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[ "♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ Tim Cook: Good morning, and welcome to WWDC.", "We have a big day of announcements about our latest technologies and platforms.", "These platforms, and the products they drive, deliver amazing experiences for our users and provide developers with incredible opportunities so they can use their superpowers to innovate, create, and collaborate, making apps that continue to change the world.", "And WWDC is designed to give this community what they need to do their very best work.", "We love to support our developers beyond WWDC with comprehensive world-class support and other important initiatives.", "We just opened our brand-new Developers Center across from Apple Park where developers can engage with our engineers.", "And to reach our global community, this past fall we introduced our first online Tech Talks for developers to learn more about our new technologies and directly connect with Apple engineers in live sessions and one-on-one office hours.", "We are also committed to cultivating the next generation of developers, including efforts to reach underrepresented communities.", "So our developer academies teach students the fundamentals of coding as well as the other necessary skills to find and create jobs in the app economy.", "There are 17 around the world including the academy in Detroit we founded in October as a part of Apple's Racial Equity and Justice Initiative.", "And in Saudi Arabia, we launched our first developer academy for women in February.", "Our Entrepreneur Camps provide developers from underrepresented communities with mentorship, inspiration, and insights from Apple.", "The first camps were for female founders, and this past year, we expanded the camps to reach Black and Latin founders.", "Alumni have gone on to secure major funding and see great success on the App Store.", "These ongoing efforts empower all developers with the tools, technologies, and inspiration to change the world for the better.", "Last year, many millions of developers engaged in WWDC, and we expect millions more to join us again this year.", "In fact, we're excited to say we've grown our developer community to over 34 million Apple developers.", "We have a huge week ahead of us, with an amazing online experience, including sessions, labs, and digital lounges, which will all be available for free to our developers.", "Today, we're going to push our platforms further than ever for our developers and our users.", "So let's get started by sending it over to Craig.", "♪ ♪ Craig Federighi: I'm really excited about what we have to show you today.", "But first, let's head downstairs.", "♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ Now, let's talk about iOS.", "Together with iPhone, iOS helps you get so much done, whether you're at home or on the move.", "And the next release, iOS 16, offers new intelligence, sharing, and communication features that are going to enhance so much of what you do with your iPhone.", "And those come together with an incredible set of new personalization features that will make your experience feel fresh and completely you.", "Let's get started with the all-new Lock Screen.", "The Lock Screen is the first thing you see every time you pick up your iPhone.", "It's a place where you can check the date and time, look out for key messages, and launch the camera to quickly capture the moment.", "And it's just as much a place for personalization, where so many of you put a photo that makes iPhone uniquely yours.", "In iOS 16, we're bringing the biggest update ever to the Lock Screen, completely reimagining how it looks and works for you.", "Let's take a look.", "♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ Craig: The new Lock Screen remains undeniably iPhone, while also giving you new ways to make it more personal, beautiful, and helpful than ever.", "Let me show you.", "Here's my Lock Screen.", "You'll notice the subtle depth effect with my daughters appearing in front of the time.", "I really love it.", "Now, if I just press and hold, I can personalize it further.", "I'll just tap Customize, and now I'm in the editor.", "Now, check this out.", "I can simply swipe to try out different styles that automatically change the color filter, the background, and the font for the time, all to complement each other.", "These look really beautiful.", "So let's go with this one.", "Now, of course, if I want to change anything, it's easy to dial it in further to get it just the way I want it.", "All I need to do is tap on any element of the Lock Screen to start editing.", "So let's customize the font.", "I can audition different typefaces and choose from different colors.", "And I like this color.", "I'll just adjust the shade a little bit.", "I think this looks awesome now.", "Now, I can also make my Lock Screen more helpful by putting widgets right on the Lock Screen.", "So let me move the girls down here and tap in to bring up the widget gallery.", "And these are really useful for getting information at a glance, like upcoming calendar events.", "So I'll add the temperature, my Activity rings, and let's drag in the calendar widget.", "Now, this is great.", "And what's even better is, I'm not limited to just one.", "Let's create another.", "I can bring up our brand-new wallpaper gallery, which showcases a bunch of options for inspiration.", "And there are plenty to choose from here.", "So much room for personalization, with millions of combinations.", "With Photo Shuffle, I can choose a set of photos to shuffle throughout the day, And we also have Suggested Photos, intelligently curated from my personal library, like the best shots of family that look great on the Lock Screen.", "Now, this is an awesome one to add to my collection.", "Now, I've created a bunch of other Lock Screens, and by simply swiping, I can switch between them.", "It's amazing the range you can create.", "Here's Weather, which shows live weather conditions like a downpour and lightning.", "I just love this animation.", "Here's a really cool emoji wallpaper and our Pride wallpaper.", "And here's one from our Astronomy collection.", "Watch how it animates fluidly as I swipe into the Home Screen.", "So cool.", "So that's a quick look at the all-new Lock Screen.", "And for developers, WidgetKit makes it quick and easy to put glanceable information from their app here as well.", "The new Lock Screen is so beautiful, we wanted to make sure that you can always enjoy it, even if you get a lot of notifications.", "Sometimes, notifications can cover up your personal photo.", "So we've rethought how they appear.", "Notifications now roll in from the bottom of the Lock Screen as you receive them, and you can choose to hide them throughout the day.", "Now, sometimes you get a bunch of notifications from an app, like when you're following the score of a basketball game.", "Well, now there's a better way to keep tabs with something called Live Activities.", "Live Activities make it easier to stay on top of things that are happening in real time right from your Lock Screen.", "And for developers, starting in an update to iOS 16 later this year, they can use the Live Activities API to create these compact and glanceable experiences.", "This will make it really easy to follow that NBA game, track the progress of an Uber ride, see how you're doing on your workout, and more, all while letting the other elements on the Lock Screen shine.", "One of the most popular activities for many of us is listening to music.", "And now with Live Activities, the Now Playing controls can expand to a full screen view that celebrates album art while you listen along.", "So that's the all-new Lock Screen.", "There are some really powerful ways these updates tie together and build upon what we introduced last year with Focus.", "Focus has helped people reduce distractions and stay in the moment.", "And this year, we're taking it further, starting with extending Focus to your Lock Screen.", "This means your choice of a photo and widgets can all be tied to a particular Focus.", "And now that you can have multiple Lock Screens, you can match them to the appropriate Focus throughout your day.", "You can have a dedicated one for when you're in a Work Focus, with widgets showing your upcoming meeting or to-do list.", "Or, with just a swipe, you can activate your Personal Focus.", "All of your corresponding notification settings apply, and it extends to your Home Screen too.", "So now you can elevate your favorite apps or widgets for keeping up with friends and family.", "And now, your Focus can also carry into the apps themselves, with Focus filters, which let you filter out distracting content.", "Let's take Safari, for example.", "Instead of seeing all of your websites, you can turn on the Work Focus filter and see only the tabs that relate to work.", "And you can filter not just tab groups in Safari, but also conversations in Messages, accounts in Mail, and events in Calendar.", "And for developers, we have a new API so they can help you focus in their apps as well.", "These updates to Focus can help you draw boundaries and find balance throughout all of the moments in your life.", "Now, let's talk about what's in store for Messages.", "Hundreds of millions of people rely on Messages every single day.", "It's integral to how we communicate with the people who matter most.", "And now, we're adding three of the most highly-requested features to Messages.", "First, have you ever sent a Message only to immediately realize you didn't quite say what you intended?", "Well, no worries.", "Because now you can edit any message you just sent so embarrassing typos can be a thing of the past.", "Second, have you ever wished you'd never sent that message at all?", "Well, good news–now you have undo send, so you can immediately recall a recent misfire.", "And finally, you can now mark any thread as unread, a perfect tool if you don't have time to respond in the moment and want to be sure to come back to a message later.", "These three features are going to make a big difference in how you use Messages every single day.", "Messages makes texting easy and efficient, and it's also a great way to share.", "Last year, we introduced Shared with You, which takes things like photos, links, and music that your friends share with you in Messages and highlights them right in the app where you'd like to enjoy them later.", "And for developers, we're really excited to make Shared with You available with a new API.", "So when someone sends you a funny video, a worthwhile article, or a recipe that you don't have time to check out in the moment, it'll be there waiting for you the next time you open that app.", "And when it comes to sharing in real time with others, people are loving SharePlay.", "It's stellar for enjoying shared experiences while connecting over FaceTime.", "Like watching TV shows, listening to music, or breaking a sweat to a synced up workout.", "So many of your favorite apps are using SharePlay to create shared experiences, like listening to bedtime stories together with Better Sleep or playing a rowdy game of Heads Up, no matter how far apart you are.", "And this year, we're making it easier to discover all of these awesome SharePlay experiences from within your FaceTime call.", "With just a tap, you can jump into SharePlay-supported apps that you already have on your phone, or discover new experiences that you can share with your friends.", "And to give you more opportunities to enjoy shared experiences, we're extending SharePlay beyond FaceTime and bringing it to Messages.", "This was the number one request from developers.", "Now when you find something you want to share, like a movie on Disney+, you can kick off SharePlay right there and enjoy it together while chatting in Messages.", "You can watch in sync, and you've got the same instantaneous shared playback controls that make SharePlay magical.", "So whether you're using SharePlay for your weekly movie night or marking a message unread so you can respond later, Messages has everything you need to connect with ease.", "And we're making it that much easier to compose Messages with some updates to Dictation.", "To tell you more, here's Robby.", "Robby Walker: Dictation lets you type just by speaking and can be much faster than typing with the Keyboard.", "This is why it's so popular for taking notes, sending messages, and more.", "In fact, Dictation is used over 18 billion times each month.", "And it's designed to protect your privacy.", "Thanks to the Neural Engine, Dictation can happen entirely on-device.", "Today, we're excited to introduce an all-new on-device Dictation experience that lets you fluidly move between voice and touch.", "Let's take a look.", "We'll use our new dictation experience to send an email.", "Now, when I start dictating, the keyboard stays open, so I can switch between using voice and touch.", "I can even select text using touch and replace it with my voice.", "Just by speaking.", "Are you sending a longer message?", "Dictation automatically adds punctuation to the text.", "\"That's so cool!", "Mind blown emoji!\"", "Automatic punctuation and emoji dictation also work when you send messages with Siri.", "And this year, we're making it easier to use Siri with apps.", "There are over 15,000 apps that work with Siri using SiriKit and Siri Shortcuts.", "And today, these require manual setup.", "So we're introducing a new developer API built using the Swift programming language called App Intents.", "Now shortcuts work with zero setup so you can use Siri to get things done with supported apps.", "Now let's talk about another feature powered by intelligence: Live Text.", "Live Text is so useful because it's deeply integrated across the entire OS, letting you interact with text in images across the system, from Camera and Safari to Notes and Screenshots.", "And this year, we're excited to take this integration further by bringing Live Text to video.", "Now you can pause a video on any frame and interact with text just like you can today with photos.", "It's great for copying code samples.", "We're also accelerating the things you do with Live Text with quick actions.", "So now you're just a tap away from converting currency and translating a foreign language.", "And for an even richer translation experience, you'll be able to use Live Text while in the Translate app, with our new camera view.", "This will be great for when you have lots of text to translate.", "And for developers, we're also excited to announce a Live Text API.", "Soon you will be able to grab text straight from photos and videos in apps like Vimeo.", "And photos are about more than just text.", "That's why last year we introduced Visual Look Up, a feature that recognizes objects like pets, landmarks, plants, and more, and gives you rich information about what's in your images.", "And this year we have a new feature that takes image understanding further.", "Now when you touch and hold on the subject of an image, you can lift it away from the background and place it in apps like Messages.", "It feels like magic.", "It's actually the product of an advanced machine learning model which is accelerated by CoreML and the Neural Engine to perform 40 billion operations in just milliseconds.", "Together, Live Text and Visual Look Up continue to unlock rich and useful information from your photos and videos across iOS, iPadOS, and macOS.", "Back to you, Craig.", "Craig: These intelligence features help you get things done with ease.", "And another app that makes life easier is Wallet.", "To tell you about what's new in Wallet, I'll hand it over to Corey.", "Corey Fugman: With Apple Wallet, we're working hard on our goal to replace your physical wallet.", "Take what we're doing with driver's licenses and ID cards.", "We're excited to have launched Maryland and Arizona, with 11 additional states actively working on deployments.", "And the first locations now accepting Wallet IDs are select TSA security checkpoints.", "You'll also be able to securely present your ID to apps requiring identity and age verification.", "To protect your privacy, only the necessary information will be shared.", "So rather than providing your exact birthday, you can simply share that you are over 21.", "Now, let's talk about Keys.", "Our growing suite of keys in Wallet makes it easy to access everyday places like your home, car, hotel, and office, all with just your iPhone.", "And now we're making sharing keys even easier with your favorite messaging apps like Mail, Messages, or WhatsApp.", "When your friend receives the key, they can add it to their Wallet with a single tap.", "And to let you share keys with people who don't have an iPhone, we're working with the IETF to make sharing keys an industry standard that is free for others to adopt.", "We are seeing tremendous enthusiasm from our partners, with more of them signing on to support keys for all of the places you visit.", "Now let's talk about Apple Pay, one of the most important areas of Wallet.", "We've made a lot of progress with Apple Pay acceptance in stores and online, and now we're expanding even further.", "Starting this month with Tap to Pay on iPhone, millions of merchants across the U.S. can accept contactless payments directly on iPhone with no additional hardware or payment terminal needed.", "Beginning with apps from these payment providers, Tap to Pay on iPhone enables small merchants and large retailers to use iPhone to securely accept payments.", "In addition to expanded acceptance, we're also enhancing Apple Pay to support new types of payments.", "So we are thrilled to announce Apple Pay Later.", "Apple Pay Later lets you split the cost of an Apple Pay purchase into four equal payments spread over six weeks with zero interest and no fees of any kind.", "And Apple Pay Later is available everywhere Apple Pay is accepted in apps and online.", "You can now get that espresso machine you've wanted and pay for it over time with no additional cost.", "For developers and merchants, Apple Pay Later requires no integration.", "It just works using their standard Apple Pay implementation.", "Upcoming payments are managed through Wallet, making it easy to keep track of what's due when and to stay within a budget.", "And after you've placed your order, we have another brand-new feature that helps you track it.", "Apple Pay Order Tracking enables merchants to deliver detailed receipt and tracking information directly to Wallet, making it easy to get the latest information on all of your Apple Pay orders delivered securely and privately to your device.", "Apple Pay Order Tracking will be offered at millions of merchants through eCommerce platforms starting with Shopify.", "So that's our Wallet update.", "Back to you, Craig.", "Craig: With ID cards available in more locations, new ways to use and share keys, Apple Pay Later, and Apple Pay Order Tracking, Wallet makes life so much easier, no matter where you go.", "And the best way to get wherever you're going is with Maps.", "So let's get out of here to talk about what's new.", "♪ ♪ We're building the best map to help you navigate and explore the world.", "We've launched our redesigned map in ten countries and regions, and we're excited to announce that later this year, we'll bring the new map to 11 more, including France, Switzerland, and New Zealand.", "Our new map includes great features like cycling, Look Around, and so many more.", "And with the new city experience, we pushed it even further with unprecedented detail for landcover, roads, and elevation, as well as improved driving and transit navigation.", "And we're adding Las Vegas, which looks stunning.", "And before the end of the year, we'll add six more cities including Miami, Chicago, and Sydney.", "To tell you more about what's new in Maps, here's Meg.", "Meg Frost: With iOS 16, we're introducing great updates for Maps users and developers.", "Let's start with one of our most requested features: multistop routing.", "You can now plan up to 15 stops in advance.", "Maps will now store previous routes in Recents so they're easy to get back to and you can plan multi-stop routes on the Mac and send them to iPhone when you're ready to go.", "And, of course, when you're driving, you can ask Siri to add additional stops to your route while safely keeping your eyes on the road.", "Next, let's talk about getting around with transit.", "We're making it easy for riders to see fares for how much their journey will cost along with the ability to add transit cards to Wallet.", "And if a transit card balance is running low , you'll receive an alert so you can reload it without having to leave Maps.", "And for developers, we're making big improvements to MapKit, starting with our revolutionary new city experience which includes rich details for landcover, roads, landmarks, and more.", "Developers like Bird can now integrate this detailed map so users can more easily locate bikes and scooters to get around town.", "And it looks stunning in both Light and Dark Mode.", "And there's more.", "We're also bringing Look Around to MapKit, making it easy to integrate high resolution imagery from Maps into apps like Zillow, helping users get an immersive ground-level view while browsing homes.", "And finally, we're excited to announce that later this year, developers will have faster and more flexible ways to build incredible Maps experiences with brand-new server-side APIs.", "And that's a quick look at Maps.", "Back to you, Craig!", "Craig: Now, let's talk about sports.", "Sports can bring people together in meaningful ways, whether a heated rivalry among friends or a whole town rooting for their team.", "And at Apple, we want to create great experiences for sports fans everywhere.", "To tell you more, here's Rubie.", "♪ ♪ Rubie Edmondson: Today, there are many ways to keep up with your favorite sports, like being able to ask Siri about players or teams or see live games, no matter where they're streaming.", "And now with Live Activities, the Apple TV app brings you scores and play-by-play action right on your Lock Screen.", "We also recently premiered Friday Night Baseball on Apple TV+ where you can stream two great games every Friday.", "And today, we have another major update for sports in Apple News.", "Apple News is the number one news app everywhere it's available, and it's about to become amazing for sports fans.", "You can now follow your favorite teams and leagues to get stories from hundreds of the best publishers in an all-new section called My Sports.", "You'll also find scores, schedules, and standings for the top professional and college sports leagues, and highlights too.", "Now you can catch the best plays from your favorite teams right in your news feed.", "And your favorites are seamlessly synced with the Apple TV app and across all your Apple devices.", "This new sports experience is free.", "It'll be available in the U.S., UK, Canada, and Australia.", "And when you subscribe to Apple News+, you'll get premium sports coverage from many local newspapers.", "That's Sports.", "Back to you, Craig.", "Craig: iOS and the entire Apple ecosystem are amazing for families, and we have some great new features to talk about, starting with some updates to Family Sharing.", "With Family Sharing, you can share your favorite purchases and subscriptions with up to five of your family members, including Apple Music, iCloud+, Apple One, and much more.", "Everyone gets personalized access to their favorite content without having to buy their own subscriptions or share an account.", "And for households with kids, you can create accounts just for them with built-in parental controls to help you monitor their screen time or approve their purchases.", "And this year, we're making it even easier to create accounts for kids and make sure the right parental controls are in place right from the start.", "We're adding a new, easy way to set age-appropriate restrictions for apps, movies, books, and music.", "Along with quick setup of other important parental controls.", "We're also making setting up a new device for your child– like an iPad–really simple.", "Just turn on the device they'll be using, bring your iPhone nearby, and choose to set up with Quick Start.", "With just a few taps, the new device will be set up for their use with all the parental controls you've selected already configured.", "And when your child asks for more screen time, you won't have to navigate to Settings to approve or deny their request.", "You can now respond right in Messages.", "Finally, we've added a new Family Checklist with helpful tips like updating a child's settings as they get older, turning on location sharing, or just reminding you that you can share your iCloud+ subscription with everyone.", "So those are some of the helpful updates to Family Sharing this year.", "Now, as we all know, one of the things everyone enjoys sharing with their family is photos.", "So this year, we're introducing a better way to share photos with your family.", "Our precious memories are often captured by several people and in between personal photos of hobbies, house projects, and homework, we have photos on our device that everyone in the family would like to have.", "But no one has all of them, so the family's memories are never complete.", "Until now.", "We're introducing iCloud Shared Photo Library to help you share photos seamlessly and even automatically.", "It's easy to set up.", "It's a separate iCloud library that everyone can contribute to, collaborate on, and enjoy.", "You can participate in one shared library that's shared with up to five other people.", "We've made it simple to share just the photos you want from your library.", "You can share everything already in your library, or choose what to include based on a start date or the people in the photos.", "For example, you can choose to include just the photos where you were together with your partner and the kids.", "Once the Shared Library is set up, you can manually move over new photos after you take them.", "But we wanted to make it even easier with a new switch right in Camera that sends shots straight to the Shared Library as you take them.", "This is great when you're on a vacation and you want to make sure the photos are shared right away.", "And if you take a photo of something personal, like a gift, you can easily turn it off.", "You can also choose to have the sharing switch enabled automatically whenever you take shots with other members of the Shared Library nearby.", "So if you take photos on a camping trip, you don't have to remember to share them later.", "You'll also receive intelligent sharing suggestions in the For You tab.", "Everyone has equal permissions for adding, editing, and deleting photos in the Shared Library.", "So if one member of the group is a talented photo editor, everyone gets to enjoy their edits to the shared photos.", "Deletions, captions, and keywords sync too.", "Content in the Shared Library will appear in everyone's Memories, Featured Photos, and in the Photos widget.", "So you can relive your family's adventures that include all the photos.", "That's iCloud Shared Photo Library: the best way to share photos with your family.", "And last, let's talk about privacy.", "We're always working hard to protect our users and their privacy, with features like App Privacy Report, Mail Privacy Protection, App Tracking Transparency, Privacy Nutrition Labels, and so many more.", "Another critically important area is protecting our users' personal safety.", "One way we're doing that is by adding a new tool to help people quickly turn off others' access, for example, disabling location sharing if they're escaping an abusive relationship.", "It's called Safety Check.", "To tell you about it, here's Katie.", "Katie Skinner: Many people share passwords and access to their devices with their partner.", "However, in abusive relationships, this can threaten personal safety and make it harder for victims to get help.", "We've been working closely with organizations that support victims of domestic and intimate partner violence.", "And the result of those conversations is Safety Check, a new section in Settings where you can quickly review and reset the access you've granted others.", "This lets people in abusive situations quickly revoke an abuser's access to their data and location, enabling them to cut ties and get to safety.", "Safety Check stops sharing your location with others via FindMy and resets the system privacy permissions for all apps.", "It also protects access to your messages by helping you sign out of iCloud on all your other devices and restricts Messages and FaceTime to the device in your hand.", "Safety Check also helps you manage who you've given access to.", "And you can audit which permissions you've granted to certain apps.", "We've received some really positive feedback on our approach, including from the National Center for Victims of Crime who said: \"In times of crisis, for many survivors, \"it's important to know who has their information and location.", "Safety Check helps give control back to survivors.\"", "This is important work, expanding the ways iOS helps you stay safe.", "Now, back to you, Craig.", "Craig: Protecting you and your privacy is and will always be at the center of what we do.", "iOS 16 offers so many updates that will change the way you experience iPhone.", "iOS also extends that experience beyond the phone, to enhance how you interact with the world around you.", "Whether helping you through your morning routine or keeping you connected on your next road trip, iOS has you covered.", "This year we're bringing exciting updates to your home and your car.", "To tell you what's new in the home, here's Corey.", "♪ ♪ Corey Wang: Our home is perhaps the most important place in our lives, and there's a lot to manage.", "Smart home accessories can make it easier and more convenient to control your home right from your iPhone.", "You can do things like see who's at the door while working at your desk, or turn off the lights downstairs without getting out of bed.", "And when you're away from home, you can double-check if the front door is locked or adjust the temperature so it's just right when you get back.", "And your smart home is all the more powerful when your accessories work together, reacting to changes automatically.", "Now, the smart home is still in its early days, and we want to help bring these powerful experiences to as many homes as possible.", "In order to build a connected ecosystem at home, it's important that you have the most choice so you don't have to worry about what works with what.", "With that in mind, we joined forces with other industry leaders to create a new smart home connectivity standard.", "It's called Matter.", "Matter enables smart home accessories to work together across platforms.", "And to ensure we stayed true to our values, we contributed HomeKit, our smart home framework, as a foundation of this new standard, so it's built on the same core principles and maintains the highest level of security.", "Industry-leading brands have already committed to supporting Matter, with over 130 products in the pipeline, and that's just the beginning.", "The Matter standard provides the underlying foundation to connect smart home accessories, and it allows us to innovate on top of it.", "We take privacy further, ensuring that data about how you use your accessories is processed and stored by default in a way that even Apple can't see.", "With Matter, we can continue to create amazing experiences in the Home app while also making sure all your different accessories are consistently simple to set up and easy to use.", "And now that you’ll have more accessory options to choose from, let's check out how we made the experience even better with an all-new Home app.", "We reimagined it from the ground up starting with the underlying architecture so it's more efficient and reliable, especially for homes with many accessories.", "We also completely redesigned how you navigate, organize, and view accessories to make it easier to control your smart home.", "We've integrated your rooms and favorites into the main tab of the app.", "So you can see your entire home in a single view.", "And we made sure it looks great, whether you're just getting started or have built out an advanced connected home.", "We added new categories for climate, lights, security, and more and an overview of what's happening in each category right at the top of the screen.", "And categories are a great way to navigate within the app.", "When you tap on a specific category, you see all the relevant accessories organized by room and more detailed status information.", "A multi-camera view displays up to four cameras at once front and center, and you can scroll to the right to see any additional cameras.", "We also redesigned tiles so that different accessories are more visually recognizable through shape and color.", "And with the new widgets on the Lock Screen, it's easier than ever to see how your home is doing.", "So that's the all-new Home app, and it's coming to iPhone, iPad, and Mac.", "Now that you have what you need to keep tabs on your home, you're ready to hit the road.", "Let's hand it off to Emily to talk about CarPlay.", "Emily Schubert: CarPlay is the smarter, safer way to use your iPhone in the car and has fundamentally changed the way people interact with their vehicles.", "It's available on over 98% of cars in the U.S. What's more, 79% of U.S. buyers would only consider a car that works with CarPlay.", "It's a must-have feature when shopping for a new vehicle.", "Our users love CarPlay.", "It gives them an easy way to use apps in the car, using the familiar UI from their iPhone.", "But cars have changed a lot, with larger-sized screens and more of them throughout the car.", "There's an opportunity for iPhone to play an even more important role.", "We've been working with automakers to reinvent the in-car experience across all of the driver's screens.", "Let's take a sneak peek at this next generation of CarPlay.", "♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ There's so much to explore here.", "Let's take a closer look.", "This next generation of CarPlay provides content for all the driver's screens, giving an experience that is unified and consistent.", "It's the very best of both your car and your iPhone.", "And it goes beyond what you can do with CarPlay today.", "Deep integration with the car's hardware lets you tune your car's radio or change your temperature without ever leaving the CarPlay experience.", "It also includes widgets, powered by your iPhone, that fit your screens perfectly.", "They can live front and center in the gauge cluster as well, giving you information at a glance.", "In fact, this next generation of CarPlay powers your entire instrument cluster.", "To do this, your iPhone communicates with your vehicle's real-time systems in an on-device, privacy-friendly way, showing all of your driving information like speed, RPMs, fuel level, temperature, and more.", "And no matter what type of unique screen shapes or layouts you may have, this next generation of CarPlay feels like it was made specifically for your car.", "We're also excited to give you the ability to make the core of the driving experience unique to you.", "We carefully crafted instrument cluster options ranging from the modern to the traditional, that use different colors, dial treatments, backgrounds, and layouts to provide various looks and feels.", "You can choose different curated themes and styles for your gauges.", "And automakers from around the world are excited to bring this new vision of CarPlay to customers.", "This is just a taste of what the next generation of CarPlay will bring.", "Vehicles will start to be announced late next year, and we can't wait to show you more further down the road.", "And now, I'll hand it back to Craig.", "Craig: And that's iOS 16, a mighty release that gives you entirely new ways to make iOS your own.", "It also helps you stay in touch with ease, engage with the world around you, and seamlessly share experiences and memories with your family and friends.", "And that's just the beginning.", "We've also made a big advancement in Spatial Audio with AirPods.", "Now, Spatial Audio works by understanding how sound interacts with the geometry of your head and ears.", "And now, in iOS 16, you can use the True Depth camera on iPhone to create a personalized Spatial Audio profile, enabling an even more precise and immersive listening experience, tuned just for you.", "Plus, Quick Note is coming to iOS so you can capture ideas instantly.", "A new rapid security response mechanism gets important improvements to iPhone faster, and you've got more Memoji customizations to choose from.", "And there's so many more features to meet your needs no matter where you are.", "Now, I’ll hand it over to Kevin to tell you about the big new advancements coming to Apple Watch.", "♪ ♪ Kevin Lynch: Let's talk about watchOS.", "Apple Watch continues to be the most loved watch in the world, because it helps you stay connected, active, and healthy.", "In watchOS 9 we're bringing great new features to each of these three areas.", "First, you can stay connected to what matters to you most just by glancing at your wrist, whether you use the popular Photos watch face, or a face with rich complications.", "And we're adding four new watch faces for you to choose from.", "The Astronomy face has been remastered to take advantage of the expansive display, and shows current cloud coverage around the world.", "The Lunar calendar is used to observe traditional holidays and special events in many cultures.", "The Lunar watch face celebrates this thousand-year-old practice with support for Chinese, Islamic, and Hebrew calendars.", "Play Time, designed by artist Joi Fulton, features whimsical animated numbers.", "You can tap the display to send them bouncing around, and when you lower your wrist, they take a nap.", "Finally, Metropolitan highlights watch typography with a new font that dynamically stretches when you rotate the digital crown, and features many lovely color combinations.", "Rich complications enable you to see more information in a small space, and we're bringing these to more of our watch faces.", "watchOS 9 also introduces a refreshed Siri UI and new banner notifications.", "And active apps will be pinned to the top of the Dock for quick access.", "Another way to stay connected is by listening to the latest stories, or sharing your favorite content.", "With watchOS 9, the Podcast app allows you to discover and follow new podcasts using Search and Listen Now.", "And the app is now available to kids using Family Setup.", "For developers, sharing content and selected images from apps like Outcast and WeChat is easier with the new Share Sheet and Photos Picker APIs.", "And with CallKit, you can start, end, or mute VoIP calls from apps like Webex directly on Apple Watch.", "That's some of what's coming in watchOS 9 to keep you connected.", "And now to Craig to tell you what's coming to keep you active.", "Craig Bolton: The Workout app is one of the most popular apps, so in watchOS 9, we're bringing new easy-to-use metrics, views, and training experiences inspired by high-performing athletes, starting with running.", "It's a sport that, no matter what your level, you can use metrics to better understand your performance.", "And switching up your training can reduce the chance of getting injured.", "The first thing we're doing is adding three new running form metrics to track how efficiently you run.", "Measuring these from the wrist isn't easy.", "Take vertical oscillation for example, which is a measure of how much you move up and down.", "If it's too high, your energy might be wasted going up versus propelling you forward.", "In order to capture this from the wrist, we need to extrapolate your torso movement from the distinctive style of your arm swing.", "We use machine learning and sensor fusion– a combination of accelerometer and gyroscope– to isolate your torso movement, and then measure how much vertical oscillation is produced.", "We use a similar approach to measure the two other Running Form metrics– stride length and ground contact time.", "These metrics can be added to new easy-to-read Workout views.", "Each Workout view lets you see more at a glance.", "Scroll the digital crown to see new views for familiar metrics like segments, splits, and elevation.", "And we're introducing heart rate zones so you can quickly see what zone you're in and get a sense of your intensity level at any point during your workout.", "There's also a new custom workout that you can use to add structure into your run.", "For example, if you are trying to improve your speed or endurance, you can create a workout using distance and time intervals that include sets of work and recovery which you can repeat as needed.", "You can also add one of the new alerts to a specific part of your workout– like one to monitor which heart rate zone you want to train in to help keep you on track.", "During your run, these alerts will guide you with both haptics and voice feedback, letting you know when to switch between work and recovery and when to pick up the pace if your heart rate falls below the target zone that you set.", "During your run, you can use the Digital Crown for additional workout views like this new power metric.", "Running with a power target can help you go the distance by keeping your effort in a range that you can reasonably sustain.", "You can even see how this workout is contributing to your Activity rings.", "And if it's a route you do often, it will be automatically saved in the Workout app for you to race against your last or best time.", "That way, you can see if all the training you're doing is paying off.", "You can use many of these new features not just when you're running, but for many workout types like Hiking, HIIT, and Functional Strength Training.", "And for our triathletes, there's a new multi-sport workout type that uses sensor fusion to detect when you finish one leg of your race and are transitioning to the next.", "So it can automatically switch between swimming, cycling, and running.", "That's just some of what's coming to the Workout app in watchOS 9.", "Since the first Apple Watch, we've been inspired by the stories we hear from users who stay motivated by closing their Activity rings each day.", "We also know there are many iPhone users who want to meet their fitness goals but don't yet have an Apple Watch.", "So in iOS 16, the Fitness app will be available to all iPhone users.", "Using the iPhone motion sensors, you can track steps, distance, flights climbed, and workouts from your favorite apps, which can be converted to an estimation of your active calories to contribute to your daily Move goal.", "You'll also be able to share your Move ring with friends and receive coaching tips.", "While Apple Watch gives you a picture of your all-day activity, we're excited to bring some of the Fitness app benefits to iPhone users to get them started on their fitness journey.", "Now, I'll hand it off to Sumbul to tell you what's coming in watchOS 9 to help keep you healthy.", "Sumbul Ahmad Desai: The Sleep app has helped millions of you by providing insights into how much sleep you're getting along with metrics like heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood oxygen.", "In watchOS 9, you'll be able to learn more about your sleep with Sleep Stages.", "Apple Watch uses signals from the accelerometer and heart rate sensor to detect which stage of sleep you're in.", "Machine learning models were trained and validated against the clinical gold standard of polysomnography with the largest and most diverse population ever studied for a wearable.", "You can see how much time you spent in each stage, as well as when you might have woken up.", "You'll see more details in the Health app where you'll learn that each sleep stage– REM, Core, and Deep– perform an essential function.", "And as you sleep, you're likely to cycle through these stages multiple times.", "Researchers are still looking into what happens during sleep and how it impacts your health.", "We want to help push forward the science of sleep, so Apple Heart and Movement Study participants will now be able to contribute sleep stage data through the Research app.", "With the large scale of this study, we are excited about the potential discoveries.", "That's what's new with sleep.", "Another area where Apple Watch has an impact is heart health.", "We hear from so many of you who have received an Atrial Fibrillation alert and sought potentially-life saving care.", "So we also wanted to offer support once you've been diagnosed.", "When living with this condition, it's important to understand the time you spend in AFib because it may relate to your risk of serious complications, such as stroke.", "watchOS 9 can now track the amount of time your heart shows signs of this rhythm with AFib History.", "And in the Health app, you can manage lifestyle factors that may influence the amount of time you spend in AFib like exercise, sleep, and weight.", "AFib History even helps you identify the time of the day or week when your AFib is most frequent.", "You can also share a PDF with your doctor to facilitate richer conversations.", "AFib History is a first-of-its-kind feature that uniquely provides insights into your AFib over the long term.", "We expect to receive FDA clearance for AFib History soon.", "Apple Watch makes some of the more complicated aspects of your health more intuitive.", "And this year, we're tackling another integral aspect of health for so many of us–Medications.", "Over 50% of people take prescription medications, and we wanted to help make it easier to track, manage, and understand the medications that you take.", "So in watchOS 9, the Medications app makes it easy for you to discreetly and conveniently track your medications, vitamins, and supplements anytime.", "You can log medications that you might take occasionally like Cetirizine for allergies.", "And you can receive notifications for medications that you need to take regularly.", "Rich complications on your watch face can help you stay on top of your schedule.", "And of course you can track and manage your medications in the Health app, even if you don't have an Apple Watch.", "To build your medications list, start typing the name, and you'll see suggestions.", "We wanted to make creating the list easier, especially if you take multiple medications.", "So you can just use your iPhone camera to scan the label of your medication.", "You can create a schedule to receive reminders and add custom visuals to make it easier to remember.", "Another important aspect of medications is drug-drug interactions, which can make them less effective or cause side effects.", "In the U.S. alone, drug interactions cause nearly a quarter of a million hospitalizations each year.", "To help you with this, you'll receive an alert when you add a new medication if there is a critical interaction.", "We've partnered with Elsevier, a leading medical publisher, to provide clinically accurate and evidence-based information across the Medications experience.", "You'll be able to review critical, serious, and moderate interactions as well as interaction factors like alcohol.", "Medications also works with Health Sharing, which is updated in iOS 16.", "You can now send a family member an invitation to share their health data with you.", "This is another way that you can support a loved one on their health journey and have peace of mind, too.", "Now back to Kevin.", "Kevin: Your health data is some of your most personal information, and privacy is central to how we build and design features for Apple Watch.", "Health data is encrypted on device and is not shared without your explicit permission.", "You'll also now be periodically reminded of what health data you're sharing and who you're sharing it with.", "There's so much more in watchOS 9, including support for six new keyboard languages, a new way for developers to connect their watchOS apps to Apple TV, and with Family Setup, kids can now control home devices right from their wrist.", "watchOS is the world's most advanced wearable operating system, and watchOS 9 takes it further with new features to help you stay connected, active, and healthy.", "Back to Craig.", "Craig: I'm so excited for watchOS 9 and can't wait to get it into the hands of our users.", "Next, to show you what's new with Mac, here's John.", "♪ ♪ John Ternus: We couldn't be more excited by how well the Mac transition to Apple Silicon is going.", "It all started with the launch of M1, which brought a whole new level of performance, capabilities, and battery life to the Mac.", "We've already transitioned nearly the entire Mac product line.", "Users have been blown away by the phenomenal capabilities of these new systems powered by the M1 family of chips.", "And the Mac business has never been stronger.", "Well, today we're excited to start the next generation of Apple Silicon for the Mac.", "Introducing... M2.", "It takes the breakthrough performance and capabilities of M1 even further.", "To tell you more, I'll pass it over to Johny.", "Johny Srouji: Today we begin our second generation of Apple Silicon designed specifically for the Mac.", "The M-Series chips deliver a scalable range of performance and capabilities.", "It began with M1's breakthrough set of features that transformed our most popular systems.", "M2 starts the second generation of M-Series chips, and goes beyond the remarkable features of M1.", "Unlike others in the industry who significantly increase power to gain performance, our approach is different.", "We continue to have a relentless focus on power efficient performance.", "In other words, maximizing performance while minimizing power consumption.", "Combined with our unified memory architecture and custom technologies, this focus on power efficiency allows M2 to bring even more performance and new capabilities to our most popular Macs.", "M2 is built using an enhanced, second-generation five nanometer technology, and features over 20 billion transistors: that's 25% more than M1.", "We use those transistors to enhance every feature of the chip, starting with the memory controller which delivers 100GB/s of unified memory bandwidth, which is 50% more than M1 for even greater performance.", "And because M1 is so capable, users run all sorts of demanding tasks.", "So for M2, we've enabled up to 24GB of unified memory to handle even larger and more complex workloads.", "M2 features our next-generation CPU, with advancements in both the performance and efficiency cores.", "The performance cores are faster and feature a larger cache, and the efficiency cores have been significantly enhanced for even greater performance gains.", "Together, they rip through CPU-intensive tasks using very little power.", "When we look at the multi-core CPU performance of M2 compared to M1, it delivers 18% greater performance.", "And compared to the latest 10-core PC laptop chip, the CPU in M2 delivers nearly two times faster performance at the same power level.", "And M2 delivers the peak performance of the PC chip while using a quarter of the power.", "Now let's compare M2 to the latest 12-core PC laptop chip, which needs dramatically more power to deliver an increase in performance.", "So it's in a thicker, hotter, more noisy system with less battery life.", "M2 delivers nearly 90% of the peak performance of the 12-core chip while using just a quarter of the power.", "This is what we mean by the power efficient performance of Apple Silicon.", "M2 also features our next generation GPU, which now has up to 10 cores– that's two more than M1.", "Combined with a larger cache and higher memory bandwidth, the 10-core GPU delivers a big boost in graphics performance.", "M2 delivers up to 25% higher graphics performance at the same power level as M1 and up to 35% higher performance at its max.", "And compared to the integrated graphics in the latest PC laptop chip, the GPU in M2 delivers 2.3 times faster performance at the same power level.", "And M2 delivers the peak performance of the PC chip using just one-fifth of the power.", "This much higher performance per watt from M2 enables systems to run cool and quiet with exceptional battery life.", "Now, one of the advantages of making our own silicon is that we can quickly bring our newest custom technologies across our SoCs.", "So M2 also features our next-generation Secure Enclave and Neural Engine.", "The Neural Engine in M2 can process up to 15.8 trillion operations per second.", "That's over 40% more than M1.", "It also has our next generation media engine, including a higher-bandwidth video decoder that supports 8K H.264 and HEVC video.", "And M2 features our powerful ProRes video engine for hardware accelerated encode and decode.", "So systems with M2 will be able to play back multiple streams of 4K and 8K video.", "So that's M2.", "It starts our next generation of M-Series chips, with an 18% faster CPU, 35% faster GPU, 40% faster Neural Engine, and 50% more memory bandwidth.", "It takes the amazing performance, capabilities, and efficiency of M1 even further.", "Now, back to John.", "John: The fact that we're already starting our next generation of Apple Silicon for the Mac is remarkable.", "So now let's talk about the first Mac to get the M2 chip.", "We're thrilled that it's our most loved Mac– the MacBook Air.", "Users love MacBook Air for its great performance, portability, and battery life.", "It defined the category of thin and light notebooks.", "And with M1, it redefined what a thin and light notebook could do.", "Today, it's more popular than ever.", "In fact, MacBook Air is the world's best-selling laptop.", "Apple Silicon enables us to design products we never could have imagined, which is why we're so excited to introduce an all-new MacBook Air, completely redesigned around M2.", "And here it is.", "♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ John: This is the new MacBook Air, powered by M2.", "And to tell you all about it, here's Kristin.", "Kristin White: The new MacBook Air takes everything our users love about the Air to the next level.", "The wedge shape of the previous Air has evolved into a new design that's strikingly thin from every angle.", "The durable, all-aluminum unibody enclosure feels incredibly solid when you hold it and is built to last.", "And this remarkably thin design integrates its components so efficiently that it results in an astonishing 20% reduction in volume over the previous Air.", "The new Air is just 11.3mm thin, or under half an inch, and it's only 2.7 pounds.", "MacBook Air now comes in four finishes: Silver, Space Gray, a gorgeous Starlight, and a stunning Midnight.", "And yes, MagSafe is back for dedicated charging and peace of mind when you're plugged in.", "And it keeps the two Thunderbolt ports free for connecting to a variety of accessories.", "There's also an audio jack with support for high-impedance headphones.", "This all-new design is incredibly portable, and it's loaded with new features, starting with a brilliant Liquid Retina display.", "We expanded the display closer to the sides and up around the camera to make room for the menu bar.", "The result is a larger 13.6-inch display with much thinner borders, giving users more screen real estate to view their content in brilliant detail.", "At 500 nits, it's also 25% brighter than before.", "And MacBook Air now supports 1 billion colors, so photos and movies look incredibly vibrant.", "Next, let's talk about the camera.", "Having a great camera is more important than ever these days.", "So MacBook Air features a new 1080p camera with twice the resolution and twice the low-light performance of the previous Air.", "Combined with the processing power of M2's advanced image signal processor, you'll look great on video calls.", "Next up, audio.", "To fit inside such a thin design, the speakers and mics are completely integrated between the keyboard and display, all while delivering an even better audio experience.", "A three-mic array captures clean audio using advanced beam-forming algorithms.", "And there's a four-speaker sound system that produces amazing stereo separation and vocal clarity.", "There's also support for immersive Spatial Audio for music and movies with Dolby Atmos.", "The Magic Keyboard features a full-height function row with Touch ID.", "And, of course, the new Air has a spacious, industry-leading Force Touch trackpad.", "And when it comes to performance, M2 takes it even further.", "So applying filters and effects in apps like Photoshop is up to 20% faster than before and a massive five times faster for customers that haven't yet upgraded to Apple Silicon.", "And for intensive workloads like editing complex timelines in Final Cut Pro, performance is nearly 40% faster than the previous Air.", "Thanks to the power efficiency of M2, all these capabilities are built into a silent, fan-less design.", "And even with a larger display and increased performance, the Air delivers the same great all-day battery life with up to 18 hours of video playback.", "There's also some new charging options, including a compact power adapter with two USB-C ports so you can charge two devices at once.", "And for the first time, the Air supports fast charge with an available 67W adapter.", "So you can charge up to 50% in just 30 minutes.", "So that's the all-new, amazingly portable and powerful MacBook Air.", "It's thinner, lighter, and faster with a durable unibody design, bigger display, better camera, all-day battery life, and four beautiful finishes.", "It's everything you could want in a new MacBook Air.", "Now, before I hand it back to John, let's see it in action.", "♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ John: We're so excited to bring M2 to MacBook Air, the world's best-selling laptop.", "Only with Apple Silicon can you build such a thin and light notebook with a fan-less design and this combination of performance and capabilities.", "But that's not all we have for you today.", "M2 is coming to another Mac, which is actually the world's second-best-selling laptop: the 13-inch MacBook Pro.", "It's our most portable pro notebook, and users love the performance it delivers in its compact design.", "Now with M2, you get even more capabilities in the same great form factor.", "With a faster 8-core CPU and 10-core GPU, working with RAW images in apps like Affinity Photo is nearly 40% faster than the previous generation.", "And over three times faster if you're upgrading from a model without Apple Silicon.", "And playing graphics intensive games like Baldur's Gate III is also nearly 40% faster than the previous 13-inch Pro.", "With an active cooling system, the MacBook Pro is designed to sustain its pro performance.", "And thanks to M2, it also supports up to 24GB of unified memory.", "Along with 50% more memory bandwidth, multitasking and working with large assets is super fluid.", "With support for ProRes encode and decode in M2's media engine, you can convert your video projects to ProRes nearly three times faster than before.", "MacBook Pro also delivers phenomenal battery life, with up to 20 hours of video playback.", "So that's the powerful 13-inch MacBook Pro.", "With the incredible performance of M2, ProRes acceleration, up to 24GB of memory, and up to 20 hours of battery life, our most portable Pro notebook gets even better.", "Both the Air and the Pro also support our environmental goals.", "They use 100% recycled rare earth elements in many components, are free of numerous harmful substances, and meet Apple's high standards for energy efficiency.", "The all-new MacBook Air starts at $1199 and just $1099 for education.", "The powerful 13-inch MacBook Pro starts at $1299 and $1199 for education.", "And they'll be available next month.", "And the MacBook Air with M1 stays in the lineup at $999 and just $899 for education.", "We're thrilled to bring M2 to the world's two most popular laptops, the MacBook Air and 13-inch MacBook Pro.", "And they join the even more powerful 14 and 16-inch MacBook Pro with M1 Pro and M1 Max to round out the most amazing lineup of Macs we've ever offered, and continue our tremendous pace of innovation for the Mac.", "Now, back to Craig.", "Craig: We're really excited about these new Macs with the next generation of Apple Silicon.", "And the powerful software that drives the experience is macOS.", "So let's talk about what's new.", "Kyle: Jump!", "Sit!", "Craig?", "Craig: Sorry, Kyle.", "Wrong door.", "♪ ♪ macOS plays a critical role in our lives as we work, collaborate with colleagues, family, and friends, create and organize what's important to us, and so much more.", "This year, we focused on making the core things you do with macOS even better, delivering new ways to be productive and take advantage of the capability of your other devices with Continuity.", "So what should we call it?", "Well, that brings us to the latest exploits of Apple's crack product marketing team.", "They've been absolutely riding high since their naming coup on M1 and M2, and needless to say, they were exhausted.", "But after their requisite three-month rejuvenation retreat in Monterey, with their chakras now in complete alignment, the team once again piled into their macOS naming microbus and wove their way down Highway 1.", "Chasing the vibrant display of colorful California wildflowers, they finally came to rest where stunning surf meets lush alluvial plains, in beautiful Ventura.", "macOS Ventura enriches so many of the ways we use our Macs.", "So let's jump in.", "A key part of the Mac experience is helping you be productive and creative, which can often mean having a lot of windows open at once.", "And the more you do, the more overwhelming this can become.", "We all want the perfect mix– to focus on our work without distractions and to easily move between tasks.", "This year, we have a new way to automatically keep everything organized and give you quick access to your windows.", "It's called Stage Manager.", "Let's see how it works.", "When you're working on the Mac, it's really easy to find yourself with lots of open windows.", "Now, the Mac has great tools like Mission Control to help you find the window that you're looking for, but with so many open windows, it can feel like you never really escape all the clutter.", "With Stage Manager, you can focus on the app you're using without the distractions, and it's easy to get started.", "Let's activate Stage Manager from Control Center.", "As you see, it automatically arranges all my windows for me off to the side and puts the app I'm currently working with front and center.", "When I bring forward a different app, like clicking on Mail here in the Dock, you'll see that it's brought to the stage and Safari gracefully moves over to the left with my other recent apps.", "When I click on Safari, it retakes the stage, and Mail moves back to the left.", "You'll notice that for an app with multiple open windows, like Pages here, Stage Manager gathers all the windows together in a single pile.", "When I click, I get the top one, and if I want a different window, I can cycle through them just by clicking.", "It's really convenient.", "Of course, just as you would expect on a Mac, I can have overlapping windows and multiple apps open at the same time too.", "It's really easy to group apps together.", "Here I'll just drag in Notes and pair it with my Pages window.", "This is so great when I'm working on projects that involve a specific group of windows like planning a trip with these three apps here.", "And if I go back to my previous group, Stage Manager keeps my windows arranged just as I left them.", "I love working this way.", "Of course, like many Mac users, I often want to get at files on my desktop, and with Stage Manager, we've made that easier than ever.", "I'm working on this Final Cut project, and I want to pull in a couple of files.", "With just a click on my desktop, my windows clear the stage and my files are revealed.", "Now I can grab these title graphics and drag them over to my Final Cut window.", "I'll just drop them in right here, and boom.", "So that's a quick look at multitasking with Stage Manager, Another part of the Mac experience that helps you do more is Spotlight.", "This year we have a big update that delivers a more consistent and powerful experience across our platforms.", "Spotlight is great for doing all kinds of things, like quickly launching an app or starting a search.", "And now you can peek at a result in Quick Look with a tap on the space bar.", "Spotlight can now also find images from your photo library, across the system, and on the web.", "And using Live Text, you can search the text inside the image.", "You can also take actions like starting a timer or running a shortcut right from Spotlight.", "It's also a great way to get information, now leveraging the full window for richer results.", "For musicians, you'll see their albums, key facts, news, and more.", "It's also great for movies, TV shows, and actors, businesses, and sports.", "Rich results and the ability to take actions right from Spotlight are also coming to iOS and iPadOS.", "Now, speaking of iOS, we wanted to make Spotlight even easier to discover and access, so we added it right to the bottom of the Home Screen.", "With just a tap, you can use Spotlight to launch an app, find a contact, or start a search.", "These updates make Spotlight more productive, helping you find what you're looking for faster.", "Next, let's turn to an app that many of us use to communicate every day.", "To take you through it, here's Darin.", "Darin Adler: Of course, we're talking about Mail.", "Mail is central to how so many of us communicate.", "This year, we have great updates that will help you be more productive, starting with some highly-requested features.", "Undo send lets you pull an email back a few moments after hitting Send.", "Scheduled send, so your emails arrive at the perfect moment.", "Follow-up suggestions will automatically remind you to follow up if you haven't received a response.", "And Remind Me makes it easy to come back to a message at a particular date and time.", "Next, let's talk Search.", "This is the biggest overhaul of Search in Mail we've done in years, leveraging the latest state-of-the-art techniques to deliver more accurate and complete results.", "When you click Search, you'll see recently shared documents, links, and more.", "The moment you start typing, with each letter, you instantly see suggestions.", "If you make a typo, Search is one step ahead, only showing results for the correct spelling.", "And if Search knows a synonym, it'll look for that too.", "And all these new features are also coming to iPadOS and iOS.", "And that's Mail.", "Next up is another app most of us spend a ton of time in every day: Safari.", "With macOS Ventura, Safari is the world's fastest browser, rendering the most complex websites with incredible speed.", "Safari is the most power-efficient browser on Mac, letting you do more on a single charge than any other browser.", "And of course, Safari is a trailblazer in protecting your privacy on the web, with features like Intelligent Tracking Protection and Privacy Report.", "Safari has a legacy of introducing key web technologies that elevate the web experience for everyone.", "Safari's pioneering support for HTML5 transformed the video experience on the web, resulting in higher-quality playback and increased battery life.", "And Safari continues to deliver support for the latest web technologies and standards for web developers, including all of these added in just the last year, like more fluid web animations, new browser extension types, and support for the push notifications standards.", "These enable more immersive and engaging web content for our users.", "And now Safari has a new way to share your favorite content with others with Shared Tab Groups.", "Whether you're planning a trip with friends or shopping for a couch with your partner, you can share all the tabs in one place.", "And when they find something great, they can add tabs too.", "You can see which tabs your friends are looking at live, and using built-in collaboration, you can easily connect in real time over Messages or FaceTime.", "It's so easy to discover the web together.", "And next, we have a new way to make the web a safer place.", "We rely on passwords to protect our most private accounts.", "While Safari helps users create the strongest passwords possible, there are still ways accounts can be compromised.", "Hackers can use social engineering techniques like phishing to trick users into giving up passwords.", "They can also breach a website directly to get access to all the passwords stored on its server.", "That's why we've helped create a next generation credential that's more secure, easier to use, and aims to replace passwords for good.", "We call them passkeys.", "Passkeys use powerful cryptographic techniques and the biometrics built into your device to keep accounts safe.", "To create a passkey, just use TouchID or FaceID to authenticate, and you're done.", "When users create a passkey, a unique digital key is created that only works for the site it was created for.", "Passkeys can't be phished.", "Since the passkey never leaves your devices, hackers can't trick you into sharing it on a fake website.", "And passkeys can't be leaked because nothing secret is kept on a web server.", "We've designed passkeys to work in apps as easily as they do on the web.", "Passkeys are securely synced across Apple devices using iCloud Keychain and are instantly available on Mac, iPhone, iPad, and Apple TV.", "We've been working with industry leaders in the FIDO alliance including Google and Microsoft, to ensure that passkeys work seamlessly cross-platform.", "With a passkey, you'll be able to walk up to a non-Apple device and sign in to a website or app using just your iPhone.", "The transition away from passwords will be a journey, and we look forward to working with developers on the password-less future.", "And that's Safari.", "Now back over to you, Craig.", "Craig: We think these updates to Mail and Safari will help you be productive and browse the web in new and safer ways.", "Next, let's have some fun and talk about gaming.", "We're at a point where two things are really coming together.", "First, Apple Silicon has changed everything.", "It's taking the graphics performance of every new Mac to new heights, giving Macs the power to run the most demanding games, with ease.", "Second, the Mac is more popular than ever, and it's a huge and fast-growing opportunity for game developers.", "And since we have a unified silicon architecture spanning from iPhone and iPad all the way up to M1 Ultra, game developers can scale the quality and performance of their titles across the entire line.", "Another key part of a great gaming experience is the software that powers it.", "To tell you what's new, here's Jeremy.", "Jeremy Sandmel: We continue to improve Metal.", "It's the software that powers hardware-accelerated graphics on all our platforms.", "And now, Metal 3 brings new features that will unleash the full potential of Apple Silicon for years to come.", "Gaming at maximum resolution and quality looks awesome.", "And to help game developers increase the performance of realistic and immersive graphics, we're introducing MetalFX Upscaling, which enables developers to render rich, visually complex scenes even faster.", "It works by rendering smaller, less compute-intensive frames and then applies high-quality spatial upscaling and temporal anti-aliasing.", "And it's so cool.", "No Man's Sky, coming to Mac later this year, will be one of the first games to use MetalFX Upscaling.", "The frame rate increases, giving you that responsive feel, and it looks beautiful.", "Another area we're improving is game loading.", "Games continue to push the boundaries and appear more realistic than ever before by using richer textures and more geometric detail, which can take a while to load.", "So Metal 3 adds a new fast resource loading API that minimizes wait time by providing a more direct path from storage to the unified memory system so the GPU can more quickly access high-quality textures and buffers without waiting.", "Metal 3 and Apple Silicon enable even more immersive visuals, faster performance, and quicker loading.", "This really is a new day for gaming on the Mac.", "But don't take our word for it.", "Let's hear from the team that has created the acclaimed Resident Evil Village.", "We are so excited it's coming to the Mac.", "To tell you more, we are delighted to introduce Ijuin-san, manager of Capcom's Advanced Technical Research Division.", "♪ ♪ Craig: Thank you, Ijuin-san.", "Next, let's talk about Continuity.", "Continuity is all about giving you a seamless experience across devices.", "Features like Universal Control, AirPlay, and Handoff allow you to always use the right device for the moment.", "And today, we're extending Handoff to FaceTime.", "Now picture this: you answer a FaceTime call on your iPhone while you're away from your desk.", "When you get home and bring your iPhone up close to your Mac, your Mac automatically recognizes the call on your iPhone, and you can move it to your Mac seamlessly, giving you a bigger view to continue the conversation.", "You can handoff calls in any direction between your devices, so you'll always be able to join the call from the right one.", "We also have exciting news about another Continuity feature, which pairs the best camera you own with the large displays on Mac.", "We spend a lot of time in front of our Macs with our cameras on.", "Our webcams have become an integral part of work, school, and play.", "And now, with Continuity Camera, you can use iPhone as your webcam.", "It's powered by the advanced capabilities of the iPhone camera system, letting you do things that were never before possible with a webcam.", "Let me show you how it works.", "Now, I'm just gonna pop this stand on my iPhone, and attach it to my display.", "Let's launch FaceTime.", "You can see my Mac automatically detects my iPhone and uses it as the camera.", "I don't even have to wake up my iPhone.", "This all works wirelessly so there's nothing to plug in.", "So to try this out, let's call a friend in the design studio.", "Johnnie Manzari: Hi, Craig!", "Craig: Hey, Johnnie!", "Are you up for helping me give a demo of Continuity Camera?", "Johnnie: Sure, I'm using it right now.", "with my iPhone and Pro Display XDR.", "You know, one thing I love about Continuity Camera is Center Stage.", "I can move around and Center Stage will keep me in the frame.", "I'll frequently pair that with Portrait Mode to blur the background with that beautiful boca.", "Craig: Yeah, I've loved having these features on my iPad, and it's great that we can now use them with any Mac.", "Johnnie: For sure.", "A new one people are gonna love is Studio Light.", "Check this out.", "It brightens my face and darkens the background.", "Craig: Hey, that looks great.", "It's almost like you have a ring-light.", "Johnnie: It is perfect for tough lighting conditions, like if I'm ever sitting in front of a window.", "Okay, now I wanna show my favorite new feature, Desk View.", "You can see the work that's on my desk, and it keeps me in the picture.", "It is amazing.", "Take a look.", "It looks like I have a dedicated overhead camera, but this is Desk View creating both of these views from the one ultra-wide camera on my iPhone using some very powerful image processing.", "I didn't even need to adjust my phone.", "Desk View's gonna be great for sharing new designs with my team.", "I can even use it to show my nephew a new card trick.", "Craig: This is gonna be so cool.", "Well, hey, Johnnie, thanks for helping us give the quick demo.", "Johnnie: No problem.", "I'll talk to you later.", "Craig: In addition to FaceTime, you can use Continuity Camera with any macOS videoconferencing app like Zoom, Teams, Webex, and more.", "And we're working with Belkin to offer beautiful stands to hold your iPhone at the perfect height and angle.", "These will be available later this year.", "And since so many of you with a Mac already have an iPhone, these great capabilities come with the devices you already own.", "That's the magic of Continuity.", "And that's macOS Ventura, a feature-packed release that brings new tools for managing windows, smart new features for Mail, Safari, and games, and magical new Continuity features.", "Now let's turn to iPadOS.", "♪ ♪ Our vision for iPadOS is to create a distinct experience that's built on the best of iOS, like security, mobility, and an intuitive touch-first interface, with powerful capabilities from macOS, like multitasking and trackpad support, combined with features like Apple Pencil that are uniquely iPad.", "All of this comes together to deliver our most versatile device.", "This year in iPadOS 16, we have a big release that's going to take this versatility even further.", "Starting with a host of features that you heard about earlier in iOS and macOS that are going to be great on iPad, like Shared Photo Library, Shared Tab Groups and Passkeys in Safari, and a big update to Mail.", "We're also bringing Weather to iPad, taking full advantage of the stunning display with beautiful animations like these gently moving clouds, heavy snowfall, and driving rain.", "And all of these modules are tappable to access detailed information.", "And for developers, we're announcing WeatherKit so they can build weather into their apps.", "iPadOS 16 also includes new ways to collaborate with others, more capable apps, and new features for Pro users that take advantage of the power of the M1 chip.", "So let's start with collaboration, which often begins in Messages when you're asked to pass along a document.", "Of course, you could send a copy, but now you can also instantly kick off a collaboration when you send something with the Share Sheet.", "This makes initiating collaboration across the system as easy as sending a link, and means a conversation with your collaborators is always just a tap away.", "Let me show you how it works.", "So let's tap in to Messages.", "I've been talking to the team about an upcoming offsite, and we've been using this conversation to figure out the details.", "Now, it looks like a message just came in from Lopp, and he wants to catch up on the latest.", "Over here in Pages, I've been collecting our ideas.", "I want to share this with the group.", "In the past, when I'd tap Share, I'd end up sharing a copy.", "But now, you'll notice I can start collaboration right here.", "And what's great is, I don't need to type in a bunch of names or email addresses.", "When I select a Messages group, everyone gets added automatically.", "Let's go ahead and send it.", "This makes it way easier to collaborate with people you're already communicating with.", "Everyone can immediately join and start making edits, like the ones you see here.", "And back in the Messages conversation, I even get a notice of any changes I might have missed.", "When you collaborate this way, your document is connected to the conversation.", "The group appears in the toolbar, and I can kick off communication right from here.", "I can get back to the messages conversation or initiate a FaceTime call.", "Let's go ahead and call the group.", "Hey, everyone!", "Michael Lopp: Hey, Craig.", "Craig: Hey, I saw that a few of you were in the document.", "Does anyone have any other ideas for the offsite?", "Lopp: Yeah, I've been thinking about it, and I've been collecting a few tabs.", "I'm gonna share them right now with you in Safari.", "Craig: Thanks, Lopp.", "This year, you can start collaborating with the group right in FaceTime.", "You can see that Lopp just invited me to collaborate on a set of tabs in Safari.", "I'm gonna go ahead and accept his invite, and now, I can get to them in Safari.", "Just like with the Pages document, everyone in the group automatically has access.", "I can see Anne and Mindy joining the tab group, and I can even see which tabs people are looking at right in the tab bar.", "Looks like Mindy is checking out kayaking.", "Lopp: Found a few more.", "Check these out.", "Craig: When Lopp adds tabs, they instantly appear so we can all check them out.", "Let's see, we already did this last year, but ziplining looks cool!", "All right, team, let's wrap this up and update our document with the latest ideas.", "Looks like Anne is updating the text, and Mindy just dropped in an image, so we're all set.", "So that's a quick look at some of the new ways you can work together with collaboration with iPadOS 16.", "In addition to Pages and Safari, these new collaboration features will work with a variety of apps, like Notes and Keynote.", "And for developers, there's a new API to integrate collaboration in their apps, and these features will also be coming to iOS and macOS.", "Of course, when you're collaborating live, sometimes you want a space where you can brainstorm and capture ideas as they strike.", "So today, we're giving you a sneak peek at a brand-new app called Freeform coming later this year.", "To tell you all about it, here's Elizabeth.", "Elizabeth Reid: We have so many great ways to collaborate, but up until now, you didn't have a space to work in, a place for group sessions, project planning, home renovations, or school projects.", "Now, you can be on a FaceTime call, and with a tap, you're all collaborating live on a Freeform board.", "You can add almost anything to a board.", "It's perfect for brainstorming sessions, jotting down notes, sharing files, or even creating diagrams with others.", "It's flexible, limited only by your imagination.", "As others begin adding their thoughts, you can see their live cursors showing you right where they're working.", "And if someone is in another part of Freeform, you can just tap to jump straight to where they are on the board.", "And any time you need more space, move around simply using touch, or focus on what's really important with a pinch.", "Of course, with a full complement of drawing tools, you can sketch or write a note anywhere you'd like with Apple Pencil.", "And with all the powerful tools to create content on iPad, Freeform is a great place to pull it all together, including photos, video, audio, documents, PDFs, web links, pretty much anything you need to work with can be brought onto your board.", "And you can preview right in line, including multipage documents and high-resolution videos, giving you everything you need to bring your ideas to life right at your fingertips.", "And that's a sneak peek at Freeform.", "Back to you, Craig.", "Craig: Freeform is going to be a great way to brainstorm your ideas with others, and we're building it right into iPadOS, macOS, and iOS later this year.", "Of course, the versatility of iPad means you can seamlessly move from being productive to gaming.", "With its stunning display, built-in sensors, and support for your favorite game controller, iPad provides a great gaming experience.", "And the M1 chip delivers high-performance graphics, enabling immersive games like Divinity: Original Sin 2.", "In iPadOS 16, we have some great updates to gaming, starting with Metal 3, which brings the same MetalFX upscaling and fast resource loading API to iPad that we talked about earlier with macOS.", "There's also a new API that lets games download large assets in the background, enabling you to multitask while the download completes.", "Another important aspect to gaming on iPad is how it brings us together.", "Tens of thousands of games use Game Center to help us play with our friends or compete against each other.", "It's easy to jump right in and play without creating a new account, using your Game Center profile.", "You can find friends to play with, compare scores on leaderboards, and track progress through achievements.", "And now, we're bringing Activity to the Game Center dashboard.", "You can see what your friends are playing, highlights of their achievements, and even find out when they beat your high score, so you know when it's time to take your game to the next level and get back on top.", "And all of this activity appears on your Game Center profile.", "Game Center has always supported playing together in real time.", "Now, SharePlay makes it simple to join and play.", "In a multiplayer game using Game Center, just start a SharePlay session and bring your friends right in.", "These new Game Center features will be coming to an update to iPadOS 16 later this year, and we're also bringing them to iOS and macOS.", "The versatility of iPad makes it great for so many things, and a big part of that is apps.", "This year, we're continuing our work to make iPad apps more capable with desktop-class apps.", "While many iPad apps have their origins in iOS, over the years, they've taken on their own unique capabilities, optimized for the iPad's larger display.", "In iPadOS 16, we scoured the entire system, adding enhancements across the board, from system elements and interactions to new features you use on Mac and want on iPad.", "Let me highlight a few of them.", "Undo/redo across the system, availability view in Calendar, find and merge cards and create lists in Contacts, and we have a big update to Files, with some of the most requested features, such as the ability to change file extensions, view folder size, and more.", "We've also added system-wide features that deliver improvements across apps, starting with a redesigned find and replace experience that works in-line.", "A document menu in apps like Files, Pages, and Keynote that reveals common actions you may want to take, such as duplicate, rename, export, and print.", "And for the first time ever, customizable toolbars in iPadOS so you can add the tools that matter to you most.", "And for developers, we've created new APIs, so they can build these capabilities right into their own apps.", "These features will help you be more productive.", "And we have another feature for Mac that will be great for creative pros on iPad.", "And that is reference color.", "The Liquid Retina XDR display in our latest 12.9-inch iPad Pro is great for professional color workflows.", "And with iPadOS 16, we're introducing Reference Mode, which meets the color requirements in workflows like review and approve, color grading, and compositing, where accurate colors and consistent image quality are critical.", "So whether you prefer using iPad Pro as a standalone device or as a second display with Sidecar, Reference Mode provides a consistent reference workflow across your pro devices, making iPad Pro an indispensable tool for creative professionals.", "Now, I want to turn our attention to a set of features enabled by the performance of the M1 chip in our latest iPad Pro and iPad Air.", "Features for people who push the versatility of iPad to the limit.", "Pros are always wanting more space to work with, so we're adding a new display scaling setting, which allows you to increase the pixel density of the display so you can view more in your apps, which is particularly helpful when using Split View.", "We also want to enable you to do more in apps.", "Our latest iPad Air and iPad Pro come with a ton of ultra-fast memory and storage.", "iPadOS 16 adds support for virtual memory swap, meaning your iPad storage can be used to expand the available memory for all apps and delivers up to 16 GB of memory to the most demanding apps.", "With technologies like display scaling and virtual memory swap, we have the foundation for a big leap forward in user experience, one that can change how our Pro users get work done on iPad.", "So we're bringing Stage Manager, our latest windowing system that you just saw in macOS, to iPadOS.", "Stage Manager takes multitasking on iPad to a whole new level by making it more nimble and unlocking full external display support.", "I'd like to show it to you now.", "Today on iPad, when you use apps, you get the full screen experience that we're all familiar with, like in Photos here.", "With Stage Manager activated, I can now resize windows, exposing a powerful new way to work with apps on iPad.", "And the Dock is visible, so I can easily get to all my apps.", "Let's open Music.", "You'll notice that all my recently used apps appear on the left, so switching between them is really fast.", "And Stage Manager gives me powerful new layout capabilities to create my ideal workspace.", "For the first time on iPad, I can work with overlapping windows.", "I'm gonna drag Messages alongside Calendar here, and Stage Manager automatically moves Calendar gently off to the side as I bring it to the stage.", "And if I move Messages to the left, Stage Manager repositions Calendar for me automatically.", "And like you saw earlier, I can resize windows and arrange everything just the way I want.", "And it gets even better when I plug my iPad into an external display.", "My wallpaper beautifully fills the entire display, and I can move my cursor to it from my iPad.", "I have the Dock here too, so let's go ahead and launch Keynote.", "When I do, I once again enter Stage Manager, now on an even bigger canvas.", "All of that additional screen real estate is so useful when working on a presentation in Keynote.", "And it's amazing when you're working with a set of apps.", "I can create groups of three and even four windows.", "This is just incredibly powerful.", "Between my iPad and my external display, I can have up to eight apps running onscreen simultaneously.", "And I can take advantage of the unique capabilities of each of these displays.", "For instance, I'm working on this Keynote document, and I want to add a drawing from Procreate here on my iPad.", "I can use Apple Pencil to add a finishing touch to my drawing.", "And now I can jump back into the gallery and then drag and drop across displays and into my deck.", "And that's a quick look at Stage Manager.", "It's an entirely new way to multitask with multiple overlapping windows, flexible window sets, fast app switching, and full external display support.", "And that's iPadOS 16, a big release with exciting updates to many of the built-in apps; Weather app comes to iPad, new ways to collaborate and be productive, great features for pro users, including Stage Manager, and so much more.", "Now, back to Tim.", "Tim: Thank you, Craig.", "And thanks to all of our presenters.", "What an exciting day of announcements!", "We introduced the all-new, redesigned MacBook Air, with its super-thin enclosure, Liquid Retina display, MagSafe, beautiful new finishes, and supercharged by M2, our next generation of Apple Silicon.", "Along with a powerful new 13-inch MacBook Pro, also supercharged by M2.", "And we pushed our software platforms forward in some incredible new ways.", "Introducing features and capabilities that will enable our developers to do amazing work and provide our users with exciting new experiences.", "Our OS releases will be available as developer betas today, and each of them will have a public beta next month.", "All of these OS releases will be available to our users this fall.", "I'm confident that our incredible products and innovative platforms will inspire developers to do the very best work of their lives, enabling all of us to do even more amazing things.", "We hope you enjoyed today's event, and we have a huge week ahead.", "We will be offering a comprehensive online experience, starting with a Platform State of the Union for those developers who want take a deeper dive into our announcements.", "And there will be more than 175 sessions, as well as one-on-one labs with Apple engineers and digital lounges.", "All of this is available for free to all our developers to help them get the most out of the conference.", "Thank you for joining us, and let's have a great WWDC!", "♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ .", "." ]

