grasshopper too, the easiest way to get commands is to double click, then it brings up \"enter a search word\" and you just type the command, and it's, it's got a lot of predictions, so it can guess what you're looking for.", "And if I want to do a point, I would just type \"point\" and they're trying to get my, my modem.", "Of course we've got these menus at the top, these menus at the top, they have these categories, first.", "And kinda go through different menu sets, curves, surfaces, measures, and so on.", "And that's one way of finding everything.", "And it's good to sort of just browse and try to find different components to work with.", "So these are our main types, as I mentioned, and when they are, have nothing inside of the component, they appear orange.", "And if you double click, these menus might be red if it's not working.", "But if you either highlight over it, or double click it, it will sort of tell you, that it's not collecting any data, because it's empty.", "And you can kinda select them.", "And if you right click, you'll see a range of options, and \"set one point\" will allow you to set a point on a line, two options how to do it, it's quite significant which one you do.", "So in this case, it's looking for a coordinate, and it wants me to type the coordinate in Lino, so if I type zero, zero, zero, that's X, Y, Z.", "It will sort of go to the origin, and then I type to enter and that'll create that point.", "And you see this now is, is great.", "And the coordinate is saved into the Grasshopper file.", "So that's, sort of, the same there.", "If I was to create point in Grasshopper, which means exactly a point.", "I can set one point and I can change it here.", "And I can type coordinate, type point, allows me to select a point there.", "And now that point is, even in Rhino, but it's referenced in Grasshopper, and I can sort of move to the point.", "Normally that's pretty terminal.", "So when, when something's referenced in Grasshopper, it will be read to you, on this red X, and lines will appear red.", "If they're in Rhino, you can kinda color them different colors, But they'll appear generally black.", "So, as our first example, you can sort of download this example, or create it.", "You can kind of double click and do a rectangle.", "And we're going to basically just pull down the left leg, and move a slider into the left side of these components.", "And the left side is inputs, the right side is outputs.", "As it can move around and sort of reference itself.", "But we're basically gonna use sliders, move them into a number, so I'm gonna make X and Y both reference to the slider, and I need a point as well.", "So another third way might, and probably the fastest way to create a point, is just to double click and type any number by, any number by, any number.", "And then it automatically knows that format of number, number, number has a point.", "And there will just be a point that's already referenced, so I don't need to do the right click and stuff on point, I can just go start there.", "So now that rectangle appears, in our, in our window there, and I guess a little Rhino trick, sometimes a window is not tolerated, so if you take an object and zoom from that object, by typing Z for zoom, all views are kind of clicking this all use like having a private selected or extents private selected.", "And now my window would rotate or sort of orbit on that object in that area.", "So, with this rectangle, I can, I kinda have these instructions for later, that you're going to take this and take it to a curve, and that will divide it by a number.", "And then we'll hit the slider into that number, so that's again, another input.", "And as we move that slider, you can see on the left here, that the number of division points is changing very fast.", "And if I, if I was to use a surface command, I can sort of drag the, our rectangle into the surface.", "And now it's going to make up a surface, which is highlighted red, and surface into a surface environment.", "And I'll show you because I'm just gonna, show you kinda, what Lino does, and the UNV is being grown up the X and Y and all of the surface, and they represent the asset.", "So I can drag a number into both of them and, and move that number around the lower number.", "I can see that on the surface.", "And that's just the first exercise, getting used to this.", "As kind of the same, but a little bit different.", "I can sort of select components, and do crtl+Q to turn them off, or turn off the preview.", "They're still calculating in Grasshopper.", "So it might be useful to have disabled them, Which would be ctrl+E.", "If they were slowed down and repeatable, it would be one of the very basic components.", "And for this second example, we're just going to create two lines in the ctrl button.", "So we have a point of zero, zero, zero, and, rather than, there's no really copy and paste in Grasshopper.", "it's more move point or scale point or move object, rotate, scale.", "So we're gonna use a note component, and connect the point to the move component.", "And then if we highlight over any of these symbols on the left, we can see what this component is looking for.", "So we can see this is looking for a vector, and this unit X vector, so I can say on the X Vector, and how much on the X is.", "So ctrl+Q to make sure that's on the preview, and there's my points.", "Now I've moved to point, and I can use the slider to move the point left and right, up to a hundred units.", "If I created the bigger slider, it would be longer.", "And then I can create a line, cause there's no line juncture there.", "There is just two points that move, so the new point here, and the original points here.", "So I can drag that one to a line component, A and B, and ctrl+Q to turn it off, and there's my line component.", "And now the line component can be brought into the live component.", "And that's wonderful, I have 10 lines, and now that can be divided by however many number times on this slider.", "So you can see there, that it is nine divisions.", "And if I moved this original slider, it's going to change the whole world.", "And if I was to create a cone command, double click and just type \"cone\".", "I'm going to click on all the points of the data, so kind of see here when you're that kind of, hover over the P that there's 10 points there.", "And if I change this number there would be more, so all the points create a cone.", "And for the radius of the cone, that's just, and heights you can kind of see there that now we have a cone on all the points, and all of these can be different, if I change this slider, I'm changing the number of points.", "And sometimes they can be the radius and the line.", "So one way of doing this is to say whatever the distance is which we know is this number.", "So I can do that division component, and this overall line, divided by whatever number of division points we have.", "That is 48.", "(inaudible) So now all the cones are still too big, but the radius is the total length, divided by the number of points.", "So if I divide that by two, because, I can type backslash, two as a fast way of creating the division environment.", "But having a default set to whatever number is after the backslash.", "And I can drag this component in here now, put that in threes, and now I have whatever number points will automatically create cones.", "You can see how this line gets bent that way.", "And then just as a last sort of, introductory example, no, we'll just skip on to the Bird Lake example.", "So to draw a bridge from scratch.", "I'm gonna double click and type point.", "And I could set one where, wait actually sorry, I can type zero, zero, zero, and that creates my first point.", "And a nice fast way of creating a big slider.", "So if I type just a number by itself, it will just automatically create a slider with that number.", "And if I create a slider, if I got a number between zero and 10, I will get a slider with a minimum max that has zero to 10, if it's between 10 and a hundred, it will kinda create a slide in between those two numbers.", "So if I want a really big slider, if I can have 200 and building a slider slider between, zero and 200.", "So I need a vector of direction.", "So on the unit X, the unit X, or the X direction and then the slider can go the distance.", "So with each of these sliders, I can sort of right click and rename them.", "And this is going to be the bridge length.", "And I'm gonna create division points on that line.", "So I'm going to do divide by, like five.", "And divide curve, do a line from our points to our second point, and then divide by curve.", "And then you go to a small slider.", "And sometimes, because zero's the starting point of a lot of series of numbers in any kind of programming.", "So sometimes when you think you have four, you actually have five, so you need to watch weather the starting number of any series is zero or one.", "So I want, we're gonna do four, so we'll have five points.", "And I can use the list item command, and I'll choose one that we'll use very often, so in this point list, we have five points, and if I put it in here I can, whatever number I select on the, by selecting and item, it appears green in this perspective view.", "And if I was to try to slide in, this is the item index, the number that I'm selecting.", "And so if I have this selected, and I move this, I can see that point zero is the point on the left, point one is the next one, two, three, and four is the last one.", "So if I zoom in, I see this plus, I can kinda get these different outputs, which are going to be each of those models.", "So now I want to move this second point.", "And I want to move the third point.", "And I want to move them in a set direction, kinda want a slider for them.", "So I connect the slider to the vector and the vector to the numbers.", "Three different numbers, yeah.", "So we'll use the ctrl+C and the ctrl+V to copy and paste.", "(inaudible) So now I'm going to use a NURBS curve by typing \"NURBS curve\".", "And I want to get the points that are going to construct my curve into this being here.", "So this is the most left point at the bottom when I've been placed vertically, and that goes in there.", "Apparently they can't construct that, that curve in just one point, so it's red.", "And to put more than one input into the same input, I hold down the shift key, because if I do this first, it'll just replace it, without holding any buttons.", "So if I hold the shift key, and drag it in there, they'll drag in, and that's our second point.", "And our third point.", "And our fourth point.", "And then this one, this end point here is our last.", "So now we have these three sliders to control the height of these middle points.", "This is started the, the middle part of the bridge.", "And then these are two sides.", "So we can kind of control that there.", "So we can try to even out the start and the end.", "And to get rid of these points, just 'cause they're distracting.", "I can select them all and ctrl+Q so that they're okay.", "Now I have this NURBS curve, and I can divide the curve.", "(inaudible) And we can sort of put, a bunch of vertical lines.", "You're probably gonna do it slightly simple, because I'm using more time than I thought I would.", "Do vertical lines on top of this curve.", "So to do that, I want to move all these points vertically, so I can take the team off of my curve.", "And currently that's the number, whatever the slider is.", "And that's currently going in a sort of vector pen, but we wanna control it, so we want the unit side directions and type unit.", "So this component record represents all the moves.", "This one represents the ones on the bottom so we can do line geometry, bottom point.", "And now we have vertical lines on top of our bridge.", "And I can go back to these sliders, (inaudible) And I'm just going to, if I type \"geometry\" and this is going to be a catch all for the geometry that we've created.", "And put these lines into this geometry, and this curve, so we're gonna hold down shift, and move two things into the same container.", "And then we're going to move geometry, and put it under unit five, and move it into unit Y.", "And create another slider.", "And then I have the other side of the bridge, and if I wanted to create much more geometry, I'd just put it all into the geometry, into this sort of geometry component, and then we'll always copy what is going into here.", "And I'm just going to also move the curve, and I'm gonna take that surface, and extrude it, that is saying like, I don't need to recreate it.", "And there is a sort of, basic bridge.", "And you get another NURBS curve between each points, all the points to make that curve there, put that into our geometry.", "So there's our basic bridge so I'm gonna stop there and let everyone open the screen and see if you can create the beginnings of a parametric model with all those sliders.", "Hopefully everyone got our first example done, I'm gonna post a quiz, so if anyone wants to answer, that would be great.", "Because it has a few questions, and it will remind you, I'm gonna change this slightly from what I had, 'cause I'll edit it and then I'll post it again.", "But, definitely keep an eye on the HackadayU page, and hopefully I'll see you next week, and we'll do another example and kind of grow our knowledge of components, and develop more complicated scripts each time." ]

[ "Start", "Introduction to Complex Geometry", "Draw a Line", "Draw a Bridge" ]

[ "Vectors can be used for all sorts of things, from programming the movement you see here, to data storage, shaders, and graphics.", "In this tutorial I'm going to cover what vectors are, the basic vector operations, and a way of actually implementing them in GameMaker Studio 2.3.", "[chiptune music] There are a couple of different ways to think about vectors, but, for our purposes, you can think of them as arrows pointing in space.", "I've actually stolen this line from a 3Blue1Brown video, which I'll talk a little bit more about at the end of this tutorial.", "So vectors are arrows pointing in space.", "They have a direction and a magnitude, but they do not have a position.", "This last statement means that as long as a vector's direction and magnitude are the same, it is the same vector regardless of where you put it.", "So this vector is the same as this vector, which is the same as this vector, which is the same as this vector.", "Vectors can also be in any dimension.", "For computer programming that normally means two three or four dimensional.", "We will only be dealing with two dimensional vectors, but, with just a few exceptions, if you understand two-dimensional vectors you also understand three plus.", "While I think it's easiest to think of and visualize vectors as arrows pointing in space—and will often illustrate concepts using this method— this doesn't really work well for actual code.", "So the next way to think of vectors is as an ordered set of numbers, where you have as many numbers as dimensions.", "So this would represent a two-dimensional vector, and this would represent a three-dimensional vector.", "And I say ordered set of numbers because the order of the numbers is important.", "By convention the first number is often x and the second number is often y—and this is how we'll be using them in this tutorial series since I'll be focusing on using vectors for movement—but again it really could be anything.", "So, if we draw a grid, a vector represented by the numbers 1, 2 would look like this.", "Where the first value, the x value, represents how far along we are on the x-axis, and the second value, the y value, represents how far along we are on the y-axis.", "And, just as a side note here, I'm going to draw my y-axis increasing as we go down since this is how it works in GameMaker, but it is more common, of course, for the y-axis to increase as you go up.", "It's a convention either way, and since we are going to be using these vectors in GameMaker, it will be helpful, I think, to think of vectors with this orientation in mind.", "So vectors can be thought of as arrows with a direction and a magnitude and as a pair of numbers where, for these tutorials, x is the first number and y is the second number.", "Now it's time to talk about some basic vector operations.", "First let's talk about addition and subtraction.", "To add two vectors together you simply add the two x components together and the two y components together.", "So [0, 1] plus [1, 1] becomes [1, 2].", "[1, 0] plus [0, 2] becomes [1, 2] as well.", "You can also think of it as putting the start of one vector at the endpoint of another, like this, where this third vector is the vector you get by adding the two vectors together.", "It's the vector from the origin to the endpoint of the second vector.", "Subtraction works the same way.", "You subtract the second x component from the first x component and the second y component from the first y component.", "So [1, 1] minus [1, 1] becomes [0, 0].", "[2, 2] minus [0, 1] becomes [2, 1].", "You can visualize this by flipping the second arrow around and adding it to the first—which makes sense, as subtracting one number from another is the same as adding it's negative.", "Multiplication and division are a little bit different.", "First there are different things you could mean when you say multiply or divide, but what I will mean in these tutorials is scale.", "So with addition and subtraction you are adding and subtracting two vectors, but with multiplication and division you are scaling a single vector by another number.", "In vector math a single number is referred to as a scalar.", "So [1, 1] times 3 means to scale the vector by a factor of 3.", "And you do this by multiplying both components of the vector by that scalar value.", "So [1, 1] times 3 would get you [3, 3].", "1 times 3 is 3, and 1 times 3 is 3.", "Division works the exact same way [2, 1] divided by 2 would cut the vector in half and give you a vector that is [1, 0.5] 2 divided by 2 is 1, and 1 divided by 2 is 0.5.", "So addition and subtraction mean adding two vectors together or subtracting one vector from another, but multiplication and division mean scaling a vector.", "So now that we have a basic concept of vectors and a basic idea of a few things that we can do with them, let's implement this in code.", "Now there are a few ways you could implement vectors in code.", "Prior to 2.3 you would use arrays most likely.", "With the introduction of structs in 2.3, you can also use structs.", "And of course you can still do this with arrays.", "In fact, unless by the time you're watching this they've improved the efficiency of structs, which is entirely possible, arrays are significantly faster.", "And that could really matter for this.", "Still I find vectors based on structs to be a lot easier to understand and to work with, so I'm going to use them for these tutorials.", "Maybe at a later time, if there is enough interest, I'll do a video on implementing vectors with arrays, but the basic concepts will be the same either way.", "So let's jump over to GameMaker and look at our basic vector struct.", "Hopefully, you already know how structs work, but, if not, there's a link to several videos in the top right.", "[chiptune music] So here we have our constructor class.", "It will create a struct, and it will take two arguments—the x and the y—and this is the first reason that we'll use structs, is because it allows us to use named variables.", "So we pass in the x and y and we assign the struct's x and y to those values.", "In addition to having our internal x and y variables, our vector also has some internal functions, and this is another reason that I really like using structs for vectors because it gives us these nice functions that we can have that can operate on our vector.", "Our first function is the set function.", "It just sets x and y to the values that you pass in.", "This is, of course, technically unnecessary.", "You could do so directly, but this allows you to do it in one line.", "Next we have our static add function.", "This function takes a vector and then adds that vector's x and y to this vector's x and y.", "Our subtract function does the exact same thing.", "It takes a vector as an input, and then subtracts that vector's x and y from this vector's x and y.", "One very important thing to note here is that these functions directly act upon the first vector.", "So they don't return a new vector.", "They are going to change this vector's x and y directly.", "We also have our multiply function and our divide function.", "As we discussed, they take a scalar value and then they simply multiply or divide the vector's x and y components by that scalar value.", "And this is really all we need for a basic vector class.", "In future tutorials I will be adding and going over a number of very important functions that you also want when you have a vector class, but this is already enough to do some cool things.", "So let's use these functions to create a little demo.", "If we look at this entire project, we have our basic vector scripts, which is a script asset, but we also have this ship object, which I'm going to go over in just a moment.", "We've got some free open source art.", "There'll be a link below and a link in the license right here.", "And, if we go look at the room, we have a little bit of background art, and then we have a spaceship.", "And this spaceship is going to seek our mouse pointer using vectors.", "So let's go look at the ship's code.", "In our ship's create event—and these are the only two events in the ship, so this is 100% of the ship's code—but in our create event we can initialize two vectors.", "We can initialize our velocity vector and our acceleration vector.", "We'll also initialize the variable acceleration force, which will determine how quickly the ship accelerates.", "In our step event we can create a couple of temporary variables.", "We can get the direction from our current ship's position to our mouse's position, and then we can use the lengthdir_x and lengthdir_y functions, along with our acceleration force variable and that direction to give us an x and y. I will go over this code in detail in the next tutorial, but for the moment the only important thing to take away from it is that we are using these three lines of code to get the x and y component of a vector that points from our ship to our mouse with a length or magnitude equal to our acceleration force.", "We can then set the x and y components of our acceleration vector to these two values.", "Then we can add that acceleration to our velocity by saying velocity dot add acceleration.", "And this is the final reason I really like using structs for vectors in GameMaker Studio 2.3, because it allows us to use these very nicely ordered functions where we can say things like velocity dot add acceleration—which is some pretty clear and self-documenting code.", "Then we can simply add our velocity's x and our velocity's y to our object's current x and y position, and use point direction with our velocity to get our image angle.", "Now we can run this project and our ship seeks out our mouse.", "I know I went through that code fast, and I will go through all of that code in greater detail in the coming tutorials, but I wanted to show just what is possible even with a very limited set of functions and our vector class.", "So vectors are incredibly useful, but, depending upon how long it's been since you've taken a linear algebra class, they can be a little bit complicated.", "And for anything that is a little bit complicated, I think it can be very helpful to learn that subject from a few different people.", "My recommendation here is Grant Sanderson's 3Blue1Brown video that I referenced earlier and I'm showing in the background now.", "His videos in general are incredible and this one specifically will make learning and understanding vectors so much easier.", "In the next video of this series though, we'll be going over our ship's code in greater detail, adding more functions to our vector class, and using those functions to improve our ship's seeking behavior." ]

[ "Vectors in GameMaker Studio 2.3", "What are Vectors?", "Basic Vector Operations", "Implementing Vectors in Code", "The Vector Struct", "Using Vectors in a Project", "But seriously, watch it!" ]

[ "When you study English, you also learn the rules of grammar, and I'm sure you've heard your teacher say.", "This is the rule, and we never break it or we never say that.", "Now I've been an English teacher for I know 20 years and I've learned the hard way.", "When I started teaching, I used to be like that.", "I would give the rule the grammatical rule and would be quite pleased with my explanation.", "But there was always one smart, spotty student at the back of the class who would raise his hand and say, Mr. Gideon, you just said that when the verb follows a preposition, it's always in the -ing form.", "Yes, that's correct.", "Pedro, I'm interested in learning more.", "Before coming to the lesson I was at the gym.", "It's a rule we never break.", "OK, how about GO ON?", "huh?", "GO ON meaning to change the subject?", "It's GO ON, followed by infinitive.", "He was talking about his job and then he went on to talk about his holiday.", "Then the ambulance came and took him to the hospital.", "Nowadays, I know better.", "I say this is the rule and it's almost never broken or it's probably never broken, or I can't think of any exceptions to the rule.", "But perhaps you can.", "By the way, that's a tip for new teachers out there.", "In today's video we are going to look at some of these exceptions, but I'm warning you, I'm warning you.", "You wouldn't use them to trick your teacher.", "You wouldn't do that, would you?", "Would you?", "Good.", "Let's go.", "The rule: Never put WILL after, IF.", "It's true that most of the time we don't put will after IF when forming a conditional if you go out tomorrow, can you pick up my coat from the dry cleaners?", "Not if you will go out.", "No, no.", "That's wrong.", "Always wrong.", "But here is one exception.", "OK. You can use WILL for repetitive actions in the present, and sometimes you use this as a form of criticism.", "As someone who keeps doing the wrong thing.", "So, for example, if you will keep bothering me with your questions, I'll never finish this.", "If you will keep bothering me.", "This will here implies that the person he's speaking to has repeatedly bothered him.", "If you remove the WILL, it wouldn't be clear the WILL here indicates a repetitive action in the present.", "If you will play video games instead of studying.", "You'll never pass your exams.", "OK.", "This example, too Will Play emphasizes that he has repeatedly played computer games instead of studying, and we're going to this study in more detail and look at some other examples, too, where you can use, WILL after IF in this video here about how we use will as a present tense because yes, it's a present tense, too much with affirmative countable nouns.", "The rule: when talking about quantities, we use many for countable many books, many pencils or a lot of books or a lot of pencils.", "But if the correct for uncountable is, we can use much in the negative.", "Not much time.", "Not much beer.", "But in the affirmative we use lots of or lots of not much matches never used in positive sentences, except for questions and off to very and to.", "So the rule is you can use matching questions, as I said.", "How much does it cost?", "You can use MUCH after VERY it costs very much.", "You can use MUCH after TOO.", "It costs too much.", "But in affirmative sentences, out of these conditions.", "We use lots of or lots of instead of MUCH.", "For example, I spent a lot of time on this project.", "I drank lots of beer, not I drank too much beer.", "And once again, while it's true that in informal conversation, we do use A LOT OF rather than MUCH with affirmatives.", "This is a convention, not a grammatical rule.", "And you are free to break it if you feel the sentence sounds better with MUCH instead of a lot of and often does, so you can use MUCH in a formal style.", "For example, there is much to learn about English grammar.", "After much effort, we succeeded in reaching the top of the mountain.", "I have much experience of English grammar, so listen to me.", "I spent much time on this project.", "We also use much in affirmative sentences, which have a kind of negative meaning or negative feeling.", "Example Although we faced much disagreement, we nevertheless won the vote.", "It is with much regret that I have decided to leave the company.", "So for all of the above sentences, you can of course use A LOT OF but MUCH is possible, even preferred in, especially in a formal style with a formal tone.", "The rule: in spoken English you can always, always replace WHOM with WHO you never need to use WHOM.", "In spoken English, if you do, you'll sound like a pompous arse.", "And yes, somebody actually said that to me.", "While it's true that most of the time, most of the time you can get by perfectly well in spoken English without using WHOM at all.", "As often in English language, there is an exception where you must use WHOM and WHO would be incorrect even in spoken English.", "And I'm not going to explain all the differences between WHO and WHOM.", "You can check out this video for a longer explanation, but I'll just say that, you know, as I said, most of the time you can drop WHOM and replace it with WHO for.", "Example, who do you love?", "Not many people would say, whom do you love, though it's grammatically correct.", "We say.", "Who did you give it to rather than to whom Did you give it?", "Now here's the exception in a prepositional phrase, following many of, a few of, some of, a number of, 234 of whatever the number you must use, WHOM, not WHO.", "I'll just give you some examples to show you what I mean.", "I spoke to a lot of people, many of whom were interested in the product.", "It was a large group, some of whom were children.", "There were five policemen outside, three of whom were carrying guns.", "You could say three of them were carrying guns, but then you have to make it into two sentences.", "Was trying to keep everything in one sentence here, OK?", "And often people use this construction.", "Another example there were a lot of demonstrators, a few of whom were getting angry.", "I spoke to the campaigners, a number of whom had donated money to the cause.", "We talked to students, many of whom spoke English.", "So in these cases, the rule is use whom, not who formally informally spoken and written whatever it is, whom, not who in most other cases.", "Yes, you can.", "Drop WHOM and just use WHO instead.", "But here it's WHOM.", "The rule, the comparative and the superlative to make comparatives with one syllable adjectives, you use -ER for the comparative and -EST for the superlative.", "For example, big.", "Bigger.", "Biggest OK for adjectives of three syllables or more use MORE and THE MOST, for example, intelligent, more intelligent, the most intelligent, she is more intelligent than him.", "As for two syllable adjectives depends on the sound or the final syllable.", "If it ends in a y sound, it takes -ER -EST, for example.", "Easy, easier, easiest.", "But if it ends in a T sound, it will take the more most construction, for example.", "Perfect, more perfect.", "The most perfect.", "There are more rules for the two syllable adjectives, and it's a bit complicated, so I might make a separate video about that.", "But today I just want to talk about the exceptions.", "Oh, and by the way, of course, there are one or two irregular ones such as good, better, best and bad , worse, worst.", "But we won't talk about that.", "I'm just going to look at the exceptions.", "These are not grammatical rules, they all grammatical conventions, which means it's fine to break them.", "So generally, I'd follow these conventions, but you might want to consider alternatives depending on the words and the sounds and the cadence of the phrase.", "Even with two syllable phrases, some words often have to pronunciations, for example, clever.", "Some people say clever, cleverer Cleverest.", "Some people say clever.", "More clever.", "The most clever.", "Stupid, stupider.", "The stupidest.", "Other people say more stupid.", "Most stupid and others are less common.", "But you might hear them sometimes.", "Almost all of the time, you'll say.", "Easy.", "Easier.", "Easiest.", "But you might.", "Sometimes you might hear someone say This is more easy than I thought, and that's perfectly OK.", "Sounds OK doesn't it?", "This is more easier than I thought.", "Yeah, it is OK. With one syllable adjectives, the -ER -EST are far more common but, you can break the convention.", "Old Older, the oldest, he's older than me.", "That's fine, but take an adjective such as KEEN, for example, shouldn't it be keen?", "Keener, keenest?", "It's one syllable, but sometimes you'll hear people say MORE KEEN, for example.", "Frankly, I'm more keen on the red ones than the blue ones.", "And that sounds fine, doesn't it?", "Even big, big, bigger, biggest.", "Yes.", "And you will say big, bigger, biggest in 99% of cases, but maybe just maybe in some of your sentences, MORE BIG may sound better here's an example.", "Why did you choose the extra extra, extra extra large pizza?", "Well, it was just more big, that's all.", "So perhaps not a great example, but the MORE adjective leaves a little tension because there is a gap between the word more and the adjective, and sometimes you might want that when you're being a bit playful with the language.", "And if you're still not convinced, even Shakespeare, even Shakespeare, broke the rules.", "With the conventions here in just a couple of examples, \"Madam, I was very late more near her, then I think she wished me.", "some death more long in spectatorship and crueler in suffering.", "The rule.", "Don't use contractions in formal, written English.", "Finally, one of the most common myths a fake rule that I hear every day and almost every time I have a new student, they tell me that this is what they learned at school.", "\"Don't use contractions in written English.\"", "And this one, frankly, is just nonsense.", "And in fact, the opposite is true.", "It's one of the biggest misconceptions about writing contractions are fine.", "You should use them even in formal, written English.", "Okay, let me qualify that don't use.", "Gonna, wanna, shoulda, coulda, dunno In your essays?", "No, these are informal contractions, but can't won't.", "I'll we've, etc.", "I'm these are perfectly correct.", "Contractions are friendly and they get you closer to the reader.", "And sometimes you may wish to slow things down for the reader and you don't contract.", "And these rules are exactly the same in spoken English and in written English.", "And if you don't contract your writing, you will end up sounding stilted and ridiculous.", "For example, it is a beautiful day, is it not?", "No, it's a beautiful day, isn't it?", "I am not available on Monday.", "Let us meet on Tuesday if that is OK. Well, that's really strange.", "No, I'm not available on Monday.", "Let's meet on Tuesday, if that's OK. Can we not do this again?", "Can't we do this again?", "Do contract now.", "It's true that for legal English and some highly academic papers, you might reduce the number of contractions.", "But even here, it's debatable but for emails for CVS, for breaking glass - cover, letters for business correspondence and when you're writing a college essay.", "Contractions are fine and they are not only fine, but you should use them.", "And if you don't believe me, then listen to George Orwell, who wrote in politics and the English language.", "Contractions help close the distance between the writer and the reader, and we have more about that in this video here.", "So, yeah, learn the grammar.", "It's always useful, but don't get trapped by these non-existent rules.", "Be free.", "Stay mellow.", "See you next time.", "Bye." ]

[ "1. Preposition followed by infinitive", "2. WILL after IF", "3. MUCH with affirmatives", "4. WHOM in spoken English", "5. Comparatives", "6. Using contractions in written English", "Outro" ]

[ "Aldi is a great place to stock your freezer, as there are some truly mouthwatering options to choose from in Aldi's frozen aisle.", "If you're not sure where to start, try picking from some of our personal favorites.", "These are the frozen foods you should be buying at Aldi.", "Even if you're on a really strict diet, experts say you can afford to indulge in a decadent slice of cheesecake once a week, and this option from Belmont is the perfect way to do so.", "Because they're frozen, you can store these cheesecakes for a little longer than you would be able to a regular slice, and since they come two slices per package, you don't have to worry about eating the whole cake yourself.", "But whether you're on a diet or not, we suggest picking this one up.", "So, we love mint ice-cream enough to eat a pint-a-night, but we know that's not the healthiest of nightly snacking options.", "Still, if you can't resist heading over to the ice cream aisle every time you're on a grocery run, consider this amazingly good ice cream Aldi sells at a seriously good price, without all of the guilt usually associated with this frozen treat.", "The brand offers a ripe strawberry, chocolate, and vanilla bean flavor, but we're going to go out on a limb here and give the mint chocolate a double thumbs up.", "It's a great alternative for your Ben & Jerry cravings — the brand claims the delicious treat will help you increase your protein intake, without adding to that daily calorie intake we're all so worried about.", "\"Ahh starting early today huh?\"", "\"Yeah I'm gonna get chip-faced.", "Wanna join me?\"", "Aldi's Protein Pints are also a lot cheaper than most other healthy ice creams, giving popular brands like Halo Top and Enlightened a run for their money.", "Sure, there's been a lot of debate recently about whether all meatless burgers are actually as healthy as they claim to be, but superfood or not, there's no denying how delicious several vegan options can be, including this one.", "For a patty that packs a punch without puncturing your pocket, Aldi has just what you're looking for, and for under $4 for four in most locations.", "Even if you end up having a favorite, they offer many different and amazing options as well.", "These frozen patties are great to keep in your freezer for a quick lunch or dinner since they can be ready in minutes.", "Don't shy away from the frozen fish section of the grocery store any longer.", "Besides, the American Heart Association says those who ate some fish every week were at lower risk of heart disease.", "They also found that the best way to increase your intake of omega-3 fatty acid is a dietary approach over pills and supplements, so if you're not already trying to increase your intake of omega-3 fatty acid, perhaps you should.", "As always, there's something in Aldi's freezer that will help you out.", "They have a range of inviting frozen fish options but among our favorites are these Wild Caught Sockeye Salmon Fillets.", "They're full of flavor, easy to prepare, light on the pocket, perfectly proportioned — and if that wasn't enough already, it helps that they're pretty healthy too.", "Since Aldi is so good at keeping our pantries stocked with everything we may possibly have a hankering for, it's no surprise that they've got pretzels covered too.", "Aldi's Deutsche Küche Bavarian Soft Pretzels have been gaining popularity for a while now, and after trying them ourselves, we realized they're on the lists of Aldi's best frozen foods for a reason — they really are that good.", "These massive pretzels come six to a box, so they're a steal at under $4 in most locations.", "They're easy to prepare and they're a great bang for your buck.", "Aldi's relatively recent Deutsche Küche range of German-inspired treats also has schnitzel, sandwich cookies, and other cookies and puffs for German food aficionados.", "Hash brown patties are a great breakfast option but if you've ever tried to make them yourself, you'll know that there is a lot of work and waiting involved.", "Instead, pick up a box of Season's Choice Hash Brown Patties from Aldi, with 20 whole patties in one pack.", "Imagine all the money you're saving by picking these over the dollar-a-piece option at McDonald's.", "These hash brown patties are really tasty, and they're perfect as a to-go breakfast option on their own, or as a side for something a little more fancy.", "There was a time not so long ago when we'd microwave a Hot Pocket whenever we had a slight hunger pang, but even though they're not as bad for you as you'd think, they're still not really the best afternoon snack.", "\"I've never eaten a hot pocket and then afterwards been like 'I'm glad I ate that.'", "I'm always like \"I'm gonna die!", "I paid for that?!\"", "But you're not going to be able to resist Aldi's spin on the popular quick-fix food.", "The LiveGfree Stuffed Sandwiches from Aldi are the best tasting of any Hot Pocket wannabe we've tried, and they're gluten-free without tasting dry or falling apart.", "There's a delicious assortment of available flavors and they're included in the LiveGfree range of frozen snacks and microwave meals that are all worth trying.", "Whether you're following a gluten-free diet or not, we know the mention of gluten-free pizza isn't usually met with sounds of delight.", "This isn't really surprising because most gluten-free crusts taste terrible, and ruin the indulgent idea of digging into a cheesy slice.", "Aldi's LiveGfree gluten-free pizza option, though, is good enough to pick up even if you're not limited to foods without gluten.", "While Aldi doesn't have a magic solution for all of the pizza problems their gluten intolerant customers face, they do have some respite at this store because the LiveGfree brand recently introduced a wide range of delicious new foods to their already impressive selection.", "As an added bonus, not only does the LiveGfree Pepperoni Pizza at Aldi not taste like sawdust, the entire pizza only costs about $5.", "If you've done much shopping for gluten-free foods, you know that's an amazing price that simply can't be beat.", "One of the best parts of a Japanese meal at a restaurant is definitely the dessert.", "While there are many options, there's something special about the relatively new invention — mochi ice cream.", "So it's especially exciting that it's now available in stores, and even more so that it can be found at such wonderful prices thanks to Aldi.", "For those who don't know, mochi is a dough made of sticky rice, and the mochi ice cream, if the name hasn't given it away already, is ice cream wrapped in this sticky, sweet mixture.", "We're all for the more traditional matcha variant of course, but Aldi sells My/Mo Mochi in Ripe Strawberry and other absolutely delicious flavors — and we can't get any of them off of our minds.", "You should definitely be including more fruit in your diet, but it's not always easy to keep a steady stock of fresh fruit around.", "If you're tired of fruit going bad but scared to lose nutritional value by picking fruit-based alternatives that last longer, invest in some frozen fruit — Season's Choice Frozen Berry Medley from Aldi in particular.", "Luckily, it doesn't really matter whether fruit is frozen or fresh, and while fruits like apples and bananas are best bought fresh, Season's Choice Frozen Berry Medley from Aldi are perfect frozen too — they're very easy to use with breakfast or to defrost and eat plain, contain plenty of that fiber we were talking about, and taste just as fresh and sweet as the real deal.", "In the frozen aisle, don't forget to pick up something from the popular Casa Mamita selection.", "After all, there's something so satisfying about being able to pick a small packet out of the freezer and have a meal or snack in minutes, and even more so if it's something as tasty as the Casa Mamita Beef & Bean Burritos from Aldi.", "To add to it being Aldi-lover's dream come true, they cost less than $4.", "It's not always easy, but it is important to make sure your diet includes enough vegetables — the American Heart Association recommends at least five servings a day, and of these, frozen vegetables definitely count toward that goal, which makes our lives easier!", "Aldi's Season's Choice Steamed Mixed Vegetables are one of our favorite products from Aldi's frozen section, not only because they are super cheap, but they're also ready in a jiffy and taste just as good as fresh produce.", "We mentioned Aldi's delightful selection of German food already, but we just couldn't leave Aldi's Beer Bratwursts off a list of our favorite things to get at the store.", "Most beer bratwurst brands usually hover around and go upwards of the $4 or $5 dollar mark.", "Aldi's are usually under $3, and they definitely don't compromise on taste.", "What makes these brats even more special is that they're flavored with beer, which gives them a particularly wonderful, summer-y taste.", "Boil these, grill them, fry them — there's really no way you can go wrong.", "The Kirkwood Crispy Chicken Strips from Aldi may come in a resealable bag, but we're not sure you're going to need it after you taste them.", "All of the Kirkwood frozen products are usually cheaper than similar options from name brands, and Kirkwood Crispy Chicken Strips in particular are increasingly popular with their customers.", "They're also quick and easy to prepare, and although they are better oven-cooked, unlike some other brands, they taste pretty good out of the microwave too, making them our favorite for when we're craving some tenders and don't want to wait for the oven to preheat!", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more Mashed videos about your favorite supermarket chains are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Belmont Ice Cream Cheesecake", "Mint Chip Protein Pints", "Earth Grown Burgers", "Wild Caught Salmon Fillets", "Deutsche Küche Bavarian Soft Pretzel", "Season's Choice Hash Brown Patties", "LiveGfree Stuffed Sandwiches", "LiveGfree Pepperoni Pizza", "My/Mo Mochi Ice Cream", "Season's Choice Frozen Berry Medley", "Casa Mamita Burritos", "Season's Choice Steamed Mixed Vegetables", "Deutsche Küche Beer Bratwurst", "Kirkwood Crispy Chicken Strips" ]

[ "Professor John Merriman: Okay, I want to do two things today; but, I know what I'm going to do, I'm going to end up talking about what I want to, and that's schools and the role of schools in identity.", "But first of all I want to talk a little bit about the question of when, and it's a big historical debate, when people in France began thinking of themselves as French, and then I'm going to specifically look at the role of schools in that.", "And I guess I'd better talk a little bit about schools today too, because identity is something in an age of mass tourism that's a little hard to hold onto.", "So, I think I'm going to talk about that as well, at the end.", "I know I am because I love talking about it.", "And so I will be repeating just a couple of things that I said the first day, but many of you were shopping other things the first day.", "So, sort of the problématique, or the question to be resolved, is when did people in France, the majority of the population or all the population, begin thinking of themselves as French, as opposed to something else?", "And as I said the first time, that in 1789 about half the population of France spoke French.", "In 1871 about a quarter of the population spoke French.", "And so it's a leap of faith to think that the language you speak totally informs your identity or who you think you are.", "I gave the case of Alsatians who spoke German who, many of whom considered themselves French after Alsace and much of Lorraine were annexed to Germany in 1871.", "Now, there was a book published in--a long time ago, ooh-la-la--by a friend of mine who unfortunately recently died, sort of an homme de lettres, a wonderful writer called Eugen Weber, that put forward a view that some people find convincing and which I don't find convincing at all.", "But it became sort of the canon or the accepted, assumed truth about national identity and France--was that in his view until about 1880, until the Republic became rooted, that you had in provincial France and particularly in rural France and particularly in the south of France, you had almost a total unawareness of what it was like--of French identity.", "Somebody in about 1864, if I remember right, went into a school in the Lozère, which is France's least populated department (only about 77,000 people now live in the Lozère) and asked them what France was, and the students in the school had absolutely no idea.", "And this particular book marshaled all sorts of evidence about sort of savage beliefs, as he put it, that people believed it was just a superstitious, isolated, rural France in which civilization, entre guillemets (in quotes), could only come through, along with national identity, through these sort of agencies of change.", "And this is what sociologists used to call Modernization Theory, almost at its worst; and I say this with considerable affection for my late friend Eugen Weber, and we had debated this before.", "And the three big agencies of change, some of which you've already heard a little bit about, according to Weber, that transformed peasants into Frenchmen were railroads; that is, again the trunk lines reaching out from Paris, all railroads leading eventually to Paris; secondly, military conscription, teaching people Breton or people from Gascony or even limousins, people from the center of France, good French, or males anyway, by forcing them to speak French; and third, schools; that is, the increase in literacy in France, dramatic.", "In the course of the nineteenth century there was always a big gap between male literacy and female literacy, and this gap is closed, such as by 1900 the vast majority of people in France can read and write.", "How do we know that, by the way?", "Well one of the ways that historians have tried to assess those things in the past is looking at military conscription records or, for example, looking at the people who are witnesses to life's great ceremonies, births, marriages, deaths, whether they can sign their name or whether they just simply write an X, that they can't sign.", "And of course there are other ways of knowing this too, studying school records and this sort of thing.", "So, this is the basic kind of interpretation that became for many people quite compelling, as I said the other day.", "So, by 1914 you have these Bretons, and Breton is a language that has nothing to do with French at all, being able to go off to die in 1914 or subsequent years singing the Marseillaise.", "Now, the role of language in the military is an interesting subject.", "If you take the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which had at least, depending on how you count it, twelve major national groups or nationalities, to get anywhere in the Army, and the Army was this kind of social promotion, to become an officer you had to know German; in order to become a bureaucrat or to become a teacher, in most parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, you needed to know German.", "And so the argument has been about France, as well.", "The traditional view is that these--the schoolteachers gradually, while they're sort of forcing the Virgin Mary off the walls of public schools, replacing her with Marianne, the female image of the Republic, are also bringing French to all of the little kids and therefore civilizing France and turning French peasants into French men and women; or so that is a conventional view.", "Well, I don't agree with that view, and what I want to do is nuance it and then, drawing on some of the research of my friend Jean-François Chanet, talk a little bit about the role of schools in the last half of the nineteen century, and then talk a little bit about the role of schools now, because as I said I find it interesting.", "Now, the whole question of timing is essential in trying to understand when we can at least, and this may be sort of a leap of faith, assume that French national identity had permeated all of the départements in France; and Corsica is a case apart, that's even more complicated.", "So, the question is timing.", "But again, simply to repeat what I said the very first day, if you look around the map of France, what did people speak in 1871, what did they speak in 1789?", "They don't always speak those same things now.", "In most cases they don't.", "So, that suggests that timing is crucial in all this.", "But just again, I did this the other day but, what the hell, let's do it again, up here, in Flanders, many spoke Flemish; if you're moving into Lorraine, amputated Lorraine and Alsace, most people, the vast majority, and we'll be more specific about this when we talk about the origins of World War I, spoke a German dialect that's very similar to that spoken in Fribourg.", "Savoie was annexed in 1860, they spoke a Savoyard language or dialect that's very much like Piedmontese, in the case of Italy.", "Language is fascinating.", "At the time of the unification of Italy in the 1860s and '70s, remembering that Metternich once said that Italy was a geographic expression, the percentage of the Italian population that spoke now what we consider to be Italian was about five percent; that is, the people spoke Tuscan or what they speak around Florence.", "So, if you move down here, and they spoke Provençal, which is a real written language and had a revival with various poets in a place called Les Baux here, which has turned into kind of the equivalent of EuroDisney, sort of a tourist trap, like so many places in the south; moving to Languedoc, they spoke a language of Oc, they spoke Languedocien and with all its patois variants, spoken language variants.", "In Auvergne they spoke an Auvergnat patois.", "Down here they spoke Catalan.", "Here they spoke a patois, influenced by Spanish.", "Here they spoke Basque which doesn't have anything to do with anything, outside of a little bit of Hungarian and Finnish.", "Up here they spoke Gascon, and I gave cases before of people speaking patois, even in Normandy and even, for that matter, in the Valley of the Loire.", "And here they spoke Breton.", "There's a wonderful book, if you want, now here's a good paper topic, take a book called The Horse of Pride, written by a man called Helias.", "He wrote it in Breton.", "It was translated into French and then into English, and it's about growing up in the 1920s and '30s in Finistère, which is the most-- the furthest, most Breton of all the départements, and it's about what happens when the outsiders, that is the French, begin to come.", "And they start calling the French Kodakers because they come with Kodak cameras, and so they become the Kodakers.", "And so the church says you got to--we have to stop all these crazy superstitions--in Brittany people rubbing statues to cure themselves from various ailments.", "The most ludicrous was probably a saint, an imaginary saint called Saint Sans Pissou.", "So, if you rubbed or said prayers to Sans Pissou--you probably already got it--you cured yourself of urinary tract infections, sans pissou.", "So, they send in these priests who are supposed to preach in French, in Brittany.", "This is the 1920s.", "So, again the question of timing is crucial.", "And at one point he tells this hilarious story where the priest, and I guess I can remember this, when I was little tiny boy, the priest would turn around and say, at some point in the Mass, \"Kyrie eleison.\"", "I guess that means, \"Christ has mercy.", "And he would turn around and all these Bretons, particularly all the Breton kids, he'd turn around and say \"Kyrie eleison,\" and he was greeted with gales of laughter because Kyrie eleison means, in Breton, purely by coincidence, \"there are many wagons.\"", "And then they would all laugh at him.", "And so there was a failure to understand each other, and the idea that somehow these Bretons were all kind of plooks, were bumpkins, were uneducated people who could never become part of the true France because they didn't know French very well.", "And of course what the Breton do is they move to Paris, in large numbers, and the first thing you see in the Gare Montparnasse is the Assistance, still today, it's the Social--the Office of Social Assistance for Breton, and they all live around the Gare Montparnasse, which is why so many cafés around the Gare Montparnasse in Paris are named after Breton towns--La Ville de Saint-Brieuc, La Ville de Nantes, Dinan, and all this kind of stuff.", "Okay, so what about timing in all this?", "So, was Weber completely wrong?", "No, it depends on what you're talking about.", "If you wanted to talk about when people in the Loire begin thinking themselves as French, the answer is really in the seventeenth century or in the eighteenth century.", "And certainly the French Revolution, which precipitates this enormous civil war in the west, was basically a war between Jacobins, that is, Paris centralizing French, and people speaking patois who resisted, in the name of religion and in the name of their nobles, who resisted the influence of the French State.", "And if you're going to take--Alsace and Lorraine were conquered by--Louis XIV would have conquered Wyoming, if he could have--and they become French in the seventeenth century.", "So, there was a shared identity there.", "You can have more than one identity.", "You have more than one identity in your lives yourselves, so it's kind of silly to look for this one national identity that emerges.", "If you wanted to--one of the historical facts that's bad news for this kind of general, oversimplified interpretation is a series of events, that doesn't concern you in this course, and that is the Revolution of 1848.", "There's a big revolution in 1848, and what begins as an urban revolution in Paris, and in Rouen, and in Limoges, and Lyon and all sorts of places, becomes basically a rural movement of people on the Left, in much of the center, but much, even more of the south of France; and it ends in 1851, when Louis Napoleon, the prince--the guy who would become Prince President, who would become Napoleon III, when he has a coup d'état, the 2^(nd) of December, 1851, and people in Paris wake up with pill boxes.", "But what happens next--and don't write this down, but it's good to know--is that it gives rise to the largest national insurrection in France in the nineteenth century, to defend the Republic.", "And most--the Secret Societies that were formed have a lot to do with this.", "I once read the interrogation of a great-great-great-great uncle of our neighbor who was arrested for trying to defend the Republic, and his interrogation had to be translated from patois into French.", "And so in departments, I won't go through them all, but from the Pyrén&eac ute;es-Orientales, to the Aude, to the Gers, the Hérault, the Gers--Bas-Alpes, for now it's called the Alpes--Haute-Provence, the Drôme, the Ardèche and all these places, they rise up to try to defend the Republic, and the vast majority of those people that did were peasants, and many of them did not speak French.", "Now, political action is a form of establishing one's own national identity.", "They were fighting for a French republic.", "One of the ironies is that people, for example, in Catalonia were fighting in Catalan, in the Catalan language, for a Jacobin view of the Left, held by the Left, that would view their own language as something antithetical to progress of the civilization that people thought was represented by the French language.", "So, the question of timing here, you could argue that for this area here, which was extremely backward, though I hate that word--the Limousin, these departments here--you don't have to know the departments--but the Creuse, the Corrèze and the Haute-Vienne, where I used to live in the Haute-Vienne--I don't have much affection for it actually--but that these areas, the timing is much earlier than 1880s, and they didn't have to wait for trains, military conscription or even to be able to know the French language vis-à-vis the school.", "And so there's some more things that could be said, also in terms of explaining how complicated this whole question of identity is.", "And we have a tendency, people who believe in modernization and that everything has to pass though modernization, believe that history runs on railroad tracks, and all you have to know is when the train arrives in the station, and that you forget people along the way.", "A friend of mine once said, \"it's bitter hard to write the history of remainders.\"", "That's something that's always haunted me, that phrase; people who weren't modern and therefore aren't interesting and shouldn't be studied.", "But in fact the roads, the increase in roads in the eighteenth century, the improvements in roads in the eighteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century, were more important than railroads were in achieving in many parts of France this kind of integration.", "And furthermore, if you look at the expansion of the French economy--and again the only--what we're thinking about is timing, don't worry about these details, just having you think about national identity--the French economy expanded rapidly in the 1820s and '30s and '40s, and again in the 1850s and '60s, when railroads had something to do with the '50s and '60s.", "But it expands with the improvement of roads that bring people into towns that make them aware of La France and make them aware of politics.", "And what these, all these departments, there were eighteen of them that rose up in 1851, that rural people before--as they dropped their--and run across the fields, dump their pitchforks and their hunting rifles as the troops come.", "But all, every one of these people, what they really had in common was that they were in areas in which the market had expanded in the 1820s and the 1830s through better roads.", "So again, railroads were important.", "The first railroad ride that many people took in France were pilgrimage sites, to Lourdes and things like that, more about that another time.", "But that's not all that's important, and if you just look for what is \"modern,\" that is like TGV, or the godawful trains going to New York from here, then you miss a lot of the action.", "So, the timing is important.", "But what about 1914, did these Bretons who are conscripted, did they really know much about France, that they're going off to fight for and to die for?", "Well, that's a leap of faith as well.", "Certainly it's true that the French language spreads among Bretons, through the war experience, those people lucky enough to have survived, that weren't in the 1,500,000 dead.", "But that's coming during the war, it's not necessarily coming before the war at all.", "Furthermore, just because one didn't speak French, did that condemn people to eternal backwardness?", "I've studied strikes in Limoges in 1905 and before that in which the workers were striking against big companies, against Haviland, the porcelain--oh, that's another story--the Haviland American Porcelain Company, they were chanting, \"long live the Social Republic,\" not in French but in patois, but in patois, in a Limosin patois, and not in French.", "Does this mean they don't--they're not French?", "No, it doesn't mean that at all, but it just means that part of their identity is being from that particular part of France, and you can have multiple identities.", "And so the sort of simplistic view of when these people start seeing themselves as French is extraordinarily complicated.", "What about Corsica?", "You've still got about seven or eight percent of the population, that's just a guess, who don't want to be French at all.", "You still have people blowing up occasionally these high rise apartments, condominiums, in Corsica because they don't want tourists there in August, and to an extent--I'm not for blowing up anything, but who can blame them not wanting tourists there in August; we're just blighted by tourists in the south.", "So, it just is terribly complicated.", "And of course the case of Brittany is classic.", "Gradually the French Language moves in this direction, but still in the 1920s and '30s the overwhelming percentage of the population still speak Breton in daily life.", "What about--just an aside, one of thousands of asides--but what about time since World War II?", "Before I get to schools, what do people speak--when does patois disappear?", "Well, I've always been interested in that because we live in a village of about three hundred and thirty-nine people.", "It's a very old population.", "The church bell rings slowly, very, very often, and another of us has been snatched away, sadly.", "In the south, in this part of France, in the Ardèche, in what you call the Vivarais, the Bas-Vivarais, it doesn't matter, people spoke patois in daily life in the 1920s and 1930s, and then people who were old would speak it among themselves in the 1940s, the 1950s.", "The people that I know that are old, including my boule partner--boule, we play boule, and we drink a little Chardonnay--oh, I'm not supposed to say that, but we drink a little Chardonnay on the side, or pastis, quelque pastis de temps de temps; pas de temps de temps, tous les temps!--the people that are playing--my friend who's 80, he can understand patois but he can't read it and he can't write it.", "When I asked him to correct some sentences that I'd copied in patois, in a book that I did, for the French translation, he couldn't do it.", "So that's disappeared.", "But say in Auvergne, Auvergne are these departments here, I won't go through them all but Aviron, Cantal, Haute-Loire, et cetera, Puy-du-Dôme up here, maybe Dallier a little bit--in the 1960s and early 1970s patois was still spoken in many households.", "And when the classic, kind of eternal triangle, that is, the parents, the school kid and the teacher, was often then had something to do with language, because the parents felt themselves at a disadvantage because their French wasn't as good as their patois; and this isn't the 1860s, this is the 1960s.", "And in Corsica there's still people who speak Corsican language but basically almost everybody now speaks French.", "And even in the movie I mentioned this the other day by Jean, Jean de Florette, and all of that, there they had to equip one of the main actors, Daniel Auteuil, they had to train him, even though he's from Avignon, how to speak with a real Provençal accent.", "But that's false because in the 1920s, when he comes back from World War I, they're going to be speaking Provençal, they're not going to be speaking French.", "Now, what about--well, I don't even have time to get into this, but about universities?", "One of the things that's been good in the last 20 years in France is that before--as I said, de Gaulle wanted to crush regional languages and cultures like grapes--but one of the things that's happened is that now universities are very active in teaching these languages that are part of the regional identity; that is, not necessarily antithetical at all to the sense of being French.", "The University of Nantes, which is horribly rightwing; but, Rennes, Rennes in particular teaches a Breton, and there's been a revival there; or Perpignan, very, very strong in Catalan studies; and in Toulouse, which--there's a very good university there, though the city is wonderful but the university is a dump; and also when we had the big explosion there, we were there when that all happened in the Fall of 2001 where--there were some even more horrible explosions in this country, as you well know--the whole campus was sort of moved by this huge explosion when this chemical factory blew up.", "But there, there's been a revival in the teaching of Occitan, the sort of Languedoc languages that were soon to disappear, et cetera, et cetera.", "Now, so, be a little cautious in assuming that well everybody in 1914 felt themselves French, or thinking that these sort of agencies of modernization are what created this, what we'd have to admit is a strong French identity.", "But also one of the things I'm able to see--I'll probably be in tears by the end of the lecture because I'm so afraid that these regional identities are going to disappear and that tourism may have something to do with that as well, and that would be too bad, with the end of these license plates and things like that, that I mentioned before--that's not impossible.", "Ironically, those of you, anyone who's been to France or been anywhere, know that the green Guide Michelin, in a way that may have even had, along with the gastronomy guides, as a way of at least making people think about regional culture, tying it closely to what is unique about a region and presenting it to tourists, and what's unique about cuisine.", "And some of the really famous--and now if you want to spend deux cents cinquante baldis for one person to eat in these places it's $250.00 per person.", "Some of them have even so emphasized their local origins of what they're preparing that this may work against this sort of onslaught of this single French culture, and so, well, let all these flowers continue to bloom.", "Now, what about schools?", "Certainly Weber, like anyone else, is right that schools make a huge difference.", "And the history of schoolhouses is very interesting.", "Now, basically until 1833, until 1833, and I'll explain why 1833 in a minute, there are two things that could be said about the teaching of anything, or three things.", "One is that girls were much less likely to go to school than boys; second, that many schoolteachers were forains which were--or mobile.", "There are people who simply would go from town to town, teaching for a month or two, that villages--some were very resourceful and would start schools, taking advantage of one of these people--but that the church, education was primarily dominated by the Catholic Church, and education in the informal sense as well.", "Now, to be sure five percent of the French population were Protestants, more about that when we get to the Dreyfus Affair.", "But the priest was often, in the^( )eighteenth century, the only person who could read in many villages, and his reading knowledge would be basically limited to the Bible, repeating things that he'd been trained to say.", "But the church and the teaching Sisters, the nuns, really dominate, in many parts of France, in places that were still practicing that old-time religion, dominate education.", "Now, in 1833 a law comes along called the Guizot Law.", "Guizot was a Protestant from Nimes.", "He was not what the French would call rigolo, he was not a very happy-go-lucky guy that you want to have a couple of beers with or a couple of 7-Ups with.", "And he was Protestant, and so what he wanted to do was to wrest education away from the clutches of the Catholic Church, as he saw it.", "So, through his inspirations they pass a law that says that in every village in France, in every one of France's 36,000 communes, you had to have a school.", "Now, the reality was that many were so poor that they couldn't.", "In our particular village, and I'll have to make reference to this because I've studied it a little bit, the school moves from rented place to rented place.", "But 1833 matters, because the schoolteacher now has the stamp of official authority.", "He is supposed to teach in French.", "Now, how do you know that?", "When I say he has the stamp of official authority, what does that mean?", "So, I got curious as to what that means, and to see what difference he made I did the following, which is that, as I said before, the big rights of life, birth, baptism, marriage, death, have to be witnessed.", "And since the French Revolution this is kept by the State, not by the parishes.", "So, you have to have people who witness it, who say, \"I see this baby, I sign on the dotted line.\"", "Now usually what you do in a small village is you would take some notable person, who knew how to read or write, perhaps your wealthy uncle, or somebody's wealthy uncle, and then you'd--because the person can sign his name--and then you'd take your cousin, who probably couldn't sign his name, but can make a pretty good X, when push comes to shove.", "With 1833 I start looking at all these registers, just for a day, that'll do it, but I look at all the births and all the baptisms and all the marriages and all the deaths.", "And what happens is this proud signature of the schoolteacher.", "He becomes this sort of, not obligatory, but the chosen person to say, \"I have seen this baby,\" \"I have seen this couple,\" \"I have seen this corpse.\"", "And does that tell you something?", "Well, French schoolteachers still have this wonderful signature that my kids who write terribly, have terrible signatures, like mine, were never able to pick up.", "But that tells you something because he has--he's supposed to get a minimum salary of two hundred francs, which is virtually nothing; some people are paying him in asparaguses, depending on--or in endives or in apples, or not paying at all.", "Families that were too poor were exonerated from having to pay anything.", "And he's just barely scraping by.", "But he doesn't have a red, white and blue sash, like the mayor does, but he represents the State and the authority, and above all the prestige of the State.", "And he's a challenge in his very existence to the Virgin Mary being on the wall of these public schools, these are public schools.", "Now, in 1850, this is before the course, it doesn't matter, there's a law called the Falloux Law, which you can forget as soon as I said it; and in the Falloux Law, really it's a compromise with the church, and Louis Napoleon hands back control over local committees to the church.", "And in parts of France in which people still practice religion, where religion still mattered, in private and public life, to the degree it always had been, you still have people that want to have church schools.", "And in the north of France--when you're reading Germinale you have to also imagine you've got these Belgian nuns with these wild hats that they used to have, still teaching in the schools.", "You have convent people coming down that know a little literacy, not very much, and they're teaching and they're doing the best they can.", "The quality of the clergy in France was never higher than in the eighteenth century; it was pretty low in the nineteenth century.", "But still you have these competing sources to educate the young people.", "Now, parents often resist their kids going to school.", "Why would they want to do that?", "Well, mothers are responsible for the household economy.", "You have to have enough money to keep the household going.", "And for very many people, and not just workers and peasants, it was difficult to explain what difference in the long run that mattered if their child learned how to do more than the very minimum of learning how to read and write.", "So, I got ahold of some statistics on truancy, for example, and that was pretty interesting to see.", "And it's quite clear that whenever there was a harvest, a silkworm harvest in much of the southeast of France, a wine harvest in Champagne or in Burgundy or in Bordeaux or Languedoc, almost anywhere, or the various harvests that begin in July, usually with the grain, the kids just didn't go to school because they weren't needed there.", "But there's always this tension, because parents said, \"my little girl should be in CP,\" or \"my little boy should be in CP,\" which is the equivalent of first grade, \"but I need her,\" or \"I need him to watch the small animals.\"", "The big kids watch the big animals, that's the way it is.", "The big kids go on the transhumance; that is when you take the sheep up into the mountains.", "We still have that.", "Every year we still--my kids go on the tour, or at least one of them goes on the transhumance, with the sheep going up in the mountains.", "And they would say there's no way I'm sending my kid to school.", "But in France, as you'll read from Chip Sowerwine's book, they put in laws, as they do in Italy, as they do in Germany, and as they do in Britain, that says you don't have any choice, pas du choix; you have to go to school, and you have to be there until the age of eleven or the age of twelve.", "So, the assumption is, in this kind of view of how this all works, is that these guys, these teachers, male teachers--increasingly women teachers later, but only later, it becomes a job along with--well we'll talk about this some other time, along with department store clerks, and when clerks becoming more female as opposed to male, it becomes a way for peasant girls and working class girls or young women to get jobs.", "But the view is that these teachers, who are called instits in French, instituteurs, but just teachers, these primary school teachers--virtually nobody went to lycée, goes to high school; hardly anyone goes to lycée until, really until the second half of the nineteenth century--that these people are teaching the French language, and that this is how you're going to learn it.", "And there's always a story told almost everyplace how in school, even during recess, recreation, recess, the last person who says a word in patois has to clutch for the remainder of the period some oddly shaped rock or coin, until somebody else screws up and says a word in patois.", "Are you kidding me?", "It doesn't work like that at all.", "Jean-François Chanet started, he went out to study, in the 1850s and '60s and 1870s, schoolteachers and schools, and he begins with surveys, some of which I've read.", "They asked schoolteachers, \"what do you want for yourself, what do want for your village, for your school, and what do you want for your kids?\"", "And they would reply.", "But these guys, they're filling out forms that their superiors in this hierarchical, centralized society are going to look at, and if they write, \"basically they don't understand French, we talk about the great battles of Napoleon, but we do it in Auvergnat, in patois, or we do it in Languedocien or we do it in Catalan, then they're going to get themselves in trouble.", "So, you have to sort of sneak around a little bit these sources.", "And the more Chanet looked at these places, it's clear that regional identity is still very important.", "The famous map of France or the famous map of the world that had, in the 1890s, after the big period of New Imperialism, you have the color of France in its colonies in Senegal or what now is Mali or Réunion or anywhere.", "But you have to begin with a region.", "And so they're beginning with a region.", "If they're from the Heyraud, if they're from Montpellier or from around Montpellier, that is their frame of identity.", "And so it's absurd to think that they weren't actually teaching in these languages, local languages and dialects, in patois, just as it's absurd to think that people who didn't master French, perfectly, or even very well at all, didn't have some, depending on the timing, some sense of being French.", "So, these schools are terribly important.", "And they could be teaching about all this stuff they had to learn about the kings of France and all this crap that they still learn, over and over again.", "And they're teaching that stuff in patois and in dialect.", "And maybe in the north of France--you have to--everybody's always talking about this imaginary line from St. Malo to Geneva, here, and it's mostly in the south of France where these languages persist, and I don't mean persist in a derogatory sense but where they continue to thrive.", "But this bilingualism will continue.", "And also, a lot of the views of these sort of backward provinces are written by Parisians or by military officers, for example, who shop, and they find some peasant walking down the street and they say, \"hey you, can you give me this information?\"", "And that person understands perfectly well what they want but they identify some person coming, speaking French, as a tax collector or a military guy or something like that, and you're apt just to give that secret smile and pretend like you don't understand a damn thing, just a secret smile.", "And then they go back and they write, \"boy, I've never--these people here they can't speak French at all, they are hopeless, they are out of date, they are plooks, they are bumpkins,\" and all of that.", "So, but eventually, as I said, you have these schoolhouses that they will improve over time, they get more resources, they're made to have more resources.", "The towns do more and more for them.", "Girls schools start up, girls education increases rapidly and thus it's quite--another Zola novel, which is a great one, called Au Bonheur des Dames, which is about a department store, it's about the department store Bon Marché, in Paris.", "For these young women get really miserable jobs, and what they're doing is they're sleeping in dormitories, under horrible, sort of draconian regulations about what they can do.", "But for them to get those kinds of jobs they have to be able to count, they have to be able to read, they have to be able to write.", "And so women's education increases dramatically during this whole time.", "But what does not change is the prestige that the schoolteachers have, that they maintain as representing not only national identity but also regional possibilities, and in teaching the youth of France how to read and write.", "Now, I thought, just because maybe you'll find it interesting for the last ten minutes, since I did what I basically wanted to do and held myself down in not giving countless and countless examples, is talk a little bit about now.", "Because one of the things that I became interested in is how, if these areas in the south, particularly, that are tourist infested, during the year, if they are going to remain more than simply sites for tourists from the north, from Belgium and from Germany and from the Netherlands and literally from the north of France, to come and visit, schools have to maintain their traditional role in representing the identity of these communities.", "And those of you who are--if there are any people here from Nebraska, where my wife is from, or from Idaho or from Oregon, where I'm from, from Eastern Oregon, or from Wyoming and places like that, will know the process by which schools are closing down, because there are not enough kids left.", "France had in 1851--two-thirds of the departments in France in 1851 were larger than they were in 1939, because of two things; one, the collapsing birthrate, which I will talk about another time.", "In much of France people stopped having babies, point, period, or they'll have 2.1 babies or 1.8 babies--that's kind of hard, but statistically.", "And second is that what in French you call le grand départ, or the big departure, starts, as people who have lost access to common resources, for example, in the mountains, or the silk industry collapse or the wine industry collapses--more about that when I talk about phylloxera disease; don't write that down or even try to spell it now--there is this huge withdrawal from the countryside toward more urbanized departments, and because the population has stopped growing basically by 1900, if it wasn't for the arrival of people from Italy and other places, and from Spain, the French population wouldn't even reproduce itself, it wouldn't even stay constant.", "In much of France, and indeed I would argue of 36,000 communes, let me say that perhaps in ten or twelve thousand communes, after World War II, there were one-room schoolhouses.", "And a one-room schoolhouse you know, you've seen movies involving them.", "They have them in the United States too.", "In a one-room schoolhouse you'll have all the kids, have all the grades being taught by one person.", "Our kids were several years in a one-room schoolhouse.", "It's a great way to grow up.", "In France you have grades from^( )first through^( )fifth grade, they're called CP un, CP deux, et cetera.", "And the oldest kid, if he or she is remotely intelligent, will help with the younger ones, but everybody's together in the same school.", "And with the depopulation, what they did is they tried to have single sex schools, you have a boys school and a girls school.", "But that becomes too expensive, because the State is paying for all this and the communes are paying part of it.", "So, what they do is they say, okay, we're going to have one school.", "It's called in French a classe unique, and it's a wonderful way to grow up in--where you've got cats and you have dogs and you have the older kids are trying to get ready for their exams; they don't have it anymore, but a brevet to show that through a certificate that they have been in class through our equivalent here in America of the fifth grade, and you might have a--if they have a kindergarten you might have a little boy or a girl peeing in the corner, literally, while all this other stuff is going on.", "In our class a dog gave birth during the middle of math in our class in this school.", "And all of the tests that people have had show that kids with--who come out of that environment do just as well, in fact even a little better, than people in your normal class where you've got everybody in^( )the first grade, there they all are, and here's the second grade, and you've got sort of an elite class for those people whose parents are pushy enough to get them in that; and you got all that stuff, and some of which you've seen.", "But as all this is expensive what's happened over time is that these one-room schoolhouses are closing down.", "And between 1975 about, and about let's say 1990,10,000 one-room schoolhouses in France closed.", "And what this does is it causes unemployment for schoolteachers but many of them can stay on in other capacities.", "But it means that there are long bus rides; they are already long bus rides because many départements don't have that many high schools and you've got to take buses in order to get to the high schools, and that sort of thing.", "And that is sad because that's a wonderful way to grow up, in these schools.", "And that's part of regional identity and village identity that's going to disappear.", "And let me give you an example, again from our village, because it's interesting.", "We were faced with the fact that the school was going to be either grouped with another village, a detested rival, or be shut down.", "So, what are our kids supposed to do, where are they supposed to go to school?", "And one day we were convoked to the town hall, to the mairie, by our schoolteacher.", "And our--most of our parents' meetings with the schoolteacher ended with a bottle of armagnac, I'm pleased to say, and we're all dear friends; even the people that you're not dear friends with you got along with fine.", "But remember what I said about the role of the school.", "The school represented, from the outside, France looking into the village, in principle, teaching French, providing opportunities for people to get educated, get a job in the post office or the train station or in a department store in Paris, Avignon, Toulouse or wherever.", "And one day we were convoked by the mayor, and the mayor then wasn't a friend of ours, just somebody we knew, and he had a sash on, and he said vous instead of tu, he spoke to us formally.", "And the teacher was nervous, he said, \"God,\" he said, \"we have the great pleasure of having Monsieur la Maire.\"", "And we're all looking at him and saying, \"Quoi?, qu'est-ce…?\"", "\"Monsieur la Maire is going to hear, he's going to be here to talk to us.\"", "And we'll all a little nervous because our school is maybe going to close down.", "We'd started a semi-illegal cantine to feed the kids, lunchrooms so that parents wouldn't put their kids in the other school.", "At one point we had like nine kids left in the school, we could get closed down, and we were a little nervous.", "And the guy says, \"my friends,\" which he's not, we're not--he said, \"we are gathered here together so that we can best see how we can cheat the State.\"", "And the minute he said cheat the State we had an alliance, all of us, because how are we going to keep a semi-illegal lunchroom going so that we can keep a couple more little kids in our school, how are we going to do that?", "And I realized then that the relationship had totally changed, that the school still represents France.", "It's a cruel system where you'd be in the fourth grade and your teachers will call the parents and say, \"votre fille, elle est nulle.\"", "That happened to one of my daughter's friends--your daughter, she's nothing, she has to go off and do this menial job because she's never going to make it to the next level.", "There's always tension in these parents' meetings.", "It's a cruel system.", "But it was the outside looking in, it represented the possibilities of France and the French language which we've already--we've exaggerated.", "And I suddenly realized that now it was very different, and that if our village, like all these other villages, are going to remain living, vivant, and more than just a Michelin infused speck on the dot where people come along with their green guides because it's so beautiful--and this is true of all of these places; they're not all equally beautiful--that our school has to survive.", "Because even people whose families have hated each other's guts for generations, who detest each other, all agree that since the church is now just a voluntary association like any other, like the pétanque club, the boule club, or the fut club, I mean the soccer club, that the only thing that arguably will hold the village together is the identity that comes through this school, the school of this particular village which is called Balazuc.", "So, just simply in conclusion let's not exaggerate this one national identity, nor assume that modernization has to come crashing along.", "Let us realize the complexity of national and regional identities, which can become intertwined, which are intertwined, and let us realize that these schools have a remarkable role still in these communities, terribly important at the most basic level, and that remains in France, neighborhood and village.", "See you on Wednesday." ]

[ "Chapter 1. The Birth of National Identity and Agents of Modernization", "Chapter 2. Regional Languages of France", "Chapter 3. Modernization of Transportation: Roads, Railways and Identity-Formation", "Chapter 4. Schoolteachers and Schoolhouses: Education, the State, and Identity", "Chapter 5. French Schools and Regional Identity Today" ]

[ "Welcome to another lecture on neural advances in information retrieval.", "Today, we're going to talk about Transformer Contextualized Re-Ranking.", "My name is Sebastian and if you have any questions please feel free to contact me.", "Today, on one hand, we're going to talk about re-ranking with BERT in the concatenated query and document way of using BERT.", "As well as some other techniques for improving upon this as well as long document handling.", "And then the second major point today is going to be about efficient Transformer-based models.", "So how can we take the advances from Transformers or BERT and make them faster and more efficient to use?", "So here we're going to take a look at a few models that try to improve upon the BERT efficiency as well as the Transformer-Kernel family of models that we created to overcome the efficiency problems of BERT.", "We finally did it.", "Today we are talking about the state of the art.", "To get here, we had to take a couple of different lectures to build up our foundational knowledge, but today we're going to talk about the best models that are currently out there.", "And with currently, I mean that most of the contents of this lecture did not exist in the beginning of 2018.", "And by July of this year we'll probably have a new state of the art technique in our field.", "So we are very fast moving.", "There are a lot of open questions that need to be answered and we try to answer a few in this lecture.", "The general direction is if you have more computation you get better results and this is made possible with better hardware, stronger GPUs and more data.", "We are studying ad-hoc re-ranking models and of course there are many other applications of Transformers in information retrieval.", "Just to name a few, we can do document or query expansion, we can look at full QA pipelines, conversational search, where the query history is taken into account, dense retrieval or knowledge graph-based search.", "All of these approaches use Transformers or can use Transformers.", "Today we're focusing on the efficiency/effectiveness tradeoff from different angles.", "So how fast or slow is a model compared to the result quality?", "And of course we can also study many other aspects such as social biases, domain adaption or multilingual models, and many more.", "To get a sense of the impact that BERT has on search here we look at two blog posts by the two major search engine companies, Google and Microsoft, who both started to use BERT re-ranker in production in late 2019.", "So now if you search on Bing or Google, you will use a BERT re-ranker pretty much all of the time.", "Look how BERT can be used as a re-ranking model to drastically improve our search result quality.", "Let's recall the BERT Workflow from our Transformers lecture.", "So someone with lots of compute power and time to pre-train a large model creates this pre-trained model for us with Masked Language Modelling (MASK) and Next Sentence Prediction in the case of BERT.", "OK.", "So then once this model is trained we can download it for example the HuggingFace Model Hub and then fine-tune the BERT model on our task based on the pre-trained weights.", "The straightforward way of applying BERT in re-ranking is to use the two sequence workflow that BERT provides for us.", "So we concatenate the query and the passage sequences before importing the complete sequence into the BERT model.", "And we do so by using the specialized tokens of BERT.", "We are calling this architecture BERTcat short for conCATenated, but others are calling it monoBERT, vanilla Bert, or just simply BERT, which gets pretty confusing if you only call this architecture BERT.", "So you concatenate query and passages and then the output from BERT gives you a vector for each token.", "In our case, we just pool the CLS token, meaning we take only the first output token and ignore the rest, and then we predict the score of relevance with a single linear layer that reduces the 700 dimensional CLS vector to a single dimension: one floating point score.", "And this needs to be repeated for every passage to get a score for every passage.", "We can formalize BERTcat as follows.", "We start off by concatenating the special tokens, the query and passage sequences, we run them through BERT and pool the CLS token representation.", "And then, for the scoring, we run the representation through a single linear layer, which basically multiplies the CLS representation with a weight matrix which starts uninitialized.", "This we have to train through our retrieval training, but of course we can also and should also train and fine-tune the BERT weights as well.", "And here we have the choice which BERT model to take and how many layers and how many dimensions this model has?", "The impact of BERTcat as first shown by Nogueira and Cho jumpstarted the current waive of neural IR.", "It works pretty awesome out of the box because concatenating the two sequences, fit's BERT's workflow and pre-training regime perfectly.", "And as long as you have enough time and enough compute it trains quite easily.", "There are major jumps in effectiveness across collections and domains, but of course it also comes at the cost of performance and virtually no interpretability because everything happens inside the BERT black box.", "And you have to run BERT for every passage in your re-ranking depth so larger BERT models translate to slight effectiveness gains, but of course at high efficiency costs.", "As a single example of how good is BERTcat architecture actually is, here we show some results from our latest knowledge distillation paper where we use BERTcat as teacher models.", "And here we really want to get the best possible performance out of them.", "So for the MSMARCO-Passage dataset we have an MRR@10 of .19 for BM25, but re-ranking those BM25 results with, for example, ALBERT-Large, which is a larger BERT model, we get up to .38.", "BERT basically doubles the result quality in this case, similar for a MSMARCO-Document, we start off with an MRR of .25 for BM25 and we get up to .38 even with a DistilBERT with a 2000 token depth.", "Similar results have been shown on the blind evaluation TREC-DL 2019 and 2020.", "As well as on the recently published TripClick large training collection.", "So those results are all in the large training data regime, but we also have works that look at the effectiveness of BERT with smaller training data and zero-shot evaluation.", "And there we also see substantial gains using the BERT re-ranking approach.", "One way of improving even upon this already great result from BERTcat is the Mono-Duo Pattern where Mono-Duo stands for a multi-stage process which first uses a Mono model similar to BERTcat where we score a single passage and a single query at a time which can be for example done for the top 1000 results.", "And then the Duo model kicks in which actually is scores triples of two passages at a time which needs to be done for every pair combination in our re-ranking depth.", "But this improves on the single model stage and it's very good for in leaderboard settings and showing the maximum achievable performance, especially if we use the very very large T5 Transformer-based language model which is even larger than typical BERT models as our base model.", "But this also means that this whole architecture becomes very slow.", "And another limitation of BERT is that it is capped at a maximum of 512 input tokens for query and document combined.", "So a simple solution if you want to re-rank longer documents is just to take 500 tokens in total and ignore the rest of the document, which works surprisingly well, especially for the MSMARCO-Document Connection which contains web documents where at the beginning of a document is already very indicative of the document as a whole, but it might not work well in other domains where documents are really long or in a contain a variety of topics at different document depths.", "So still a simple but a simple solution that works on full documents is to create a sliding window over the document.", "So you create a window and each time when you slide the window across the document, you run BERT.", "And then you can just take the maximum window score as the document score.", "Here we can also make smaller sliding windows, which might be useful in the user interface (UI)to then highlight this most relevant passage as snippet.", "And now let's take a look at the inefficiency of BERTcat.", "So here in this plot on the x-axis we can see the latency, so how long does a query take in milliseconds?", "And then, on the y-axis, we have the effectiveness.", "Here in this case the MRR@10 of MSMARCO-Passage.", "And the colored dots on the lower left corner, those are all our basic re-ranking models we saw in an earlier lecture.", "They still improve a bit over BM25, and each architecture improves a bit over the next architecture, but then you can see that BERT this lone gray dot in the upper right corner is much better in terms of effectiveness, but it is also much, much slower, clocking in at almost 2 seconds latency versus a couple of milliseconds for the more basic re-ranking models.", "Here we also have to take into account if you require 2 seconds for each re-ranking run that you block your GPU for two seconds at a time, which increases your infrastructure cost if you have a lot of users.", "So this is not very feasible to put into production.", "Let's take a look at efficient Transformer-based models.", "We want to adapt BERT or start from scratch with the goal to create the most efficient and most effective model at the same time.", "There are multiple paths to achieve efficiency, and in our case we look at how to reduce query latency.", "But of course, you can also think about the full lifecycle efficiency when you include training, indexing and retrieval steps.", "Very simple way is to just reduce the model size, because of course smaller models run faster.", "Because they do less computation.", "This is, although only possible until a certain threshold, after which the quality reduces drastically, so we can use something like DistilBERT which reduces the BERT layers and almost keeps the same effectiveness as larger work models, but reducing layers further than decreases our effectiveness very strongly.", "Another second way is to change the architecture and move computation away from the query time.", "For example, move as much computation as possible into the indexing time where we can pre-compute passage representations, so then at query time they become a simple lookup.", "And for that we need a lightweight aggregation between pre-computed representations and on-the-fly computed query representations.", "One way of achieving that is to split BERT for efficiency because the BERTcat model needs to be run for every passage in our re-ranking depth at query time, which is bad for query latency as we showed in the earliest slides.", "So now, we observed that most of the computational time for BERTcat is spent on passage encoding because we have to do it for every passage, the passages are longer.", "And if we can move this passage encoding to the indexing phase we can save a lot of time during our query evaluation.", "We also only need to encode each passage exactly one time and can then reuse this representation.", "So the more users we have, the more efficient the whole system becomes.", "And at query time we would only need to encode the query ones with very few words, so this is quite fast actually even on a CPU.", "Multiple approaches have been proposed lately to basically split BERT, then glue the representations back together and we're going to take a look at some of them now.", "The first splitted BERT model is the PreTTR model, which splits BERT at a certain hyperparameter threshold.", "So you can say OK, I want to split BERT in the middle at layers 6 of 12 or I want to split BERT at layer 11 of 12 and only concatenated my representations at the last layer.", "So as you can see in this overview plot, we have an independent input of query and passage at the beginning which runs through the first n BERT layers and then we can do the offline computation of passages.", "And at query time we look up those half encoded BERT representations and concatenate them with our half-encoded query representations in our final BERT layers to, again, create a CLS vector output that we can pull similar to the BERTcat architecture with a single linear layer to create the score.", "The pro of this is the quality is almost the same as BERTcat.", "It still gives us quite a low query latency, especially if we only concatenated the last layer or so, but now we need to store all our passages.", "So here McAvaney et al.", "actually proposed to compress the passage representations as well.", "We can formalize the PreTTR architecture as follows.", "So first, in our first part we have an independent computation of query and passage representations, creating half encoded vector sequences, and in the second part we then concatenate them, run them through the rest of the BERT layers, and use a single linear layer to create our output score.", "Similar to BERTcat, this layer starts uninitialized and has to be trained as part of the re-ranking procedure, but of course in this case especially we have to train also every single BERT layer to get good results.", "A similar approach is the ColbBERT Model, which also splits BERT, but in this case uses the final representations that come out of all BERT layers before the interaction.", "So here as you can see, the passages can be fully computed by BERT and are offline computable as well as indexible and then at query time we only have to run the query through BERT, get our per term output, and now the ColBERT model does not use the CLS token from BERT, but it actually creates sort of a matchmatrix between every single query and every single passage term representation.", "And then uses a simple maxpooling for the document dimension and sum for the query dimension to create the final output score, which is a very lightweight aggregation.", "It offers very fast query latency but still needs to save all passage term vectors which creates a huge storage cost.", "We can formalize ColBERT as follows.", "We have our encoding stage where we encode query and passage representations separately.", "The passages can be done at indexing time and then in the aggregation phase we create a matchmatrix of dot products between every query and every passage representation.", "We then select the largest score per document term and then sum up those scores for each query term to get our final output score.", "Optionally, we can compress query and passage encoding's with a single linear layer, for example, to save a lot of the storage requirements that ColBERT would otherwise have in this full setting.", "And this is very efficient at query time.", "Another option is to start from scratch and remove BERT completely.", "And that's what we did in the TK or Transformer-Kernel model.", "Here our desired properties were we want to have a lightweight model, it should be interpretable and it should be effective.", "So therefore we proposed TK, which combines Transformers with kernel-pooling that we saw in a previous lecture.", "It shows very strong results compared to the basic IR specific models and it also shows state of the art model results for a time budget constrained environment in the query time re-ranking phase.", "It uses Transformer blocks as a contextualization layer, but those Transformers are uninitialized and we create a hybrid contextualization by merging context jewel and non contextual vectors.", "Our goal was to limit the number of Transformer layers because each additional layer takes considerable amounts of time to compute.", "Conceptually, the TK architecture looks as follows.", "We again have a query and document as our input, and then we contextualized those two representations independent from each other using word embeddings, Transformers, and the weighted sum.", "Then after our contextualized encoding, we have query and document representations.", "For each term, we create a term by term interaction matrix and then use kernel-pooling as a way to aggregate our interaction results.", "The TK architecture can be formalized as follows.", "We start off with our encoding layer, which uses Transformers and does the encoding independently, so we again can pre-compute our document representations either for storage or for analysis.", "Then in the matching phase we use cosine similarity for each term by term interaction.", "This creates a single match-matrix.", "And then we use kernel-pooling, which is basically the same or very similar to KNRM that counts the match-matrix interactions and then those interactions are summed up and weighted in the final scoring layer.", "And we found that there is, of course large influence on how you employ the model for this efficiency/effectiveness tradeoff.", "So the main outside factor is of course how many documents to re-rank.", "If you re-rank fewer documents you will be faster.", "Even with GPU parallelization, there is an almost linear way of looking at this.", "So faster models can re-rank more documents in the same time as slower ones.", "And if you set out a time-budget and say OK, I want to spend this many milliseconds to re-rank something, it allows us to simultaneously evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency in a more realistic setting.", "The results of the time budget analysis look like that.", "So if you have more documents in the same time, you get better results.", "But of course after a while BERT takes over because it has overall better effectiveness results, but at a much higher cost of efficiency.", "And you can see that three times for MRR Recall and nDCG, our model in red here outperforms traditional retrieval models and is better than BERT in a the given time budget of up to 150, or in the case of recall, where more documents are important, more important over 600 milliseconds.", "So let's compare the models that we just saw in the previous slides.", "We have a lot of different options and dimensions on which to compare the different models, the first of which of course is quality.", "So how effective are those models with different evaluation measures?", "Another way of comparing them is by query latency storage and GPU memory requirements or capabilities in general.", "So here we can see that if we start off with the BERTcat model with an effectiveness of 1 and we scale the other models accordingly, that BERTcat offers a query latency of roughly one second and it needs 10 gigabytes of GPU memory.", "On the other hand, the ColBERT model basically achieves the same effectiveness with 97%, only takes 28 milliseconds per query and only requires 3.4 gigabytes of GPU memory.", "The PreTTR model has a similar effectiveness, but in the setting that we evaluated in this paper, it has higher query latency and lower efficiency, and it also needs 10 gigabytes of GPU memory.", "And then the final model that we looked at is TK, which offers a bit lower effectiveness, so it's not as good as the other two models, but the query latency is even lower in the pre-computed option, and it uses drastically less GPU memory.", "So now how can we actually understand what our model is doing.", "I said before we incorporated a bottleneck of a single cosine match-matrix and this cosine match-matrix can be very nicely visualized and so we created a demo application called the Neural IR Explorer to actually visualize what the model sees in terms of the similarity of contextualized words.", "So you can browse around and you can kind of get a feeling for how a test collection looks, how a model works, what it sees and what works and what doesn't work, and we see it kind of as a complementing thing to metric-based evaluation.", "Right, so here is the demo.", "You can see the MsMARCO collection as you know from the exercise has a lot of queries.", "So to overcome this complex field we clustered the queries based on their contextualized representations.", "Another side output of our model if you will.", "Then for each cluster you can sort the queries by how much better the neural model improves over the initial BM25 baseline, you can filter out queries to find specific words and then you can look at how a single query looks in terms of a result list compared to a couple of documents at the same time.", "So you can for example, only focus on some words that you're interested in, and then you can look up why the model scored some documents higher than others.", "And of course, you can also compare two documents side-by-side to get a more detailed look at how this whole thing works, and if you like to look at shiny colorful things, please check out the life demo that's available at neural-ir-explorer.ec.tuwien.ac.at.", "And to this end we propose TK-Sparse, an adaption of the TK passage ranking model, and this adoption is possible because the TK model, which uses Transformers and kernels to score query and passage pairs contextualizes out of the box the query and passage independent from each other, which means that we can offload the passage vector computation, the contextualization, which is the most expensive part of the model, we can offload that to the index time.", "And again we just have to save every single vector, and our contextualized stopwords actually learn a sparsity module after the Transformer contextualization to remove words that the model seems not going to be relevant to any given query.", "And this sparsity module is trained end-to-end with an L1 norm augmented loss function that minimizes a sparsity vector that decides that if it's zero, it will remove the given term at this position.", "And it removes the time from the ranking decision of the kernels, which then allows us to not save those removed terms.", "The effectiveness results on the MsMARCO-Passage collection are quite interesting if we look at the baseline where we remove common stopword lists before actually imputing the passage text into the model, and if we remove those stopwords before the neural model, we can see an overall drop in performance across both sparse and dense judgments from the deep learning TREC.", "When we then look at different variants of our novel TK-Sparse model, on the other hand, we can see that we remove something around 20 to 40% of the words that we now don't need to save in our index, and still improve the effectiveness of the model overall.", "Furthermore, we also investigated which words are removed by our end-to-end trained stopword component.", "And for that, here in this plot we compare the most common stopwords that appear most often in our collection where every occurrence of a term is removed and we compare it with different variants of our TK-Sparse model.", "And the contextualized stopwords decide on an occurrence basis if we should remove terms.", "And here you can see: yes we have an overlap in remove terms, but also substantial differences in the terms removed.", "Right, so with our TK model, we now have a very efficient and effective model for passage re-ranking.", "But in information retrieval we also encounter long documents that have thousands of tokens where we can't just or we shouldn't just cut off the first 200 and be done with it.", "Most models currently out there don't contain a notion of region importance or a way of handling the long document text well.", "So the current best approach that has been done is we split a document and we score individual sentences or paragraphs and then externally outside of the model we combine those scores, which is not an end-to-end approach.", "And we proposed an extension for TK for long documents called TKL, which just recently has been accepted to a conference, where we look at an end-to-end approach that you can actually train based on full documents at once.", "And the schematic overview looks like that.", "So you have again a query and a document, but this time our document is quite long and to overcome the quadratic runtime requirement of Transformers, we actually contextualize in overlapping chunks to come to a linear runtime requirement.", "The document, again is contextualized independent from the query, so we could pre-compute document representations to speed up the production system.", "And then we apply the same term interaction and kernels.", "But for the scoring part, we actually don't want to look at the document as a whole, but we want to scan across the document and find regions of importance.", "Because as it turns out, most of the time only a couple of regions, multiple sentences, etc are relevant to the query, and so we want to detect those regions, both for interpretability and to get a better scoring representation out of it.", "So we do that by scanning the saturation function.", "The KNRM style log-based saturation function or log-like saturation function across the documents fine the top relevance regions and scored them together in a weighted way.", "So why do we actually need long documents?", "We evaluated our model on different document lengths, and here again in red, you can see that only our TKL model consistently improves when presented with longer document input.", "And that's also actually the main idea behind exercise 1.", "We wanted to find out if the model was correct in this assumption, because right now we can only say yeah, the model works better, but do we actually know via human annotations that documents at the end also contain relevant information and how, thus the structure of relevant information look like.", "So that's what we did with exercise one.", "We annotated documents in a very fine-grained and thorough fashion, so now we can analyze all those things.", "And the TKL model also gives us a way to look at where it found the relevance.", "So in our configuration we said, OK, let's look at the top three relevant regions per document.", "And we found out that the occurrence pattern of those regions across the document length actually follows a soul called Zipfian-Distribution that represents a tailed distribution, so if you plot it via a log/log scale like here, it looks like a linear way.", "But in reality, if you wouldn't plot it in a log/log plot, it would very much look like a tailed distribution.", "And this relevance region detection could also be used as a snippet generation, right?", "So you can have better user interfaces.", "Building atop the findings of the TKL model, we recently introduced the IDCM model, which is a hybrid approach between kernel-pooling and BERT-based ranking for long document re-ranking.", "So here we combine slow and fast module in a single model to provide an intra document cascade.", "Here we start off with a query and along document separated in different passages or sliding windows.", "So first in our fast stage we use an efficient student model to select k passages which are then slowly scored by the effective teacher model or BERT to get our final and good score for each passage which is then aggregated in a very simple way to create a final document score.", "The cool thing about the IDCM model is how we actually train the different modules.", "So here we proposed a three step training procedure.", "First we train our BERT model, the efficient teacher model on a passage task to get it primed up on the passage ranking.", "Then we train the same model in the document setting with the different distribution of the new document collection.", "As well as the passage score aggregation module and then to train our efficient student model that should do the selection of passages, we use knowledge distillation from the BERT model to the efficient student model without using any external labels for the passages.", "And we want the student model to select the same passages in the top spots as the BERT model so that we would get theoretically the same score once we score these passages with BERT.", "And we found that this is easier, the more relevant a document is, and it gets harder, the less relevant a document is for the efficient student model to select the right passages.", "Here you can see how we improve the throughput with different cascade settings.", "So the main setting in the IDCM model is how many passages we choose to score with the slow model.", "Because the fast model scores every passage of course to make the selection.", "And the more passages we score with the slow model, the better the results, but of course at the cost of efficiency.", "And here on the left you can see on the x-axis the effectiveness score in terms of MRR@10 and on the y-axis the throughput of how many documents per second can we re-rank from scratch.", "And you can see that with a setting of four to five passages out of up to 40, we can achieve almost the same effectiveness as with the full model, but at up to four times lower query latency as if we would run BERT on every single passage in the old BERT setting.", "If you want to know more about Transformer contextualized re-ranking there is a great survey buyer Jimmy Lin et al.", "where they look at most papers that have been published in the field in the last two years called \"Pretrained Transformers for Text Ranking\" as well as a pretty cool ECIR 2021 Tutorial that uses the Terrier academic search engine to give you a hands on tutorial of how to use that in different stages and how to use BERT and other re-ranking models on top of that.", "And of course if you want to keep up with new papers in the field, I can only recommend the archive list for the IR subfield, which produces around 10 new papers a day and it's definitely the fastest source to get information about preprints.", "This talk was packed with information and I want to only pick out a few major points to take away for you.", "So first the concatenated BERTcat opened a new era of information retrieval.", "Then second it does so because it provides enormous effectiveness jumps, although at the cost of speed.", "But we saw different approaches to make this effectiveness/cost tradeoff much better.", "One of those approaches is to use Transformers and Kernels in a way that leads to a good compromise between cost and effectiveness.", "With that I thank you very much for your attention and I hope you tune in next time.", "Bye." ]

[ "1 - Welcome", "2 - Today", "3 - Now We Reached the State-of-the-art", "4 - Context of this Lecture", "5 - Web Search with BERT", "6 - Re-Ranking with BERT", "7 - Recall: BERT - Workflow", "8 - BERT Re-Ranking: BERT_CAT", "9 - BERT_CAT", "10 - The Impact of BERT_CAT", "11 - So how good is BERT_CAT ?", "12 - The Mono-Duo Pattern", "13 - BERT_CAT for Longer Documents", "14 - BERT_CAT In-Efficiency", "15 - Efficient Transformer Re-Ranking", "16 - Achieving Efficiency", "17 - Splitting BERT for Efficiency", "18 - Splitting BERT: PreTTR", "19 - PreTTR", "20 - Splitting BERT: ColBERT", "21 - ColBERT", "22 - TK: Transformer-Kernel Ranking", "23 - TK: Transformer-Kernel Ranking", "24 - TK", "25 - Designing for a Time-Budget", "26 - TK on a Time Budget", "27 - Comparing the Models", "28 - Understanding TK", "29 - Neural-IR Explorer Demo", "30 - TK-Sparse with Contextualized Stopwords", "31 - Effectiveness Results (MSMARCO-Passage)", "32 - Effectiveness Results (MSMARCO-Passage)", "33 - Stopword Analysis", "34 - TKL: Transformer-Kernel for Long Documents", "35 - TKL: Transformer-Kernel for Long Documents", "36 - TKL: Why long documents?", "37 - TKL: Where is the relevance?", "38 - IDCM: A Hybrid Approach", "39 - IDCM: Distilled Training", "40 - IDCM: Improving Throughput", "41 - More Resources", "42 - Summary: Transformer Contextualized Re-Ranking", "43 - Thank You", "Outro" ]