[ "Introduction", "iOS", "Ecosystem", "watchOS", "Health", "Mac", "macOS", "iPadOS", "Outro" ]

[ "[CLICKING] PHILIP GREENSPUN: All right, folks.", "I know you're excited to learn about weather data.", "I've been told you're excited to learn about weather data.", "I'm going to do the first few slides.", "Tina's going to take over for the ones that require intelligence.", "And I'm going to come back at the end.", "OK.", "Remember that VFR, ordinarily, is a ceiling of 1,000 feet or more and visibility of three statute miles or more.", "That's one of the few things in aviation that's reported in statute miles is the visibility.", "As Tina mentioned earlier, a ceiling is a broken or overcast layer, or sometimes, if it's really nasty, you'll see a vertical visibility reported.", "So here are some of the abbreviations that you might see on the right in a METAR.", "Remember these weather minimums, so VFR pilots, we're looking at the weather reports to see if we're going to be able to maintain these cloud clearances and, generally, stay out of the clouds.", "So I wanted to tell you that it's not quite as hard as you might think because computer programs make a lot of what you're going to learn about simpler.", "On the other hand, we want to give you the good fundamentals, because what we're going to show you, these are the basis of what these computer programs are presenting to you.", "They're oftentimes getting the same data and spinning it in some interesting graphical way.", "So we're going to show you all the fundamental text weather that people have been relying on since at least the '50s.", "There are weather graphics you can grab on the web or sometimes in flight.", "How do you get the weather on the ground and how do you get it in the air?", "So most of what you're going to see in the rest of this presentation can actually be summarized by clever programmers.", "And I think the cleverest programmer of all is this guy David Boozer who taught the class last year.", "And fortunately, he's taking a jet type-- well, fortunately, for him he's taking a jet type rating course right now.", "So he couldn't be with us, but here is WeatherSpork.", "If you want to ever have a good illustration of the value of an MBA and studying marketing, just think about the name for this product of WeatherSpork.", "Let's say we want to go from Bedford to the Gaithersburg, Maryland airport.", "It's going to show us-- this was I think from Sunday evening.", "It's pretty nasty here at Bedford.", "I believe that's low IFR, that purple, and then here a marginal VFR, marginal VFR.", "Actually, sorry, maybe the blue is a VFR.", "That's the problem with color codes.", "Anyway, you get these symbols for VFR, marginal VFR, IFR, and low IFR.", "But here, here's the altitude.", "We're going from C level up to 11,000 feet or 12,000 feet at the top.", "It shows you inside this blue area where the freezing levels are.", "It's kind of a weird mixed up situation here with this freezing level here, another freezing level here.", "There's AIRMETs.", "It looks pretty scary.", "Once we get down closer to the DC area, it's not so bad.", "There's only one AIRMET and it looks like we could be in the clear of the clouds up here.", "But this is a good way to summarize.", "It this already shows you that it's probably not going to be wise to go on Sunday at, I guess, this was Sunday at 1:00 PM.", "OK.", "Here, notice on the bottom, the time keeps changing.", "So we're going from Sunday at 1:00 PM.", "The middle screen capture is to go Sunday at 10:00 PM.", "This is at eastern time.", "And the last one is to go Monday at 8:30.", "So you can see from this already that you could take off from Hanscom field, rise up to 1,500 feet or so on the right, and just cruise along never even getting inside a cloud until you landed at Gaithersburg.", "That's kind of a low altitude, so you might end up deciding, well, what I really want to do is find a hole and go up to about 7,000 or 8,000 feet and go on top of it all and come back down, but whatever.", "It looks like you could probably remain clear of clouds, make it to your destination.", "You're not going to pass through a lot of AIRMETs.", "Over here, let's look at this one in the middle because it's not quite as terrifying.", "There's a low turbulence low from the surface all the way up to 18,000 feet.", "If it says a turbulence AIRMET that goes up to 8,000, that's kind of normal.", "And oftentimes, if you climb to four or five or six, it'll smooth out.", "But if the turbulence is forecast to go all the way up into the flight levels, you know that's a pretty ugly day.", "They're saying there's going to be low level wind shear from zero to 2000 feet.", "There's going to be IFR conditions.", "And it's going to be gusting 18 knots, so all of that is pretty bad unless you really have to go.", "Here look, icing from the freezing level up to flight level 230, just a collection of hazards.", "But also look at the difference between Sunday and Monday.", "If you just hang out in the ground and you're patient.", "You don't need a superior level of skill if you have a superior level of judgment.", "Here's some more presentations from WeatherSpork.", "Again, I kind of love this app.", "You have all the airports you're going to fly near.", "So you go from Bedford to Worcester, some places in Connecticut.", "I think that's Morristown in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Lancaster, anyway, on the way to Gaithersburg.", "And it shows you here's your time of departure.", "You're going to depart, but hey look, It would just get to be-- I guess that is.", "That does mean blue must be marginal VFR, and then green it's going to be windy, but it will be nice VFR weather.", "So if we just wait a little bit, we won't have to fly through any areas that are challenging.", "ForeFlight has a mode where you can ask for your weather briefing in a PDF format.", "And this is the first page of that PDF format.", "It shows some of the same ideas.", "There are these graphics, these blue half moons, if you will, for icing.", "You can see there's a key down here.", "It says icing severity.", "So up here, you've got varying degrees of ice.", "You probably don't want to be up there in an aircraft like the Cirrus.", "It doesn't have de-icing capability.", "So now I think it said all up to Tina to talk about the exciting world of actual weather data.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: All right.", "So we're going to talk about weather data in the form of reports as well as forecasts.", "So what is the difference between a report and a forecast?", "So a report is actually telling you what's actually happening, so it's a current weather condition at a particular location.", "A forecast is a forecast.", "It's a guess as to what is going to happen.", "So it's really important to know the difference between these.", "We now have Mark Nathanson up in the back who's going to be talking to you at 4:00 about some really cool stuff.", "And as we talked about, he's an FAA examiner.", "Probably doesn't remember this, but he asked me during my oral exam, for a given piece of weather data, is that a report or a forecast?", "And if it's a forecast, how much should I rely on that or depend on that?", "And so that's something to really keep in mind the difference between knowing what the actual situation is and what somebody guesses the situation is going to be.", "And of course, depending how far out that guess is, it may or may not actually turn out to be true.", "So a METAR is a report, and so it's timestamped so it will tell you the weather at a particular time and a particular location.", "And one thing that's important to think about when you think about direction is the way that the wind is reported.", "So if you hear it, so like if you're listening to the ADDS.", "We talked about the ADDS quite a bit, so you tune in the ADDS frequency and you listen to it.", "They're going to be telling you that wind direction in magnetic.", "If you read it on a printed document, it's pretty much always at true heading.", "And certainly, on the internet as we'll give you some sources, that's like the same as reading it.", "We already covered ceilings.", "I won't get into that.", "So let's just talk about the breakdown of a METAR report.", "So I discussed that generally, for example, at Bedford.", "You might hear the METAR updated every hour or so.", "And we talked about the identifier, that this is information whiskey, maybe an hour later it's the next as they keep going through the alphabet.", "And one time that you might see it updated more frequently than once every hour or so is if they need to do a special report.", "And so that's the other type of acronym that you see there S-P-E-C-I, and that's if the weather is changing a lot.", "That's usually a bad thing.", "You don't like weather changing frequently.", "It's probably not something you want to be flying in, but maybe the conditions are deteriorating, the wind or the conditions or the ceiling has changed significantly, so they'll update that information.", "So there are a whole bunch of different abbreviations when you read these reports.", "I highlighted a couple in red.", "You could make your way through sort of guessing, OK, thunderstorms is TS.", "It seems kind of intuitive, but I highlighted some that are really, really kind of get you.", "So hail is GR and mist is BR, as someone was pointing out on this side.", "Yeah, so mist, if you just look at it and you try to think, oh, is it broken?", "No, broken is BKR.", "So they just try to trick you with that's, so try to keep an eye on those, and it's good to refresh your memory on these.", "So this is an example of a METAR report.", "So it starts off with the location and then the first two numbers, the 16, are telling you that it's a 16th day of the month.", "And then it's followed by 1653, so that's the time and has a Z for time in Zulu.", "We already talked about how you subtract hours depending on Eastern standard time versus Daylight Time to get to the current time.", "And then instead of telling you a heading of the wind, in this case, it has variables.", "So sometimes, it will say winds variable at about four knots, in this case.", "And then the next is the visibility, so 10 SM is standing for 10 statute miles.", "And then, in this case, the ceiling is overcast, overcast at 6,000.", "The next two numbers, you see the 14 slash 07?", "So that's talking about the temperature and the dew point.", "So who remembers what is dew point?", "Yes.", "AUDIENCE: The temperature where the air reaches saturation for water.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: So we heard the temperature where the air reaches saturation for water.", "So what happens when the dew point and the temperature are very close to each other?", "So here, we have seven degrees Celsius for dew point, 14 degrees Celsius for temperature.", "What if the dew point and the temperature were much closer, only a couple degrees apart?", "Yes.", "AUDIENCE: Clouds would form.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah, it can be very humid.", "You could be inside of a cloud or heavy fog or precipitation.", "Exactly.", "So here's a good source of weather information.", "So you can go to AviationWeather.gov and they have a bunch of menu options up there.", "So if you click on METAR right here, this METAR button, it will take you to a place where you can request the METAR data.", "And it asks for an ID, so that's the airport identifier.", "So in this case, I wrote in KBED which is Bedford airport, Hanscom field that we keep referring to.", "And then you can actually tell it to decode the data for you.", "So as much as you want to memorize all of these different codes and symbols, in general practice, you can hit decode it and it'll tell you that.", "You can look up at the time, so you can actually ask for weather data in the past.", "And you could include a TAF.", "What does TAF mean?", "Yes.", "AUDIENCE: Terminal area forecast.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: Terminal area forecast.", "That's right.", "So if you do that and you hit Enter, it gives you this data.", "So first thing it does is it tells you the date at which it's producing the data for you.", "And then the first is the METAR and the second here is the TAF.", "And so the METAR here is telling you the location, so it starts with KBED.", "And then here is the information raw, so you see that data right here or you can have it decoded.", "So again, the first two numbers 23-- that's the date-- 20 23rd, and then it gives you the time in Zulu.", "And then they basically go forward with all that information.", "So it it's defined it here because it's decoded, so you see the temperature, dew point.", "So I actually just updated this this morning so you could see the weather and what it's looking like.", "Now I'll go over to the Document Viewer for a moment.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: Oh, probably don't want the light.", "Or maybe we probably need this.", "OK.", "Qualified personnel are here.", "I'll entertain you.", "That first METAR was from PDK.", "Anybody know where that is?", "KPDK.", "Southerners?", "AUDIENCE: DeKalb.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: DeKalb, yes.", "Peachtree DeKalb in Atlanta.", "It's the Teterboro or Hanscom Field of Atlanta.", "I landed there once in a Diamond Star.", "I had to have the wings taken off in Florida to fix a fuel gauge.", "I took off from there and I filed a VFR flight plan, landed in DeKalb, and I forgot to close my VFR flight plan.", "So the FAA and flight service folks at the time, they start searching for me and calling everybody.", "And they called the tower at DeKalb and they said, hey, did you see 505 whiskey tango?", "And they said, no, we hadn't seen an airplane.", "And I really freaked out.", "And I was right there on the ramp.", "So I kept silencing my phone because I was at a barbecue place with my friend and didn't want to be disturbed.", "Anyway, so they called the mechanic who took the wings off and they told him like the aircraft was missing.", "He had some choice words for me.", "So now, whenever I activate a VFR flight plan usually, if I do a flight plan at all, its IFR.", "They close that for you automatically.", "I move my watch from my left wrist to my right as a reminder to close the flight plan.", "All right, Tina.", "Take it away.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: So this is the ForeFlight app.", "I've passed the iPad around a couple times, so I think you guys have gotten to play with it.", "This is just a setting where the blue dot is showing where we currently are, and I've actually overlaid one of those instrument flight plans on top going here.", "So this is it an instrumented approach to Bedford.", "But if I wanted to get this weather data here, I can go to Airports and pull up the airport that I'm looking for.", "And then click on this Weather and it shows me the METAR.", "So it has both the raw data there and then it depicts it.", "And again, blue is showing marginal VFR, and so it explains that.", "What's also nice is it tells you the weather at nearby airports, as well.", "And then you can also go to your TAF, your terminal area forecast, and you can look at how that is changing over time.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: Oh, Tina, you don't mind, click on MOS, also.", "Yeah, if you're planning travel, MOS is good because it gives you weather a few days in advance so you can decide whether or not it makes sense to depart here on Friday and hope to come back VFR on Sunday.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: MOS is talking about the models, so the weather models and what the outputs are.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: I think it stands for Model Outputs Statistics, not very helpful, but anyway, it's a longer-- ForeFlight and Garmin Pilot and some other sources, like WeatherSpork, will turn that into a sort of a virtual TAF for you that lasts three days instead of just 24 hours.", "30 for the big airports.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: So another type of weather report is a PIREP or a pilot report.", "And so this is where a pilot could be flying and wants to report the condition, so for example, turbulence or icing.", "Those are types of things that are frequently reported by pilots.", "And you can actually report one, as well.", "So one time when you're getting your flight instruction, if you do notice a wind shear, turbulence, icing, try to see if you can actually provide your own PIREP.", "And it'll ask you certain information such as your location, the time, the altitude at which you experienced it, what type of aircraft.", "I think that's really relevant because, for example, wind shear experienced by a small Cessna is one thing.", "If a large aircraft, like a big jet, a JetBlue aircraft, is telling you that they have wind shear, I'd really pay attention.", "If they seem to have trouble with it, that means you're definitely going to have trouble with it.", "And then you could also have printed weather forecasts that tell you-- so we just talked about the TAF as an example.", "And as Philip was just saying, it only goes out 24 hours.", "So same type of information as a METAR and similar abbreviations.", "And then we were just talking about that those models, and so you can forecast even farther out if need be.", "You can also get a forecast for a general area.", "So this is what we were discussing earlier when we were talking about radios and you might want to call in and ask for a weather forecast or weather brief for a given flight plan.", "We talked about how you'd call in, give your tail number, where you were starting, where you were going, about how much time is out you'd be en route or in flight.", "And then, they might tell you the weather for the general area as well as the local current readings as well as the forecasts.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: And notice that these area forecasts, if you go to the page on AviationWeather.gov, they're now only available for two or three regions, like the Gulf of Mexico.", "They used to have them for all over the continental US and they included cloud tops, which was very useful.", "The forecast top of the cloud because if it was, say, 4,000 feet, you would know that as long as you get on top of those IFR, you're not going to pick up any ice because you'll be above the clouds.", "And now you have to try to tease that out of the MOS data sources or use something like WeatherSpork that tries to depict graphically where the clouds are.", "I think ForeFlight's Profile View will also try to do some of that.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: You can also get forecasts of winds aloft.", "We talked about that a couple times.", "And so this will tell you kind of what the winds are going to be at a particular altitude, for example, at 3,000 feet or 6,000 feet, and so it helps you estimate especially in a cross-country flight or a longer flight how long it might take for you to get there.", "On apps, such as ForeFlight, if you-- in fact, we'll just do that right now so you can see.", "So you can actually enter in a flight plan very quickly, so you can have a starting place.", "And then-- so where do you guys want to fly to?", "AUDIENCE: Boston Logan.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: That's a pretty short flight, but sure.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: You guys, if you have the patience to stay with us tomorrow afternoon starting at 3:00, the founder of ForeFlight's going to be here, and I'm sure you'll get a pretty thorough demo.", "He and a colleague are going to talk for a couple hours about first the app, and also the startup, and then some of the engineering behind it.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: So the blue dot is showing where we are here at MIT.", "But of course, generally, you'd be doing this when you're at Bedford and you're flying to Logan.", "And then here, it's telling you it wants to know about the aircraft that I'll be flying in order to calculate some of the information.", "But when you do these types of things with the flight, it can estimate kind of how long you'll be in flight.", "And you can provide what is the altitude at which you want to fly.", "And then it will be able to-- so it says coloring based on winds aloft.", "It looks like it's not detecting that maybe because I haven't given it all of its data right now.", "So in terms of what that means is just that the winds aloft are a good way of helping you predict how long it's going to take you to get to certain places.", "And it'll be part of that cross-country planning that you'll have to do.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: The winds aloft forecast also shows you the temperature, which is critical because that's going to tell you whether icing is-- icing is not possible if it's above freezing, generally.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: There are also a bunch of severe weather reports.", "Philip has already talked about a number of them, AIRMETs and SIGMETs, as he was talking about.", "And then they have different abbreviations, even more abbreviations, related to this.", "So what they mean for icing and turbulence.", "So here we'll look at some examples of an AIRMET.", "And in the picture, it shows a broad area where that AIRMET is valid.", "And so this is talking about icing and freezing level.", "So SIGMETs also talk about hazardous weather such as icing, turbulence, volcanic ash, which I don't think you'll encounter very often, but it was an issue in Europe, for example.", "And then here's a breakdown of decoding a SIGMET, as an example, to show you the type of information, what it stands for, and you can read through these to understand the adverse weather.", "And certainly, if you're planning your own cross-country flight, I recommend you also use your normal weather data sources, as well.", "So just turn on the Weather Channel or Weather.com or Accu Weather, whatever you use on a regular basis.", "If it's a crummy day, it's probably not a good day to go flying anyway and you may not want to dive so deep into all of these different tools.", "But if it seems like a nice day, then I would really recommend diving more specifically into understanding if there's a front coming in or other types of issues.", "And then, convective SIGMETs are really, really concerning.", "So there are things that are much more severe, so you're talking about thunderstorms, hail, some things you really don't want to be flying during at all.", "There's a lot of different ways that the weather is also produced not in a text form but in a graphical format.", "So this is a relatively complicated weather depiction chart.", "So we'll break it down in detail.", "But let me just tell you some of the main things.", "Do you have the-- oh, I left it over there.", "Thanks, Phillip.", "So can anyone guess what all the little circles are?", "We see some circles that are white and some circles that are black.", "Does anyone know what those are?", "Any guesses?", "AUDIENCE: Weather stations?", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: Weather stations?", "Good guess.", "So it's actually trying to tell you what the cloud cover is like.", "So you can see certain places where the circle is empty.", "It's a clear day when it's fully filled in, that it's showing the cloud cover.", "And then you see some that are like little pie chart, so that they're partially filled in.", "So the purpose of looking at a weather chart like that is just to get the general conditions.", "There's a lot of different things.", "So here, it's more specific so it breaks down that the circles indicate the percent cloud cover.", "So if it's a quarter filled, it saying few clouds.", "If it's 3/4 filled, it's broken.", "And then it also has shaded areas that depict when you have the IFR conditions.", "So zooming in, you can just kind of see those circles a little bit bigger, and the charts provide a lot of information, as well.", "But you can see a little bit more clearly also here some of the circles that are like pie charts that's showing how much they're filled in and what the cloud cover is looking like.", "And again, you can actually get the same type of thing on your ForeFlight.", "It's basically an option.", "For every airport that it depicts, it can show this cloud cover, as well.", "And you can also look at a radar summary chart.", "There are a bunch of prog charts, so they talk about when you're looking at a front.", "You guys have seen a lot of these things on the Weather Channel, probably didn't pay attention to them very much, but it's good to understand what the different types of fronts are, what's happening across the country, more than just your particular region.", "So if you're planning you know if it's a-- I think today's a Wednesday, so if you're planning on a flight this upcoming weekend and you want to think about what's going to happen, basically, you're trying to see are there some fronts coming in?", "What's happening?", "Or is it likely to going to be a clear day?", "And then, of course, as we've talked about, all of these have good legends just like we talked about the sectional chart quite a bit and the details of the legend.", "It's always good to take a look at how they have indicated these different lines, where the fronts are.", "And you really want to know which ones, again, are reporting the actual conditions versus which is a guesstimate of what's going to happen in six hours, 12 hours from now.", "Again, if it's a forecast, it could be wrong.", "And then this is just a little bit more detail of types of things you can see on a chart.", "I think the most important thing to look at is this weird little R symbol with kind of an arrow at the bottom.", "It's indicating thunder.", "So that's a big one to look out for.", "If you see that, it's probably not something you're interested in flying in.", "I'm not, for sure.", "And then, there are a couple of shards here that are not specifically on the-- usually going to be asked about, but it's good to see.", "So you might have seen these kind of surface analysis charts.", "And they talk about high pressure areas and low pressure areas.", "And so that high and low pressure, what are we talking about?", "So that's the same thing is that pressure that you're dialing into your altimeter, right?", "So we talked about 29.92, but there might be a day where it's really dropped very low and it's 28 or something very, very low.", "That means you're in a low pressure area.", "And if it's very high, you're at 30 point something, it's a higher pressure area.", "And if you see that as you're flying around that pressure setting is getting updated very rapidly and changing rapidly, that usually is related to a change in your overall weather system.", "So you really want to be aware if that number is changing quite a bit, that's a big problem.", "You can also take a look at when you get into your airplane and you're first setting that dial when you're sitting on the ground, see how much it's changing.", "You might want to-- in general, when you get into a plane, I like to think about when the plane was last flown.", "There are parts where you are checking the oil that you can kind of generally feel the engine and see if it's warm or not, if it needs to be primed or not, those types of things.", "If you see that the plane has just been flown and you're really dramatically having to change that pressure setting, that means the weather has recently changed quite a bit.", "It makes you want to really make sure that your projections and your knowledge about the weather is still accurate.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: Tina, you want to mention these numbers here are the metric equivalent.", "So instead of 2 99 and 2, you'll see 1,000 millibars or so.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: So we have a bunch of these.", "And all of these are also on that first website, the AviationWeather.gov.", "You can look at actually seeing the clouds from a satellite picture and kind of just seeing what's going on.", "These are hopefully not the first time you've seen these types of charts before.", "And then this is a way that they like to depict the winds aloft.", "So these little lines, and then depending on how many lines are coming off the side, it indicates how strong that wind is and what the amount is.", "So you can see here some that have a lot of little dashes coming off of it, whereas some that don't have any.", "It's a way to very quickly see where the wind is very strong and where it's not.", "And this is what I had talked about last time when we're in the radio section, the radio ATC and communications section.", "But just as a reminder, this is the number that you can call and you can get your full weather briefing done there.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: Tina, do you want me to take over now?", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: Sure.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: All right.", "So thank you.", "Tina covered the stuff that requires a brain.", "Now, I'm going to just tell you about how do you get this stuff as a practical matter.", "You can call this phone number it's very good when you're a novice pilot.", "Again, think about crew resource management.", "The weather briefers are another person that you can pull in.", "They may say VFR flight not recommended.", "That's there at the bottom.", "That's worth paying attention to.", "They used to work for the FAA.", "They were outsourced in 2005, and now they're contractors from a company called Leidos, so you might hear the name Leidos.", "You can get a full weather briefing over the phone.", "I actually do this sometimes if I'm in an Uber on my way to the Gaithersburg airport.", "I'll just call the weather briefer and that makes life very easy.", "OK.", "So AviationWeather.gov, as we mentioned earlier, has all the chart that we saw.", "The weather briefers themselves run their own website, which is a little bit of a twist on that.", "I kind of like this site, actually, because you get to set up a home page where you pick your favorite airport.", "So I picked Bedford, Teterboro which is where you go in the New York Metro area if you enjoy paying $8 or $9 a gallon for gasoline.", "And then Dulles Airport where the two competing FBO's also charge about $9 a gallon for gasoline.", "But anyway, they'll have the METARs for your favorite airports and the TAFs and all this, and you can set up these charts.", "So basically, as soon as you log in, you get a whole bunch of current weather information.", "That's kind of a nice feature for this website.", "And it is free.", "They will give you, just like AviationWeather.gov, they'll give you the METAR.", "Here's one for Bedford from the other day.", "I guess that's from the 21st.", "Yeah.", "The wind was 310.", "So it was on the 21st at 0256 Zulu, so it was late at night, early in the morning in London.", "Wind was 310 at 18 knots, gusting 25, 10 miles of visibility, clear.", "Temperature was minus 11, dew point minus one niner, altimeter two niner, four seven, and there's a remark.", "The peak wind was 310 at 31 knots and that happened at 0225 Zulu time.", "OK.", "There are private websites.", "The most popular free one is probably fltplan.com at least among the turbine crowd.", "They have very accurate models for a lot of jet powered or turboprop aircraft.", "And they have some example briefings that I think I do want to show you.", "OK. Again, you'll have access to this.", "So one nice thing about fltplan.com is they start you off with a nav log.", "Remember, we talked about that?", "And in the nav log, they tell you what magnetic course to steer.", "Oh, sorry.", "They give you the magnetic course?", "Sorry, magnetic course is 303.", "I guess they don't give you the wind correction angle, or maybe the wind's right in our faces.", "No, it's not.", "Maybe this is not such a great site.", "All right.", "Well anyway, they tell you roughly how long it's going to take you to get there.", "And they will calculate your ground speed for you.", "So I think I put in the Piper Warrior or something, so this is a pretty low airspeed, 124 knots.", "And you can see at the different altitudes how much fuel you're going to burn and how long it's going to take you.", "So there's really not a lot of difference.", "You can see here, you could go at 10,000 feet and take 58 minutes.", "You could go at 4,500 feet and it would take you an hour.", "So there's not a lot to choose from.", "Your airspeed goes up a little bit as you climb higher, but the wind is also a little bit stronger.", "They're giving you the weather to go from Bedford to Bennington, Vermont.", "Giving you a little bit of information about the runways.", "You can look at the approaches there.", "Departure airport forecast, so look at this.", "Departure airport NOTAM, so they did a pretty good job here.", "They pulled out the most important NOTAM.", "They were doing snow clearing.", "So at Bedford, they said, look, runway 112 niner is closed except with one hour of prior permission to this phone number.", "Now how about that?", "Look at all those other NOTAMs.", "You can really get lost because they're telling you about stuff-- taxiway-- Let's go here.", "Taxiway November edge markings obscured maybe by this snow.", "I don't know why.", "Anyway, that's probably not really important.", "That maybe is taxiway that you're not even going to use.", "So this is actually a pretty good computer program, I think, because they put that closed runway NOTAM right up at the top where you might actually see it, and they put it in boldface.", "Anyway, so that's a fltplan.com weather briefing.", "Let's see how ForeFlight presents the same information.", "You saw that before.", "They also give you this wind temperature and turbulence.", "Oh, this is to a different spot.", "This is to Gaithersburg.", "Significant weather from flight level 250 to 630.", "Not going to be able to use that in the Cirrus, unfortunately.", "That's up above 25,000 feet.", "We get the METARs.", "It looks like, sorry, the METARs and TAFs.", "So we get our METAR for Hanscom and it looks like they put in boldface the relevant portion of the TAF.", "So they're saying, look, at your flight time, this is the one that's going to apply.", "It's going to be better than six miles of visibility but overcast at 800, so not a bad IFR situation as long as you can handle any icing.", "They've color coded a bunch of stuff.", "So you can see here at Worcester, they've got-- well, that looks pretty nasty.", "They're forecasting, for example, wind 030 at 11 knots, only half a mile of visibility.", "Tina, help me out.", "What's minus PL?", "Freezing fog.", "I don't know what minus PL is, but it sounds bad.", "Overcast 500.", "So they're calling that low IFR.", "Where are the NOTAMs?", "Let me see what they did with the NOTAMs.", "I think it was the same day.", "Ice pellets.", "OK. Well, we don't want that.", "So this is an interesting thing.", "ForeFlight kind of missed-- I think it was out there, maybe it's here.", "OK.", "So up at the top, it says runway 523 is closed, which normally wouldn't bother me at all because that's the crosswind runway and we don't like to use it unless we have to.", "Maybe that NOTAM was not out at the time that I got this one.", "Yeah, there's nothing about that PPR.", "I guess they hadn't started plowing the snow at that time.", "Anyway, so the NOTAMs are important.", "They can tell you if the airport is having some kind of construction going on.", "Mobile apps-- ForeFlight is for the iPhone or iPad only.", "That's a major difference between ForeFlight and Garmin Pilot.", "NavMonster is a fun, free app.", "It works at least on iOS, I think on Android, as well.", "That gives you a lot of good stuff.", "WeatherSpork is all three platforms.", "So we're just going to show you ForeFlight in case you're not able to come to the talk tomorrow starting at 3:00.", "Here's a little flavor of ForeFlight.", "Notice that in the airport information page here on the left, they highlight the fact that runway 523 is closed by NOTAM, so they're making an attempt to pull out the most significant runways.", "But actually, they missed one.", "Look at this.", "Runway 112 niner is also closed except for this one hour prior permission.", "Somehow that exception didn't get the software excited.", "So if you showed up, actually this is a good example of when you might want to run your minimum fuel burn, maximum endurance airspeed.", "So you get to the airport and you didn't check the NOTAMs or maybe it was a newly issued NOTAM.", "And they tell you the runway's closed and it won't reopen for another half hour.", "So in that case, you're going to go out and loiter somewhere until the airport reopens unless you want to land somewhere else.", "OK.", "The next page is apparently about NOTAMs.", "And over on the right, we have the weather which Tina already showed you.", "And you see the density altitude?", "Look at that.", "It's minus 2,500 feet.", "It's 2,500 feet below sea level at Hanscom Field.", "ForeFlight can give you the TAF and the MOS, as I said.", "So this was, I think, on Sunday.", "And have a look there.", "We're getting the weather for Wednesday, so we can plan our trip to return-- what's today, Wednesday?", "And look, the MOS is pretty right.", "It's nice.", "It's not too much wind.", "190 at 5 knots, overcast below 12,000.", "Here's Garmin Pilot.", "Garmin really believes in the old white on black, like a 1970s monitor.", "ForeFlight will actually flip into sort of a style like this at nighttime.", "And this one, it doesn't highlight for you.", "It's the same time as I was using ForeFlight, and nowhere in here does it highlight that that runway 523 is closed or that two niner is having any kind of issue.", "I think it was the same time.", "I could be wrong.", "Yeah, see?", "523 closed.", "Runway 1129 closed except one hour prior permission.", "So you're fat, dumb, and happy looking at this page, getting all ready to go to Hanscom Field, and then if you don't check the NOTAMs, you discover that there's no runway.", "So another good reason to always have some reserve fuel and not overcommit to your plan.", "All right.", "In-flight weather sources.", "There's something called TWEB, transcribed weather broadcasts.", "You might be asked about it on the exam.", "I doubt it.", "Anyway, that's my friend Eric, again, with his DC-3.", "If you were flying a DC-3 in its prime, you might have heard of TWEB.", "HIWAS is still being broadcast off of certain VORs that are indicated on the chart.", "So look at this, see that H symbol there in the middle?", "That H symbol tells you that if you tune in to this VOR and tell your audio panel in the airplane that you want to actually listen to whatever is being modulated, that you'll hear this pre-recorded weather announcement about maybe thunderstorms in a certain area.", "You can call Flight Service Enroute.", "They're very helpful.", "They'll take a PIREP from you and they'll tell you what is going on.", "They can call your mom if you're going to be late due to forecast headwinds.", "I was actually flying through New York on my way to DC, and there were horrible headwinds.", "I was in a Diamond Star, which was not a very fast airplane, so when you've got a 50 knot headwind, you slow down to a Honda Accord speeds.", "So I asked New York for a frequency change to Flight Service and they said, well, why do you need it?", "And I said, well, I want to have them call my mom and tell her I'm going to be late.", "And they said, oh, we can do that for you.", "So in between vectoring the airbus's out to Germany, they were calling my mom.", "I think each controller in New York has an assistant right next to him or her and that was who actually made the phone call.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: Just quick note.", "The last point there.", "So Flight Service can accept your PIREP.", "So when we talked about how you should make a pilot report or a PIREP, you can call them and tell them, hey, I experienced turbulence.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: I think if it's really ugly, the controllers can also put it in, like if it's icing or-- TINA SRIVASTAVA: Wind shear they usually accept cause wind shear is such a bad thing, and you're fighting the wind shear and trying to deal with the wind shear, so they'll usually except that PIREP.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: All right.", "NEXRAD.", "So this is an actual photo of our Cirrus screen on our way to Oshkosh.", "So remember, I showed you that one earlier which with the track from FlightAware.", "So we had planned to go from Rutland, Vermont, oh, sorry.", "We had planned, I guess, yeah, we came up with a new plan.", "We really wanted to go from Bedford over to Syracuse, and I think initially we decided that going to Rutland would keep us away from the rain.", "The NEXRAD radar, what they're really seeing is water in the clouds.", "So they can actually see rain.", "They can't see a cloud that's just vapor and it's going to produce a rain storm at some point.", "They're really seeing the big water droplets of rain.", "Anyway, so we elected to fly over here and refuel at Watertown, New York instead of at Syracuse.", "Oksana was on that flight.", "We flew through some of that rain and it actually was pretty smooth.", "So we probably could have just charged through, but we took a more conservative route.", "OK.", "So NEXRAD data, instead of paying for a receiver in your airplane and then paying a subscription fee, the FAA give you NEXRAD data as well as a bunch of other stuff, like some text weather data.", "That's another good reason to be able to read METARs because if you're looking at it in the cockpit, it could be on a pretty small display and the raw format is very compact and actually very convenient for in-flight use.", "Anyway, here's a little diagram of how it's transmitted.", "You have to have this-- you have to have-- let's see if we talked about this.", "Yeah, so you have to have a UAT receiver to get these data.", "The aircraft position, see the big airliner transmitting on 1090 megahertz extended squitter it's called.", "That's fine, but you need to be able to receive on 978 megahertz, which is this alternative frequency that I guess had more bandwidth available.", "And that's where the FAA can push all these data up to you, like about other traffic, even traffic who doesn't comply with ADS-B.", "Although by January 1st of next year, almost everybody will have ADS-B out at least.", "Anyway, so that the feds are pushing this stuff up to your airplane.", "I'm going to turn it over to Tina now to talk about-- TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah, so I just added in this slide.", "This is the one that we had been talking about.", "If you're in a plane that does not have the ADS-B receiver but you want to receive that information so that you get real-time weather information or real time traffic information, you can actually make that happen by building it yourself.", "And I did that.", "It really doesn't take very long.", "If you want to seem really cool, you can go and buy just a regular Raspberry Pi and a couple different parts.", "And also that link will show you how you can just buy a little kit where they've put everything together and you just buy it.", "It's very easy to assemble.", "So it just has a little Raspberry Pi inside.", "And it has a little cooling fan, and then it has these antennas.", "The Stratics Software is actually kind of free, open source software, and it's really great.", "And it syncs up to your other apps.", "So for example with ForeFlight, it just shows up like a Wi-Fi signal that you connect to.", "And then while you're in the air, when you don't have access to this data, this will actually update.", "So you can see on the right is kind of a zoomed in picture from ForeFlights.", "So it shows that you can see the weather on the bottom left corner and then you also see these little pictures that show traffic.", "So yeah, exactly.", "So on the further bottom right, you can also see-- it just shows you other airplanes, other traffic, and kind of the altitude that they're at.", "And so it's really useful I think it's kind of nice to have, especially in a little airplane to have that visibility and knowledge that you're not just relying on Flight Service giving or kind of like a area controller giving you traffic advisories, but you can see it in advance.", "We're about to dive into human factors, and Philip has talked a lot about using the person sitting next to you whether they are actually a pilot or just a friend.", "Even just a friend can sit there and hold the iPad and see the little blue traffic.", "And then when they hear on the radio that's someone saying, hey, it looks like in this situation, no traffic, 3 o'clock, you're trying to look for that plane.", "Well, they can have a little sense of, OK, yeah, it's near that, and they can help you find the other aircraft.", "So it's very helpful.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: How much were the parts for that, Tina?", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: It's like $80.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: OK. Yeah.", "So the ones that you can buy commercially all packaged, like the Stratux-- I think this is a play on Stratus.", "This is one of the competitors in that market.", "They're anywhere from $400 to $1,000, I think.", "The commercial ones also have an electronic gyro in there and AHARs, attitude heading reference system.", "So they can actually give you on your iPad an attitude indicator and some information about your speed and so forth.", "All right.", "So this is a reminder that, again, all those data are intended to help you fly within the VFR weather minimums, which provide a good margin of safety.", "I put this $20 magazine up here for you guys because this whole talk has really been about software and different ways of spinning the same data.", "So this is everything, in case you're not a core six major.", "This is everything you need to know to become a programmer in one $20 magazine.", "TINA SRIVASTAVA: So we're running a little behind.", "So I'm going to go straight to human factors.", "While I'm pulling it up, let Phillip know if you have any more questions.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: Yeah, anything going on?", "AUDIENCE: How do you know if your weather briefing is adequate with all these sources out there and you're not good.", "I'm just not really sure.", "PHILIP GREENSPUN: That's a great question.", "How do you know if you're a weather briefing is adequate?", "The professional weather briefers at Leidos, at 1-800-WX-BRIEF, they tend to go a little above and beyond.", "They'll give you NOTAMs about any VOR that's out of service on your route of flight, even if you're navigating with the GPS.", "So if you're at all unsure, just do your self-service stuff online, and then just call 1-800-WX-BRIEF and ask for a full briefing.", "It won't take you more than 10 minutes, and you will definitely be at least-- you'll probably be over briefed, at that point.", "They'll tell you about an unlit tower even if you're flying at noon, and there's no possibility of it being dark and the lighting on the tower making a difference." ]