[ "- Animating cameras in Blender can't be that hard.", "Place the camera somewhere over here.", "Let's add a key frame here.", "Let's go a few frames further.", "Let's go to the other side, so the camera should nicely spin around our little creature here, so let's play.", "Okay.", "Okay, so I simply add another key frame here.", "Adjust this a bit.", "And then it should look pretty perf..eeeaah.", "No.", "Yeah.", "As you can see animating cameras in blender can be a pain in the butt.", "Recently, I created a little trailer for my updated blender sculpting course linked by the way, down below in the video description, if you're interested in sculpting.", "However, every time I create these kind of animations with different camera movements, I realize that it's so hard to animate cameras in blender, that they do exactly what I want to.", "So again, I experimented a bit with this, and I think I found a pretty good solution to make it relatively easy to control each aspect of the camera motion in a controlled way.", "Yeah, hi everyone Zach Reinhardt her for CG boost.com and let's get started.", "To get started, here is a summary of the setup in less than one minute for everyone that knows blender already, and don't want to watch a long video.", "First add a camera, a curve object, and an empty object.", "Add a follow path constraint to the camera and add the curve object as target.", "Adjust the position of the camera so it is at the start of the curve.", "Then you can adjust the shape of the curve to alter the camera motion path.", "And now animate the offset of the follow path constraint to make the camera move along the curve.", "Then add a track to constraint to the camera and use the empty as target object.", "Enable target Z in the track to constraint.", "And now you can animate the position of the empty object to control where the camera is looking at.", "And you can also animate the rotation of the empty to change the roll of the camera using linear interpolation for both the camera animation and the empty animation adds a consistent movement to the camera with constant speed To edit change from one camera to another, we don't add a new camera.", "We just add a second path and a second follow path constraint.", "And then we are animating the influence of both constraints to turn off the first one and enable the second one from one key frame to the next one to change from one camera perspective to another.", "Now you have a nice cut and a fully controlled camera motion.", "Now let's have a look on how all this works in detail.", "Before we begin there's a pretty nice tutorial by PolyFjord on YouTube, where he shows a cool trick by using the auto keying function and key the camera motion you do while moving your camera around the view port, and then smoothing out these key frames, which is a pretty cool solution.", "However, for me, it was a bit hard to control and these didn't gave me the full fine control I wanted to.", "However, I used this technique to experiment with the camera motions, to get some ideas on what I want to animate later on.", "So definitely check out his tutorial link down below in the video description.", "Alright, first of all let's have a quick look at the scene here and what we need to get started.", "So first of all, here we have the subject, which is this little cute creature, which we create in my sculpting course, including also all the shading and stuff like this.", "However, as you can see, the creature is pretty high resolution.", "It has 28 million faces.", "And since I'm using the multires modifier, we can simplify this by going to the render settings and under simplify, let's enable this.", "Then it will reduce all the subsurf and multires modifiers to the maximum subdivision we define here.", "So in this case, maybe let's go with two, to have at least a few details on the creature.", "Then to see the color of the creature, I'm here in the material preview shading, and I have some effects like ambient occlusion and bloom and screen space reflections, and also refractions enabled for the eyes.", "Then up here, let's select the scene collection, press c to create a new collection and call it render.", "So in the render collection, I usually pack everything which has to do with renderings or camera lights and so on and so forth.", "Then with this collection selected and with shift c the 3D cursor in the center here, let's hit shift a and add a camera.", "Let's place it somewhere here and with numpad zero we can switch into the camera and we can use the walk navigation to easily navigate the camera.", "This we can do by going to view, navigation, and walk navigation.", "Let's right click and click on add to quick favorites.", "Then we can press q and click on walk navigation to enable this and with left click you can confirm the new position of the camera.", "There's also a shortcut in my case, since I am using a German keyboard it's ö, but not everybody has the ö key.", "So you can also press the tilde key, which is the one underneath the escape key.", "So depending on what language keyboard you are using, this might be different.", "So using the quick favorites is definitely a solution that works for everyone.", "Now we have two problems here.", "First of all, we are zoomed in quite a bit because here in the camera settings, make sure the camera is selected.", "The focal length is set to 50 millimeters, which is a bit too much for me in this case.", "So let's reduce this to a 30 millimeters so we can get a bit closer to the subject, and if I now move closer here, by the way, if you want to know all the shortcuts for moving around with the walk navigation, you can find them down below in this info bar.", "And one other problem is when I get too close here, you can see how this clipping is cutting away the creature.", "And in order to solve this, change, the clip star to something like 0.01 and then we can get much closer to the creature without getting this clipping effect.", "And the other thing I really don't like is that we can see the scene around our camera view.", "Which makes it a bit harder to visually see and understand what will be in our final image.", "So what I would recommend is to go to the viewport display settings, when the camera is selected here in the camera settings, and then increase the passpartout.", "We can set this to one, then everything around the camera will be completely black, but I like to set it to something like 0.99.", "So we can only see the rest of the scene subtle so we can still select stuff, which is outside of the camera view.", "So in the last thing I want to do here is to split the view.", "Then over here, press the home key.", "Or you can also go up here to view, cameras and click on frame camera bounds.", "Then it will zoom into the camera bounds here.", "And then over here, we can go outside of the camera view and play around with the camera and see everything what's going on over here.", "So this is everything we need to get started.", "And now let's animate the camera.", "So let's get started with a simple Dolly shot.", "And this is a cool trick.", "I use all the time for simple left and right movements or moving the camera closer to your subject.", "And one little note here in the output settings under format, I changed the frame rate to 60 FPS to have a very smooth movement and I'm using this resolution here, which is a 21 by 9 aspect ratio to have this more epic cinematic camera look.", "So in doing this Dolly movement is super simple.", "So we pick the first position of the camera, which might be something like this here.", "Let's go a bit down here, maybe go into the camera view, press Q, walk navigation, then change the view a bit.", "And when you're inside the camera, you can also press r, when the camera is selected, to rotate the camera or a double r to have this free rotation, which is sometimes useful, and you can hold on shift to make like very precise adjustments.", "So maybe let's rotate this a bit like this and then press i.", "And in this case, we want to add a key frame for location and rotation at the first frame of our animation.", "And by the way, we can enable auto keying and also enable only active keying set.", "That means when we are making any changes to the camera, it will add a new key frame automatically.", "But if we move any other object, which don't has a key frame already, no key frames will be added to the other object then.", "Then let's go somewhere further down here in the timeline.", "At this point, I don't know how long the camera animation should be.", "So let's move the camera over here.", "Something like this.", "And maybe let's rotate this a bit and you can see down below in the timeline, new key frame was added.", "And by the way, we can also use a move tools here.", "So let's press g, and then let's press z twice to move along the local z axis so we can move this a bit further away, and holding down shift helps us to fine control this.", "And I don't need to add a new key frame here because this was added automatically.", "So now when I play this by default, it will use a bezier interpolation.", "So it starts slow, gets faster, and then it stops slow.", "By the way, by pressing p we can also add a quick preview range down here.", "So we don't need to change the start and end over here.", "So, and this is now the Dolly movement.", "However, when creating this animation with different camera shots, which are maybe edited to the flow of the music, I don't always want to break the flow of the camera motion by making the camera start slowly, getting faster, and then stopping slowly.", "I want to have a continuous flow of the same speed for the camera.", "So make sure that the key frames are selected down here.", "Press t and then change the interpolation to linear.", "That means the camera is now moving with the same speed all the time.", "And this helps to make this very nice professional shot over here.", "So this is very nice and it's pretty easy to adjust.", "So if I press arrow up and down, we can go to the two key frames and maybe do a few adjustments, maybe move a little bit closer here and then press arrow up to go to the last key frame.", "And I think here it's pretty perfect.", "So this works nicely for these linear motions from point a to point B.", "However, if I want to have a more curved motion, you can see that the camera's just going along one line here.", "But if I want to have like something like this here to add another key frame, to have more like a curved shape, you can see that this won't work.", "It will get this very ugly movement for the camera with a harsh turn over here.", "So, and how to solve this, I will show you now.", "So in order to make this work, let's, first of all, delete all the key frames here.", "Let's press alt p to get rid of the preview range and the camera, let's press alt r to reset the rotation, and rotate this on the x axis 90 degrees.", "So first of all, before we put the camera onto a curve, because we want to use a curve for the motion, let's add an object where the camera's always looking at.", "For that makes sure that you are in the render collection.", "Hit shift a, add an empty, and in this case may be a simple circle.", "Then down here, we can make this smaller, maybe something like 0.15 and in the object settings, viewport display let's enable in front.", "So this circle is always in front of our objects.", "Then you can see, although auto keying is still enabled, since this object don't has any key frames, we can move it around without a key frame being added here.", "Although we have this auto keying on warning at the top, right.", "Then let's place it somewhere here on the creature, then select the camera, and go to the constraints.", "And here let's add a track to constraint.", "As target, let's choose empty, but maybe let's rename this into camera target first.", "Then let's get back to the camera, pick the camera target over here.", "And now you can see that when I move this object, the camera always follows this object.", "However, now I can't rotate the camera anymore, but maybe I want to roll the camera later on during the animations.", "So let's simply enable this target Z option here in the track to constraint.", "And this means I can rotate this object here, and then the camera will rotate as well.", "So, and now we can also do this linear Dolly movement here for the camera, and then it will always look on the creature, which can be helpful for the simple Dolly moves as well.", "But here we want to create a more complex curved animation.", "So with shift A, let's add a curve, and I like to use the path object here.", "Then we have a line over here.", "If we go to edit mode, we have these five points, which we can move around.", "However, I want to keep it simple here.", "So let's simply remove two of these points and then we can place the path somewhere here.", "So maybe we want to make something similar as before, that the camera is moving around the head of the creature.", "So in edit mode, make sure that this path is now somewhere up here, but we can adjust this later one as well.", "Now let's select the camera.", "Let's collapse the track to constraint.", "And now I add a follow path constraint.", "You can also use the parent option by selecting the camera, then the path, pressing control P and click on follow path.", "But then this will be animated automatically, and you have to do a few adjustments in order to animate this manually.", "So I find adding this follow path constraint is a bit easier Here let's rename this path into camera path, and then we can pick this as target over here.", "You can see that the camera is now moving away a bit, but we can see this blue line, which is pointing to the path over here.", "So let's select the path, go to edit mode, select this vertex here, press and hold shift s and click on cursor to selected, to move the 3D cursor over here.", "And then in object mode, select the camera, hold down shift s, and hover your mouse above selection to cursor and release shift and s. And now the camera is here exactly at this spot.", "However, the track to is not really working anymore here.", "So all you need to do is to switch the order of these two constraints.", "So move the follow path up and the track to should be second.", "So first, the follow path will be calculated and then there's track to.", "So, and now all we need to do is to animate this follow path constraint.", "So in this case, I want to make the camera start over here and end over here.", "So let's select this with shift left arrow let's go to the first frame and add a key frame over here.", "However, here, I want to change this to be 100.", "Negative 100, to be precise.", "Which will define the beginning of the curve in this case.", "And since we have auto keying enabled down here, it will replace a key frame, whenever we do any changes over here.", "Then let's go a little bit further down the timeline and change this to zero to get to the end or in this case, the beginning of the curve, and it will be animated automatically.", "And now let's see what's happening here.", "The camera is now nicely moving along the curve, and it's looking at the target object, by the way, over here, if you like can middle mouse button click and move this to the side and disable all the overlays and gizmos to have a cleaner view.", "So now comes the cool part.", "Although this is a curved movement, we can still select both key frames here with a, press t and add the linear interpolation.", "And now we have this linear movement along a curved path, which is pretty cool.", "One side note, by the way, the curve has not a perfect resolution right now, which we can maybe notice in a more jagged camera motion.", "So make sure the curve is selected.", "Go to the curve settings down here.", "And if I decrease the resolution, you can see it better.", "We have these edges here and then the camera motion would look really weird.", "So make sure to crank up the resolution to a maximum of 64.", "And if you will leave the render resolution at zero, it will pick the same resolution we have set up over here, and then we have this very smooth motion.", "Now, let's adjust this animation a bit.", "First of all, let's go to frame number one here.", "Select this target object.", "And by the way, maybe in this case, let's enable the selection restriction toggle over here and disable the possibility to select the creature and the scene over here so we can only select the camera and the target object.", "Then let's press t and enable the move tool and up here let's pick the local transform orientation, so we can see the axis of this object here.", "And to make, later on, the roll rotation animation for the camera a bit easier, let's make sure that this object is pointing towards the camera, roughly.", "And of course, it should have the height and the position we need.", "Something like this.", "Maybe let's go to the path, in edit mode, move a little bit closer, maybe a bit more to the side here so we can easily adjust what's going on here.", "Let's check the end position, which is okay-ish I think, and in between can also adjust this a bit more.", "And then let's animate this object here.", "And by the way, if you only want to see the key frames of the selected object, simply enable this mouse cursor over here, and then we can see only the key frames of the specific object.", "Then let's add a location and rotation key frame over here, adjust this to point to the camera.", "And now we can adjust the roll by pressing r and rotating this a bit, something like this.", "And then let's have a look.", "The camera ends, at this frame here 355, and then let's adjust this accordingly here.", "Maybe to have something like this.", "So now, since the camera motion is linear, and the motion of the target object has the bezier interpolation.", "So it starts slowly gets fast and stops slowly.", "It looks a bit weird.", "So in this case, I would definitely add the linear interpolation to this target object as well.", "So down here, select both key frames, press t and click on linear.", "Then let's add the preview range with p and then we can play back the animation here.", "So, and this looks pretty cool already.", "And as you can see, now you have full control over here.", "You can even make this curve longer here.", "And the two key frames will always go from the start to the end of the whole curve.", "So now you can see what you have to take care of is that you don't go too far away, then closer to the subject and then further away.", "So really make sure that the curve in this case, looks pretty nice.", "So maybe we can go even a little bit down here.", "Now you can fine tune this as much as you like, and what you of course, always can do is to select the path and will shift the target and then move the key frames around here to make the whole motion faster or even slower.", "If you want to change the timing for your animation.", "Okay, and now I want to add a second shot with a similar movement, just anywhere else here around the creature.", "So how do we approach this?", "Let's disable this stopwatch here to disable the preview range.", "And one way on adding cuts to different shots here in blender is by pressing m down here to add a marker, then create another camera, and then you can bind a second camera to this specific marker.", "And then there will be a change from one camera to the other one.", "However, I don't really like this workflow because then at some point you have many different cameras in your scene and this can become a bit overwhelming.", "So I try to only work with one camera.", "So now switching from one camera perspective to another, all we need to do is to create another path.", "So this one here is moving around that and maybe let's add another one, which is moving around the backpack here.", "So from the top view let's duplicate this one; right click.", "Let's call this one camera path two.", "Go to edit mode and then let's like, move this to the other side.", "Something like this.", "We can adjust this later on.", "And now, all we need to do is to animate that the camera is switching the path.", "So let's select the camera, go to the constraints.", "And here we need a second follow path constraint.", "So let's duplicate the first one.", "Let's called this one, follow path two.", "And here let's pick the other path.", "Now at the end of the first animation, let's animate the influence of both constraints.", "So for the first one, we need the full influence of one, and the second one, we need zero influence.", "So the second constraint is not influencing the camera right now.", "And now if we go one frame further, let's swap this.", "So we set the influence to zero for the first one and to one for the second one.", "And since auto keying is enabled down here, it will add the key frames automatically.", "And now you can see how the camera is changing the position from one path to the other.", "So now we just need to animate the offset here.", "And I think here it might be cool if the camera is moving in the other direction to add a bit more dynamic to the shot.", "So let's see here, we need negative 100 as a starting point.", "Let's add a key frame, and then let's go somewhere to frame 700, and set the offset to zero.", "And now the camera is doing this motion here.", "Let's select everything down here in press t, and change this to the linear interpolation as well.", "And now we have this nice change.", "And of course you can do this as much as you like.", "So you can add even more follow path constraints.", "You can also easily change the timing here by simply selecting these two key frames and moving them around.", "And of course you can also animate this object over here.", "So just go to the next frame here and here we want to focus onto the backpack and then let's see where the last key frame was.", "It was at frame 700, and I don't know maybe we want to change anything here.", "Maybe the rotation a bit or something like this.", "And of course we can also go in here and change the position of the path.", "Maybe we want to go down here a bit.", "Let's go back.", "Here it's doing some pretty crazy stuff with the rotation.", "Let's select this one here.", "Then again, here I would check here that this is pointing towards the camera and then take care that the rotation is not too crazy.", "Let's press arrow down to go to the previous key frame and see how it looks.", "Yeah, I think not too bad.", "Of course this is not perfect here, but this gives you an idea on how to work with the cameras.", "Now let's control space over here, press the home key, and now let's have a look.", "We have these two camera motions.", "Yeah, pretty cool.", "Now you have a good idea on how to precisely animate cameras in Blender.", "And I really hope that this is useful for your projects in the future.", "And by the way, you don't have to go with a linear interpolation down here.", "You can also go with a bezier interpolation if you want to make the camera stop at the very end, for example, and you can also play around in the graph editor, but this would go too far for this video here and make this unnecessarily long.", "And for the final shot, I also created a set up where the light is adjusting automatically.", "I also animated the focus of the camera for the depths of field effect, and yeah.", "Let me know in the comment section below, if you want to have another video where I show you how I set this up, and again, besides animating cameras, if you enjoy this little creature here and want to learn how I created this, checkout, my updated master 3D sculpting in Blender course.", "And if you want to learn all the shortcuts for Blender, we also have our free shortcut PDF for that.", "You can sign up to our free, resource section.", "However, an email is required to sign up.", "That's it for this video.", "I hope you enjoyed it and I will see you next time.", "Goodbye." ]

[ "Intro", "60 seconds workflow summary", "Great tutorial by Polyfjord", "Preparing the scene", "Linear camera motion", "Camera track to target and follow curve", "Animating camera on the curve", "Fine tune the camera animation", "Add a camera switch (cut)", "Outro" ]

[ "How much do Olive Garden staff really make?", "Are unlimited breadsticks at risk?", "And why doesn't the restaurant clean its carpets?", "Keep watching to find out!", "Providing diners with never-ending bowls of pasta and endless breadsticks comes at a cost.", "As a result, Olive Garden's parent company Darden Restaurants has had to find some creative ways to cut costs without driving up prices.", "According to Darden CEO Gene Lee, they're cutting back on how often they clean the carpets.", "Lee explained to ABC News: \"There's a protocol that you clean carpets once a month.", "If you do it more than that, you end up actually destroying the carpet and really not a whole lot of benefit there.\"", "\"So you might want to suspend that five second rule at The Olive Garden.", "If it falls on the floor, leave it.\"", "It might sound like they're cutting a pretty important corner, but don't go calling the local health department just yet.", "A Darden spokesperson did clarify: \"The restaurants are continuously cleaned and vacuumed throughout each and every day.\"", "Olive Garden's parent company Darden Restaurants announced that they plan to raise the minimum wage across all their restaurants to $12 an hour starting in January of 2022.", "This includes employees like hostesses, busboys, and servers who also earn gratuities.", "Darden expects that with this pay raise plus tips, their entry-level employees will earn an average around $20 an hour.", "In other words, Olive Garden hopes to cut costs by allowing the customers to fill in the gaps by hopefully tipping well.", "This isn't unique in the restaurant industry, although the practice of tipping has come under fire in the last few years.", "For example, preliminary research has shown that people tip white servers better than Black servers.", "Wages garnished by tips also means workers can't really rely on a steady income.", "Even Darden's CEO Gene Lee admitted that employees' wages can vary widely because tips vary depending on where you live.", "Back in 2014, one of Darden's chief investors, the hedge fund Starboard Value, created a slideshow outlining all of the ways they wanted the company to cut costs.", "One of their main issues was Olive Garden's famous unlimited breadsticks, which Starboard claims had worsened in quality and likened them to \"hot dog buns.\"", "Starboard argued that the signature breadsticks were also a huge source of food waste and estimated they'd save roughly $5 million a year by changing this Olive Garden staple.", "But before you get all worked up, the plan wasn't to axe breadsticks altogether, but to rethink how they're served.", "Since most customers don't eat all of the breadsticks, they apparently get stale after about seven minutes sitting on the table.", "The investors argued that they'd save a lot of wasted carbs by implementing a plan to serve one breadstick per customer at the table, plus one extra.", "Of course, if customers want more they can ask for them, and this ensures that they waste less food and save money, which should mean lower prices for consumers.", "The breadsticks weren't the only thing Olive Garden investors took issue with.", "Starboard Value pointed out that Olive Garden's signature endless salads were also contributing to food waste and profit loss since servers were often bringing over-dressed, giant salads to the table in an effort to reduce the number of times they went to and from the kitchen to fetch more salad.", "This resulted in a lot of salad in the trash.", "\"Have you tried their never ending pasta bowl?", "It never ends.\"", "The same could be said of Olive Garden's Never Ending Pasta Bowl promotion, which they haven't offered since 2019.", "It's understandable that offering customers unlimited bowls of pasta, as well as unlimited breadsticks and unlimited salad or soup for $10.99 wasn't exactly making the company money.", "Unlike a lot of restaurants during the last two years, Olive Garden was seeing record profits as of 2021.", "So how did they manage to not only survive a pandemic that shuttered so many eateries, but actually thrive?", "The secret is take out.", "Olive Garden was already set up to provide take-out before the pandemic so that wasn't a massive business model shift.", "But even more importantly, they didn't ever use third-party delivery apps like DoorDash, PostMates, or Uber Eats, which famously take a very large commission.", "Of course, a lot of restaurants are shifting those third-party costs onto their customers by raising food prices.", "However, since Olive Garden has such a devoted customer base, the brand is finding that people are willing to make the trek to pick up their food, even if it's less convenient than delivery.", "Part of Olive Garden's appeal is that you can get a big meal for not a lot of money.", "And that is partly because their chief ingredient is pasta, which is really cheap.", "That means Olive Garden doesn't have to charge an arm and a leg to turn a huge profit.", "An entire pound of fettuccine costs roughly $1.50, and the other main ingredients are parmesan cheese, which you can buy a whole tub of for less than three dollars, some heavy cream, butter, an egg, and seasoning.", "For around ten dollars, you could make your own fettuccine Alfredo to feed an entire family.", "Considering Olive Garden charges roughly $15 for the same dish, it's easy to see how they make a huge profit off these very basic ingredients.", "Costs are rising pretty much everywhere right now.", "And unfortunately, the same might be said for your beloved breadsticks and chicken piccata.", "Despite all the things Olive Garden has done to keep costs down, it looks like prices are still going to rise.", "Thanks to inflation causing a 9% increase in food and beverage costs over this last quarter, Olive Garden's parent company Darden announced that they'll have to raise prices by 4%.", "Considering they also saw a 9% increase in worker wages over the last quarter, it's understandable that food prices are rising.", "As businesses and the economy recover from the pandemic, Olive Garden isn't the only restaurant being impacted by inflation.", "Still, Olive Garden's parent company is hoping that the slight increase won't deter customers too much.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more Mashed videos about your favorite restaurants are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Don't clean the carpets", "Relying on gratuities", "Rethinking unlimited breadsticks", "No more never ending dishes", "Take out is big business", "Use cheap ingredients", "Inevitable price rise?" ]

[ "I simultaneously love and hate Aliexpress which for those who don't know is a website where you can order all kinds of products directly from China.", "What I hate about it is that the search engine is sometimes completely broken and shipping can also at times take forever.", "But normally you get your stuff within 2 to 4 weeks and what is so great about the products especially the electronics ones is that they are offering the newest boards and technologies based around brand new ICs that you often find nowhere else.", "And that is of course super exciting for someone like me which is why I recently searched through Aliexpress to find the most intriguing products which of course includes electronics circuits but also pretty much everything in between that I think could be useful.", "So in this video I will have a closer look at those products to ultimately decide whether you should check them out or simply ignore them.", "Let's get started!", "INTRO This video is sponsored by JLCPCB who not only make PCBs for you and populate them if you want but they also offer a 3D printing service.", "So if you do not have a 3D printer at home or want maybe another stronger material; then they offer SLA, SLM, SLS, FMD and MJF which initially sounds a bit confusing but trust me those printing methods are worth it.", "So check out the link below to upload your 3D model files and enjoy their low prices as low as 1$ and fast delivery time.", "To start things off I got myself this interesting looking 5V Super Capacitor Power filter cube that cost me almost 30€.", "At first sight I was honestly not sure what to use it for and the product description was certainly not helping by stating that after using it, the detail and dynamic range will increase.", "I think what they are trying to say is that when for example using this thing to power an audio amplifier, it can increase its detail and dynamic range a bit since the filter is getting rid of the noise of the input power supply.", "You see, as a power source we often use small switched mode power supplies, which like the name implies, do a lot of switching on the inside to create a useable low DC voltage at the end.", "But the switching of course creates quite a bit of unwanted noise that is especially noticeable when drawing current.", "So this filter might be capable of getting rid of that by simply charging up its internal super capacitors out of which we can then draw clean noise-free power.", "Let's try that by connecting the 5V power supply to the input, a constant load to the output and let's observe the output and input voltage while for example drawing 500mA.", "And yes, the filter does in fact reduce the noise problem.", "But while going up with the current draw I noticed that the output voltage dropped a bit while the filtering still worked out just fine.", "The reason is that the supercapacitors obviously come with a limited capacity which reduces their voltage level at a higher output current meaning this product is only suitable for low power filtering.", "Of course besides the filter feature this product can also be used as kind of a buffer if for example your Raspberry Pi requires small current spikes that your power supply can not offer.", "And yes, I only know that because someone on Twitter told me about it.", "So overall this product is not half bad if you are facing filter or buffer problem and since its overall build quality is also rather professional I kind of recommend it even though I think you could DIY it for a bit cheaper.", "Now the next product which got me interested was this Water Flow Hydro Generator for around 10€ which as you would expect you only have to add to your faucet and turn on the water to generate voltage at the output wires.", "Initially I wanted to use such a generator for my Online Water Tracker project because the description of the article stated that it can output max.", "greater than equal 220mA.", "Not entirely sure what they meant by that but I hoped that it would be enough for the 100mA current demand of my water tracker which coincidentally also requires 5V to work that the generator can also output.", "So after doing a practical test with a 1W high power LED I was very disappointed to find out that the generator can at best only output around 380mW which is quite a bit lower than advertised and certainly not enough for my water tracker.", "That also means directly charging a mobile phone with it is definitely not possible because the generator is not build in a way to produce lots of electricity.", "But what did I expect from an article that interrupts its product pictures with a picture of a mill, overall definitely not recommended.", "And speaking of water flow; next I got attracted to this Electric Drill Powered Water Pump because why should I always fire up my big mains powered water pump when I only have to water some plants.", "I got it for 19€ from Aliexpress and while its online description didn't say much; the packaging told me a quite a bit about its features which seemed reasonable.", "So after opening it and having a closer look at it, I connected a hose to its input, attached my drill and threw the other side of the hose into my pond to give it all a try.", "Aaaaand yes it seems like my 1m deep pond was too deep for the water pump but it can certainly create some bubbles in it.", "And since I am not looking for a way to distribute the water from my watering can, I can not really recommend this product.", "But the rabbit hole of drill powered things was not closed for me yet because I pushed my luck next with an Electric jigsaw adapter for 12€.", "In a nutshell attaching it was super simple and using it was also pretty straightforward and worked surprisingly well.", "I basically only have to get used to that you need two hands for this thing meaning next time I should clamp the wood piece down.", "But the cuts itself look pretty good and this positive trend actually continued with the last drill attachment I got which was this chainsaw one for around 18€.", "Now assembling it took a bit longer with around 5 minutes but its cutting power was way more brutal than I anticipated.", "So both products definitely delivered here even though I can not say for sure how long they will hold up, but either way I would recommend them.", "But getting back to electronics with this 3A Lithium battery Charging board that you can get for only 70 Cents.", "I got interested in it because so far I was pretty much always using a Lithium battery charging board based around the TP4056 IC which do work without a problem.", "But as you can see the IC dissipates quite a bit of heat while charging up a battery and its charging current is limited to 1A which sometimes takes forever with bigger batteries.", "The reason is that the TP4056 works in a linear fashion meaning it simply gets rid of the excess voltage by dissipating it as heat which is of course also not efficient.", "This new board though is based around the IP2312 IC which utilizes a switching regulator to efficiently convert the 5V input voltage to the required Constant Current Constant Voltage for the battery.", "The product description also explains nicely how the board functions, how we can decrease the charging current, what efficiency it should be able to reach and how we can set the cut off output voltage by either shorting or opening up the VSET pins.", "And so I connected a battery to the board to take it for a test riding while measuring its input and output power.", "Now at first I was disappointed that the input current was not 3A but as it turns out without my power meter in the way it can easily reach this value, awesome.", "The board also didn't get hot while charging up the battery, reached pretty great measured efficiencies and in the end cut off the charging at the right point meaning I can highly recommend this board to anyone looking to efficiently charge up lithium batteries.", "Moving on though next I got attracted to this 20W Emergency Hand Crank Generator that you can get for around 43€.", "Its description and how to use it is pretty straightforward by simply selecting what kind of voltage you want the USB ports and left binding post to output and then simply start cranking with the given handle which you obviously have to attach beforehand.", "And yes the system does certainly output the correct voltages while cranking but I feel like it should be illegal to output more than 5V through a USB port because that can certainly destroy some devices.", "But anyway I was curious to find out whether this thing can really output 20W of power aka 4A of current at 5V which I tested by attaching a suitable resistor to the output and start cranking.", "Now as you can see I only reached a max output power of 8W before the handle broke.", "Needless to say this weld connection was way too weak and because of that you can not really do much with the generator any more.", "So even though its internal structure with DC motor, gear system and switched mode power supply is not half bad, I can not recommend this product unless you maybe want to use it with a drill like with the other attachments before.", "And the last product I want to have a look at in this video is this Anti Spy RF Signal detector that you can get for around 20€.", "As the name implies it is supposed to detect wireless signal in the range between 1MHz to 8000MHz, but the description of the product itself is also not sure about that.", "Only problem is that no matter what signal source I presented it to, it never reliably triggered and most of the time was just randomly beeping So even though the internal build quality is not terrible I feel like this two Op-amp circuit is just not up for the task which means I can not recommend this product but I at least got a new LiPo battery for future projects.", "So all in all the featured products in this episode were mostly not half bad and I was pleasantly surprised with this selection.", "But of course there are way more interesting products on Aliexpress which I already have partly lying around so look forward to another episode very soon.", "Until then feel free to let me know what other products you would like to see here.", "Also consider supporting me through Patreon to keep the show going.", "And as always don't forget to like, share, subscribe and hit the notification bell.", "Stay creative and I will see you next time." ]

[ "What Aliexpress Treasures?", "Intro", "SuperCapacitor Cube", "Water Flow Generator", "Drill Powered Water Pump", "Drill Powered Jigsaw", "Drill Powered Chainsaw", "Lithium Battery Charger (3A)", "Hand Crank Generator", "RF Spy Detector", "Verdict" ]

[ "(ambient music) The Dalai Lama always says, \"Remember, you are one in seven billion,\" by which he does not mean that I'm insignificant, by which he means, don't forget the adventure of looking at things from a distance.", "(ambient music) Don't forget the adventure of seeing life in its spectrum, its majesty, its scale.", "Looking at the whole world where you're part of it gives you perspective and it gives you peace.", "The secret to being more satisfied is not having more, it's wanting less.", "Hey everybody, welcome to the podcast.", "Today, we're gonna explore how to make the second half of life better than the first, and we're gonna do it with the esteemed Arthur C. Brooks, and we're doing it on the occasion of Arthur's latest book, his 12th, and an instant number one \"New York Times\" bestseller, entitled \"From Strength to Strength,\" which is a really powerful roadmap for finding success, happiness, and deep purpose in our later years.", "Arthur is a professional French horn player turned social scientist turned happiness guru.", "He's the former president of the American Enterprise Institute think tank, and he's currently the professor of public leadership at the Harvard Kennedy School, as well as professor of management practice at the Harvard Business School.", "In addition, Arthur writes the popular \"How to Build a Life\" column at \"The Atlantic,\" which is also home to his podcast called \"The Art of Happiness,\" and if you Google him, you will quickly realize that this guy and his work is just prominently plastered all across the internet and on every prominent media outlet there is.", "Today, we cover a ton of ground, including how to define happiness and strategies to improve it.", "We talk about the crisis of meaning that visits people as they age.", "We discuss how to confront your inevitable decline, as well as the increasingly important role that friendship, family, faith, and service play in finding happiness as we age.", "In addition, of course, many other topics are discussed.", "This episode is very much of a piece with my recent conversation with Chip Conley, sort of an extension, a little book end to that conversation, if you will, so if you enjoyed Chip, you're gonna love Arthur.", "He's extremely charismatic.", "We got on like a house on fire.", "It's just packed with priceless wisdom and actionable takeaways for everybody irrespective of age, and it's also just super fun, and I think you're gonna dig it.", "So delay not in clicking that subscribe button and let's do the thing.", "This is me and Arthur Brooks.", "Do you still go to India every year?", "Well, I can't during the coronavirus epidemic.", "It's been closed, but I have, you know, I did until coronavirus once or twice a year.", "It's super important to me.", "It's just, it's, you've been there, of course.", "I haven't.", "You haven't been to India?", "Julie's actually only been once.", "I mean, she went to Arunachala.", "Yeah, so I'd go every year.", "I would do three things.", "I would do business stuff in either Mumbai or Delhi, you know, meeting with government officials and, you know, random capitalists, and, because they're so interesting.", "The billionaires in India are so interesting, right?", "And every year I'd go to Dharamshala, see His Holiness the Dalai Lama, and then in the south, I would actually study with somebody in Palakkad or someplace like that, I would actually find a guru, who was willing to, you know, spend a day with me.", "It's so interesting that you square that with being, you know, this, I don't know if you would call it devout, but it seems like you're a pretty devout Catholic.", "Yeah, it's the most important thing in my life.", "How does that line up?", "I love all religions, but I'm in love with the Catholic Church, and I learn as much about who I am as a Catholic by talking to people who are not.", "It's really, really important to talk to people who are not you because you know, there's, too much uniformity and spiritual compatibility does not expose you to enough complementarity.", "Complementarity in life is actually how you learn things.", "You learn things from people who are different than you in a lot of ways.", "And you can stress test your placebo, I guess.", "Stress test, and also just, they give you the better technique.", "I mean, studying with the Tibetan Buddhist monks in Dharamshala is how I learned to pray my rosary.", "Wow.", "Yeah, I learned how to pray the rosary with my breath and heart by studying with the Tibetan Buddhist monks.", "Yeah, that's interesting.", "Yeah.", "And you've, how many times have you visited with the Dalai Lama?", "10, 11.", "Wow.", "Something like that.", "Problem is that he's completely sequestered still.", "He's 86.", "Right.", "Or 87 now in July, it would be 87 in July, and, but he's been in the States many times with me too.", "So when he would come here, you know, and we would, we've been in different parts of the States and I would interview him, but we've written together too, which is interesting.", "And what would you say is the primary thing that you've kind of extracted from being in his presence?", "The understanding that the decision that love is a decision and not a feeling.", "Elaborate.", "It's that to, well, St. Thomas Aquinas said that to love is to will the good of the other.", "It's nothing about feelings, and this is an ancient medieval teaching that actually comes from Aristotle, that love, philia, is a positive decision on the basis of who we are as people, and the Dalai Lama lives that every single day.", "He says, you must decide to love.", "You must decide to love.", "You might not like.", "To like, as Martin Luther King said, to like someone is a sentimental something, but to love somebody's a positive decision.", "It's hard, it takes work.", "It's a measure of who you are as a person, is your decision to love in a world full of hate, and the Dalai Lama is a living embodiment of that.", "He's as wonderful as he seems.", "I suspect that's true.", "Yeah.", "And it's interesting to hear love contextualized as this action verb that you have control over.", "It gives you a sense of agency.", "Absolutely.", "And I think our Western notion of it is backwards in the sense that we're looking to receive love, but we're not really adequately focused on how we're giving it or we're exuding it.", "Absolutely.", "We're a feeling-based society and this is actually one of our great, I mean, you think, so one of your sort of preternatural gifts is how you've engineered your life on the basis of what you wanted it to be.", "You know, this is one of the reasons that I listen to your show and many people do is because they want agency.", "They want to be fully alive and to be managed by themselves as opposed to be managed by their urges, their impulses, their appetites, and their feelings.", "That's a phenomenon that we call metacognition, and you're the walking example of metacognition.", "You made decisions on how you're going to live and you live that way, and that is not a, just a Western brainy idea.", "On the contrary.", "You know, the Dalai Lama shows that, by understanding ourselves at a certain remove, we can make these decisions for ourselves, including how we're going to treat others, the love that we're gonna show to the rest of the world.", "I'm trying to take that in.", "I'm trying to get better at like receiving, but when I hear you say that, all I'm thinking is, oh, you have no idea, like.", "Of course.", "I'm gonna tell, wait 'til I get to the part where I get to tell you about, you know, how much your latest book like, spoke to me and how many things it's given me to think about, how imperfectly I've kind of made this transition and live it on a daily basis and, you know, I look at it as a series of light posts or kind of, you know, aspirational behavior patterns, but I suspect, and I'm interested in your thoughts on this, like this is not a linear thing, like this is a, this is a one step forward, two steps back at times kind of thing that, you know, requires a level of mastery that we'll all take to our grave.", "For sure, and the reason I wrote it is because precisely, I'm on the same journey and I wrote it as my own exercise in metacognition, which says, you know, I can be managed by my feelings or I can manage them, and the only way to manage your feelings, I mean, the greatest way, the Western way, at least, to manage your feelings is to journal.", "Right.", "This is my journal.", "This book is my journal.", "Yeah.", "It is the journal of actually the, what actually founded my research and how I wanted to apply it to my life, and the only way that I can do that is to make it something I can share with you the way that I can share it with other people.", "I know I'm sure that you, the road to being the man that you are includes helping people to be their best selves as well.", "I'm sure that this is, this show is a form of therapy for you.", "Oh, 100%.", "I mean, I invite people on who can help me figure out how to take that next step on my growth arc or who can talk me through whatever it is I'm going through now.", "So it's, it is very self-serving in that regard, but the greater mission of course, or the guiding light is this effort to be of service and in that, of course, is the meaning and the purpose, which is at the heart of this book that you've written, and a side benefit is, it's a vocation that can support my family.", "Yeah, fantastic.", "But, there's a ego piece to it, and there's a, you know, a sense of like, how special can I be?", "You know, that plays into all of that, and I wanna unpack all of that, but let's just, we should probably kind of like set the stage and contextualize what it is that we're actually talking about.", "We just had Chip Conley in here the other day.", "I love Chip.", "Who's the best and.", "He's a very special person.", "And so we had a different version of what we're gonna talk about today, but all of this kind of subject matter is swimming around in my mind like a soup.", "So maybe the best place to start is with how you conceived of this book to begin with, because it kind of starts with this incident that occurred on an airplane.", "Yeah.", "Right now I write, speak, and teach about human happiness, but 10 years ago, I was the president of a think tank, a Washington-based research organization.", "You grew up in DC and you know what these things are all about but a lot of, you know, the people are watching and listening to us right now.", "This is like a university without students, which many professors would say is the best kind of university.", "It's a bunch of smart people sitting around, coming up with ideas, trying to impress each other.", "Trying to influence policy, trying to influence public policy.", "It's a very DC thing, and it was a great organization.", "It's been around since 1938, and I was feeling like a proper big shot being the president of this organization, and it was great as far as it went, but I was having a little bit of a crisis trying to understand what the future was gonna hold.", "I wasn't especially happy.", "I was working more than I wanted to.", "I was away from my family more than I should have been, and there was no end game.", "I mean, work, work, work, work, croak?", "Yeah.", "Where it, go 'til the wheels come off?", "It wasn't exactly clear, and furthermore, the whole idea is be as successful as you possibly can and finally, you'll find satisfaction.", "That didn't seem right and I was, I'm a social scientist.", "So this is more than idle curiosity.", "I mean, so it's a research question for me and I didn't quite know how to get my mind around it, and as I was going through this period of reflection, I guess, I had this experience where I was on an airplane and I overheard a conversation.", "Now my laboratory as a social scientist is overheard conversations on an airplane.", "So if I overhear you, you know, talking to your wife, it might become a book.", "Right, as this did.", "Yeah.", "(Rich laughing) Exactly, right.", "Careful.", "Uh huh.", "Check your seats before you.", "Make sure you're not sit sitting behind Arthur Brooks.", "Fortunately, I'm getting, you know, my hearing, it's not as great as it used to be.", "So, but anyway, so the guy behind me, I could tell he was an elderly gentleman and he was talking to somebody, I assume to be his wife, who sounded like an elderly lady, and he was as near as I could tell, explaining to her that she, he might as well be dead, and his wife was trying to console this obviously disconsolate man saying, it's not true it'd be better off you'd be better off if you were dead.", "He's kind of mumbling.", "It's going on for 20 minutes that nobody respects him.", "Nobody remembers him, nobody thinks about him, and I'm thinking this is a guy who's probably disappointed with his life.", "He didn't actually live up to his own expectations or get the education he wished he had, and he's disappointed because it's over.", "It's probably 85, I don't know.", "The end of the flight, it was from coming from here in LA out to Washington, Dulles, and it was the nighttime flight.", "So I couldn't really see, it was dark, and when we landed, you know, the lights go on, everybody stands up, and I'm curious.", "Now I'm not trying, it's not prurient interest, but you know, humans, it's my gig.", "So I just flip around to see, and it's one of the most famous men in the world.", "This is somebody who's done 10 times as much with his life as I ever will, or hope to.", "He's rich, he's famous.", "He's a hero.", "He's somebody who's not controversial.", "He's not Senator.", "He's not a entertainer.", "He's somebody who has done amazing things with his life a long time ago and is still rich and famous as a result of it and still dining out on it, and I get this glimpse of this mistaken view of satisfaction and happiness, like the world tells us, do a lot with what you've been given, succeed, work hard, strive, achieve, bank it, die happy.", "That's what the world tells you to do.", "That's what the world says, that that's the secret to your happiness is money, power, pleasure, fame on the basis of your achievements, do it as early as possible.", "There's even a name for it based on a, it's called the Holderlin strategy is, get rich, famous, successful, powerful early, and then dine out on it for the rest of your life because you can achieve that permanent satisfaction.", "You kind of know that's not right, but I heard this guy.", "If anybody should be happy with his life and proud of what he had done, it should be this guy, and I thought, so, is it a, is he an outlier or is the whole model wrong?", "And I started looking into that, and furthermore, I thought to myself, you're on the wrong track to me.", "You know, the way I'm going, 30 years from now, I'm gonna be explaining to my wife on a plane that I might as well be dead because I'm not very happy and I'm not gonna suddenly get happy.", "Let's be honest with ourselves.", "I'm on a treadmill here, and I gotta find some way to get off because that's where it ends, and I'm not happy now.", "So come on.", "And furthermore, I, looking at the data as a social scientist, I know perfectly that the people who tend to be most unhappy at the end of their lives are the people who achieve the most early in their lives.", "It's exactly the opposite of what the world tells us, because if you achieve a lot early on, you can never, ever live up to your impossibly high expectations and furthermore, when the party's over, you know it.", "You know what goes up must come down.", "Well, we see this played out in all kinds of ways.", "I mean, it's the high school quarterback whose glory days are, you know, behind him at 18, and never leaves.", "Right.", "The small town or, you know, the professional athlete who had a couple good years and has to retire at, you know, I don't know, 32, and then is faced with the prospect of trying to find something as exciting and as meaningful, which is a, you know, almost a fool's errand at that point, and it's a setup, right, because you think, well, how could my life already be over, and this idea that that sense of satisfaction that you get with setting out and then achieving these goals has any kind of lasting emotional impact that would give you some kind of sustainable sustenance later in life doesn't make any sense at all.", "It doesn't make sense on reflection, and yet your, the limbic system of your brain, your primordial processing center for appetites, the things that make you drink too much, the things that make you reactive when you're angry, they tell you it's gonna work, man.", "It's gonna work.", "Just stay on that treadmill.", "Mother Nature wants you to be, have a lot of fitness in your capacity to pass on your genes.", "She does not care if you're happy.", "She will trick you until the end of your life.", "The neurochemistry is both interesting and powerful here.", "Like, my lens for this type.", "Absolutely.", "Of thing is always through recovery and addiction, as somebody who's been in recovery for a long time.", "So it's clear, like when you lay it out, it's like, oh, well this is an addictive relationship with something that is steering you astray, but the neurochemistry of the constant dopamine hit and then the need for the bigger dopamine hit is a powerful means by which we can all dilute ourselves into thinking, well, yeah, but this next thing or this next thing is gonna satisfy it.", "Yeah, absolutely.", "Yeah, no, no.", "If I, you know, I'm finally gonna drink so much, I don't need to drink anymore.", "Nobody has ever said those words.", "(Rich laughing) You know, it's funny.", "It's, and, but there's an actually added layer of tyranny to this, which is that, you know, when you were in the worst parts of alcohol abuse, nobody said, Hey, Rich, good job.", "That's a lot of alcohol.", "I'm really impressed but if you're.", "Yeah, the social reward system is inverse to that.", "But if you're a hopeless success addict, and you know, and you work the 14th hour instead of the first hour with your children, you get patted on the back.", "Are you kidding me?", "'Cause you're just, you're a hard worker and you're successful and you're do, you're, they congratulate you, they admire you.", "Nobody admires somebody for doing five grams of cocaine on a Saturday night, but people.", "I know a few people who might.", "(Arthur chuckling) (Rich laughing) You're gifted.", "Yeah, yeah, yeah.", "But this is the key, but it presses the same levers.", "You know, hit the lever, get the cookie, which is how dopamine works.", "I mean, we understand this better and better.", "The anticipation of the reward is so powerful in creating the craving, whether it's a behavioral or chemical addiction.", "It all works the same way, and by the way, you notice that people who are really successful, who are success addicts, they tend to abuse alcohol more than people who are not.", "You know, the people, the, so high socioeconomic status, people who work really, really long hours, according to the OECD, you know, data across virtually every country, especially for men, they tend toward alcoholism, they turn toward drug abuse.", "They, these are.", "Well, maintaining that level of intensity, you need a, some kind of escape valve.", "Yeah, and there's also cross addiction.", "You know, dopamine is dopamine and these are, there's comorbidities between dopamine.", "This is one of the reasons that if you go to the doctor and if you have abused alcohol, the first thing that, and you say, I can't sleep, the doctor should not prescribe you Ambien, because you could get addicted to Ambien much more easily than somebody who's never engraved these dopaminergic pathways into the brain like, you know, Rich loves Susie on a tree that you're mortified to see for the rest of your life, even though the tree continued to grow, right?", "So explain this existential crisis that so many people face like, you kind of set the stage, but the experience of trying to reckon with this reality is something I think a lot of people can relate to.", "If they're not in it, they're inching towards it.", "Yeah, and this is especially true for strivers, you know, the people who wanna make a lot of their lives, the people who are trying to be their absolute best selves that they measure it in worldly terms, money, power, honor, which is, you know, admiration, or even the envy of other people.", "These are natural yardsticks that they use, but there's a couple of things that go wrong with that.", "Number one is this, is the satisfaction paradox.", "You actually can't find satisfaction by getting enough of those things.", "You will reset.", "There's a process that the brain, in any biological process in the human body is called homeostasis that takes you back to equilibrium, because if you stay out of equilibrium, you will die.", "You have to be ready for the next set of circumstances, whether it's physical or emotional, to be sure, but the bigger problem on this is that you will outrun your ability even to do the things that you did well, which is the thrust of what I'm, was writing about, what I've been writing about in my research.", "I mean, the strategic plan for the rest of my life.", "You find that what people who are really good early on, what they have in common is their, they face the puzzle of the fact that things weirdly that they were really good at and getting better at start getting harder in their 40s.", "So, and nobody else notices, 'cause if you're a real striver, whether you're in financial industry or you're a doctor or a lawyer or an electrician or a bus driver, and you're just good at what you do and you take pride in it, nobody's gonna notice when things that used to be easier are a little bit harder, that you're just, and you're not making progress anymore, but you notice.", "The thing is that what happens typically is in one's mid-40s, after working really hard, and just seeing things get easier and being congratulated because you do a good job that you're like, I don't, I'm kind of burning out.", "I'm kind of feeling bored by this.", "That's a signal that actually things have gotten harder.", "So your dentist at 45 starts taking Fridays off.", "Why are you taking Fri, I thought you loved being a?", "I used to love being a dentist, but you know, everybody gets bored.", "They're not bored.", "They're actually on the wrong side of their fluid intelligence curve.", "Fluid intelligence is your ability to innovate, your ability to focus, your ability to get better and better.", "You're a ninja at your job, and your 20s and 30s is when, it's like blue ocean, man.", "I mean, you're just like, you're getting your, and then your late 30s, you peak 'cause fluid intelligence peaks in your late 30s or early 40s, and you start to decline and people who try to stay on that curve, who try to keep their groove, who wanna be special in that particular way, woe be unto them because they're gonna ride that curve all the way down to the basement.", "They're gonna wind up like the man on the plane behind me.", "Yeah, a couple observations.", "First of all, baked into the DNA of the striver is going to be a denial of that declining fluid intelligence.", "Sure.", "They're just, they're gonna fight it all the way to the death and just try to outrun it basically, right.", "Yeah, just do harder and harder and harder work, 'cause it always worked in the past.", "Yeah, and what was, you know, somewhat dispiriting, there's a silver lining to it, but somewhat dispiriting is not only the inevitability of the decline of this fluid intelligence, but how early it comes a calling.", "Yeah, absolutely, and you can keep doing the thing that you're doing.", "I mean, I was perfectly fine doing what I was doing.", "I was running a company and I was, you know, super energetic doing all the things that I was doing, but I was noticing it was getting less satisfying and I didn't have the focus that I had before and I couldn't quite understand why, and I thought maybe it was because I was just less interested or I was out of steam or something, and what it was was I was on the wrong, I was on the downward part of my fluid intelligence curve, and I did not know that I was making a big mistake, which was the failure to recognize that that was not my only success curve, that there was another one behind it.", "Well, before we get to that though, so you're 58, right?", "Yes.", "I'm turning 58 in, yeah.", "May 21st.", "Okay.", "So almost 58.", "Yeah, yeah.", "Depends on when we air.", "Nobody would accuse you of having lost half a step though, right?", "Like, it's a self, it would have to be a self diagnosis, which would require.", "Yeah, it's you curing you.", "Like a level of, of like self-awareness and you know, enough inside work to be able to call yourself out.", "Truly, I mean, but this is the striver standard is you versus you that, what all strivers know is, they got better than they were before.", "The strivers', you know, sine qua non of excellence is I was better than yesterday.", "I mean, you're like a super athlete, and if you're losing a step in what you're actually doing athletically, that's bumming you out despite the fact that you're like, you're eating everybody's lunch for people who are your age.", "That means nothing to you.", "No, my visit to the pool today was, you know, it was a reckoning of, you know, with my own mortality.", "(Arthur chuckling) Yeah, but if you were swimming compared to me, you know, it'd be like.", "Yeah, but that doesn't count.", "Exactly right.", "Exactly right.", "You know?", "And so when you're losing a step compared to you yesterday, that's what's really, really painful, and so, you know the solution, the striver solution is to work harder, work longer, and this gets into this deeply, deeply dysfunctional, addictive behavior.", "Like when you're chasing the high, what do you get, how do you chase the high?", "More of the drug, more of the drug, and when you're getting less of the high back, because, you know, homeostasis and drug addiction and drug abuse means that you take more and get less and you simply have to do more and more and more.", "You're chasing the elusive high that actually comes from that, and that's what it's like to be on the wrong side of the fluid intelligence curve, mostly in your 40s, but at your 50s, but I know people in their 60s that are trying to keep up with the young guys, you know.", "They were the star litigator, they were a lawyer before and, you know, they come in, they can crack any case.", "They're gifted, and the guys in their 60s and 70s, or 50s even who are trying to keep up with the lawyers in their 20s and 30s, that's the wrong path.", "Yeah, you wanna be Cincinnatus.", "You don't wanna be the nattering old guy, you know, wandering down, you know, the hallway knocking on people's doors, right.", "(men laughing) It's true, but it's crazy.", "You know, when I first finished my doctorate and I was writing these papers that were so mathematically sophisticated that today, I can't understand them, and I wrote them when I was in my mid-30s and I can't understand them, and at first I thought, you know, when I was, when I was starting to lose my edge in this really pretty hardcore research that I thought that I needed to work harder, I needed to, you know, go back over my textbooks to relearn my math, to do that until I realized that this is the structure of the prefrontal cortex of my brain, and there was another path, there was a better path.", "Weirdly, this is not what we talk about.", "This is not the common knowledge because the success trajectory that's handed to us by our culture is get better, get better, get better, get 10,000 hours, you'll never get worse.", "You can be a star for the rest of your life, croak, done, and that was the tradition of the guy behind me on the plane, and by the way, when you look at the biographies of some of the greatest women and men through history, you find that they died bitterly unhappy because they were on the wrong side of their fluid intelligence curve.", "Right, so talk about, there's a couple really interesting examples.", "Like, you talk about Darwin and Pasteur, and you know, these guys that we, you know, if you don't really know their story, you would never imagine that they, you know, suffered this, you know, kind of their version of this.", "Yeah, the biographers that, biographers don't care about if you were unhappy.", "They care that you were great because that's what goes down in history.", "You know, this Rich Roll, you know, he had this, all these millions of listeners to his podcast, they don't talk about the fact that, you know, something might not have been going right in your emotional life.", "That's, because that's not interesting as far as the history, the strivers' concern.", "Charles Darwin is a perfect example of this.", "Charles Darwin was the, he was the king of the mambo when he was 27 years old.", "I mean, he came back from his voyage around the world where he visited the Galapagos Islands.", "It was the five year voyage of the Beagle that terminated from when he was 27, and he came back and dropped this atomic intellectual bomb, which later was known as his theory of natural selection.", "He was introducing the concept of evolution by his mid to late 20s, and he was almost overnight the most famous celebrated scientist in all of Europe.", "He was rich, he was famous.", "He was the guy on the plane early in life, quite frankly, or any striver that we can imagine who's, you know, he's killing it, and he earned it.", "I mean, he was no slouch, and he developed that over the next couple of decades, and then he hit a wall in his early 50s.", "He actually couldn't keep up mathematically with his own field because it was developing more and more and more.", "He needed the knowledge that today is what we call genetics, the field of genetics, which is just beyond his capacity, and so his forward progress stopped and he was not able to update.", "He couldn't, back in the old days, he wouldn't have been able to, he would've been able to learn this new knowledge, but for some reason he couldn't do it, and his creative work never made any more advances.", "He wrote like 11 more books after that, but it was all straw in his mouth, and he went to his death, regretting bitterly the disappointment that was the back half of his life.", "And it was Gregor Mendel who picked up the football and took it across the goal line.", "Yeah, interesting.", "Poor Gregor Mendel.", "He, I feel like he deserves more, you know, more recognition.", "Well, Gregor Mendel is an interesting case, 'cause for sure, I mean, a Czech monk who wrote his papers in German and who had invented the field of genetics didn't actually get super famous for it until after his own death because after he invented the field of genetics, he was promoted by his local bishop to be the abbot of his monastery, and he spent the rest of his life in management, doing human resource issues among the monks, and he died in.", "That's so crazy.", "And he died in relative humility serving his religious community so it's a kind of a different model, but in a way it's a better model.", "Well, better than Darwin for sure.", "Oh my, for sure, yeah, but the other thing is that he moved on from his fluid intelligence curve and then went on to serving other people.", "He went on to becoming a, he went from being a player to becoming a coach in his own way, which is interesting.", "Right, which is similar to the trajectory of Bach that you talked about in the book.", "Yeah, yeah.", "I mean, these biographies are interesting.", "As a social scientist, I have a tendency to be like, studies show, but it turns out that somebody's life shows can be more evocative and winds up, you know, helping me a lot more too.", "Bach is my favorite composer.", "I was a musician for many years and Bach was my favorite composer.", "He was, you know, unbelievably prolific.", "He lived 65 years, published more than 1,000 pieces of music for every instrumentation of his time and had 20 kids.", "This is prolific.", "20 kids.", "Wow.", "10 lived to adulthood, and most of them.", "How many wives, how many women?", "Two, I mean, his first beloved wife, Barbara, died after seven kids, and then his, and his second wife, who is his copyist had 13, his last 13 kids, and he was a fam, he was total family man, absolute family man, and, but what happened was the same thing that happened to Darwin, which is, his forward progress stopped when he was about 50 years old.", "He was the most celebrated composer of the high Baroque, which is this, you know, the music that we think of as Bach today was the rage.", "I mean, princes were seeking him out for commissions, and he was super famous in, all over Europe, as famous as you could be before social media, before that.", "He didn't have a podcast, but he was pretty good, you know?", "No.", "The Bachcast, he was very famous, and about age 50, he was supplanted because his own son, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, was developing a new musical style that took Europe by storm and left the high baroque in the dust, and Bach couldn't write in the new style.", "He just couldn't figure out how to write in the new style.", "He was too far down in his fluid intelligence curve.", "So he retooled his whole life, and he did it right by accident.", "He became the most celebrated beloved teacher of his time.", "He said, I'm gonna teach all different kinds of music, especially the high baroque.", "I'm gonna teach chorus, I'm gonna teach organ.", "I'm gonna write textbooks.", "He was literally, had his pen in his hand, writing a textbook called \"Die Kunst der Fuge,\" \"The Art of Fugue,\" when he croaked.", "It was, half a measure was written and his own son, who had supplanted him, wrote in the margins, \"at this point, the composer put down his pen and died.\"", "He was like.", "Right.", "Strong finish, and he was surrounded in his ultimate, his last days, helping others, writing a textbook.", "The textbook by the way, is played as music in concerts today.", "Imagine writing a textbook so incredible that it's read as literature.", "That's what this is today, but at the time he was like, I don't know, he's like an expert in disco.", "Beats me.", "That's what we would think of as anachronistic at the time, and when he died, he died happy because he was known as the greatest teacher of his time, and he felt like he was serving other people.", "He was on his second curve, which is what the man on the plane missed, which is what Charles Darwin missed, which is what Linus Pauling missed, which is what so many strivers, what you and I are in danger of missing.", "Right.", "Unless we can understand what that second curve is.", "(intense music) Prophets walk among us.", "As a writer and podcaster for nearly 10 years, I've become more convinced than ever that our world is populated by scores of beautiful and brilliant people who have amazing stories to share, those that we don't know who can teach us something new and leave us all the better for the experience of their sharing, and so I've dedicated my career to tracking down the most compelling prophets on the planet, going deep with each of them on my podcast to elucidate the best of what they have to offer and to sharing the insights gleaned for the benefit of all, but the podcast is not the only medium by which to share their stories, which is why I'm proud to announce the release of my new book, \"Voicing Change: Volume II.\"", "More than mere words on paper, \"Voicing Change\" is a physical manifestation of the magic, inspiration, and timeless wisdom that transpires each week on \"The Rich Roll Podcast.\"", "The first edition of \"Voicing Change\" was a beautifully rendered book worthy of display on any coffee table and Volume II follows in that tradition by showcasing even more of my favorite conversations in an elegant publication replete with interview excerpts, essays, and stunning photography, making for an exquisite companion to the first volume or a satisfying standalone work.", "Picking up this book allows you to revisit the wisdom of your favorite everyday prophets and physically interact with the life changing ideas contained within.", "\"Voicing Change: Volume II\" available now while supplies last for a limited time.", "Order your copy today only at richroll.com.", "Right, so the second curve involves this reckoning with your declining fluid intelligence.", "In 12 step, they would say, you know, it's a moment of clarity that must visit upon you where you realize that you have a problem, and then the first step towards, you know, embarking on this second curve is a recognition and a cultivation of crystallized intelligence.", "So let's explain that a little bit.", "There's a social psychologist in the middle of the 20th century named Raymond Cattell, who noticed that there was kind of two kinds of geniuses, and what he meant was people who have exceptional ability and accomplishment.", "One blooms super early, and they have innovative capacity, the ability to focus, solve problems, and they're kind of sole proprietors, big early stars, and you would see them in law, in science, in, you know, almost every field.", "There's a second kind of genius that blooms really late, like 50s and 60s.", "These are the ones who are more historians.", "They assemble other facts that actually exist.", "They use a vast intellectual library.", "They're better at working with people and forming teams.", "They're much better teachers.", "So applied mathematicians, for example, they use the theories that have been developed by other people in new and creative ways, but assembling them, they bloom really late.", "Theoretical mathematicians, bloom really, really early, and so he called the first fluid intelligence, which is what Darwin had and which he declined.", "The second, he called crystallized intelligence, which is wisdom, the ability to recognize patterns, take information from other people, and put it into coherent stories and teach it.", "That's what it comes down to.", "That's what Bach did, it turns out, and there's these two different intelligence curves.", "Now, later on, research showed very clearly that everybody gets both.", "We all get both.", "Now, not everybody recognizes both.", "Darwin didn't recognize both, and a lot of people, they have a lot of, you know, they stumble a lot early in their lives until they don't actually realize their own form of genius until they are much later, because they have a misspent youth, for example.", "Those are the people who only recognize the crystallized intelligence, but properly understood, we both get both and the mistake that we make is not walking from one to the other, but trying to stay on the first.", "Or just holding onto the former until you know, that ship is so capsized that making the transition into the latter becomes much more complicated.", "Yeah, for sure and bitter, and you, through bitterness, you can live in the past.", "Right.", "So, crystallized intelligence is more about synthesizing information, pattern recognition, also leveraging a lifetime of experience to, you know, have some kind of wisdom to share, and then really it's about channeling it in service.", "I mean, we explored this with Chip.", "You know, he calls it being a modern elder, right, but whether.", "Right.", "You're a teacher or a mentor or an advisor, what have you, it's really just a giving back of what you have, you know, accumulated over the years.", "Your knowledge, right, and every profession.", "But for a striver also, it's sort of like, yeah, but it's about, it's about me getting, right.", "I know.", "Like, what do you mean I'm giving this away?", "Totally, totally.", "I mean, it's, the hubris that comes from the first curve is so hard to kick.", "It's so hard to kick and part of this, because the accolades that you get as the sole proprietor, as the super ninja.", "Well, you have to be the, you have to be a bit of the man in the shadows.", "You're the guy behind the guy.", "A lot.", "Yeah, and so this is the interesting thing.", "So you find that, you can find it in almost any profession.", "So you go from researcher to teaching professor.", "You go from, in your former line of work, the star litigator to the managing partner, or in entrepreneurship, you go from the innovator, the startup entrepreneur to the venture capitalist, 'cause the venture capitalist, the most successful ones are pure crystallized intelligence, and you don't find venture capitalists who are 25 who were very successful because they don't actually have the perspective and the pattern recognition built up through the school of hard knocks.", "You actually need to be a prob, most need to be a really good entrepreneur, and with that just incredible focus that comes from the crystallized intelligence curve and then walk onto the second curve where you can pick out the ninjas.", "Right, right, right.", "Pick the winners.", "In your case, when you became a professor at Harvard, was that a conscious decision of embracing crystallized, you know.", "Completely.", "This crystallized intelligence, or was it a happenstance sort of thing where it just seemed interesting?", "It was on purpose.", "It was on purpose.", "Oh it was, wow.", "I mean, I gotta eat my own cooking.", "Yeah.", "And I had done this research to find out how, I was in the middle of an executive career that I understood, it looked like it had a dead end for me, and I did the research and find out that sure enough, I was probably five years late on my fluid intelligence curve, and I said, okay, what is my crystallized intelligence curve?", "I'm an academic, I'm an idea guy.", "I'm a social scientist.", "Right.", "Write, speak, and teach.", "Write, speak, and teach.", "So, I'm gonna stick it to you a little bit here.", "Got it.", "Because what I see is a guy who has a lot of self-awareness who understood that his life in the think tank world inside the Beltway and all of that had kind of run its course and was sort of providing diminishing returns to your well-being, et cetera.", "You make this pivot, you become a professor.", "As a social scientist you got interested in this particular subject matter, you write this book, but the book's a instant number one \"New York Times\" best seller.", "(Arthur chuckling) It seems like, and I'm sure this wasn't your lived experience, but it seems like you went from kind of public intellectual to happiness guru almost overnight, and ever since, have you not been on some version of the hedonic treadmill, going from speaking engagement to speaking engagement to podcast to, you were just in Half Moon Bay.", "It was \"The Atlantic\" Happiness Conference that you were hosting and you're publishing all these articles on \"The Atlantic\" and you're on the news, and, you know, you're on the, all the shows and all that kind of stuff.", "(Arthur chuckling) Like, are you not rushing around chasing some kind of validation in this like, second or third act of your life?", "And I, no judgment.", "Yeah, yeah.", "Like, listen, you know, I'm like, you know, I mean, we'll get to that, but like, you know, I'm just interested in how, even if you're, if you were to disagree with me, how do you know the difference?", "Yeah, I know.", "You obviously, you've been talking to my wife.", "Just pure observation.", "No, that's, it's ironic.", "Yeah.", "You know, it's ironic that I, you know, I talk about the success addiction and how to break it such that you can get on your second curve, which requires clarity and humility.", "And just by dint of talking about that a lot, you've fallen back into it.", "It's like, people are like, yeah, for sure, for sure.", "Look, I mean, it's like, I'm a, it's like a, those experiments in the 1950s of primates where they could self-administer cocaine and within six hours, they were sitting in front of the lever hitting it until they died.", "I mean, I'm a cocaine monkey.", "I mean, I want, I'm hungry to talk about this, to spread these ideas to be sure, but I gotta be careful because I can actually turn this right back into something else.", "Now, it's a different kind of work.", "It's not a fluid intelligence work because writing, speaking, and teaching is synthesizing ideas.", "Right, and it is a, you are mentoring the world by passing on this very valuable message to people.", "It's teaching.", "But it's about your ego's relationship for all of that.", "For sure, absolutely.", "I mean, it's an absolutely astute observation, a fair one at that.", "I mean, it's, when you have, when you strike while the iron is hot and I'm doing something that is associated with the excellence of the fluid intelligence curve in a younger man, for sure, and so I have to ask myself, where does this lead?", "Does this lead to ever bigger and greater?", "Does this lead to something, and as soon as I start thinking that, at least have the presence of mind to say, no, this is a temporary phenomenon.", "You're spreading these particular ideas, but this is not forever and.", "Keep telling yourself that.", "Well, I'm now lashing myself to the mast.", "I'm on this popular podcast telling you, but I have to be careful because I'm a dopamine guy.", "I really am.", "Aren't we all?", "I mean, we're built for this.", "Right.", "This is.", "I mean 100%, I am.", "Yeah, yeah.", "And it's like, we're two guys in our mid to late 50s who, on some level, you know, one thing we share is that we're both hitting a certain kind of stride, right, in our lives, and I came to this very late and I feel like I finally found this thing that like, I'm good at that people seem to enjoy.", "Right.", "And I wanna make hay while I can, and so I'm gonna sit in that, you know, that denial mode of, I don't need to recognize my declining fluid intelligence, but part of what I get to do here is synthesize information and share other people's Wisdom and pass that along.", "So there is a kind of teaching, kind of advisory mentorship piece to all of it, but there's also a big ego piece.", "Yeah.", "Like, how many people are watching and listening and like, how big can I make this and will this lead to something else, and you know, all of that kind of stuff, which is really, it's dangerous and it's intoxicating, and when you told the story in the book about the woman, the Wall Street executive, who, you know, was very unhappy, but very successful and said, yeah, but maybe I just want to be, maybe I'd rather be special than happy, and I was like, that was like a gut punch, 'cause I've entertained that.", "Like, I'm a pretty happy guy, but I go through periods of being exhausted and burned out and stressed and somewhat unhappy and thinking, yeah, but like I get to do this thing and I feel really special doing it.", "Totally, totally, and that hits the same circuits that you, that lit you up.", "Like, I haven't had a drink in 19 years.", "This is like having a drink.", "It hits the same circuit.", "Yeah, it's the same neurochemistry.", "Sure, sure This is, I mean, cross addictions are, exist all over the place, and there's a reason that you have to be, especially if you have monkeyed up your dopamine with substances or behaviors at a previous point in your life, you have to be especially adroit.", "You have to be awake to these types of behaviors, and at very least to be metacognitive about them to understand exactly what's going on for at least.", "Look, Rich, you just told me you're doing it.", "You didn't, you're not accidentally doing it.", "Not somebody said, discovering this.", "You're, you have the self-awareness to do this because you have recovered from, from, you know, something, being in the grips of that.", "You're not.", "Right, but as they would say in 12 step, self-awareness will avail you nothing.", "(Arthur chuckling) Self-awareness.", "I can call myself out, but if I don't alter my behavior.", "Correct, correct, and my guess is that you do alter your behavior, but the question is whether or not, you know, you're work, yes, you're working in a liquor store.", "Yeah.", "And so there is constant temptation and there is a little bit of backsliding, but we have to take care of ourselves.", "We, there is a balance.", "I am, I want to serve people.", "I want to lift people up.", "My mission with my crystallized intelligence is, I am going for the rest of my life to lift people up and bring them together in bonds of happiness and love using my ideas.", "That's what I'm going to do, and when there's a ton of attention on that, it's risky.", "It really is risky, but I can't, and you can't.", "But the valence of that message, like the depth and the resonance of that message is directly correlated to the extent to which you are walking that talk.", "So the minute that you're out of balance with it.", "Yes.", "That message is not gonna land.", "It's weakened, absolutely.", "Yeah.", "And so I have to be very careful with that.", "I have to have an exit strategy from this particular point.", "This doesn't lead to lead to something else to something else, and then suddenly, you know what?", "Then I'll be happy.", "Then I'll be happy.", "Right.", "I have to, I make sure I'm not fooling myself.", "There's the new thing, you know, that's always right around the corner that's gonna satisfy that thing.", "Exactly right.", "That's exactly right.", "Well, you sat at the foot of a guru in India who declared that your wife was your guru.", "Right.", "So what, does your wife keep you in check with this or, she's got the clarity.", "Yeah, for sure.", "To say, hey man, come home.", "Yeah, no, she understand, for absolutely, absolutely.", "I mean, she.", "Sure Miami was great.", "Yeah, that was.", "(Rich laughing) How was Rich's podcast?", "I talked to her right before we started.", "She says, well, enjoy that, you know, enjoy that, but come home, and that's really important because left unmediated, it can be a really dangerous thing.", "You can, and you know, it's really, I mean, somebody, and you're not the first person to recognize the irony that I'm talking about, be careful with your ambition because it's as addictive as any drug and then being very ambitious about the message of talking about tempering your ambitions.", "Right.", "This is the, kind of the nested structure of actually how these things work.", "Yeah, the lattice work of that is kind of so beautifully constructed, right.", "Yeah, yeah.", "That if you're out of synchronicity with it, it'll just fracture.", "Wheels inside wheels, man, and so, yeah.", "so my wife, Esther, is truly my guru and has, it's time for me to come home and we have a time limit.", "By the middle of June, this era will have passed.", "Yeah.", "This epic will have passed.", "Yeah, all right.", "Well may, I'm gonna put it in my calendar and call you on that day.", "(Arthur chuckling) All right, so one of the things that I appreciate about the work that you do is that it's rooted in science.", "You're a social scientist, but as you have sort of written about repeatedly, social science is very good at kind of pointing out these problems, but not always so great at the practical kind of off ramp or on ramp to, you know, altering your behavior pattern.", "Right.", "So we can say, look, you gotta get off the hedonic treadmill.", "You know, you've gotta let go of your attachment to your fluid intelligence, all of these things, but there are, those are very, you know, ephemeral notions, right?", "So let's root this in practicalities with maybe first, some thoughts on like, what would make somebody happy?", "What is happiness?", "How do we make this transition gracefully so that we can actually follow that curve of be being even happier, like that arc continues to go upward, right, through our 60s and our 70s if we can keep our health intact.", "Right, yeah.", "To continually get more happier as we age.", "Right, and the way to understand that is to begin with, what are we try, what's the hole in our souls that we're trying to fill with the success that we're pursuing in our fluid intelligence curve.", "It virtually always has to do with love, and why?", "Because, you know, we can get more validation.", "We can get more satisfaction early on by sacrificing the non-special love relationships, and by being successful.", "I mean, that's how people behave, and so what do we need?", "If we're fearful of what it would mean to not be successful, we have to remedy that fear by surrounding in love.", "Fear and love are opposites.", "They are cognitive and philosophical opposites.", "Love and hatred are not opposites.", "Hatred is downstream from fear.", "When we are fearful of being unsuccessful, the remedy to that is more love and love only comes from human beings.", "So what you find is that the happiness 401k plan that, you know, what you need to invest in all along the way, which as the, you know, the great thing about it is a 401k plan and money means you have to sacrifice.", "Now, you don't have to sacrifice now.", "You actually enjoy now, and into the future is in the categories of faith, family, friendship, and work that serves other people.", "The more that we invest in those particular things, the more that we can actually step away from these hyper-validating, but ultimately unsatisfactory accomplishments on the fluid intelligence curve, and so one of the things that I talked about is, how do you start your spiritual walk when you're 45 years old and you've, you're a declared agnostic and think it's all woo woo and nonsense.", "How do you reestablish a relationship with your spouse and kids when that has become cordial at best?", "How do you kick a success addiction that is deeply rooted in the neuromodulator, that's just keeping you chained to that sense of success.", "How do you break those ideas?", "And so those shackles, and so these are the things that we actually talk about.", "That's what I talk about in the book.", "It's reestablishing love relationships and replacing the substitutes for love that will never truly satisfy you.", "Yeah, it's beautifully put.", "The dilemma, of course, being for the striver who has, you know, not been there for their kids, and really hasn't been super present for their partner, has shunned any relationship with faith, and has lost touch with most of his or her friends because of that allegiance to the career track, becomes a sticky wicket to undo, and you go through kind of a series of, you know, the common things that come up.", "Like, I don't even know how to do that or, you know, I would feel it would be embarrassing for me to call this friend that I haven't spoken to in 20 years, and I've been going through a version of this, like, I noticed that, you know, I'm raising kids, I'm working really hard.", "It's like, I don't have time for much else.", "Yeah.", "And I miss my friends.", "Yeah.", "And I realize like, that's work and that takes like, an intentionality and carving time out, and I'm trying, you know, and I don't always do such a great job, but I really started to recognize in the last couple years, like I miss my friends and I not only do I want them in my life, like I need them, and if I don't sort of water that garden, I'm, it's gonna be really difficult.", "It just gets harder and harder.", "Yeah, yeah.", "There's a movement.", "I mean, given the fact that traditionally the loneliest people in America are 60 year old men, right?", "60 year old men, it's like the, not 60 year old women.", "It turns out that 60 year old women tend to be pretty good because they.", "Women are much better at this.", "At friendship.", "Yeah.", "They're better at friendship because they put the time in on friendship, you know?", "And that's why women, for example, they recover six months after being widowed, typically to their old level of happiness where men never do.", "I told my wife that.", "She's like, huh.", "(men laughing) Noted, good to know.", "Now the widow Brooks, you know, like, I guess it'll be okay, but it's.", "Right.", "So, and so what do they do?", "There's, in a couple of countries, there's this thing called the men's sheds movement.", "And what it is is that men who retire 65 or 70 years old, they retire and their wives drop them off to, in these like sheds where they do woodworking in parallel with other guys.", "I'm like.", "You talk about like, it's the parallel play date.", "Totally, totally parallel play, which is what kids.", "That is so infantile, it's hilarious.", "Totally, 'cause they don't look at each other so the guys already don't how to talk to each other.", "They're making a bird house together, something.", "You know, it's sad, right?", "You don't wanna be dropped off at a shed, you know, to make a birdhouse with a stranger because you don't know how to make friends.", "It's like you're completely.", "Or you were too afraid to call your friend that you haven't seen in a long time.", "Yeah, and so the key is actually you.", "So one of the things that I recommend is that, the four are, you know, faith, family, friends, and work, but strivers over-index on work and under-index on the other three, so the key is to right now start making a proper investment in the first three.", "So everybody should be reading, I don't mean a traditional religious faith necessarily.", "I mean, you need to read some wisdom literature and engage in something that is transcendent every single day.", "Right, as a practice.", "Yeah, everything, that means 15 to 30 minutes of reading something, the stoic philosophers, or literally studying the theory of the work of Johann Sebastian Bach or walking in meditation with a walking meditation in the forest, whatever that is free or rediscovering the faith of your youth, whatever it happened, or at least looking at that.", "The second is family and friends, you should be sending, we all should be sending a text or email in each one of those categories every single day.", "How are you, how did that thing turn out?", "You know, I was just thinking about you today, whatever it happens to be just to touch, just touch, touch, touch, and then start, you can grow it from there, but when these relationships are fallow, they're very difficult to, especially when it's like, hey, I just retired.", "Wanna be friends again?", "It doesn't work that way.", "Right.", "We need to.", "And family is insufficient on its own or just turning to your spouse.", "Your immediate family, for sure.", "Yeah, I mean, one of the things that you find is the 60 year old man often will, they'll, the strivers in particular will retire and they, you know, they've got enough money for example, and they'll just want to hang out with their spouse all day long.", "The spouse is like, I got a life, man, I got a life and they don't want that, and that's intensely lonely because they actually don't have that closer relationship with their spouse, but it's the friend at hand, and if you don't actually create these roots, it's interesting because the metaphor that I like to think of is the aspen tree, which looks stately and solid and solitary, you know.", "It's the striver.", "It's like, yeah, sometimes I'm lonely, but you can count on me.", "You can take shade under me, and this, the aspen tree is actually a great metaphor for the way that we should be living because it's one single root system.", "All aspen trees in a particular grove are one plant.", "The largest living organism in the world is called Pando.", "It's an 106 acre Aspen stand in Utah.", "That's six million kilograms of wood, and that's really who we are.", "If you're thinking about, you know, the height of your tree and the, you know, the glorious of your leaves, you're getting it wrong.", "You're the, that your, the health of your tree is actually the health of the next tree.", "You know, you need to be cultivating your root system because your life is that next tree, and you need to be, to see yourself in your children, to see yourself in your friends.", "They're, the Buddhists say that individuality is an illusion that it is literally an illusion that Rich and Arthur are different guys.", "That's how the Buddhists see it, and that's a very sophisticated philosophy, but it's easier to understand somewhat conceptually and that's what we need to attain.", "Yeah, and that really underscores the difference between east and west.", "I mean, the idea that, you know, there is no such thing as separateness versus the rugged individualism of the west that breeds the striver to build these paeans to his ego and to, you know, harken to the world that he is the self-made man.", "Yeah.", "Like, it's difficult for that, you know, identity construct to then say, yes, I'm a root system, you know, tied to everything else.", "You have to deprogram all of that to get back to that essential truth.", "For sure, and it's interesting.", "You know, I have, since doing this work, I've cultivated friendships.", "I have a very close friend in Atlanta, somebody that, we talk about things that matter.", "We text each other about things that matter.", "You have a shed.", "What's that?", "No sheds, no birdhouses.", "(men laughing) I have a friend here in San Francisco, here in California that I talk to two times a week on the telephone.", "I mean, he is 80, I'm 58.", "I learn a lot from him.", "I love him, I love him.", "I mean, he's just such an interesting person, but we have a real friendship.", "This is the key.", "The key to remember is when you're thinking about the people around you, ask yourself, put 'em in a category.", "I make my students do this at Harvard, you know, because my students are MBA students.", "They're big achievers, big strivers.", "I make 'em take all, say take your 20 closest friends and put 'em on a piece of paper and put a line down the piece of paper and put in one column real, and the other column deal, and put your friends in one of those two groups.", "And it was your kid that came up with that idea, right?", "Yeah, it was my kid.", "Real friends or deal friends.", "Yeah, I was talking to a guy on the phone and it was, he was, I was actually delaying a fishing trip, 'cause I was talking to a guy on the phone and you know, a long time, a long conversation about a deal.", "We were doing a deal, and afterward he said, who's that, dad?", "He's 11, and he said, who's that dad?", "I said, it was a friend.", "He said, really?", "He said, a real friend or a deal friend?", "Right.", "Clever boy.", "Clever boy.", "Yeah, that's a, that's gold, that's a good one.", "It's a good one.", "Now, that boy now is a sniper in the US Marine Corps.", "Oh wow.", "6'5\", 4.3% body fat.", "(Rich chuckling) All right.", "Yeah.", "Fluid intelligence intact.", "Yeah, yeah, yeah.", "It's fluid intelligence, tattoos, large explosions, and love for America.", "Wow, okay.", "Sorry to interrupt the flow.", "We'll be right back with more awesome, but I wanna snag a moment to talk to you about the importance of nutrition.", "The thing is, most people I know actually already know how to eat better and aspire to incorporate more whole plants, more fruits, vegetables, seeds, beans, and legumes into their daily routine.", "Sadly, however, without the kitchen tools and support, very few end up sticking with it.", "So, because adopting a plant-based diet transformed my life so profoundly, and because I want everybody to experience some version of what I've experienced, we decided to tackle and solve this very common problem.", "The solution we've devised, I'm proud to say, is the PlantPower Meal Planner, our affordable all in one digital platform that sets you up for nutrition excellence by providing access to thousands of highly customizable, super delicious and easy to prepare plant-based recipes.", "Everything integrates with automatic grocery delivery and you get access to our amazing team of nutrition coaches seven days a week and many other features.", "To learn more and to sign up, visit meals.richroll.com, and right now, for a limited time, we're offering $10 off an annual membership when you use the promo code RRHEALTH at checkout.", "This is life-changing stuff, people, for just a $1.70 a week, literally the price of a cup of coffee.", "Again, that's meals.richroll.com, promo code RRHEALTH for $10 off an annual membership.", "All right, let's get back to the show.", "Obviously, we're, you know, the driving principle here is to extend your happiness later in life, but like, explain to me how you think about happiness.", "Like, what is that concept?", "What is happiness?", "How do you define happiness, 'cause there's so many different ideas around how to think about this?", "Yeah, so saying happiness gets people's attention because they know they want it, but then when they think about it, they don't know what it is, and so I ask my students on the first day of class and then look, it's a hard class to get into.", "There's a lot of competition to get into the class.", "So I say, look, you're in this class, you bid your points, 'cause this is sort of a point system for getting electives at Harvard Business School.", "It's a market and I say, so you must know what it is, right?", "What is it?", "And they'll go around and say, it's the feeling I get when I remember.", "Wrong.", "Happiness is not a feeling anymore than the smell of the turkey is your Thanksgiving dinner.", "That's evidence of your Thanksgiving dinner.", "Your feeling is evidence of it.", "If we look at the happiest people and the unhappiest people, the happiest people have in common three macronutrients, like you and I are interested in this stuff.", "If I say, what is the Thanksgiving dinner, you're gonna say, because you're a, you know, a guy who knows this stuff, it's protein, carbohydrates, and fat.", "That's what your Thanksgiving dinner, literally your Thanksgiving dinner is proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.", "You're making your macros or not if you're gonna be healthy.", "Happiness has three macronutrients, enjoyment, satisfaction, and purpose, which you need in balance and abundance, and if you don't have all those three, you're not gonna be a happy person.", "So when I talk to somebody who says, I'm just, and you know, when you're a happiness specialist, people talk to you like they're a psychiatrist, and so I'll talk to, you know, very powerful people say, frankly, I'm just not happy.", "I will look at their macronutrient profile in the same way that if you said, ah, my digestion's all goofed up.", "Well probably, you're not eating, you're not getting the right macros.", "Yeah.", "And ordinarily, what I'll find with strivers is that they're very high in stoic work ethic to get a whole lot of long term meaning, and they're very low in enjoyment.", "They're very low in enjoyment.", "What I find if I'm talking to undergraduate students, they're very high in enjoyment on the basis of the high dose of pleasure.", "They're sort of Epicurious in their outlook and they're very low in meaning.", "They're not getting a whole lot of meaning or they're, what they're, if they're real success junkies, they're trying to get as much satisfaction as they can, and it's elusive because they're on the treadmill.", "You know, it's like work hard, get the hit, you know?", "Okay, well that was good for a week.", "The new car smell lasts for like a week.", "You know, the people always say, you know, it's the California phenomenon.", "There's a lot of research on this, about how long you'll be satisfied if you move to California, and the answer is the sunshine will give you satisfaction for six months, but the taxes are forever, you know.", "Careful with, I mean, yeah, sorry.", "I'm not trying to hurt you, Rich.", "(Rich laughing) I've made my peace with that, but go ahead.", "It is a nice place.", "So the point is that the balance that you need in the macronutrient profile of happiness is really the best way to diagnostically understand how happy you are.", "That's where I actually start.", "That's the definition, satisfaction, enjoyment, plus meaning and purpose, and they all have a big science behind them.", "Right.", "So enjoyment is sort of pleasure with this elevated sensibility.", "Plus elevation, yeah.", "Plus, it's basically pleasure enjoyed in communion.", "So, you know, you get pleasure from eating the turkey at Thanksgiving dinner.", "You get enjoyment from eating it and making a memory of doing it with people that you actually love such that you can actually get happiness from it for a long time afterward.", "Right.", "Satisfaction, that's, you know, kind of a striver thing, right, like we get that sense of satisfaction in the pursuit of something, right?", "That's a goal met, the joy of a reward, but, which is very elusive as Mick Jagger reminds us that you can't get no satisfaction, but you can hack it.", "You can actually hack it if you understand and go against, you can get enduring or at least lasting satisfaction if you'll go against your nature, which is a really interesting body of literature, because it reminds us again, that Mother Nature doesn't care if we're happy.", "Mother Nature wants to fool us again and again and again and again to hit the lever because it makes us more genetically fit.", "It helps us to pass on our genes by having more money, more power, more honor than the troglodyte in the next cave who has fewer animal skins, and, but it won't, but we think that that car will bring us lasting satisfaction.", "You have to hack that matrix and you can get lasting satisfaction.", "Right.", "The purpose piece is a little bit more complicated and elusive though.", "Yeah.", "Purpose piece is in a way the most beautiful and one that you're, I know you're well aware of.", "You know, and listen to this podcast and you learn a lot very quickly.", "It takes about five episodes before you put together your biography, which is one of struggle and pain and sacrifice because of a lot of things that happened to you in your life, but who you are as a man has everything to do with what you've suffered.", "That is, it's part of who you are as a person.", "It, you know, if I were, not being a mental health professional, but being a listener to this show and a specialist in this area, I would say that that meaning and purpose for you are simply intertwined with the suffering that you've had with substance abuse, for example, with the relationships that suffered as a result of that, and that's the cosmic truth of meaning and one that's really elusive for all young people today who are psychological hedonists.", "They're spending all of their energy and time trying to avoid unhappiness.", "What that does is that, when you avoid pain, you're avoiding meaning.", "You're avoiding learning what your purpose is through resiliency, what you're capable of, and the lessons you're supposed to learn, and you're avoiding your, to avoid your unhappiness is to avoid your happiness, which is that you, we need pain, we need sacrifice.", "Yeah, it's so true, and so convoluted to understand, but it's absolutely essential and I think that's a very accurate, you know, sort of notion of how I think about this because my satisfaction and my purpose have been sort of gilded out of unhappiness and suffering and toil, but a search for meaning within that, and then an act of service in trying to return what I've learned along the way, and so it's not an Epicurean happiness.", "I mean, it's fun to talk to you and we'll have a couple laughs and all of that, but it's really more of a meaning-driven thing, and so I think of happiness as being a byproduct of pursuing meaning, of being of service, of trying to align my actions with my values, because happiness isn't something that you can grab.", "It's only the result of these other endeavors and it's fleeting at best.", "It's, so it's best not to really even think about happiness or be in its pursuit because I feel like it's a trap.", "Well, the pursuit is of its macronutrients to make sure that you are doing, you have you have proper hygiene, that you have the right habits.", "Think about the habits as opposed to the happiness itself.", "So one, the best way for people to get happier immediately is to think in sort of three steps.", "The first is do the work and to do the work you need to, you need self-knowledge, you need understanding, and you, maybe that comes from your religious practice.", "Maybe that comes from, you know, reading a happiness book about the science of happiness.", "Maybe that comes from sitting at your grandmother's knee and writing down everything she says for a week.", "Whatever it is, do the work.", "You know, if you said, hey, man, I wish I knew more calculus, I'd say, buy a book, right?", "I would say, do the work.", "Don't wish you knew more math, do the work.", "The second is to practice it in your life.", "You know, people, if you can't just read a book about golf and become a better golfer, you actually have to golf.", "You have to learn, and then you have to golf, and happiness is a hands-on business by practicing the habits of happiness, faith, family, friends, and work, loving other people, intensively, purposively, and then the last is really the most important, which is you gotta share it.", "You have to teach others.", "You know, what I'm trying to do is I'm trying to create a happiness movement of a nation of happiness professors.", "I want us to hold each other accountable for this.", "I mean, it's so valuable to me that you notice the irony of what I'm actually doing, which is not good for my happiness hygiene and talking about happiness.", "That's what brothers are supposed to do for each other.", "I mean that, and when we hold each other accountable, we give each other suggestions, when we actually teach, this is the ultimate act of metacognition where you're not being managed by anything.", "You're managing it by making it fully human, by observing it, by putting it into the prefrontal cortex of your big, wonderful human brain.", "One, two, three, understand, practice, share.", "That's the secret.", "Yeah.", "The sharing piece is so powerful.", "I mean, I just, as you're explaining that, I'm just thinking of Chip, you know, down in Baja with his modern wisdom, modern.", "Modern Elder Academy.", "Yeah, Modern Elder Academy where he is teaching, you know, this elder wisdom and the experience that he had at Airbnb, where he got to, you know, practice that crystallized intelligence to be of service to these young founders, and it's confusing.", "I said to him, I said, why isn't that experience that you had at Airbnb a case study, Harvard Business School case study that should be taught?", "Like, why doesn't every company have their version of that that business school students are studying and understanding the value of?", "Yeah, no, for sure, and one of the things that Chip Conley is, I mean, I think very highly of Chip Conley.", "He has magnificently transformed his own career into one that actually is with crystallized intelligence, passing on these ideas to other people and lifting them up.", "In such a beautiful way, and I feel like he isn't on the hedonic treadmill and his ego is exactly where it's meant to be right now.", "Like, he has such a healthy relationship with what he does and he's so generous of heart and spirit in that.", "Yeah, I agree.", "I mean, you feel it in his presence.", "Yeah, absolutely, and one of the things that he's, as a practical matter, that he points out to all of us and some of the, one of the things that I'm at the Harvard Business School that I'm promoting as much as I possibly can is trying to see one of the problems in America, in our business climate today is it's too heavily loaded on fluid intelligence.", "How is it that social media and the tech industry have gone from the pinnacle of respect for, in capitalism to near the bottom in 15 years, where people are worried that social media's creating a harmful product or has a harmful culture, or is anti-competitive or whatever happens to be?", "It has everything to do with the fact that there's unforced errors across these business models in the way that these things are working.", "Look, I have tons of respect for these people.", "These are my friends, they're your friends too, but the truth is, there's not enough old people in this process.", "There's too much fluid intelligence.", "There's not enough crystallized intelligence.", "My view is that, and Chip gave me this idea, quite frankly, that every product marketing and team and C-suite of every company in America needs more people over 70.", "You know, I was saying, I was gonna tell this story.", "When I was lecturing, I was giving a talk at a tech company in the Valley, and they were talking about, they asked, somebody asked me about diversity, which was, you know, people of color and women who are coding and doing engineering work, and that's, it's a diversity problem for sure, and I talked about that, but then I said, speaking of diversity, how many old people work here?", "Like, I mean over 30, right.", "That's the problem.", "Yeah.", "I pointed this out to Chip though, and I'm interested in your thoughts on this.", "This is certainly true in startup culture, but if you're at a Fortune 500 company or some giant legacy conglomerate, you know, DuPont or Coca-Cola or something like that, I would suspect that the C-suites are filled with, you know, septuagenarians who are well past their fluid intelligence curve, who are sticking around too long, and in that case, you need the younger person to hold those people accountable, because that's equally broken.", "We need diversity.", "I mean, that's why diversity is really important, but the kind of diversity that we really lack in America today is age diversity.", "Age diversity.", "We need, and it's weird because we have this system for, you know, your kids are going through grades in school where they stay with the same age over and over and over again, and that lack of diversity, that lack of intergenerational diversity, but even among students four, five, and six years apart who can teach each other, that's a real debility.", "That's a big weakness that we have in our society today, and so we have a tendency to hang out with people more or less our age, you know, hang out with a couple more or less your age, and I made a conscious effort to not do that.", "I have friends who are younger than me and I have friends who are a couple of decades or 30 years younger than me, and I have have friends who are 30 years older than me 'cause it's way more interesting and fun among other things, but I also had learned more.", "Yeah.", "When you're teaching this class at Harvard Business School, well there's, let me say this.", "So, in recovery, you know, there's this understanding like, you can't will somebody else to get sober.", "Like, they have to have their own, you know, intrinsic willingness or receptivity and everybody, it's a timing thing.", "Like you have to be ready to do the work to get sober.", "Not everybody is.", "When you're kind of espousing the virtues of this way of thinking and approaching your life to these young strivers, what is the receptivity level like?", "Does it land for them or how, what is your sense of how it's being processed by people who are at the very beginning of venturing out into the world and you know, in their attempt to conquer it?", "Yeah, well one of the things that I tell 'em is, it's useful to them to have a crystal ball, and you know, if I can tell you what's gonna happen to you right now, they're very interested in it.", "You know, I say, you're here in 20 years.", "You're gonna see this, I want you to remember this.", "That's interesting to people that this is a thing that's gonna happen to you, write it out, write it down, and commit it to memory, and you're gonna see this thing when it happens to you.", "You're not gonna be surprised, and as a result of it, you're not gonna make the following mistake.", "They're intensely interested in what that's all about.", "The second is they're extremely interested in their parents.", "So my students have parents that are my age.", "I mean, my kids are in their 20s and when I talk to, you know, people who are in their 20s, I'm the age of their parents.", "They're, I'm talking to them about people like you and me and a lot of their dads and moms are intensely unhappy, and they understand for the first time why it is, and they, they care about their parents, and so a lot of 'em, what they wind up doing is that I've noticed that there'll be a Zoom link on my, for my classes for people who have, you know, coronavirus or something, they can't go to class, and there'll be parents on the Zoom link.", "Unofficially auditing.", "Yeah, kind of.", "I know, and then a bunch of times I'll see, you know, I'll be in this, right.", "You mean, my students are, I have sections of 90.", "I have two sections of 90, and as the semester goes on, I notice that there's like people my age in the back of the class, and a student afterward'll say, it's my dad.", "(men laughing) That's pretty good.", "Well, that's a good indicator.", "You know, you're onto something.", "One of the techniques for this, you mentioned, you know, stoic philosophy, et cetera, but you talk in the book about, I can't remember what sort of faith denomination it was, I think these ascetic monks who would do this version of exposure therapy where they would walk amongst, you know, rotting corpses to like, have this, you know, to inject yourself with a sense of impermanence and you know, a connectivity to your own mortality.", "Yeah, exposure therapy to the source of your fear.", "Most people that I talk to, they, only 20% of Americans are morbidly afraid of death.", "That's called thanato phobia, and it's in the DSM-V manual, but only 20%.", "I mean, none of us is like, oh, hurray death, but we're not really afraid.", "You and I are not afraid of death, but we almost all have our own death fear.", "So if you're afraid of failure, that's your death fear.", "If you're afraid of irrelevance or being forgotten, that's your death fear and one of the things that I ask my students or anybody to do is to figure out what your death fear is.", "What is the, what is your concept of your life that you're afraid to lose?", "That's your death.", "Anybody who says, by the way, my work is my life, professional failure's your death fear, and then the way to cope with that, because you can't break through, you can't get to the second curve, you can't actually find your bliss until you conquer your fear, because that stands in the way of your love.", "That stands in the way of the real love in your life.", "So I, the way that I do this has been very helpful to me, and now I do it with my students, particularly with fear of failure, 'cause my MBA students at Harvard are ultra-achievers with very little experience of failure, and they're self-objectifiers, a lot of them because they consider themselves to be success monsters, success machines, homo Economicus, like, of course I always get A's.", "Of course I get into the best schools, of course, because I'm the special one, right, and some of that comes from the parents, but a lot of it is internally generated.", "So the way that, the meditation on death works, that can be adapted to our own particular death fear is, it's called the Maranasati meditation of the Theravada Buddhist monks.", "So if you go to a monastery in Thailand or Vietnam, you'll notice that in a lot of monasteries, they'll have photographs of corpses in various states of decay and the monks will stand in front of them and say, that is me, and they'll walk to the next one and say, that is me, and it's just like horrible until you realize it's exposure therapy.", "You can't be fully alive when you're afraid of not being alive.", "It just doesn't make sense and yet, the nature of our brain is to block out this cognitive dissonance, you know.", "The mortality paradox is that we know we're gonna die, but we can't conceive of non-existence, and that intense discomfort makes us terrified.", "So this, it turns out that that meditation, that nine part meditation, if people Google it, the maranasati meditation will come up, and if you do that, you will be free, but if you do that in the case of your fear, you will be free as well.", "So I have a nine part fear of failure meditation that I ask my students to contem, it's one of the exercises.", "Every lecture ends with an exercise, much of it in, based in theological or philosophical tradition, and it's like, I'm not living up.", "I'm not doing well in class.", "Starts easy, right, and then, and it gets a little bit harder.", "My friends from college seem to be doing better than me and getting better jobs than me, and then a little bit later, it's like, I think my parents feel sorry for me, and sometimes the students will weep at this point because the concept, you know, confronting that terror of what is effectively their own death, but they will be free when they do that, because you can't, it can't hurt them anymore when it becomes ordinary.", "The fantasm, when it's exposed to light, evaporates.", "And then the ultimate being sort of, yes, you're gonna die, and this attachment to relevance or being remembered in a certain way has to go, right?", "So nobody's gonna remember you, nobody's gonna care.", "Like, the more that you can just kind of acclimate to that notion and be comfortable with it, there is a freedom, like in the example of the gentleman sitting behind you on the plane, like if he had just embraced the fact that his time was up and that this is the nature of the way life is, he could have found some peace and comfort with that.", "Yeah, I mean, your great grandchildren will not know your name.", "They won't know your name.", "I mean, if we can say how many, I mean, you have eight.", "And that's nothing.", "Yeah, you have eight grand, great-grandparents.", "How many can you name?", "Oh my God.", "I don't know, two?", "Yeah, it's crazy.", "It's crazy.", "So there's six that are gone, poof, and it's funny because you get evidence of this as you get older.", "It's one of the consolations of age is actually experiencing, is actually having this exposure.", "You know, I ran this important think tank in DC for almost 11 years.", "I've been gone for three years.", "I go back, people don't have the slightest idea who I am.", "Poof.", "Now that's very DC.", "(Rich laughing) And are you able to gracefully kind of like laugh, and, you know, smile to yourself?", "Yeah.", "I can't, well, part of it is just, yeah.", "I mean, it helps that I've got a new thing.", "I've got a new bag, but yeah, I mean, it's, part of that is the exposure that comes from actually having done this work.", "I mean, this is, this was work I did and then published.", "I mean, I actually did the work on this such that, and I'm much more comfortable with my weaknesses.", "I'm much more comfortable with my professional and prestige mortality than I was in the past.", "I can laugh at things that scared me before.", "Yeah, I mean, it's not perfect.", "I mean, I have, I wake up in the middle of the night sometimes, but it's better.", "I mean, I'm happier.", "Here's the, I mean, the acid test is basically this.", "When I stepped down from that job in the middle of 2019, my happiness on a one to seven scale, self-evaluated, which is the best kind of way to do it, where one is the unhappiness person you've ever met and seven is the happiest person you've ever met, that number was three, and now it's 4.8 and.", "Wow, that's very specific.", "Yeah, well, I'm an economist.", "You know, I'm a quantitative guy, but for me, that's really meaningful.", "I keep very careful data on not just the macronutrients of my happiness, but the micronutrients that feed into it as well.", "All of the elements that I need to track, I'm tracking very carefully all the time, such that I can make a strategic plan for my life and it's all been going up.", "It's all been going up.", "And do you do that specifically with respect to the numerator denominator math that you talk about where needs and wants have to be correlated in a healthy ratio?", "Yeah, haves and wants.", "So this is how you hack the satisfaction rate matrix.", "So the problem is not that you can't get no satisfaction, as Mick Jagger sings.", "The problem is that you can't keep no satisfaction.", "The real problem is you get it and then it goes, so it's your, you get the high from cocaine or alcohol, for example, but it's gone immediately and you chase it, but if you never got it in the first place, it wouldn't be a problem.", "If you literally got no satisfaction, there would be no problem, but that you can't keep no satisfaction, that's the real problem.", "The way to think about it is if you have a concept of your satisfaction in terms of what you have, you're in trouble, but if you understand a more accurate model where your satisfaction is which you have divided by what you want, haves divided by wants, then you need a haves management strategy, but importantly, a wants management strategy.", "The secret to being more satisfied is not having more.", "It's wanting less.", "That's the secret.", "Right, and I feel like culturally, that's not unrelated to the rise of minimalism, and so many young people who are interested in living their lives differently than what, the way that we were brought up.", "Like, I think that there is, and I'm sure you see this in your stoop, maybe not because it's Harvard Business School, but so many young people are approaching their career tracks from a perspective of, you know, how is this gonna be meaningful to me, or what is the impact going to be of my involvement in this, rather than what's my starting salary, what's the raise gonna be, et cetera.", "Yeah, no, I do see that, although I still see, I mean we're all human.", "I mean, we all are chasing the Thomistic.", "You know St. Thomas Aquinas' four idols, the four substitutes for God, are money, power, pleasure, and fame, and you don't have to be theological to even understand that.", "What he is basically saying is these are the things that distract you from your happiness, because they're instrumental to good things.", "There's nothing wrong with money.", "It's when you make it intrinsic that it'll be what you chase and you never find your satisfaction.", "You wind up unhappy.", "So what you find is that there's a natural human tendency based on our evolutionary biology to chase these extrinsic goals, these instrumentalities as if they were the secret to our own happiness, and then we can't quite figure it out.", "So hacking the matrix means wanting less of that.", "It's okay if we get it.", "I mean, I play a game with my students called What's Your Idol, and the way that What's Your Idol works is I say, okay, you got there's, it's a very comprehensive taxonomy of, you know, your idols, which is money, power, pleasure, and honor, which is usually admiration or prestige.", "Sometimes it's fame, some people actually wanna be famous.", "Okay, don't tell me what your idol is.", "Tell me what it's not, so let's play.", "You wanna play?", "Sure.", "Okay.", "Tell me of these four, money, power, pleasure, and fame, which is the one that you care about the least and would kick away in two seconds?", "Money, power, pleasure, fame.", "Is that what it is?", "Yeah.", "Yeah.", "Probably pleasure.", "You'd kick it away?", "Yeah.", "But you chased it for years.", "Yeah, but I was, that was more of a running away.", "Yeah.", "You know.", "It was actually escape, not pleasure.", "It was the, yeah.", "It wasn't, you weren't looking, you weren't running to pleasure, you were running away from pain.", "Yeah, so pleasure.", "Okay, good.", "Good, and tell me, what's next?", "Money, power.", "You got money and power and fame.", "Power can go.", "Power, you don't care.", "Don't want power over people.", "You probably, and part of the reason is because you don't want anybody.", "Power might even be the first thing.", "Yeah, because you don't want anybody to have power over you.", "No.", "That drives you crazy, right.", "I don't seek, I don't, I'm not like motivated by power.", "Yeah, okay.", "You got two left.", "So it's money, and fame.", "And fame.", "Fame would go.", "I got your idol.", "So, the money's my idol.", "Well, and it, and again, you might be pretty good.", "But it's weird because I don't, like this podcast makes money, but I didn't get into it for that.", "Like, it's a byproduct of doing something meaningful to me, but I think, maybe I'm thinking of it in that way because I've got four kids and I'm worried about making sure that they're taken care of and I've gone through financial hardship and I know what that feels like, and I don't want to go back there.", "Totally, yeah totally, and again, there's nothing that's disreputable about that at all.", "This is absolutely human.", "The key thing is knowing yourself such that you're not making decisions that militate against your happiness on the basis of chasing your idol.", "That's how you can self-manage is understanding that that will wind up being your weak point.", "Now ordinarily, it's because there's a little bit of fear having to do with your past, and you can never be quite secure enough when the people that you love are involved.", "The second is that money is a trophy for entrepreneurs.", "Money is a trophy.", "In other words, money is good because it represents the value that the rest of the world places on you.", "So even if you don't care about boats and planes, you can still have that as an idol under these circumstances, and you gotta watch that is what it comes down to.", "For me, I don't care about power.", "I mean, running a think tank was hard because I don't want anybody to have power over me, and I hate having power over others.", "I actually dislike power.", "I'm pretty libertarian in this way.", "It's like, or don't tread on me kind of, right.", "Second is money.", "Money for me, money, you know.", "It's, didn't have that much growing up, but you know, it's just, it doesn't have any allure for me particularly.", "Now things get a little bit uncomfortable.", "I like pleasure.", "I like it, right, but, okay.", "I'll give it up.", "I just found my idol.", "I wanna be admired.", "I want admiration.", "Yeah.", "I want the admiration of strangers.", "I mean, how stupid is that to want the admiration of strangers?", "What could be less satisfying and more idiotic than that?", "And yet, and yet.", "But that brain neurochemistry gets lit up when Anderson Cooper calls, and says, we need Dr. Brooks on tonight.", "(Arthur laughing) Yes, sir.", "Two thumbs up.", "I am available.", "Oh yeah, and it's funny because, you know, we understand how the neurobiology of that would be wired, right, and yet, you know, the whole idea that the reward would've been multiple mates and lots of offspring, I don't want that.", "I don't want that, no.", "I don't want that.", "I don't want a secret second family.", "I want, you know, I.", "So what do you do with that self-understanding?", "You make sure that you're not making decisions on that basis.", "So I will interrogate my decisions.", "So my decision to go on Anderson's show, I'll say why, and I'll interrogate myself.", "Now fortunately, I have a partner, my beloved wife, who will interrogate me with, you know, great acuity.", "She said, why do you wanna do that?", "Why do you actually wanna do that?", "Why did I wanna do your show?", "Because I love your show and I'd never been on it before.", "I always wanted to.", "That's actually meritorious.", "It's interesting to me.", "It's not because it's gonna bring me this, the cosmic admiration that I seek.", "It actually gives me the intellectual enjoyment that is part of how I'm trying to live a good and happy life.", "I would actually take the time even if we weren't airing this, but that's kind of how I interrogate it, expose it to empirical scrutiny, and make a decision properly.", "I don't always make the proper decision, but at least I know my weakness.", "That's power.", "Yeah, that's cool.", "Let's talk about the faith piece.", "Right on.", "We kind of kicked this off.", "You were sharing about your trips to India and your Catholic faith, but this is a big piece here, and it gets tricky.", "People don't like to talk about this stuff.", "Makes them uncomfortable, but you know, if you look at the blue zones and where people live the longest and live the happiness, happiest, you know, faith is a big, big piece here.", "Yeah.", "And a lot of people have very unhealthy relationships with how they were reared in a certain faith, and it's, you know, whether it was traumatic or just, they're not interested anymore, and then they live this secular life where they're in pursuit of the very things that we were just talking about and now are faced with the prospect of being told, like, you gotta figure this out.", "It's tough, right, but as the statistics interestingly bear out and you talk about this in the book, like, there is this receptivity to a more transcendent way of approaching your life that kind of begins to bloom and blossom as we get older.", "Yeah, it's a real mystery and it was for the longest time, because the belief was with the enlightenment, that faith and reason were naturally antagonistic and that science was gonna crowd out faith entirely because faith was nothing more than a bunch of superstitious theories that helped us understand the world.", "Now that's been overtaken by the observation that you don't, that there's no antagonism between a Picasso painting and Picasso.", "There's no antagonism between the two, and it's worth understanding both the man and the painting, and that is, the painter and the painting is the better metaphor, as opposed to, you know, when the Soviets in the 1970s sent a rocket, a telescope into orbit and pointed out into space and announced to the world that there was no evidence of God.", "Well, you know, that sort of sounds idiotic, 'cause it is.", "It's like looking in the Picasso painting for evidence of Picasso.", "That's not actually where you find it.", "These are different lines of inquiry that are actually complimentary and people start figuring that out ordinarily in their 40s.", "You know, you find that people tend to walk away from faith or spirituality in their 20s, and the reason is 'cause the world's messy, you know?", "And you say, how can there be a benevolent creator with so much pain in the world, et cetera, and I understand that these, that this is troubling to a lot of people, but when you're our age, you're like, yeah, everything's messy.", "Nothing's consistent.", "I can accept a whole lot of cognitive dissonance now that I was unable to accept when I was 28 or 32 years old, just couldn't do it, and so the result of that is that whereas superstitions tend to fall away, I don't believe in the tooth fairy, the Easter bunny, I'm more willing to be childlike in understandings of the supernatural.", "Now for some people, it doesn't work that way, but here's the deal when it comes to happiness.", "If you're left to your devices, your ordinary quotidian devices, you're going to, your life is gonna be like a continuous tape loop of one episode of \"Better Call Saul.\"", "Like, it was okay the first time, and then it's the same and the same, and you'll go mad with tedium, with boredom.", "It's just, really?", "My job, my car, my money, my friends, my time, my show, my me, me, me.", "Just give me a break.", "The Dalai Lama always says, every time I see him, he says, remember, you are one in seven billion, by which he does not mean that I'm an ant, that I'm insignificant, by which he means, don't forget the adventure of looking at things from a distance.", "Don't forget the adventure of seeing life in its spectrum, its majesty, its scale.", "At 40,000 feet, looking at the whole world where you're part of it gives you perspective and it gives you peace.", "You need that.", "Everybody has a transcendental walk.", "Now it comes, maybe it comes from the, you know, the incredible, I mean, it's like I hang out with a guy named Ryan Holiday.", "Yeah, I just talked to him like two hours ago.", "I talk to Ryan all the time.", "He's fantastic, he's fantastic, and he's cut his teeth by introducing Marcus Aurelius to a generation of Gen Z'ers.", "Like, wow, Ryan Holiday discovered Seneca.", "It's awesome, but he's so smart and so good.", "He's such a, Ryan's a visionary guy, and you can study this, the philosophers, or as I mentioned before, the works of Bach, or understanding nature in a very metaphysical way or a traditional or non-traditional faith or spiritual practice or a meditation practice.", "There's lots of ways to do this, but we must have a transcendental walk because life is simply too intense and exhausting and boring if we don't do that.", "So how does one embark upon that if this is a new alien concept?", "Yeah, I've asked the Dalai Lama that very thing.", "You know, it's like asking for a friend kind of, but in, and I have a, my more traditional religious life actually proceeds from this because I realized, I mean, there are times when I was more religious and times when I was less religious, but in my 30s, I recognized that this was a big hole in my soul and I didn't need to go across state lines to go to a different supermarket.", "What precipitated that?", "A need, I recognized a need, that I needed better, more peace and better perspective, and I just have a sense that this is right.", "Now, what part is right, I don't know.", "I don't actually know, but I need a physics of spirituality and just as I would not try to create my own mathematical structures, you know, to create my own alternative system of mathematics, I don't feel like I have to do so in a religious way.", "Other people feel differently about it, but the Dalai Lama talks about kind of a pyramid where the basis of the pyramid is moral living, figure, and this is a Jungian perspective too.", "Carl Jung said that happiness comes from defining your values and living according to them.", "If you know what your values are and you don't live according to them, or you don't know what your values are, you won't be happy.", "Defining your values and your morals and living according to them with impeccable integrity, that means, you know, when they say make your bed, I mean, that's just a, that's a boring example of living according to what you think is right, and even when nobody's watching, living according to it, I, what I recommend is that that people don't lie ever.", "Just don't lie.", "Now, now, when the murderer is at the door and says, you know, where's the victim?", "Fine, but that's not what we're talking about.", "That's a different podcast.", "That's a different podcast.", "That's a Wondery podcast, you know.", "Or a Sam Harris podcast, maybe.", "So figure out, write down what your moral values are and make a plan to live according to them, step one.", "Step two is build a meditative practice, build a practice of contemplation.", "Maybe that's formal meditation.", "Maybe that's walking in the woods, but you need a practice without devices where you can be at peace, and finally, you need to read wisdom.", "You need to expose yourself to people who have had deeper thoughts and more profound thoughts than you.", "So number one, act according to your values.", "Learn your values, act according to values, practice your values, write it down, journal it.", "Number two is get your contemplative practice in order and make sure you start with at least 15 minutes a day, and number three is actually read the wisdom literature in whatever tradition you you want and do that daily for at least 15 minutes.", "Starting there, your life will change.", "It will, your world will rock.", "What does the science say about the service piece, the giving back piece, 'cause I just know for me, like when I have those moments of bliss, you know, they come in the most unlikely packages.", "They generally come when I'm not self-seeking, but I'm able to get outside of my own self and my own egocentric, you know, looping and avail myself for the betterment of somebody else.", "Like, it's just, if you are going through something difficult, if you're having a hard time, if you're, you know, meeting a roadblock to just like, pick up the phone and like see how someone else is doing, not in a complicated way necessarily, but to kind of reflexively develop that skill is such a relief and such an amplifier of that thing that we're seeking, which is a sense of connection and fulfillment and purpose, et cetera, and I suspect the older we get and the more our crystallized intelligence becomes more important and paramount as we're searching for outlets or ways to kind of engender more meaning in our lives that this is such a beautiful and obvious thing for people to channel their energy into.", "Absolutely.", "No, you're absolutely right.", "Crystallized intelligence in this expression requires serving others, requires serving others.", "You can't teach without students.", "There's no reason for you to have pattern recognition, and pass on the knowledge, if there's nobody to pass it on.", "It's not just a question of you creating value on the basis of your clever ideas.", "It's collecting clever ideas in service of other people who need to learn from you.", "The professor requires students and that is an act of love at its best.", "All of the evidence, all of the empirical evidence, all the social science shows that you will be happier, healthier, richer, and even better looking if you give more.", "Better looking.", "Yeah, I can't.", "How do they evaluate that?", "I know, there's this great study.", "It's a British study where this, the social psychologist, they bring couples into the lab, married couples in the lab, and there's a guy in a white lab coat, and he says to the married couple, some have been married for a long time, some just for, you know, a couple of years, and he says to the couple, okay, here's how the experiment works.", "I'm gonna give you this pocket full of change to the gentleman.", "He takes the coins and puts it in the man's pocket.", "You two need to walk down that little path over to that building over there outside, he says, and I have a colleague who's gonna wait, and he is gonna interview you for five minutes and you get to keep the money and go home.", "Simple experiment.", "Cool, okay.", "Now, turns out when they're walking down the little path, there's another pathway that comes from between the buildings, from which a hobo comes walking out, a homeless guy comes walking out, and he panhandles the husband, right?", "He's a confederate to the experiment, right.", "He's a collaborator.", "You got some change?", "He does.", "They put the change in his pocket.", "He has to make a decision.", "Am I gonna give to the homeless guy, or am I not?", "He makes a decision.", "They go on walking to the next building where the other scientist is waiting to interview them.", "He says, first, sir, did you give to the homeless man and how much?", "Writes it down, says to the wife, how attractive do you find him right now?", "(Rich laughing) It turns out, the more.", "It's sort of rigged though, I mean.", "Totally rigged, but the whole point is that she likes him if he was just more generous, which is why, if you're in the market, when you were in the market back in the old days, when you were, you know, dating your wife, you were extra nice to puppies and babies around her because you wanted her to see that you were a giving person, you were a loving person, that it brings out the best in you because you actually became more attractive on the basis of your love for your fellow men and dogs.", "Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, that's.", "You actually get better looking.", "You, women find men better looking if they are more loving and philanthropic and serving, or serve others.", "All right, so if you take away no other idea from this podcast.", "News you can use, man.", "That's right.", "We were talking a few minutes ago about reducing your wants.", "Like, if you can, if you can really, you know, curtail that, that's a good recipe for putting you on a, like, a happiness trajectory, right, but like, how do you do that?", "How do you reduce your wants?", "You want what you want.", "Yeah, no, no, except that there's all kinds of interesting ways to do that.", "So one, there's an image that I really like that's really helpful that a guy, a philosopher of art in China taught me, and I was actually touring the National Palace Museum in Taipei, and we were looking at this sculpture of this chipped, you know, piece of jade that, and it was sculptured to a Chinese village, and I said, look, even if you didn't tell me it was Chinese, I would know it was Chinese.", "How do I know just by looking at it it's Chinese, you know, if it didn't have a pagoda in it, but it's just a, you know, it's just, it looks Chinese.", "He says why, he says, because it's a different concept of what art is.", "He said, you think of art as starting with an empty canvas and being filled up with brushstrokes.", "We think of art as already existing inside the block of jade, which we have to chip away until we find the work of art.", "He said, this is also how you see success in the west as starting from nothing and building up, and then after a while, it's so full that you actually can't get any more satisfaction because you, it's just more brushstrokes.", "You know, if you've got a completely full canvas, effectively, metaphorically, and you're like, I don't know, I'm not satisfied.", "Maybe I'll get a boat.", "It's not gonna work because the canvas is already full.", "To find real satisfaction in the second half of life, this is a second curve phenomenon, this is one of the things that all happy older people have in common, they've stopped adding and they start taking away.", "They start chipping away, and each year I throw away more stuff until I can find me, which is intensely satisfying.", "So the key thing is, what are you gonna throw away this year?", "Don't have a bucket list, have a reverse bucket list.", "The reverse bucket list is the list of your attachments and your strategic plan for look, if I get it, I get it, but I no longer am going to consider myself a loser if I don't, you know, ride in a hot air balloon or you know, have lunch with the President.", "I am detaching myself officially, and that metacognitive exercise really, really works, and I do that.", "You know, one year I gave away two thirds of my clothes.", "Simply by making a, like making a decision to do it?", "Making a decision to be detached and then act accordingly, I gave away two thirds of my clothes.", "Last year or the year before on my birthday, I gave away half of my political opinions.", "I wrote down all my political opinions.", "I detached myself from half of them.", "That's so interesting, well, for two things, first of all.", "It's just, it's hardcore.", "You're kind of a clotheshorse, right?", "Like, you're a sartorial maven.", "So giving away your clothes was, probably there might have been a little pinch there.", "I might have not given away the best ones but.", "Okay.", "All right, fair enough, and it is interesting because you were once known and have written many books about politics.", "Yeah.", "But if you kind of go online and research everything you've been talking about, there's none of that.", "Like, you've really kind of put that aside and said, I'm focused on this now.", "That is, and it is pursuant to the decision in my reverse bucket list birthday exercise to detach myself more consciously from something that had been quite important to me, quite frankly, but was holding me back.", "It was holding me back from bonds of love with people who are different than me.", "Are you happier you're not part of that conversation?", "Yeah.", "Hell yeah, I really am, and again, I've got nothing against the conversation.", "I want a responsible country that has good public policy and better politics, but I actually don't think I have an oracle on truth.", "I know I'm wrong, I just don't know on what, and actually getting away from intense opinions and big arguments has been a kind of detachment that has truly set me free.", "It set me free to.", "Do you have to just stay off Twitter?", "Well, I mean, I can stay.", "I mean, that's gotta be provocative when you see a bunch of craziness.", "Yeah, yeah, but it's actually.", "And you have this urge to jump in and.", "(Arthur laughing) Right.", "Well, since I made the detachment decision about my, about political opinions, I get a lot more, I get more laughs from people, you know, who are, you know, saying outlandish things, I have to say.", "I mean, look, I'm alarmed about what's happening in this country, and I believe we need to love our enemies politically a lot more than we do.", "That's super important for us to do, and I'm just better able to do it, and to model that, to build alliances with people who would ordinarily be very, very different than me politically when I'm not attached.", "I mean, look, I got these opinions, but I can take 'em or leave 'em is the whole point.", "It's a, it's interesting, and you know, Thich Nhat Hanh, you know, the great Vietnamese Buddhist master, he said the greatest attachments that many have is to their opinions.", "That had a big effect on me 'cause we never think of that.", "It's like, yeah, it's my material possessions, and.", "Well, there's an identity construct in that.", "Yeah, for sure.", "Absolutely, for sure and by the way, give away parts of your identity, give away your concept of who you are, detach yourself from these things about who you actually are, and that's been really helpful to me too, I have to say.", "That's very liberating.", "Hugely.", "It's actually one of the greatest secrets that I've ever been able to come across is the reverse bucket list around ideology, identity and opinions.", "Yeah, it's sort of, it's a PhD in minimalism because it's really a mindful practice.", "It's not about, I mean, cleaning out your closet is an activity, but it's not really about getting rid of your possessions.", "It's about clarity of purpose and thought, and removing the clutter of your conscious experience and the traps of your identity that are getting in the way of you being a more fulfilled human.", "Yeah, and when you make a commitment to it and somebody says something that you would've snapped at before, you're more likely to go, huh.", "Right.", "Huh.", "Tell me more about that.", "Come sit next to me.", "(men laughing) So, when you go back to the think tank and walk the halls, can you like, it must be, you know, like, did they, like your old colleagues, are they confused?", "I don't know.", "You don't know?", "I don't really know.", "You transcended that.", "Well, I mean, I've gone back a couple of times and like, I love these people and I think they're doing absolutely outstanding work.", "I just love the work they do.", "I'm so proud to have been part of that, but I also recognize that I did go poof and it's okay.", "It's absolutely okay, and I'll talk to people and they'll kind of be like, what happened to you, man?", "It's interesting 'cause I used to be, I was a musician for so many years.", "Yeah, we didn't even talk about that.", "Yeah, and I was a classical musician, but I also toured for two years with a jazz guitar player, Charlie Byrd.", "Oh, you did?", "Yeah, yeah, and I was on tour with Charlie Byrd all over the place and years ago, probably six or seven years ago, I was doing this, I was hosting this big event in Washington, DC.", "You know, 2,000 people, black tie at the National Building Museum, you know, and we had this big event and Benjamin Netanyahu was this guest speaker, and it was a huge thing.", "The press corps was all there and we had protesters outside.", "It was a great night, it was a fantastic fun night, and we hired a band and the, you know, the band was playing and they were pretty good, and at the end, you know, we're kind of cleaning up and you know, I was the president of the organization.", "I'd given the remarks and one of the keynote addresses and afterward, you know, my my bow tie is untied and it's 11 o'clock at night.", "I'm pretty satisfied, and I noticed the drummer is coming down from the bandstand.", "He's walking over to me and this, you know, the place is clearing out.", "He says, are you Arthur Brooks, the French horn player, 'cause that's what I did for a living, and I recognized him.", "He was the drummer for Charlie Byrd and I'd made two records with him 20 years earlier, 25 years earlier, and he's looking at me and he says, are you the boss of all this now?", "I said, yeah, yeah, I am.", "He says, what happened to you, man?", "(men laughing) It's the same thing, right?", "It's the same thing.", "It's a crazy story to be this French horn prodigy and to have this whole career throughout your 20s and be playing in these orchestras and really be being, you know, in pursuit of this career of mastery of music and then to discover in your 20s that you just couldn't play as well as you once could, and the struggle to try to figure out how to solve it until ultimately you just, you have to give it up.", "Yeah, yeah, I gave it up.", "And then it bursts this whole other career.", "It reminds me of, do you know Maya Shankar?", "Yeah.", "It's a similar, very similar story.", "Yeah, yeah, yeah, the violinist?", "Yes, yeah, yeah, yeah.", "It's, playing a classical instrument is hugely coordination and strength endeavor, strength-oriented endeavor.", "It's like being an athlete, but with fine motor skills as opposed to gross motor skills, and there's a lot of things that can go wrong, and there's a lot of things that we don't understand that can actually go wrong.", "There can be repetitive stress injuries.", "There can be nerve damage.", "There can be actually muscle tears at the finest level.", "You can be a French horn player like I am and tear a tiny muscle in your upper lip, and you're cooked.", "I mean, you just, you'll be, you'll go into decline.", "You'll be able to play, but you'll go into decline and who knows why, but in my 20s I was getting better.", "Man, I was getting better.", "I was on this upward trajectory and I frankly wanted to be the greatest French horn player in the world, and it's like, what a great country.", "You can have an ambition, like it's so crazy, and things looked good, but when I was 21 or 22 years old, I started to get worse and I couldn't quite figure it out, and, you know, then I played for a bunch of seasons in the Barcelona symphony and I was getting worse.", "I mean, no matter what I, it's, nothing worked and I went to the greatest teachers.", "I, and it was like this master class in understanding decline, which is very helpful to me, I have to say, because, you know, declines that came later because of fluid intelligence, not because of a small muscle tear in my lip or whatever happened, I was actually able to experience what decline meant, but I had to retool my career and leave, and, you know, I went in, I just reluctantly and sorrowfully and ashamedly left music and went, you know, got my PhD and went into the family business, which is academia because my dad, my father, my grandfather, they were both academics and, you know, most people would be like, awesome.", "What's your problem, man?", "It's because this was my dream.", "This was my dream.", "It was like, I was, I wanted to be a major league pitcher and I just got kind of got to the, you know, three games in AAA or something like that and had to give it up and thought about it, and I thought it was gonna be sad about it for the rest of my life quite frankly, I have to say.", "Do you play today just for joy?", "Never, never because there's no joy.", "Right.", "There's actually no joy.", "There's just.", "Wow.", "I love music.", "Now I actually love music for the first time.", "I didn't love music when I played, and it's interesting.", "You know, there's all this literature about humor.", "I've done a lot of research on humor.", "There's two, sense of humor means two things.", "It means enjoying jokes and making jokes.", "Happiness is only associated with enjoying jokes.", "It's not associated with making jokes.", "It turns out that if you're a funny person, that does not improve your happiness.", "Quite the contrary, but if you enjoy funny things and you have the humility to laugh at other people who are funny, you get the benefits.", "It's, the same thing is true with a lot of enjoying music and making music.", "Now, some people get a lot of joy from it, but for me, it was like being a standup comic.", "It was just this pathos and drive and ambition, and I wasn't happy and I'm much happier than I was then.", "Yeah.", "It's interesting, because then that becomes almost a test case for, you know, what you focus on later in life.", "Like, you had this experience where you had to weather a career transition at a very early age and you understood disappointment and loss and all of that and how to rebuild.", "So you did it at a period of time where you had a lot of fluid intelligence and when you're younger, maybe the stakes are lower and you have all this upside because you have so many more years to do other things, but it's almost like that maybe that like, you know, planted something.", "Yeah, and I've taken my career down to the studs four times.", "I mean, went, did 10, 12 years a professional French horn player, 10 years in academia, 10 years running a think tank, and now this happiness operation.", "Whatever this is.", "This happiness startup.", "This is like, you know, make America happy.", "Well, there's a cabal of like happiness experts and, you know, out there, like there's Gretchen.", "We're all trying to get happy.", "(men laughing) You don't study what you have.", "Yeah.", "You study what you want.", "Yeah.", "Well, let's like round this out with maybe a little bit more practical advice.", "Like, as I think about this in relationship to myself and my own career path, I'm thinking, okay, I'm 55.", "Like, I wanna keep doing this.", "How long can I keep doing this, I don't know.", "I'm trying to make it as sustainable as possible so I can continue to have a joyful relationship with it and maintain that level of enthusiasm and kind of like, connection to it so that it can maintain that level of quality, but how long am I gonna be able to do it?", "I don't know.", "I do know that at some point I'm gonna be like, I don't wanna talk into a microphone anymore, or I'm not able to do it at the quality level that I want to.", "So what can I do now?", "Well, as I mentioned earlier, I want to develop my friendships a little bit better.", "My kids are getting older.", "I want to make sure that those relationships are intact, that there is a bond there that, you know, will transcend my career path without doing it in an unhealthy way where I'm creating expectations for what our relationship, 'cause they need to go and be in the world.", "Like I don't want to be, you know, like, I think some parents make the mistake of like, putting all this pressure on their kids to now be their friends, because they're in that weird space.", "Big mistake.", "But you know, what else should one be doing?", "Or should I be thinking about, or even you be thinking about as we, you know, walk this path.", "To you need, we need to be purposive.", "We need to be thinking in a very specific way about the engineering of this, and that requires discernment.", "See, discernment is hard.", "We think that the world is gonna tell us what we want through these experiences.", "That doesn't work.", "It doesn't work that way.", "You know, my students will say, you know, I thought when I went to college, I would figure out what my passion is, and I got out of college and I still didn't have it.", "So I went to business school and I thought that I would find it there, and then I went to McKinsey or, you know, I went to, you know, the Boston Consulting Group or Goldman Sachs and I thought I would find it there and I, you know, I'm 31 years old, still look, I'm still waiting for my passion, but we're, we do sort of the same thing too.", "I like this thing, and what the next thing that should be will present itself to me, but that's actually not the way it works.", "We need to be highly purposive about our discernment, and discernment has an, is an ancient tradition.", "You know, discernment, sunesis in, from the ancient Greeks.", "Panna for the Buddhists in Pali or Sanskrit, and you know, there's this Ignatian spiritual discernment for Catholics and so every spiritual tradition has discernment and it requires work.", "You know, when I was thinking about this, when I stepped down as the president of the think tank, I went for a walk.", "I walked the Camino de Santiago.", "I walked and walked and walked and asked for help and thought about this and what am I supposed to do next, and I've done it since then too, and I'm gonna do it regularly because I need to this constant process of discernment, which it exposes me to the most boring thing ever, which is the exposure therapy to something that's not exciting, that is actually excruciatingly boring and painful and during which time I can actually contemplate actually what the next thing probably should be, but you, we need to get out of our routine and do the work of this.", "What I recommend is that you're 55 years old.", "Say, what's 60 year old Rich, what's he doing?", "You know, what does this actually mean?", "Now what is your, a happy version of you look like?", "Okay, so here's the exercise.", "Five years from now, you imagine yourself, you are happy.", "You know what that means, 'cause you know how that feels, and you've got some of the data on this too, with your enjoyment, satisfaction, and purpose, et cetera, et cetera.", "Now list the five things that are most responsible for you being happy in order.", "Okay.", "The podcast is not number one.", "Your marriage and your relationship with your children and your friendships are probably number one, two, and three, and probably number four is your religious enlightenment, and maybe number five is what you're doing professionally all day long.", "Maybe, I'm just guessing.", "Put 'em in order and then ask yourself, what am I managing to?", "I bet you're managing right now to number five.", "Switch the order, switch the management imperative, switch the, how you need to more intensively manage one, two, three, and four than number five.", "My students do this all the time, and part of the reason is because it's easier to manage the things that are are more professional.", "It's easier to manage your career than it is to manage your friendships, but you can manage your friendships, and that means starting to do that every single day.", "Maybe in five years, you'll be doing the podcast.", "Maybe you won't, but in five years you should have closer friendships, a better marriage, a better concept of your relationship with your children, and a much deeper spiritual walk, and if you do the work right now, then the job will take care of itself and your priorities will be in order.", "That's super sound advice.", "I feel like I am doing all of those things on some level, but just to kind of label it in that way and then to inject it with like a higher degree of intentionality and structure, I think.", "For sure, and we can all do that.", "I mean, this is the wonderful blessing of having a big prefrontal cortex, is that you don't have to take life as it's given.", "You can actually be the manager of You, Inc., which is your ultimate enterprise of importance.", "And what you kind of didn't say explicitly, but is implicit is when you're in this mode, in this practice, you are making space for the mystery, right?", "Like there is the, like if you walk this path and you're taking care of these things and you're aligning your actions with your values, you and you're exercising that level of discernment, there is a faith and a trust that like, the next step will be revealed, and that's like, that's an embrace of, you know, the mystical nature of what it means to be, and the beautiful mystical nature of being human.", "You're willing to walk off that edge.", "You know, it's one of the, I talk about this, you know, it's for, my little girl, she returned 19 last week.", "Is she your youngest?", "Yeah, and she was 18 a year ago, obviously, and for her 18th birthday, she wanted one thing, one thing, one thing.", "She wanted to jump out of an airplane with me.", "She wanted to go skydiving, right.", "Okay, so, and my wife's like, forget about it, and I have a son, as I mentioned in the Marine Corps.", "He's done it a million times, and my older son is like, that's stupid.", "She said, no, no daddy, I wanna do with you, so we.", "But how sweet is that?", "And the awareness like, those calls don't come around all the time.", "No, I know.", "No, no, she's the best.", "She's the one she truly understands me and she's rock solid, and so we did that and it's not scary.", "It's just the most unnatural thing ever.", "I mean, now my heart didn't even elevate, but it was, I was intensely aware of how unnatural it was and this unnatural thing, and it could have been scary for some people find it very frightening, but for whatever reason, it didn't frighten me exactly, and, but the guy's like, jump, and he was telling me to do something that was, that seemed literally impossible, and I did it.", "This is it.", "If you're actually doing the work, you're doing the work of having your spiritual and moral and values, your life in order, then it will still feel unnatural to make these jumps, but you can do it.", "You can actually, just because all you do is you fall outta the plane.", "You just literally fall out of the plane.", "You, and you can do that, and that's an incredible gift to be able to do it, but you can't do that if you don't actually have somebody who's, that you trust and you know, a parachute strapped to you and a guy strapped to you and you can't do all that stuff, and that's what this work really is, is actually making it so that with complete confidence, you can do the least natural thing possible.", "But there is a level of like self connection, interconnectivity, like a self-awareness and a commitment to that inside work so that you're intuition can be somewhat trustworthy, right?", "I think for a lot of strivers, that's not really part of their mental, emotional, or spiritual equation.", "So there has to be some cultivation to that.", "So I guess that's, you know, when you talk about, you know, faith or pursuing something transcendent in your life, like that's a big component of whatever that modality is gonna look like.", "Yeah, no.", "If you've only developed your exterior self, it's a problem.", "If you've developed yourself as a full person, a lot of strivers, when you talk to 'em deep down, they think they don't really exist.", "They think of themselves as a hologram because they've been working on it.", "They think of themselves as a 2D person on Zoom to themselves.", "That's the weirdest thing, and in my worst days, it's been like that too.", "You know, I'm a guy, I'm a guy that I've invented.", "I've invented this guy.", "The avatar.", "Yeah, I'm an avatar of a real person, and that's what a lot of strivers do, and you have to actually do the work so that you come to life in 3D to yourself.", "Cool.", "Super inspiring to talk to you.", "I'm so glad we were able to do this.", "It's really nice to meet you.", "It's nice to meet you in person too.", "I love all the writing that you're doing.", "I love the book.", "It's fantastic.", "Thank you.", "So everybody should pick it up.", "\"Strength to Strength,\" and come back and talk to me again sometimes.", "Thank you.", "Thank you for what you're doing.", "You're lifting a lot of people up and you're bringing a lot of us together around these values that matter.", "I appreciate that, man.", "Cool.", "Peace.", "You too.", "(smooth music)" ]