[ "Introduction", "Definitions", "Don't Despair, Use Softwair", "Reports vs. Forecasts", "Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)", "Aviation Routine Weather Report METAR", "Aviation Weather.gov", "Request METAR", "Read METAR", "Pilot Weather Reports PIREPS", "SIGMET Example", "Convective SIGMET - WST", "Weather Depiction Chart", "Radar Summary Chart", "Surface Analysis Chart", "Aviation Weather Center", "Private web sites", "Mobile Apps", "Garmin Pilot", "Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service HIWAS", "DIY ADS-B Receiver!", "Questions?" ]

[ "(electronic chiming) - [Falcon] Sometimes video games are all about creating a massive fantasy and indulging something that's utterly impossible, and sometimes it's about the exact opposite.", "Hi folks, it's Falcon, and today, on Gameranx, the 10 most realistic missions in video games.", "Starting off with number 10, \"Call of Duty: Modern Warfare,\" the reboot from 2019's \"Clean House.\"", "(lock clanking) So the original \"Call of Duty 4\" attempted to emulate the feeling of modern warfare, but as that series went on, it got a little bit more and more ridiculous.", "Like the second \"Modern Warfare's\" campaign was about a Russian invasion of the United States, so it didn't really take that long for any semblance of reality and the \"Modern Warfare\" series to part ways.", "The 2019 reboot is an attempt by Activision to get back to more of the grounded scenarios of \"Call Duty 4,\" and for the most part, it really succeeds.", "There's a couple missions from the game that we could do on a list like this, but the most realistic by far is probably \"Clean House,\" the one where you raid a terrorist safe house.", "Now, the mission is slow, tense, and atmospheric in a way that most \"Call of Duty\" missions are just not.", "(dog barking) - [Price] Bravo 6, moving to the first floor.", "- [Terrorist 1] What are you doing?", "- [Terrorist 2] Shut up!", "Do as I say!", "- [Terrorist 3] Where do you need me?", "- [Falcon] The actual gameplay, it's kind of minimal because you're just one soldier among many storming this place.", "But the brief moments where you're tasked with checking rooms and clearing out hostiles are about as intense as these games get.", "In such close quarters, death can come in an instant, and just identifying hostiles while wearing night vision goggles is kind of a nerve-wracking experience.", "The body count is significantly lower than pretty much any other \"Call of Duty\" mission that isn't a tutorial, but that's just another thing about it that makes it feel perhaps a little more real.", "The graphics, the presentation, the gameplay, it all comes together to create this mission that feels realistic.", "Now, it might not actually be the most realistic mission of all time, but it's the one everyone talks about, so we wanted to get this one outta the way first.", "(door clunking) (door creaking) At number nine is \"Pouring Forth Oil\" from \"Red Dead Redemption 2.\"", "Now, as far as open-world games go, there are few games as obsessed with realism as \"RDR2.\"", "The attention to detail is second to none, and the designers put just a mindbogglingly insane level of work into this game to create a version of the Old West that is just filled with historical details that are true to life.", "There are, of course, some things that are maybe a little less realistic, but for the most part, realism is a thing this game leans into.", "Now, again, this is another one where probably more than a few missions could work here, but, personally, \"Pouring Forth Oil IV\" is probably one of the most realistic.", "Compared to some of the more over-the-top heists that show up from time to time, this is a really down-to-earth mission.", "Most games that include train robberies go, like, really wild with it by making it so the robbery occurs on a moving train, but this mission's a lot closer to how actual train robbers did it.", "Like they just parked something on the train tracks, waited for the train to stop, and then robbed the passengers.", "For a good long while, you go through this mission without even firing a shot.", "It's not until you get to the cargo compartment that some train guards shoot at you, but then, I mean even there, there's only a few.", "If there's any issue with \"RDR2\" when it comes to realism, it's the amount of people you shoot in any given mission.", "Your enemies don't really have much of a survival instinct and that does come into play at the end of the train job where some lawmen start, like, snooping around.", "- [Arthur] There's only two of you, you fools.", "We got a whole lot less to lose.", "Why don't the two of you ride away?", "That way neither of you get killed.", "- [Falcon] You just kill them before getting away.", "But outside of that, the way the rest of this mission plays out feels pretty real.", "As far as missions go, this is probably as close to a real trained robbery as the game gets.", "At number eight is the \"Malaysia Job\" and \"A Normal Life\" from \"Uncharted 4.\"", "Now, the \"Uncharted\" series is basically \"Indiana Jones\" on steroids.", "The games are filled with completely insane setpieces and moments where the protagonists seem like they should be dead 100 times over, but that's just part of the fun.", "It's not meant to be realistic, at least not most of the time.", "And that's what makes these particular missions at the start of \"Uncharted 4\" stand out so much.", "The first, \"The Malaysia Job,\" seems like another treasure hunt, but it quickly becomes clear that Drake isn't exploring yet another forgotten ruin in an exotic location, he's actually dredging up a damaged chip container.", "Instead of an exciting adventure, it's just another day in the job.", "So you hook up the line, make sure the cargo's intact, and then haul the container onto the ship.", "Pretty much it.", "The following mission, \"A Normal Life,\" is just as mundane.", "You start off in Drake's attic, you get to look at all the souvenirs he's accumulated, you play with a Nerf gun, and then you go downstairs and eat dinner.", "The house itself is one of the most detailed and realistic interiors ever created for a game, and the things you do in it are just as real.", "You can heat up some leftovers, you can play some video games, stuff that we all do but in video game form.", "- Is there a problem?", "- No.", "No, just, uh, how do you, uh... How'd you make it go?", "- Push the start button.", "- I knew that.", "I got it.", "- All right.", "- [Falcon] It's a fairly short sequence, and it's mostly just there for story purposes, establishing that Drake is sort of aching for the life, so to speak.", "But nothing else in this entire series is vaguely as realistic as these two little missions.", "At number seven is \"Thunder Run\" from \"Battlefield 3.\"", "Now, obviously, the \"Battlefield\" series has its fair share of campaign missions that look fantastic, but there's not a lot that I'd classify as realistic.", "Probably the closest I can think of though is this one, \"Thunder Run,\" the tank mission from \"Battlefield 3.\"", "Probably the most noticeable thing about this mission starting out is how huge and open it is.", "Like, you don't really see wide open spaces like this in video games because, well, it's hard to make them interesting.", "Not even open-world games have maps like this.", "A gigantic flat world would be too boring to explore in an open-world game.", "And for most \"Battlefield\" missions, it's pretty lacking, in terms of the more showy visuals that make it easy to tell where we're supposed to be going.", "But the emptiness makes it feel much more realistic than a lot of video game locations.", "How the mission plays out is pretty realistic as well.", "Most of the enemy's Soviet-area equipment is no match for the M1A2 Abrams tank.", "Their speed and battlefield awareness would allow an Abrams to run circles around tanks like that.", "Of course, their ranges aren't realistic at all.", "One of the advantages of the Abrams is that it would be able to fire outside the enemy's effective range, so most of the shooting would be little specs in the distance if there were truly realistic.", "But I'll give the game a break on that.", "Like it wouldn't be visually interesting or fun.", "- [Tank Crewmember 1] Anvil Actual, we're approaching the burn.", "(gun blasting) - [Tank Crewmember 2] Roger!", "All call signs continue assault into encampment!", "- [Tank Crewmember 1] There!", "Northside!", "Let's go!", "(gun blasting) Troops!", "Coax!", "- [Falcon] There are more cool events here, like using thermal vision to shoot at enemies through a cloud of dust.", "There's a drone you can switch to to take a rocket emplacement out.", "And the tense sequence where you run out on the battlefield and detonate some minefield clearing charges.", "It's probably one of the best parts of \"Battlefield 3,\" and it stands out as one of the most realistic depictions of tank warfare in a video game campaign mission at all, period.", "At number six is \"Bone Appetit\" in \"Mafia: Definitive Edition.\"", "Switching from a giant battlefield to something a little more intimate.", "Probably one of the best missions in all of \"Mafia\" is this one, the one where Tommy escorts Don Salieri to his favorite restaurant, gets ambushed by a Morello hit squad, and, well, everything basically goes topsy-turvy.", "- My mother, she would be so honored if you tried her carbonara.", "- Excellent.", "- [Falcon] It's a simple premise, but the details really sell it.", "The restaurant is lavishly detailed.", "The destruction caused by the hitmen, also lavishly detailed.", "All in all, there's less than a dozen guys shooting up the place but it's still impossible to take them on in a stand-up fight.", "So you're forced to escape through the kitchen, then you sneak around the alley and you ambush the gunman from the side.", "It's a dramatic encounter that you could easily see playing out in real life.", "That's what makes it feel so realistic to me.", "Both sides are playing a win here.", "The guys who ambush use overwhelming force to try to kill you, but quick wits are what keeps Tommy alive.", "It's a mission that can end in only a few minutes but it's so intense and shocking, it's one of the most memorable and yet doesn't engage in an unrealistic scale.", "At number five is \"LAX International Airport\" from \"Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow.\"", "The \"Splinter Cell\" Series tried to be a little bit more realistic than most military games at the time.", "Of course, the nature of the protagonist as a one-man super spy is unrealistic, but the plots themselves are fairly grounded in reality.", "Probably the most grounded and possible plots come from the second game of the series, \"Pandora Tomorrow,\" which is about the US being threatened by an Indonesian nationalist with a deadly strain of smallpox.", "At the end of the game, you manage to take out the terrorist leader, but one of the allies manages to get away with the smallpox strain and a small group of followers infiltrate the Los Angeles International Airport where they intend to release the virus and spread it all over the world, without dwelling on modern events.", "(chuckles) It's a simple but frighteningly plausible terrorist act.", "There's no bomb, no hostages, no violent shootouts, just some guys in plain clothes planning to release a virus in a heavily trafficked area.", "The only way to stop them is to sneak through the airport and take out the disguised terrorists without anyone knowing about it, which is much easier set than done.", "It's an all-around great location to end a game on.", "And while the graphics aren't nearly as impressive as they used to be, it's still a relatively realistic setting for one of the most realistic terrorist plots ever made in a video game.", "At number four is \"Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare's\" \"Death From Above.\"", "Like I said in the first point, this was the \"Call of Duty\" that really went out of its way to try to create unique scenarios that felt like realistic modern war situations.", "This is definitely one of them.", "In this mission, you play as the spotter on an AC-130 gunship.", "And you're not even technically the guy firing any of the weapons, you're just the guy pointing the camera at targets for gunners to, you know, gun.", "(chuckles) The entire mission has this almost eerie detachment that's reminiscent of the battlefield footage from the Iraqi war.", "The professional, almost bored chatter from the other crewmen only add to the realism of it.", "The body count is pretty ridiculous, but the presentation is immersive.", "The moments where you have to stop and actually listen to your crew as they tell you to look at certain landmarks just to find the enemy, it's really tense and real.", "The dialogue, it's a standout.", "Like the crew members are sometimes stuttering or, like, saying, \"Um,\" while speaking.", "It's this sort of talk you don't normally see in gung-ho military shooters, and it just feels much more real because of it.", "(gun blasting) - [AC-130 FCO] Okay, he's moving again.", "- Moving in.", "- You got him.", "(gun blasting) - [Falcon] At number three is the \"Paperchase\" from \"The Witcher 3,\" not a realistic game by any stretch of the imagination.", "It's set in a fantasy universe where magic is real, monsters exist, and, basically, anything's possible.", "But no other game has managed to create a mission as realistically mundane as the \"Paperchase.\"", "Now, starts off very simple.", "A guy wants to repay Geralt for some service he did years ago, so he opened an account in Geralt's name at the bank so that when Geralt actually did eventually come back he'd get money with interest.", "And that sounds easy, right?", "You head to the bank and you just say, \"Hey, it's me, Geralt.\"", "But they think you're dead.", "So you need a permit, specifically an A38, to prove you are alive.", "So you go to Window 1, who tells you you need to go to either records or the archives to get the actual form.", "You go to the archives, you find a giant line that you just have to cut through to talk to somebody, who tells you you're at the wrong place.", "If you go to records, he tells you you need a Form 202 to get a permit A38.", "And it goes on like that, with endless red tape standing between you and the money that you're owed.", "If you are an adult, particularly if you have children and have dealt with various doctor's offices, you have experienced something like this at some point, and it sucks.", "And it's rare that a game manages to capture one of the most frustrating parts of modern life, especially when it's a random side quest in a fantasy-adventure game set in the furthest thing from modern life.", "At number two is \"Hat Trick\" from \"Medal of Honor: Warfighter.\"", "This one's probably a little more difficult to remember.", "When it comes to military operations in games, it doesn't get a lot more realistic than this though.", "Probably because it's directly based off real events.", "Now, it was inspired by the real-life rescue of Richard Phillips in 2009 by the US Navy Seals.", "And this mission is actually incredibly simple as far as video games go.", "You start off on the deck of a US Navy vessel, you get your eyes on some Somali pirates with a hostage on a lifeboat, then you wait.", "18 hours later, a signal flare is shot off, the pirates panic, and then you shoot them.", "It's about as real as a military as you can get because there's overwhelming firepower and a ton of waiting around.", "It's not the flashiest mission out there but that's what makes it much more realistic than many many other missions.", "And finally, at number one, the \"Fairfax Residence\" from \"SWAT 4.\"", "If you're talking about these tense, realistic missions in games, it doesn't get much better than the second mission of \"SWAT 4.\"", "This is a hardcore tactical shooter that puts you as the team leader of an elite SWAT unit, and simply taking out all the bad guys, that's not good enough.", "The fact you can't just kill everyone adds an extra layer of tension to everything you do because you never know if someone's unarmed or if they'll give up or if they'll shoot you on sight, and just one or two bullets is usually enough to kill you.", "What makes this mission so realistic is it's got one single target, a serial killer.", "In any other game, taking out one guy with a squad of heavily-armed police would be a cinch, but this is not any other game.", "It's more realistic and any wrong move can mean death.", "The house itself, also very realistic for its time.", "Dense, cluttered, confusing, piles of garbage blocking your sightlines, creepy dugout passages that make it difficult to guess just where the guy is hiding.", "It's a good location, even now.", "It doesn't look as good as stuff nowadays but it was very creatively put together.", "Most of the missions in \"SWAT 4\" actually feel pretty real at times, but this one stands out because of the low numbers involved.", "It's one guy, capture-kill, one hostage to rescue.", "It's just this creepy, tense, and surprisingly realistic mission.", "And that's all for today.", "Leave us a comment.", "Let us know what you think.", "If you liked this video, click like.", "If you're not subscribed, now's a great time to do so.", "We upload brand-new videos every day of the week.", "Best way to see them first is, of course, of subscription, so click subscribe.", "Don't forget to enable notifications.", "And as always, we thank you very much for watching this video.", "I'm Falcon.", "You can follow me on Twitter @FalconTheHero.", "We'll see you next time, right here on Gameranx." ]

[ "Intro", "Number 10", "Number 9", "Number 8", "Number 7", "Number 6", "Number 5", "Number 4", "Number 3", "Number 2", "Number 1" ]

[ "The iPhone 13 Pro was the clear choice for me out of Apple’s current iPhone lineup because of its 120 hz refresh rate screen and better camera system, but was that upgrade really worth it after 6 months?", "Or should have I just gone for the iPhone 13?", "And, now that its been 6 months, should you just skip this phone and wait for the iPhone 14 Pro?", "I'm going to answer all of those questions and more.", "And first, let's start off by talking about the 120 Hertz display or what Apple calls their Pro Motion display technology.", "This makes the iPhone’s animations, scrolling, and basically anything you do on the phone feel much faster.", "To me it's actually an upgrade that makes a difference every time I use my phone and after six months, this feature alone to me is worth it to get the iPhone 13 Pro over the 13.", "Now the other reason I went with the 13 Pro over the iPhone 13 is the new camera system which includes a telephoto lens that’s also capable of producing macro shots.", "I like taking a lot of photos with my smartphones and the iPhone’s photo quality is of course great, but having the flexibility to be able to zoom in 3x without losing resolution, that's a feature, I use way more than the ultra-wide camera because in general, I think there are more situations where a telephoto lens is appropriate than an ultra-wide lens.", "So those are the two things I think make the iPhone 13 Pro worth it over the 13, even when you consider the $200 price difference between the two phones.", "Now, if you disagree with that take or you agree, let me know down in the comments.", "Sticking with camera quality for a second, if you’re looking at getting a 13 Pro vs. something like the Pixel 6 Pro, or the S22 Ultra...In general, the iPhone 13 Pro has taken great photos for me.", "Overall I think there’s less and less of a difference between the main phone makers in terms of camera quality these days, though I do still find I prefer the look of photos taken from my Pixel 6 Pro about half of the time compared to the photos from my iPhone.", "And this is even with me using a photographic style that tries to mimic the cooler, increased contrast look of the Pixel’s camera system.", "Photographic styles are a new feature for iPhones that allows you to change the overall look of the photos your iPhone takes and overall, I think this feature works quite well.", "It allows me to create a truly unique look to my photos that when you look at them, they don’t always immediately look like they were taken on an iPhone.", "This to me is a good thing since the iPhone’s default style is a bit too punchy with highlights.", "And if you want to see our upcoming review of the Pixel 6 Pro, or you want to see more reviews on Apple products, make like this video and subscribe to the channel.", "Now, there is one more difference between the iPhone 13 Pro and the 13 that I haven't mentioned yet and that's the lidar sensor.", "Now I don’t think this is a feature most people would use to justify upgrading to the 13 Pro, but it is a hardware feature that I have found some surprising uses for over the past 6 months.", "Over the holidays I wanted to share a gingerbread house that I had made with extended family who weren't physically present to be able to view it, and a photo just wasn't going to do it justice.", "A gingerbread house, it's a three-dimensional object.", "And if I just took a bunch of photos of each of the sides, it's just not the same as viewing it there in real life.", "so I downloaded this free app called Scaniverse that utilizes the LiDar sensor and was able to make a 3D scan of my gingerbread house.", "And it was easy to send that 3D file to my other family members through iMessage, so they could see the entire thing in augmented reality, otherwise known as AR.", "And they thought it pretty cool they could place my gingerbread house on their kitchen table virtually.", "The Lidar sensor also makes taking measurements and object tracking in Apple’s measure app way more accurate.", "And it can also make placing digital furniture and objects from certain apps and websites into your space a much smoother experience, because the LiDar sensor helps improve the accuracy of digital object placement and the phone can remember exactly where it drew the object more accurately.", "And because Apple supports AR across iOS, I’ve found a lot of websites are supporting this feature now.", "Now, the lidar sensor again, it's not going to be a feature that everybody finds a use for but I have been surprised at how many times I've actually used it over the past six months considering I didn't expect to use it at all.", "So those are all of the features that help differentiate the iPhone 13 Pro from the regular 13.", "Now, there is one feature I haven't mentioned yet, that's probably the best feature of the iPhone 13 Pro and that's battery life.", "The battery life on the iPhone 13 Pro is phenomenal.", "I rarely ever see this phone go near 25% battery by the time I’m ready to put it on a charger.", "For my light to moderate phone use, I’ll end the day between 50-40% battery left, and it's by far been the best battery life I've experienced on any phone in recent memory and a somewhat significant upgrade from iPhone 12 I was using before I got the 13 Pro.", "Now, another thing I've really liked about using the iPhone 13 Pro over the past six months, is iOS 15 and the new software features it brought to the iPhone experience.", "The first one being focus modes.", "In iOS 15 you can create multiple focus modes which will mute notifications and distracting apps so you’re not disturbed when trying to work, drive etc.", "And the killer feature here is when I enable a focus mode or schedule one, it'll sync across all of my other Apple devices like my iPad and my Mac.", "Related to focus modes, screen time is another feature I’ve recently used a lot to help me lessen the amount of distracting notifications, and time I was spending on social media apps.", "Apple gives you a ton of data to work with to help you lessen the amount of distractions from your iPhone so you can focus on more important things.", "Another new software feature that's been really useful is called Hide My Email.", "What Apple will do here is it will create a random iCloud, email address like this one that you can send emails to and then what Apple will do is anytime an email is sent to an address like this one, it'll forward that email onto your actual email address.", "This way when you're signing up for something, you're not actually giving a company your actual email address.", "But what’s been brilliant about this feature on iOS is when you get a box to input your email address, you’ll see a drop down appear automatically with this feature, making it so simple to use.", "Now to use Hide My Email, you'll need to have something called iCloud Plus, which is what Apple calls their expanded iCloud Storage program.", "The lowest tier costs $2.99 per month here in the US for 250 GB of storage and it comes with other features like private relay.", "A couple of other features that have been useful on the 13 Pro are the ability to mute text message notifications from unknown numbers, you can use FaceID with a mask on, and with iOS 15 you can copy written text like a recipe and paste it as digital text into your notes.", "Though the accuracy of this feature can vary wildly and I still find that Google Lens is a more accurate product to use in this type of scenario.", "So, that's a bit about the new software features that I've enjoyed using on this iPhone.", "Now, with the iPhone 13 Pro, you of course get the classic iPhone hardware features like Face ID, which is fantastic.", "and the FaceID camera enclosure is a bit smaller on the iPhone 13 Pro compared to the 13.", "And Apple’s flat screen design on this year’s iPhones are a classic take on the iPhone 4 and 4S era and make it really easy to put a screen protector on, which I appreciate.", "Now, the last main benefit I found with using this iPhone and it's one you've probably heard me mentioned before if you're subscriber to the channel, and if you're not perfect time to go ahead and subscribe to the channel and give this video a thumbs up.", "The last major benefit is the Apple ecosystem.", "Now, the Apple ecosystem, this is a term that refers to all of these software features you can use between Apple products.", "And the iPhone.", "I like to think of the iPhone as a key into the Apple ecosystem, especially when we're talking about phone calls and messages, so you can have all of your text messages on your iPad, Mac and Apple Watch and you even send text messages from a HomePod Mini.", "Your iPhone will also enable spatial audio & automatic headphones switching between your other devices, it has a universal clipboard which makes it easy to copy text from your phone and paste on a Mac or iPad.", "Continuity, where you can open up a webpage in Safari on your Mac, right from where you left off on your iPhone.", "The iPhone 13 Pro also has an ultrawideband chip that makes it easy to tap a HomePod Mini to hand off audio to or precisely find an AirTag located nearby.", "Next up, let's talk downsides.", "Now, the only downside I found using the iPhone 13 Pro over the past six months has been Apple's insistence on downloading every application for this device through their own app store.", "This limits the kind of apps you can download and overall limits your choice as consumer with what you can do with your device, unlike with one of Apple’s other products, the Mac, which doesn’t have this limitation.", "Other than that, I haven't found any other downsides, with the iPhone 13 Pro.", "It’s been a solid device and for $200 more, to me is worth the upgrade over the 13.", "Now once you get 6 months into a phone’s lifecycle, this question always comes up.", "“Should you wait for the new iPhones coming out in September or just get one now?” It’s a valid question and in general, I don’t think going for the 13 Pro now is a bad decision.", "Based on the latest rumors for the iPhone 14 Pro from sites like Forbes and figures like Mark Gurman and John Prossor, It seems like the upcoming 14 Pro will ditch the FaceID notch and have some other minor aesthetic changes, but nothing groundbreaking that will really change your day-to-day use of the device like I’d argue better battery life and the 120hz screen will get you in the 13 Pro.", "Now, Apple will likely have a new chip in the iPhone 14 Pro and that may allow them to get even better battery life with that phone compared to the 13 Pro.", "So that may be something to watch.", "The iPhone 13 Pro starts at $999.00 here in the US for the 128 GB model and can go up to 1 TB of storage for $1499, and comes in the new Alpine Green, Silver, Gold, Graphite and Serria Blue which is the color I have.", "If you're interested in purchasing an iPhone 13 Pro or you just want to check out some links to some great iPhone accessories, make sure you check out the purchase links here in this video and in the description below.", "If you have any thoughts on the iPhone 13 Pro, what you love about using it, if it's worth the upgrade over the 13 in your mind and whether or not people should wait for the 14 pro, leave a comment below.", "Now, if you're looking for what to watch next, check out some of our other long-term full reviews.", "Like our reviews of the AirPods Max, HomePod Mini, iPad Mini, and make sure you're subscribed to see upcoming Apple long-term reviews, like our review of the Mac Studio and Studio Display.", "For 6 Months Later, I'm Josh Teder, thanks for watching." ]

[ "Pro Motion Display", "Telephoto Camera & Camera Quality", "LiDar Sensor", "Battery Life & iOS15", "Form Factor & Apple Ecosystem", "Downsides & Recommendations" ]

[ "(logo bleeping) - [Falcon] Normally the end of the game is when the crazy stuff stops happening, but some games save some extra special stuff for after the credits roll.", "Hi folks, it's Falcon, and today on Gameranx, 10 of the craziest things that happened after the game ended, part two.", "Now, part two implies there is a part one, and this is true.", "And of course, before we get into this list, this is about the endings and things that happen after the endings of games, so expect spoilers.", "But getting started with number 10, in \"Red Dead Redemption 2,\" when you play as John Marston, again.", "We mentioned \"Red Dead 1\" on the first list, so, for part two, we gotta come back with one of the best part twos of all time.", "\"RDR2\" is a prequel to the first game and follows the misadventures of the Dutch Van der Linde Gang, as they try to outrun the law and stay alive in a rapidly changing world.", "The protagonist of the original game, John Marston, is in the game, but mostly he's just around.", "The guy you actually play as is Arthur Morgan.", "And \"RDR2\" is not a short game, so you play as Arthur a lot.", "So, there's five lengthy sections of the story where you play as Arthur.", "It's so long that I just assume Rockstar wouldn't be putting anything else after the end.", "But, obviously, it's on this list, so I was not right about that.", "At this point, it's much less of a surprise because the game's been out a while, we've all played it.", "But at the end of the game, you can decide how honorable or dishonorable Arthur's final moments are, but the final result is always the same.", "Arthur dies and John Marston manages to escape.", "It feels like a pretty definitive end to things.", "And for most games, the story probably would just end there, but no, it keeps going.", "The game jumps ahead multiple years, and now we're back playing is John Marston.", "Like the epilogue chapter of the original game, these last bits are a little more mellow, showing John try to rebuild his relationship with his family and prove to them he's a changed man from his outlaw days.", "It's actually an amazing section of an already great game and only deepens the themes of the story.", "And it also feels good to be back in John Marston's boots for a while.", "At number nine is \"Guardians of the Galaxy's\" final boss.", "A more recent example of a game that pulls a pretty fast one on you.", "They really, really want you to think that this game is ending.", "Like there's a final boss, sequence where all the heroes struck away and talk to their buddies.", "And it really feels like that's the end.", "They roll the credits.", "There's even a mid-credit scene before cutting back to the credits that looks like there's set up to be a sequel.", "So, it really feels like the game could be ending here.", "It's kind of unsatisfying that you never got to fight the actual bad guy of the game, Magus.", "But this is video games we're talking about.", "Most video game endings aren't great, and usually, are kind of sudden, so we just assumed that and all this stuff would get followed up on a potential sequel.", "Thankfully, the game doesn't let us down.", "Magus shows up in the second mid-credits trailer, which leads to the actual final boss of the game.", "And it is appropriately epic.", "The only reason this whole thing isn't higher on the list is because it's not totally unexpected.", "I mean, the bad guy's whole thing is that he can warp reality and trick people with visions and stuff, so the audience is kind of conditioned to expect the unexpected.", "So, savvy players probably saw this one coming, but we were impressed, at least.", "\"Guardians\" turned out to be a surprisingly great game with a really fun last-minute twist.", "At number eight is \"Dead Space 2's\" rescue.", "One that really could have gone in our first list.", "\"Dead space 2\" is, in many ways, the \"Aliens\" of video games.", "It's a more action-packed sequel that expands the original, while still retaining what made the original so great.", "It's just a really fun, scary game with a lot of great moments, and one's obviously included on there.", "At first, it seems like the game's gonna end on a downer.", "Isaac's able to resist control of the Marker and destroy it, but it seems like he's going to die with the station.", "Isaac sits down, the screen fades to black, while the computer voice is saying, \"The entire facility is falling apart.\"", "It's a very horror game kind of ending, that could have easily been how things concluded, and even starts rolling credits to really make you think that's the end, until, out of nowhere, Isaac's video screen turns on and reveals that Ellie is coming to rescue you.", "So, you get in the ship and everything seems cool but they actually hit you with a double fake-out, as Isaac sits in a chair a lot like the ending of the first \"Dead Space.\"", "If you remember that game ends with Isaac sitting in the escape pod and then suddenly getting attacked by a Necromorph, it looks like the exact same thing's gonna play out again here.", "But when Isaac looks over, he just sees Ellie who just looks back and says, \"What?\"", "As unrelentingly grim as these games can be, the fact \"Dead Space 2\" has a pretty happy ending almost feels like a subversion.", "But after everything the poor dude went through, it was nice they gave Isaac a little bit of a break with this ending.", "At number seven is \"Resident Evil 8's\" flash forward.", "A really unexpected thing from the game for multiple reasons.", "For one, \"Resident Evil\" games almost always have short endings where the heroes fly away in a helicopter and then fade to credits.", "It's practically a series tradition that the ending's pretty short and simple.", "It's just something that happens in pretty much every one of the games.", "And it's basically how this one ends too.", "Chris Redfield and Mia and the baby escape on a helicopter, while Ethan Winters sacrifices himself to save the day.", "There's even a little tease that Chris is going to the European BSAA headquarters to deal with them.", "Which implies there will be a sequel, with Chris fighting his former organization.", "That's pretty normal.", "The stuff you'd expect from a \"Resident Evil\" game.", "But then the credits play and there's a post-credit scene that sort of blows everything up.", "The actual scene itself is relatively mundane, but the implications for the series are pretty huge.", "It shows a teenage Rose visiting her father's grave, getting picked up by a guy who apparently works for Chris.", "They imply that Rose has some kind of powers and that she is needed for a situation.", "And then the car drives away to show a figure in the distance, who's presumably an actually alive Ethan Winters.", "All of this wouldn't be that huge if this was a standalone game, but it's not.", "It's the eighth game and a major franchise.", "And there's never been a time skip as huge as this one in a \"Resident Evil\" game.", "Remember, the last time we saw Rose, she was a literal baby.", "So, it has to be at least 12 to 15 years from the rest of the ending.", "What's the state of the world now?", "Why did they tease two completely different sequels at the end?", "It's all kind of nuts, especially if you're a \"Resident Evil fan and love the speculation.", "At number six, \"Nioh 2,\" in that is a prequel and a sequel.", "\"Nioh 2\" is an incredibly long game, especially for an action game.", "So, when you take on a two-stage boss and it basically, in every way, looks like the last boss, most people think that's the end.", "The plot's simple, you out friends with Tokichiro, and both rise up the ranks and gain prestige, but Tokichiro becomes evil and you have to fight him.", "So, it makes sense that this would be the final battle.", "The encounter with him is pretty tough too.", "He's got the same Yokai powers as you do.", "There's even a surprise villain reveal where you find out that this evil spirit guy is the one who is influencing your friend to be bad.", "So, you beat him down too.", "And it's revealed that his evil is so powerful that you have to seal yourself in with him to keep the spirit contained.", "It seems like an obvious stopping point, but, no, the game just keeps going.", "In a pretty cool twist, it's revealed here that this game is both a prequel and a sequel to the original \"Nioh.\"", "It never seemed like the protagonist, William, would appear in the game, but here he is.", "And you actually have to fight him as the next boss.", "Of course, then the two of them team up to take on the actual honest to God final boss, Otakemaru, and then the game actually ends.", "They never even hinted that something like this would happen.", "Pre-release Team Ninja swore up and down the game was just a prequel and had nothing to do with the first game, story-wise at least.", "So, they completely lied about that, but it made the ending a really big surprise.", "Yeah, nobody really cares too in-depth about the story in these games, but a William boss fight was pretty darn cool.", "At number five, with \"Metal Gear Solid V,\" that there is just a part two of the game.", "This is an obvious edition.", "There's a point in this game where it really seems like everything's wrapping up.", "You take on this game's Metal Gear, you kill the bad guy, everyone goes home happy, the credit's roll.", "That's it.", "Job well done.", "And then at the end, there's something completely different.", "A trailer for part two.", "Most \"Metal Gear\" games love to hide twists after the credits.", "It's a common thing for there to be some kind of phone message or conversation after the end credits where a big bombshell's dropped, that either hints towards a sequel or makes you rethink everything that's already happened.", "This game does something different.", "The credits roll, but there's still a ton of story left.", "Some of the most interesting parts of the game actually happen in part two.", "It's really where the entire structure of the game kind of gets blown up and not everything works.", "Just having to replay certain missions over again on hard difficulties is a drag.", "And the whole thing kind of feels incomplete.", "But just the fact that there's so much more of the game past where a \"Metal gear\" traditionally ends was kind of shocking.", "Regardless of your opinion of the rest of the game, the trailer that played after the credits was mind-blowing in the best possible way.", "At number four, \"Call of Duty: Black Ops II's\" Avenging Sevenfold.", "\"Call of Duty: Black Ops II\" has a more silly one where Menendez and Woods join Avenged Sevenfold, to play for a crowd consisting primarily of every other character to show up across the game.", "Also, Woods isn't actually handicapped, he's just apparently lazy.", "Let's explain.", "This one's a lot goofier.", "So, \"Call of Duty: Black Ops II's campaign was a pretty interesting experiment for the franchise.", "Instead of being totally linear, there were multiple choices that would affect the outcome of the story.", "It's an idea that they've only tried again, even kind of with \"Cold War,\" but we'd love to see the franchise really try this choose your own adventure idea in a future game again.", "The plot takes place in the future of the \"Black Ops\" universe, and it's about hunting a terrorist leader named Raul Menendez.", "None of that really matters for this whole thing though.", "In fact, nothing matters to this.", "It's just an all-around really dumb thing that Treyarch put at the end of the game for, honestly, I have no idea.", "I don't know why this is in the game.", "Depending on your end, this goofy little bonus thing may come after either one or both characters featured die an agonizing death, so the tonal whiplash is completely insane.", "It's all inappropriate, dumb, totally pointless, and, to some, painfully cringe.", "But it's also definitely surprising.", "I mean, why would a \"Call of Duty\" game end with a concert?", "At number three is the funeral in \"Wild Arms.\"", "We've mostly been talking about modern games on this list so far, but for this one, let's go all the way back to 1996, and the PlayStation 1.", "The original \"Wild Arms\" was pretty much overshadowed by the much more technically impressive and modern \"Final Fantasy VI,\" but it's a cult classic game for a reason.", "If you get past the pretty ugly 3D models in battle, you've got an old-school RPG with a really good story and fantastic pixel art, on top of an amazing soundtrack.", "One interesting gimmick about the game was that after you picked one of the three protagonists at the start of the game, you would play through each of their stories individually before they all met up and finally started the game properly.", "That let the game focus on each character's special gimmicks and give them some character before the actual plot kicked in, and it worked pretty well.", "Once all three characters are united, you get sent on a mission to discover some ancient technology, and when you return to town, it gets attacked by demons.", "The heroes lose the fight against the demon leader, the king is killed, and that seems like it's the end of the game.", "Looking at it now, it's absurd to think that an RPG would end that quickly, but a lot of players legitimately assumed that was the end of the game.", "It's a long sequence with swelling music that shows the funeral of the king in the aftermath of the battle.", "It really does feel like something you would show at the end of the game, but it's really the beginning of the game.", "It was way more of a wild west with video games back then, so nobody really knew what a game might do.", "The PlayStation 1 was a system with a lot of weird games too.", "So, if you just rented this one without any prior experience, I could definitely see why you'd think the funeral is the end, especially when the credits start kicking in.", "Games really didn't just do stuff like that back then.", "At number two is \"Advent Rising.\"", "I don't know how to describe this without spending a longer period of time on it, so here.", "If you've heard about this game, it's probably in relation to how much of a bomb it was.", "It was an infamous failure.", "A janky, buggy mess that was awkward to play, and had a borderline incomprehensible story.", "I can't even begin to describe what's supposed to be happening in this game.", "You play as this strange noodle creature that's apparently a human being, and you fight forearmed Elites from \"Halo.\"", "And that's the game.", "But while most of it is weird and kind of dumb, it's not really noteworthy, at least, until the ending.", "At the end of the game, you manage to defeat the bad guys called the Seekers, then make it to the Galactic Council, basically, to tattle on the bad guys.", "The credits roll from there and that seems like the end.", "It's kind of weird and unsatisfying, but it fits with the rest of the game.", "Then, suddenly, the game cuts back to the Council and this weird dude floats in and says that they're a \"true human,\" and you end up fighting them.", "\"Guardians of the Galaxy\" didn't invent the surprise boss after the credits, this game did.", "There's probably something older than both of these that does the same trick.", "But, anyway, you fight the guy with psychic powers, and then you go through a portal.", "Then some weirdo, this guy with horns, tells you that there is much to be done.", "So, basically, all the most interesting stuff about this game happens after the credits.", "And, guess what?", "It's not going to be followed up on.", "And that's fine.", "And finally, at number one, \"Dragon's Dogma's\" Everfall.", "You'd think a game called \"Dragon's Dogma\" would end when you kill the dragon, but, no.", "The entire game seems to be about hunting a big dragon.", "Everything in the story tells you the dragon's the focus and there's pretty much zero hints there could be anything else going on.", "So, when you finally take on the big guy in the suitably epic final showdown, that feels like the end of the game.", "But in one of the most unexpected and crazy twists of all time, defeating the dragon causes a giant hole to appear in the capital city called the Everfall.", "And to truly finish the game, you need to go down to the depths of the place and take on the real final boss.", "Like I said, there's really nothing that hinted this could happen.", "It's a game mostly about wandering around an open world, finding monsters.", "But the end of the game has you go to a pretty closed-off dungeon and fight a god or whatever this is supposed to be.", "It's a sharp right turn for a game that's pretty traditional fantasy stuff for most of it.", "A lot of JRPGs get weird at the end, and it's one of those things people kind of come to expect.", "But there's no way people would've expected that you'd have to fight and then become a god at the end of \"Dragon's Dogma.\"", "And remember, this is pre-\"Dark Souls,\" so it was a pretty novel idea at the time, at least for games like this.", "Everything about the dragon boss screams, \"This is the final boss,\" so there being a lot more past it is just a huge shock.", "And that's all for today.", "Leave us a comment.", "Let us know what you think.", "If you liked this video click like.", "If you're not subscribed, now's a great time to do so.", "We upload brand new videos every day of the week.", "The best way to see them first is, of course, a subscription.", "So, click subscribe, don't forget to enable all notifications.", "And as always, we thank you very much for watching this video.", "I'm Falcon.", "You can follow me on Twitter @FalconTheHero.", "And we'll see you next time, right here on Gameranx." ]

[ "Intro", "SPOILERS LIST", "RED DEAD REDEMPTION 2", "Guardians of the Galaxy", "Dead Space 2", "Resident Evil 8", "Nioh 2", "Metal Gear Solid 5", "Call of Duty: Black Ops 2", "Wild Arms", "Advent Rising", "Dragon's Dogma" ]

[ "IRFAN BAQUI: Hey, everyone.", "Welcome to \"Apigee Up Close.\"", "My name is Irfan Baqui.", "I'm a custom engineer with Google Cloud, helping our customers make better architectural decisions as well as better API management decisions, and today we'll be talking about insights-driven API programs.", "And the objective is just to share our philosophy on analytics and monitoring and relate it to your business.", "I'll give you a lot of examples of how our customers are leveraging insights to make their businesses better, to make the API programs better, and then toward the end I'll take you through a demo that will showcase everything that we talk about in the presentation.", "But the central idea really is that a business needs real-time insights on multiple different levels to be agile, and I'll show you today on how you can get those insights.", "I'm sure you're familiar with Apigee.", "It sits in the middle of all of your services in your applications, and all of the data that goes through between your applications and your services-- it goes through Apigee.", "And the good thing about this is that Apigee-- it has a lot of data passing through, and it can give you the right insights on how your services are doing, both on a business level as well as on an operational level.", "And when we are talking about this data, the one thing to keep in mind is that the data is usually associated with a particular entity.", "So on the left you have the customer.", "On the right you have your back end systems, and that's how the data flows, left to right and right to left.", "And it is associated with a customer, an application, and a developer, and it accesses particular APIs, which are part of different products of yours.", "And in turn, those APIs-- in Apigee, then, they interact with specific back end systems.", "So all of these insights are very specific to the particular entity, thus they can give you a good glean on how your business and your API program is doing.", "So now let me tell you about our philosophy behind insights.", "We look at insights in a lot of different levels, and the first level is just your core business.", "Everything starts at your core business KPIs.", "What is your business strategy, and what are the metrics that you need to track to achieve it?", "And you would want to track that, and you can do it in Apigee in very close to a real-time basis, be it your revenue, or your subscriptions, or the health of your marketing campaigns.", "You can track all of those insights in Apigee.", "The second one is the insights about your API program.", "How is your API program doing?", "How many developers are signing up in a particular week?", "The different applications the developers are making-- how are they consuming your APIs?", "What are the experiences that the end users are getting?", "So all of those insights you can get from a good API management platform like Apigee.", "The next one is at a product level, so within your API program you would be exposing a lot of different APIs bundled together as a product that represent a cohesive functionality.", "And you want to see how those products are being consumed by your customers, and you want to see how one product relates to the other and figure out how you can make them better, invest the right resources to make them better.", "And lastly, the operational level analytics for your operations teams, and these have to be real-time.", "So if there is something wrong in your APIs on Apigee or even in your back end systems, you want to get alerted in real time with the right amount of information that will help you solve that particular error, and you'd be able to get that with Apigee.", "So now let me talk about some of our customers that are using Apigee Analytics on all of these different levels.", "So one of the customers I want to talk about is T-Mobile.", "T-Mobile is one of the largest telecommunications providers in the United States, and they are reinventing themselves as a technology company.", "They are modernizing their entire stack, and they're using Apigee as the API layer on top of everything to manage the APIs, and govern them, and all of that.", "So one of their key business metrics that they track are subscriptions.", "And they're able to get business insights into how the API program is supporting that key business strategy and how many subscriptions they're driving.", "So thinking about T-Mobile, it has a good online presence.", "It also has a very good brick-and-mortar, concrete, offline presence.", "It has thousands of stores across the US, but at the same time, they're also selling through big-box retailers.", "And they would want to find out what kinds of demographics resonate better in one channel versus the other.", "The people who would buy T-Mobile subscriptions in the retailer Target may be of a different demographic than folks that buy the subscriptions at Best Buy or Walmart.", "And you want to make sure that you are appealing to them, you're providing the right kind of product to each one of them.", "And that's possible by gaining the right insights from that demographic.", "The other customer I want to talk about is Domino's Pizza.", "Now, you would think that Domino's is in the pizza delivery business, but actually they are in a B2B business, servicing their franchise owners, and these franchisees-- they have their own IT systems.", "Then Domino's needs a way to integrate into their delivery systems, and their payment systems, and all of that, and they are able to do that with Apigee.", "But at the same time, to stay competitive and lure the franchise owners in staying with Domino's and opening up even more franchises, they need to provide them with relevant insights on how they can make their programs better.", "And with a platform like Apigee, as all of the data is flowing through, they would be able to give them insights on what does the best delivery experience look like?", "Who are the target demographics, what are they interested in across different geographies, and what are the success factors and success criterias that the franchise owners can implement to make their businesses better?", "The other customer I want to talk to you about is Walgreens, and Walgreens is really a classic example of a customer that has developed a robust developer ecosystem.", "Walgreens-- if you're aware, it is one of the largest pharmacy chains in the United States.", "Back in 2008, they started to experience a drop in their photo business because folks weren't using film rolls anymore, and they were using their smartphones instead to take pictures.", "And then it was really important for them to understand the end user behaviors and figure out how to get those users back.", "Well, they found out that they were taking pictures with their smartphones, but they still wanted to get those pictures printed.", "So they created some native applications, mobile as well as desktop, to basically enable them to get those photos printed at a nearby Walgreens.", "And that restored some of their business, but they said, hey, I think there is some more potential here.", "And they started to get insights into what kinds of pictures were these customers printing.", "And they found out that a lot of this traffic was coming from other photo services that would enhance their customers' photos.", "For example, at Halloween time you would upload a picture to one of these services and decorate it with pumpkins or something.", "So they were experiencing a lot of traffic from such services.", "They said, all right, how about I expose my photo prints API to these different applications and services and incentivize them to route their traffic to get the photos printed at a nearby Walgreens store?", "So they did that, and their ecosystem exploded.", "There were actually net new apps that the developers were making just to tap into the incentives that Walgreens would give them to direct traffic to their stores.", "So that was very successful.", "And then they replicated that model to other products as well.", "So now they have a plethora of products ranging from prescription refills, and rewards programs, and home delivery services that are basically just APIs that they're exposing.", "And they're being integrated in the developer's applications and thereby giving more business and traffic to Walgreens.", "And they were able to do so by really understanding their end customers and their shopping patterns as well as understanding developers, what they need, and incentivizing them to partner with them and send them the right traffic.", "The next thing I want to talk about is operational insights and monitoring, and this is actually used by a lot of our customers and a lot of different verticals.", "So I won't to give you a particular customer's example.", "But let me tell you about the motivation, actually, of why we created the Monitoring module in Apigee.", "Some of the largest retailers in the US and across the globe, actually, are Apigee's customers.", "And at critical times of the year, like the New Year's sale or the Black Friday or Cyber Monday sale, they experience enormous amount of traffic.", "So for example, in 2018, Black Friday, we experienced close to 110,000 transactions per second sustained over long durations of time.", "And it's important that these services for these customers-- they're up and running without any disruption because every second of disruption could cost them hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of dollars in revenue.", "So Apigee has a really robust API availability rate.", "We surpass our SLAs.", "But our customers said that, hey, sometimes there are things on our end that we need to troubleshoot.", "Some of our services get down for a variety of different reasons, and we would love to get some alerts for us to be able to fix those issues fast and get up and running really fast.", "So that was the motivation behind Apigee Monitoring.", "It addresses a particular need for the operations teams.", "And there's a lot of pressure these days for them to resolve issues very fast, quickly diagnose issues, and the data that Apigee has, which is specific to the entities accessing the APIs as well as services that the API is tied to.", "And the different policies in your proxies and where exactly that error might be occurring is very useful in diagnosing these APIs issues.", "So this is a diagram of how Apigee monitoring differs from just generic synthetic monitoring.", "The thing I want you to focus on is that the alerts that you get-- they are precise.", "They tell you exactly where the error has occurred.", "They're contextual.", "If the error is due to a raised condition, if it's intermittent, it'll help you zero-in on what exactly is wrong and what is triggering that particular error.", "So just to sum it up, Apigee Analytics actually covers all of the personas that need insights into the API program to make it better.", "It is your business owner to get insights on the strategy for the API program and how it's doing with relation to the different KPIs that the business team has set-- so the API team to monitor the health of the API program and figure out what is gaining traction, what needs more resources-- to the app developer to gain insights into particular API proxies and applications, and to your ops teams to get real-time monitoring alerts and help in diagnosing the issues.", "Let me jump right into a demo.", "So this is how the Apigee platform looks.", "You have a place to design your APIs.", "You have a place to create, build your APIs, productize them, publish them, and all of that, and then you have a place for analytics.", "And to the left of the screen, as you can see, these are the out-of-the-box dashboards that you have to target specific personas within your organization.", "I would like to begin with developers because once you have an API program, usually the first thing you think about is, how are my developers consuming my APIs, what is my engagement rate, and all of that?", "So this dashboard will give us just that.", "So right now, as you can see, there is a funnel on the screen, and you'll be able to see how many developers have signed up for your API program and out of the developers that have signed up, how many have actually created applications, how many of those applications are active, and how many of those applications are highly active.", "And down below you'll be able to see how is each of the application performing, what is a traffic that they are running through their platform, what is the error rate, and all of that.", "And then you can dig in further to analyze the high-level metrics.", "The next thing that you would be interested in just for the high level is a traffic composition.", "Just tell me what are the top 10 proxies that are receiving the most traffic.", "Tell me what are the top applications that are consuming my services, what are the top 10 products that are being accessed, being consumed, and who are the developers that are the most active on my platform?", "So that is more a high-level overview of the health of your API program.", "If you're looking at the end users, if you're a product manager, you would want to gauge, where are my end users located?", "You'd be able to do that with the GeoMap attribute with Apigee.", "Over here, as you can see, I have a lot of users coming from the United States, but also have global presence in Australia, and Norway, and China, Pakistan, a lot of places.", "So if I click on the US, I'll be able to see the different states where traffic is coming from.", "Most of it looks like it's coming from California.", "I can dig in deeper and see what are different counties that are sending me this traffic.", "You can also see what are the devices that are accessing your applications.", "So over here you can see that the most popular platform looks like it's Chrome, and Internet Explorer, and so on and so forth.", "Most of the traffic is coming from the PC, and a lot of my users are also using the smartphone, mostly from Windows, also from iOS and all of that.", "So the next thing I want to show you is the API metrics on a product level as well as on an API proxy level.", "So if I click on the API Proxy Performance, on this dashboard, you'll be able to see what is the health of all of my API proxies.", "For the traffic that you have gotten, what of the successes, and what are the errors?", "You can see that my error rate is pretty high, actually.", "It's 8%.", "So I need to make a mental note that I need to dig into what is causing that error rate, so we'll do that in just a second.", "You can also see that my average response time for the proxy is just a bit over 100 milliseconds.", "For the target, it's a bit over 250 milliseconds.", "These are the traffic patterns by proxy, and there's the average response time for each of the proxies.", "In the same time, this is for your proxies that you are exposing on Apigee.", "You can also get the same kind of information for your target back ends that the proxies are in turn hitting to get the right data to execute the right logic.", "And you can see that the traffic by target tells you what the traffic patterns are.", "It also tells you that most or all of it is successful.", "Your back end is not showing any errors, which is good.", "Your response time, averaged proxy is about 130.", "Average target is close to 300.", "And it also tells you a bit about the payload.", "You can also do latency analysis, and cash performance, and all of that.", "Let me take a look at error code analysis.", "Let's see what kinds of errors are we throwing.", "So all of the errors are proxy errors.", "We knew that.", "And a majority of those errors are 400 errors, 4xx, mostly authentication, and bad requests, and all of that, which is good.", "We want to deny those requests.", "But a small percentage of it is also 500, 5xx, errors.", "We should look into that, what exactly is going on there.", "It also tells me what is the error by proxy.", "It looks like my product search proxy is receiving or generating the most amount of errors-- so we'll take a look at that-- errors by target, and also proxy errors by response code.", "And most of the response code is 401 or 500 and some 502s, so we'll look into that as well.", "Now let's dive right into some of the business-level metrics.", "So I mentioned that we have a lot of customers that are using these tools to gain business level insights on their revenues, and on the marketing campaigns, and all of that.", "So let me show you how you can do it.", "So these are-- what I showed you are out-of-the-box reports.", "You have a lot of metrics and data available so that you can create your own custom reports.", "So let's say you are a big-box retailer, and you have a lot of retail locations all across the globe.", "For that, let's say I want a revenue report on how each one of my locations are doing.", "So I'll run this report for the past hour, as I just want it to be real-time just to monitor the health.", "And it will tell me that, hey, the majority or the highest revenue grossing store was my US 15 store, and my stores in India, Norway, Pakistan are doing pretty well as well, as they are in the top 10.", "Let's say, on the other hand, you are running a marketing organization, and you want to see the health of your marketing campaigns.", "Then let's take a look at the marketing report.", "Let's run it for the past hour.", "So over here you can see that your traffic is divided into three different blocks, and one chunk is from social media.", "So let's take a look in there.", "As you can see, the report is interactive.", "It tells me that I have a few different campaigns running.", "One is a data privacy campaign.", "There's also the money back guarantee campaign, all of that.", "And it tells me what is a traffic composition from each one of these, and it looks like my expert conversation campaign is grossing the least amount of traffic.", "So I hope that I'm also spending the least amount of money on that and the revenue per dollar spent on that campaign is worth my time.", "So let's click on the data privacy campaign and look at what kinds of channels that the traffic is coming from.", "It looks like most of it is coming from blogs.", "There's also some from Google, LinkedIn, some influencer marketing going on, and the least amount of traffic from Twitter and Instagram.", "So it gives me a good insight into what is working for my campaigns versus what is not working.", "So now, lastly, what I want to show you is API monitoring, and the API monitoring is about how is the health of your API program in real time.", "So what you're seeing right now is basically a dashboard.", "It tells you what is the TPS that your org is experiencing, what is the error rate, what is the latency, and all of that.", "So one feature I want to call out over here is the alerting feature, so over here I've set a 500 error alert to alert me whenever my proxy surpasses a threshold for the 500 errors.", "In that threshold I've set is that if there is a constant rate of 3% or higher for five minutes, then please alert me, and send me an alert to this particular email.", "And you can choose whatever mode you want, integrated with anything you want, with webhook, or PagerDuty, or Slack, or email.", "So if I go to my inbox, I was actually getting some 500 alerts, and I got a few alerts just recently.", "So let me take a look at this that I got about a day ago, and it tells me that there's a playbook for me to use to troubleshoot that alert.", "It also gives me the details on exactly what that alert is.", "So let me click on View Details, so it will take me to a report in the investigation panel on API monitoring.", "It tells me that, hey, the status quo is 500, and here was a spike that I'm looking at.", "It was constant, or it was pretty stable at that threshold for about five minutes.", "And that's how it got triggered is right here.", "It tells me that the rate limit policy that I have is triggering this, so now I have a pretty decent idea of what exactly is going on.", "I click on this.", "It tells me that the environment is production.", "This is the proxy.", "So if you recall from earlier, the product search proxy was also a proxy that was throwing the most errors, so I'm not surprised by this.", "And it looks like a lot of applications are affected by this particular error, so that's good to know.", "And it also gives me some other detail in terms of the message processor and also the target that my API proxy is calling as part of these APIs calls.", "And down below it tells me that most of the errors are generated from the proxy itself, and there are very few from the target, so 3,500 from the proxy itself.", "So now I know exactly where to go.", "I know the particular proxy that is impacted, and I know the policy within the proxy that is throwing these errors.", "So let me now go to Develop.", "Let me click on API Proxies.", "And now I'll go into the Product-Search proxy, and I'll go into Develop.", "And this is the SpikeArrest policy that is throwing those errors.", "It looks like I'm saying that, hey, if I receive more than three requests per second, then please throw errors.", "Don't let them pass through because I think that is higher than I expect.", "I think three requests per second-- let's say I do some analysis, I look at the capacity and back end systems, and I feel like, I could probably increase it to seven requests per second, and save it.", "And now it's deployed, and basically that's it.", "Now I should expect those error rates to go down because my SpikeArrest policy will get triggered less often.", "So this is basically what the Apigee Analytics in monitoring looks like.", "So that's it for today.", "Thank you for joining.", "You can find more webinars coming out every week, so please tune-in for that.", "And you can also find recordings of our past webinars on our YouTube channel.", "Thanks again for joining." ]

[ "Intro", "Levels of Insight", "Core Business Insights Examples", "Operational Insights and Monitoring", "API Analytics and API Monitoring Demo" ]

[ "I think there is a chance that the US government may about to once again create the greatest wealth heist in history.", "The previous one being in 1971, when Nixon stole the world's gold reserves.", "After World War 2 the US dollar became the global currency.", "Almost every nation's currencies were backed by US dollars, instead of gold, as US dollars were transferable into gold.", "But dollars are a lot more fungible than gold, along with other benefits, one being transportation, gold is really heavy.", "COMMUNISM But America had to fight communism, by any means necessary.", "We had communism take over the USSR, then Mao in the communist party of China, it was spreading throughout the world, and was making it's way to Vietnam.", "It wasn't just Vietnam though, as the Soviets were also showing off how amazing communism is, and that they can actually launch satellites into space.", "Then people.", "The space race was on.", "Of course it didn't take long until we discover about 100 million people died of famine under communism regime, mainly through Mao and Stalin.", "Eventually China did discover that free markets were much more prosperous for citizens.", "In 2001 China entered the WTO, and we saw the biggest reduction in famine ever.", "Between the Vietnam ward, and a mission to the moon, well the government got through quite a bit of cash.", "It started to make some of the other nations think, how is America paying for all this?", "Are they maybe using our gold?", "They wanted to claim their gold.", "I believe France actually had a massive ship in New York, ready to collect gold.", "But then Nixon says all bets are off, you can't have your gold, we are going to keep it, tough luck.", "The world enters massive inflation, but what really happened is the value of the dollar just dropped out the market.", "It just became a fiat currency, and dropped all the way down to the value that the people place on a dollar, when it is only backed by the faith of the US government and nothing more.", "RESET America got to reset the currency, paid for with all international gold.", "However, the rest of the world, still had US Dollars as their reserves, despite it no longer being backed by gold.", "On top of that, the US could still print as much money as they wanted, without any input from other nations.", "In other words, every time the FED prints money, it dilutes the value of a dollar, for all holders, whether in the US or Cambodia.", "Except only the US government benefit from the printing, as they get to choose where to spend it, as they printed it in the first place.", "They also spend it at full value, before said spending deflates.", "Yes, this is very unfair for the rest of the world, but wow, what a deal America got.", "On top of that pretty much after it stopped being backed by gold, it went to being backed by oil anyway, due to the petrodollar.", "Wow, another amazing score for the US dollar.", "No wonder it's such a wealthy nation.", "INFLATION But America kept printing to get through each crisis.", "The global financial crisis was a big one.", "I took a long time to recover from that, even with the inception of the smart phone industry to boost the economy.", "We were just about recovered, before the pandemic hit.", "It was the pandemic that created this insane money supply, with so much additional debt, and low interest rates, and extreme monetary policies, for extreme circumstances.", "The level of spending was a really hard thing to judge, and they overshot, but probably better to over shoot than under shoot, if the it potentially means your citizens/customers may face famine.", "But they printed too much, and we still have low interest rates, and now we are seeing the side-effects, with inflation creeping up ever so fast.", "This was inevitable, as I was saying it literally all last year, well here it is, and it's not going away.", "How do we fight inflation?", "We raise interest rates, it's that simple, raise them to whatever they need to, just like we saw the chairman of the federal reserve, paul volcker, do in the 80s.", "We were up around 20% interest.", "It worked, it forced a necessary recession and saved the currency.", "Right, and we are already hearing about rate rises.", "Except they are talking about a quarter of a percent here and there.", "1/4 a percent, not 20%.", "Even after such rate hikes, then we are still historically low, at rates that are usually at a level to stimulate an economy not slow it down.", "The FED can't raise rates though, as eventually the government will also have to pay interest on their national debt.", "If rates are raised even to something as high as 2%, it's ridiculous at how far off the government would be in its ability to afford that interest.", "The only way to pay for that interest, would be to borrow more, getting further in debt, more inflation, rinse repeat, until the currency hyper inflates.", "Thus ending the US Dollar.", "You also have to wonder what other nations are thinking the way the US is treating the dollar.", "They don't want their reserves to go into hyperinflation, I mean it's trillions of dollars.", "In times like this, usually I would say these nations would build up their gold reserves.", "Transferring US dollars reserves into gold.", "But the world is not the same.", "We have also tried gold before.", "We have a new improved gold now, cyrpto currencies, well only Bitcoin.", "BITCOIN The thing is, the US still has the reserve currency, and can print it into oblivion if they so choose.", "It is inevitably over, they know this, but there is still a little bit of gas left in the tank, before inflation really takes control of the currency.", "The Fed are able to take all the remaining value in the dollar, and transfer it into something else, like Bitcoin.", "Except if they do, it will mean they no longer have a currency they have any control over.", "No more monetary policy.", "This is their last savior of having some currency.", "https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cryptocurrency-biden-executive-order-digital-dollar/ Of course Biden is on the ball as usual, and is only now issuing an executive order for a digital dollar.", "I think this is what we call too little, too late.", "At the end of the day it's up to everyone what currency we use anyway.", "It's your money, your wealth, your net worth, you want to put it somewhere secure, safe, and reliable, that you have control over and wont inflate or depreciate.", "Are you going to trust a fly by the night crypto currency, or an established, reliable, trusted, proven crypto?", "Trade your fiat dollars in for a digital dollar.", "Or use the fiat currency to buy bitcoin.", "But what if the BTC starts going vertical before then anyway.", "What if other nations don't want to transfer their dollars to digital dollars, with no proven value, and returning the global reserve currency to the US government.", "You don't know what the value of that currency will end up, when it floats.", "It is incredibly difficult to float a new currency.", "But a reserve currency, well that feels like that thing they do when they pull a table cloth off really quickly, and all the plates and silverware remain in the same place, except they have to do that, and then put the cloth back again, again without moving the plates and silverware.", "US BUYING BITCOIN The US could just buy up all the Bitcoin they could, printing and printing US dollars until the currency has gone.", "Something like one bitcoin would equal about a billion dollars.", "But equally one pound sterling might also be worth $10,000.", "Although Bitcoin surged, it was also the end of the dollar we are collapsing.", "Just a side note, I think this might be about the same time I exercise my LEAPS - wow LEAPS were an awesome investment in hyperinflation, something I did mention back last year.", "Ok, so if the US government did this, it would mean they have stolen all the value from all the dollars from every nation, organization or individual holding US dollars.", "The Fed has this power, it always has, and right now it's starting to feel like, all bets are off.", "But this is America, they wouldn't do that would they, well not again?", "Right, again, like I said, the government stole all the global gold reserves already, of course they wouldn't steal all the dollar reserves too.", "For the record, I love America, I love what America was built on, I have even lived their for 2 years and visited over 40 states.", "I have studied the history of the country relentlessly, more than any other nation.", "I am for everything America was founded on, and the constitution.", "But this is not America, this is the over inflated government, who have become far too fat, and can no long afford to support itself.", "In 1913 the US Federal Reserve Bank was set up, it was Chase Bank, which is the Rockefellers, JP Morgan, and the Warburg banking family.", "I am sure we have all heard enough conspiracies associated with this bank, but I am not sure if the Rothschilds actually were actually a part of it.", "This was the seed that allowed the government to grow into what it has become today, giving them control of the treasury, and here we are today, with an unconstitutional currency.", "Once the dollar dies, and we move to BTC, it means that monetary policy once again returns to the people, as it as intended, except in a way that was never conceivable.", "If the founding fathers of the US had Bitcoin back then, you can guarantee that Bitcoin would have been the currency.", "Jefferson would have been one of the biggest btc maximalists.", "SUMMARY Be prepared out there, we are at the precipice of a new world.", "It is plainly clear that fiat currencies are gone.", "And a US Dollar crypto, is just another disguised fiat currency." ]

[ "Intro", "Communism", "Reset", "Inflation", "Bitcoin", "US Buying BTC", "Summary" ]