[ "Intro", "Spiritual Practice in India, Dalai Lama, Love & Metacognition", "Arthur's Background Primer on Searching for Happiness", "How Anticipation for a \"Reward\" Relates to Addiction", "The Satisfaction Paradox & The Fluid Intelligence Curve", "Being on the Declining Side of the Fluid Intelligence Curve", "Examples of Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel & J.S. Bach", "AD BREAK", "The Transition Between Fluid and Crystallized Intelligences", "Rich & Arthur Confront Their Current Pursuits", "It All Has to Do with Love", "We Tend to Over-index on Work and Don't Invest in Faith, Family & Friends", "AD BREAK", "How to Define Happiness - Satisfaction, Enjoyment, Meaning + Purpose", "Happiness in Three Steps - Do the Work, Practice It, and Share It", "Lack of Age Diversity in the Work Force", "How Receptive are Arthur's Students to His Teachings", "What Is Your Death Fear?", "Satisfaction = Have / Want", "What Is Your Idol?", "The Importance of Forming a Transcendental Walk", "Giving & Generosity", "Advice for Wanting Less", "Giving Away Parts of Your Identity", "The Practice of Discernment", "Closing Remarks" ]

[ "One of Canva’s superpowers is the ability to create teams and collaborate easily on designs with others.", "But, you might be wondering if anyone can just jump in and see all your designs, or how to keep everything organised.", "Well, let’s take a look!", "By default all Canva designs are completely private.", "Only you can see your design until you invite someone or share a link to it.", "Same with folders.", "We know Canva saves designs automatically, but if your internet connection is a bit patchy and you’re worried about your work not being saved, you can always click save via the file menu.", "Better still, save it to a folder, like this.", "Choose an existing folder or create a new one.", "You can also see any folders that have been shared with you, here.", "Remember where to find all your folders on the homepage?", "Here you can organise and sort your projects, find things you’ve liked, purchased and uploaded to your Canva account.", "We can easily sort, change the view style or even create folders within folders.", "Quickly upload or share the folder with someone in your team here, too.", "When you share a folder with someone, you can determine what permissions they need to have, restricting what others can access and do with your folders.", "You can also star folders, adding them to your sidebar for quick access.", "The team page is where you can access anything related to your company or brand.", "The designs tab is like an inbox of all the designs that have been created and shared with members of your team.", "‘Folders’ is another way to access folders that have been shared with the team.", "Team templates are a Canva Pro-only feature, allowing you to keep designing quickly and on-brand.", "And here, you can invite new team members, delete old ones and change roles of the people in your team.", "Groups are handy for members to collaborate in smaller teams or on specific projects together.", "Create a group to name it and add members.", "Once your group has been created, easily share designs and folders with everyone in that group with one click!", "Stay tuned for the final video in this series to find out how to boost your creative Canva skills even further." ]

[ "Introduction", "Who can access my designs?", "Saving to a folder", "Creating, rearranging and deleting folders", "Sorting and starring folders", "Team page", "Saving as template (Pro only)" ]