[ "[APPLAUSE] - Two out of the three fundamental mysteries about our place in the universe have already been resolved.", "The first is literally about our place in the universe.", "Many years ago Copernicus told us that we were not at its centre, that we were just a tiny dot suspended in the abyss.", "This is an image of the earth taken from the probe Voyager 1 as it was leaving the solar system from about six billion kilometres away.", "All of human history, all of the history of life on Earth, has taken place on that pale blue dot.", "The second mystery, Darwin then revealed that we humans are just one branch, or one twig, of a beautifully rich and delicate evolutionary tree.", "And that much of the machinery of life is shared even with the lowliest of our fellow creatures.", "The third mystery is that of consciousness, our inner universe.", "Now earlier this year, for the third time in my life, I ceased to exist.", "As the propofol anaesthetic flowed from the cannula in my wrist into my bloodstream and then into my brain, there was a falling apart.", "A blackness.", "An absence.", "And then, I was back.", "Drowsy and disoriented, but definitely there.", "And when you wake from a deep sleep, you might be confused what time it is, especially in flying somewhere, but you'll know that some time has passed.", "There seems to be some basic continuity between your consciousness then, and your consciousness now.", "But coming around from a general anaesthetic, it could have been five minutes.", "It could have been five hours.", "It could have been five days, or five years.", "I was simply not there.", "A premonition of the oblivion of death.", "And general anaesthesia doesn't just work on your brain.", "It doesn't just work on your mind.", "It works on your consciousness.", "By altering the delicate electrochemical circuitry inside your head, the basic ground state of what it is to be is temporarily abolished.", "And in this process lies one of the greatest remaining mysteries in science and philosophy.", "How does consciousness happen?", "Why is life in the first person?", "It is going away, and coming back.", "The modern incarnation of this problem is usually traced to Descartes, who in the 17th century distinguished between matter stuff, res extensa, the stuff that these desks are made of, that clothes are made of.", "But also the brains and bodies and made of, material stuff.", "And res cogitans, the stuff of thought, of feelings.", "The stuff of consciousness.", "And in making this distinction, he gave rise to the now infamous mind/body problem, and life has never been simple ever since.", "But Descartes actually generated even more mischief with his doctrine of the beast machine, which I'm going to mention now, because it anticipates where I'm going to end up as the bell rings when I finish in an hour.", "Before Descartes, people commonly believed in something called the great chain of being, with rocks and plants at one end, and other non-human animals, a bit higher up than humans, and then angels and gods at the very top.", "And this great scale of being was also a scale of moral virtue, so that humans had more moral virtues than animals and plants, and then rocks and so on.", "Now Descartes, in making this division between mind and matter, argued that only humans had minds, and therefore moral status, while other animals didn't have minds.", "They were merely physiological machines, or beast machines, morally equivalent to plants, and to rocks.", "And in this view, the physiological mechanisms that give rise to the property of being alive were not relevant to the presence of mind or consciousness.", "Now I'm going to propose, at the end of this talk, the opposite.", "That our conscious sense of self arises because of, and not in spite of, the fact that we, too, are beast machines.", "So to get there, let's return to the apparent mystery of consciousness.", "Now as recently as 1989, which is quite a while ago, but not that long ago, Stuart Sutherland, who was founding professor of experimental psychology at my university of Sussex, had this to say.", "\"Consciousness is a fascinating but elusive phenomenon.", "It is impossible to specify what it is, what it does, or why it evolved.", "Nothing worth reading has been written on it.\"", "[LAUGHTER] It's quite a pessimistic point of view.", "And that may have been true then.", "I don't think it was true then, but in any case things have changed a lot since.", "And more or less, about the time that Sutherland made these remarks, we can see the birth, or the rebirth, of the study of consciousness within the neurosciences.", "And a good landmark is this paper by Francis Crick and Christof Koch, published in 1990.", "And they start their paper by saying that it is remarkable that most of the work in cognitive sciences, and the neurosciences, makes no reference to consciousness or awareness at all.", "And then they go on to propose their own theory of what the neural correlates of consciousness are.", "What it is in the brain that is responsible for being conscious.", "And since then, over the last 25 years, there's been first a trickle, and now a deluge of research on the brain basis of conscious experience.", "Some of this work is being carried out in my laboratory, the Sackler Centre, the consciousness science, which was founded six years ago with Hugo Critchley, my co-director.", "And there are now even specialised academic journals, The Neuroscience of Consciousness, which I started last year with Oxford University Press.", "And this is a real change of the tide.", "When I started out more than 20 years ago, it was thought to be a very-- it was thought to be career suicide to want to study consciousness, scientifically.", "And it may still be, we don't know.", "Let's see.", "So while the brain basis of consciousness is still a mystery, it is, in some sense, an accessible mystery.", "And the author, Mark Haddon, put this very nicely, I think.", "He said the raw material of consciousness is not on the other side of the universe.", "It didn't happen 14 billion years ago.", "And it's not squirrelled away deep inside an atom.", "The raw material of consciousness is right here, inside your head, and you can hold the brain in your hands.", "But the brain won't deliver its secrets very easily.", "What's extraordinary about the brain is not so much the number of neurons, though there are about 90 billion.", "It's not even the number of connections, though there are so many that if you counted one every second, it would take you about three million years to finish counting.", "What's truly extraordinary are the patterns of connectivity, which to a large extent, are still not known, but within which are inscribed everything that makes you, you.", "The challenge is then this, at least the the way I see it.", "How can the structure and dynamics of the brain, in connection with the body and the environment, account for the subjective phenomenological properties of consciousness?", "And considering things this way, we come up against what the philosopher David Chalmers has often called the hard problem of consciousness.", "And the idea is this.", "There is an easy problem.", "The easy problem is to understand how the combined operations of the brain and the body give rise to perception, to cognition, to thinking, to learning, to behaviour.", "How the brain works, in other words.", "The hard problem is to understand why and how any of this should have anything to do with consciousness at all.", "Why aren't we just robots, or philosophical zombies, without any in a universe?", "Now there's a tempting intuition here, which is that, even if we solve the hard problem, even if we solve the easy problem, the hard problem would still remain as mysterious as it seems now.", "But this just seems wrong-headed to me.", "It may not be necessary to explain why consciousness exists at all, in order to make progress in understanding its material basis.", "And this for me, is the real problem of consciousness; how to account for its various properties in terms of biological mechanisms without pretending that it doesn't exist at all, as you do if you solve the easy problem, and without trying to account for why it's parts of the universe in the first place, which is the hard problem.", "And in the history of science, we've been somewhere similar before.", "It's hard to say if it's exactly the same situation.", "But in our understanding of life, eminent biochemists of the time found it entirely mysterious how biological mechanisms could give rise to the property of being alive.", "And there were proposed of things, like elan vital and essence vital, and all sorts of other stuff.", "And although we don't yet understand everything about life, this initial sense of mystery about life has, to a large extent, dissolved as biologists have just got on with the business of understanding the properties of living systems in terms of mechanisms.", "An important part of this story was the realisation that life is not just one thing, but rather a constellation of partially dependent, partially separable, processes, like metabolism, homeostasis, and reproduction.", "In the same way, to make progress on the real problem of consciousness, it can be useful to distinguish different aspects or dimensions of what it is to be conscious.", "The space of possible minds, if you like.", "And one simple classification is into conscious level, which is the property of being conscious at all.", "For example, the difference between being in a dreamless sleep, or under general anaesthesia, and being awake and conscious as you are now.", "And the conscious content, when you are conscious, you're conscious of something.", "The myriad of sights, sounds, smells, emotions, feelings, and beliefs that populate your inner universe at any one time.", "And one thing you are conscious of when you are conscious, is the experience, the specific experience, of being you, and this is conscious self.", "And it's the third dimension of consciousness.", "Now I don't claim these distinctions mark completely independent aspects of what it is to be conscious, but they're a pragmatically useful way of breaking down the problem a bit.", "So let's start with conscious level.", "What are the fundamental brain mechanisms that underlie our ability to be conscious at all?", "And we can think of this, at least a first approximation, as a scale from being completely unconscious, as if you were in a coma, or under general anaesthesia, to being awake, alert, and fully conscious as you are now.", "And there's various states in between being drowsy, being mildly sedated and so on.", "What's important is that, while being conscious and being awake often go together, this is not always the case.", "For instance, when you are dreaming you are asleep, but you are having conscious experiences.", "The conscious experience of your dreams.", "And on the other side of this diagram, there are pathological states, like the vegetative state, where physiologically you will go through sleep/wake cycles, but there is nobody at home.", "There is no consciousness happening.", "So what are the specific mechanisms that underlie being conscious and not simply being physiologically awake?", "Well there are a number of possibilities.", "Is it the number of neurons?", "Well actually, probably not.", "There are more neurons in your cerebellum, this bit at the back of your brain, than in the rest of your brain put together.", "In fact are about four times more neurons in your cerebellum than in the rest of your cortex.", "But if you have damage to your cerebellum, yeah, you'll have some problems with coordination and other things, some cognitive problems, but you won't lose consciousness.", "It's not just the number of neurons.", "Doesn't seem to be any particular region.", "In fact, there are regions that, if you suffer damage, you will permanently lose consciousness; in thalamina, the nuclei, and the thalamus deep inside the brain.", "But these seems to be more like on/off switches than actual generators of conscious experience.", "It's not even neural activity, at least not simple kinds of neural activity.", "Your brain is still highly active doing unconscious states, during the sleep.", "And even if your brain is highly synchronised, one of the first theories of consciousness was it depended on neurons firing in synchrony with each other.", "If your brain is too synchronised, you will lose consciousness, and this happens in states of absence epilepsy.", "What seems to be the case is that, being conscious it all, depends on how different brain regions talk to each other in specific ways.", "And this was some groundbreaking work by Marcello Massimini in Milan about 10 years ago.", "And what he did here, was he stimulated the cortex of the brain with a brief pulse of electromagnetic energy, using a technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation or TMS.", "And then he used EEG electroencephalography to listen to the brain's echos.", "A little bit like banging on the brain and listening to its electrical response.", "And what he noticed when you do this, and you can see on the left is asleep, and on the right is awake.", "And this is very much slowed down.", "When you stimulate the brain in a sleep condition, there is still a response.", "There's still an echo, but the echo stays very localised to the point of stimulation.", "It doesn't travel around very much, and it doesn't last very long.", "But when you stimulate a conscious brain, there's a spatial temporally complex response.", "This echo bounces around all over the cortex in very interesting ways.", "What's more, the complexity of this echo can be quantified.", "You can apply some simple algorithms to describe how complex, how rich, this pattern of interactivity is.", "This is also from the Milan group.", "And what they've done here is, they basically look at the echo as it moves around the brain.", "And they see the extent to which you could describe it, the minimum description length.", "How much can you compress the image of that echo?", "Much the same way that algorithms make compressed files from digital images in your phone.", "And they came up with an index called the perturbational complexity index.", "And what you find is, you now have a number that you can attach to how conscious you are.", "This is, I think, really intriguing, because it's a first step towards having an actual measurement of conscious level.", "This graph on the bottom shows this measure applied to a variety of conscious states, ranging from pathological conscious states, like the vegetative state, where there is no consciousness at all, all the way through locked in syndrome, and then healthy waking.", "And you can immediately see that techniques like this might already have clinical value in diagnosing potential for consciousness patients might have after severe brain injury.", "Now at Sussex, we are continuing work along these lines.", "We actually look, instead of bashing on the brain with a sharp pulse of energy, we want to see whether we can get something similar just by recording the spontaneous activity of the brain.", "So we look at spontaneous dynamics from, in this case, waking states and anaesthesia.", "This is work with my PhD students Michael Schartner and Adam Barrett.", "We measure its complexity, and indeed, we find that we can distinguish different levels of consciousness just by the spontaneous activity of the brain.", "In a way this isn't that surprising, because we know various things change.", "The balance of different frequencies of your brain activity changes when you lose consciousness.", "But this doesn't have to do with that.", "This is independent of that.", "There's something specific that is being detected by these changes in complexity.", "More recently we've applied the same measures to sleep, in this case taking advantage with colleagues in Milan of recordings taken from directly within the human cerebral cortex.", "These are implanted electrodes.", "And we see much the same story.", "If you compare where the two areas are, you compare the complexity of wakeful rest, and early non-rem sleep, where you are not dreaming very much.", "You see that complexity fools a great deal.", "What's interesting here is, if you compare wakeful rest to REM sleep, where people will often report dreams if you wake them up, the level of complexity is very much as it is during the wakeful state.", "There's something else going on here, which is that the complexity in the frontal part of the brain seems to be higher than in other parts of the brain.", "And that's something we still don't understand fully, yet.", "I just wanted to give you something hot off the press, so to speak, which is where you've also been applying these measures now to data taken from people under the influence of psychedelic drugs; psilocybin, ketamine, and LSD.", "And what we find, at least in our hands to start with here, is that the level of complexity actually increases as compared to the baseline state, which is not something we've seen before in any other application of these measures.", "So what's important about this way of looking at things is that, it's grounded in a theory that tries to explain why certain sorts of brain dynamics go along with being conscious.", "And put very simply, the idea is this-- and it goes back to Guilio Tononi and Gerald Edelman, people that I went to work with in America about 18 years ago-- the idea is very simple.", "Consciousness is extremely informative.", "Every conscious experience you have, or have had, or will have, is different from every other conscious experience you have had, are having, or will have.", "Even the experience of pure darkness rules out a vast repertoire of alternative possible experiences that you could have, or might have in the future.", "There's a huge amount of information for the organism in any conscious experience.", "At the same time every experience that you have is highly integrated.", "Every conscious scene is experienced, as all of a piece, is bound together.", "We don't experience colours and shapes separately in any way.", "It's conscious experiences at the level of phenomenology combine these properties.", "They are the one hand highly informative, composed of many different parts.", "On the other, bound together in a unified whole.", "And this motivates us to search for mathematical measures which have the same property, which are neither lacking in information.", "On the left, you see a system which is all connected together, so it can't enter very many different states.", "On the right is a system which is completely dissociated, so they can enter states, but it's not a single system.", "We want measures that track this middle ground of systems, that combine both integration and differentiation.", "And a number of these measures now exist.", "There are some equations here, which we can talk about later if you like, that try to target this middle ground.", "And time will tell whether, by applying these more phenomenologically grounded measures, we come up with even more precise practical measures of consciousness.", "Now why is this business of measurement important?", "And I want to make a general point here, which is that, if you're trying to naturalise a phenomenon which seems mysterious, the ability to measure it is usually one of the most important steps you can take.", "And we've seen numerous examples of this.", "The history of our understanding of heat and temperature is one very good example Here's an early thermometer from the 18th century, which used the expansion of air.", "But of course there are many problems in generating a reliable thermometer and a scale of temperature, if you don't already have fixed points.", "And if you don't know what heat is you get trapped in a kind of vicious circle that took a long time to break out of.", "But people did break out of this, and the development of the thermometers catalysed our understanding of heat from being something that flowed in and out of objects, to being something that was identical to a physical property.", "The mean molecular kinetic energy of molecules in a substance.", "And having that concept of heat now allows us to talk about temperature far beyond the realms of human experience.", "We can talk about the temperature on the surface of the sun, in a sense, the way we can talk about the temperature of interstellar space, close to absolute zero.", "None of these things make any sense and in our phenomenological experience of hot and cold.", "So this brings me to my first take-home message.", "Measurement is important, and consciousness, conscious level, depends on a complex balance of differentiation and integration in brain dynamics, reflecting the fact that conscious experiences themselves are both highly informative and always integrated.", "Now when we are conscious, we are conscious of something.", "So what are the brain mechanisms that determine the content of consciousness?", "And the hero for this part of the story is the German physicist and physiologist Hermann Von Helmholtz.", "And he proposed the idea that the brain is a kind of prediction machine.", "That what we see, hear, and feel are nothing other than the brain's best guess about the causes of sensory inputs.", "And the basic idea is, again, quite simple.", "The brain is locked inside its bony skull home, and has very indirect access to the external world.", "All it receives are ambiguous and noisy sensory signals, which are highly and directly related to this external world of objects, and so on, if there is an external world of objects out there at all.", "They know about that.", "Perception in this view is, by necessity, a process of inference in which the brain interprets these ambiguous and noisy sensory signals with respect to some prior expectations or beliefs about the way the world is.", "And this forms the brain's best guess of the causes of the sensory signals that are impacting our sensory surfaces all the time.", "What we see is the brain's best guess of what's out there.", "I want to give you a couple of examples that illustrate this process.", "It's quite easy to do, in a way.", "This first example is a well-known visual illusion called Edelstein's Checkerboard.", "Now here, you'll see two patches.", "You'll see patches A and B.", "And I hope to you they look to be different shades of grey.", "Do they?", "They look to be different shades of grey.", "Of course they are exactly the same shade of grey.", "I can illustrate that by putting an alternative image, and joining up those two patches.", "You'll see that's it's the same shade of grey.", "You may not believe me, so what I'll do is, I'll shift it along, and you'll see even more clearly.", "There are no sharp edges.", "It's the same shade of grey.", "What's going on here, of course, is that the brain is unconsciously applying its prior knowledge that a cast shadow dims the appearance of surfaces that it casts onto.", "So we therefore see the patch B as being lighter than it really is, in order to account for that effect.", "And this is of course an illustration of the success of the visual system, not its failure.", "The visual system is a very bad physical light metre, but that's not what it's supposed to do.", "It's supposed to, or one thing it's supposed to do, is to interpret the causes of sensory signals in terms of meaningful objects in the world.", "It's also an example of what we sometimes call cognitive impenetrability.", "Even if you know the patches are the same shade of grey, when I take that bar away, they again look different.", "Can't do much about that.", "The second example just shows you how quickly the brain can take in new prior information to change the nature of conscious perception.", "This is a so-called Mooney image.", "And if you haven't seen it before, hopefully what you will see here is just a passing of black and white splotches.", "Does everybody kind of get that?", "Black and white splotches?", "Some of you might have seen this before.", "And now what I'm going to do is fill it in, and you see something very different.", "What you'll see is a very meaningful scene here involving at least two objects, a woman, a hat and a horse.", "Now if you stare at this for a while, I won't leave it up for too long-- but if you just look at it for a little bit, and then I take that image away again, you should still be able to see the objects within that image.", "Now for me this is quite remarkable, because the sensory information hasn't changed at all.", "All that's changed are your brain's prior expectations about what that sensory data signifies.", "And this changes what you consciously see.", "Now this also works in the auditory domain.", "Here are two spectrograms.", "This is something called sine wave speech, and what you see here are two time frequency representations of speech sounds.", "The one on the top has all the sharp acoustical features that provide normal speech removed.", "A little bit like thresholding an image.", "And the bottom is something else.", "So I'm going to play the top first, and let's see what it sounds like.", "[STRANGE BEEPS AND NOISES] And now I'll play you something else.", "(BOTTOM SOUND - A MAN'S VOICE): Jazz and swing fans like fast music.", "- So I hope you all understood that piece of sage advice.", "And now if I play the original sound again-- [BEEPS AND WHISTLES THAT SOUND LIKE THE SENTENCE] - Yeah?", "This is exactly the same.", "Again, all this change is what we expect that sound to signify.", "[SAME SOUND PLAYED AGAIN] - One more time, just for luck.", "It's not just a bunch of noisy whistles, it's speech.", "Now this typical framework for thinking about these kinds of effects is Bayesian Inference.", "And this is a form of probabilistic reasoning, which is applicable in all sorts of domains, not just in neuroscience, in medical diagnosis, and all sorts of things, like finding lost submarines.", "But in neuroscience, we talk about the Bayesian brain.", "And it's a way of formalising Helmholtz's idea that perception is a form of best guessing.", "And the idea is that sensory signals and prior beliefs can be represented as probability distribution.", "So for instance, this yellow curve is the probability of something being the case, maybe that you've got a brief glimpse of an object moving to the right.", "The sensory data may say something different.", "It may have a probability that peaks at a different angle of movement.", "Maybe it's drifting in a different direction.", "And the optimal combination of the prior, and the likelihood, the yellow curve and the red curve, is this green curve, which we will call the posterior distribution.", "And that represents the best optimal combination of these two sorts of evidence.", "And the idea is, well that's what we perceive.", "Thinking about perception in this way does something rather strange to the way, classically in neuroscience, people have thought about perception.", "The classical view is that the brain processes sensory information in a bottom-up, or feed-forward direction.", "This is a picture of the visual system of the monkey, and the idea is that information comes in through the retina, then goes through the thalamus.", "It then goes to the back of the brain.", "And as the sensory signals percolate deeper and deeper and deeper into the brain, they encode or represent progressively more sophisticated features of objects.", "So you start out at early levels the visual cortex with response to luminance, and edges, and then higher up to objects, including other monkeys.", "What's important here is the perceptual heavy lifting is done by information flowing in this bottom-up or feed-forward direction.", "Now the Bayesian brain idea says something very different.", "It says that what's really important are the top-down or inside-out connections that flow from the centre of the brain back out.", "And we've known for a long time there's a large number, a very large number of these connections, and some descriptions more than flow the other way around.", "But the function has been rather mysterious.", "Thinking about the Bayesian brain gives us a nice way to interpret this.", "Which is that it's exactly these top-down or inside-out connections that convey predictions from high levels of the brain to lower levels, to lower levels, back out to the sensory surfaces.", "So these blue arrows convey the brain's predictions about the causes of sensory signals.", "And then what flows in the feed-forward or bottom-up direction, from the outside-in, that's just the prediction area, the difference between what the brain expects and what it gets at each level of description.", "So this is often called predictive coding, or predictive processing, in some formal frameworks.", "And the idea is that minimization of prediction error occurs across all levels of this hierarchy at the same time, and what we then perceive is the consequence of this joint minimization of prediction error.", "So you can think of perception as a sort of controlled hallucination, in which our perceptual predictions are being reined in at all points by sensory information from the world and the body.", "Now there's quite a lot of experiments that show that something like this is probably going on in the brain.", "These are a couple of examples.", "And since they're-- I was looking for the best example so they don't come from my lab at all.", "[LAUGHTER] This is from Lars Muckli in Glasgow.", "He's shown using advanced brain reading techniques, which I won't describe, that you can decode the context of what a person is seeing from parts of the visual cortex that isn't even receiving any input.", "And what's more, you can decode better when you decode from the top part of the cortex, which is supposed to receive predictions from higher levels.", "So that suggests there are predictions being fed back.", "And another study by Andre Bastos and Pascal Fries in Germany, they used a method called Granger causality, which is sensitive to information flow in systems.", "And they find that top-down signals and bottom-up signals are conveyed in different frequency bands in the cortex, which is what you'd predict from predictive coding.", "One last experiment which I find particularly interesting is an experiment from a Japanese group of Masanori Murayama.", "And they used to optigenetics, which is a way of using lights to selectively turn on or off neural circuits.", "And in this experiment they showed that by just deactivating top superficial levels of somatosensory cortex in a mouse brain, the part of the mouse brain that's sensitive to touch, they could affect how well that mouse was able to do tactile discriminations.", "Those top-down connections were coming from a motor cortex.", "So there's a lot of evidence that top-down connections in the brain are important for perception, is the basic message there.", "But what's rather strange, and what I'm going to tell you next is that all this stuff is all very good, but predictive processing is not a theory of consciousness.", "Nothing I've said has anything to do with consciousness, at all.", "It has to do-- it's a very general theory of how brains do what they do.", "How they do perception, how they do cognition, how they do action.", "So somewhat counter-intuitively, I think this is exactly why it's a great theory of consciousness.", "And the reason I think this is because it allows us to ask all sorts of questions about the real problem.", "About what it is, what happens in brains that underlies what you happen to be conscious of right now, without getting sucked into the metaphysical pluckhole of why you are conscious in the first place.", "In other words, it provides a powerful approach to looking for neural correlates of consciousness, those things in the brain that go along with being conscious.", "Because we can now take advantage of a very general theory of how brains do what they do, rather than just looking at this region or that region.", "So what does predictive processing, or the Bayesian brain say about consciousness, specifically?", "Well many years ago, some influential experiments revealed a very strong connection between top-down signalling and conscious contents.", "In this example by Alvaro Pascual-Leone and Vincent Walsh, what they did was they had people look at visual motion, examples of visual motion.", "And they used TMS, this interventional technique where you can zap the brain very briefly.", "I mentioned it before.", "But they used it here, specifically to interrupt the top-M down signalling that was evoked by this perception of visual motion.", "And the result was that, if you interrupted specifically the top-down feedback, you would abolish the conscious perception of visual motion, even if you left the bottom-up signalling intact.", "So that was an early key.", "Now, more recently, in our lab and in many other labs all over the place, we've been asking some other questions about the relationship between what you expect and what you consciously experience.", "One of the most basic questions you can ask is, do we consciously see what we expect to see?", "Or do we see what violates our expectations of what we expect?", "And a recent study from our group, led by Yair Pinto, used a method called continuous flash suppression to address this question.", "It's illustrated here.", "You see different images in the different eyes.", "In one eye you see this rapidly changing Mondrian pattern of squares.", "And in the other eye, you either see a face or a house.", "And they change contrast like this.", "So initially, the person would just see this random pattern, and then they'll see either a house or a face.", "And simply, you just ask them to expect to see-- you just tell them a face is more likely or a house is more likely.", "And what we find over a number of studies is that we see faces more quickly when that's what we're expecting to see.", "It may seem obvious, but it could be the other way around.", "At least in these studies, we see what we expect to see, not what violates our expectations.", "That's the data.", "And the same goes for houses.", "These kinds of studies support the idea that it's the top-down predictions that are really important for determining what we're conscious of.", "There's another experiment which I will just mention.", "We did pretty much the same thing.", "This is called motion induced blindness.", "If you are in a lab rather than in a lecture theatre, and you stare at this central point here, then this red dot might disappear from time to time.", "And what we did was after it disappeared, we changed its colour and we led people to expect the colour change to be one thing or another.", "And again, it reappeared more quickly if it changed colour in the way you were expecting.", "Again, I am confirming that once your expectations were validated, then that accelerated your conscious awareness of something in the world.", "Now that's just behavioural evidence.", "That's just asking people what they see and when they see it.", "We've also been interested in the brain mechanisms that underlie and shape how our expectations change, what we consciously see.", "And we've been particularly interested in something called the alpha rhythm.", "Now the alpha rhythm is an oscillation of about 10 hertz or 10 cycles per second.", "That's especially prominent in the visual cortex, across the back of the brain.", "In one study, led by in this case a PhD student, Maxine Sherman, with Ryota Kanai, in Sussex.", "What we did here, we manipulated people's expectations of what they we're likely to see.", "And it's a very boring experiment, this was.", "The only thing they could see was what we call Gabor patches.", "They're just very dim patches of lines that are blurry around the edges.", "But the visual system loves these kinds of things.", "They activate early visual cortex very, very well.", "And people were expecting either that a patch was there, or that it wasn't there, in different conditions.", "And while doing this we measured brain activity.", "And to cut a long story short, what we found was that there were certain phases, certain parts of the cycle, this 10 Hertz cycle, at which your expectation had a greater effect on what you said that you saw.", "So there was part of this cycle, as the alpha rhythm, there was part of it where your expectations dominated your perception.", "And there was another part of it which was the opposite, where your sensory signals were more important in determining what you saw at that point.", "So this suggests that this oscillation in the back of the brain is orchestrating this exchange of predictions and prediction errors.", "And that's the sort of cycle that might be the neural mechanism for conscious vision.", "And other theories about what the alpha rhythm is doing, there are many.", "One is that it's doing nothing, it's just the brain idling away, and I think this is at least a more interesting way to think about it.", "Another experiment we've done with another PhD student Asa-Chang, we showed people these very fast changing luminance sequences.", "And it turns out that your brains will learn to predict the specific changes in these sequences that change you very quickly.", "And the signature of this learning, again, happens to be in the alpha rhythm, and suggests that this oscillation has something important to do with how the brain learns and updates predictions about sensory signals.", "But we do not go around the world looking at Gabor patches or rapidly changing things like this.", "We go around the world looking at people and objects.", "And that's what our visual world is composed of.", "So can any of these ideas say anything about our everyday visual experience?", "And I think that's a very important challenge in neuroscience to cross.", "Get out of the lab and think about real world experiences.", "So we've been using virtual reality over the last few years to try to get at some of these ideas.", "This is an Oculus Rift, which is now available to buy, I think.", "And we've been using these to address some of these real world aspects of visual perception.", "And one of these real world aspects is called perceptual presence.", "And this is the observation that, in normal perception, objects really seem to be there, as opposed to being images of objects.", "And this is, of course, what Magritte plays with in his famous painting, The Treachery of Images.", "For instance, this is an object.", "I think it's there, and in some sense I can perceive the back of it, even though I can't see the back of it, even though the back of it's not giving me any sensory data, I perceive it as an object with a back.", "How does one explain that?", "Well one idea you can come up with within this Bayesian brain framework is that, the brain is not only predicting the possible causes of the sensory signals getting right here, right now.", "But it's also predicting how sensory signals would change were I to make particular actions.", "Were I to pick this object up and move it around, or just move my eyes from one place to another.", "There's a long paper.", "I wrote about that which I-- please don't read it.", "[LAUGHTER] - But that's the basic idea.", "And how do you test an idea like that?", "So we've been using some innovative virtual reality methods, or augmented reality methods, with my post-doc, Keisuke Suzuki.", "And what we do is, we have virtual objects, and these virtual objects, they either behave as a normal object would.", "They're all weird, unfamiliar objects.", "But they can either behave as a normal object would behave, so you can learn to predict what would happen.", "This one is weird.", "It always shows you the same face, a little bit like having the moon on a plate in front of you.", "And then there are other conditions where objects respond to your movements, but they do so in unreliable and strange ways.", "So the question is, what does the brain learn about these objects, and how do we experience them?", "Do we experience them as objects in different ways when they behave differently?", "And we're still doing those experiments.", "Another way we can use VR, is to investigate what happens in visual hallucinations of the kind experienced in psychosis, and in certain other more pharmacologically induced conditions.", "What we're doing here is, we're coupling immersive virtual reality, imagine you've got a headset strapped to your head again, with clever image processing that models the effects of overactive priors on visual perception to generate a highly immersive experience.", "This is Sussex campus, actually, but now it seems quite different than it did at lunchtime today.", "I'll tell you that.", "What we've done, we've recorded this panoramic video which we can feedback through VR headset.", "And we've processed this video through one of these Google deep dream algorithms you might have seen, that can generate sort of bowls of pasta that looks like animals.", "And this might seem like a lot of fun.", "It is fun, but there is a serious purpose here, because it allows us to model the effects, model very unusual forms of perception and how they might play out in different ways in the visual hierarchy.", "And understanding how visual hallucinations might happen, and how the wider effects they have on the mind, I think, is a very important part of studying visual perception.", "So that brings us to the second take-home message, which is that what we consciously see is the brain's best guess of the causes of its sensory input.", "Normal perception is a fantasy that is constrained by reality.", "Now before I move on to the last section, I want to pay tribute to an unlikely character in a talk about neuroscience, which is Ernst Gombrich.", "Ernst Gombrich was one of the foremost historians of art of the 20th century.", "And it turns out that Gombrich's approach to understanding art had a lot in common with ideas and the Bayesian brain.", "And more specifically, with the idea that perception is largely an act of imagination, or construction, on the part of the perceiver.", "And this is most apparent in his concept of the beholder's share, which emphasises that the viewer brings an awful lot to the table in the act of experiencing an artwork.", "So he had this to say in his 1960 book, Art and Illusion, \"the artist gives the beholder 'more to do', he draws them into the magic circle of creation and allows him to experience something of the thrill of making which had once been the privilege of the artist.\"", "I think for me this is very powerful when looking at, especially, things like Impressionist art.", "And here, one way to think about this is, that the artist has reverse engineered the whole perceptual process, so that what's there are not the objects, the end points of perception, but rather the raw materials; the patterns of light that engage our perceptual machinery in doing its work.", "And for me this might be why paintings like this are particularly powerful.", "Now the final dimension of consciousness I want to talk about is conscious self.", "The fundamental experience of being someone.", "Being someone like you.", "There are many aspects to our experience of being a conscious self.", "There is the bodily self, the experience of being and identifying with a particular body.", "A bit of the world goes around with you in the world all the time.", "There's the perspectival self, the experience of seeing the world, or experiencing the world, from a particular first person perspective, usually somewhere in the body, but not always.", "There is the volitional self, the experience of intending to do things, and of making things happen in the world of agency.", "And these ideas are, of course, often associated with concepts of will.", "Then there's the narrative self.", "This is where-- only until now, we don't have to worry about the concept of I, but when we get to the narrative self, there is now and I.", "There is a continuity of self experience from hour to hour, from day to day, from month to month, and from year to year, that you associate a name with, and a particular set of autobiographical memories.", "And finally, there's a social self.", "The way I experience being me is partly dependent on the way I perceive you as perceiving me.", "I'm just going to talk, in the minutes remain, about the bodily self.", "This is something we're working on quite a lot in Sussex.", "The experience of identifying with, and owning, a particular body.", "And the basic idea I want to convey, is again, very simple.", "It's just that we should think of our experience of body ownership in the same way that we think about our experience of other things, as well.", "That is, it's the brain's best guess of the causes of body-related signals.", "And the brain is always making this inference.", "It's making its inference about what in the world is part of the body, and what is not part of the body.", "But it has access, in this case, to other sorts of sensory signals, not just visual signals, or tactile signals, but also proprioceptive signals.", "The orange arrows here.", "These inform the brain about the body's configuration and position in space.", "And then also, and often overlooked, are interoceptive signals.", "These are signals that originate from within the body, that tell the brain about the physiological state or condition of the inside of the internal physiological milieu.", "And you can think the idea is that our experience of embodied self-hood is the brain's best guess of the causes of all the signals put together.", "Yeah, that's just to emphasise interoception.", "An important part of this idea is that interoception, the sense of the body from within, should work along the same principles, the same Bayesian principles that we've been thinking about, vision and audition, previously.", "That is, our experience of the inside of our bodies is the brain's best guess of the causes of the signals that come from the inside of our bodies.", "So we can think of, again, top-down predictions carrying predictions about what the bodily state is like, and bottom-M up prediction errors that report the differences between what's going on and what the brain expects.", "So what is our experience of the inside of our bodies?", "Well, way back at the beginning of psychology, William James and Carl Langer proposed that emotions, emotional experience, was really about the brain's perception of changes in its physiological state, rather than perception of the outside world.", "So, in this classic example, seeing a bear does not in itself generate the experience of fear.", "Rather seeing the bear sets in train, a load of physiological changes preparing for fight and flight responses.", "And it's the perception of those bodily changes in the context with the bear being around that leads to our experience of fear.", "So the Bayesian perspective just generalises that idea, and says that emotional experience is the brain's best guess of the causes of interoceptive signals.", "And this fits very nicely with a lot of evidence.", "And this is just one study done by a Finnish group.", "And all they did here was, they had people report where on their bodies they felt various emotions to take place.", "And so you feel anxiety in one part of your body.", "You feel fear in another, and so on.", "So our experience of emotion does seem to be intrinsically embodied.", "Now another part of our experience of being a body is the body as a physical object in the world.", "And this might seem quite easy to take for granted, since our physical body is just always there.", "It goes around with us, it changes over the years, in unfortunate ways.", "But it's always there.", "But it would be a mistake to take our experience of body ownership for granted.", "And there are some classic experiments that demonstrate how malleable our experience of body ownership is.", "This is the famous rubber hand experiment.", "Probably some of you have seen this.", "What happens here is that a volunteer has their hand hidden under a table, and the fake hand is put on top of the table, and then both hands are simultaneously stroked with a paintbrush.", "And it turns out that just seeing a hand-like object where a hand might be, feeling touch, and then seeing the object being touched, is enough evidence that the brain's best guess becomes that fake hand is, in fact, part of my body.", "Sort of part of my body.", "This is what it looks like in practise.", "Here you can see the fake hands, focusing on it.", "There's the real hands, not focusing on it, simultaneous stroking-- and there are various ways you can test it.", "[AUDIENCE LAUGHTER] - I found in doing this, it works even better on children, by the way, if you do that.", "So that's interesting, because that's using visual and tactile signals to convince the brain that this object is part of its body.", "In my lab, we've been interested in whether these signals that come from inside the body also play a role.", "So we set up a virtual reality version of this rubber hand illusion, where people wear these goggles, and they see a virtual fake hand.", "And we also record their heartbeats.", "And now what we can do is, we can make the virtual hand flash either in time or out of time with their heart beat.", "And we asked the question, do people experience this virtual hand as more belonging to them when it's flashing in time, rather than out of time, with their heartbeat?", "And the answer is that it does.", "And this is just some data, basically that, bigger than that, which means that, indeed, they experience the hand as more their own.", "The way we measure that actually, is that first we can ask them.", "That's the easiest way.", "Then we can also ask them to point to where they think their hand really is, and we can see how far they drift from where their hand really is to where the virtual hand is.", "And that provides a more objective way of measuring the strength of the effect.", "Here's what it looks like in practise.", "Again if you can see this, that's the real hand.", "That's somebody's virtual hand.", "Again, imagine you're wearing a headset so you'll see this in 3-D. And you can just about see it pulsing to read and back, I hope.", "And you can also do some other things with these virtual reality rubber hands that you couldn't do with real rubber hands.", "For instance, you can map movements of the real hand to the virtual hand, so you can start to ask questions about the extent to which the virtual hand moves as I predict it to move.", "How much does that affect the extent to which I feel it to be part of my body?", "You can make it change colour.", "So you can have somebody embody a skin colour associated with a cultural out-group, and see if they become less racist as a result.", "And then my favourite is where you can change, actually, the size of the body.", "And that's coming up here.", "So here what we do is, we can have the hand telescope up and down in size.", "And again, this might seem like fun, and it is fun, but there is a serious purpose.", "There are various conditions.", "There's in fact, a condition called Alice in Wonderland Syndrome, where people report that all parts of their body are, indeed, telescoping up and down in size.", "And in a more subtle way, there are lots of body dysmorphias, of subtle misperceptions of body shape, which might be associated with eating disorders.", "And so these sorts of techniques allow us to approach, in a very fine grained way, how people might mis-perceive their own bodies.", "That brings me to the third take-home message about self.", "And with apologies to Descartes, the take home message is that, I predict myself, therefore I am.", "In the last nine minutes, before the bell rings, I want to go full circle and return to this Cartesian idea of the beast machine.", "To try to convince you that our experience of being a conscious self is intimately tied up with our beast machine nature.", "And to do this, I need to mention one final aspects of perceptual inference, which has a lot to do with Karl Friston, who's done a lot of work in the Bayesian brain UCL here in London.", "And if we think of the brain as being in the business of minimising prediction errors, this can be done either by updating our perceptual predictions, which is what I've been talking about so far.", "And this what Helmholtz said.", "Or we can minimise prediction errors by making actions.", "We can change what we predict, or we can make an action so that our predictions come true.", "You can change with sensory input, or you can change what you believe about your sensory input.", "One point of doing this is, that you can make actions, then, to find out more about the world that surrounds you.", "And this is what Helmholtz has in mind when he says that each movement we make, by which we alter the appearance of objects, should be thought of as an experiment designed to test whether we've understood correctly the invariant relations of the phenomena before us.", "Which Gregory, much later, said something similar when he talked about perception as hypothesis testing.", "The point of this is, that we make eye movements, and other kinds of movements, to understand what the world is like.", "That, in fact, there was is tomato there, for instance.", "But there's another way to think about active inference, which is that, when we minimise prediction error, what we're actually doing is controlling a sensory variable.", "We're preventing it from changing, because we're making our prediction about what it is come true.", "And this is the use of active inference, to control or regulate something, rather than to understand what the causes of that something are.", "And this brings a very different tradition to mind, which is 20th century cybernetics.", "And this is Ross Ashby, who was a pioneer of this way of thinking.", "And he, with Roger Conan right at the end of his life, wrote a paper.", "The title of the paper, was \"Every good regulator of a system must be a model of that system\".", "The idea here is, if you want to regulate something very precisely, then you need a good model of what effects that system.", "Now you could apply this idea to the external world, as well.", "When you try to catch a cricket ball, you are actually trying to control the level of the angle above the horizon.", "But it applies more naturally, I think, to the internal state of our body.", "So really, what matters about my internal physiological condition, I don't really need to know exactly what it's like inside my body, and care about it.", "But I need to control it, and my brain needs to regulate it.", "So this way of thinking about active inference applies more naturally to interoception.", "Think about it this way that.", "Having good predictive models are always useful, but we can have a pendulum that swings, on the one hand, towards control.", "We can use these predictive models for control, and that's more applied to the state of our internal body.", "Or we can swing the other way, and think about perception, understanding.", "You could think of the instrumental, epistemic ways of thinking about the role of action and perception.", "And this brings to mind-- I mentioned Karl Friston.", "He's come up with this thing called the free energy principle.", "And I can only nod to the vast body of work he's done here on this.", "With the slogan, which is that organisms, over the long run, maintain themselves in states in which they expect to be in, in virtue of having good predictive models about their own internal condition.", "So this takes us right back to Descartes, but in a very different way.", "As I said right at the beginning of this lecture, for Descartes our physiological reality was rather irrelevant to our minds, our rationality, our consciousness.", "This is a quote from a 1968 paper on his beast machine argument, \"without minds to direct their bodily movements, animals must be regarded as unthinking, unfeeling machines that move like clockwork.\"", "Now I think if you try to think how this idea of our predictive models controlling our internal physiological states, and the resulting experiences that perceptual content that might give rise to, you can make the opposite case.", "And the opposite case would be that conscious self-hood emerges because of, and not in spite of, the fact that we are beast machines.", "And I think this is a deeply embodied view of consciousness and self, and it speaks to this fundamental link in continuity between what it is to be alive, what it is to have a mind, and what it is to be a conscious self.", "So I repeat, the third take-home message should make even more sense now.", "That I predict myself, therefore I am.", "And I am a conscious self because I'm a bag of self-fulfilling predictions about my own physiological persistence over time.", "Now why does any of this matter?", "It's a lot of interesting ideas, but why should we be interested in studying consciousness?", "Well it's a very interesting thing, I hope I've convinced you.", "But there are lots of practical reasons to be interested as well.", "There are between 20 and 60,000 patients in the UK alone, who are in disorders of consciousness.", "You are in the vegetative state, or in coma, or in some other severely abnormal state of consciousness.", "Having better measures of conscious level, as I described at the beginning, is going to really change again, and how we treat people like this.", "And of course, in psychiatry.", "Psychiatric disorders are increasing that prevalence across all modern societies, and it's estimated one in six of us, at any one time, are suffering from a psychiatric condition.", "And understanding the mechanisms that underlie conscious content and conscious self, because a lot of psychiatric disorders include disturbances of the way we experience our body, even though that might not be the most obvious symptom, can help us understand the mechanisms involved in psychiatric disorders, not just the symptoms.", "There are also some more general reasons for studying consciousness, which bring up some ethical questions.", "When does consciousness emerge in development on newborn babies conscious?", "Or does consciousness start even in the womb?", "Maybe different dimensions of consciousness emerge at different times.", "Are other animals conscious?", "Well I think it can make a very good case for mammals and primates, but what about the octopus?", "The octopus has more neurons in its arms than in its central brain.", "They're very smart creatures.", "Here, you have to ask the question not only, what is it like to be an octopus, but what is it like to be an octopus arm?", "And finally, with the rise of artificial intelligence, we should begin to ask questions about what would it take for a machine to have some kind of subjective experience.", "I don't think we're anywhere near that yet, but we should consider what science can tell us about its possibility, because that would raise some very, very tricky ethical questions.", "But, fundamentally, consciousness remains fascinating for me for the same reason that it's motivated people throughout the ages.", "I mean, Hippocrates, the founder of modern medicine, put it one way.", "He said, from the brain and from the brain alone arise our sorrows, our joys.", "And he also had his first view of psychiatry that madness comes from its moistness.", "And then Francis Crick, in the 1990s, who I mentioned in the beginning.", "He gave birth, if you like, to the modern neuroscience of consciousness.", "He said much the same thing in his astonishing hypothesis.", "But there is this mystery and wonder still, about how the biological machinery inside our heads gives rise to the rich inner universe that makes life worth living.", "And despite this mystery, modern science is making progress.", "I hope I've given you a flavour, even though we don't understand how consciousness happens, we can begin to understand its mechanisms.", "So we should not be afraid of naturalising consciousness.", "It's not a bad thing to understand its basis in the material world.", "As so often in science, with greater understanding comes a larger sense of wonder, and a greater realisation that we are part of, and not apart from, the rest of nature.", "[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]" ]

[ "Intro", "conscious level", "perception", "Cardiac Feedback", "Hand Movements", "Skin Colour Change", "Body Size Change", "free energy principle", "being a beast machine", "why this matters" ]

[ "You’ve probably seen a lot of headlines claiming that quantum mechanics is “strange”, “weird” or “spooky”.", "In the best case it’s “unintuitive” and “no one understands it”.", "Poor thing.", "In this video I will try to convince you that the problem with quantum mechanics isn’t that it’s weird.", "The problem with quantum mechanics is chaos.", "And that’s what we’ll talk about today.", "Saturn has 82 moons.", "This is one of them, its name is Hyperion.", "Hyperion has a diameter of about 200 kilometers and its motion is chaotic.", "It’s not the orbit that’s chaotic, it’s the orientation of the moon on that orbit.", "It takes Hyperion about 3 weeks to go around Saturn once, and about 5 days to rotate about its own axis.", "But the orientation of the axis tumbles around erratically every couple of months.", "And that tumbling is chaotic in the technical sense.", "Even if you measure the position and orientation of Hyperion to utmost precision, you won’t be able to predict what the orientation will be a year later.", "Hyperion is a big headache for physicists.", "Not so much for astrophysicists.", "Hyperion’s motion can be understood, if not predicted, with general relativity or, to good approximation, with Newtonian dynamics and Newtonian gravity.", "These are all theories which do not have quantum properties.", "Physicists call such theories without quantum properties “classical”.", "But Hyperion is a headache for those who think that quantum mechanics is really the way nature works.", "Because quantum mechanics predicts that Hyperion’s chaotic motion shouldn’t last longer than about 20 years.", "But it has lasted much longer.", "So, quantum mechanics has been falsified.", "Wait what?", "Yes, and it isn’t even news.", "That quantum mechanics doesn’t correctly reproduce the dynamics of classical, chaotic systems has been known since the 1950s.", "The particular example with the moon of Saturn comes from the 1990s.", "I’ll leave you references in the info below if you want to see the technical details.", "The origin of the problem isn’t all that difficult to see.", "If you remember, in quantum mechanics we describe everything with a wave-function, usually denoted psi.", "There aren’t just wave-functions for particles.", "In quantum mechanics there’s a wave-function for everything: atoms, cats, and also moons.", "You calculate the change of the wave-function in time with the Schrödinger equation, which looks like this.", "The Schrödinger equation is linear, which just means that no products of the wave-function appear in it.", "You see, there’s only one Psi on each side.", "Systems with linear equations like this don’t have chaos.", "To have chaos you need non-linear equations.", "But quantum mechanics is supposed to be a theory of all matter.", "So we should be able to use quantum mechanics to describe large objects, right?", "If we do that, we should just find that the motion of these large objects agrees with the classical non-quantum behavior.", "This is called the “correspondence principle”, a name that goes back to Niels Bohr.", "But if you look at a classical chaotic system, like this moon of Saturn, the prediction you get from quantum mechanics only agrees with that from classical Newtonian dynamics for a certain period of time, known as the “Ehrenfest time”.", "Within this time, you can actually use quantum mechanics to study chaos.", "This is what quantum chaos is all about.", "But after the Ehrenfest time, quantum mechanics gives you a prediction that just doesn’t agree with what we observe.", "It would predict that the orientations of Hyperion don’t tumble around but instead blur out until they’re so blurred you wouldn’t notice any tumbling.", "Basically the chaos gets washed away in quantum uncertainty.", "It seems to me that some of you are a little skeptical.", "It can’t possibly be that physicists have known of this problem for 60 years and just ignored it?", "Indeed, they haven’t exactly ignored it.", "The have come up with an explanation which goes like this.", "Hyperion may be far away from us and not much is going on there, but it still interacts with dust and with light or, more precisely, with the quanta of light called “photons”.", "These are each really tiny interactions, but there are a lot of them.", "And they have to be added to the Schrödinger equation of the moon.", "What these tiny interactions do is that they entangle the moon with its environment, with the dust and the light.", "This means that each time a grain of dust bumps into the moon, this very slightly changes some part of the moon’s wave-function, and afterwards they are both correlated.", "This correlation is the entanglement.", "And those little bumps slightly shift the crest and troughs of parts of the wave-function.", "This is called “decoherence” and it’s just what the Schrödinger equation predicts.", "And this equation is still linear, so all those interactions don’t solve the problem that the prediction doesn’t agree with observation.", "The solution to the problem comes in the 2nd step of the argument.", "Physicists now say, okay, so we have this wave-function for the moon with this huge number of entangled dust grains and photons.", "But we don’t know exactly what this dust is or where it is or what the photons do and so on.", "So we do what we always do if we don’t know the exact details: We make guesses about what the details could plausibly be and then we average over them.", "And that average agrees with what classical Newtonian dynamics predicts.", "So, physicists say, all is good!", "But there are two problems with this explanation.", "One is that it forces you to accept that in the absence of dust and light a moon will not follow Newton’s law of motion.", "Ok, well, you could say that in this case you can’t see the moon either so for all we can tell that might be correct.", "The more serious problem is that taking an average isn’t a physical process.", "It doesn’t change anything about the state that the moon is in.", "It’s still in one of those blurry quantum states that are now also entangled with dust and photons, you just don’t know exactly which one.", "To see the problem with the argument, let me use an analogy.", "Take a classical chaotic process like throwing a die.", "The outcome is an integer from 1 to 6, and if you average over many throws then the average value per throw is 3.5.", "Just exactly which outcome you get is determined by a lot of tiny details like the positions of air molecules and the surface roughness and the motion of your hand and so on.", "Now suppose I write down a model for the die.", "My model says that the outcome of throwing the die is either 106 or -99 each with probability 1/2.", "Wait, you say, there’s no way throwing a die will give you minus 99.", "Look, I say, the average is 3.5, all is good.", "Would you accept this?", "Probably not.", "Clearly for the model to be correct it shouldn’t just get the average right, but each possible individual outcome should also agree with observations.", "And throwing a die doesn’t give minus 99 any more than a big blurry rock entangled with a lot of photons agrees with our observations of Hyperion.", "Ok but what’s with the collapse of the wave-function?", "When we make a measurement, then the wave-function changes in a way that the Schrödinger-equation does not predict.", "Whatever happened to that?", "Exactly!", "In quantum mechanics we use the wave-function to make probabilistic predictions.", "Say, an electron hits either the left or right side of a screen with 50% probability each.", "But then when we measure the electron, we know it’s, say, left with 100% probability.", "This means after a measurement we have to update the wave-function from 50-50 to 100-0.", "Importantly, what we call a “measurement” in quantum mechanics doesn’t actually have to be done by a measurement device.", "I know it’s an awkward nomenclature, but in quantum mechanics a “measurement” can happen just by interaction with a lot of particles.", "Like grains of dust, or photons.", "This means, Hyperion is in some sense constantly being “detected” by all those small particles.", "And the update of the wave-function is indeed a non-linear process.", "This neatly resolves the problem: Hyperion correctly tumbles around on its orbit chaotically.", "Hurray.", "But here’s the thing.", "This only works if the collapse of the wave-function is a physical process.", "Because you have to actually change something about that blurry quantum state of the moon for it to agree with observations.", "But the vast majority of physicists today think the collapse of the wave-function isn’t a physical process.", "Because if it was, then it would have to happen instantaneously everywhere.", "Take the example of the electron hitting the screen.", "When the wave-function arrives on the screen, it is spread out.", "But when the particle appears on one side of the screen, the wave-function on the other side of the screen must immediately change.", "Likewise, when a photon hits the moon on one side, then the wave-function of the moon has to change on the other side, immediately.", "This is what Einstein called “spooky action at a distance”.", "It would break the speed of light limit.", "So, physicists said, the measurement is not a physical process.", "We’re just accounting for the knowledge we have gained.", "And there’s nothing propagating faster than light if we just update our knowledge about another place.", "But the example with the chaotic motion of Hyperion tells us that we need the measurement collapse to actually be a physical process.", "Without it, quantum mechanics just doesn’t correctly describe our observations.", "But then what is this process?", "No one knows.", "And that’s the problem with quantum mechanics.", "[Arvin Plug] Yes, I’ve been talking about quantum mechanics again.", "And there’s no doubt I’ll talk about it again.", "If you want to be prepared next time, so you better understand all the stuff with the wave-functions and entanglement, check out our sponsor Brilliant.", "Brilliant is an amazing tool for learning.", "Their courses cover a large variety of topics in science and mathematics.", "Whether you want to learn something new or freshen up your knowledge, Brilliant is a simple and fun way to do it.", "All their courses are interactive, so you are challenged with questions and can check your understanding along the way.", "For this video, for example, I recommend their courses on linear algebra and quantum objects.", "But you can go further and learn how quantum computing works, or differential equations.", "Brilliant offers you many ways to build up your knowledge.", "To support this channel and learn more about Brilliant, go to Brilliant dot org slash Sabine and sign up for free.", "The first 200 subscribers using this link will get 20 percent off the annual premium subscription.", "Thanks for watching, see you next week." ]

[ "Intro", "The trouble with Hyperion", "The alleged solution", "The trouble with the solution", "What a real solution requires", "Sponsor message" ]

[ "- These two computers have the exact same specifications, which means their performance is exactly the same, right?", "Wrong.", "When we tested the Corsair One a200, we noticed some fishy results.", "So we built a near exact replica except for the case, motherboard, radiator, and memory.", "And don't you worry, we'll explain why the memory is different later.", "Then, we ran the same benchmarks and I'm pretty sure the results will surprise you.", "No, actually that's a lie.", "I am completely sure the results will surprise you.", "What won't surprise you is this message from our sponsor, GlassWire.", "Are you worried that someone else is using your WiFi?", "GlassWire can alert you anytime a new device joins.", "So use offer code Linus to get 25% off GlassWire at the link in the video description.", "(upbeat music) Our Corsair One a200 boost impressive specs.", "It's got an AMD 5900X, 12 core CPU, a full-fat RTX 3080 GPU, one terabyte of NVMe storage with two terabytes of hard drive based storage and 32 gigs of 3200 megahertz ram all in this nifty little case with separate 170 and 240 millimeter all-in-one liquid coolers for each, the CPU and the GPU.", "Wait, 170 millimeter?", "Well, it should be better than 120, at least.", "So then what the heck is up with this performance?", "I mean, to be clear, 60 fps in \"Shadow of the Tomb Raider\" at 4K with RTX enabled is a lot of performance.", "But the Corsair One a200 also costs a lot of money.", "So I expect it to leave absolutely nothing on the table.", "And something smells a little funny here.", "(sniffs) You smell that?", "(sniffs) It smells like heat.", "It's going up my nose.", "Ah, there's your problem.", "Despite this machine being liquid cooled it's CPU idols at around 50 degrees and check this out.", "Just about the second you put it under any kind of load.", "I'm gonna print screen, MS Paint and we're gonna paste this.", "You're gonna see it's actually jumped a full 10 degrees just from, since I took this screenshot.", "What even is that?", "And get this, our CPU never saw the max rated boost speed of 4.8 gigahertz throughout our testing.", "I mean, it is important to note that AMD's fine print specifies that that is a single core boost speed, but still seeing 4.8 gigahertz on the box and only actually seeing 4.5 in games and 4.0 in Cinebench can be very confusing to the average user, especially when I'm pretty sure that this chip can do better.", "And we're not the only ones experiencing issues.", "We found a few posts on Corsair's forum discussing poor thermals on the 5900X and 5950X equipped models.", "It's not surprising considering how small form factor builds do tend to run hotter, but it's certainly not ideal.", "The thing is though many modern computers are actually designed to run at or near their thermal limits without it significantly impacting their performance.", "So the only way for us to know just how much this is hindering us is to build up another machine to compare.", "And thanks to movie magic, (awkward music playing) Panel.", "(murmurs) (awkward music playing) This one is already done.", "She's a chunky boy, but spec for spec, this sucker is identical to our Corsair One a200 except for a couple of things.", "As I mentioned before, we used a different motherboard to match our case size and our 3200 megahertz memory actually had to be manually adjusted to be slower, to match the loose timings on the ram included with the One.", "And since we don't have a 170 millimeter rad, we went with a 240, since 120 is definitely not enough.", "During a 10 minute stress test running Cinebench R23 the Corsair One reached a sweltering peak of 90 degrees Celsius running at just over 4 gigahertz.", "Meanwhile, our clone here with a similar Corsair mind you, 240 millimeter radiator ended up in the mid seventies at just over 4.9 gigahertz.", "That's a difference of just over 15 degrees.", "But the thing is that clock speed delta doesn't fully explain the performance that I feel like is missing here.", "What else is going on?", "In both of our systems, the RTX 3080 GPU's easily reached their maximum boost clock of 1950 megahertz and maintained nearly identical average clock speeds throughout our testing.", "But while our air cooled card barely pushed past 60 degrees running \"Shadow of the Tomb Raider\" maxed out the liquid cooled Corsair One peaked at over 70 in the same test.", "Now 70 degrees under load is fine for a GPU and it's clear from the narrow two and a half percent difference in results that 80 degrees on the CPU is also fine.", "That is if you don't mind trading two and a half percent of your performance for a super gorgeous and compact design like this one.", "But hold on a second.", "Not all games behave the same.", "Take a look at CS:GO.", "Yeah, sure.", "Both machines manage around 600 frames per second.", "So you're gonna be having a pretty good time, but that is a 6% difference in raw performance.", "So it's clear that the more CPU bottlenecked our application is the more the Corsair One's borderline cooling system is likely to affect it.", "And this rabbit hole goes even deeper.", "You know, man, I thought this was just gonna be a simple system review.", "That makes sad Linus even sadder Linus, lttstore.com.", "We actually built our clone system here with a fatal flaw.", "Watch as we transform it into a system that performs even better.", "(Linus makes instrumental tone) Yeah.", "Holy hot monkey bananas.", "Going back to CS:GO here.", "There's something I didn't mention Last time.", "Average fps is not really a great indication of the gaming experience because you don't notice animation smoothness when it's good.", "You notice it when it sucks.", "That's why a CPU that's thermal throttling at all is such a problem.", "As its speed fluctuates you'll experience extremely short, but sometimes drastic dips in performance.", "And we can measure those.", "So looking at the worst, 1% of our frame times our clone here beat the Corsair One by almost 15% right out of the gate and our upgraded clone takes that lead to almost 20% just for adding a bigger radiator.", "I mean the Corsair One is still over 300 fps, so, all right, no problem in this game, but these effects can be measured and more importantly felt in other situations as well.", "Let's take a look at Cinebench.", "Our clone with the dual radiator performed nearly identically to our Corsair One, but all of a sudden we throw a triple radiator in and it manages a 3% advantage over both of them.", "This is probably because our 12 core 5900X is right at the limit of what a dual 120 millimeter AIO can handle.", "So bringing that coolant temperature down, lets the CPU opportunistically boost up higher and more often.", "Of course this raises the question, why is it so hard for a 170 millimeter radiator to cool a CPU that's rated at just 105 Watts TDP when a slightly larger radiator on the other side of the same computer is cooling a GPU that's rated at 320 Watts.", "That's over double.", "Well, there's a couple of reasons for this.", "First is that the dye of the GPU like this one is much larger and more surface area means more thermal transfer.", "Second, GPU coolers are pre-installed at the factory where they can be placed directly, that's a pun, on the GPU itself rather than having a heat spreader in between.", "Our die lapping adventure video by the way is a great look at just how many degrees you can literally shave off with a steady hand and some risky work.", "Now some of you have probably noticed I've been very focused on thermal differences between our systems here.", "It is possible that the power delivery on the ASRock B550 Phantom Gaming ITX/ax is holding us back.", "But given that our performance continues to improve by going to a bigger radiator, it looks like thermals are the culprit.", "And in any case, it changes nothing about this machine costing $400 more than Corsair's own similarly equipped Vengeance a7200 while underperforming compared to what the hardware is capable of.", "I mean, we poked at some ideas to fix the One a200.", "We updated the bios.", "We tried undervolting with 1usmus tool, which resulted in hard crashes.", "We tried tuning the fan curve, although that gave us some really funky behavior that doesn't seem to be isolated to our unit.", "And I mean, I don't know.", "We could reapply a high quality thermal paste or put liquid metal on it or something.", "But the thing is, this is a prebuilt.", "For better, for worse most people are not going to do any of that stuff and it should just work out of the box.", "And besides some people might not even care about the trade-off they're making.", "Maybe for you, form means more than function.", "And the Corsair a200 might be worthwhile from your perspective.", "I mean, it still is a downright sexy machine that uses standardized parts, which allows you to upgrade it down the line if you're so inclined.", "It's just that I do think that Corsair should revise the case in cooling design if they're going to keep packing it with the latest and greatest hardware going forward.", "Just like I'm gonna keep packing this video with sponsors.", "Thanks to Ting Mobile for sponsoring this video.", "Ting Mobile has new rates that make it easier to see how much you can save by switching.", "They've got unlimited talk and text for $10, data plans starting at $15 with their new set 12 plan with 12 gigs of data for 35 bucks and unlimited data for $45 a month.", "If you're looking for a great deal Ting Mobile is offering their unlimited plan for just 25 a month for the first three months right now.", "And if you don't prefer those package plans and you just want pay for what you use, guess what?", "Those old plans they're still here, they're called Ting Mobile's flex plans, and they're just $5 a gig.", "Data can even be shared if you have a family plan so you can connect more phones to save more.", "You get the same nationwide coverage in the U.S. and award-winning customer service and pretty much any phone will work with Ting Mobile.", "So check them out at linus.ting.com and you'll get a $25 credit.", "So did you guys buy an a200?", "I mean, even though it's expensive, it might just be the easiest way to get your hands on a 5900X and a 3080.", "So we understand entirely if you did just, hey, make sure you keep it well ventilated and let us know in the comments, if you're running into similar issues.", "If you guys liked this video, make sure to check out \"My EASIEST PC Build In Years!\".", "The machine looks a lot like the Corsair One but it's not.", "It's like super easy to build." ]