[ "- In today's hot seat is Lindsay Pedersen.", "Lindsay Pedersen is a brand strategist and author of the best-selling book \"Forging An Ironclad Brand\".", "Known for her methodical, framework-driven approach to brand building, Lindsay has advised companies from burgeoning startups to national corporations, both B2C and B2B including Zulily, Starbucks, IMDb and Duolingo.", "Her background as a P & L owner at Clorox fostered in Lindsay a deep appreciation for using the brand as a North Star for increasing the company's value.", "Lindsay arms leaders with an empowering understanding of brand and an iron clad brand strategy so they can grow their business with intention, clarity and focus.", "Lindsay, welcome to the show.", "- Thanks so much for having me, Sabir, it's good to be here.", "- By the way, I love this book right here.", "It is available on Amazon as a kindle book, that's the version I got.", "It's available as a paperback and as a hardcover and I think the audio book is in the works, right?", "Eventually, it'll come out-- - Working on it.", "- So, definitely don't wait for the audio book, definitely pick it up and start using this book.", "So, we will talk about branding, right, Lindsay?", "- Yeah, I'm so excited.", "- So, let me ask you because this is every person on Fiverr, the platform where you can get taskers to do different projects for you.", "As soon as you type in branding, can you guess what comes up?", "- Is it a four-letter word?", "- Yes, it is four-letter word and-- - It start with an L and end with an O and have an OG in the middle?", "- Yep, so everyone when they're talking about branding and when you search for people who can help you with your branding, it's about brand logos.", "So, is that what you do, design brand logos, Lindsay?", "- You would so not want me to design your logo.", "Oh, my gosh, you would be in such big trouble.", "I mean, I think it's interesting because brand is such and kind of this large and maybe nebulous, sometimes intimidating realm and so something that's a tangible manifestation of brand, which the logo is kind of, it's like, \"Okay, well, I can point to that so I'm going to equate brand with logo.\"", "By the way, it also happens with other things like brand equals your name or brand equals your advertising or your tagline or your personality or your colors, there's a lot of ways that brand is kind of interpreted as just one of its many manifestations when actually brand is the whole of what you stand for as a business.", "- Perfect and we will actually dive into what brand is and then we wanna upgrade the conversation to what is iron clad strategy.", "So, we'll definitely dive into it.", "So, what even is brand?", "- If it's not just a logo, what is it?", "So, brand is the...", "I think of brand as the thing that you own inside the head of your audience, literally like the real estate inside their mind.", "What is it that you mean to your audience?", "It's just your meaning.", "And that's the sum total of many, many, many, many things including kind of the obvious things, but also including their experience as a customer or as somebody who's heard about it, it's all of those associations, tangible and intangible that your brand lands in a place in their head that means something to them.", "So, that's what a brand is.", "- So, let's use an example.", "Well, one of the obvious ones, actually there are two, two obvious ones that come to my mind at least.", "When I wanna copy a piece of paper, I wanna Xerox it, but the machine could be from Panasonic or Sony or LG or Canon or some other company, but I'm xeroxing it.", "The other thing is when I go to the restaurant and if I want a soft drink, I say, \"Can you bring out a coke?", "I would like to have a coke.\"", "They could have RC Cola, they could have Dr. Pepper, it could be Pepsi, it could be Coca Cola or Diet Coke.", "So, those two things come to my mind immediately when I think about those two activities.", "Is that the mental thing you're talking about?", "- Yeah, I mean, it's interesting, like it's sort of a...", "There's a word for this that I can't think of a phrase for this.", "Another one would be Kleenex or Google.", "As soon as you've created a-- - For detergent.", "- Yes, once there's a verb with your noun brand, you've sort of achieved a real estate that's so large in the mind of your customer that it actually includes more than just what you bring to them, but yeah, those are examples of very successful, maybe even so successful that they're not happy that they've expanded into something, the category as opposed to just the thing that they bring, but I would say it's a success in that they've achieved a sharp, memorable position in the mind of their customer, which is what we're all trained to do.", "That's the holy grail is to gain the attention of your audience.", "And those brands did such a good job gaining that attention that it actually now means something more than merely they're offering.", "- So, the other thing to me at least from a brand perspective is that when I as a consumer walk into, whether I'm walking into a physical store or I'm going online, I'm walking into a store, there is Clorox brand and then their stopping shop, private label brand off the store or Kirkland Signature at Costco.", "Clorox brand costs me 2x, twice as much as the store brand, but as far as the market share from what I know about Clorox, it has not lost market share.", "There's enough market penetration for the private label brand, but the thing is my association with the brand itself, with Clorox is so ingrained that if I pick up the store brand and I come home with that, I might not have a home because my wife might kick me out.", "- I mean, I think like with brand, there's a number of angles to this.", "One is and we'll talk more about this later, what's in it for the business?", "Like why is this an important part of your leadership?", "The other is what's in it for the consumer?", "Why does this have utility for the customer?", "And in times of recession, really, highly trusted brands actually outperform the market, they actually gain market share even though they tend to be priced at a premium.", "Almost by definition they're priced at a premium if they're preferred brands, they actually do better in general than in non-recessionary economies.", "And the reason is the economic utility of brand to a consumer is it reduces risk.", "It reduces the risk that your wife is gonna be mad at you, it reduces the risk that you just wasted money, that you wasted money on something that's not gonna perform or live up to its promise and it also reduces the risk of wasting time.", "So, in some ways, one of the ways that you can think of brand is it's a relationship between a business and the customer.", "And just like with any relationship, it could just be one of your friends, you have a higher confidence that that friend is gonna come through for you than that average person or somebody who you've never met is going to come through for you because you have a relationship capital that is built up.", "The same goes for a brand.", "Clorox has a lot to lose by selling you a product that's not gonna perform.", "But an unknown brand doesn't have as much to lose.", "So, you accrue this trust just like with any relationship that delivers on its promise, a promise is made and delivered faithfully.", "That happens and therefore it reduces actual and perceived risk for the customer.", "And that's actually just the economic argument for brand for consumers.", "There's also the more emotional or aspirational benefit to consumers, which is that buying something that gives you an emotional reward because it's kind of like a friend adds meaning to your life.", "It can add meaning to your life if it's the right match, if the audience and the business are intersecting really nicely, it actually makes their life better.", "So, there's a lot of utility to brand, we haven't even talked about the economic value creation for the business.", "- Lindsay, while you were talking about the economic, one of my favorite classic shows is \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" on TV.", "It was an amazing show.", "In one of the episodes, Ray wants to go to the store and buy the things himself and doesn't want Deborah, his wife to worry about that.", "So, he goes to the store and brings back.", "Instead of buying Kleenex, he brings back a store brand that has some sort of lotion or aloe on it.", "And he goes like, \"I bought this thing.", "I bought like three of these for the one that you would typically buy, we're gonna save so much money,\" and so on, but she goes like, \"No, honey, it's okay, it's fine.", "It's fine.\"", "Because she doesn't wanna have a fight.", "And then his brother walks and goes like, \"It was very odd that she didn't agree with me,\" he says, \"Well, the thing is she's not gonna even use the product because it has some this kind of lotion on it that nobody really uses especially in families with kids and stuff like that so she usually buys the one without the lotion and that's why she buys that brand.\"", "So, even his brother knows more about his wife's Kleenex routine than then he does, it just kind of reminded me of that.", "It's just a random thought, just that.", "So, if I'm a leader and you are one at for example at Clorox and you have done that for many of your client companies also, what should I be thinking about from a brand perspective?", "I'm sure that it's not like we said because one of the things I can relate to here is when somebody says E-commerce, they use it to basically mean nowadays on YouTube it means Facebook advertising with Shopify and that's not just E-commerce and I'm sure that when it comes to branding, if I'm a leader running one of these brands, what should I care about and how many dimensions are there of the brand that I should be worrying about and make sure that I address it?", "- So big.", "So, the first thing that I would advise is go upstream because brand is a tool for meeting your business goal.", "So, it's a way to kinda lean into your asymmetric strength as a business just like any strategy is about that.", "So, the brand positioning, because that's kind of what we're talking about here is selecting the most value unlocking positioning that you can create, it's the combination of it meets a need for your customer in a way that nothing else does, so it's resonant to your customer, number one and number two, is it distinctive to you?", "So, the promise, kind of the crux of what you're going to be about as a business, that's what your brand is, it's going to create the most value for your business if it meets those two things.", "So, it taps a deep need for the customer and it leverages your unique strengths.", "A really big pitfall with brand strategy is to pick something that's really resonant, customers really want it, it's a big, unmet need, but it's a strength that lots of your peers also deliver, it's a category benefit as opposed to a differentiated benefit, that's-- - A multivitamin for example.", "- Yeah, I mean, okay, so let's think of an example.", "One thing I write about my book, the case of a pancake brand and a pancake brand, let's say the customer want a special Saturday morning with their family, they want a delicious breakfast, they want something a little bit indulgent, but not too indulgent.", "They want... Name like five instance and then you're like you think of what you're good at as a business, but then you also look at what your competitors are good at, what are your competitors bringing to this?", "It's like the Venn diagram of what the customer wants, what the competitor is good at and what you are good at.", "What is so common for leaders to do is to pick the thing that the customer wants that we pancake brand are good at bringing, but that our competitor is also good at bringing, so in this example, the center of the Venn diagram is delicious.", "Customers want something delicious, we have a really delicious pancake, but the problem is there's your competitor.", "In fact, that's what it means to be a pancake.", "Like you don't get to congratulate yourself for having a delicious pancake, that's called being a pancake brand.", "And so delicious is super important, it's super important.", "It's just not enough, it's not enough because it's not differentiated.", "So, the real unlock comes from identifying the thing that you bring to this customer that taps into a need for them, but that nobody else brings.", "So, in the example I share of my book, it's not just a delicious pancake, but it leverages the Swedish recipe that my grandmother brought from the old country and it has kind of the attributes of the thin, crispy Swedish recipe and so it's about Swedish deliciousness, not just delicious, but Swedish.", "That's something that we can own, nobody else does that and what that means is that you don't have to have a super deep pockets to register that in the mind of your audience.", "If you only lean into delicious, then everything that you say and do as a business is going to build the pancake category, but it won't disproportionally build your business.", "- I mean, it kinda reminds me of... You use this example and I wanna say rest in peace Tony Hsieh of Zappos-- - Oh, agreed.", "- Zappos I think and I read his book \"Delivering Happiness\" and phenomenal company, I visited them, their headquarters in Las Vegas when he was around, this was a while ago and everything about that business has to do with customer service.", "And even when you go into the building, the physical space, which not many people get to see, everybody is in a cubicle, everyone, the bigger rooms are reserved for any kind of meetings or conferences where you don't wanna interrupt the public basically, but everybody sits and it's all about customer service and anyone can pick up that phone to provide that customer service.", "That's what the company is known for.", "The other part of it is shipping, even though the goal was to sell shoes, but the branding around the company had to do with customer service and they went above and beyond delivering that service.", "- It's such a beautiful example in so many ways.", "There was Whitespace in that category for excellence in customer service and it wasn't just about the wonderful curation of shoes and now way more than just shoes, that's table stakes, you have to do that, that's a no done, you have to do that, but customer service, like outrageously good customer service, customers were yearning for that, but nobody else was delivering that and so Zappos actually built their whole competency around that and the reason I love that example and really what makes it such a potent brand is that we haven't even talked about their marketing, they don't have to spend as much on marketing because it comes through in so many dimensions.", "Every experience the customer has with Zappos is gonna reinforce this customer service excellence, even the kind of really non-sexy decisions like selecting Las Vegas as the shipping port.", "That was so that they could increase speed to the customer.", "They chose their headquarter location based on this, like that's not a marketing decision, it's a real estate decision and yet it enables them to deliver on their brand promise in a way that gives them an enormous moat.", "It's very difficult to copy something like that.", "And that's how they achieved this outsize value.", "- I mean, if you think about kind of fungibility of funds, everybody has a budget, like in their case, they took the marketing they would have spent money on and may or may not get any kind of return on that depending on who's running the marketing to literally move it to shipping cost.", "\"We wanna deliver within two days, we wanna deliver for our VIP customers next day.\"", "It's so much to the point that my kids growing up, the day before school, they would tell me that, \"Dad, we need shoes, we need new sneakers, my feet are big.\"", "\"Why don't you tell me a week before?\"", "\"No, you're gonna get it from Zappos, it's gonna be delivered tomorrow, don't worry about it.", "Just order it.\"", "They knew, they knew Zappos is commitment to delivery as kids.", "- Oh, it's so good.", "It's like our kids are not learning like planning skills and impulse control because of Zappos being so responsive.", "- Yeah, I mean, we went through now in the examples that we just shared, we talked about kind of compelling brands that are doing amazing things.", "What do brands get guided wrong?", "Let's talk about the other side of the coin.", "- I mean, if we go back to...", "Almost like the cognitive purpose of brand is to gain the attention of your desired audience, initially to gain their attention, that's the hardest thing you do in marketing, is to gain awareness.", "To gain their awareness, their attention and then to lodge into their brain to be memorable and to eventually through the product experience, whether tangible or intangible, to gain their love, to gain their loyalty, their affinity.", "So, what a lot of times happens, maybe most of the times happens is that leaders don't make a choice.", "They don't really choose something to stand for.", "And there's a lot of reasons for that and I understand it as a business owner myself, it feels scary to choose where you're gonna put a stake in the ground.", "It's kind of like, \"Well, wait a second, does that mean that I'm going to walk away from revenue over here?\"", "The problem is that and this is like...", "I don't need to tell you this, it's marketing 101, but you can't be all things to all people, the brutal mathematical truth is that you actually have to choose.", "You have to choose where you have a right to win and to with humility deliver on that.", "So, probably the largest or most common mistake I see is just not doing this exercise at all.", "Kind of staying in this place of hedging and over time, you can't gain cognitive attention with a diluted idea.", "And you certainly aren't gonna create a memorable and kind of like affinity-driven relationship if you're choosing something that's vague or not very brave, consumers are smart.", "So, that's my...", "If nothing else, like gain the courage to choose and don't do it blindly and don't do it without analysis, but when you stay in a place of hedging, you kind of prevent love from unfolding and you prevent kind of a meaningful positioning in the mind of your audience.", "They're just not gonna grasp it.", "- Kind of a David and Goliath kind of an example is and actually in my opinion one of the biggest return on investment, on marketing investment, $4,500 turn into $1 billion, that's a good return.", "I'm talking about Dollar Shave Club versus Gillette-- - Oh, the video, the $4,500 video.", "Yep, not bad, not a bad return.", "- Not a bad return.", "So, let's talk about that from your perspective.", "Dollar Shave Club against a industry giant, Gillette.", "What are your thoughts?", "- I mean, it's such a perfect example of what I was just talking about.", "They, this team, they were so brave, they developed this somewhat edgy, humorous video that became their wedge into this market.", "It was very irreverent, at least by the standards of this category-- - In his warehouse.", "- In a warehouse and he's cracking jokes and this isn't a category that is so stodgy.", "So, he was brave, he chose something sharp and let's not also forget that the customer...", "There was an unmet need, there was no innovation in this category or at least there wasn't business model innovation in the razor category for decades.", "So, there is a customer unmet need that he's filling and then he's brave enough to take things off the table.", "This was a subscription service, he wasn't getting broad, mass distribution for this razor, that's a contrarian thing to do.", "He was was innovating the business model by making it a subscription service and the personality, kind of that rebel outlaw, FU kind of stance of the brand was, number one, it was really, really grabby.", "Like it got your attention, it was memorable and because it was brave, it was kind of vulnerable and people respected that and came to love it.", "So, yeah, that's what making a choice and not hedging will do for you, it gives you leverage, it enables you to get an outsize return.", "- So, if you think about them, you can extend that strategy there, it applies quite a lot to startups, entrepreneurs and small businesses, they don't have multibillion-dollar marketing budget, they're trying to survive and they have very small budget, what's your recommendation or advice or strategy for startups and small businesses with tiny budgets or small budgets?", "- So, a large budget can cover up all sorts of sin.", "You can spend a lot of money on advertising, you can kind of buy your way to awareness, you could even buy your way sometimes to getting loyalty by buying down the price and that kind of thing.", "So, with enough money, you almost can afford to not be focused.", "When your resources are constrained, you can't afford not to focus and this is, I'm sure leaders listening to this right now, you know this, like you have to be so judicious about the way you spend your time, who you talk to, what you spend money on, who you hire, those decisions are so important because you can't afford to be unfocused.", "The same goes for brand.", "When you select something potent, you don't have to spend as much money.", "And if you do end up ultimately, maybe this is way down the line spending a lot of money, you will simply get a higher return on what you do spend money on.", "So, when you're leaning into something that is unique to you, you're going to get a higher ROI, you can't afford to hedge when your resources are constrained.", "- For a lot of brands, what I see, I mean, I'll call them brands for now because we're learning right now in this episode.", "For some product companies, let's call them that, so for a lot of product companies, to me it feels like marketing is a transaction and it's not a conversation.", "It's not a conversation like the one we're having, is more like transaction, \"I'm gonna pay CPC, cost per click or impression, CPM to Google or Facebook to run these ads and I'm gonna get these many transactions out of it.\"", "It's transaction.", "When you're creating a brand, that's a conversation so that when you are not running ads, that people still care about like if Clorox is not running a TV ad right now on my TV, I still have need for Clorox, I'm gonna go and buy it.", "It's not like, \"I had to see the app to go buy the Clorox,\" that's the strength of branding.", "It's like conversation versus transaction and one of the guests I had actually in the previous episode was to Too Hynek and he talked about good marketers actually think about and they spent a ton of energy thinking about the strategy of what they wanna execute, not necessarily...", "Though they don't think about the budget.", "As soon as you put the budget there, then you could start getting very lazy about thinking, you're gonna go like, \"Oh, we're gonna give 70% of our budget to Google, 30% of it goes to this and blah, blah, blah, blah, blah and the return on advertising spend is here, that's there and we gonna get these many transactions.\"", "Thank God September is over, now it's October, we start that same conversation over again.", "But if you don't have good branding and it's just you're trying to sell products, that's what you're lacking, it's the conversation piece.", "Like there is no conversation, it's a give and take, I saw the ad, I bought the thing and that's it.", "I don't really have any kind of emotional attachment to that brand at all.", "- Exactly, there's no relationship.", "There's no relationship, it's a transaction and there's a I've been there, I get the idea of using budget, the process of, \"Well, what did we do last year?\"", "And like, \"Let's tweak it according to what worked,\" and some portion of a marketing budget, I'm not gonna give like a rule of thumb for what percentage that is, but there is some portion that should go into driving transactions.", "The problem is it's kind of like having an all-sugar diet instead of like mixing it with proteins and healthy fats.", "It will give you energy today, it will drive sales today, but what happens later, what happens when you crash?", "There's sort of this just like again back to this is about a relationship, it's about building enduring relationships, enduring value, so there is a role for sugar in everybody's diet or at least some carbs in everybody's diet, there is a role for performance marketing.", "If you want to have a high in... Consumer packaged goods, we would call it a high repeat business, a business that has not just a trial transaction, but an ongoing as you say conversation, that is a much more attractive economic proposition than just driving transactions right away.", "So, I would rather see a nice balance of fat, carbs and protein, a nice balance of planting seeds and building the relationship that you might not see a transaction on in the next quarter mixed with things that are gonna drive a transaction in the near term.", "- It's basically it's not like you're just doing, shop now, buy now, click this, maybe if it's a food brand in that example or I don't know if it's a supplement that you're trying to sell there with a sugar balance, but you're putting out maybe recipe content, maybe you're putting a founder story or something like that or what are you doing for the community or whatever that is depending on the brand size.", "- That's exactly right.", "It's like the... And one client of mine once called it, it's kind of like when you're painting a room, you paint the primer coat on before you paint the real color on, you're gonna have a much nicer result and a longer lasting, more vibrant color if you start with a primer coat.", "So, first somebody needs to even have awareness of your business, like you need to gain their attention to begin with before they're going to be pulled into your funnel or your customer journey, but really, the holy grail is they're not shopping around for X, Y or Z widget, they just have thought of your brand and they're just going to that because they have a relationship with you even if it's a burgeoning relationship.", "That's gonna capture more value and it's gonna create more of a loyalty as you say it creates a conversation, it also enables you to keep getting better because you're in conversation with those customers and you're learning what's working, what's not, it helps you build an enduring proposition with a sense of empathy for this person that you're serving, which is really why we're all in business is to have a customer, to serve a customer.", "Like that's the whole point of this.", "So, when we see that person not as like a wallet that's going to fork over some money, but as a person who we can be in conversation with and yes, we will also have a financial transaction, hopefully it will be a really mutually beneficial one, that's how we create this meaningful business for everybody involved.", "- Now, we've talked so much about B2C businesses from razors to shoes and all of those things.", "The iron clad strategy, which we should actually jump into it right next, is that just for B2C businesses or is it also for B2B?", "- It's for both and let's actually take this for a moment.", "I think it's a false dichotomy really that B2B versus B2C, the difference with B2C is that both of us know a lot of B2C brands whereas B2B brands are often only known by the target audience, so it's harder to come up with great B2B brands just in a general conversation, but the people who are making purchase decisions on behalf of a business are people, they're people, they're human beings that are making these decisions, so when I'm making a decision on behalf of my business, I'm Lindsay and I'm making this decision about what software to purchase for my business.", "And then an hour later, I'm purchasing a soccer ball for my teenager.", "I'm still Lindsay, I'm a person in both of these instances and by seeing me that way, as a B2B company, seeing me as a person who an hour later will be purchasing a soccer ball for my child, that alone is a competitive advantage because most B2B businesses don't see me as a human being.", "They see me as the procurement-- - ABC corp. - Yeah, exactly.", "So, it's a false dichotomy.", "There are B2B and B2C or both business to human as they say.", "If you're selling to robots or to AI, I can't help you, but if you're selling to a human being whether it's B2B or B2C, it's the same principles.", "The marketing tactics will be different, your organizational structure will be different, your budget allocation will be different, but your brand positioning, target sweet spot audience and then delivering on something that they desperately want and you're really good at bringing, the principle is the same, whether it's B2B or B2C.", "So, like my business serves half, it's roughly half and half I'd say, B2B versus B2C, but I think too much is made of that duality.", "- Actually it's interesting you bring that up because one of my guests I had at the beginning of this season, this year his name is Sasha Der Avanessian, I hope that I didn't torture his name, he actually founded and he runs a dental products business for dental laboratories.", "So, if you think about the value chain, he is so far removed.", "But he's well known in his industry, the way he comes up against all of the commodity because he runs a B2B business in that scenario.", "Huge differentiation is creative.", "His brand is known for creativity and innovation in the industry.", "In an industry where we're talking about dental parts, I'm not talking about crown and dentures, talking about the equipment that makes those things that he sells to dental laboratories.", "So, that's how he has branded his business from that perspective and comes with it, not only creativity and innovation, comes also the message of quality through how he talks about the brand and how the products are packaged and stuff, it looks more like you're opening up an iPhone when you get these products in your dental laboratory to a company that if you think about it purely from a parts perspective, it's a commodity business that could be bought, but the thing is the attention he has paid to the branding of his company is phenomenal in an industry which is so far removed from B2B, from the consumer, like a consumer walks into the dentist, the dentist takes the impression, sends it to the laboratory, the laboratory takes it, gives it to the technician that takes and builds the crown and those kinds of things for you that you get it back to the consumer.", "He's behind that.", "- Yeah, it's as B2B as it gets.", "You're making my point for me so well, that in a way it's like if I had to think, if somebody forced me to come up with a synonym for brand, it would be differentiation.", "How are you different?", "And if your answer is we're not, then I don't wanna be an investor in your company because commoditization is the enemy of a strong margin because you're just competing on price.", "So, if you want differentiation, then your brand is the tool that kinda taps that customer empathy in order to create that in a sustainable way, so whether that B2B and B2C, both have to abide by the laws of differentiation and commoditization, if you don't wanna be a commodity, you wanna be different.", "If you wanna be different, you embrace brand, doesn't matter if you're selling to dental offices or to soccer moms.", "- In your book actually, you had a very famous quote in there and I really appreciate you putting it in there, it's from Warren Buffett when he talks about increasing your price and making prayers that you're not gonna lose market share and actually in knowing his history, one of the brands that he had acquired was See's Candy.", "See's Candy, from the time he acquired, from time to time, he kept on increasing the price through that company.", "It didn't matter, people still loved it, they still loved See's Candy and didn't mind shelling out another extra 10% for the cost of that candy because they loved it.", "He didn't have to pray for that to lose market share to other...", "There are so many candy brands out there, it's because they just loved it.", "They loved the brand and they just kept on coming back.", "- This is how I win over CFOs when we're talking about branding especially the marketing leaders on this call probably know this, like a lot of times CFOs are like, \"Wait, why do I want to invest in brand?", "Like, what's in it for me and what's-- - What's the ROI?", "- What's the ROI?", "What's in it for shareholders?", "And the answer is, it elevates your pricing power, it elevates your pricing power.", "A preferred brand commands a higher price than a non-preferred brand.", "That's actually what a preferred brand means.", "So, what Warren Buffett says is every time somebody increases their price, if they have to say a prayer to the gods of consumer demand that demand doesn't drop when that happens, that's not a product I wanna be an investor in.", "When you have a compelling brand, price is less part of the purchase decision.", "And you can just think of your own purchase decisions as a consumer yourself.", "Price maybe second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth on your list, but the brands that you really love, you're not as concerned about what you're paying in price.", "That doesn't mean that we as businesses wanna gouge people or take advantage of that just like we wouldn't with any relationship that we wanna nourish.", "But it's a mutually beneficial economic proposition when you have a brand that brings significant value to the customer, they're willing to part with more of their money for this and you can use that extra margin to bring even more value to them, to pay your investors, for R & D, for whatever your business goals demand, but the elevation of pricing power is what makes this a financial no-brainer.", "- Two brands that I can think of when you were saying that, one is Netflix.", "Since its existence, Netflix has increased its monthly subscription fee while delivering more value obviously, there's Netflix originals and so much more content coming up like every month you see so many releases of new content that I still pay for it.", "I mean, for the longest time, I used to even get the DVDs back in the day.", "That's how long I've been a customer.", "It doesn't matter.", "That's one example that comes to mind immediately.", "The other one is magical experience at Disney.", "If I have a family with my kids and if Disney increases its price, doesn't mean that I'm not gonna go to Disney, more people are going to Disney than ever in history.", "- Yeah, they bring so much value, it's like they bring so much value that price is only one of the considerations, not the only consideration that goes into the purchase decision and that's what we're trying to do to create thriving businesses is to both deliver on that value while also sharing some of that value creation through margin with our customers.", "- So, when we're talking about value creation, it's kind of intersection of three different things.", "So, let me clarify that.", "Rational, functional and emotional.", "What I see for a lot of brands that don't do branding right, I see that they overemphasize functional, it's a 12-pack, blah, blah, blah, it lasts 30% more battery power.", "It's very functional and they're relying on the rationality of the consumer to say, \"Oh, this package has 30% more liquid in it,\" or whatever.", "What is the right intersection of those three things, those three attributes I just mentioned that makes for a successful brand?", "- I love this, I love this topic.", "So, I have this framework and a lot of brand builders use this, it's called the benefit ladder and the benefit ladder is, it's a lot like Maslow's hierarchy of needs where you show your features, your attributes, kind of the facts about your offering, those are the ranks on the bottom of the ladder, which enable functional benefits which in turn enable more emotional benefits which in turn enable transcendent benefits.", "And there's a dance here because it's important to bring functional benefits, that's really important, in a lot of categories, it is a significant purchase driver.", "The problem isn't delivering on functional benefits, the problem is stopping with that.", "So, let's use your battery example, like battery life, a feature is how long the phone battery lasts, which enables a functional benefit of longer talk time, which enables an emotional benefit of not needing to worry about your phone, which enables a more transcendent benefit if I can focus on the things I love rather than my phone, so that's a crude benefit latter-- - That's the early days of smartphones if you remember, it went off in the middle of your conference call.", "- Yes, painful.", "Now, what I see is and this is especially true in technology, very product-driven cultures, they're so proud of their functional benefits, they're are so proud of their features that they stay there because that's what they're building.", "And the problem is that customers don't buy features, they buy benefits.", "So, I don't care about the electrical charge of the battery, I care about my experience of interacting with that phone, so it's an inside out thinking that kind of blocks the empathy with the customer.", "And the thing is there's a low willingness to pay for battery life, there's a high willingness to pay for not having to recharge my phone in the middle of a meeting.", "So, you have to deliver on those functional benefits so that you can enable an emotional benefit.", "And here's the other thing that...", "So, one mistake is overfocusing on the bottom of the benefit ladder, those features and functional benefits, the rational, functional benefits, the other is focusing on the top of the ladder, the transcendent benefits before people know what your business even is.", "So, you were mentioning like early in the life stage of or the category of smartphones, the focus was on these functional benefits.", "That's because people didn't know-- - What a smartphone is.", "- So, the original question was, where do we focus?", "What's the proportion of functional, rational, emotional and transcendent?", "It depends on where you are in your awareness building journey with your audience.", "When you have an audience who doesn't know what the heck you even are, they need to know the functional benefit, they need to have something to latch onto that feels familiar to them so that they're willing to even have a conversation with you.", "So, that's useful at the beginning, it's very useful.", "You just don't wanna stop there.", "You don't wanna stop there because you'll be leaving money on the table for yourself and you'll be denying the customer a more resonant experience.", "So, functional is important, don't jump all the way to transcendent when people don't know what your business is.", "It's both and even within the lifecycle of a given business, even with a very mature category, there are still always gonna be newcomers who need the functional benefit.", "So, that's appropriate to have that in the mix of your messaging, just don't stay there too long, it might feel safe to you, but functional benefits are easy to copy.", "That's why there's an arms race of battery life in smartphones.", "It's easy to copy, it doesn't give you a competitive moat, but emotional benefits are hard to copy.", "- One thing that Steve Jobs did in an amazing way in one statement was with the launch of iPod back in the day, he did not call it another Mp3 player, there were 1000s of Mp3 players competing in the market.", "He didn't call his product Mp3 player.", "He said, \"It's 1000 songs in your pocket.\"", "And that's the benefit.", "I'm not an Mp3 player, it's 1000 songs in your pocket.", "That's the kind of the emotional and functional combined together.", "Fast forward to now iPhone 15 or 14, whatever the number is now, it's functional and that I'm a die hard Apple fan, I don't care what Apple puts out, I'm gonna go buy it.", "If they announce it, it's coming out, Apple watch, iPhone 15, whatever it is, I'm gonna buy it because now it's giving me that emotional connection to the gadgets that extends me as a human being.", "So, now I'm on a very different level.", "It's no longer about Mp3 players anymore.", "- Yes, I love this example because it's interesting, like just in what is it?", "The last 16, 17 years since Apple launched the iPod and even at that very early stage with the message 1000 songs in your pocket, there's a nod to rational about that, it did start with something very familiar.", "I know what a song is, I know what my pocket is, that's a cool way to kind of dimensionalize what the product does and then maybe two years later, the Apple advertising of the silhouettes of people dancing and experiencing joy that only music brings, that followed it really quickly, but iPod started with the 1000 songs in your pocket.", "And it continues to have elements of that functional while also delivering on that more transcendent.", "- So, with that like how does brand strategy create a competitive advantage?", "And we went through this journey just now together from your perspective because I know that in the book you mentioned this, I don't know if it was seven or nine different attributes there to think through.", "If you can quickly go through it and then see how it translates to competitive advantage.", "- So, to take a step back like what we talked early on like what is a brand?", "A brand is what you stand for.", "A brand strategy is the deliberate choosing what you're gonna stand for.", "Brand is what you stand for, brand strategy is the choosing of what you're gonna stand for.", "And the thing is that all businesses have a brand, it's like the adages position or be positioned.", "So, what I contend is that you're better off if you consciously, proactively select what you want your positioning to be rather than allowing the market to position you in a way that is not favorable.", "So, that's the kind of the underlying premise is like whether you do this or not, you're going to have a position.", "And if you want to unlock all of these good things that we've been talking about, you have to do it proactively.", "You're much more likely to-- - If the brand doesn't do it, the consumer does it for you, which is dangerous.", "- Yeah, that's exactly, the consumer or your competitors, I mean, they're forces at work that will gladly step into the vacuum and define you if you don't define yourself.", "In fact, it's also this like kind of act of humility, like if you don't take the time to define yourself, how can you expect others to do it for you?", "So, that's the underlying premise and what is really the inspiration for my writing a book about how to do this is that you don't have to be a creative type to build a brand strategy.", "And growing up in my career in consumer packaged goods like at Clorox, we have to have a world-class brand because our products are very similar to the competitors', In the case of Clorox bleach, it's literally the same as competitors' bleaches.", "So, you have to have a really resonant brand in order to win, in order to not be commoditized.", "And what I'm sharing in this book is there's a step-by-step process that you can use to build that.", "And you don't have to wait for the muse to visit you to build a brand strategy, you just need to kind of have this curiosity and open-mindedness to, \"Where do we really have a right to win?", "What does our customer really want?", "How can we deliver that in a way that others can't?\"", "So, I have this eight-step method in the book, \"Forging An Ironclad Brand\" that takes you through the steps to doing this, you don't have to hire somebody to do it for, you can, but it's like don't let the perfect be the enemy of the good, use these frameworks, each of these steps as a framework to get you to kind of have the leadership courage to put this single stake in the ground.", "And some people spend six months on it and some spend six hours on it and there's a really dramatic difference between not doing it at all and doing it for six hours, like it's like you can get from an F to a B by doing that so do it, do it yourself or hire somebody to do it, but don't be intimidated by it.", "There's no need for this to be shrouded in mystique.", "You should feel empowered to use frameworks to help you to lean on that.", "- One thing that I wanna also remind the audience in addition because I think you mentioned it in your book, branding is not just about product sales, branding is also how people perceive you, their project perceive you as a brand.", "Think about HR for example and employment and career, having a career and your company.", "How do they relate to you?", "It makes that decision of bringing in talent so much easier when you have proper brand.", "When you lack it, then you're almost commoditizing even the talent that walks through that door.", "- I love this point and I think I've been so inspired in the last two to three years about how brand has been embraced by HR and chief people officers for its ability to draw in right employees and to galvanize and retain and celebrate the employees.", "So, it comes back to like when you choose what you're gonna stand for, you're gonna draw in people who want that, whether it's customers or employees.", "- So, Lindsay, wow, wow, wow.", "The amount of information and advice and insights that we packed in the past hour has been phenomenal.", "From your perspective, Lindsay, what's your number one iron clad strategy insight, $100,000 insight you would like to part ways with to the audience?", "- Awesome, this is so good.", "Okay, everybody, listen up.", "So, the $100,000 piece of advice, maybe million dollar piece of advice is don't conflate brand with one of its many outward expressions, don't conflate brand with your name, your logo, your advertising, your performance metrics, don't conflate it with any of these things that are hopefully a manifestation of that North Star.", "It ultimately is your largest source of economic value.", "It's your largest, it's also your most enduring, but you have to see it for this holistic thing that it is in order to unlock that value, this thing that you own in the mind of your audience.", "So, if you can embrace this holistic thing, you not only create economic value for your business, but you also create a competitive moat.", "It's really hard to copy a brand, you galvanize employees because following a North Star that has a purpose that resonates with them as a human being is motivating and creates meaning alone in their lives and you can make your company more meaningful and fulfilling for you yourself to lead when you're leveraging something where you really have this right to win and where you're helping customers to live the kind of life that they wanna live, whether that's ultimately a rational category or a more emotionally-laden one, you're in the business of serving this person and that's what's going to create this thriving, flourishing business for you for years, maybe decades to come.", "- Amazing, Lindsay.", "Audience, if you would like to get in touch with Lindsay, it's ironcladbrandstrategy.com and I would highly, highly recommend for you to pick up this book, it's on Amazon and I'm sure that it's available on other bookstores online also, \"Forging An Ironclad Brand\".", "Lindsay, thank you very much for being on the show and thank you audience for tuning in for this episode, we have a ton of amazing content coming up in the following episodes.", "If you have missed any of the episodes, just visit this link growthbysabir.com/liveshow, it's just a short link to the YouTube channel that will take you to all amazing content like Lindsay.", "Thank you, Lindsay.", "- Thank you so much for having me, Sabir.", "- Okay, bye, bye." ]

[ "1.Sabir Welcomes Lindsay Pedersen", "2.It’s Possible to Be Too Successful", "3.Ask Yourself These Two Questions", "4.Select the Most “Value Unlocking Position”", "5.The Purpose of Your Brand", "6.Money Hides Sin", "7.You Must Focus", "8.The Importance of Loyalty in Marketing", "9.Have a Conversation With Your Customers", "10.The Meaning of a Preferred Brand", "11.Why Price Is Less Important for Compelling Brands", "12.The Benefit Ladder", "13.Customers Buy Benefits, Not Features", "14.Delivering on Functional Benefits", "15.Functional, Emotional, Transcendent" ]

[ "Over the past several months, there has been an influx of so called moonbois within reddit, stocktwits, the YouTube comments, and basically every other medium of online communication.", "For the first time in history, bad news is good news.", "In fact, the worse the news, the better.", "Is a company accused of fraud?", "It’s time to buy.", "Is a company massively shorted and in a dying industry?", "It’s time to buy.", "Is a company or a crypto a popular meme?", "Well, you know the deal, it’s time to buy the dip and take this trash to the moon.", "The worst part is that recent market conditions have rewarded such behavior prompting these individuals to continuously gamble their gains on quote on quote the next short squeeze or the next doge coin.", "And honestly, if they don’t take profits and stop while they can, they’re portfolio is going to end up being the next bitconnect.", "So, here’s the appallingly toxic culture of moonbois.", "Before we get started, I wanted to make it clear that I agree that hedge funds and market makers are evil.", "They manipulate markets, they manipulate news, and they manipulate emotions.", "Really, there’s nothing that they don’t manipulate.", "But, yoloing one’s entire money on a nameless penny stock or altcoin is not the solution.", "In fact, you’re probably increasing the likelihood of handing over everything to the big bois and here’s why.", "First of all, moonbois are cherry picking favorable results.", "Gamestop was a magnificent short squeeze.", "People who got in early and took profits were often able to profit hundreds of thousands if not millions of dollars.", "But GameStop was a 1 in 10 million or a 1 in 100 million outcome.", "You could argue that Tesla’s run up was also a massive short squeeze, but there were many more factors hyping up Tesla’s run than a simple technical short squeeze.", "Really, the last time a spectacular short squeeze happened was with Volkswagen way back in 2008.", "And, no retail investors were really involved in that short squeeze.", "But, you don’t even have to look that far to understand the low probability of such a short squeeze.", "Gamestop is one of the most popular events of 2021.", "Even people who have never invested in their entire life have heard about the gamestop story.", "Considering this, don’t you think hedge funds and market makers who work on wall street all day every day know about it as well?", "Wouldn’t it make sense that they would be far more careful now that they took a massive loss.", "I mean, it sounds like common sense, yet we see new short squeeze opportunities posted on reddit and stocktwits on a daily basis.", "Whether that be Microvision or Nikola or Blink or AMC.", "Basically any stock that’s down 70 or 80% and has a massive short interest is a new short squeeze target.", "I mean if you want to throw 1 or 2% of your portfolio into one of these companies just for the fun of it.", "Go right ahead.", "But, moonbois are often taking out lines of credit on their homes, maxing out their credit cards, and throwing everything they have on some pipe dream short squeeze.", "The worst part though is that they often convince new and naive investors who have no idea what’s happening to do the exact same thing.", "Is it going to work for someone?", "Yes.", "But someone is also always going to win the lottery.", "Anyway, moving away from short squeeze moonbois, we have altcoin moonbois.", "Here, it’s basically the same thing, but even worse.", "Instead of pointing to gamestop, altcoin moonbois point to dogecoin.", "They claim that worthless altcoins like safemoon coin and shiba coin and deeznuts coin are going to the moon.", "And yes, there’s actually an altcoin called deeznuts coin.", "The reason altcoin moonbois are even worse is that the only people they’re screwing over are their peers.", "With short squeezes, the people who are hurt the most are also usually just retailers who got in late.", "But, there’s atleast a chance that hedge funds and market makers could get hurt.", "With these nameless altcoins though, the only person getting hurt is retailers, as no institution is going to touch these worthless pieces of garbage.", "With altcoins, scummy individuals are literally running pump and dumps in broad daylight.", "Are there naive moonbois involved in these schemes that don’t know exactly what they’re doing?", "Probably.", "But the people at the top of these pyramids know exactly what they’re doing.", "All they’re doing is hyping up coins to inflate the price, so that they can dump at the top.", "I mean this is literally what the Wolf of Wall Street did with penny stocks and it landed him 2 years in federal prison.", "The altcoin ponzi leaders are straight up committing fraud and theft in broad daylight, but since cryptocurrencies aren’t regulated, they can get away with it.", "It’s really quite disgusting.", "Aside from selling pipedreams to new investors, moonbois are constantly normailizng ludicrous losses on reddit and stocktwits.", "We’re talking 70 80 even 90% losses.", "And it’s not like they put in $100 and lost $80.", "No, these guys put in hundreds of thousands of dollars and then often lose hundreds of thousands.", "Take a look at this wallstreetbets poster, he lost $212,000.", "This guy lost $95,000.", "And this guy lost $589,000.", "On WallStreetBets and stocktwits, these aren’t warnings to stay away or stories of people learning their lessons.", "No, these are proud battle scars.", "Most of these gamblers think that they’re a brave soldier holding the line and that they’re going to be rewarded massively when the short squeeze finally begins.", "In the future, they think that this loss will be a funny story that they can laugh about.", "Maybe in a year they can post a new story that's like, Oh yeah, I was down half a mil last year, but now, I’m up 10 mil.", "In reality though, the only thing that's gonna be funny at the end of the day is their final account value after they blew a 100% because of pure stupidity.", "I feel bad for people who randomly get screwed out of nowhere, but these guys, man, they’re just asking for it.", "They take pride in holding massive bags and having what they call diamond hands.", "Diamond hands are awesome if you invested into a fundamentally strong company that’s vastly undervalued.", "But these guys are buying into pure hype and are hoping that things get even more heated.", "Sometimes, this strategy even works, but instead of taking profits along the way they end up losing most of their gains.", "This poster for instance started from $10,000 and skyrocketed all the way to $1.6 million.", "He could’ve taken profits right then and there, but he ended up riding it down to $250,000.", "Granted, he did still 25x his money, but that’s still such a sad story.", "Imagine if he just sold 10% of his position for every $100k he made.", "Or what if he just put a stop loss at $1 million.", "If you’re so confident in your thesis, putting in a stop loss wouldn’t matter right?", "The stop loss should theoretically never hit.", "But, on the off chance it did hit, you would guarantee yourself $1 million pre tax.", "Unfortunately though, that would be classified as having paper hands and that’s a big no no amongst these communities.", "Risk management and smart trading tactics are for losers, here, it’s either ride or die with diamond hands.", "Not only do these communities encourage people to not sell until some fairytale number is reached, but they also promote infinitely buying the dip.", "Again, buying the dip is a great strategy when you’re investing into fundamentally sound companies like Amazon or Apple.", "But, moonbois aren’t buying dips, they’re buying crashes and falling knives.", "There’s always some random hype that gets circulated amongst these communities that’s gonna be game changing for the asset.", "You might hear that the institutions are trying to buy your shares at cheap prices or that they’re trying to shake out the weak hands and that the pump is just around the corner.", "Check out this gambler for instance.", "His thesis is that the IV or implied volatility of Gamestop options is under 100%.", "The company also has earnings and a shareholder meeting coming soon.", "So, this user decided to go ahead and buy nearly a $100k worth of $950 call options on Gamestop.", "For those of you who aren’t familiar with call options, this position basically means that this user is betting $100k that Gamsetop will be above $950 per share by January of 2023.", "At least, he bought something with 1.5 years to play out, but man talk about risk management.", "Now, none of this is anything new.", "People have been using the stock market as a casino for decades at this point.", "But with the success of Gamestop and Dogecoin, more regular people are falling into this trap than ever before.", "These people simply don’t understand the risks of investing into short squeeze stocks and hype cryptos.", "They’re being sold a fantasy from moonbois who either don’t understand the risk themselves or they’re braindead gamblers.", "And unfortunately, the vast majority of these individuals will end up losing everything.", "Anyone who tries to argue against these moonbois or anyone who even tries to simply outline the risks of such activities are labeled as gay bears.", "There’s gonna be comments down below that I’m paid by hedge funds to spread fear, uncertainty, and doubt and that I’m a tool for big money.", "But in reality, the real tool for big money is moon bois.", "And that brings me into my last point which is that there is no larger mission.", "Oftentimes, wall street betters and moon bois think that they’re doing something super noble by taking down big money and helping the little guy win.", "Even with gamestop, the little guy didn’t win.", "Sure, some retailers won, but retail investors as a whole did not win by any means.", "Moonbois were super excited that the hedge fund melvin capital lost 53% of their portfolio in January.", "But, what people don’t mention is that melvin capital gained 20% the very next month, and at that rate, they’ll probably be green by the end of the year.", "Now, you might be saying that Robinhood and the other brokerages came to their rescue, and that they would’ve gone under if it wasn’t for interference.", "But even if Melvin capital and citron research went bankrupt, who cares?", "That’s just a handful of hedge funds, and hedge funds would’ve still won the gamestop fiasco even if GameStop went to the moon and hit $2000 or $3000 per share.", "Here’s the thing, hedge funds don’t just short stocks, they also buy stocks just like retailers.", "In fact, the four largest asset managers in the world own a total of 39% of Gamestop.", "Aside from these hedge funds who already owned gamestop, dozens of hedge funds got in and got out of gamestop just like you.", "And they made a lot lot more.", "Even DFV, who is likely the retailer that benefited the most, only made 30 or maybe $40 million at the peak which is of course insane.", "But, a hedge fund named Senvest management that decided to jump into the Gamestop frenzy ended up pocketing $700 million.", "If Robinhood didn’t shut down gamestop stock buying, not only would retailers have made millions more, but hedge funds on the right side of the trade would have made billions more.", "So, it’s really not as noble of a fight as you might think.", "At the end of the day, the stock and crypto markets have skyrocketed over the past year.", "The PE ratio of the S&P 500 would suggest that we’re actually at dotcom bubble levels right now.", "This massive speculation across the stock market has allowed a group of moonbois on reddit, stocktwits, and youtube to make unprecedented returns within a very short period of time.", "This short term victory has led them to believe that they can replicate these results over and over again adding a zero to their portfolio with each subsequent win.", "But, sooner or later the house of cards will crumble and most of them will lose everything just like every other euphoric event in history.", "So, be sure that you’re not the one that's diamond handing to 0.", "What do you guys think about moonbois?", "Comment that down below.", "Also, drop a like if you guys think this market is in need of some reason and logic.", "And of course, consider joining our discord community to suggest future video ideas and consider subscribing to see more questions logically answered." ]

[ "Toxic Moonbois", "The Next GameStop", "The Next DogeCoin", "Braindead Trading Practices", "No Larger Mission", "The Inevitable Fall" ]

[ "Moving on with the call, Zach Kirkhorn takes over and discusses some of the financials.", "MARGINS He talks about margin, saying it was 27.9%, which I thought was actually quite low.", "It was the same margin as Q2, which had a massive lock down in Shanghai, along with the two factories doing very little in Q2, and we saw a lot more output, relatively, in Q3.", "This I was not expecting.", "Especially when Elon had previous said that Giga-Berlin reached profitability, in the last earnings call.", "I think that this means these new factories are costing a lot to run, likely more than the Shanghai factories.", "A lot of this cost might also be attributed to the 4680 cell production too.", "So although the overheads of these new factories are higher than Shanghai, I would expect when ramped up, the cost per vehicle should hopefully be lower, and on top of that, of course they are producing long range Ys, which are more profitable.", "I also expect that the final capacity to be much higher due to the advanced manufacturing techniques.", "He does actually go on to say that Austin and Berlin ramp costs weighed on the margins, so it's also the actual cost of ramping the factories up too, but should be better in Q4.", "In other words these factories are suffering more cost with less output than they will in the future.", "And then he says if we remove regulatory credits and Austin and Berlin, then the operating margin would have been the best yet, previously 19.2% in Q1.", "He does however tell us too that auto gross margin would have been nearly 30%.", "Alright, that sounds much better.", "Again Q1 was 30% auto gross margin, so similar there, but better operating margin, this is due to what I have been trying to explain previously, how Tesla has such outstanding operating leverage.", "Tesla's OPEX increases very little, relative to the revenue or units produced.", "Thus as Tesla continues to ramp up their production, the cost OPEX per vehicle keeps reducing.", "Hence such incredible operating margin.", "NEW FACTORIES Zach goes on to say that whilst small and growing, each car they build in Berlin and Austin is contributing positively to profitability.", "I am surprised by this, I wouldn't have thought Texas would be profitable yet.", "In fact that is actually amazing that Texas is already profitable at such a low production rate, it must means costs are very low, and possibly gross margins on the vehicles will be high, as cost of goods sold will get much lower.", "But the numbers I run, seem to point more in the direction that Texas lost around 200 million this quarter.", "So I think he is talking about the fact that Texas is now contributing to profitability, given that they are close to around 2000 units a week, but on the average for Q3, it actually did still generate a loss.", "Also I am not sure if he is factoring in the cost of the Kato Rd facility there too, and cost of production for the 4680 cells, I would assume so.", "But either way, it sounds like a run rate of 2,000 a week is break even for Texas, or perhaps revenue of around $1.7 billion a quarter.", "Anyway once Tesla also receive subsidies for their battery production this will also rapidly improve.", "LINE UPGRADE I still think margins are lower than they should be though.", "We had 30% margin in Q1, without regulatory credits, the prices of vehicles have increased about 10% since then.", "He does explain further that they have been facing macro head winds, he lists raw materials, logistics, and foreign exchange was a big part of this last quarter.", "This is a shame, we can only imagine how well Tesla would be doing now, if the world was running at a more normal rate.", "Although Tesla do source as much as they possibly can locally, it would seem that the dollar is affecting their margins too.", "Perhaps they have mining contracts that are in US dollars for example.", "We would hope that this all passes, but will likely continue to be an issue for a little while.", "However, the fact despite all this, that Tesla are still achieving 30% margins is remarkable really.", "I don't know how many of you recall when Tesla was first hitting around 30% margins and how impressed we were.", "Well let's not forget that.", "But these new factories will ramp up within time also, and generate even better margins, with their lowest cost production and highest value product.", "Then of course Inflation Reduction Act for the US.", "Then on top of that, like I keep reminding you, the operating leverage, of when they hit volume production.", "Not to mention the almighty Cybertruck, which when in volume production could have the best margins out of everything.", "I am not entirely sure the semi truck will have great margins to begin with though.", "Anyway if its this bad for Tesla though, how bad must it be for legacy right now?", "ENERGY We hear that Tesla achieved their highest profitability in energy this quarter, and is attributed to increased volume in megapacks and powerwall products.", "I actually estimated these figures right, except I attributed the profitability to Tesla moving over to LFP cells instead of using the more expensive 2170 cells, and I am sure that is a part of it.", "But not only that, did you know that the Tesla Megapack factory was actually already online, the recently build one in Lathrop California.", "Tesla didn't make a big deal about this, it was just mentioned in the Q2 earnings report.", "It has a capacity of 40 GWh a year, and we saw Q3 jump from about 1.1 GWh deployed to 2.1 GWh, almost double increase quarter over quarter.", "So I expect we finally will see energy grow at a good rate from there.", "LOGISTICS Then we hear about the cars in transit, and how Tesla have been experiencing limitations on outbound logistics capacity, which was not anticipated.", "It is broken down to shipping vehicles from China to Europe and local trucking within certain parts of the US and Europe.", "If trucking becomes a bottleneck, because the vehicles are so popular, then you know Tesla, and what Elon says, they will get into whatever industry necessary for this mission.", "Well Tesla are going to also be making semi trucks, so is it possible Tesla will start using their own trucks to deliver the cars?", "They even mention 50,000 semi trucks by 2024, that is a lot.", "A number I was very surprised about.", "Probably about 40 to 50 GWh of cells to achieve that.", "That's a lot of batteries in just a couple of years, in addition to everything else.", "The historical operating pattern of Tesla's batch building by delivery region leads to extreme concentrations of outbound logistic needs in the final weeks of each quarter.", "And to put this in perspective we are told that roughly 2/3 of Q3 deliveries occurred in September, and 1/3 just in the final two weeks.", "As a result Tesla have begun to smooth regional builds throughout the quarter to reduce the peak needs for outbound logistics.", "Which will simplify operations, reduce costs, and improve customer experience.", "But it might mean that we see more discrepancies between production and deliveries in the future.", "Tesla's production numbers are growing exponentially, it's one thing finding more ways to deliver and additional 20,000 vehicles from the previous quarter, but when it starts to approach an additional 100,000, that's not so easy.", "But remember as investors, production is what matters.", "I think that means we can infer that some people's production estimates of around 400,000 for Q4, are incorrect.", "50% Zach then says, as we look ahead, plans show we are on track for 50% annual growth in production for this year.", "Wow.", "And we had Elon also saying how Q4 will be epic too.", "My rough guess to Q4 production previously was around 470,000, but let's calculate what 50% growth would actually be.", "2021 production was 930,000 so to a 50% increase is a fraction below 1.4 million.", "We are up to 930,000 produced this year, so that would mean we need 465,000 produced in Q4 to reach that target.", "Which is an insane 27% growth quarter over quarter.", "Presumably due to these line upgrades in Shanghai in full operating, and some more ramping from the new factories, and Fremont too.", "Those numbers are totally achievable assuming no lock downs or anything like that, and they do mention supply chain risks, which are out of their control.", "Whether deliveries will be higher or lower than that figure is hard to tell.", "Historically Tesla has pushed out end of year deliveries, on top of that there are 22,000 additional vehicles produced last quarter that were not delivered.", "They do however expect to be slightly under 50% growth when it comes to deliveries.", "For 50% growth in deliveries Tesla would need to hit 495,000 delivered in Q4.", "So to be just under, then maybe 470,000 is a realistic possibility.", "But who knows what can happen.", "We are told to expect a gap between deliveries and production again though.", "So if it is a similar gap, we are at around 450,000 deliveries.", "However that would still be slightly over 30% increase in deliveries from Q3.", "So one would expect Wall Street to take notice of that, but lately Mr Market seems to be suffering very bad from his Bi-Polar disorder.", "And final remarks to reinforce what Elon said, they are continuing to make as many cars as possible whilst maintaining operating margins.", "Which is why Tesla is such a good investment, there is still so much more demand, and they are going to remain highly profitable." ]

[ "Intro", "Margins", "New Factories", "Line Uprade", "Energy", "Logistics", "50" ]

[ "5 Disturbing possibilities regarding Alien Life The universe is so large and limitless that knowing everything about it is impossible.", "It's full of breathtaking places and never ceases to astonish us.", "But, in addition to this beauty, there may or may not be something frightening out there.", "Aliens have been perennial favorites in many sci-fi movies and novels.", "In this video, we will talk about 5 disturbing and unsettling possibilities regarding Aliens that might change your view of the universe.", "5- We are Alone in the universe Arthur Clarke said, “We are either alone in this universe or we are not, and both these thoughts are equally scary.” The one thing that we don’t talk much about is the possibility that we might actually be alone in the entire universe.", "The odds are stacked against this, our universe is filled with Billions of galaxies each with 200 Billion stars in it, the great majority of which are potentially habitable.", "Stars like our sun are the most common in our universe.", "And this is the case only for our observable universe, there could be many more beyond it.", "So, chances are, we're not alone.", "This results in a reality that is quite different from what we now see.", "Earth would then violate the Copernican principle, becoming the most important and privileged location in the entire universe.", "We would then be the highest expression of life in the universe and indeed would represent the universe perceiving and trying to understand itself.", "This is not the same as being a chance for extraterrestrial civilisation among countless others.", "This would be the pinnacle of uniqueness in a universe that despises a one off.", "In science, you always expect further examples, because asteroids are not unique, but rather part of a population.", "This also applies to civilizations.", "They can be uncommon or frequent, for sure, but the concept of just one ever really pushes plausibility to the point that one naturally asks if it was purposeful at that time.", "4- We live in a universe of machines Our species has undergone evolution through the past thousands of years.", "A person twenty thousand years ago was considerably different from us in many respects.", "And it's not just our technology that distinguishes us; it's also our collective beliefs, such as education, reading, and so on, which have all changed how we think and behave in comparison to a time when none of it existed.", "But it is our current technology that stands out the most.", "Who would have imagined that the human race would addict itself to an artificial brain, the cell phone.", "What was once a technique of communicating through wires has evolved into a wealth of knowledge at your fingertips, rapid connection via many channels, and entertainment.", "And this pattern appears to be continuing.", "Over the next few decades, medical research will increasingly focus on the direct incorporation of technology into the human body.", "We will see Brain Machine interfaces like NeuraLink and even better versions of them, and also be able to create artificial organs Or how about nanotechnological weight loss, where one needn’t do a thing and the weight just melts away.", "We already have artificial limbs for those who need it.", "In the future we might be at a point where we transition to become, neuron by neuron gradually over time, a machine ourselves.", "Imagine being biologically born just to die as a machine.", "But only if death genuinely occurs in machines.", "In that world, anything that can be broken can be repaired and brought back to life, or backup copies can be created for a sort of indefinite existence.", "You may be gone, but your memories and everything that made you who you are remain preserved and may be accessed at any time; however, some data may have been lost.", "Digital immortality is something scientists are already working on today.", "This results in a world in which the progress of natural intelligence leads to the advent of machine intelligence.", "If this is the natural order of things, machine civilizations may substantially outnumber biological civilizations.", "Those machine civilizations may end up generating subsequent enhanced incarnations of themselves, implying that machine descends from machine and evolution manifests itself in a new, controlled form disguised as advancing technology.", "So I ask you, all of this would indicate an initial biological civilization igniting the entire thing, but what if we discovered a society with no proof of that, rather its lineage looks to have been machines all the way down?", "3- Dangerous viruses have a potential to wipe out all population on earth Well this topic has been a center for many sci-fi movies and novels and also has a separate branch of science- Astrovirology dedicated to it!", "Life on Earth developed with its viruses.", "Viruses have been there from the beginning of time, and it's plausible to infer that this is the natural order.", "Viruses are present everywhere there is life.", "Earth's viruses, on the other hand, are exceedingly specialized, and they must not just assault cells, but the appropriate kind under the right chemical circumstances.", "While some viruses on Earth can jump species, it only happens in very specific circumstances.", "If you sneeze on a crocodile, it is unlikely to become ill.", "However, there is some debate about whether viruses can generalize under the right conditions.", "Most scientists do not believe this is the case, but it has been proposed that on a dying globe, like Mars at the time it began drying up, members of the microbial ecosystem would have been adapting or becoming extinct on a massive scale during that era if it had life.", "That might have pushed the viruses that preyed on them to become more generic, allowing them to target any cell they came across.", "This opens the door for dead worlds to be infected with viruses capable of attacking explorers and thwarting any attempt at colonisation, as well as increasing the possibility of returning explorers infecting Earth with a virus capable of wiping out most, if not all, life on the planet.", "Even though this scary possibility is somewhat unlikely as planets are always being hit by meteorites coming from other planets.", "We would see such a thing in Mars meteorites and we don’t, and indeed probably we wouldn’t be here if it were the case.", "But what if we haven’t explored enough?", "What if any other planet has it?", "What if we have just been lucky?", "2- Aliens seeded Earth with life!", "The origins of life on earth are obscure.", "It is unclear how a non-living chemical process may grow into life.", "While it is plausible that we will someday comprehend this process and, by extension, know if it is a simple thing that must occur everywhere in the universe, or if it is an extremely uncommon combination of circumstances that can only occur very rarely.", "However, it has been proposed that because it is such a rare occurrence, some process must spread life throughout the universe.", "This is known as interstellar panspermia, in which rocks can travel for millennia carrying latent life and then seed it wherever they chance to fall.", "However, it is doubtful that life could survive long enough to travel intergalactic distances.", "However, it is possible if it is artificially kept and safeguarded by an extraterrestrial civilisation.", "This might happen in two ways: intentionally or unintentionally.", "The unintended approach would be if an extraterrestrial culture visited early Earth and inadvertently contaminated it with its microorganisms, which are now our Microbes.", "They may have been travelling through and looked around a fascinating planet that may have life developing on it, but discovered that it did not, but in the process accidently put life on it that would later evolve into a civilisation that enjoys mobile phones and doughnuts.", "The second possibility is that they did it on purpose, seeing some benefit or urgency in spreading life wherever it might find a footing.", "This is more like gardening, where you plant beans where there aren't any, and presto, you have beans.", "They may plant the seed and check in on it from time to time until it develops into a civilisation and they establish appropriate contact, and intelligence so fills the cosmos.", "Or they may have been extinct over such a long period of time, and the life they leave behind is their legacy.", "This leads to an unusual choice inside SETI.", "A civilisation of this kind may have encoded a message in the DNA of every species on Earth.", "Finding such an artificial marker inside DNA is difficult, but it is possible.", "DNA is an extraordinarily sophisticated and comprehensive data storage system, thus finding such an abnormal identifier within it is difficult, but it is possible.", "Perhaps the proof of life out there existed all along within us.", "1- The Alien Simulation Scenario A long-standing philosophical dilemma has been whether we live in a simulation rather than an actual reality.", "Movies like Matrix display this very perfectly.", "This has lately acquired prominence in the form of simulation theory, the most known example being the concept of ancestor simulation.", "This is where a civilisation develops a simulation of its own history, probably to observe what the cosmos was like in the distant past.", "Perhaps they wanted to know what it was like to be totally human again, or perhaps they wanted to try to rebuild missing elements of their own past.", "Some theories even go so far as to suggest that the universe is almost probably a simulation of this sort, but I believe that's pushing it a bit.", "However, there is one disquieting aspect of the simulation theory concept.", "If such a world is allowed to flourish, it will create not just the civilisation in issue, but others as a result.", "It would be one relevant civilisation and a slew of additional redundant ones that the simulators may be unaware of but may theoretically arise.", "Perhaps this is how they research extraterrestrial cultures.", "However, this may also explain the great silence, in that the simulators simply create one civilization and no others are permitted to exist due to ethical considerations.", "But if that's not the case, and civilizations may form on more than one planet, as the apparent expanse of the cosmos would suggest, we could be an accidental result living in an alien civilization's ancestral simulation.", "Whether these possibilities are correct or not, only the future will tell.", "But they all are equally convincing.", "So what do you guys think about these unsettling possibilities?", "Which one is the most convincing for you?", "Let us know what you think in the comments section below.", "Also make sure to like our video and subscribe to our channel,a s it encourages us to keep making amazing videos like this for you.", "Thank you." ]

[ "intro", "we are alone in the universe", "we live in a universe of machines", "dangerous viruses", "aliens seeded earth with life", "the alien simulation scenario", "Outro" ]

[ "- Should I make a beat?", "[drumbeat] - [Interviewer] Definitely.", "- Essentials with Young Murda, you know?", "It doesn't get better than that.", "[synth music] What's up GQ?", "It's your boy Murda Beatz and these are my essentials.", "My number one essential today is my cook up, set up, where I make all my music.", "All right I'm 'bout to build my cook up station.", "You know what I'm sayin'?", "I need my laptop.", "Just 'cause if I did every one individually it's like a little too much, you know?", "- [Interviewer] What kind of laptop is that?", "- A Razer.", "The interface.", "RME Babyface.", "You know what I'm sayin'?", "If you wanna make beats like me, you know you gotta get a RME Babyface.", "It's a cord.", "You know, you need one of these.", "Dre Beats portable speaker I stole from a hotel in New York.", "You can't find these anymore like that, you know?", "It's a Persian rug mouse pad, you know?", "So, whenever you see this in a studio, you know it's going down.", "- [Interviewer] Why the Razer instead of an Apple?", "- It's just easier to like, get all the plug-ins and stuff on a Windows computer.", "And that's kinda like what I started on.", "But now, I think they made it a lot easier to use Apple now for stuff, because before, FL Studio wasn't on Macs and stuff.", "So people were like partitioning their stuff.", "Yeah, it's like a little four minute beat.", "Not bad.", "[synth music] My next essentials: slides.", "I always use slides, all the time.", "Airports, in the house, out, studios, wherever I go.", "You know what I'm sayin'?", "Gotta keep some slides on deck.", "- [Interviewer] Do you go socks with the slides or no socks?", "- Socks with the slides, no socks with the slides, depends how I feel, you know?", "I usually go socks.", "If I'm like, in the backyard or going to the beach or going in the pool and stuff, obviously no socks.", "These are Off-White.", "You could tell that they're everyday, like, they're kinda worn out.", "Most of the stuff I brought today are like worn out.", "'Cause it's everyday essentials.", "Sometimes, when I'm drunk or something, it gets confusing.", "When yeah, they're the wrong way.", "So yeah.", "[synth music] Next essential, some YSL cologne, you know what I'm sayin'?", "Smells good.", "I spray here, and then I'll get on both sides, and then I'll spray here and get it right here, and then I spray and I walk into it.", "It's a whole lot.", "Always, you know what I'm sayin'?", "Everyday, put some cologne on.", "Never know who you're gonna bump into, what meeting you're gonna have to run in on.", "Shout-out my boy Capo.", "He put me on to this cologne.", "You know what I'm sayin'?", "I don't know, ever since, just been wearing this.", "Been doing a lot of good stuff in my life, so.", "I probably been wearing this for about, maybe like, two years now.", "I remember like, when I was a kid my mom would always get me cologne for Christmas.", "So I'd like, put it on, but I didn't really like it when I was a kid.", "[upbeat music] Carmex, you know what I'm sayin'?", "Definitely need some ChapStick, all the time.", "Lips get chapped, you never know, you know?", "You always gotta make sure that you look good.", "- [Interviewer] What makes the Carmex better than the other brands?", "- Honestly, it gives it like a little cool feeling.", "I like that, it's not bad.", "[upbeat music] Goyard wallet.", "Gotta keep your cards and your I.D.", "and some money, and you know what I'm sayin'?", "This is definitely a big essential.", "I actually had it a couple years ago, but then someone lost it.", "I had stuff in my old one.", "I had like, a picture of my parents.", "- [Interviewer] You didn't lose it, someone else lost it?", "- No, my boy Brian.", "- [Interviewer] What happened?", "- I don't know man, I don't know.", "[upbeat music] Goyard belt.", "This is actually a really cool piece, because this is discontinued.", "I bought this a few years ago.", "As you can tell it's kinda worn out.", "But I wear this almost every day.", "I have other belts too, but this is just like my go-to.", "You can't really find them anymore you know?", "[upbeat music] My next essential is some earbuds.", "Dre Beats.", "I don't know, I like these just for planes and stuff.", "I always wear these on the plane.", "I always fall asleep with them in my ear and stuff.", "I know other people got the other EarPods and stuff, but I'd definitely lose those.", "And how I found out about these specifically, I was on the Revolt panel like two years ago, and they gave me these as a gift.", "And then I just loved them.", "I just started using them all the time.", "I've lost them a bunch of times, got new ones.", "So, shout-out to Revolt, shout-out to Diddy.", "- [Interviewer] What are you listening to right now?", "- Man, I listen to a bunch of rap music and stuff, and if I'm just trying to go to sleep, I'll put on some spa music.", "- [Interviewer] What do you research for Spa music?", "- Spa Music, yeah, oceans calming music or something.", "I don't know, I actually like it a lot.", "It puts me in a great zone.", "- [Interviewer] Do you sleep on planes?", "- Every time I'm on a plane.", "Why do I wanna be up on a plane?", "It's like, there's turbulence, it's crazy.", "I'd rather just go to sleep and wake-up in the next city.", "It just makes sense, you know?", "[upbeat music] Is that the next one?", "Keys.", "Got the Baldwin key.", "For who knows what this key is?", "You know what I'm sayin'?", "Room key, car key, Lamborghini.", "Lambo truck, you know what I'm sayin'?", "- [Interviewer] When did you get it?", "- Last year, when it came out.", "- [Interviewer] Do you like it?", "- Love it.", "- [Interviewer] What was your first car?", "- My first, first, first car was a Cobalt.", "Mercedes-Benz C-Class.", "- [Interviewer] Lambo truck your favorite of all?", "- I don't know, I like the Cobalt.", "No, I'm joking.", "[laughs] [upbeat music] Portable Xbox, it's pretty dope.", "I bring this on the road all the time.", "The TV, so you know I can game wherever I wanna game.", "What I'm playing a lot now, I play a lot of PUBG, Call of Duty, Madden, 2K, all the sports games and stuff.", "I still play the old Fight Night.", "I have the 360 version.", "I used to be PlayStation, PS1, PS2 and then I got a Xbox.", "Then from there a 360 up to Xbox.", "[upbeat music] The next essential is a watch.", "It doesn't matter what watch it is, it could be any watch.", "It's always good, as a man, to have a watch on and check the time.", "You know, this is actually a stopwatch too, so if I need to time someone or something, you know, I could time it.", "- [Interviewer] Do you keep your time set right?", "- No, honestly, I don't.", "I could use it for other things.", "Like, how deep I am in the water.", "[upbeat music] My phone.", "So, my phone, you know, I could tell the time, if my watch isn't set.", "- [Interviewer] What's your favorite app on your phone?", "- I think Twitter's my favorite.", "I like this motivational quotes page.", "Lastly, but not least, this is probably the most important one: God, you know?", "My best friend.", "You gotta have 'em with you, keep God first at all times.", "You know what I'm sayin'?", "Get you through your day.", "Hard day, good day, but always thank God no matter what.", "Through good and bad.", "If you're having a good day, bad day, always thank God.", "He should be right up there, bing.", "You know?" ]

[ "Intro", "Interface", "Slides", "Cologne", "Chapstick", "Wallet", "Belt", "Earbuds", "Keys", "Watch", "God" ]

[ "So in this video, I'll be continuing to teach you about MongoDB in Python by covering advanced queries and full text search.", "I'll be showing you how to search documents using fuzzy matching and synonyms.", "How you can autocomplete search queries, how to perform compound queries, and how to find documents ranked by their relevance This video is the final video in my MongoDB with Python series, and you can check out the previous two videos from the link in the description.", "Lastly, if you haven't already, you can claim $25 in Free MongoDB Atlas credits by clicking the link in the description and using the code.", "MKT - TIM.", "I'd also like to thank MongoDB for sponsoring this video and providing you all with this discount code.", "And with that said, let's go ahead and learn about full text search.", "So to begin here, I want to give you a brief on what full text search is.", "So full text search refers to searching some text inside of extensive text data that's stored electronically and returning results that contain some or all of the words from the search query.", "So full text search is different from searches based on metadata or on pieces of the original text like titles, regions, etc..", "Since the full text search engine is examining all of the words in every single stored document, so wherever you have a collection of documents or even just a single document and you want to search through all of the text in those documents, for some keywords you can use full text search.", "So the obvious example here is something like the Internet that contains a high volume of text that stored in some type of documents.", "And when we're looking for something, say, by using Google, we're looking for a specific word or words or some related topic to our query.", "Now, when we get our results back, we want relevancy rankings on how well the piece of content matched our query.", "And this can be very basic from an exact match to something like fuzzy matching where the words don't quite match, but they are equivalent.", "So the Internet is just one large example of this, but many types of websites and applications need efficient and fully featured full text search.", "So as you can imagine, there's a good demand for people who know, understand and want to work in this area.", "And usually they are called search engineers.", "Now, a search engineer has two primary responsibilities, and those are to develop in program search engines and to optimize web content to achieve the best possible rankings in search results.", "So obviously, what comes to mind here is working for Google as a search engineer.", "But there are like 20 people doing this job, and it's likely that you need a Ph.D. to actually work at Google and do this.", "However, there are a lot of other available options.", "It's kind of an undiscovered goldmine in terms of engineering and starting salaries for this position, at least according to Glassdoor.", "$125,000 and up.", "So this is kind of a fascinating area and there's a lot of opportunity And so I thought I'd show you some full tech search concepts in action using non relational data via MongoDB as full text search implementation.", "So now that we have an idea of what full tech searches, let's drop into a cluster with some sample data and I'll show you how you can perform full text search on a MongoDB database.", "All right.", "So I'm here in MongoDB Atlas.", "I've already set up a collection and a database.", "I have some sample data in here.", "I'm just going to show it to you, and then we'll start looking at full text search on this data.", "So here I have a bunch of Jeopardy questions.", "I have about 156,000 of them.", "The full dataset I'm using has over 200,000.", "I just haven't inserted all of them into the collection.", "Anyways, for every single question, we have a category and air date.", "The actual question, a value, the answer to the question, the round, and that is show number.", "And you can imagine that this would make decent data for us to be able to search through.", "If we're looking for a specific question, if we're looking for a question associated with an answer.", "If maybe we want to find all of the questions in a specific round.", "There's all kinds of stuff that we can kind of search through this data with.", "So it'll make a good example for this video.", "Now, if you want to mess around with this data yourself, I'll leave a link to where you can download the dataset from the description.", "All I've done is downloaded the JSON file, and then I've loaded the JSON file into my Python script and just inserted all of the documents into MongoDB.", "If you're unfamiliar with how to do that, then please check out the first two videos in this series.", "Again, this will be linked in the description.", "So now that we have a basic idea of what the data looks like, I'm going to go here and voice code and we'll start writing some stuff that we can use for full text search.", "So as you can see here, my basic setup, it's done.", "Have already connected to my cluster, connected to my Jeopardy database, and then my question collection.", "So the first thing we're going to have a look at here is how we perform fuzzy matching and then how we use synonyms when we're actually searching for stuff inside of our text.", "So what I mean by that is if we search for something, say like beer, maybe we're going to have pint be a synonym of beer.", "And that way, if we see either of those words, then we'll return them as if they were equivalent.", "Right.", "I'm sure you guys know what symptoms are.", "I don't really need to explain that, but I'll show you how we perform that using MongoDB search.", "So the first thing we actually need to do here is go back to our cluster and we need to create something known as a search index.", "Now, if you're familiar with indexes it's essentially what this is, is a special data structure that holds the data of a few fields in our documents on which the index is created.", "Now, what this allows us to do is search through the index, which is containing less data than the entire collection itself.", "So we can speed up our searching operations on our database.", "I'll put up the official definition of an index on the screen so you can read through it.", "But that's the basic idea, is that by creating an index, restoring the less data that we need to search through, and then the index will kind of point us to the original documents.", "And it just speeds up our search operations.", "So I'm going to go here to search indexes and I'm going to create an index on my collection.", "Now, if you're following along with this, you'll need to do this on your collection as well if you want to do the fuzzy matching in the Senate search.", "So we're going to click on Create Search Index here.", "Now, there's the option to use a JSON editor where you can just type all of this in like kind of raw.", "You don't have a visual editor.", "We're going to use the visual editor for right now.", "Okay.", "So let's go into the visual editor for our search index.", "We can call this whatever we want, but I'm just going to call this my language search because we want to create a search index here that's going to allow us to search for text, specifically English text.", "Now, in terms of the collection, we're going to select this one right here, the question collection on our Jeopardy database.", "Okay.", "So let's go next year.", "So now we need to kind of mess around with a few of these parameters.", "So we need to click on refine your index here.", "We need to modify some of these parameters specifically the index analyzer and the search analyzer.", "So for this, we're going to select the Lucindale language and then English.", "It should change both of them for us.", "And I apologize if I mispronounce this.", "I'm not sure exactly how you say that.", "Now, what these are is essentially our full text search engine.", "So this is what's actually going to perform the search for us when we make a search query.", "And what this will do is essentially ignore insignificant words for us and provide some context to our text.", "So when we do this full text search it's just going to actually allow this to work properly.", "And again, ignore those insignificant words and do some other more advanced stuff that I won't get into here.", "So there's a few other options as well since we know we only have English text here.", "I'm selecting English, but if you add a specific language, right, you could select that in here.", "Now, there's a few other things you could do.", "Not going to get into it in this video.", "For now, this is all we need for our search index so we can leave the rest the same and simply click on Save Changes here and then create our search index.", "Now, this is going to take a second to complete.", "Once it's done, we can actually start using this language search and I'll show you how to do that from code.", "All right.", "So are indexes now done?", "And I'm going to go back to the code here, and we're just going to write a very simple query that's going to give us all of the text that matches with a specific search query.", "We're going to use something called fuzzy matching or above for now.", "Let me just write this function.", "So I'm going to say define a fuzzy underscore matching like that.", "And instead of here, we're going to write our query.", "So I'm going to say a result is equal to and then this is going to be question and not dot fuzzy, but dot aggregate.", "And instead of here, we're going to put a list with our different operations So the operation that we're going to be using here for pretty much the entire video is search.", "This is how you perform the full text search.", "And for search, we need to provide the index that we're going to be using.", "So we're going to say index and then we're going to paste in whatever we called our index, which in this case was the search or the language search.", "Sorry, probably should have called that language index, but that's fine.", "Then we're going to provide a keyword here called text.", "And instead of text, we pass a query.", "This is what we want to search for.", "So for the query, for now, let's go with something simple like computer.", "We then want to have a path.", "Now the path is going to be the field that we want to search on.", "So I want to search on the category here and see if we can find something that has a category similar to computer.", "And then lastly here, we're going to pass Fuzzy and I'm just going to pass an empty object here.", "Now, what Fuzzy says is that we want to look for something that's similar to computer, but not exactly the same.", "Really?", "What that means is that I can do something like add an extra R here.", "I can misspell this slightly.", "I can, you know, do something like compute.", "And this will still give me results for computer because we're doing fuzzy matching.", "So this is similar to how Google would work, right?", "When you spell something incorrectly or maybe you have kind of a grammatical error, but it still gives you the correct results back Now, I'm not exactly sure how off you can be in terms of the query.", "I know in the MongoDB documentation it does state that, but I know with using the fuzzy search here, you can actually manually pass in some parameters on how fuzzy you want it to be.", "So how off you want allow allow it to be.", "Sorry, but for now, we're just leaving this empty because I just want to use the default parameters.", "So hopefully that makes a bit of sense.", "Again, just performing a fuzzy search or something kind of similar to a computer in the category field.", "So we want to print this out.", "So let's use our pretty printers.", "So printer dot p prints like that and we'll just print out the list of result and let's see what we get here when we call fuzzy matching.", "So let's call this, let's run our code and let's see what we get.", "All right, so we've just got a ton of results here from the fuzzy match.", "And you're going to notice a bunch of them are not actually that similar to computer based on how fuzzy matching works by default.", "So there's actually a bunch of kind of variations that's going to search for and it's going to allow letters to be in kind of the wrong place.", "And I haven't messed with any of the settings.", "Right.", "I've just passed in kind of the default object here.", "And that's why you see when we have a look at category, we're getting some stuff like take a comp day, right?", "So comp close enough to computer, hence why that's being returned.", "If we scroll up a little bit, we have completes the play title.", "The reason we are getting this is because completes is close enough to computer, right?", "That's why we're getting that.", "And then if we were to continue here, you'd see kind of all of the other categories that match like campus.", "This is close enough to computer with the default fuzzy matching settings.", "Now we can change them.", "I'm not going to do that.", "You can have a look on your own on how to do that.", "But if we want to get a more exact search, we can remove this fuzzy parameter here and run the code again.", "And now when we do this, we should only get results that actually contain computer.", "So it doesn't have to be the last word.", "It could be one of the first words, too.", "Like we have computer literacy here, but we're searching exactly for a computer.", "Whereas when we add in Fuzzy, we're doing kind of that fuzzy match.", "So that is the first thing that I wanted to show you, how you formed search for specific text as well as fuzzy matching.", "Now, what I want to show you is how we look for synonyms.", "So how do we look for something that's maybe similar to computer, like a laptop or tech while we're searching for the query computer Now, to do this, we need to implement a synonyms collection and kind of combine that with our search index.", "So we're going to go back to MongoDB Atlas and do that.", "All right.", "So I'm back on MongoDB Atlas.", "I've gone to collections here, and the first thing I need to do to implement this synonym search is create a collection that contains the different synonyms, so doesn't actually give them to you by default.", "You do need to add your own synonyms, although you could bring in like a prebuilt database if you want.", "However, I'm just going to make a collection here.", "Let's call the synonyms and let's click on Create.", "Now, inside of here, I'm just going to provide one document that contains some synonyms.", "But you would put your documents in kind of the following format that I'm about to show you.", "So I'm just going to copy this in and then I will discuss kind of how this works.", "All right, so let's go to insert document here.", "I'm going to go to the actual object view, and I'm just going to paste this in where we have a mapping type which is equal to equivalent, and then we have synonyms and these are going to be the synonyms that are equivalent to each other.", "So for now, I've just had a basic one like beer in pint We could change this and do something like computer and laptop.", "If I could type laptop properly here and maybe we just throw in tech while we're at it just so that we have a few that are that are similar.", "So this is a way that you create a synonym.", "What would you call this document?", "Now I'm just going to bring up the documentation on exactly how you do this.", "And you can see that we have the mapping type equivalent as one valid option, but we also have the mapping type of explicit.", "So the first type we have here is equivalent, which is the one that I'm using.", "And what this means is that all three of these terms are equivalent to each other.", "So if I search for a vehicle, it will return car and automobile.", "If I search for automobile it will return anything with vehicle and car.", "They're all equivalent.", "However, if I explicitly map something, I need to pass another field here called input.", "And now what I'm saying is I'm mapping this input to all three of these terms, but not the other way around.", "So that means if I search for something like pints, only stuff that contains paint is going to be returned it's not a synonym of brew and beer.", "It's only that beer maps to these three terms.", "So that that makes a bit of sense.", "You can read through this explanation.", "It probably explains it better than I just did.", "And I'll leave this in the description anyways.", "For now, we're going to go with the mapping type of equivalent.", "I'm just going to insert this in to our document here into our collection and now that we've done this, we actually need to add the synonyms collection to our search index.", "So we're going to go back to search index here, and this needs to be on Sorry I had the wrong selection here.", "The language search and what we're going to do is go to edit index definition.", "In this time, we're actually going to use the JSON editor because the add synonyms, at least right now when I'm filming this video, it's not supported in the visual editor.", "So I need to add a field here.", "This field is going to be called synonyms.", "I think I spelt that correctly.", "This is going to be a list and we need to pass these objects here which are going to define the collections that contain our synonyms.", "So the first thing I'm going to do is just give a name.", "This name will just be the say mapping for right now.", "If I could spell mapping correctly, that was atrocious.", "Okay.", "Now that we have mapping, I'm going to pass a source.", "The source is going to be the collection that contains our synonyms.", "So actually this will be an object.", "And inside of here we're going to say collection, and then we're just going to pass our collection, which is called synonyms, which is in the same database as this.", "So we don't need to explicitly reference it.", "And then after this I need to pass an analyzer for our synonyms and this is going to be the Lucene dot and then English like we've used before.", "So let's spell English correctly.", "Okay.", "Let me just make sure that looks good.", "I think we.", "All right, so we have name, we have our source we have our collection, we have our analyzer, and now we can save.", "Okay.", "So we've now added synonyms to this index.", "I don't think I need to do anything else.", "I think that's saved and we are all good.", "And now that we have the synonyms here, we can actually start searching using them.", "So to do that, let's go back to our code and let's write the kind of synonyms search.", "All right.", "So to do this actually fairly easy, all we're going to do is add one parameter here, and I really should have made another function, but that's fine.", "We'll do it inside a fuzzy matching and this is going to be called synonyms.", "Of course I spelt that incorrectly, so just spell it right for me.", "Thank you very much.", "And for this, we're just going to pass the name of the synonyms that we added.", "So if I go back here, sorry to our search index and we have a look here and we go to edit with JSON editor.", "Notice that for my synonyms here inside of synonyms, I called this one mapping.", "So since I called that mapping, this is the one I want to access from my code.", "And so I'm referencing mapping here for the synonyms field.", "All right, so now that we've done that, it should actually return to us anything that contains computer or is a synonym of computer in the category field So let's run this and let's see if we do actually end up getting that.", "Okay.", "So give gave me a ton of results here.", "And notice that we're getting tech, right?", "We're getting tech again.", "Let's scroll up a bit and find some other ones.", "We're getting computers.", "Okay.", "Computer characters.", "Let's see if there's any laptop stuff.", "We get computer geniuses.", "Okay.", "We get techno.", "So all this stuff is, you know, a synonym of computer, as I stated.", "Not much more for me to explain.", "All right.", "So with that said, I have now shown you how we do fuzzy searching or fuzzy matching, how we search with synonyms and how we do just a regular tech search on a specific field.", "In this case, we've been using category.", "Now that we've done that, I want to show you something known as autocomplete.", "So how we actually do a search that's going to give us autocomplete results.", "So I'm sure you're all familiar with autocomplete but this is very similar to when you're kind of typing in like a Google search result or you're searching some website or something like that.", "And as you're typing, you kind of get results being filled in based on their relevancy.", "That's what we want to do here.", "So we want to find all of the things that could be auto completed from what you're typing and return those.", "So let's make a new function here.", "Let's call this autocomplete, and instead of here, we'll start writing what we need.", "Now, the first thing we actually have to do here is we have to go back to MongoDB Atlas, and I just need to remove the synonyms from this because they're not supported with the visual editor.", "And we're going to be using the visual editor to help us with the autocomplete.", "So let me remove synonyms.", "Let's save that.", "Let's go here to the visual editor.", "And what we need to do is add a field mapping here with something that is autocomplete so that I can actually use the autocomplete feature.", "So let's make this full screen.", "I'm going to say ad field here.", "And for the field name, I need to select the one that I want to have autocomplete for.", "So I'm actually going to go with question because I think that makes sense for autocomplete will have enable dynamic mapping.", "That's fine.", "And then for the data type here we are actually going to select not string but autocomplete.", "So here you can mess with some of the properties of the autocomplete I'm not going to change any of them.", "This is fine right now and I'll just hit six.", "So that's what we've done.", "We've now added the question field with data type's autocomplete and this means now when I use this search index, I can use the autocomplete feature for the question field.", "Okay.", "Hopefully that's clear.", "Let's go back here to autocomplete and let's start writing this though.", "So for autocomplete, we need to do something a little bit more advanced than before.", "We're going to say a result is equal to and then this is going to be questioned aggregate and instead of here, we're going to pass our search.", "So we're going to do our operator and then search like that for the search again, we need to pass the index.", "So our index is going to be language search.", "And then at this time, rather than text, we're going to do autocomplete.", "Okay.", "So for our autocomplete, we need a query.", "So let's go with the query and we're searching for questions so we can do something like what is the fastest?", "And maybe that will give us some autocomplete.", "Might have to change that if there's no results for that.", "But that's fine for now.", "Next, we're going to have a path in the path here is going to be the question.", "So that is the field that we added in our kind of field mappings, right?", "So we need to use the same one here, which is question then we're going to have token order.", "So token order is essentially saying, are we going to be looking for something sequentially or do we not care about the order?", "We'll talk about that more in a second.", "And then lastly, I'm going to say fuzzy.", "And when we add in Fuzzy here, it'll give us a fuzzy matching, not just the exact query, which is kind of what we're looking for here.", "All right.", "So let's just break this down a little bit here.", "So token order, as I was saying, sequential means that what we've placed right here, we're looking for exactly this, where the different words were, well, we could call tokens appear adjacent to each other in whatever the result is that we're going to be kind of matching with this.", "That might be a little bit confusing, but all that means is we're looking for what is the fastest kind of in this sequential order.", "If we had the other one, which is any, then that means that we're looking for any four of these words in any order in the result.", "So it could be like fastest is the what?", "As opposed to what is the fastest.", "So use the appropriate one based on that.", "Also pull up the documentation here.", "I'll link this in the description with all the other options.", "So we have fuzzy enables fuzzy search, right?", "So that's what we're doing.", "Path, this is the index autocomplete type of field to search.", "So we're searching for question.", "We have our query.", "This is a string or multiple strings that we're going to search for.", "If we want it to do multiple.", "We actually could just pass an array here of multiple strings.", "For now, though, I'm just going to do one single string.", "Okay.", "So let's do that for now.", "And just to make this a little bit easier to see I'm going to add a projection operation here just so that we're only projecting the question so that we don't have to search through so much text to see if this is working properly.", "So I'm just going to say underscore it is zero and then I need my answer or not answer.", "Sorry, this is going to be question And this is going to be one.", "Okay.", "So let's print this out.", "Let's say printer dot print and then the list of the results.", "I need to actually call this function.", "Otherwise, of course, it's not going to do anything.", "So let's run this again.", "Okay.", "And let's scroll down.", "And we actually didn't get any results.", "Okay.", "So what is the fastest?", "Wasn't really giving me any results there.", "So let's do something.", "And that's going to be a bit better for autocomplete.", "Let's just try actually computer programmer and see if that actually gives us anything at all with the fuzzy matching.", "Okay.", "So let's have a look here and we should see computer programmer.", "Okay.", "So Garry Kasparov recently beat a computer program.", "Okay, that's pretty close.", "Computer programing language.", "Okay.", "Computer program.", "There you go.", "So we're getting all of the autocomplete results that contain something similar to computer programmer or.", "Exactly.", "Computer programmer.", "Oh, yes.", "That is how you perform the autocomplete.", "Maybe this wasn't actually the best example using the Jeopardy data set because it's hard to really autocomplete.", "I guess the questions are so many of them that are very similar to each other.", "We get the point.", "That's how you do autocomplete.", "All right.", "So I apologize for the abrupt cut here.", "But at this point, we have covered autocomplete, fuzzy matching, searching with synonyms.", "And I want to start showing you some more advanced stuff and how we actually kind of filter the results here.", "So we have this search stage right where we're actually going and we're searching for some specific text.", "But a lot of times I want to kind of Fine-tune this and make it so that maybe we're filtering out specific results or we're prioritizing results that contain some extra data in our queries.", "Right.", "So I'll show you how we do that.", "And I'm actually just going to paste this in and then I'll kind of walk you through the syntax and explain how this works.", "So this is something that I have here that is going to perform a more advanced search using this compound operator or this compound field.", "Now, I'll bring up the documentation here so we can have a quick look.", "All of this will be linked in the description afterwards.", "So you can look at it yourself, but we can see compound as the following syntax where we can pass an object here that contains must, must not should filter, etc.. Now, these keywords here you want to use over something like a match statement in the aggregation pipeline.", "So rather than searching, getting all of the search results and then trying to match them to a specific query instead you want to use this the must, must, not should and filter so as you can see here, for most this is kind of mapping to end and it means anything that we provide here must be true.", "For a document to be included in the results must not.", "That's the opposite And then four should this is going to prioritize results that do have this should clause that.", "So the should clause is true.", "Now, as you read here, it says if you use more than one should clause, you can use the minimum should match option to specify minimum number of should clauses that must match to include your document in the results.", "And if admitted, the default is zero, which is what we're going to have.", "We then have filter and you can have a read how that works.", "I'm not going to go through that in this video.", "Okay.", "So let's go back here to voice code and let's actually run compound queries after quickly just having a look at all the stuff that we've put inside of here.", "So we have our search.", "We're looking at the index called language search, and then we have our compound keyword.", "So for most here, we've provided an array of must clauses.", "In this case, we've just done one which is text.", "And this is saying that we want to have computer or coding inside of category.", "So that must be true for us to return this continuing.", "We have must not and this is saying we don't want to have codes inside of the category path.", "So if we have codes, we cannot return that.", "And this is in case sensitive, by the way.", "So if this was like a capital codes same thing, it's going to make a difference here in this result continuing we have should so for should we want application to be a part of the answer.", "So anything that has application as a part of the answer we're going to prioritize returning that.", "And then we're performing a projection here where we're getting the question answer and category.", "And we have a score which is a field that we're adding to each result, which contains the metadata of the search score for this kind of search operation.", "So let's just run this and see what our result looks like.", "And notice here that this is what we're getting.", "So the answer application, that's the first answer that we're getting.", "It has the highest score of ten.", "We then have the question here the app in Killer App stands for this.", "The category is computers continuing.", "We see all of our scores down here.", "We have category computers the answer is not application.", "It wasn't prioritized, blah, blah, blah, blah.", "You guys got the point.", "I'm not going to go through all of this.", "And you're getting results in terms of their relevancy, right?", "Ranked based on that score.", "Nice.", "Okay.", "So that is the first operation right here.", "Again, to learn more about this stuff, please reference the documentation.", "It is very time consuming to try to explain every single field here in this video.", "I shall leave that there.", "Now, though, I want to show you something called Relevance Search.", "Now, what we just did is kind of a relevant search but this one is more fine tuned and allows you to kind of boost answers and change the score of specific results based on some specific queries.", "So let's paste this one in here.", "It's called relevance.", "I just need to change this to be search.", "And what this does is prioritize questions appearing in the later rounds as the comments states.", "So we have our aggregation.", "We're doing search, we have our index, and we have compound again.", "Now, this time we're looking for anything that contains geography in the category.", "And now we have multiple should clauses.", "So the first one here, we're looking for Final Jeopardy as the query in the path round All of our documents here have around.", "And we're saying if it appears in file jeopardy, we want to boost this score by a value of three.", "Now, what boost does that actually multiplies the score by three?", "So that's what we're doing, just multiplying it by three if it appears in the final round.", "And then we have another tax query here for double jeopardy.", "So if this appears in one of the later rounds, I believe double jeopardy is I think the second last round in jeopardy, then we're going to boost the value by 2.0.", "And there's a whole bunch of other stuff that I can do here.", "Rather than multiplying.", "I could add a constant value.", "I could use a custom function.", "I could implement something like Gordian Decay.", "I think I'm pronouncing that correctly, but I might not be.", "So please excuse me if that's the case.", "And I can really customize kind of how I'm getting results ranked by relevance in the way that I define.", "For now, though, let's just call this function and let's see what the result is.", "So let's run this and let's bring our terminal up here.", "And if I scroll down, actually, let's just clear and rerun it just so I get all the results here in the terminal.", "Okay, nice.", "So now that I'm here, I've just limited this to ten, by the way, so I'm only getting ten results.", "You can see I have my category geography.", "I have my question.", "It's the only country whose name begins with an AA, but doesn't end with an AA.", "Okay.", "And this round, Final Jeopardy.", "That's why it's appearing.", "First, we have a score of 7.7 which means the score would have been lower, but we multiplied it by three.", "Right.", "Continuing.", "We have another one in Final Jeopardy.", "And I think all of these are appearing in Final Jeopardy.", "Now, if I make the limit like 100.", "Let's rerun this and let's see if we get some ones that are appearing in double jeopardy.", "Yes.", "You can see now we have double jeopardy and we're only multiplying those results by two.", "So they're going to have less of a score than the ones that appear in Final Jeopardy.", "And those ones all seem to have kind of like a seven plus score.", "All right.", "So there you go.", "That is the relevance search.", "Again, as I keep saying, there's a lot more advanced stuff you can do.", "I can't cover it all in this video.", "It's really meant to be kind of an introduction to these topics and encourage you to go read the documentation.", "I will bring up the documentation for this, which is customizing this score in your results.", "Again, all of this will be in the description.", "And you can see we have options like boost, constant and function.", "So the boost is going to multiply results score.", "We can actually use a value from the document for the multiplication factor or we can use hard code our own value like two or three, which is what we did.", "We then have what else was here, the constant this is going to add a constant amount and then we have function.", "And if I scroll down here, I think there's some examples.", "Yes.", "So the constant option replaces the base score, the specified number.", "So my apologies actually.", "We're not adding we're just replacing it with a value continuing.", "We have function.", "The function option allows you to alter the final score of the document using a numeric field.", "You can specify the numeric field for computing the final score through an expression.", "If the final result of the function score is less than zero, I of search, replace it with zero.", "Okay.", "And you can use stuff like a gauzy and decay and it kind of shows you how you would do that here.", "Not really going to go through much more of that.", "Okay.", "So I think with that said, that is going to wrap up this video I do apologize that this was an extremely in depth, but I can't really go through much more than I covered in this video because it gets very granular.", "There's all kinds of options.", "And at that point I'm just really reading the documentation to you and covering, you know, all the different options and kind of specific stuff that you use.", "Really, the core thing I wanted to show you here was this search operator, how you create that search index and how you can perform full text search and MongoDB, because this is something I've actually never seen before.", "And that was really cool.", "And then I wanted to kind of mention to you in this video.", "So with that said, I think I will wrap it up here.", "Another massive thank you to MongoDB for sponsoring this video and this series.", "Hope you guys enjoyed and learned a bit about MongoDB in Python.", "If you did leave alike, subscribe to the channel and I will see you in another one" ]