[ "Intro", "Corsair One a200 Specs", "CPU Issues", "Corsair Clone", "GPU", "Fatal Flaw", "Cinebench", "Other Possibilities", "Conclusion", "Outro" ]

[ "- Great Scott!", "Great Scott.", "Great Scott!", "Great Scott!", "Hi, I'm Christopher Lloyd here talking with GQ about some of my iconic characters.", "[upbeat music] Back to the future.", "I got the script, read the script and I discarded it.", "Something I usually do.", "And a friend of mine who was there said, \"You know, I never did that when I was in the art.", "No matter how remote a possibility that I might be cast, I'd show up.\"", "So I thought, yeah, she's right.", "So, I got it out of the waste paper basket.", "And I went back and met Bob Zemeckis [Chris and crew laugh] and it all came true.", "[suspenseful music] - What did I tell you!?", "88 miles per hour!", "- He was always like one second far away from a crisis.", "And the whole universe, as we know it, will collapse if you mess up the time space continuum.", "So there's that pressure.", "And also I used to read about scientists like Einstein, read Einstein biography, and a couple of others.", "People get so involved in something and then their getting on a bus and bingo, E=mc2.", "[Chris and crew laugh] You know?", "And I felt that Doc had a lot of that in him.", "- That was the day I invented time travel.", "I remember it vividly, I was standing on the edge of my toilet hanging a clock.", "The porcelain was wet.", "I slipped, hit my head on the edge of the sink.", "And when I came to, I had a revelation, a vision, a picture in my head, a picture of this, this is what makes time travel possible.", "The Flux Capacitor.", "- Well I usually try to stay in character without being a pest, but just to hold on to it.", "I remember one time when I was starting out film and I had a fairly tricky scene for me at the time.", "It was a master shot.", "And finally they got what they wanted and [Chris breathes out quickly] I felt great.", "I went to the craft services and then they said that we're going to do the close ups.", "And I was like, oh my God.", "'Cause I was done already.", "You know, I didn't, I didn't think about it.", "So I just try to stay focused, whether I'm in my sitting in my trailer away or whatever.", "Because I want to be there when the moment comes.", "[thunder cracks] [engine roars] [dramatic suspenseful music] [engine whines] - Whoaa!", "- I did not do that.", "I did not do that for about four flights.", "That's a stunt guy did that.", "He did a stunt once on the Statue of Liberty, where he was on a flag pole up on top, and the flag pole would be released and bend down to some ledge or whatever, and he'd drop off.", "And he did that, you know, it's crazy.", "And he said the only thing he was afraid of is that the pole would snap.", "Otherwise everything is fine.", "[Chris and crew laugh] - Hey doc, we've got a back up.", "We don't have enough roads to get up to 88.", "- Roads?", "Where we're going we don't need roads.", "- There was another actor.", "And Michael came in after we shot for six weeks, they just decided that they needed somebody with a comic flair, you know.", "And Stoltz is a wonderful actor.", "I had no idea that was a change coming.", "One night we were shooting the mall beginning sequence, We were all asked to come to one of the trailers.", "At one o'clock in the morning and Spielberg was there and he made the announcement of the change.", "My biggest fear was that because I was really working to get Doc, right.", "That was the start.", "I thought, I don't know if I could get it up to do that again.", "I was worried about it, but all worked out.", "Michael, we had a chemistry which lasted the whole time.", "We could come back after a break and just be there.", "You know, we didn't have to work for it.", "So that, that was great.", "- Your future is whatever you make it, so make it a good one, both of you.", "- We will, Doc.", "- Stand back!", "- You know, three or four or five years, it sank in that this just doesn't stop.", "[Chris and crew laugh] I mean, kids who saw it when the film first came out, grew up, and had kids whose they began their lives with.", "And so many people have come up to me and say how I made their childhood or the film made their childhood, or they became engineers or scientists or surgeons or whatever, from the effect of the film on them.", "And nothing else I've done has had that kind of impact.", "[dramatic music] - Morty.", "[belchs] We're home.", "- Oh geez.", "- I knew a little bit, you know, I hadn't watched it, but I seen the characters.", "I thought it was kind of fun, you know, kind of cool.", "I just thought it'd be great to see the world of Rick and Morty, and Doc and Marty somehow collide, out in some galactic, hundreds of millions of miles away and suddenly- what a, that could be fun.", "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.", "I went to New York right out of high school and I was in New York until Cuckoo's Nest till after it opened.", "And I just got to a point where I felt some actors don't make the transition from theater to film.", "And that maybe, 'cause I went out, I went up for films, I'd be sent up, nothing.", "And then they came to New York to cast One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.", "I was submitted, auditioned.", "I may have auditioned twice, I'm not sure.", "And then that that's that.", "- You're some kind of morbid ass hole or something.", "[man laughs] - Asshole?", "Makes you feel peculiar.", "- Been talking about your wife ever since I can remember, you know, she's one your mind, and blah, blah, blah.", "- It was great.", "'Cause I think most of us were there about two weeks before we started shooting and we'd go to the various areas of the facility, people in for different levels of emotional problems.", "And we sat in on meetings, actual, like the ones in the film.", "So it was great.", "It was really helpful.", "There was said that over time we were there for 12 weeks, many of the staff felt some of the cast needed to be institutionalized.", "[Chris and crew laugh] - C'mon, c'mon, c'mon.", "- I can be pushed just so far, see.", "- [Max] Play the game.", "- You touch me once more.", "- Play the game.", "- Just touch me once.", "- Play the game.", "Just once more, just once more, - Play the game.", "- Just touch me once.", "- [Max] Play the game, Harding - [Dale] Just touch me once more!", "[water hisses] - Oh Jesus.", "- So they had to completely shift the schedule around.", "But I remember when we picked up the scene again, after he came back, which was about maybe three weeks later or whatever, I couldn't get into the groove.", "I couldn't get back there.", "I couldn't find my way back into the scene.", "I was aware of it.", "Nick kind of came over to me just nonchalant, just messing around.", "And he said something to me that put me right back there, right back in the scene.", "I was like saved.", "[uplifting music] [Max laughs] I was in Boston after Cuckoo's Nest opened, I was by myself.", "I was at a dinner.", "And this group of they're all Scottish, the kilts, the whole deal, bagpipes, about four or five of them going by and then coming by another way.", "I mean, they were just slowly going all over the place.", "Late at night, like one ish in the morning, one of them comes down, still in his gear, with, playing the bagpipe and I just stopped to watch him go by 'cause it was kind of surreal.", "Suddenly he looked at me, said, \"I know you\".", "[Chris and crew laugh] You were in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.", "[upbeat music] Taxi.", "Cuckoo's Nest came out and you know, I got an agent.", "Beverly Hills.", "I was still living in New York and I just packed up and came out.", "And I had a lunch with the guy and I was asked to sign, but I didn't want to do any sitcoms and had a kind of a attitude, quiet in New York, growing up there and doing a sitcom, you know, what do you want to do that shit for.", "My new agent would send me up to meet other people at other sitcoms.", "He would say just, you know, go up meet them, you never know, down the road.", "I said, okay.", "Then I went out for Taxi and that ruined my life.", "[crew laughs] - Well, boss, I'm back from my vacation.", "- You didn't happen to run into your brains while you're out there, didya?", "[audience laughter] - No, but I wasn't really lookin'.", "[audience laughter] - What I remember most about it every once in awhile on a Friday.", "Cause we do the show Friday night and there'd be a live audience and we'd have complete run through, costumes.", "Everybody would be there, writers.", "You know, now we got a break for dinner, get back time, but there'd be something that needed a solution, some not working and how and so we frantically work on that scene.", "That's how they worked on that scene, you know, to come up with a tag on the scene, the right line.", "And obviously, I was still very new to this process.", "So I'm just like, \"Whoa\".", "I'm in the fishbowl at, so, you know, they'd say try this and we'd do the scene.", "Didn't work, try that.", "Somebody came up with that.", "I don't think it was a writer.", "I was somebody up with the ropes - [Interviewer] Oh really?", "Or I dunno, somebody came up with that.", "And it worked.", "- What does a yellow light mean?", "- Slow down.", "- Okay.", "What... [audience laughter] does... A.. Yellow.. Light..", "Mean?", "- Slow down.", "- Okay.", "Whhaatt... [audience laughter] - [Interviewer] was that like working with Tom Hanks?", "- We didn't have any direct like conversation.", "But we were bouncing around as I remember kind of a in somebody's room at Harvard being assholes.", "- Don't you understand?", "Huh?", "I mean all the studying, and all the books, and all the libraries, and all the gymnasiums.", "I forgot my thought.", "- He was early on in his career, but I remember somebody say that's Tom Hanks.", "I didn't know that yet.", "[Chris and crew laugh] Star Trek III: The Search for Spock.", "[speaking Klingon] It was kind of a trip.", "They actually had a book, a dictionary of Klingonese.", "It was about that thick with all the word meanings, pronunciation, use of the sentence, like a regular Webster's.", "- A failure, the most powerful destructive force ever created.", "You will tell me the secret of the Genesis torpedo.", "- I have no knowledge.", "- Then I hope pain is something you enjoy.", "- [Interviewer] How do you feel you've been able to get into the mind of these villainous characters?", "- Well, maybe I'm a repressed criminal.", "[Chris and crew laugh] It was just an outlet.", "I don't know.", "I enjoy it.", "- Give me what I want and I'll consider it.", "- You fool look around you.", "The planet's destroying itself.", "- Yes, exhilarating, isn't it?", "- I mean Captain Kirk, with all the stuff I was wearing, and the look of the face and I struggle with a huge worm.", "I mean, that's kind of fun.", "The Tender Bar.", "Well, I got a call saying that I was being offered this role.", "And I got the script.", "I read the script.", "I found the grandpa.", "I felt I could do something with that.", "I liked the character.", "So, I was very excited.", "- You all ended up back here.", "- You are a stingy, crazy old bastard.", "You are not stingy with money.", "- Haven't got any.", "- You are stingy with love.", "[fart] - I didn't do that.", "- Girls become wives and mothers.", "That was his point of view.", "- You became one of 'em.", "- Oh shut up you old turd!", "- Bah.", "- He bought this house.", "He does nothing to improve it or take care of it.", "Has a family, none of whom who seem to be able to make enough money to have their own house.", "So they're all in there and it's not what he wants.", "He wants to, them to do as well as they can under the circumstances.", "And I just feel, he feels a lot.", "He feels for them, whether it's the kid or, or his wife, brother, whoever.", "He feels for them, but it's hell a lot of the time.", "[Chris and crew laugh] - This from a woman who earns 30 bucks a day!", "- And after college at Harvard or Yale, you are going to law school.", "- So you can sue your father for child support.", "- No.", "So he can help you with your fines about the septic tank.", "[fart] - I like how diverse grandpa is fartin' away.", "[Chris and crew laugh] I haven't seen one of those around.", "So I feel I broke new ground and I love that about him.", "And in the novel, there's some little pieces about him that aren't in the film, simply because they couldn't put everything in there, but he's piece of work.", "[Chris and crew laugh] - Our educational system, and indeed our society as a whole, is destroyed the 19th century by the German influence.", "- Really?", "- Ability as a concept turned into a mechanical, empirical construct.", "- But he really does love the kid.", "A really sees potential there.", "And he tells the kid, you know, your mom's got something there.", "It's going to be taken out.", "Be nice to your mom.", "You know, he's like, he's got a heart.", "- Regardless of a system in place, he's the likeliest to be able to leave my house on his own abilities.", "- It's like working with A team.", "You know, they just, all of them are so wonderful, so talented, so committed, all of us to George.", "That was one wonderful.", "I mean they your work, come in prepared and he just brings it out.", "There's a lot of heart from everybody which, I think, makes the film so good." ]

[ "Intro", "Back to the Future I,' 'Back to the Future II,' 'Back to the Future III", "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", "Taxi", "Star Trek III: Search for Spock", "The Tender Bar" ]

[ "Hey friend, cyberattacks are growing more sophisticated, so it's imperative to find ways to protect your company and your PII.", "Your Personally Identifiable Information.", "And Azure Lighthouse uses Azure AD privileged identity management or PM to support zero trust provisioning and to enable secure managed services.", "Saif and Megan are here to show me how this new integration works, today on Azure Friday.", "Hey friends, I'm Scott Hanselman and its Azure Friday.", "I'm here with Megan Olson.", "How are you?", "Hey Scott, I'm doing well.", "Thank you.", "Thanks for hanging out.", "I'm going to learn all about zero trust provisioning with Azure.", "Lighthouse is always a fun topic and hopefully they'll be a cool demo as well.", "Cool thanks Scott.", "So customers are migrating to the cloud and they're kind of trying to keep up with these constantly evolving business needs and what we're really seeing is that they're engaging multiple service providers to kind of help them manage and support their Azure infrastructure.", "But with all of these service providers kind of gaining access to their environment, it's crucially important that they maintain zero trust security for all the users that are accessing their tenants so.", "What does that mean?", "Zero trust so zero trust is built on three principles and one of the main principles of that is least privileged access.", "So they always making sure to use that just enough.", "And just in time access that PIN offers the Azure 80 pin offers I see, so I only want to give people just the absolute minimum of what they need to do their jobs and no more.", "Yep, that's correct.", "OK, and then I trust nobody.", "So if anyone made it into the building or made it into my system at every point I'm checking credentials.", "I'm looking at badges and all those kind of things except digitally.", "You got it.", "Cool.", "So partners have kind of been working closely with Microsoft to keep up to date with the latest security best practices and guidance and kind of making sure that they're always taking advantage of the newest services.", "To really ensure this zero trust security.", "So I have a slide I want to show you and I'll bring it up right here so Azure Lighthouse was built as a solution to kind of help bring more automation and help scale the delivery of managed services with greater visibility security in governance customers.", "Also benefiting from this visibility, security and governance as they're able to delegate secure and granular Azure RBAC that they can then revoke at any time.", "So previously Azure Lighthouse was really designed only so that you could have standing access with what are known as permanent roles.", "But now with this public preview API release version you could have just in time access with eligible roles.", "So kind of what this kind of brings.", "Is these eligible rose bring?", "Is it kind of really allows us, allows the service provider to then?", "At to be able to activate the role before they actually get their access is actually granted.", "So what?", "In addition to that, what that could also mean, though, is that each eligible can also have a set of approvers who can then approve the activation request before the role is actually granted.", "So in addition to that, these eligible rules also offer the ability for the operator tafta MFA before gaining this privileged access, so it really adds that extra layer of security.", "So MFA is a multi factor off, so the the person is being challenged.", "Is that correct?", "Yes yes, that's correct.", "Yeah each each each operator is going to have to like multifactor authenticate with their mobile device or whatever they're using for that.", "And and then they will gain access to the role.", "So all this is available at no charge to the customer, so if you're not using Azure Lighthouse with Azure 80 PIM, then ask your service provider to use it and and the only requirement is at your service provider really use that each user that to you on the service provider tenant that is using Azure 80 PIM has that MSE 5 or Azure AD premium P2 license.", "So in this diagram on over here I can kind of see that I have to some customers.", "Tenants and then a managing tenant and within the managing tenant.", "There's kind of three users.", "One of them is just kind of using Azure Lighthouse without Azure 80 PIM, and so they don't have tag license.", "But then the other one.", "The other two kind of are using this Azure 80 PIM capability that we're offering, and one of them is in the approver, so whenever the eligible role is activated by user, one request to be activated, then the approver then has to approve it.", "So all handed off to Seth now to start demo here.", "Show you what this looks like.", "Awesome, thank you, Megan and Scott.", "It's great to be here on the show.", "Very exciting.", "Before we get started let me show you what the onboarding process looks like, so let me share my screen.", "And you should be able to see.", "This Jason.", "And what this kind of represents is the ARM template.", "The ARM template describes what the delegation details look like, right?", "We have a customer who's delegating either resource group or a subscription.", "And they have to specify what the delegation contract would look like.", "And even though it's a delegation contract, the customer at any point can revoke that access that the service provider has.", "So before this public preview API that we've gone public that we just released, we just had authorizations and the authorizations described the standing access that a user group or service principle would have.", "So in this case we have a security group which just has reader permission and this is an RBAC role.", "Now, with the kind of PIM integration that we have, we introduced eligible authorizations and with eligible authorizations.", "We described the just in time access.", "So in this particular case, this security group has the network contributor role.", "And we can also specify like a just in time access policy.", "What that entails is during the request process, right when the service provider is making that just in time access request.", "Do we want them to do 2 factor authentication?", "In this case, yes, through Azure, do we want to specify approvers that need to explicitly approve the just in time access requests?", "And you can specify up to 10 approvers within the service provider tenant.", "In this case, I have a like a PIM approvers group.", "The security group that would have to explicitly approve any just in time access requests for the network contributor role.", "So now that you kind of had that context of how the onboarding process looks like, because essentially this is again the ARM template that the customer would deploy on their side once it's deployed, the service provider would have that access.", "It's kind of the convenience of Azure lighthouse on boarding, and of course we have other ways of on boarding.", "This is just one of the more common ways.", "Now if we switch gears I want to show you what the customer experience.", "Looks like on portal, once they've on boarded.", "So let me show you my screen here on Portal.", "I've logged in as some customer, let me go into Azure Lighthouse.", "And let me see my service provider offers.", "Let me click on delegations.", "And I can see that Relic Cloud managed services.", "That's the service provider tenant.", "It I I have on boarded to lighthouse and have delegated my Visual Studio subscription to the Relic Cloud managed services tenant.", "If I click on role assignments I can see what kind of access I gave Relic left.", "I can see that they have standing reader access and I can see that they have the contributor access that is of type eligible.", "Meaning if they want to get that privilege.", "Access they would have to go through the just in time.", "Of access request flow and I'll show you that in just a second.", "Now if for whatever reason I would like to revoke access, I would like to revoke the service providers access to my subscription.", "I can do so at anytime by simply deleting the delegation.", "So that's what the customer experience looks like, right?", "The on boarding process, we wanted to make it as smooth as possible for the customer.", "We also wanted them to have that assurance that at any point they can remove a delegation as well as kind of audit the delegation as need be.", "Now let me show you what the service provider experience looks like on portal.", "So if I go to.", "My portal session here.", "I have logged in to the Relic Cloud managed services tenant.", "As staff Keoni think of me as an engineer within the service provider tenant.", "Let me go to Azure Lighthouse.", "Let me click manage my customers.", "And click delegations.", "So you can see that I have.", "The I only have the one tenant showing right which is soft tenant.", "I can see the subscription.", "And I can see the role assignments given for this delegation.", "The recent no.", "The reality is if I'm a service provider, I'm potentially managing hundreds of customers.", "Thousands of resources.", "In some cases, many more.", "But we have a very convenient global subscription filter that allows me to specify the tenant.", "So in this case I have these tenants that have that are either native like the role of cloud managed services that is my service provided tenant, but then I also have other tenants that have delegated their resources to me.", "I can also see which subscriptions.", "Are delegated to the particular tenant.", "So we have let's actually switch to one of these other offers, so under the Microsoft customer tenant we were delegated the LAMNA healthcare subscription.", "And we can see that the view changed.", "Now we're just seeing the Microsoft delegations.", "Let me look at this one.", "Laminate healthcare.", "Let me look at the role assignments.", "So if I go to role assignments, you'll see that we have the standing reader access.", "And the eligible access that we have is the network contributor rule.", "Now, let's say I want to do some privilege actions.", "Let's say maybe I want to service a request by the customer.", "If I click on manage eligible roles, this launches you two are new to kind of the new PIM experience, right?", "This is made possible with our kind of partnership with the Azure AD PM team.", "We have an integration which allows us which allows service providers to go through this just in time access flow for any privilege requests they need to make and you can see that I have that network contributor role ready to be activated.", "So let's click activate.", "It's validating the request, and while it's validating, that's when it determines whether or not two factor authentication is needed.", "Now I actually already went through the two factor authentication process beforehand, so that wasn't needed.", "I can specify the custom activation start time if I want to delay the start time of the role.", "In this case, I want it to be as soon as possible.", "I only need about an hour to do the work I need to do.", "And let me write my reason.", "Just servicing a request.", "I'll click activate.", "Eventually it says your request is pending for approval.", "Now remember how I showed you that delegation contract and in it within the just in time access policy you can specify approvers and we specified a security group as the approver so anyone within that security group can approve.", "Let's say it's my boss.", "So let me actually show you what that looks like.", "So now I've logged in as the boss.", "I've logged in as one of the users in the approver group.", "I would get an email notification saying hey soft County is requesting the network contributor role.", "Would you like to approve when I click that link?", "It would take me here.", "And now I can see.", "Yep, Saff County is requesting network contributor role for the lamina healthcare subscription.", "Why 2 service or request and he only needs about an hour to do his work.", "Looks good to me.", "So let me go ahead and.", "Approve.", "Hit confirm in my job as the approver is now complete.", "Now the user who made the request would get an email saying your request has been approved.", "You now have the network contributor role.", "So now let me switch back to that user.", "So I'm back as the user who made the request for the just in time access.", "If I go to active assignments, eventually I will see the network contributor role while it's waiting to complete the approval process.", "I can show you another convenient tool we have, which is the audit logs.", "Here you can see what's been going on within this service provider tenant.", "We can see that just within the last few minutes, soft county made a request for the network contributor role.", "The there was a approval request sent out.", "The request was approved and then we can see that just recently the Member Sof Khione got the network contributor role.", "So these audit logs kind of give those give our service providers yet another tool to create a secure management experience.", "And now if I go back to my rolls.", "It should show me that.", "The request is.", "Approved.", "Eventually.", "But the kind of main thing that we want to show here is this.", "This whole integration that we have with the PIM team this whole.", "Just in time access that we've introduced within Azure, Lighthouse is really giving our service providers the tools that they need to secure their customer resources.", "Now, obviously there are transitive benefits to the customer as well for the customers they have that assurance that their resources are secure, that service providers have only that have just in time access to do any.", "Privileged actions on their resources and they have just enough access with being able to specify the RBAC roles.", "Now.", "It.", "Seems.", "With that, the network contributor role has been activated great.", "Now I can see that it's letting me deactivate it, so I have the role activated.", "It tells me what the end time is.", "So now as the engineer within the service provider tenant, I can go on do whatever privilege actions I need to do.", "Once I'm all done, I can either click deactivate or if I didn't it would automatically deactivate on its own.", "And that's the thing about this whole new way of thinking.", "That's that's so fundamental, like we're used to people having passwords.", "And if you have the password, you're the admin and you're in charge of everything and you have full power.", "You either have a skeleton key or you have nothing.", "And what I'm hearing, you say, is that you've got just enough and just in time access, so people have the minimum thing that they need to do to do their job, and a time window.", "And that is a completely new way of thinking about things.", "It's a much more granular way than saying.", "Here are the keys on the ring of all the keys to the Kingdom.", "Absolutely Scott and you know, I would imagine in one of the previous Azure Friday talks you kind of, you know, made the comment about like being a service provider, right?", "If you're a service provider, you're kind of, you know, offering managed services to like a mom and pop type shop.", "It gives them that kind of assurance right that the service provider is doing their due diligence to really create a secure, secure management experience.", "So it's really all about creating a secure environment, giving that Peace of Mind to the customer.", "So that is pretty much it for the demo.", "I'll kind of hand it back to you if you had any questions for myself or Megan.", "Cool, that sounds great.", "Let's bring Megan back over and we'll head towards the end, hey?", "Hey thanks scotum.", "So yeah if you guys want to check out this preview here jump on this preview.", "Uh, I'll you can see if your customer check out RA Comm page where you can see all these great benefits and if you're a partner go ahead and check out our docs of that kind of detail.", "How to get started so.", "And buy a com you mean azure.com so the azure.com Lighthouse page has got great documentation and details and you can sign up.", "Check this out right away.", "Yep.", "Fantastic, I am learning all about Azure Adm and just in time and just amount just the right amount of access that I might need today here on Azure Friday.", "Hey thanks for watching this episode of Azure Friday.", "Now I need you to like it.", "Comment on it, tell your friends, retweet it.", "Watch more Azure Friday." ]

[ "Introduction", "Overview with Meagan Olsen", "Demo with Saif Kayani", "Wrap-up" ]

[ "Hi, I’m Mohammad Namvarpour.", "Today I want to explain the paper “Pay Attention to MLPs” published by google research’s brain team.", "This article claims that self-attention blocks used in transformer architecture aren't necessary in many applications, and offers the gMLP architecture, which delivers outcomes comparable to transformers without using attention.", "Transformers have been one of the most important architectural advancements in deep learning in recent years, enabling many breakthroughs.", "They have revolutionized Natural language processing.", "And have also been employed in other fields including computer vision.", "This figure shows the main components of transformer model.", "If you're unfamiliar with them, I recommend watching my in-depth video on the paper \"attention is all you need,\" in which I go through the architecture in great detail.In any case, this architecture is primarily composed of two key components.", "Self-attention, and feed forward networks.", "While most people focus on the self-attention blocks, the feed forward layers actually make up two-thirds of the parameters in transformer model.", "Also, we know that the feed forward networks are capable of representing any arbitrary function with desired precision.", "So, is it possible for us to have a model that performs as well as the transformers, while doesn’t make use of the fancy, computation-hungry self-attention blocks?", "This paper tries to answer this question.", "This, is gMLP.", "An attention-free architecture that is suggested by the authors of this paper as a competent rival of Transformer models.", "Let’s take a more-detailed look at it.", "First step, is converting our raw input to input embeddings.", "According to authors, this model uses the same input and output protocols of BERT (for NLP tasks) and Vision Transformer (for computer vision tasks).", "So, it means that the words are converted to word embeddings And images are turned into patches, which are then turned into patch embeddings.", "Then, our embeddings go through a layer normalization operation.", "Next, we have channel projection followed by an activation layer.", "We first perform linear projection along the channel axis on our inputs Then we pass the result to an activation function such as GeLU.", "So far, everything is just like a normal Feed forward layer.", "The spatial gating unit is where things get more exciting.", "Here are the components of the spatial gating unit or SGU.", "First, the input Z is split into two independent parts, Z1 and Z2.", "then Z2 goes through some modifications.", "We first normalize Z2 to improve the stability of our model.", "This layer must have a contraction operation across the spatial dimension in order to allow cross-token interactions.", "A linear projection is the most straightforward choice.", "Unlike self-attention, where W is created dynamically from Z, the spatial projection matrix W in this case is independent of the input representations.", "In the end, we calculate element-wise multiplication of Z1 and the modified Z2.", "Finally, the outputs of SGU go through another linear projection along the channel axis before we go on, I want to point out two things.", "First, notice that we add the input of gMLP block to its output.", "And second, notice that the gMLP block is repeated L times.", "Alright, now let’s see how this model competes with other architectures in different fields.", "In Image Classification, As you can see here, the gMLP models outperform other MLP-like architectures.", "And while They are competitive with transformers their performance is behind the best existing ConvNet models Now, let’s see how this new model performs in NLP tasks.", "The authors applied gMLP to masked language modeling in the BERT setup, one of the most well established applications of Transformers, and found that it is as good as Transformers at minimizing perplexity during pretraining.", "their experiments indicate that perplexity is only correlated with model capacity and is insensitive to the presence of self-attention.", "despite the absence of self-attention, In sentiment analysis task, the model outperforms the transformer architecture with the same number of parameters.", "On the other hand, the results of the natural language inference task favor transformer models.", "Because the model have to be able to handle two sentences in these tasks, the self-attention mechanism comes in useful, hence Transformers are more practical than gMLPs on problems requiring cross-sentence alignment.", "In order to fix this, the authors tried to incorporate a tiny attention mechanism in their gMLP model.", "To accomplish so, they tweaked the Spatial gating unit and added a single-headed self-attention unit fed by the normalized inputs.", "This new model was given the name aMLP by the authors.", "As you can see, this minor tweak pays off significantly, as the aMLP model beats Transformers and gMLP models of comparable size in every Natural Language Processing task.", "this paper suggests that it is the feedforward nature of Transformers that empowers its success, not the multi-head self-attention layers.", "In this work, researchers introduced gMLP, a simple version of MLPs with gating that can compete with Transformers in NLP and computer vision applications.", "In addition, the article suggests that adding a small single-head self-attention into gMLP will result in an even better architecture." ]

[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model (gMLP)", "Results (gMLP)", "Model (aMLP)", "Resutls (aMLP)", "Conclusion" ]

[ "I recently unearthed an old backup drive from the year 2010.", "Curious to see what treasures it contained, I plugged it in and switched it on.", "Ah yes, I was 12 years old and creating a film called the great museum robbery.", "That didn't get very far, so I began experimenting with stop motion instead, inspired mainly by the wrong trousers.", "With a lot of help from my mother and one of my friends, I made a little 2 minute short about a ball which sprouts legs and runs away.", "Bad as the animation is, it still took an eterinity to complete, so out of laziness I began learning how to animate on the computer, which allowed me to turn my terrible ideas into terrible results at an unprecedented rate.", "Now animating was a lot of fun, but my obsession at the time was a little game called runescape.", "I played this for hours and hours and hours on end, and even made several music videos, which were... very cool.", "I was particularly fascinated though on the rare occasion when something broke.", "This felt like a glimpse behind the curtains, and it made me want to know more.", "I'd heard whispers that games were made using something called \"scripting\".", "And so one day I searched my computer for that mysterious term, and came across something called the script editor.", "I remember typing some random characters in, and being really excited to find out what would happen when I ran it.", "Of course, all I got was my first syntax error.", "After a bit of searching online though, I was amazed to discover that applescript was mostly like writing english, and I learned first how to display a dialog box, and then how to make the computer say stuff, which I found endlessly entertaining.", "After a while I was ready to create my first game - Speed Reactions.", "So in this game you have one second to press the correct button.", "Let's go.", "Left.", "Woah, I wasn't fast enough.", "Ok, left, boom, jim, back, ju... Too difficult for me.", "\"Press cancel to quit\", that's normal!", "So I made a bunch of these little experiments and games with applescript, the most advanced probably being hangman.", "But the applescript language is intended for automating tasks, not so much for developing games, and I started to get bored of everything taking place in these dialog boxes.", "It was a great introduction to programming though, here's the hangman script for example, and you can see it has all the fundamentals, like loops, if statements... variables, functions and so on.", "By now I'd learned that runescape was created with java, so of course that's what I wanted to learn.", "My first java game was noughts and crosses, which I created with what I learned by reading some of the chapters of a book called teach yourself java in 21 days.", "I must have skipped some of the important ones though judging by the horrors I found in the code.", "Like an AI class containing 800 lines of painstakingly coded if-else logic.", "Thankfully I was saved from inevitable insanity by a student from the local university who my dad enlisted to give me a few one-on-one lessons.", "With his guidance I created my most elaborate game yet -- the ninja test.", "There're a couple of different mini games, but the fanciest is pong, where you need to survive as long as possible against an apparently unbeatable opponent.", "The fanciest thing is that the computer player calculates the trajectory of the ball and moves directly to the predicted location.", "Pretty imppressive.", "I take it all back, its garbage.", "The next thing I wanted to learn was 3d modelling, so that I could create 3d games.", "My first model was this aircraft, with a very strangely shaped rear end.", "I followed up that masterpiece with a wine bottle and then a rifle.", "I just love the texture work on this model, especially on the back part -- its so obviously a picture of some floorboards.", "I kept at it though, gradually attempting more and more complex subjects.", "Here's my first attempt at a human, and an attempt at sculpting his head.", "This man has seen things...", "I learned a lot from following cg cookie tutorials, like this one on creating a character called Kara.", "As you can see, she remained headless, and to this day I still can't make heads.", "Something for the next decade perhaps.", "I also made some strange little animations, like this one about a disfunctional vending machine in the desert, or this one about a mannequin trying to make friends with a robot he discovers in an old warehouse.", "During this time I experimented with a number of different game engines, but I had a really hard time understanding them.", "Finally in mid 2012 I came across the Unity engine, and followed a 3dbuzz tutorial to create a little space shooter.", "From this I learned many of the fundamentals, like player input and movement, collision detection, and instantiating and destroying objects.", "The programming is done in C#, but since it was so similar to java, I was able to create my second game without the help of a tutorial.", "By this time I was really into call of duty, and so I started work on my epic zombie survival game.", "I made some little devlog videos for this, which were some of the first videos uploaded to my channel.", "Hardly anyone was watching them though, which was a problem because I needed to get people excited about it so they'd buy it when it was done, and at 14 I didn't exactly have a huge marketing budget.", "So I decided to lure people to my channel with tutorials.", "The only problem is that I was very self consious about my voice, so I pitched the audio down several levels to sound more manly.", "[2012 Seb: Hey guys, welcome to this Unity tutorial on how to create a zelda-style health bar] The video was about 30 minutes long, and contained nuggets of wisdom like -- [2012 Seb: So um, when we start scripting we need to think about... what does this script need to be able to do?]", "You heard it here first folks.", "The tutorial did actually get a fair number of views, but I then abandoned the zombie game because the code was a horrifying mess and everything kept breaking.", "Instead I started this new project in 2013 - where you have to build out your base, and use different weapons and so on to survive against hordes of invading aliens.", "If I've ever been consistent on something though, its not finishing what I start, and so I soon moved on to creating a slew of similarly unfinished titles.", "To be fair though, I do think that creating loads of little prototypes like this is a pretty good way of learning.", "Towards the end of 2013 I entered a challenge to finish a game, and try earn at least a dollar from it.", "So, I spent the month making May the Best Man Win, a pretty unremarkable tower defence game where you compete to be the best man at your best friends wedding.", "I put it up for sale, and was over the moon when several nice people actually bought it, making it the first money I earned from game development.", "[Pewdiepie: Next up, last chance supermarket].", "This was a game I made for a 48hr game jam called Ludum dare.", "Essentially, you need to rush around with your shopping cart and get everything on your christmas list, while also trying not to crash into the other frenzied shoppers.", "This was perhaps the first game I made that was actually fun to play, and I was super proud of it and made a whole behind the scenes video about my process of creating it.", "It went on to win first place in the fun category of the competition, and also enjoyed a brief moment in the limelight after it was played by a certain swedish gentleman.", "[Pewdiepie: \"Well that game was pretty cool, I like it\"].", "Well, I clearly peaked in 2014, so I'm afraid its all downhill from here.", "Infection was my first time collaborating on a project -- I teamed up with Daniel, who did the art, and later on Thiago, who made music, and together we worked on a number of little games, like This Little Piggy, which is a game about making potato salad.", "By this time it was 2015, my second last year of high school, and in that year, everyone has to pick a project to work on for about 6 months, and then present it to the school.", "I chose to start creating tutorials again, so I bought a microphone with the bit of money I'd made from the supermarket game, and started creating animated diagrams for my first tutorial on the A* pathfinding algorithm.", "I followed that up with a series on modeling, rigging and animating characters in Blender, then creating a 2d platformer controller, and finally procedurally generating caves with cellular automata.", "I enjoyed working on these so much, that once I finished highschool, I decided to not go study, but just keep making tutorials.", "I was already earning some money from ad revenue and occasional freelancing, and I also then started a patreon page, where people have been incredibly generous in supporting my work.", "So in the past few years I've been much more focussed on creating tutorials than games, but I did find some time to work on some small projects, like spirit rover, a game where you have to write instructions to send to a little mars rover called spirit, to guide it through the treacherous terrain; or Splotch, made with my friend liam, where you draw lines to try bounce balls around obstacles and into their gates as quickly as possible.", "There was also Swordfish, a game about hacking, but in a very hollywood action movie kind of way.", "In this last year though, I've been trying something a little different, which is to take a topic that I think is interesting, and spend a couple of weeks to a month researching and playing around with it.", "And then, unlike with my usual tutorials where I'd just show how to create it, I've been trying to show more of the entire process - so the initial experiments, as well as the bugs and roadblocks and the random tangents along the way.", "I've been having a lot of fun with this series, especially because its given me the freedom to tackle things that are a bit out of my league.", "For example clouds was a recent project I undertook, and I couldn't make a tutorial on it because I wasn't able to get it run fast enough to be useable in an actual game, but I think it still made for a pretty interesting coding adventure video.", "Well.", "In a nutshell, that's been my first 10 years of learning programming and game development, and of creating youtube videos.", "It's been hugely motivating to have so many people actually watching and responding to the videos, so thank you all for that.", "And an extra huge thanks of course to those who've been supporting me in all of this on patreon.", "It's been an interesting ten years for me, with lots of weird projects, ranging from being a fly trying to get up someone's nose, to creating a terrible little console to play snake on, so I'm curious to see what the next decade has in store.", "Thanks for watching, cheers." ]

[ "Early animations", "First steps with coding", "The Java days", "Entering the third dimension!", "Discovering Unity", "My first tutorial", "I made some games", "Back to tutorials", "Coding Adventures", "Outro" ]