[ "Overview", "What is Full-Text Search?", "Sample Data Walkthrough", "Search Indexes", "Fuzzy Matching", "Synonym Matching", "Autocomplete", "Compound Queries", "Relevancy Search" ]

[ "Hey there, viewers.", "We’ve been pretty much caged in our homes for well over a year.", "Boredom can make you mindlessly binge on treats.", "I know from experience.", "It's not news that sugar is poison for your body, and its effects are pretty clear when you step on that scale.", "What if I told you there was a slightly healthier option than processed white sugar?", "What if I said it didn’t take away from the taste?", "In today's video, we’ll be discussing the hipster sweetener... palm sugar!", "How many calories does it have?", "Can diabetics have it?", "We’re talking all that AND more... Is palm sugar a natural sweetener?", "Palm sugar is made from palm trees.", "It’s a secret ingredient of delicious sweets made in South East Asian, Middle Eastern, and North African countries.", "It can also be added to curries and sauces.", "Lots of sweet nectar are present in the flowers of palm trees.", "It’s quite sticky, and is often called sap.", "People cut these flowers, bundle them up, and keep them hanging upside down from a height for some time.", "The sap oozes out of the flowers, and is collected in a container below.", "This sap is also used to make a weird alcoholic beverage called toddy, which is the reason some people say “toddy palm tree” and “toddy sugar”.", "Now there are other sugars that can be obtained from different trees like dates and coconuts, which go by the name date palm sugar & coconut palm sugar.", "The process of making other natural sugars is similar to toddy sugar.", "Which of these sugars have you tried?", "Did they taste similar to white sugar?", "Sound off in the comment section, and start a conversation with our Bestie community.", "The common table sugar goes through a lot of chemical processes to give it a bright white color.", "Palm sugar is 100% natural, since it doesn’t involve any chemical processes.", "The collected sap is boiled until it loses moisture.", "The runny sap is converted into a thick syrup which crystallizes even more after it’s heated.", "Palm sugar is available in crystal, powdered, and syrupy forms.", "It’s traditionally available in packets, tins, jars, and squeeze bottles.", "You can scoop out, and mix it in with your food.", "This sugar is also available in the form of bricks and cakes with a typical golden brown to dark brown color.", "You could say that the crystal form has a mild caramel flavor, while the syrup tastes a bit like honey.", "Lots of work goes into making palm sugar, so it’s usually pretty expensive.", "Sometimes, non-authentic stores sell palm sugar at surprisingly low prices.", "It’s believed that the purest form of palm sugar is mixed with regular sugar to reduce the cost.", "If you want to buy genuine products, you have to go for the pricier ones with a darker color.", "Can something like sugar have nutrients?", "Surprisingly, the answer is yes!", "This ingredient has a lot of nutrients.", "It will always deliver a little more than ordinary sugar.", "This is due to the process the sugar goes through while being produced.", "The unprocessed and unrefined sugar keeps all the vitamins and minerals intact in the palm sugar.", "This is why it's common to find small packets of palm sugar in some cafes.", "Looking for answers on all the latest health and wellness news?", "Hit that “subscribe” button, and join our millions of followers.", "Stay up to date on all our great Bestie content... Palm sugar has a lower glycemic index compared to honey, sugar, and other popular sweeteners.", "A lower GI will keep your blood sugar level low.", "GI’s differ from person to person, and mostly depend on what the sugar is mixed with.", "The GI of sugar will increase when mixed with carbs and dairy.", "This is why cakes and ice cream top the lists of dangerous food with high GI.", "And that brings us to some great news for diabetics out there.", "Researchers have stated that palm sugar can be a great alternative for people with diabetes.", "But palm sugar is still sugar, and will always cause a small spike in your blood sugar.", "Palm sugar contains sucrose.", "Which is mainly responsible for giving a sweet taste to any sugar.", "Palm sugar has 70 to 80% sucrose when compared to white sugar.", "You'll find sucrose in most processed foods.", "Sucrose breaks down to glucose and fructose eventually.", "A tiny amount is also present on its own in palm sugar.", "Glucose is responsible for spiking up your blood sugar quickly.", "Palm sugar also has a small amount of fructose, a natural sugar found in fruits.", "Manufacturers add fructose to corn syrup to make it sweeter.", "If you’re aiming to lose weight and just can't resist the urge of having sweets, you might be thinking of swapping white sugar with palm.", "A single tablespoon of palm sugar has 54 calories.", "That's a lot!", "Older studies believe palm sugar to have lower calories than white, and equal calories to honey.", "But modern studies claim you should consume an equal number of calories for both these sugars.", "Before we move ahead, here’s another video you might like.", "Watch and learn more about the 7 signs of a magnesium deficiency.", "There is a bright side to palm sugar nutrition.", "It has essential minerals like zinc, phosphorus, iron, potassium, and copper.", "Of course, these vitamins are essential for our body.", "If we start consuming Palm sugar just for the sake of these minerals, we’ll be loading our body with too many empty calories.", "On the other hand, fruits and vegetables have these minerals along with other added benefits.", "Palm sugar has lots of manganese, which is essential for healthy bones and reduces insulin resistance to keep you away from diabetes.", "Health benefits of palm sugar At this point, you might be wondering if palm sugar has anything good in it.", "If consumed in moderation, it can have positive effects on digestion.", "This is due to a dietary fiber called inulin.", "Studies suggest that this plant-based fiber keeps your gut healthy and leads to good digestion.", "Palm sugar also has another plant-based compound called phytonutrient, which has an antioxidant effect on your body that prevents cell damage, and keeps you away from chronic illness.", "The star ingredient of palm sugar is potassium.", "Surprisingly, the raw weight of palm sugar has much more potassium than bananas and green vegetables.", "Potassium is important for your nerves and muscles.", "It’s also essential for maintaining your heart health and blood pressure.", "However, overeating sugar just for the sake of potassium is not advised.", "You’ll just become a victim of obesity and the diseases it brings.", "Are there any better sweeteners than Palm sugar?", "Fruits No other sugar can match the kind in fruits.", "They’re filled with essential vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers, which can keep you full longer.", "Try having fruit when that sweet craving sets in.", "After a glass of water, assess that craving again after.", "Chances of you not craving sweets are much higher.", "The reason you crave sweet foods is hunger.", "Just eating something can satisfy you.", "Maple sugar or syrup What good are pancakes without maple syrup?", "From a nutrition point of view, maple and palm sugar are pretty similar.", "However, it has a slight upper hand to palm sugar.", "Date sugar This has a twist.", "Date sugar does not blend with other ingredients when cooking and baking.", "It leaves behind particles in your meal.", "It’s prepared from dried dates, which are ground into a fine powder.", "If you’re a cook, you can try making it at home.", "It’s quite different from date palm sugar.", "After stressing the importance of fruits, we have to tell you about 14 fruits that double as medicine.", "Did you know there are tons of drinks other than coffee and tea to kick start your day?", "Here are 15 morning drinks you need to try for a refreshing day.", "Go ahead, click one.", "Or better yet, watch both, and learn more about how to become healthier.", "Have you tried cooking with palm sugar?", "Let us know in the comments below!" ]

[ "Intro", "Is palm sugar a natural sweetener?", "Can something like sugar have nutrients?", "Health benefits of palm sugar", "Are there any better sweeteners than Palm sugar?", "Fruits", "Maple sugar or syrup", "Date sugar" ]

[ "G'day, everyone.", "Wayne Hoggett here and welcome to Azure This Week, where it's our job to go through the pages and pages of Microsoft announcements and service updates, pick out all the top stories and share them with you.", "It seems Microsoft got back to work this week and there's plenty to share.", "So I've picked a few updates that I think you'll enjoy.", "We'll take a look at updates to Azure Kubernetes Service that will benefit anyone running Windows containers.", "An improvement to log-based alerts in Azure Monitor.", "And we'll take a look at improvements to certificates in Azure API Management.", "All of this coming right up in Azure This Week.", "Microsoft has announced general availability of one-minute frequency for Azure Monitor Log Alerts.", "So why is this important?", "Well, Azure Monitor can generate alerts based on either metrics or logs, and metrics are numerical data recorded over time.", "These include things like processor, memory usage, or the number of users accessing your service.", "Because metrics were so lightweight, you could receive alerts relatively quickly.", "Logs are richer.", "They include data based on log events generated by Azure, or your workloads.", "Sometimes logs contain data that is really important to know as soon as possible, but up until this feature was available, you could only generate alerts every five minutes.", "An example might be a log entry warning for an application that is not performing as expected.", "Well, now with one-minute frequency, you can get alerted faster, which means you'll likely have less downtime.", "And that's always a good thing.", "Microsoft continues to deliver updates to Azure Kubernetes Service.", "And I think we'll see this trend continue.", "While containers were born in Linux, Microsoft is determined to make Windows a great choice for your containerized workloads.", "To help bridge the gap between Linux and Windows on AKS, Microsoft has announced containerd runtime support for Windows.", "Containerd is an industry standard container runtime that is used across all the major cloud vendors.", "Containerd offers improved launch time and consumes less resources.", "This means you'll be able to run more container instances on the same number of worker loads.", "And when you need to scale your workloads to meet demand, it'll happen faster.", "Pretty neat right?", "So many times I've seen outages due to certificates expiring.", "I used to have calendar reminders set up weeks in advance to remind me before a certificate was due for renewal, because all too often they were missed.", "Microsoft has even had a global Azure storage outage due to an expiring certificate.", "Managed certificates are a great solution to this problem.", "It works by automatically managing the renewal of your certificates to ensure you don't get downtime when your certificates expire.", "Microsoft has announced support for managed certificates on Azure API Management in preview.", "With this feature, Microsoft provides a managed certificate for your custom domain.", "So you never need to worry about API management certificates again.", "And you wanna know what the best part is?", "It's free.", "Just remember, preview features aren't ready for production workloads.", "So test it out now, contain your enthusiasm, and wait for general availability before you roll it into production.", "Well folks, that's a wrap for Azure This Week, the show powered by the same Aussie summers that power Microsoft's carbon neutral data centers.", "Be sure to check out next week's episode, where you'll be joined once again by the legendary, Lego-rific, Lars Klint.", "Keep being awesome Cloud Gurus." ]

[ "Introduction", "Faster Azure Monitor Log Alerts", "Containerd Windows support for AKS", "Managed certificate support preview" ]

[ "Zoltan asks, \"What are Bulletproofs?", "A team of researchers has published a paper titled 'Bulletproofs: Short Proofs for Confidential Transactions and More.'", "\"It described Bulletproofs as a new non- interactive zero knowledge proof protocol, with very short proofs and without a trusted setup.\"", "\"What does it mean?", "How does it work?", "What will be the practical benefits?\"", "A highly technical question.", "Thank you for asking it, Zoltan.", "Let me try to explain this as best I can.", "Confidential transactions (CT) is an invention published three years ago [by Gregory Maxwell] that allows you... to encrypt the amount in a bitcoin transaction.", "By encrypting the amounts, you can [hide] a very important source of information... [which] analytics companies can track.", "In [answering] a previous question I mentioned CoinJoin, where lots of people participate in a transaction.", "One of the disadvantages of that is, unless you are all trading approximately the same amount, it is very easy to track which input belongs to which output because of the amounts involved.", "Confidential transactions is meant to be used with coin mixing strategies to create... anonymous and private bitcoin transactions, whereby no one can track who is paying what to whom.", "Confidential transactions encrypts the value so you can't see how much is being transacted.", "If you use that together with mixing, you can't really tell which output corresponds to which inputs.", "It makes for much more robust privacy.", "You might be thinking, 'if the amount is encrypted, how do we know they didn't spend money twice?'", "'How do we know they didn't create new money from nothing, [i.e.", "inflate the supply]?'", "The technique that's used in confidential transactions is called a zero-knowledge proof, where you prove something is true without knowing some underlying information.", "In the case of confidential transactions, you can use a special type of math in the zero-knowledge proof, to [show that] the amounts in the inputs and outputs are equal and add up to zero, without knowing what these amounts are.", "This seems impossible [to a layperson].", "The math, when you read it, doesn't make it seem any more possible.", "It is quite confusing and very difficult to understand.", "I don't really understand it.", "What I do understand is, if you encrypt values in the inputs and the outputs, you can then apply a proof that says they cancel each other out.", "The sum is zero, so you know there is an equal amount of inputs and outputs; no new money was created.", "The specific zero-knowledge proof used in confidential transactions is called a range proof, [where] you can prove that a number is within a certain range without knowing what the number is.", "Bulletproofs is in development because a problem with non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs is that... they tend to be very large, use a large amount of data.", "A confidential transaction containing these non-interactive zero knowledge proofs... could be 20 kilobytes, compared to a normal transaction that is about 200 bytes.", "That is not a very good trade-off.", "You get a lot of privacy, but in return the capacity of your blockchain just decreased tremendously, because these transactions just became a hundred times larger.", "[The paper] is a very interesting read, although you might find it challenging.", "[The authors] achieved a much shorter proof, [where] you can prove the amounts in the inputs and outputs are within a range, without using as much data and making very large transactions, reducing the capacity of your blockchain.", "It is a very incredible development in cryptography.", "Once again, a demonstration that research in the Bitcoin and the crypto ecosystem is pushing boundaries, generating new cryptographic knowledge and discoveries in [computer] science every single day.", "As you asked, the practical benefits are that we can get confidential transactions with much shorter proofs, allowing us to encrypt the values, and gain greater anonymity without transactions being enormous in size." ]

[ "What are Bulletproofs? What does it mean? How does it work? What will be the practical benefits?", "Confidential transactions", "Bulletproofs is in development because a problem with non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs is that they tend to be very large, use a large amount of data" ]

[ "I know with investing it can be hard to look much further than the next month, let alone 10 years ahead.", "With everything that has been happening with Tesla and the markets lately, it feels like we have been inundated with negativity.", "But as far as I can tell, these issues are all pretty much temporary, and should eventually sort themselves out, some within months, and others perhaps a couple of years.", "But like I said, we are trying to envision a 10 year future here, not next month.", "I thought that rather than reporting on the doom and gloom, we could brush that aside and take a look at what's really happening with the company.", "And it all seems to be rather positive.", "So if anything, I hope this video can at least improve your spirits a bit if necessary, as investing is a mental game, and you don't want to lose focus.", "Alright a lot of this negativity has been coming out of China, with the lock downs and resulting in perhaps a couple of months lost production.", "It looks like that is hopefully sorted now, of course with the concern of more lock downs to come, but hopefully not.", "What I think is a much bigger deal in China, is the fact that Tesla are going to start building a new factory there, very soon, I expect them to break ground next month even.", "Now if Tesla are seen to start building a new fab again already, then I think that will reflect positively on the stock price.", "And it is rumored that by around the end of next year, when that factory is getting close to capacity, that China will be at a run rate of around 2 million vehicles a year.", "I would say over 90% of those vehicles will end up using CATL's LFP cells.", "As although Tesla doesn't officially have a joint venture with a local Chinese company, they do have a partnership with CATL, which is arguably a similar relationship.", "Anyway, we have done financials in the past, if Tesla manage to get those up and running then we are looking good.", "Obviously we have the split, almost what we hope to be a guaranteed catalyst to the stock price, if anything is going to move the stock price in a positive direction it's going to be the split.", "It seems that it's the most powerful force when it comes to the stock.", "Of course this will be voted on in the shareholders meeting on 4th of August.", "Although it has no effect on the fundamentals, it is hopefully going to be positive in the stock price, and may create some needed momentum to get it going again.", "Then about a couple of weeks after that Tesla will host the second AI day on the 19th of August.", "Why another AI Day?", "Well hopefully some major updates with Dojo, FSD and Robotaxis.", "Perhaps Elon officially announces that FSD is now safer than a human.", "I mean shouldn't there be some major announcement we expect?", "We have already been shown how Dojo is working far beyond our necessary comprehension.", "I mean in addition to the potential humanoid robot reveal, of which we may see.", "Now remember this robot may look more like the endoskeleten of the Terminator T800.", "The important thing to watch, is what can it do.", "If Tesla can demonstrate it doing some tasks, then whoa!", "Surely, this time, after one of Tesla's events, the stock price may actually go up.", "We aren't expecting the dedicated robotaxi reveal until next year though.", "But still potentially FSD as safe as a human, Dojo being incorporated into FSD, and a humanoid robot reveal.", "All what you might think, fairly major world changing events.", "We have Indonesia too, something right now that has gotten me very excited, because I think Tesla could be about 2 or 3 times the valuation than I thought that much earlier.", "I have already covered it in depth, but we expect the high possibility that Tesla may break ground there in a few months.", "The deal has not yet been completed, but both parties are so enthusiastic you can almost see them drooling.", "And of course my favorite, the 4680 cells.", "We hope to see the 4680 cell production ramp up sometime this year, Elon said likely in Q3, but at worst the start of next year.", "Well next month is the start of Q3 already, if you can believe that.", "Implying we could see a 4680 ramp at any time now.", "In the meantime Tesla appear to be doubling down further on their 4680 future, implying that they will get there soon.", "I just really can't wait, I feel like I need this confirmed by witnessing it in production.", "Once that's occurred, I might have a different investment style.", "Yea, 4680s in volume production would be the dream.", "Except, we don't really know the full specifications of these cells yet, or neither the new battery configuration.", "We don't know what the energy density will be, the weight savings, we don't really even know the size of the battery pack, or number of cells.", "We can speculate as much as we want, but somehow nothing ever adds up the way we expect.", "Tesla have done an exceptional job in hiding the details of this new cell and vehicle.", "I have been a regular Sherlock Holmes trying to investigate any inkling of a clue.", "Tesla appear to have this tied up.", "No one is getting the data without Tesla's say so.", "Therefore we would expect that these vehicle details may one day be presented to us.", "One day the standard range model Y AWD might suddenly pop up on the web site, and all will be revealed.", "Or Elon might want to introduce the specs himself, maybe for a battery day 2.", "But we are already through the first quarter almost with Texas being open, for lack of better word, and we still haven't been given anything to go on.", "Anyway, hopefully these 4680 specs blow the industry away.", "Another potential positive for the stock this year.", "And that might mean that Texas actually starts delivering some vehicles, which would be nice.", "If we start to see some progress there, that will also be good for the stock, hopefully Tesla don't need to revert to 2170 cells.", "But it sounds like Tesla have been facing some issues and set backs with their 4680 lines.", "A lot of potential to come out of Texas though.", "Equally for Berlin, and again Tesla's new 4680 factory on site.", "I doubt it would do much for the stock once complete, but if we start to see some cells being produced out of there this year, then that's a great sign too.", "It would also give us some sort of indication as to how long it takes Tesla to set up a new 4680 factory and start production.", "We also have the most coveted vehicle of all time, the Cybertruck, although it might be unlikely to see in production this year, we should at least get another reveal with more updated specifications of this juggernaut of a vehicle.", "Perhaps due to all the popularity of the vehicle, Tesla have decided to upgrade them slightly, as it may not be as necessary to cut costs as Tesla initially thought, or more ground breaking technologies.", "The initial cybertruck reveal was almost 3 years ago now, Tesla has moved on so much since then, so I think we can expect a few cool surprises with new Cybertruck features.", "And old Fremont is still at it, we are hearing many reports of how busy Fremont has been this quarter, some people speculating 10% more production.", "We were told to expect 50% more production from Fremont by around next year, so we should expect some of those increases this year.", "The Model X refresh has been particularly difficult, so it would be good to see production for that ramped up somewhat.", "Tesla is still practically rated as junk according S & P and Moody's ratings.", "Despite practically no debt.", "A lot of people are expecting Tesla's rating to be updated sometime this year.", "With a strong rating then it means other funds are able to also invest in Tesla, but weren't previously allowed to due to only allowed to invest in secure equities.", "This would open up more investment funds to Tesla, and thus increase the stock price, due to more demand for the stock.", "Alright, there you go, I hope that helps remind you a few of the reasons why you invested in Tesla, and helps with your conviction during the more tumultuous times we have been experiencing.", "It might even build up your conviction enough to buy some more stocks on this dip.", "From my analysis Tesla seems to be in an excellent position, the stock price may been through the wars lately, but the company has never looked better.", "I can't say the same of the actual economy itself unfortunately.", "But Tesla should make it out the other side better than just about any other company I can think of.", "Hence why I invested in Tesla.", "So there are few potential stock price pushers coming up over the next few months, hopefully if we don't get any more waves of despair, then this will be enough ammo to get us back to $1,000 before too long." ]

[ "Intro", "China", "Split", "AI Day", "Indonesia", "4680 Ramp", "4680 Cell", "Texas", "Berlin", "Cybertruck", "Fremont", "Credit Rating", "Summary" ]

[ "Here we have values in cells A1 thru A3, and let’s say that we want to subtract cells A2 and A3 from cell A1 and put the answer in cell B4.", "We start by clicking on cell B4, so it is highlighted, then we type in the equals sign, and next we left click on the cell we are subtracting from, in this case cell A1, then we type in a minus sign, next, we left click on the first cell we are going to subtract, cell A2, then we type in another minus sign.", "And then we left click on the next cell we are subtracting, cell A3.", "And we finish by hitting the enter sign and we get an answer of 34.", "And a couple of other types of examples.", "It's possible to get negative answers in cells, as you see in this example, and when subtracting cells, they do not need to be in the same column or row, as you see in this example, where I am subtracting cells H1, F3, and G2 from cell G1.", "Alright my friends, hopefully you got something out of this video, I do have more videos right there for you, till next time, I am outta here." ]

[ "How to subtract cells in excel", "Other types of examples of subtracting cells in excel" ]

[ "SpaceX is a company best known for optimization in rocket technology and has goals to send humanity to mars as soon as possible.", "In 2016, they started constructing a test and launch site for their rockets in Boca Chica, Texas.", "And recently, we even saw the SN-8 prototype starship flying around Let’s talk about “Boca Chica: SpaceX's Gateway to a Mars City” in today’s video of DiscoverZen.", "The Boca Chica Village is a small unincorporated community in Cameron County, Texas, United States.", "It was formed in the late 1960s and is still extant as of 2020, although the village proper has changed greatly since 2018 as industrial business enterprises came to occupy much of the land of the village.", "It lies 20 miles or 32 kilometers east of the City of Brownsville, Texas on the Boca Chica Peninsula and forms part of the Brownsville–Harlingen–Raymondville and the Matamoros–Brownsville metropolitan area.", "It is situated on Texas State Highway 4, immediately south of the South Bay lagoon, and is located about 2 miles or 3.2 kilometers northwest of the mouth of the Rio Grande.", "In August 2014, SpaceX announced that they had selected the Boca Chica area as the location for their South Texas spaceport and that their \"control center\" would actually be on land in the village property, while the launch complex would be located two miles to the east.", "Limited construction began that year, but more extensive construction activities did not begin until approximately 2018.", "By May 2018, the site was expected to be used exclusively for launches of the SpaceX second-generation fully-reusable launch vehicle, which was eventually named SpaceX Starship in late 2018, and the launch complex was no longer planned to become a third launch site for Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy.", "The Flight testing of the SpaceX Starship with the newly designed Raptor rocket engine began in 2019 and is being continued till now.", "With the village being only a couple of miles from the test site, in August 2019, Cameron County officials followed the FAA Regulatory and began to request residents to stand outside their homes during any tests that involve loading of propellant fuel, due to perceived danger from shock-wave induced broken windows in the event of a test anomaly and explosion.", "In September 2019, SpaceX extended an offer to buy each of the houses in Boca Chica Village for three times the fair market value along with an offer of VIP invitations to future launch events.", "The amount of the offer (3x) was said to be \"non-negotiable.\"", "Homeowners were initially given two weeks for that particular offer to remain valid.", "Some property owners were happy with the offer and made plans to accept it, including one South Dakota owner who was happy to receive 3 times what she paid for the property in 2012.", "But others were not, noting that they had made substantial improvements to their properties and that the base valuation used by the September process used county tax assessment valuations and did not look at the specifics of each house so could not be a full appraised valuation.", "Now let’s look at the construction and progress of the SpaceX site.", "Major site construction at SpaceX's launch site in Boca Chica got underway in 2016, with site soil preparation for the launch pad in a process said to take two years, with significant additional soil work and significant construction beginning in late 2018.", "By September 2019, the site had been transformed into an operational launch site, outfitted with the ground support equipment needed to support test flights of the methane-fueled Starship vehicles.", "Lighter construction of fencing and temporary buildings in the control center area had begun in 2014.", "The Texas launch location was projected in the 2013 draft EIS to include a 20-acre vertical launch area and a 12.2-acre area for a launch control center and a launchpad directly adjacent to the eastern terminus of Texas State Highway - 4.", "SpaceX broke ground on the new launch site in September 2014 but indicated then that the principal work to build the facility was not expected to ramp up until late 2015 after the SpaceX launch site development team completed work on Kennedy Space Center Launch Pad 39A, as the same team was expected to manage the work to build the Boca Chica facility.", "Advance preparation work was expected to commence ahead of that.", "As of 2014, SpaceX anticipated spending approximately US$100 million over three to four years to build the Texas facility, while the Texas state government expected to spend US$15 million to extend utilities and infrastructure to support the new spaceport.", "The design phase for the facility was completed by March 2015.", "In the event, construction was delayed by the destruction of one of SpaceX’s two Florida launch facilities in a September 2016 rocket explosion, which tied up the launch site design and build teams for over a year.", "In order to stabilize the waterlogged ground at the coastal site, SpaceX engineers determined that a process known as soil surcharging would be required.", "For this to happen, around 310,000 cubic yards or 240,000 cubic meters of new soil was trucked to the facility between October 2015 and January 2016.", "In January 2016, following additional soil testing that revealed foundation problems, SpaceX indicated they were not planning to complete construction until 2017, and the first launch from Boca Chica was not expected until late 2018.", "In February 2016, SpaceX President and COO Gwynne Shotwell stated that construction had been delayed by poor soil stability at the site, and that \"two years of dirt work\" would be required before SpaceX could build the launch facility, with construction costs expected to be higher than previously estimated.", "The first phase of the soil stabilization process was completed by May 2016.", "Two 30 feet or 9-meter S-band tracking station antennas, were installed at the site in 2016–2017.", "Formerly used to track the Space Shuttle during launch and landing, and made operational as tracking resources for crewed Dragon missions in 2018.", "SpaceX-owned 6.5-acre photovoltaic power station was installed on-site to provide off-grid electrical power near the control center.", "The solar farm was installed by SolarCity in January 2018.", "In late 2018, construction ramped up considerably, and the site saw the development of a large propellant tank farm, a gas flare, more offices, and a small flat square launch pad.", "The Starhopper prototype was relocated to the pad in March 2019 and first flew in late July 2019.", "The \"Mars Crossing\" subdivision developed into a shipyard, with the development of several large hangars, and several concrete jigs, on top of which large steel rocket airframes were fabricated, the first of which became the Starhopper test article.", "In February 2019, SpaceX confirmed that the first orbit-capable Starship and Super Heavy test articles would be manufactured nearby, at the \"SpaceX South Texas build site.” By September 2019, the facility had been completely transformed into a new phase of an industrial rocket build facility, working multiple shifts and more than five days a week, able to support large rocket ground and flight testing.", "The latest Starship prototype, a shiny silver vehicle known as SN8 was launched on an epic high-altitude test flight on December 9th, 2020, taking off at 5:45 p.m. EST or 22:45 GMT from SpaceX's facility near the South Texas village of Boca Chica.", "The goal was to soar about 7.8 miles or 12.5 kilometers into the sky, perform some complex aerial maneuvers — including a \"belly flop\" like the one the final Starship will perform when coming back to Earth on operational flights — and then land safely near the launch stand.", "The 165-foot or 50-meters-tall SN8 appeared to notch all of these big milestones, except for the final one: The vehicle hit its landing mark but came in too fast, exploding in a dramatic fireball 6 minutes and 42 seconds after liftoff.", "But still, the launch is considered to be successful as it was one of the best engines in the rocket industry flown successfully to date.", "Now let’s look at why SpaceX chose Boca Chica over any other place in the USA... Well, there are many reasons for it...", "The East Coast is in general best for launches into most orbits that SpaceX would be interested in for the Starship.", "This is because if SpaceX launches to the east, they can take advantage of the rotation of the earth to save some energy, and that means more payload instead of fuel.", "They can launch to the east from anywhere of course, but then the rocket goes over land and in the US, at least, there is a general dislike for dropping bits of the rocket on land.", "And although SpaceX recovers most of its first stages now, it’s still a risk that US authorities wouldn’t like.", "Since the land in Boca Chica is so cheap, SpaceX built their own spaceport, which in the long run, will be cheaper than renting a launchpad in Cape Canaveral or Vandenberg, which they used to pay tens of millions a year in rent.", "Also, Texas gave SpaceX the regulatory and financial intensives making the overall cost of the mission even cheaper.", "We understand the reasons behind SpaceX moving to Boca Chica.", "Now let’s discuss “ The Working of SpaceX Starship - the most ambitious rocket ever made”.", "Well, that sounds like a different topic to investigate on DiscoverZen." ]

[ "Intro", "Geography of Boca Chica", "SpaceX selected Boca Chica for spaceport", "Construction and Progress of the SpaceX site", "Starship SN8 prototype test", "Why SpaceX chose Boca Chica?", "Outro" ]

[ "Chef Cat Cora is now a staple of food television and writing, but it wasn't always that way.", "Here's how Cora went from a small-town girl to a world-famous celebrity chef.", "Cat Cora was born \"Melanie\" on April 3rd, 1967, to a teenager who had been sent to a \"home for unwed mothers\" near New Orleans.", "Cora's biological mother stayed at the home until giving birth to her daughter.", "Just a week after her birth, a middle-class couple from Jackson, Mississippi, Virginia Lee and Spiro Cora, adopted Cora from the Mississippi Children's Home, changed her name to Catherine Anne Cora, and gave her a new home.", "Of her days as a child, Cora remembers plucking soft figs from trees with her two brothers, water-skiing on a lake, and camping on an island near home.", "Her mom, a psychiatric nurse, and dad, a world history teacher, were extremely liberal for a family in the 1960s.", "In Cooking as Fast as I Can, she vividly recalls the Thanksgiving dinners that saw guests of different race and sexual orientation drop by.", "Theirs was an inclusive home that later defined Cora's personality.", "Cora was happy, but at the same time curious about her real mom.", "Her birth mom had called the Mississippi Children's Home every year on Cora's birthday to seek some info about her.", "When they finally reconnected, there were tears, of course, but also a lot of love.", "Cat Cora had it rough in school.", "Though she was popular and good at sports and cheerleading, she was constantly bullied.", "Cora once told Larry King, \"An older girl who unknowingly hated me and had a locker right next to me, tortured me mercilessly every single day.", "[...] her friends beat the hell out of me, and yes, the word 'kill' came up.\"", "As if being bullied wasn't enough to deal with as a teenager, Cora was also struggling to accept and be accepted for her sexuality.", "All through her school years, she had to hide the fact that she was gay.", "This meant that she couldn't even truly express her feelings for her first love at 17.", "As she said to Larry King, \"I was born in the '60's in Mississippi.", "I was also born gay.", "[...] I tried to pray 'it' away at church every Sunday like a good Christian girl from the South.", "[...] I wanted so badly to be straight like my friends.\"", "But if experience has taught Cora anything, it is that she deserved to live her true life and, quote, \"be accepted with love and compassion.\"", "She later came out to her loving and supportive parents at 19.", "Since Cat Cora's parents worked full time, she and her brothers often had to fend for themselves after returning from school.", "Cora wrote in Cooking as Fast as I Can, \"We either made ourselves a red-necked grilled cheese — white bread topped with 'green can' parmesan melted in the toaster oven — or else we'd turn on the FryDaddy and make ourselves some french fries.\"", "That cool FryDaddy was enough to boost little Cora's confidence to make more food.", "When she was in elementary school, Cat hosted tea parties, and also baked shamrock, heart, and star-shaped cookies at home with her mom's help.", "Eventually, when her folks bought an Easy-Bake Oven, she conceptualized her first business idea around it — to make vanilla cakes with chocolate frosting, and sell them in the community for five cents.", "Sadly, few in Cora's neighborhood cared — she got only one customer.", "But Cora wasn't ready to throw in the towel because of a bad sale.", "At 15, she drew up a full-fledged plan to start a restaurant.", "After all, she had restaurateurs in the family — her grandfather owned cafes, and her godfather ran restaurants in Mississippi.", "Cora is now living that dream, having opened more than 18 restaurants throughout her career.", "Cat Cora didn't doubt her love for cooking, but she was in a haze about how to pursue it.", "She had studied exercise physiology and nutrition at the University of Southern Mississippi and was planning to do pre-med.", "However, there was one small hitch — Cat loved cooking too much.", "So, she got a job at Nick Apostle's, a five-star restaurant in Jackson at that time.", "Cora told The Sip Magazine, \"I started waiting tables, bartending, doing anything I could to get my foot in the door.\"", "She even tried to start her own restaurant, though that first attempt fizzled.", "At this point, Cora realized she needed a break.", "She was a fresh graduate with a lot of saved money who didn't have a clear career objective yet and sought answers.", "She was, therefore, a perfect candidate for a backpacking trip to Europe.", "A four-month tour around Europe only cemented her desire to be a chef.", "The final push came at a book-signing event where Cora met chef Julia Child and was lucky enough to get a one-on-one with her.", "That conversation was the turning point for Cora.", "\"She said, 'You pay it forward, like I'm doing for you right now.'", "You know, just a lot of words of wisdom.", "And she said, 'You must go to the Culinary School of America because it's the Harvard of culinary schools.'\"", "The day after talking to Julia Child, Cora took the food icon's advice and applied to the prestigious Culinary School of America.", "Being the first in anything always has a story of resilience attached to it.", "Cat Cora's is no different.", "She was the first woman to be inducted into the Culinary Hall of Fame by the American Culinary Federation, and the first woman to be an Iron Chef in the Food Network series of the same name.", "\"I always love being the first of something.\"", "To be able to earn these accolades, Cora had to wade through a mire of shockingly sexist attitudes that slowed her career growth.", "In an interview with The Huffington Post, Cora had this to say about her instructors at the Culinary School of America: \"They were old-school types that still believed that men should be the ones cooking in the kitchens and not the women.", "[...] I faced harassment and discrimination and [was told], 'You shouldn't be here, you should be back home in Mississippi, barefoot and pregnant.'\"", "Another set of challenges awaited her after graduation.", "Cora told Money magazine, \"When I went to France [early in my career], I got 10 rejection letters in a row saying, 'We don't allow females in our kitchen.\"", "In the two decades since then, there is still a yawning gap between the number of men and women restaurant owners.", "In her interview with The Huffington Post, Cora quoted the specifics, telling the interviewer, \"Only 7% of owners or executives at restaurants in this country are women.\"", "Cora is doing her part to help close this gap by running a mentorship program specifically for female chefs.", "Cat Cora was too busy honing her profile as a restaurateur to be thinking of television in the '90s.", "By then, she had worked in some of the finest restaurants in Europe, trained under the stalwarts of the culinary world, and opened an Italian restaurant called Postino in San Francisco.", "Life seemingly couldn't get better.", "But when Cora got an opportunity to star in a television show called Bay Café hosted by chef Joey Altman, her life did get better.", "Being in front of the camera made Cora realize that she had another talent aside from cooking.", "Writing in Cooking as Fast as I Can, Cora had this to say about her first experiences on TV, \"The task of making a dish in front of the camera turned out to be weirdly and deeply satisfying.\"", "The cameraman and Altman himself were stunned by Cora' naturalistic performance.", "Call it clairvoyance or sheer confidence, but Cora knew she was worth a larger audience.", "So she sent the recorded tape to Food Network and bagged the opportunity to host The Melting Pot, an ethnic cuisine show.", "She followed that up by appearing in the series, My Country, My Kitchen.", "In addition to her TV appearances, Cora started writing columns for the Contra Costa Times, and even wrote her first cookbook, Cat Cora's Kitchen.", "When Cora became an Iron Chef in 2005, she was the first and then the only female to be so.", "Being on Iron Chef, for Cora, was more than just being on a cooking competition.", "The reality show, which requires as many culinary skills as physical fitness and mindfulness, helped Cora prove that, quote, \"women can cook as hard and fast as men.\"", "Cora competed on Iron Chef for almost six years and appeared in 12 seasons.", "It was only in season 11 that another woman Iron Chef, Alex Guarnaschelli, came into the picture.", "In the afterglow of the success that came with Iron Chef, Cora hosted Around the World in 80 Plates and judged My Kitchen Rules alongside chef Curtis Stone.", "She stayed away from competing for a decade, before jumping right back in with Food Network's bracket-style contest Tournament of Champions, in 2021.", "Chef Cat Cora is a good samaritan.", "It's a quality of hers that was recognized by President Obama himself, who awarded Cora The President's Volunteer Service Award for her efforts to keep the world safely fed.", "Cora told Food & Wine, \"What I don't think people understand yet is that chefs and other culinary professionals are just so important in emergency feeding relief.", "Untrained people don't know how to keep food sanitary, and the last thing you want in a crisis is to have a food-borne illness breakout.\"", "So, in 2004, Cora founded Chefs for Humanity, an organization that follows a Doctors without Borders-like model, presenting one large platform for people in the culinary field to come together to support a cause.", "Chefs for Humanity's aim was to provide aid to those affected by the tsunami of 2004 that took more than 200,000 lives.", "Cora said via her website, \"I decided to take on hunger and dedicate energy to connect with others to help bring relief to those in need and provide needed education on nutrition to improve health and well-being.\"", "In her pursuit to understand the issues plaguing the vulnerable population, Cora traveled to Honduras and Nicaragua as part of The United Nations World Food Programme in 2007.", "She also helped launch a school nutrition program in a Zambian village and raised funds for clean water and therapeutic milk formula for infants.", "Cat Cora and her first wife Jennifer's relationship seemed right out of a fairytale.", "The two were together for 17 years and married for two, during the span of which they had four boys.", "So it was a shocker for those who had been following their love life when Cora announced their split in 2015.", "Cora told People, \"It is with great sadness, that after 17 years, a tremendous amount of work, careful consideration and heavy hearts, my wife and I have mutually decided to no longer remain married.\"", "Cora's married life had started falling apart in 2015, with the chef alleging that her partner wanted to destroy her life.", "Cora told Page Six, \"It's cyber-stalking, mental and emotional distress and abuse.\"", "Cora claimed that though they had officially divorced each other, Jennifer had continued to harass her.", "In 2020, per Page Six, Cora even filed a petition for a restraining order against her ex-wife.", "After a rather tumultuous end to a long relationship with her ex-wife, Cat Cora was ready to find a new love and settle down.", "As it turned out, it wasn't a big challenge for the culinary star, who found someone the year she was officially out of her previous relationship.", "Cora met Nicole Ehrlich, a music video producer and director, in 2016.", "It was Ehlrich who reached out to Cora after recognizing her from the many shows she had starred in.", "The couple hit it off and, after two years, decided to tie the knot in a villa in Santa Barbara, California in 2018.", "Speaking to Yahoo!", "Life, Ehrlich referred to Cora as her: \"My angel on earth.\"", "As for Cora, she felt that Ehrlich was a \"game-changer\" for her.", "Cora told Yahoo!", "Life, \"I thought to myself, 'I am in trouble.", "She is everything I've ever been looking for.'\"", "After her marriage with Ehrlich, Cora was mom to six children — four of whom she had shared with her ex, and two of Ehrlich's.", "\"We're a blended, modern Brady Bunch.\"", "But sadly, the picture-perfect family couldn't stay together as vowed.", "Ehlrich filed for divorce in 2021, three years after their wedding.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more Mashed videos about your favorite stuff are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Adopted at one-week-old", "Struggled to accept her identity", "Drafted a restaurant plan at 15", "Julia Child was an inspiration", "Serious gender discrimination", "A natural on TV", "First female Iron Chef", "Founded Chefs for Humanity", "Ended her first marriage", "Second marriage didn't last" ]

[ "As of October 31st, 2022, there are 50 volcanoes actively erupting on the planet across 7 continents.", "In the last week, the Taal volcano produced a series of 42 explosions from its crater lake, marking its most intense eruptive sequence since March of 2022.", "Meanwhile, in the Pacific Ocean, the shallow submarine volcano known as the Kaitoku Seamount produced large quantities of discolored water, suggesting that an effusive volcanic eruption might be ongoing.", "And, in Russia's Kamchatka peninsula, an unusually large vulcanian explosion was generated from the Bezymianny volcano, scattering a layer of ash to the northeast.", "For context, the Bezymianny volcano has been near continuously erupting since 1955 after it produced a major plinian and lateral eruption somewhat similar to Mount Saint Helens in 1980, causing a large section of the volcano to collapse to the east in a massive debris avalanche.", "Since then, a large lava dome has grown in its horseshoe shaped collapse scar.", "During this period, the volcano has produced intermittent explosions some of which are quite large termed vulcanian eruptions which clear the area above the magma conduit.", "In addition to frequent pyroclastic flows, this often leads to eruption plumes which reach around 4.5 kilometers or 15,000 feet in height.", "However, larger eruptions have occurred such as an explosion which took place on October 23rd, sending a plume of ash to a height of 10 kilometers or 32,800 feet.", "This was Bezymianny's largest eruption since May 28th.", "In the Philippines, the Taal volcano has been undergoing a low intensity eruptive sequence since October 5th.", "Much like typical eruptive activity at Rincon de la Vieja in Costa Rica, this has consisted of a series of several dozen small magnitude phreatomagmatic explosions from within its acidic crater lake.", "Last week, 31 such explosions occurred, often producing a visible plume from satellite.", "The number of explosions further increased this week as 42 explosions occurred between October 25th and October 28th.", "Oddly, this increased rate of minor eruptions occurred alongside a decrease in volcanic earthquakes and a more dramatic decrease in sulfur dioxide emissions as the volcano is releasing less than 10% of the volume of sulfur dioxide it was on October 20th.", "While this could indicate that minor eruptive activity might pause for the immediate future, the Taal volcano as a whole is surprisingly difficult to predict and does now tend to follow a predictable pattern.", "Meanwhile, in the Pacific Ocean, 1070 kilometers south of Tokyo, a submarine volcano might be producing a new eruption.", "The volcano in question is called the Kaitoku Seamount which has a summit at a depth of 95 meters or 312 feet below sea level.", "Although it has not produced a confirmed eruption after erupting three eruptions between 1984 and 1986, this fact might have recently changed.", "When submarine volcanoes erupt, is it often difficult to tell that they are unless it produces an eruption plume above the surface or rafts of pumice are produced.", "However, during more effusive eruptions, one method of identifying if a volcano might be erupting is a discolored plume of water coming from the volcano which is visible from satellite, such as seen at the actively erupting Kavachi volcano.", "Such a plume was detected on October 21st, 22nd, and 23rd from the Kaitoku Seamount.", "While this could mean that it is erupting, this plume could also be occurring simply due to an increase in gas release of fumaroles or a small landslide at the volcano.", "Here is a quick list of every volcano which is currently erupting.", "Also, here are some volcanoes showing signs of unrest which are not erupting but could erupt in the near future.", "Thanks for watching!", "If you would like to request a specific topic, please leave a comment below.", "Additionally, I would like to thank my new YouTube member Moncader for supporting this channel!" ]

[ "50 Erupting Volcanoes", "Bezymianny's Eruption", "Taal Eruption Update", "Kaitoku Seamount", "Conclusion" ]

[ "Some jobs are based entirely commission, where their earnings are paid based on a percent of sales.", "For instance they may get paid 15% of any sales they make.", "And there are also variable commission rates, where a person gets paid a certain amount up to a certain amount of sales, then another, higher rate up to a higher amount of sales, and these can keep increasing.", "As an example of this, lets say that a food supplement company has variable commission rates for its salesforce.", "They get a 15% commission rate for monthly sales up to $10,000, a 17% commission rate for sales of $10,001 to $20,000 and a 20% commission rate for sales greater than $20,000.", "During a one month period a salesperson makes a total of $33,500 in sales, what was their earnings for the given month?", "So, we are going to do 4 calculations to find the earnings.", "We have to calculate the earnings at the 15% rate, calculate the earnings at the 17% rate, calculate the earnings at the 20% rate, and then add the 3 different earnings together.", "The formula for calculating their earnings, is earnings equals, the commission rate times the amount of sales.", "First for the 15% rate.", "We have earnings equals, the rate of 15% times the sales of $10,000.", "We first have to convert 15% to a decimal by dropping the percent sign and moving the decimal 2 places to the left to get .15.", "So, .15 times $10,000, which equals $1500.", "So, that is their earnings at the 15% rate.", "Next is the 17% rate.", "The amount of sales in this tier is $20,000 minus $10,000, which equals $10,000.", "And so we have earnings equals .17 times $10,000, which equals $1700 at the 17% rate.", "Next is the 20% rate.", "The amount of sales in this tier is $33,500 minus $20,000, which equals $13,500.", "And we have earnings equals .20 times $13,500, which calculates to $2700 as the earnings at the 20% rate.", "Now we can total the earnings up, so, $1500 plus $1700, plus $2700, which equals $5900.", "So, their total earnings for the month was $5900.", "And Here is another example on the screen for you of how to calculate earnings using a variable commission rate.", "Alright my friends, hopefully you got something out of this video, I do have more videos right there for you, till next time, I am outta here." ]

[ "What is a variable commission rate?", "Example problem of a variable commission rate", "Calculations for problem", "Another example problem" ]