[ "Prof: You guys had a little bit of fun getting dressed up and doing some stuff up on stage last Friday, and so I though that I would actually have a little fun myself.", "And I was unable, as you know, to decide which section had actually done the best job.", "So I decided that you would all get a reward.", "And in order to understand the reward, I want to give you the background, which actually comes from a very, of course, deep theoretical investigation of the kind that I always want you to know about.", "Right?", "So let me get this up there.", "Here we go.", "I want you to understand the Swiss theorem.", "Okay?", "And the Swiss theorem is really a very essential part of population biology.", "Basically it tells you that the partial derivative of happiness, with respect to an increase in chocolate intake, is positive across the entire reaction norm of the human condition.", "Okay?", "So chocolate makes you happier, right?", "And the Swiss, as is usual, claim priority for something which is in fact a contribution of another major civilization, which is the Mexicans.", "Now, you will notice that I have had the teaching fellows divvy up the chocolate onto paper plates and distribute it in small qualities around the room.", "This is because the homogenization of fitness within groups promotes group benefit and causes a general increase in-group success.", "Because the only way then that the group can improve is that if the performance of the individuals increases the performance of the whole group.", "Now, that's about all that I really want to say, except that I want to thank you very much for participating in that exercise last Friday.", "I thought it was interesting.", "I enjoyed it.", "I hope you've had a chance to look at it.", "And the only issue that now faces me is whether I should continue to give the lecture in this costume.", "I have been told by my teaching fellows that I absolutely have to do it.", "Right?", "But I have difficulty believing that you'll believe me if I look like this.", "Will you believe me?", "Students: Yes.", "Prof: You want me to leave it on?", "Students: Yes.", "Prof: All right, all right.", "Let's go.", "Okay?", "So we're actually now going to go back to-- oh by the way, there is a pedagogical message in this costume, and that is if you can't play like a child, you can't be creative.", "Okay?", "It's about playfulness.", "Okay.", "Have you all got your chocolate?", "Are you happy?", "Students: Yes.", "Prof: Or let me put it this way, are you happier?", "> It looks like we have some leftovers, and so you're all welcome to grab some on the way out.", "The basket, by the way, is a working basket from a market in the Ivory Coast, and when people make baskets to work with, they make them really well.", "So I don't want the basket to disappear.", "Okay?", "Now for today's lecture.", "What we're looking at now is the impact of space on communities and on the distribution of plants and animals around the planet.", "So I'm going to talk today about island biogeography and metapopulations.", "And I want you to start thinking of the world as fragmented, okay?", "So, as spatially heterogeneous.", "There are islands, there are mountains, there are lakes and oases.", "And a lot of the world is becoming fragmented by humans.", "So one of the big ways that humans are having impact on the planet, and changing life on the planet, is by fragmenting the landscape.", "So the issue today is what is determining biodiversity in a fragment?", "What happens when we break the world up?", "Here are some sketches of what happened in Cadiz Township, Wisconsin, between 1831 and 1950.", "So before the settlers go out, we had an Eastern Hardwood Forest, and as the area got settled--this is 1882, 1902,1950--you can see the forest disappears and there are little blocks of tress that are left as forest fragments, scattered across the landscape.", "And this is where the birds and the rodents and the coyotes and everything else now--and the deer--have to try to make their living.", "And if we now look at Wisconsin from space-- so this is in the early part of this century-- you can see a picture which actually has cities in it, in red, and a landscape, which is largely agricultural, with some little dark blocks of forest scattered through it.", "So this is mostly agriculture here; this would be forest.", "Let's take another look.", "Another kind of natural fragmentation, of course, is archipelagos, islands.", "Now we're getting towards island biogeography.", "This is an observation made by Robert MacArthur and Ed Wilson that plots on the Y-axis, on a log scale, the number of species on an island; and on the X-axis the area of the island, in square miles.", "And this is for the Sunda Islands; so this is in Indonesia.", "And up here you've got the Philippines and New Guinea, added to the Sunda Islands.", "So what you see is that on a log-log plot, the bigger the island the more the species.", "And this is the part of the world we're talking about.", "Komodo dragons come from Komodo here.", "The little dwarf Homo erectus was found on Flores.", "This is Timor.", "New Guinea is going to be off here somewhere.", "Java is over there, and Krakatoa is down here.", "So these are the Sunda Islands.", "And they have lots of different surface areas.", "I mean, if you just look at this little one and compare it to this big one, you're going to have a lot fewer birds on there than you are on there.", "So in trying to come up with a general theory of biogeography, MacArthur and Wilson did the standard Cartesian analytical reduction of saying, \"What are the essential features of that system?", "What are the fewest things that we have to pay attention to, that will tell us something, a take-home message, some key message, that we can pull out of the system?\"", "And they thought, well let's suppose that there isn't any evolution going on, and that all of the species we're considering already exist on some big continental landmass, and that they're getting onto islands in a process of immigration, and they're dying out on islands in a process of extinction.", "And this is the number of species that are present on the island.", "Okay?", "So they argued that in such a situation the number of species on the island will come to an equilibrium-- there'll be species that are coming off of the continents, that are flying, drifting, getting blown, whatever, out onto the islands--and the immigration rate will start high.", "When the island is empty, everything that shows up on it is a new species.", "But the immigration rate must inevitably fall down to zero when the number of species on the island equals the number in the source pool on the mainland.", "Okay?", "Because we're just counting species; we're not counting number of individuals arriving.", "I mean, if a hundred birds fly in and their species already exists on the island, that doesn't count for immigration, because that species is already there.", "So that's the way this axis is constructed.", "So this goes down and this goes up.", "The number of species on the island is going to be affecting the extinction rate, probably in two ways.", "The simplest is the more species there are, the greater the chance that one of them will go extinct, just at random.", "So that curve's going to go up, just because there are more species on the island.", "However, if there are interactions among the species on the island, such that predation, disease, whatever is going to drive one to extinction, you can see that it might bend upward.", "So it's not just going to be linear, it's going to go up; so that's how they argued the curves.", "And they said where the curves intersect, the number coming in will equal the number going out, and that's the number we should expect to find on the island.", "So far so good; this is all just a priori.", "Well what's going to affect the rates of immigration and extinction?", "Well first they argued that immigration will decrease from islands that are near the mainland out to islands that are far from the mainland.", "So you could construct a series of curves; so this would be the curve for an island close to the mainland and this would be the curve for an island far from the mainland.", "And that's just because it's harder to get out there.", "On the other hand, they argued that extinction rates will increase as you go from large islands down to small islands, basically because there's more space on the big island, more different niches, more places, habitats, where organisms can live; more different kinds of things could survive there.", "But also as you get onto a small island, the intensity of the biotic interactions are going to get bigger, and it's going to be harder to get away from a predator, or harder to get away from a parasite.", "And so you could imagine that as you shrank an island, extinction rates would go up.", "So they predicted, hey, we could have an equilibrium over here on an island which is small and far from the coast, or that we could have it here if it was a small island close to the continent.", "And similarly if we have a large island which is far away from the continent, we might be down here, and a large island close to the continent would be here.", "A big one close to a continent, by the way, would be Trinidad.", "Trinidad has almost the biodiversity of neighboring Venezuela.", "A small one, far away from a continent-- so with a very low biodiversity--might be something like, you would think, an isolated oceanic island like Easter Island or Hawaii.", "So why is this important?", "Well for a long time, from the mid-1960s up to about 1985, 1990, this was the only game in town, and there weren't alternative ways of thinking about these processes, and it played a big role in the design of natural parks and nature reserves.", "Essentially it said, because of the area, the effect of area on biodiversity, it's better to have a big park than a small one, and because of the effect of immigration rate on biodiversity, it said it's better to provide corridors to connect landscape fragments, if you possibly can, so that things can immigrate and move back and forth.", "So it was used a lot.", "However, when we summarize it, you'll see it's an equilibrium between colonization and extinction; it assumes there's a source population.", "So evolution isn't going on; there's a source population out there, that's where all the species are.", "There's no speciation occurring on islands.", "There are just two effects that you're worried about: how big the island is and how far away it is from the mainland.", "Extinction is driven by area, and colonization is driven by distance.", "Okay?", "Now all of these things that I've just written down here will be important for you to remember if you are asked how to reconstruct the equilibrium number of species on an island in a certain circumstance.", "Okay?", "I want to emphasize that.", "That's the kind of thing that might turn up on a midterm.", "If you're on a small island, a long way from the mainland, you'll have low species diversity, and a big island close to the mainland will have high species diversity.", "And that seems to be an intuitive point, but I've given you an analytical framework from which to derive it.", "Now, as you'll see in a minute, I am now going to blast this theory out of the water.", "I'm going to take it apart and show that it makes a whole series of assumptions and claims that are demonstrably not true.", "And before I do that, I want to signal to you that I'm going to come back, after I do that, and say, \"Hey, it was still a good thing.\"", "Okay?", "So the theory is dealing only with the number of species, not with the number of individuals; there's no population dynamics.", "I mean, if you've got ten of them on the island, or a thousand of them on the island, you count them the same way.", "That seems to be a little silly, because the probably of extinction should be related to the number that are there.", "All the species are considered together, and there's just kind of one general immigration rate and one general extinction rate.", "You know, it's kind of fun to wave my arms when I've got this gown on.", "> But the probabilities of immigration and extinction are different; I mean, it's going to be different for birds and ants and mosses and paramecia and elephants and stuff like that.", "Okay?", "So they must some ways differ systematically.", "The island biogeographic theory, kind of like the Hardy-Weinberg theory, it's an equilibrium theory.", "Okay?", "It doesn't allow for history.", "But if we just look at what's happened in the Western Pacific in the last 10,000 years, as the Polynesians came out and colonized those islands, we know that 25% of the birds that were on them have already gone extinct.", "So you send your budding biogeographer out there to get a sample from the Sunda Islands or from Guam or from the Philippines or Micronesia, and they come back with a count of the number of bird species on the island, it's a very misleading count because 25% extinction has already happened on those islands.", "And that's where those data came from, that I showed you.", "Okay?", "This effect has not been compensated for in that dataset.", "The theory doesn't allow for speciation and adaptive radiation.", "And you take one pair of cardueline finches from Central America and fly them out to Hawaii, fifteen or twenty million years ago, and voilà, this is what they produce-- okay?--bunches of species.", "So that's going on, and that's not in the theory.", "It assumes that the probability of being able to immigrate doesn't depend on how many species are already there.", "Okay?", "But the presence of some species is probably a prerequisite for that of others, and the presence of some may keep others from coming in.", "So those are probably effects to worry about.", "It's actually empirically difficult to decide when an immigration has occurred.", "So you're sitting here, out in the Thimble Islands, okay, off Branford, Connecticut, and it's spring, and a Bay-breasted Warbler comes flying through.", "Do you count it?", "Well it's going to just stop off, eat a few insects, and fly on to Canada.", "It's just passing through.", "Is that immigration?", "Probably not.", "So you have to actually find the species that breed on the island; that's not so easy.", "We assume the system's at equilibrium.", "But how can we recognize an equilibrium when we've got one?", "There's not a clear prediction on how fast this turnover would occur.", "Or do we have to wait ten generation, a hundred generations, a thousand generations?", "And hey, what about the problem that generation time is fast for little things and slow for big things?", "That makes that issue pretty complicated.", "Then if it is at equilibrium, the assumption is that every time a new species comes in, one that was already there goes extinct.", "Well that seems to be a little unrealistic.", "That's a very tight coupling of immigration and extinction, and the real relationship's weaker.", "So the major assumption of the theory, which is that there's a turnover of species that produces an equilibrium between immigration and extinction is correct.", "That's been tested experimentally on small islands.", "But the observed turnover is often of casual species, not the ones that breed with established populations, and there's nothing in the theory to tell us what proportion should be in each category.", "So the theory is a failure; the theory is a failure if the goal is to be right.", "Okay?", "But hey, the goal is not to be right; the goal is to try to explore Nature in such a way that we discover the truth.", "And the theory is a great success if that's what we want to know.", "We can only operate with a working hypothesis-- for a long time this was the only game in town-- and the criterion of success is how much work gets stimulated by the idea-- okay?", "; you'll see shortly that a lot was stimulated by it--and how rapidly can it be constructively falsified and replaced with a better theory?", "The pages of science are littered with the corpses of dead theories.", "And sometimes a theory has the delightful adaptation that it contains within itself the seeds of its own destruction.", "And the seeds of destruction of a theory are often how fascinated people get by it and how hard they're willing to work to try to test it.", "And that's what happened to island biogeography; it was a good one.", "So we can look at MacArthur as a Dionysiac, a creative enthusiast.", "We can look at Mark Williamson as an Apollonian objective critic.", "And if you like that dichotomy, then you ought to go back and read Friedrich Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy, which he wrote when he was still a Ph.D. student and only twenty-three-years-old.", "That was long before, by the way, he went crazy.", "Okay, so that's one view of the universe; that's the island biogeography view of the universe.", "Now I want to do metapopulations, because this is the other major alternative way of looking at spatial dynamics of species and populations.", "So a metapopulation is a set of local populations that are linked by movement.", "And, as with island biogeography, the dynamics of metapopulations are driven by extinction and re- colonization, or immigration.", "So I'm going to be talking a bit about some of these species-- okay?--frogs, butterflies, thyme plants, pathogen populations living in us, things like that.", "So here's the basic conceptual framework.", "Here we have a local population and it's got reproduction going on in it.", "It's producing an excess of organisms, and they're moving out into the environment, because it's getting crowded locally and they want to find a place to live.", "They go out and they can find an empty patch to colonize.", "And sometimes, for one reason or another, their population will go extinct in a local patch.", "So if you just take a big sample of patches across the landscape, each of which is a population, you will find some of them with thriving biology going on, and some of them are empty; and they can be empty because they went extinct or they can be empty because they were never colonized.", "And all of them have the conditions that the organisms need to survive in.", "So if you build a simple metapopulation model, you can pull out some pretty important, straightforward messages.", "One of them is this.", "Even if every single local population is likely to go extinct, the metapopulation can survive in a balance between extinction and colonization.", "So basically you should think of it as, oh my heavens, we're about to go extinct locally; I'd better get up and fly out, and go find a new place, and just keep hopping.", "And if a population manages to do that, it can keep itself going, even though it leaves behind a long trail of consistent extinctions.", "The landscape is important in this, and of course that's very attractive because it gets people into landscape ecology; it gets them into photographs taken from space; it gets them into geographic information systems.", "And it's actually created--that whole area is now a new field of analysis.", "So the landscape features that are going to effect extinction and colonization then are going to be things that are very important for regional persistence.", "So, you know, if we're dealing with say Daphnia living in ponds in Connecticut, and in any particular pond in Connecticut Daphnia is likely to go extinct, but we look across the whole state and we see that there are 100,000 ponds, Daphnia actually ends up probably doing just fine in Connecticut.", "And if you doubt that, I suggest you just take a beaker of pond water-- not city water, city water's got a lot of chlorine in it-- take a beaker of good natural pond water and put it on top of your residential college in downtown New Haven.", "And go back six months later, you will find in it rotifers, algae and copepods, and they will have fallen into it out of the air, because these guys fly around in the air; you might not think so but they manage to get up there.", "Another message is that there is a ratio between colonization and extinction, above which a metapopulation can exist.", "So if you're concerned with the question, is there an analytically determinable threshold for our daphnia population in the State of Connecticut that will tell us how much they have to move around in order to stay here in the long run?", "The model will give us that.", "Okay?", "That's the threshold ratio between colonization and extinction.", "And it's kind of a simple number.", "It tells us those are the rates we have to worry about.", "And you can interpret that in terms of the proportion of patches that are occupied and average patch size.", "So there's actually something you can go out and measure that will give you an estimate of this ratio, which will tell you will the thing persist or not?", "So if you're concerned with population viability analysis, if you're concerned with conservation and with the threats to biodiversity, this is something that you can actually go out to measure, and then construct an argument with; and you can back your argument up with a literature that has now some rather impressive logic in it.", "So here are a few insights.", "It's perfectly normal to have some local empty patches.", "You know, in my village in Switzerland they were very worried about their carabid beetles, because that's all they have left; and they had some carabid beetles, they had a few toads and they had some salamanders, and there wasn't very much left in the forest.", "And locally people would get very desperate about their local pond not having any salamanders in it anymore or something like that, whereas if they would back up and they would look at say a chunk of landscape that was 100 kilometers on a side, they could relax, because local things are often going extinct but then being re-colonized.", "And you actually need to be able to back up and look at it, at a fairly large spatial scale, and a pretty long timescale, before you can discern the overall trend.", "This places a big demand on data collection, but it leads to a lot more realism in making forecasts.", "So you need to look at the region and the landscape, rather than the local population.", "But there is something that's hard to measure and that's the migration rate.", "Okay?", "It's just hard to see.", "After all, if I were a salamander, I would do it on a rainy night--right?--at about two o'clock in the morning; and who's going to be out there tracking me around?", "So this is hard to measure.", "Is there evidence that in fact Nature is organized this way?", "Well we know that population size is significantly affected by migration, and we can see that in both the source effect and the sink effect.", "So you put a fence around a population, and if it's a source it will increase, and if it's a sink it will disappear.", "And that can only happen if the source would normally be exporting migrants, immigrants that are going out, and the sink would only happen, it would only disappear, when the fence is put around it, if it had been previously maintained by stuff coming in from sources.", "So that's experimentally demonstrable.", "We know that population density is affected by the area and the isolation of the patch.", "Big patches tend to have slightly higher densities, and distant patches tend to have lower densities.", "If it's really a metapopulation, then population density should be going up and down, out of synchrony.", "Okay?", "If it's really tightly linked, and there's a tremendous amount of immigration, then you could just treat the thing as just one big population.", "But if it's a metapopulation, and some things are doing okay and some things are going extinct, then doing okay means going up, and going extinct means going down, at the same time.", "So they would be asynchronous; and that is often observed.", "Is there a population turnover?", "Do local populations go extinct and then get re-colonized from a source?", "And that's been observed, at least in one case, for snails living in ponds in the U.K. And that's done by taking samples of the mud in the bottom of the ponds and going back over many years and looking for the presence of snails.", "And they disappear and they come back, and they disappear and they come back.", "If you're a good naturalist and you know where your beast likes to live, then one often sees that suitable habitat is present, but it's empty.", "And both in a plant population and in a butterfly metapopulation, both of these metapopulations persist, despite lots of local extinction.", "So the butterfly population is in Finland, and the plant population is in Provence; its thyme in Provence.", "And both of these--by the way, if you like metapopulation biology, you get to do lots of neat field biology, and do it in wonderful circumstances.", "And since the French use the thyme in their cooking, and the butterflies are beautiful, this is a nice sensory experience as well.", "The risk of extinction in a metapopulation does depend on patch size.", "If you're in a small one, it's much more likely that you'll go extinct than if you're in a large patch.", "So the evidence for that is pretty strong.", "And the colonization rate depends on patch isolation; and that's true for most species.", "I would like to note here that if you take the Max Planck-Gesselschaft A330 up for a little tour around the globe at 35,000 feet, and you put out a--you slow the plane down enough so you can put out a plankton net, and you troll for aerial plankton up in the stratosphere, you will find baby spiders and fern spores covering the planet, up in the stratosphere.", "You can do that over the South Pole, at 35,000 feet, and you will find, in a state, believe me, of deep hibernation, little tiny baby spiders rafting along at -70 degrees Celsius, and they're still alive.", "Fern spores will do the same thing.", "So, in fact, these are exceptions.", "The colonization rate, depending on patch isolation, however, would be very important for elephants, rhinoceroses, bears, stuff like that.", "Okay?", "So you can see that there's a gradation based on dispersal ability, body size; lots of biology.", "Small isolated patches are likely to be empty.", "Big connected patches are likely to be full.", "Lots of evidence for that; that's certainly a straightforward prediction of the model.", "And a fugitive competitor can exist in a metapopulation.", "A fugitive competitor is one that if you just put them into a local equilibrium population, they will get beaten out by the other species that's there.", "But if they are better at dispersing, while the other one is better at competing, they can keep jumping out and getting ahead of that.", "And that's been well investigated with Daphnia in the Finish Archipelago.", "Furthermore, I'm going to show you a shot of a prey species that would go extinct in a local population, but it can co-exist with its predator in a metapopulation; and I'll show that for two mites living in greenhouses.", "Now, the point that is made here is that when you shift from the equilibrium local population perspective, up to the metapopulation perspective, the complexities of spatial distribution will allow a lot more things to co-exist with each other.", "And that's true both for competition theory and it's true for predation theory.", "So here's the Finnish Archipelago.", "It is, by the way, continuing to emerge from the water, because there's glacial rebound.", "After the Pleistocene, glaciers melted.", "They had depressed the underlying continental crust, and it is now rebounding and rising up.", "So these islands continue to come out of the water.", "And they are a lovely kind of fairytale kind of landscape, filled with all sorts of interesting biology.", "They have on them, for example, six-foot long water snakes, that are about that thick, and they have lots of birds and other things.", "And on them they have little pools of fresh water, surrounded by this part of the Baltic, which is not really seawater, it's kind of brackish.", "But the Daphnia can't really survive in the sea; the salinity is still too high for them.", "So they move around among pools, on these islands, in places like this; this little island here might have ten or twenty pools on it.", "And they are moving around, among these islands, probably having their ephippia, which are their resting stages, borne on the feet of shorebirds that are flying.", "And there are at least two species of Daphnia that live in the Finish Archipelago.", "One of them is a better competitor, one of them is a better disperser, and they co-exist because what one lacks in competition ability, it makes up in dispersal ability.", "So if you have that kind of a tradeoff, you can generate a persistent metapopulation in a system like that.", "I strongly recommend, by the way, if you're ever in Stockholm or in Helsinki, that you go out into the Baltic Archipelagos; they are just beautiful landscapes.", "The other is mites in a greenhouse.", "And this is Carl Huffaker's experiment, and he had a brilliant idea for a model system in which you could investigate the impact of spatial structure on predator/prey interactions.", "He had a herbivorous mite that likes to eat oranges; and these are oranges, okay?", "And he had a predatory mite that eats the herbivorous mite.", "And what he did was he constructed a model ecosystem that consisted of a whole bunch of oranges, interspersed with billiard balls; well obviously the herbivorous mite can't eat a billiard ball, but it can eat an orange.", "And then he altered the migration rates of the species by putting grease down, in between the two.", "So he had a system that you could actually put in your kitchen cabinet, that had a complete spatial ecosystem in it, and he could play with the parameters.", "And what Huffaker discovered is that he could have persistence of a predator and prey with spatial structure where if they were confined to a single orange they would both go extinct; first the prey would go extinct and then the predator would start.", "Okay, so back to a comparison between the two ways of looking at the world.", "If you look at the number of publications per year, using say Web of Science, you can see that interest in island biogeography peaked in the mid-80s and then has declined; it's not gone to zero, but it's going down.", "But since 1985, there's been an explosion of interest in metapopulations.", "And there are really two reasons for that.", "One of them is that it is obvious that the landscape really is fragmented, and so metapopulation theory has become an organizing concept in conservation biology, where people try to maintain biodiversity at a landscape scale.", "We can see it all around us.", "It's much easier to study and manipulate a metapopulation than it is to manipulate an archipelago.", "So there's been a lot more progress doing experiments, like the ones that I showed you that Carl Huffaker did.", "That was actually before the theory came up; he was sort of a prophet way ahead of his time.", "And there's an analogy to epidemiology, and it's quite compelling; and we know that epidemiology works.", "So I now want to show you the analogy with epidemiology.", "And this is a connection now between ecology and infectious disease.", "So the host is a local patch.", "Here's a local patch; that looks like a good one to infect.", "Here's another one.", "Boy am I going to get her in the dorm.", "You know?", "Pathogens have local populations within hosts.", "Now what would constitute extinction?", "Well extinction would be either you kill your host, so you die with it, or the host develops an immune response.", "Okay?", "So you get--you can go extinct for either reason; and by the way, if you're a pathogen, either is equally bad.", "The disease transmission rate is equivalent to the migration rate.", "And if we look at that--I'm now going to go back and I'm going to re-rehearse this issue of measles on islands and in big cities.", "It was mentioned last Friday, briefly, but it's an important example, and I feel entirely unashamed about mentioning an important example twice; there might even be a better chance of it being remembered a week or twenty years later.", "So measles in big cities are a huge metapopulation with a continual input of young hosts that don't have any immune defense: babies.", "Okay?", "Luscious little susceptible babies, ripe for infection.", "On islands--an island is a tiny little metapopulation.", "You know, look at the Falkland Islands or the Orkneys or something like that; Pitcairn Island, Easter Island.", "Very few hosts.", "And if measles could get onto an island like that, or any other infectious disease that causes a sterilizing immune response, as measles does, then it'll sweep in a wave through that island, and everybody will become immune before enough babies can be born to maintain the disease.", "So repeated extinction occurs.", "Here is the incidence of measles in big cities and on islands between 1921 and 1940-- so this is before measles vaccine, when you could study this as a natural process-- and zero years with a month of no cases in the big cities.", "And as we go from fairly large islands, down to smaller islands, we have more and more months with no cases, until you get to the Falkland Islands, and over that nineteen year period there wasn't a single case of measles in the Falkland Islands.", "They must've been pretty worried about a ship coming in that had somebody with measles on it, but there was no case during that nineteen years.", "So here's a guy with measles.", "Here's the pathogen.", "This is the situation in a big city, and here is the Falkland Islands.", "As you can see, the density that you have in a big city just makes for wonderful transmission possibilities; fantastic.", "So diseases will tend to go extinct on little islands, and host populations will then lose both their acquired and their inherited resistance.", "And if then after many years the disease is reintroduced, the epidemic can really be catastrophic.", "So I think you already know that on Hispaniola, between--that's the Dominican Republic and Haiti-- between 1492 and the late-1500s, a population of about half a million indigenous Americans was reduced to 300, by measles and by other diseases.", "Also when the Conquistadores landed at Veracruz and started marching on Mexico City, the wave, the epidemic preceded them; so the Aztec army was being decimated by disease when they got there.", "But, you know, the Aztecs really weren't--it's not the only explanation--the Aztecs were not very well liked; this habit of ripping people's hearts out and eating them on altars hadn't endeared them to the captives that they got, and the subject peoples.", "And so actually it only took 900 Conquistadores to defeat the Aztec army, because they had 200,000 local allies that said, \"Yeah, we want to beat 'em up too.\"", "So it was both that effect, and the disease effect, that allowed the conquest of Mexico.", "In a city what's going on is that the pathogen population is being rescued by the colonization of empty habitat.", "So this is the rescue effect in a metapopulation and it's the rescue effect in epidemiology.", "And that--basically the pathogens are being rescued by babies, and the babies are born susceptible; they do not yet have an acquired immune reaction, they haven't built up the population of cells that will target that particular pathogen.", "And so that rescues the disease before it goes extinct.", "And there are enough of these babies coming in, in a city, so that the colonization rate, the transmission rate, and the number of occupiable sites, is high enough to keep that population going.", "So the take-home point on this lecture, besides the fact that the professor is crazy and wearing a mask, is that geography is very important in ecology, and there have been a number of pretty big attempts to create analytical systems to deal with it.", "A lot of the world is fragmented.", "I think even the Abyssal Plain is getting fragmented as trawlers start going deeper and deeper, and if we undertake mining operations in the North Pacific, to pick up little modules of molybdenum and things like that, we're going to just continue to disrupt the entire planet.", "Movement by organisms, among fragments, creates a dynamic across the whole landscape.", "And local extinctions and re-colonizations may be an entirely normal thing, and you can't really see that until you look at a big enough chunk of space, in a long enough period of time, to establish a metapopulation dynamic.", "And then finally I'd like to emphasize that the spread of disease, epidemiology, can be viewed as a metapopulation dynamic, and can be viewed as a model system within which to test metapopulation assumptions.", "And when you do that, it seems to work pretty well.", "Okay, so next time I'm going to talk about the flow of energy and matter through ecosystems.", "And if I can get my costume off, I am available to go to lunch today." ]

[ "Chapter 1. Introduction", "Chapter 2. Island Biogeography", "Chapter 3. Critique of Island Biogeography", "Chapter 4. Metapopulations", "Chapter 5. Analogy Between Metapopulations and Epidemiology" ]

[ "(device whirring) - Up next, we look at project management options from Microsoft and how they meet your project needs, from integrated experiences with Microsoft Teams using Project for the web all the way to Dynamics 365's Project Operations to support the delivery of project-based services with seamless integration into your ERP system to manage all phases of your projects from bidding to billing.", "So, George, it's great to have you on.", "- Well, thanks for having me.", "- And thanks so much for joining us from home today.", "So one of the most popular topics for Microsoft Mechanics has always been around project management.", "So Microsoft has this really long history of building tools that span from task management and planning, formal project management, and even business operations.", "And today though, we wanted to focus more on that sophisticated end of the spectrum.", "So what's new there?", "- Well, we've really focused on making it easier for everyone to manage their work.", "And if you think about it, most of us are involved in projects every day.", "They can range from single initiatives that you may be collaborating on with your team, such as this video, actually.", "Or they can span an entire portfolio of interrelated initiatives and business processes across your organization.", "And also, there are project-based services that might be a primary driver for your business, especially if you're in a business like consulting, where you're managing everything from sales to running the project, as well as post-project billing and analytics.", "- Right, and really the more accountability and dependencies involved, the more rigor that you need to be able to follow those projects through.", "- Yeah, that's exactly right.", "And we've set out to take our mature project management engine with Microsoft Project, and make the whole discipline of project management way more accessible to everyone in your organization.", "For example, Project for the web has been around for a couple of years now and can be used as your go-to tool if project management is your whole job focus.", "The good news is as an everyday user, you can also now use it within the context of Microsoft Teams.", "Project for the web and its rich scheduling and task management capabilities are also embedded in Dynamics 365 Project Operations.", "And by the way, this is the evolution of Dynamics 365 Project Service Automation.", "It gives you an expanded set of capabilities across sales management and project accounting for Project Operations and starts with sales and quotes, and goes through to planning and running the project and all the way to things like expenses, invoices, and analytics.", "- Right, and there's also good news for IT that it's built on top of the Power Platform.", "So you've had to deploy things like project servers in the past, all that pain's going to go away and we're covering both ends of the spectrum there then for work management.", "But can you give us a look of all the new tools?", "- Sure.", "I'll start with Project for the web in Microsoft Teams to show you how easy it is to create and manage projects.", "The first thing I'm going to do here is hit the plus sign to add a tab and I'll add project.", "And you see now when I click into project I can either add an existing project to my team, or I can create a new one.", "I'll go ahead and create a new one and give it a name, Marketing Plan, and click Save.", "And now this project is being attached to our channel and everyone on the team will be able to see it with access to the project.", "From here, we can start adding tasks.", "So I'll add a few for email campaign, audience profile and storyboard.", "And from here I can also create a work breakdown structure.", "And in this case tasks 2 and 3, we'll make those subtasks to our email campaign.", "And now I can begin assigning people; I'll assign Adele for now.", "- Right, and this is really a big deal because in the past, you'd have to manage another contact list of people that were defined as project resources, and now they're just there natively in your directory service.", "- That's right, it's a huge time saver for sure.", "Also the cool thing is if there's someone that needs to be on this project that's in our tenant, but not yet a member of this actual team, I can search for them.", "So here I'll search for Brian Johnson and add him to the project.", "And I can also choose to add him to the team in Microsoft Teams, so he has the full experience including associated chat and files.", "And so now I have everyone in and I can lay out the project schedule.", "And you'll notice there's a Duration column here by default.", "So I'll assign each task the number of days required.", "I'll add start and finish date columns, and you can see the project uses today's date as the default start date.", "Then behind the scenes, the scheduling engine will automatically calculate the finish date for each task.", "And now from here, I can add additional fields, including custom fields.", "And as I add a column, I can choose the data type.", "In this case I'll choose Yes/No, and I'll give this field the name Legal Review and hit Create.", "And now I can assign yes or no to each of my tasks.", "And that's how easy it is to set up your project.", "- Okay, but I have to say that was a pretty simple project, but can you show us what a more sophisticated project then might look like?", "- Yeah, absolutely.", "Here I have a project for Cafe Grande 2000, and this one's further along.", "So you can easily see completed tasks with green check marks and strikethrough texts.", "The tasks that are behind schedule are highlighted in red and tasks due tomorrow are highlighted in beige.", "So I'll mark a few of these tasks complete.", "Now, if you look at this one here for Identify online opportunities, you can see that it has a dependency on defined launch goals, and I can easily modify all the details of this task from here.", "So now I'll close this out.", "And of course, one of the most visual ways to track progress and view dependencies is through the timeline.", "And this is a great view that shows all the project tasks, how they're related to each other, and when they'll be completed.", "If I want, I can modify each task on the timeline by sliding them to the left or right, and I can shorten or extend their duration as well.", "Now, if I click into any of these tasks on the left, it gives me the details behind them, as you can see with this one.", "So let's close this out and go to another useful view that we have here, which is the Board view.", "And this lets you categorize tasks by buckets.", "And it's really easy to drag tasks between buckets.", "So I'll drag a few of these tasks over into their corresponding buckets.", "Now we get a better idea in this case of the phases each task belongs to.", "- So this is going to look pretty familiar, I think, to a lot of people in project management.", "Even you have no prior experience, it's going to be easy to onboard, and the different views are going to give you options then for tracking their progress.", "This is great for managing everyday products, but you also mentioned before how we go beyond this with Project Operations in Dynamics 365, especially if you're selling and running project-based services, but what does that experience then look like?", "- Yeah, let me show you that.", "And the first thing you'll notice is that because Project for the web capabilities are embedded within Dynamics 365 Project Operations, the core project planning and resource management is the same as Project for the web.", "But Project Operations goes far beyond this.", "It comes with a suite of capabilities that can help project leads, account managers, and project accountants more easily manage the project life cycle.", "So starting with deal management, Project Operations has robust estimation capabilities.", "As you can see here, the team for this project uses generic resources, so project managers can create accurate estimates.", "Account managers can then take these estimates and link them directly to project quotes, helping them create far more accurate quotes for their customers.", "Clicking on the Sales tab now, we can easily find the link quote.", "Now in the Profitability Analysis tab, account managers can even use these estimates to identify the potential gross margin for the project.", "- Okay, so then once you're ready to move forward with the project, how does Project Operations help you then assign the resources to carry out all of your planning?", "- Well, project leads can now use the Schedule Board to easily see who is active on other projects, and if people with the needed skillsets have available time to staff the new project.", "So in this view, project leads can search by role, skillset, location, and a number of other valuable filters.", "And for this new project, they'll need a site foreman who has a lot of project management experience.", "So after searching, we can see that Peter has plenty of free time to devote to this new project in the upcoming months.", "Then once you've selected your team and the project is kicked off, you have workflows in place to simplify time and expense management.", "In Time Entries, project team members can quickly add their time sheets by importing their hours from their current project or by simply manually adding them in.", "And for Expenses, we have two options.", "First, team members can submit their expenses using this simple experience here.", "If you want more advanced capabilities like OCR for receipt capture, we have an option for that as well to save time when submitting these expenses.", "Project Operations also integrates ERP capabilities for things like material sourcing.", "So here, for example, this project team is working to refurbish and rebrand a number of cafes.", "They've identified that they need to equip these cafes with all new equipment, like new coffee machines with material usage.", "So I'll go ahead and add our A100 model in this case.", "And they can easily make sure the expense is accounted for and eventually invoiced to the customer.", "- Okay, and I know that it can also be a challenge once you move into the billing aspects of a project, so what billing capabilities then come with Project Operations?", "- Yeah, so we've just introduced a new feature, actually, that lets project leads define whether certain tasks of a project should be complimentary or not chargeable to the customer, like a proof of concept or pre-sales activities, while the remaining tasks may require a fixed fee or time and materials billing.", "So for this project, we can change just the planning activities to be complimentary.", "And project leads can even bill multiple organizations for different sets of tasks under the same project.", "Now switching to the Tracking tab, project leads can use this table you see to easily track the project from both an effort and a cost standpoint, and this helps make sure the project remains under budget.", "- From a project accounting perspective, are there some additional finance capabilities here as well?", "- Yeah, there are.", "Project Operations helps accounting teams manage all the financial aspects of a project, from project costing, to invoicing and revenue recognition.", "With Project Statements, for example, project accountants can monitor the latest project financials and make sure the project's on the right track.", "As you can see here with profit and loss and also in this tab looking at consumption.", "- Okay, so this is a really great set of integrated project management capabilities across Project for the web and Project Operations, but what do they take then to get set up?", "- Let's start with Project for the web and what I showed in Teams.", "So once your users are licensed, it's really easy to set up.", "Because first, under the covers, we're using Microsoft Dataverse, which provides a scalable and secure managed data layer as part of the Power Platform.", "And we provisioned this with a default environment as part of your enterprise Microsoft 365 subscription, so no architecture or servers to manage.", "Now, optionally, if you want additional compliance and control, or you want to scope usage across different departments, you can set up named environments and deploy Project for the web into those.", "For more on how to do that setup, you can go to aka.ms/ProjectMechanics.", "- Okay, so what about Project Operations, what deployment options then do you have there?", "- Well, depending on what you have now, there are a few paths you can take.", "First, we have a simple Lite deployment option.", "And then we have Project Operations for resource and non-stocked materials scenarios for when you don't carry an inventory of materials or resources.", "And finally, we have Project Operations for stocked and production order scenarios.", "To help you determine which deployment is best in your case, we've created a deployment questionnaire with five questions.", "Once you've answered the questions, it'll recommend a deployment option for you.", "And from there, the Begin Setup button will direct you right to the Lifecycle Services to enable it.", "- Thanks so much, George, for walking us through all the options for detailed project management, whether you're working in Teams or across multiple divisions inside your organization, but how can people then learn more?", "- The great news is you can try both solutions for yourself.", "I recommend requesting a trial for Dynamics 365 Project Operations.", "You can do that at aka.ms/ProjectOperationsTrial.", "And for Project for the web, you can visit aka.ms/TryProjectNow.", "- Awesome stuff, and of course, keep watching Microsoft Mechanics for the latest tech updates.", "Subscribe if you haven't already, and we'll see you next time.", "(machine beeping) (upbeat music)" ]

[ "Introduction", "Project for the web in Teams", "How to manage a more sophisticated project", "Project Operations in Dynamics 365", "Billing capabilities", "Finance capabilities", "Set up: Project for the web", "Set up: Project Operations", "Wrap up" ]

[ "Hello, and thank you for joining us at Coalesce.", "My name is Elize Papineau.", "I'm a senior analytics engineer at dbt Labs, and I'll be the host for this session.", "The title of this session is Data as Engineering and we'll be joined by Raazia Ali, who is a senior software engineer at GetUpside.", "Before we get started, I want everyone to take a moment to join us in Slack, please.", "You can join us in the coalesce-data-as-engineering channel of the dbt community Slack.", "If you're not a part of the chat you can join right now.", "Please visit community.getdbt.com and search for the coalesce-data-as-engineering channel.", "When you enter the space, once you're in the chat, please feel free to make comments, react to the session.", "Post any questions you have for the speaker or other attendees as the session proceeds.", "After the session, the speaker will hang out in the Slack channel to answer your questions, but we encourage you to interact in this channel throughout the presentation.", "Let's get started over to you, Raazia.", "Thank you so much, Elize.", "Hi my name is Raazia Ali, and I'm a data engineer at GetUpside.", "And today I am going to be talking about how a mighty team of four engineers supported GetUpside to be contributing 2 billion in local commerce using engineering best practices.", "We like to call it data as engineering.", "So this is our story about things that work for us, lessons that we learned along the way, and the concrete results that we produced as an outcome.", "We will walk through exactly how our data team of four has gone from being the data experts to enabling all team members to data, to make better business decisions.", "But first let's start with who we are.", "GetUpside is bringing online personalization and attribution tools to the offline world to make brick and mortar commerce more efficient.", "Our users experience us as a free mobile app that helps them earn cashback on their everyday items.", "So how is this making commerce more efficient?", "So we partnered with over 30,000 local businesses to provide offers to users in their area.", "We ingest billions of records, representing millions of users and billions of dollars of commerce and personalized user experience to cashback offers.", "We deliver hundreds of millions of dollars as cashback to users and as incremental profit to merchants.", "And on top of that, we also give 1% of our revenue to sustainability efforts.", "So obviously data plays a crucial role at every junction of our business.", "So it's over 2 billion of gross merchandise value, GMV, running to our platform every year.", "We are working on a massive problem set and growing exponentially.", "Of course, the company's data needs are growing much faster than our data team could ever grow.", "So by mid 2020, we had 160 team members and only two data engineers.", "And by the end of 2020, we had 210 team members and only four data engineers.", "And on top of that, our data team was not able to keep up with the abundance of inbound requests.", "Despite their best efforts, requests would come in from external customers and internal teams.", "We would have to prioritize all those requests against each other.", "Our to-do list kept growing.", "Our response time stayed the same, and we were getting in the way of our own growth.", "So obviously that wasn't working and something had to change.", "So we put our heads together and decided to change our mindsets.", "So we were looking for problem solving inspiration, which we found within GetUpside as an advice from our co-founder and VP of engineering, Rick, to avoid the service mentality.", "So we were very inspired by a talk by Emilie and Taylor in last year's dbt Coalesce about how to run your data team as a product team.", "We did some creative thinking and broke the problem down to the basic.", "At the heart of every dbt model is a SQL query.", "Data consumers have excellent SQL skills.", "So if we could somehow reduce the toolchain overhead of learning, developing, and productionalizing, we can potentially enable data consumers to build their own data pipelines using dbt.", "But the question was, how do we achieve that.", "The solution we found comes down to the three points of the self-reinforcing cycle.", "Find willing partners across the company who were on board with the idea of self service if that meant getting their data needs satisfied faster.", "Acquire excellence in data ops to reduce toolchain overhead.", "And provide multidimensional learning and support resources to be able to scale faster by having patterns and answers available for the most common questions.", "In other words, analysts are excellent data chefs.", "All we are doing here is showing them how to use the appliances.", "Once learned, they can cook all they want to their heart's desire or data needs.", "Internally, we are constantly learning from our experiences and improving our processes.", "Let's start with the first point of the cycle, building partnerships.", "This is the enablement model we use to engage with the teams.", "It allows us to work in partnership to get them what they need and to teach them how to self-serve in the field.", "The exploration of an engagement can be team initiated, where they may have any current data related blockers, or if there is a new project starting off, or it can be data engineering initiated.", "There, we explore if we can help our team, up-level their analytic capabilities using the enablement model.", "Next is to establish and communicate the mechanics of quarter-long partnership with the expectation of training our data X contributor.", "On the data engineering side, two team members are identified as primary and secondary lead for implementation, training and coverage.", "The engagement is kicked off by data engineering team, building data pipelines for the team.", "During this phase, we understand their data needs while educating them to understand their own data needs.", "We also establish a weekly rhythm of business that includes a sprint commit by the data engineering team followed by a weekly stakeholder review meeting.", "Next, we entered the training phase where we train contributors from the team to build their own models using hands-on training, consultation and core development.", "This also includes reinterpreting the weekly rhythm of business.", "Now, both the data engineering, as well as enablement team commit towards a weekly sprint goal.", "Weekly stakeholder review meetings are repurposed as core development sessions as needed in the self-serve.", "The data contributors from the team are mostly trained and are able to self-service to documentation, training videos, and example BR.", "Data engineering team transitions to a support role via office hours, design consultation, and Slack channels.", "And engagement is officially wrapped up.", "Once the team has either enough data marking skills built to be self-sufficient or the teams data needs have been satisfied, for now.", "The next step is to achieve excellence in data ops to reduce toolchain overhead.", "This is crucial to reduce entry barrier for the non-engineers to get started with the dbt modeling.", "All four of us in the data engineering team are software engineers by training who moved into the data space.", "So our approaches are rooted into the engineering best practices.", "So this is where the data as engineering comes in.", "And the heart of our toolset is dbt and Snowflake around which our whole data ops ecosystem is built.", "Our primary mechanism to load raw data into Snowflake is Fivetran.", "We use PagerDuty for alerts about data load issues in Fivetran and for dbt built cloud issues.", "We have a weekly on-call rotation program in PagerDuty to have one team member on point to solve data and build issues and to shield the rest of the team from disruptions.", "All our data modeling is done in dbt for anything and everything that dbt does not control.", "We use Terraform to define our infrastructure escort, like Snowflake administration rules and permissions.", "And of course, for reproducibility, we dockerized our Terraform and dbt interactions.", "Having a robust data offset of enabled us to set up reliable and fully separated, broad dev and CSED environments.", "We like to call them cycles of DBs.", "So analytics is our product.", "It is structured according to the dbt recommended project set up that is starting from the raw database.", "Each model has three checkpoints: sources, staging and marts.", "We have purpose-built marts by application or usage, but our analytics.analytics mart is our general purpose analysis layer.", "All other purpose-built marts and data products, including Looker source from this analytics.analytics mart.", "On the opposite end of this cycle are the dbt user databases.", "These are developers and researchers playground.", "They have access to almost all of the product data in the dedicated databases to experiment, modify, and research with a peace of mind for them and us.", "Then their experimentation cannot impact the product data in any way.", "While doing actual real work on real data, their experimentation can stay localized forever.", "Or if something needs to make it back into the prod, they can do a GitHub PR.", "Our PR pipeline is integrated with dbt Cloud to test those changes.", "Every push on PR triggers our dbt Cloud built in a dedicated CSED database with schemas.", "The data team owns the PR approval merge and release process.", "The last element of the cycle is the clone database.", "Every time the main release built is triggered in the dbt Cloud as the last step, it clones the product database, the user data base clones off of dbt clone instead of tightly from the dbt analytics, this provides an additional layer of tiding between prod and user environments.", "Notice that the sandboxes are on the opposite side of the database.", "Anything going in or coming out of either does not touch each other achieving complete separation of environments.", "Here is a visual representation of how the analytics.analytics schema goes through the whole cycle of dbt in Snowflake, starting from the prod analytics database to be copied over to the analytics clone and release time.", "Then it gets pulled into a user's local sandbox from there.", "The PR process takes it to the dbt Cloud database and eventually back into the analytics prod.", "All our builds are run in the dbt Cloud.", "We have four types of builds.", "Our CI/CD and release builds are part of our cycle of dbt integrated by GitHub actions.", "Besides that we have scheduled data refresh and data test builds to ensure freshness and correctness of our analytics.", "One last piece of our data offset of is our rules and permissions structure.", "All data team members by default are Snowflake accounts and sysadmin.", "All non-team members have standard read only access to our analytics mart.", "The basic analyst access can be upgraded with custom team or schema access to specific marts.", "Besides that we have application rules granting required access to any specific application.", "Then we decided to switch to the enablement model.", "We were faced with an interesting problem.", "Our standard non-member rules were too restrictive by being read only by our data engineering role was to permissive with admin privilege.", "In order to open up the dbt data modeling to non-team members, they needed to be able to read, write, all the way from raw to the analytics layer.", "That's where we developed the contributor role in order to settle on the right level of access.", "We decided to dogfood our own permissions.", "We moved admin roles to attach roles where they have to be explicitly assumed to upgrade and switch to contributor roles by default.", "We kept on adding privileges to the contributor role as we kept on hitting the roadblocks till we reached the right mix of permissions.", "So the contributor role is a power user now who has read access to the raw sources and staging schemas, as well as for privileges to operate on their own dbt user data.", "Last, but not the least the pillar that has enabled us to grow our enablement model non-linearly is the provision of the self-service resources.", "One of the things that we recognize and acknowledge internally and to our contributors is that we are enabling citizen data engineers on hardcore engineering toolchain.", "Without providing the resources for the contributors to refer back to in their own time and pace excellence in data ops and partnership with teams alone will not be as fruitful.", "Therefore, we strive to create a culture of support around our enablement model by training documentation and live support.", "Our documentation is structured around very simple questions.", "Our reader would ask themselves, are they trying to get data into or out of Snowflake or work with data within Snowflake?", "Overall, as a team, we have adopted the handbook's first methodology, or is really inspired by GitLabs's handbook first approach.", "We have committed as a team to continue to contribute to the handbook and to answer questions to documentation.", "For example, if a question comes to us through any of our support channels or enablement, we strive to respond by pointing to a link in our documentation.", "If the answer does not exist, we added first to the documentation and then point to it.", "Second, we had taken to presenting via our handbook.", "We do not create slide decks.", "Instead we update or augment to our documentation pages and present from there.", "Besides documentation, we provide training resources to our contributors.", "One of the most useful resources is dbt's very own Learn the Fundamentals of Analytics Engineering with dbt course to get new contributors started with the dbt development.", "Since we were all working remotely, independently and communicating over Google Meet, we started recording our support and pairing sessions.", "The idea is that if one of the contributors has this question, others would as well.", "Our most popular tutorial is a video of setting up your dev environment in datagrip which was recorded on a VIM while onboarding a new team member to increase the data engineering literacy.", "We leverage the existing knowledge sharing platforms as seminar series, where team members take turns to present an ordered sequence of topics building on top of the previous one.", "These sessions are recorded and shared in our handbook to be used later as self-service resources.", "By all our efforts, we're rewarded when one of the more recent contributors self-trained themselves when pointed to our Getting Started with the dbt Development page.", "And they said our documentation was very straightforward.", "It took us at least six months of continuously improving that page to get to a point where it is now intuitive to a new user.", "We now sometimes see fully fleshed out data modeling PRs by new contributors who have not gone through our enablement process.", "And just by using our self service resources, we're able to self-train and produce quality data pipelines.", "Besides documentation and training, we have live support available through our Slack channels.", "Besides seeking help directly from the data team, the users have analysts and developer community channels available where their data or their data modeling questions can be answered by fellow users.", "The data team also holds weekly office hours where all team members are present to answer any questions by the contributors.", "This unstructured time can be used for co-development troubleshooting, debugging, general support, or even ideation.", "And of course the data team members are always willing to jump on a call to help troubleshoot or answer any questions.", "So all of these efforts and processes how has that impacted the overall process?", "Our efforts have enabled us to truly transition into an enablement team.", "Data literacy and data pipeline development have become common skills across GetUpside.", "Not only that, the contributors not only have the contributors from the citizen data engineers increased many fold, but also multi-dimensional data insights have become accessible to everyone through Looker.", "Internally, our processes have improved many fold.", "The turnaround time for new data products has been shortened from delivering a product in multiple sprints to delivering multiple products per sprint.", "The data team is not at a risk of being off Looker for any data process anymore.", "In just three quarters, our enablement model has had a profound impact on the business, as well as business processes, unlocking massive business growth, customer retention, and on top of that, satisfied internal and external stakeholders.", "Here's the mighty team of four that has accomplished all this in only three quarters while setting up solid foundation for future growth and scalability.", "So if you know any data or analytic engineers, please send them our way.", "We are hiring at GetUpside.", "So what's next for data engineering?", "So we are now looking at solving next generation of data and user scaling challenges while maintaining data integrity and security.", "More recently, we have had some awesome data engineers join our team who are constantly looking at ways to eliminate bottlenecks in our global dbt DAG to further optimize our analytics model for speed and skill.", "Having mastered data marting skills, many of our contributors are now aspiring to build and own their data ingestion pipeline.", "This is an active area of research for us as to how we can safely upgrade to contribute our role to enable ingestion into the raw database while maintaining oversight, as well as ensuring data quality of the future models that will be built on top.", "We are now extending our first methodology over to our highly underutilized resource of dbt docs.", "We believe that data documentation should live as close to the data source as possible.", "Therefore, we are encouraging teams all across GetUpside to contribute their knowledge and experience about common data models and their usage directly to the dbt docs for everyone's benefit.", "Thank you so much for listening.", "I look forward to continuing the conversation in the chat.", "Thank you." ]

[ "Introduction", "Explore the possibility of an engagement", "Kick off the engagement by building models and training them", "Wrap up the engagement", "Data ops safeguards", "Self-service resources", "Results - Process impact", "Results - Business impact", "Outro" ]

[ "Yes.", "It's not a typo.", "15 million plus users.", "That probably is the cap.", "I guess I should introduce myself.", "I'm Ben, I'll be talking to you about how I created this audio show.", "Some of the problems I faced and these kinds of things.", "So going more into the agenda, talk about what it was I was making and why, and then I'll talk more about some of the functionality.", "So the user interaction and some of the edge cases that are good to think about for this, uh, this audio show, some of the challenges I faced and more specifically the sort of automatic opening.", "So the polling for this audio show, the state management, how I specifically manage the state for, for this, this feature, how it consumed the audio data as well and how this was done natively.", "And then we'll take a quick look at some of the code and a little demo.", "An audio show that I've knocked out.", "So yeah, going into the audio show, what actually was it, you know, why was I doing this?", "And it was, it was basically a feature on a companion app for a large sporting event, which meant that, you know, we had 15 million plus users or so, so many users, as I said, that was probably the cap.", "It was probably around two to 3 million.", "Most of the time.", "That's still a lot of other users and a lot of requests to manage.", "Also, it was a multi-lingual app.", "So I can't remember exactly how many, but they were probably about, you know, 10 plus locales that we had to manage.", "I won't be going into this, but it's just worth mentioning.", "So yeah.", "What should this audio show do?", "And what is it?", "What does it look like first and foremost, they should play an audio track.", "You know, you want to press play and you want to hear a track.", "It could be music, it could be a podcast, something happening alive or something, just hosted on a server somewhere.", "We should be able to see our track name and description, just information for the users.", "And for more interactive of view, I'm going to be able to play, stop and close the audio show.", "And some of the constraints on this project that I had.", "So this audio show was only accessible.", "So we need to think about, you know, we only want to display it when our devices, languages, set is in English and we also don't want to melt the server that we're accessing.", "Right.", "So, as I said, up to 15 million users, or maybe more, that's a hell of a lot of requests we don't want to, we don't want to be smashing a server with that and just burn it out and then finally.", "The user should be able to hear the audio show after a maximum 30 seconds.", "And that's because with this audio show in particular, there was a 32nd gap at the beginning, whether there be music playing after that, we actually get into the meat of the audio show.", "So that's when we want the users to be able to hear what's going on.", "So with those in mind, let's talk about some of the functionality of the audio show and this, this might be quite simple, but it's, it's good to think about.", "So opening the audio show, we've got two different ways of doing it.", "The first of which is manually, and you can split this up too.", "So one of them's in the app, you press a button which says open the audio show, it's live or whatever, or a deep link.", "We have a notification sent through to the phone.", "You press on the notification, it opens up the app and we see our audio show.", "And the second, which is awesome magically automatically while we're using the app.", "If the audio show goes live, we want the user to be able to see it.", "Let's, let's talk about how we actually do these things or some of the things we need to think about when doing these things.", "So manual opening, definitely the simpler of the two.", "So you press a button.", "The audio show comes up.", "And your edge cases.", "What happens if you press a button when your audio shows not live.", "You need to show that the audio show is live to the user.", "Plus the constraint that we have on language, we want to say your, your language is not English so that they know they can't access the audio show.", "Obviously this will be translated into the language that they have on their device.", "The, the second these opening methods, which is probably.", "The more interesting one to think about was the automatic one with Polling.", "So just very briefly polling, if you don't know, is just doing requests in X time increments repetitively.", "So yeah, this was the architecture that we used for our audio show.", "We had our app and just the front end, we had a cache server and a backend that costed.", "Cash server was sort of a dedicated server for just hosting the audio show metadata or not, if it wasn't live.", "So how this actually works, the cache server every second would be, would be polling every second to see if the audio show was live.", "If it wasn't live, that's fine.", "The cash server doesn't hold any information.", "Then some external functionality updates.", "The audio show being live in the back-end.", "Now next time, the cash server polls or the next second, it grabs the audio show.", "Live data.", "Now?", "The life data is in the cache.", "So how do we get this onto our app?", "We get the audio show every 30 seconds.", "So that's times 15 million because we could have 15 million users.", "That's a hell of a lot of, a lot of requests.", "If it's not like, then obviously we don't get anything.", "If it is live, we get the audio show.", "The interesting part about this is just.", "Why did we have this cash server in the first place?", "So that one of the reasons is the cost.", "You know, if we're doing 15 million requests, every 30 seconds, we'd be doing 30 million requests a minute compared to 60 requests a minute.", "Also, this is a hell of a lot more scalable.", "So if we have a dedicated cache server, that server only has to deal with the requests from the phone and for the audio show.", "Whereas this backend is for our entire application for all the other functionality.", "We could get blocking and melt our server resignation.", "Yeah, it's good to think about what could go wrong with this polling.", "And this is more from the point of view of doing the requests.", "And the first one is obviously language.", "We only want to get the audio show our devices like how does English?", "That's an easy one.", "You can just check the locale on the device before we start the polling.", "We'll do the polling tool.", "And another one to think about is what if it's already been opened.", "And then the user has pressed the close.", "But polling is still happening in the background.", "So we don't want to reopen and reshow the audio bar.", "So basically we, we say, you know, when we're receiving data from our request, which happens every 30 seconds, We only want to update the, the states or the, you know, whether the audio show is showing or not.", "If there isn't already data in the state.", "And this is because when the audio show isn't live, the state is empty.", "Right?", "So I guess this leads on nicely to the state management for the application.", "This is kind of how I, manage the state, obviously there's different ways to do it, but.", "If we just sort of say our audio show data is coming from backend.", "That would be our cache server.", "It's coming into our app.", "I chose to use Redux to store this mainly because the rest of the application was actually using Redux, but we created a nice audio show slice.", "This then fed into.", "An audio show context, which was kind of the sole source of truth for our audio show, which meant that any component that needed to use the audio show data, metadata which is title and description only needs to access this data from the audio show context.", "And then of course we have our react native track player, which I'll talk about a little bit more later, but it's the part that helps us consume our audio data and give us native controls for playing stop.", "That that can be contained within the context.", "And then 4 42 components or consumed by components that need it.", "So yeah, a little bit more about the Redux.", "Why did we actually use Redux?", "It just made it really nice to be able to store the audio show metadata from the backend.", "And yeah, this was the type that we used for audio show.", "So you can see it's pretty.", "And, you know, we can have our initial state.", "So when they initializes before it's polling or anything, we always have an empty audio show and we can signify, you know, to the user that... kind of, or it's, it's, you know, it's not, it doesn't exist.", "And when our audio show populates, that's kind of what the data would look like.", "We also have a state in Redux for our opening methods.", "And this probably seems a little bit weird because I usually can just press a button, and make the audio show.", "Right.", "But this is mainly for, you know, if the user is pressing a button and trying to open the audio show, when it's not live, we want to show an error message.", "But we don't want to show this error message when toast.", "When, when we have the audio show, not live from the polling or the automatic opening method, hence we always switch to auto.", "So we don't show an error message.", "And as soon as they press a button in the app, we switched to the manual opening method, show the error message, switch back to auto.", "So yeah, a little bit more on the audio show context.", "Why we actually used it, as I mentioned, it's sort of a single source of truth for the audio show.", "So we can expose everything that we need to expose to all of the components that consume things about the audio show interacts with both Redux and the track player.", "So sort of linking back to the single source of truth.", "Everything you need for the audio show is contained within.", "The context and we can contain all of the business logic for our audio show in this context.", "So this is an example of the opening method that I was just talking about.", "So yeah, we can switch to, to manual showing up, showing our error message and then switched back to auto.", "And then finally, I guess, consuming the audio data.", "So talking more about the, the react native track player and why I actually decided to use that.", "So it has an easy to use API, as you can see from some of the code, there was just three random lines, but it's, it's pretty obvious what that's doing.", "We have remote events.", "So this package.", "Sort of really nicely managed the native side of the, of the audio plane.", "It didn't try and do some sort of hacking JavaScript's way of trying .... .... through that.", "It would actually use the native audio players.", "Hence you could use background audio, put the app in the background and have the audio still playing and.", "Small one was the track types.", "So you could define which type of track was being consumed to react native track player.", "And this was useful because we were actually using HLS.", "So because it was a live...", "Stream of an audio show.", "You can tell react native track player, that this is the kind of data that's consuming, and that will work properly natively.", "If you don't define that properly, it just crashes.", "Let's move on to the, the code and the demo.", "Have a look at some of that, first of all, I will take a look at code and then maybe....", "Sort of giving a little demo of the app and how that works as you saw, we have the audio show type.", "So this is everything that will expose from our context, by the way, this is our audio show provider.", "So this is our context.", "We have the initial values, so it's pretty standard stuff.", "And we create a little hook for consumer of your show easier.", "We've got a bit of set up.", "It's useful to see that, you know, we, we, we wait for the buffer there.", "This was a little bug we had, didn't know, how to solve for a little while, but yeah, it's a bit nicer being able to wait for the track to buffer ahead of time, but also the capabilities.", "So this is what we can actually do with the react native track player.", "And this is what we can do remotely, so we could add pause or other things, but these was just the functionalities we needed.", "And moving on to the actual provider.", "So you can see that we access, you know, the playback state from the, this is from the react native track player.", "We have data from the, for Redux and we can sort of derive the, the live and playing is playing states from, from this information.", "This was this little user effects.", "About the manual, also opening methods, whether it's polling or the users, is press the button and showing this, this host error message.", "This is probably, this is quite interesting as well.", "So after we've actually registered our remote events on our app starts we want to consume those ... lengths and, and make sure that we actually yeah.", "React to them.", "So this is just a remote stop, pretty simple looking code.", "It's useful to know we have a play and stop methods for our store.", "And finally, we're sending more provider, so we can wrap that around any components that we need to consume that information.", "So.", "Yeah, this is pretty much the meat of everything we need for our audio show.", "Obviously we've got our components that are just styled and rendered and consume functions and data from this.", "So I've sort of mocked out a go live button.", "Obviously this would happen if the audio show is being polled for.", "But yeah, if I just click this here, you can see the audio show appears and we have some of our functionality.", "If I close and reopen, we can still open up our audio show or play a track.", "Hopefully it's not too loud.", "Actually.", "We have our audio show still playing.", "I can actually hear the music.", "So I was just going to do little demo of how we can actually close or put the app in the background.", "We have our audio show playing.", "Natively sort of in the background, we can, we can stop this one just yet.", "So if we go back to playing lots of animation.", "If I stop this for a moment, we can see that the audio show stops and disappears.", "That is still online.", "As we can open it back up.", "If we go offline.", "It stops.", "And if I open it, we get a little notification saying that your show is not live.", "So yeah, that's, that's sort of a little demo and that's some of the codes I can try and submit some of the code back, up to git hub for you guys so that you can take a look at some of the other components and how they consume that information for the context.", "So, yeah, let's go over a little recap of what I presented to you guys.", "What we've looked at.", "So I think an important thing about this, this is why I was building it, I guess, mainly because of the number of people that were, we're going to be using this 15 million plus.", "Yeah.", "Because there's a lot of users.", "We've talked about some of the constraints and capabilities.", "Some of the things we should think about when designing and building something, right.", "Also I talked about how not to melt a server.", "Right?", "So a little architecture that you can think about and set up.", "So it's not to destroy your serve.", "Uh we've we've talked about organizing the states for the audio show.", "So that's mainly revolving around the, the audio show provider to the context, and we've taken, taken a look at some of the code.", "So yeah.", "Thank you very much for listening and I hope some of that was interesting for you.", "Thank you very much." ]

[ "Intro", "What Should It Do?", "Functionality + Edge Cases", "Polling", "What could go wrong?", "State Management", "Redux", "Audio Show Context", "Consuming Audio Data", "The Code + Demo", "What we've covered" ]

[ "- YouTube has a problem.", "Spam.", "From crypto scams to health supplements to free Robux.", "It just keeps getting worse with each passing day.", "And Google clearly has no idea how to fix it.", "All of that changes now.", "The community restored the dislike counter and the community is coming to the rescue once again, led by the unlikeliest of heroes.", "Listen up guys, because this is important.", "Thanks to GlassWire for sponsoring this video.", "Are you lagging out while gaming?", "Use GlassWire to see what apps are wasting your bandwidth and causing your games to lag.", "Get 25% off today using offer code Linus at the link down below.", "(upbeat techno music) YouTube spam takes many forms, but there are some patterns with most of them promoting crypto, investment, alt health products, or perhaps most infamously, paid live cam sites, which theoretically should make them pretty easy to block.", "So why doesn't YouTube bother?", "The truth is they do and poking around in our desktop dashboard, it appears to be working pretty well.", "Just about everything that is obviously spam is filtered out and very few false positives get caught up unless they're violating our blocked words list.", "But there's an inconsistency here that I just can't wrap my head around.", "On mobile, there is perfectly reasonable stuff that's getting held for review, and I just have no idea why.", "And it's actually led to some really confusing situations with fellow creators.", "Like this incident where the return YouTube dislike extension author's post wasn't showing up, even in our held comments list.", "We've also seen unhappy viewers over the years who have accused us of censoring them in the comments when we're totally not.", "We just never saw them.", "This unreliability combined with the lack of a dislike counter on comments means that as the bots have improved, our markers to identify them and root them out, have gotten worse.", "Thanks YouTube.", "And here's the one thing we need to get out of the way guys.", "Don't mock the people who fall for these scams because shaming people only empowers the scammers more.", "So if YouTube is not going to address this, what we need is consistent filtering with a way for creators to keep on top of it or real people are going to get hurt.", "Now it's time to meet our hero.", "- What if I told you that I can actually convert a DVD to a Blu-ray disc, take your big stack of CDs and get a blue marker of some kind.", "- ThioJoe used to run the tech tips equivalent of how to basic and those videos instructing people to run their co-ax cable through a CD for free cable TV, or tape a battery to their ethernet cable to triple their internet speed are still up.", "If you want to go back and watch them.", "But Mr. Joe, seeing how many people were genuinely upset when they wasted their time trying to follow his guides, realized that he had a power.", "And what he really wanted to do was use that power for good.", "So for years now, he's actually been focused on uploading real tech tips.", "And one of his best to date is an open source app that he created that will scan and remove spam comments from a YouTube video or even an entire YouTube channel.", "How does it work?", "It's dead simple.", "In fact, so dead simple that it is shocking that YouTube hasn't bothered to implement it yet.", "In its original most basic form, you would choose what you want to scan, enter the channel ID of the spammer and boom, (Linus snaps) you get a read out of the comments that are about to be deleted just in case.", "And with another keystroke you'll wipe your videos clean of that spammer.", "But Mr. Joe didn't stop there.", "He recently released an update with an auto smart mode that recognizes and selects comments based on some secret sauce that weights how spammy a message is based on the username, comment text, and some other techniques like how many times that comment has been repeated.", "In fact, when you run the script, it'll show you how many of each sample was found by each spammer.", "You can then delete the messages and ban the accounts all at once.", "Now, the exact strings and patterns that the script searches for are obfuscated.", "This is to prevent spammers from easily developing a way around it.", "So they're not something that you can tune and tweak on your own.", "But if all else fails, you can always do it manually as before.", "There are options to scan usernames, comment text, or both for criteria of your choosing.", "So if your comment section was getting rated by real users, for example, you could select and remove the offending comments with ThioJoe's tool.", "Then there's filter modes, which filters special non-ASCII characters from usernames that are often used to impersonate content creators.", "This is one that really blows me away that YouTube hasn't done yet.", "As well as nuke mode.", "What this one does is make it so that only numbers, letters, and spaces are allowed in usernames.", "Now that's probably gonna be a last resort for most people seeing as emoji are popular and languages other than English exist, but it is called nuke mode and it's colored all red for a reason.", "I like how the little table flip Kaomoji uses characters that would actually be filtered out by this option.", "That's a nice touch.", "In ThioJoe's experience, the false positive rate though, for the smart auto mode is roughly zero, which is why it's the default mode and the one that I'm going to use right now.", "Okay, YouTube spammer purged 2.8.0.", "Here we go boys.", "- [Anthony] Woo.", "- Currently logged in user, Linus Tech Tips, channel ID, continue as this user?", "Yes.", "This is all configurable by the way, all you got to do is go in and say, hey, I don't want to confirm which user I am every time, little things like that.", "Scan recent videos for a channel.", "Scanning your own channel just hit enter.", "Enter the number of most recent, well let's do two.", "Two?", "- [Anthony] Two?", "- Two.", "Total number of comments to scan 2,980.", "Boop.", "This mode is a spammers worst nightmare.", "Now ThioJoe did actually share with us the logic that it uses.", "And it's pretty smart, actually.", "I have very high hopes for this.", "Oh, there they are.", "Okay.", "Ah, spam comments, ready to display?", "Also save a log file?", "Yes, please.", "Wow, oh boy.", "Oh, we got some good ones here ladies and gentlemen.", "LoveMe says only for fans 18 years old.", "Loveme.uno/stormy.", "I know lots of people, real people who post that on my videos.", "- [Anthony] I always do.", "- This should be self-explanatory, do not go to any of these domains here.", "Like no, not recommended.", "This is one that drives me crazy when the spammers wanna (beep) something, whatever these other characters are.", "When they just copy a top upvoted comment that makes it actually kind of hard to tell sometimes.", "MW posted this YouTube link 27 times.", "How do you want to handle the matched comments above?", "To exclude certain authors type exclude followed by a list of all the numbers in the sample list?", "Oh, well that's easy.", "To delete all of them type delete exactly.", "See you later.", "Also ban the spammers?", "Yes.", "Now this is interesting.", "It's checking to make sure the comments are gone, which is an optional step to save time and API quota.", "We'll talk about that a bit more later.", "Program complete, press enter to exit.", "(upbeat music) That is so cool, which is a lot more than I can say for YouTube's own mobile filters, like I'm stoked.", "But Linus, what does this have to do with me?", "We could use this tool to seriously cut down on comment spam on YouTube site wide.", "And I don't mean we as in content creators, though content creators should get involved.", "I'm talking about you and me, or like right now you can download this app.", "And after a little bit of setup, scan any video you want on YouTube.", "Now you obviously can't delete comments from someone else's channel, but you can mass report them.", "So if enough of these comments get reported by enough people they should be removed and they should give YouTube's algorithm some clues as to how to identify and delete them automatically.", "The idea is that if enough community members pitch in, they can literally clean up the comments sections of their favorite creators with nothing but their keyboard and an ice cold beverage in an LTT water bottle from LTTstore.com.", "So then here's what I'm gonna do.", "I'm gonna set up this script and by, I mean, Anthony.", "Hey, thanks, Anthony.", "(Anthony cries) I'm gonna set up the script to run on a schedule as often as we can get away with.", "Now by default YouTube limits each user to 10,000 API requests per day.", "That's not that much in the grand scheme of things, but Mr. Joe actually thought of this.", "We can take a page from the spammers book and create an army of dummy accounts that we then grant moderator status to.", "They can't outright delete comments, but they can hold them for review if we run up against our own API limit.", "This should help keep our comments section pretty clean.", "That is at least for the first few days after a video is released.", "Making it this easy, not to mention open source, means that content creators across the YouTube spectrum can spend less time pulling weeds while being more confident that they're keeping their audience safe.", "It truly is a win-win.", "And yet another example of the community coming to the rescue when YouTube couldn't.", "Or wouldn't?", "Honestly, I'm kind of leaning towards wouldn't because while I admire ThioJoe's gumption here enough to give him this NFT of a certificate of awesomeness.", "Here you go.", "He's a self-admitted novice at this just one dude who wrote a simple script that happens to be more effective than Google's filtering.", "To be clear, it's not perfect.", "It's not gonna prevent spam.", "That is at least until it trains YouTube's own filters.", "And it is limited to those 10,000 requests per day, but it could make spam take more effort, which could reduce the amount of spam that's produced.", "The only real reason I can think of that YouTube wouldn't do this themselves is that it's computationally expensive, but we can obviously run it on a desktop PC with no issues.", "And our servers seem no worse for the wear.", "So I don't know what to say.", "Other than that, YouTube either can't or won't and only they can say which one it is.", "Speaking of servers, by the way, get subscribed because we've got some data recovery to do on one of our servers.", "And it's gonna be a bit of a nail biter.", "For now we'll have both the GitHub page for this project and ThioJoe's walkthrough on how to set it up linked for you guys down below.", "Thanks ThioJoe.", "This video is brought to you by Manscaped.", "Manscaped provides an all-in-one grooming kit that's got you covered from head to toe.", "Their performance package 4.0 features their awesome Lawn Mower 4.0 waterproof body trimmer, their Weed Whacker ear and nose trimmer, plus a whole lot of other goodies.", "For a limited time, you get all this plus two free gifts, the shed travel bag and a pair of Manscaped anti-chafing boxer briefs.", "Visit manscaped.com/tech or click the link down below for 20% off and free shipping.", "Thanks for watching guys.", "Go check out our video on restoring YouTube's dislike button for another case where the community came to the rescue.", "It's a little less straightforward than this one, but I'm doing my part anyway." ]

[ "Intro", "How YouTube filters Spam", "The Solution", "How it works", "Using it on LTT Videos", "Users have a role to play!", "LTT's Plan..", "Why didn't YouTube do this?", "Outro" ]

[ "This is Bangkok, the capital city of Thailand and it is one of the most successful cities in Asia.", "It is the economic center and heart of Thailand and is most famously known for being a global top tourist destination.", "In fact, several magazines and publishers have named the city as the world’s best city for travel and leisure.", "But what makes Bangkok stand out, isn’t just how big its tourism industry is, but how big its economy is as a mere city and its role as a future financial hub of Southeast Asia.", "Before we move on, don’t forget to leave us a like and follow for more videos!", "The country’s capital is one of the biggest cities in the entire world.", "But, just a few decades ago in the 1970s, it only had 3 million residents living and thriving within the community.", "Surprisingly, only 50 years after, it had grown to over 11 million people Which represents 15% of the overall population of the country.", "And what’s more, is that the city itself contributes way over 30% of the entire country’s gross domestic product.", "This was led by its strong tourism industry which keeps the city’s businesses alive and well.", "Although, due to the recent pandemic, the city has been devastated by the immense travel lockdown around the world.", "Its largest airport the so-called Suvarnabhumi Airport had over 65 million total passengers in 2019, but by 2020 it had gone down to just 16 million.", "Thankfully, however, tourism isn’t the only industry driving the economy, there are far more industries out there.", "The Bangkok Metropolitan Region is a strong export-oriented manufacturing industry, often dubbed as one of the largest automobile and electronic production hubs in the entire world.", "The massive shift from a former agricultural-based society to a more service-oriented economy became the backbone of its rapid growth in the past, but the decades to come may lie in the modern industry.", "The future state of Bangkok is one of the most anticipated ones in the entire Southeast Asian region.", "This is being led by the country’s most innovative economic model called Thailand 4.0.", "A mission that aims to create a rather new engine of growth.", "One of its key agendas is aimed to transform the traditional ways of living to a smarter and more technology-driven way.", "This would directly benefit the capital of Thailand by fostering innovation and improving the start-ups looking to change the country.", "Furthermore, the pandemic’s effect on the way we use technology and the changing consumer behavior into accepting and living digitally has further promoted Thailand 4.0.", "A report was done by Google that estimated that Thailand had the highest proportion of new digital users in the first half of 2021.", "The infrastructure development of the capital city is also a key prime factor to its overall growth.", "The newly constructed central station called the Bang Sue Grand Station took the entire region of Southeast Asia to a whole new level.", "As this new railway building became the region’s largest ever.", "Moreover, there are also other exciting transportation projects to look forward to such as the Bangkok-Nong Khai High-Speed Railway, Bangkok Gold and Gray lines, and even a redevelopment of its former central station called the Hua Lamphong station.", "These are all being driven by the robust growth due to the rise of its population and tourism industry.", "Thailand and its capital are well-positioned to take the next generation by storm, there are already clear signs showing this, from the country’s growing demand for a better future and its current capabilities.", "But the biggest sign we believe is the country’s shift from being foreign-reliant to a more local-based on its research and development industry.", "We mentioned earlier that the country is a leading manufacturer in the automotive space, but one thing we did not mention is that the country has previously been relying on technology transfers from abroad.", "This is slowly changing as the country is changing the way it invests its money, In 1997, the country’s R&D Spending only accounted for 0.1% of the total GDP of the country, but by 2017, 20 years after, it has risen to as much as 1%.", "This is just one of the key factors driving its future state, there are far more in the future such as the growing number of technologists, engineers, researchers and so much more!", "These substantial engines for growth are so essential, starting from its innovation to its growing world-class transportation system is enabling the country to not only cater to the tourism industry but also be a global hub for future industries." ]

[ "The World's Best City", "Bangkok's Transformation", "Bangkok's Future", "Bangkok's Infrastructures", "Research & Development", "Engines For Growth" ]

[ "Thousands of eateries around the country would kill for the opportunity to appear on Diners, Drive-Ins, and Dives, but those that make the cut have strict guidelines to follow.", "Here are some of the rules restaurants have to follow on the hit reality show.", "\"Hey I'm Guy Fieri and you know what I need?", "I need you ridin shotgun.", "I'm on my way to Flavortown.", "This is Diners, Drive-ins, and Dives!\"", "The production team at Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives gets restaurant referrals from a variety of sources.", "Many people submit ideas directly to the show, and the producers also do an extensive amount of research reading local media, customer reviews, and more.", "Guy Fieri once told People magazine, \"Our research team is like, I think they all work for the FBI.", "That's the kind of group they are.\"", "After a restaurant has caught the eye of the Triple-D team, then the hard work starts.", "Hours-long phone calls take place to see if the restaurant is the right fit for the show.", "A Colorado restaurant that was featured in season 11 told Thrillist, \"[The show] reached out to us and we basically had to sell them on our place over the course of a few weeks.\"", "According to restaurant owners who spoke to Twin Cities Business, after being approached by Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, the businesses had to send all kinds of pictures of their establishment and their food, along with recipes and ingredient lists.", "One restaurant owner who was selected for the show said they had to submit half a dozen recipes for Fieri and his team to review.", "And it's important to note that all this pitching goes on before the restaurants ever have a guarantee of whether or not they will even make it on the show.", "Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives may be about showcasing the more low-key, under-the-radar dining establishments around the country, but the flavors they are looking for are anything but.", "When the team is combing through dozens and dozens of restaurants in any given city trying to narrow it down to just a few, the bar has to be set high.", "According to David Page, the creator and former executive producer of Triple-D, the producers heavily vet the quality of food at each restaurant they consider featuring.", "He told Heavy Table, \"Every place we go has to make real food and it has to be good enough.\"", "The first rule that restaurants have to follow on the show is that frozen food will never cut it.", "Page reiterated, \"This has to be handmade food.", "[...] It better be done from scratch.", "It better be made right.", "And it better be good.\"", "Page also admitted that there have even been situations where the crew arrived at a location and then canceled their plans because, in his words, \"the key to the show is that they have to meet that bar.\"", "\"If that isn't heaven, I don't know what is... we definitely celebrate different gods.\"", "After months of phone calls, research, and recipe testing, restaurants still won't know if they've made it onto Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives until they get the stamp of approval that matters — and that's Guy Fieri's.", "Everything has to go through him, from the locations to the restaurants to the specific dishes that will be featured on the show, according to Thrillist.", "\"I'm always looking for great restaurants, I'm always on the hunt.\"", "Additionally, things can change up until the last minute, if that's what Fieri wants.", "One restaurant owner in St. Paul told Twin Cities Business, \"I think we cooked every item on the menu three times with Guy.", "He wanted to try everything on the menu, just about.", "Then they decided what to feature.\"", "Another restaurant owner from Wilmington, Delaware told a similar story, revealing to Town Square Delaware, \"[Fieri] looked at the menu and decided what he wanted to have.", "He picked two items I would not have predicted, but he loved them.\"", "If you're going to be featured on Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, you'll be showcasing a lot more than just some ingredients on a plate.", "The show is also looking to tell engaging stories that highlight small-town spirit and American work ethic, and that takes a lot of work to develop for TV.", "That means that each restaurant Triple-D considers has to have some kind of interesting backstory — how they came about, why they're important to the community, or what they're doing differently from everybody else.", "The show's producers and writers work with each restaurant to hone in on what their story is and how to script it for the cameras.", "\"A lot of people don't understand that J28, July 28th is for...", "It's the Peruvian independence day, and we opened on July 28th also... so it's not just great food, it's Peruvian pride.\"", "The owners of Cafe Nooner in Eureka, California shared a peek at that process, detailing their experience being featured on Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives on their website.", "They wrote that during the screening phase, the producers asked them who the \"main character\" for their episode was going to be, along with a series of questions to make sure that person could talk about their food and their restaurant in an engaging way.", "The moment a restaurant agrees to be featured on the show, they're agreeing to pivot on a moment's notice around the show's production schedule.", "The businesses don't get any say in the filming dates, but rather are told by the show when to close up shop and prepare for the crew's arrival.", "And sometimes, that comes with really short notice.", "When Cafe Nooner got the call that they'd been selected to be on the show, they were told they had six days to get the restaurant ready for filming, after being told to expect at least a month's notice.", "And in Wilmington, Delaware, the owner of one restaurant learned she was going to be featured just over a week before the crew showed up, according to Town Square Delaware.", "Once the crew arrives, it's a tight schedule of filming for about two days.", "The first day, cameras capture the atmosphere of the restaurant, plus all those mouthwatering close-ups and beauty shots of the food.", "At some point on day two, Fieri himself shows up and films his kitchen segment with the chef, as well as his interviews with diners in the restaurant.", "Producer David Page explained to Heavy Table that the tight schedule is necessary.", "When the crew arrives in any given city, they're usually there to shoot several different restaurants for different episodes of Triple-D. Making an appearance on Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives is a once-in-a-lifetime experience for independent restaurant owners to get their name out there.", "So the stakes are high to present their business proudly, and whip up the best plate of food they've ever made for Guy Fieri.", "And a big part of that is being prepared.", "Producers of Triple-D require that restaurants have their kitchens prepped and ready to go before filming begins, and definitely before Fieri arrives.", "That means having all the ingredients laid out and ready to go.", "After that, the cameras start rolling, capturing the cooking process and beautiful plated up dishes — sometimes multiple times.", "That's right, restaurants also need to have their kitchens prepped for making multiple rounds of the same menu items, just to make sure the cameras catch every angle of the food.", "If you don't get it right the first time, you need a fresh plate of food to reshoot with.", "Much of the charm of Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives comes from Fieri's spike-tipped, larger-than-life personality and predictably unpredictable zingers.", "\"Cradle it.\"", "\"You want me to cradle it?\"", "\"Cradle these buns.\"", "And that's part of the magic of the show; Fieri rolls in the kitchen, bringing totally authentic excitement and energy into the scene in a mostly unscripted fashion.", "Going off-script may be part of Fieri's job, but for everyone else, there's a meticulous plan of action that has to be followed — and it's a big secret to the show's success.", "For the restaurant staff, staying on-script is absolutely key if they want to see their episode make it to air; the flow of the episode is scripted out well in advance.", "So in order to get the story right, everyone has to stick to the plan, according to Heavy Table.", "Triple-D's intense filming schedule is also to blame, as the crew spends a full day shooting footage of the cooking and plating process for each dish.", "Then Fieri shows up the next day to reshoot the whole process with the restaurant chef.", "Finally, the editors take all that footage and weave it together into the finished episode we see on TV.", "So it's crucial that all the food footage is consistent, no matter which day it was shot on.", "If fans knew that Guy Fieri was about to roll up to their favorite local restaurant, many would probably be running to snap a selfie.", "But in order to limit the potential chaos, and make room for a full crew and a bunch of filming equipment, restaurants are told right up front that a condition of getting featured on Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives is closing up shop for a few days during the shooting process.", "Now if you're thinking about all those happy diners you see in every Triple-D episode, there's an explanation for that — they're all genuine fans of the food, but for the most part consist of family, friends, and a few loyal customers who are specifically invited by the restaurants to be part of the filming, according to People magazine.", "Getting the chance to appear on the show is pretty much guaranteed to bring in some serious publicity — and customers — for any restaurant.", "The rigorous production process is almost like an investment for future success.", "On top of that, being on the show requires a financial investment as well; restaurants don't get paid to appear on Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives, and they don't get paid or reimbursed for all the ingredients used during filming.", "For some restaurants, the costs really add up, as some have to spend money fixing up and preparing their restaurant for the cameras.", "The owners of Cafe Nooner mentioned the rush to paint the inside and outside of their restaurant, plus replacing fixtures, removing equipment, and more.", "There's also the added cost of lost business from spending several days closed for filming.", "Several restaurant owners who spoke to Twin Cities Business about their experience on Triple-D said the overall costs were as high as $15,000 between wasted food product and cleaning costs.", "In the end though, if Fieri is promising a 200 percent increase in business thanks to the show, those expenses will all be worth it.", "Obviously, getting to be featured on Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives is a major opportunity for any chef.", "Imagine the feeling of putting your heart and soul into a dish and having Fieri call it \"funkalicious?\"", "But as tempting as it may be to try and put as many dishes as possible in front of Fieri when you get the chance, chefs have to resist the urge.", "For one, the host isn't interested in extra meals, which makes sense when he's about to chow down for the cameras.", "Fieri has confessed that on filming days, the only thing he consumes is fruit and veggie juice.", "And it's not just him, as Fieri says he brings a juicer on the road and makes everybody drink up to boost immunity among the whole hard working crew, according to People.", "It's also worth noting that the restaurant owners and chefs on Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives likely won't even get much face time with Fieri himself until the cameras are rolling.", "According to the show's executive producer, this is a production trick, designed to keep everything as authentic as possible for the cameras.", "Being considered for Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives brings excitement, anticipation, stress, long days, and lots of fun.", "But unfortunately, restaurants aren't allowed to share that excitement with many people until it's all said and done.", "During the interview and production process, restaurants are asked to sign strict confidentiality agreements — they can't let the public know they were chosen for the show.", "And if word does get out, they aren't allowed to spill any specific details about the filming schedule.", "After the Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives crew has come and gone, the waiting game begins.", "Restaurants are told they'll be notified about 30 days before their episode is set to air on Food Network, but it can be several months after filming before that time comes.", "Of course, once the secret is out, the real whirlwind begins.", "As one restaurant owner explained to Thrillist, \"It changes your life immediately.\"", "\"It's impressive.\"", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more Mashed videos about your favorite shows are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Doing the research", "Made from scratch", "Final say", "Telling a story", "Filming dates", "Prepped kitchen", "Stay on script", "We're closed", "Restaurant costs", "No extra meals", "Sworn to secrecy" ]

[ "Kasey Panetta: Welcome to ThinkCast.", "I'm Kasey Panetta and I'm joined today by john Watts, a Senior Director Analyst in our Security Research group, to talk about zero trust.", "We'll go over what zero trust is, the biggest benefits to the business and how security teams need to see beyond the marketing hype to make this a really strategic change for the organization.", "Hi, John, thanks for joining us today.", "John Watts: Hello.", "Hi, Kasey, nice to be here.", "Kasey Panetta: So I want to jump right into this and just get into the terminology and a little bit about this topic.", "So can you talk about what is zero trust?", "What does that mean?", "John Watts: That's actually a really good question.", "I wanted to start with this story.", "So I bet most people listening have this experience in the past 18 months: Our kids were at home and they were schooling from home while we were working from home.", "And so, of course, they overhear our work conversations while they're doing their schooling.", "So I have two daughters.", "And the younger daughter asked my older daughter, she said, \"Hey, what's the zero trust?", "So I keep hearing this term over and over again.\"", "My older daughter looks at her and goes, \"Look, I don't know what it is, but don't ask Dad because the answer is going to be really boring.\"", "So I hope this isn't really boring for everyone that's listening.", "But zero trust: this concept, this thing that we're talking about, right, this is very popular right now.", "There's a lot of vendors that are using this term and they use it in different ways; actually, the way I like to say it is that they use it as a \"modifier to announce.\"", "So: \"zero trust\" fill in the blank.", "It's kind of like playing \"Mad Libs,\" you know, just give me a word and I'll tell you it's zero trust, and we'll talk about how how secure that is.", "So, you know, at Gartner, what we do is we try to take that term and make it something that's a lot more useful.", "And I think the most useful thing for zero trust is that it is this mindset or strategy.", "It's something that that we can use to say this is how we want to do security.", "We have a new way of doing, we want to think differently than we have before because we know that we have breaches, we have all of these incidents, and how can we kind of change things around so that we can get a more secure environment?", "And the way you talk about this is, zero trust is the security paradigm and it replaces implicit trust with continuously assessed explicit risk and trust levels based on identity and context supported by security infrastructure, and that adapts to the risk-optimized posture of the organization.", "So it's about reducing implicit trust.", "It's about becoming more secure by not just assuming that everything that we have in the environment has access to everything else.", "Kasey Panetta: So I should ask, the definition that you gave is the literal Gartner definition.", "If you had to, say, explain it to your teenage daughter, how exactly would you explain it to someone without ... cutting right to the heart of it?", "John Watts: Without boring them to death?", "I get it.", "Kasey Panetta: Yeah, that was the goal.", "John Watts: So the way to think about it is we have to make sure that everybody is who they say they are.", "And so you think about this in real life, if I go and I meet somebody on the street, I don't implicitly trust them.", "I have to build some sort of some assurance so that they are, who they say they are, that they have something that they're not going to be malicious, that they have something; we do this naturally.", "So when you look at somebody and you kind of assess them depending on the situation, you might want to see their driver's license.", "You know, if you're if you're in a position where you're saying, you know, you're buying something from me and I don't necessarily trust you, that you would buy this, you know, a car, for example, if I'm letting them test-drive a car, I might grab their license and hold on to that while they test-drive the car.", "The same kind of concept, we just don't implicitly trust everything in our environment.", "There's always this kind of trepidation of who is somebody, what are they trying to do?", "So we're just taking that concept and bringing that into the network security realm.", "Kasey Panetta: And the other piece of this is kind of, why are we talking about this now?", "Has it been around for a while and it's just sort of surfacing now, or is something happening that's kind of bringing it to the top?", "John Watts: Well, it's interesting because the concepts have been around a long time, I'd say even prior to 2000, there were concepts of this espe,cially in the networking space.", "But what we saw in the last couple of years is vendors are really pushing the messaging.", "What's helpful, though, is outside of the vendor context when you think about zero trust, the federal government in the U.S. now is a lot of emphasis on zero trust.", "So May 12, 2021, there was an executive order from the White House that called out zero trust as something that federal agencies should be adhering to, and they reference the NIST standards.", "So there is a NIST-standard document now and then as a result of that executive order, we've seen a lot more publications coming from the government around the zero trust concepts.", "And so right now there's a lot of emphasis from the federal government side, but also in the private sector is there's an overflow that goes to the private sector once the public sector starts talking about this type of subject.", "So I think that's part of why we hear so much about it is that there's been a lot more emphasis in the last 12 months on zero trust.", "Kasey Panetta: And what is a \"NIST\" standard?", "John Watts: \"NIST\" is the National Institutes of Standards and Technology, and they publish standards, documents, that are intended to be vendor-neutral.", "They don't adhere to any vendor perspective and they standardized terminology, and they bring up things like principles and guidelines on how to implement something.", "And so NIST has a lot of standards.", "In fact, in the federal government, some of those NIST standards are actually how compliance is done.", "If you want to do business with the federal government, you have to meet a NIST compliance standard.", "And so this this isn't quite the standard-type level for compliance, but what it does is it puts a framework around what zero trust architecture is.", "Kasey Panetta: I want to pause briefly to talk about how you can protect your business assets with a roadmap for maturing information security that provides best-practice insights distilled from interactions with Gartner clients to create a more effective security program.", "Download the roadmap via the link in the show notes.", "Kasey Panetta: So whether people are hearing about this from the executive order or vendors, or wherever they're hearing about it, if they want to get started using in their business or they're kind of in the beginning of the journey, what projects are good ones to start with?", "John Watts: My advice would be don't start with a project.", "What you want to do is you want to start with a strategy.", "So first thing to do is to talk about what it is you're trying to do is zero trust.", "Come up with that strategy, and then that strategy really would lay a foundation, and the foundation of zero trust is going to be built in identities.", "So for example, if you have an identity provider and you can attribute who somebody is through that provider, that's very foundational to the zero trust philosophy.", "In fact a lot of the zero trust concepts and the security policies are built around the concept of an identity and knowing who somebody is with some assurance and being able to add context to that and say if we don't know who somebody is, maybe we can add another level of assurance.", "And that should be driven by your asset and your asset resource sensitivity.", "So the asset visibility piece, understanding your sensitive data flows, plays in here as well because when you're looking at what it is they're trying to access and who it is, is trying to access that.", "That makes up your zero trust security policy.", "So all of that becomes foundational to trying to build a zero trust architecture within an environment.", "Now, once you've done that, then you start to talk about the project.", "So maybe you need a project to shore up identity or maybe you need one to come up with your asset visibility in the sensitive data flow outside of the house if you have a reasonable assurance those things are in place.", "There are a couple of projects that we would recommend.", "And from a network perspective, zero trust network perspective, one of the first ones we see is a ZTNA project.", "This is zero trust network access, and it's designed to replace the wide-open, vulnerable VPNs, the legacy VPNS that allow full network access to anyone who's connected, and so that's usually a good starting place.", "It's fairly low-hanging fruit for many organizations that allows them to gain some zero trust capabilities and replace something that may be legacy at the same time.", "Kasey Panetta: So we've been focusing a little bit on what it is, but a lot of what we want to talk about on ThinkCast is how it affects the business and what are the benefits to the business of using this technology and engaging with this idea.", "So what are the biggest business benefits?", "John Watts: First and foremost, risk reduction is really the goal.", "If you think about what you're trying to do, you're reducing that implicit trust.", "So we talked about that early on.", "Implementing zero trust technologies based on the identities and sensitivity of the resources limits the amount of damage that can be done.", "If you think about malware infections, how they come in: zero trust may not stop the initial infection.", "So if you get a phishing attack and somebody sends you a link and somebody clicks on that link, their workstation very well might be infected by that.", "But with a zero trust strategy, you can start to limit what that damage looks like.", "So maybe that endpoint now only has access to a few things, maybe it can't move laterally on the network.", "So that risk reduction is one of the biggest benefits of zero trust.", "Then, of course, you know, in the IT world, we talked about least-privilege access for a long time.", "This is really applying those least-privilege access concepts.", "So this isn't anything new.", "Most people understand the least-privilege concepts.", "And then of course if we do this right and we implement the technologies and we make them transparent to the user, it can actually improve their user experience.", "So rather than dealing with a problematic VPN that is always prompting for access or maybe it's something that's hard to use, some of these solutions could be very seamless or transparent to the user.", "So that would probably be the third benefit of doing something along these lines.", "Kasey Panetta: So I imagine when you try and start this with the strategy there can be some bigger technical challenges.", "What are the executives who lead this?", "And I'm not sure if that would be the CIO or the CISO, but what kind of technical challenges can they expect?", "John Watts: Well, I think the biggest roadblock that any organization faces is their technical debt.", "And what I mean by that is in the zero trust world, you typically want to authenticate and authorize every access, every transaction.", "So every user device that accesses the network would need to be authenticated and authorized to access another resource that's on the network.", "And the legacy applications, oftentimes those are hard-coded passwords, for example, or they're running older operating systems and maybe they don't even support some of the technologies that are required to implement the zero trust approach or architecture.", "And this is where you start to think about how to deal with those exceptions.", "Back to the strategy piece and why strategy is the important part to all of this: if you build a good strategy, and you have these principles in place, and you can think about how you want to do zero trust, then you can start to plan for these exceptions and say, look, we have this legacy environment or maybe it's a, say, as an example, a manufacturing environment that has OT devices that can't be modified or changed in any way.", "You can start to build what are called enclaves and the NIST zero trust architecture document talks about these enclaves, and basically you build out environments that are not participating in zero trust, but they could be controlled through a security gateway to limit their exposure and risk.", "So dealing with those legacy exceptions is probably the biggest roadblock, and how do you fit all of those into your plan.", "And is there a way you could do that without necessarily disrupting your overall zero trust goals.", "Kasey Panetta: A little bit earlier in the interview, you talked about vendor hype, and I know this is mentioned in our research as well, but how do security teams who are looking at these challenges, looking at this strategy, how are they moving kind of beyond that hype and really getting to the crux of the technology?", "John Watts: I think it starts with the strategy and it starts with building that based on vendor-neutral resources.", "And if you start to talk with vendors, they will steer you toward what they do best for obvious reasons.", "And so coming up with these plans and decisions based on business context and what it is you're trying to accomplish, and maybe even the business outcomes of what you're trying to do.", "So for example, if you've had an incident and you realize that there was a relatively easy way for that malware or ransomware to move within an environment starting with that as your focus, is how do we limit this in the future?", "Are there ways that we can improve this?", "And then building a strategy around that.", "Once you have that in place, then you go talk to the vendors.", "So then you can start to rationalize and say, Does this vendor actually solve my problem?", "Or are they solving a different problem that I don't have?", "And that's how most teams approach it.", "And that's what I would suggest to start out with your strategy and business goals and then move toward what vendors are doing to see if they can actually help you solve those problems.", "Kasey Panetta: Let's take a quick break to talk about how you can learn more about security and risk, prepare your organization to adapt through disruption, navigate risks and prioritize security investments.", "Find out what works when quantifying risk and take the next steps toward greater agility at Gartner Security & Risk Management Summit.", "Learn more by visiting gartner.com.", "Kasey Panetta: I always like to ask a question when I have our security analysts on, full-well knowing what the answer will be, but do you think anyone will ever achieve 100% zero trust?", "John Watts: I would say no, because I never say that anybody's ever 100%.", "Which I'm sure you hear a lot, but I think that's accurate.", "What I would say is that most organizations may never get to 100% zero trust because of some of those things we talked about with legacy systems or the fact that there may be things that need to have implicit trust around the network to operate.", "And so I think when you think about it, though, it's not so much that 100% zero trust in the idea that you could never get there should stop you from even trying because there's a lot of value and actually implementing a lot of things we talked about.", "So if you think about getting your identity systems and processes to be better, if you think about how you can improve the overall asset visibility and the overall data flow sensitivity, understanding of how data flows and how it should be protected, if you think about some of those implicit trust reductions that we would make in a zero trust environment, there's a lot of value to be gained, even just by trying to get to a zero trust architecture over time.", "So I don't think it's that 100% is the goal, but I think it's definitely that you want to start this process so you can implement better security controls and really make progress toward a better security model.", "Kasey Panetta: So some of what you do as an analyst is engaging with clients and talking to them about their specific concerns.", "So what are you hearing from the marketplace and from different areas on zero trust.", "John Watts: Well, yeah, definitely.", "That sorting out this hype, because they get a lot of messaging from the vendors about zero trust, but what does it really mean?", "And so they're trying to figure out what it is they really should be doing.", "Give you an example: So, you know, talk to clients about other things, other realms that may not be considered zero trust.", "So BDI is a great example, not really tagged zero trust by many vendors, but BDI in and of itself provides some good security controls and can provide some ability to do some of these zero trust principles.", "And so I think when you think about zero trust and this hype and and all the vendors and you start to look back and say, OK, what is the strategy?", "What is our goal?", "If you look at something like BDI and say, our principles are, always assume a breach, least-privilege access, let's make sure things are encrypted and secured, and that we have data security, BDI can accomplish a lot of those things depending on how you implement that.", "And so even though it may not be branded as this zero trust thing, it might actually achieve your zero trust goals.", "So when we talk to clients we're talking through these issues and saying maybe you don't have to rip and replace everything you've invested in this particular technology just to go to this new one, that's branded zero trust.", "And I think that's a good conversation to have.", "And it's also one that I think internally is a good one to have within organizations.", "Kasey Panetta: So one term that we had talked about during prep for this was SASE.", "Can you explain how that is related to zero trust and what it is.", "John Watts: So SASE is a term that it stands for secure access service edge and this is the term the Gartner coined in 2019 as part of a set of research notes around this idea that the future of network security is in the cloud, and what it is is it's basically securing edges.", "So users and devices securing access to the services they should have access to no matter what environment it's turning in.", "And actually as part of SASE, we have some zero trust concepts and the idea of zero trust access, and applying context to the user that's accessing that resource and making sure that adaptive controls are applied are all part of the SASE framework.", "The issue, right now, is that like zero trust we see a lot of vendors using the SASE terminology.", "So it's an overloaded term.", "It becomes one that's confusing because our clients will get messaging from a vendor that SASE is something they do and they can solve all of the problems with this particular technology, but it's not always the case.", "What I would say in general, if you're hearing about SASE and zero trust from a vendor, I would start to segment that out and say, OK, what problems are we trying to solve?", "Are we trying to solve our remote worker work-from-home use case as well as data security and access security?", "Do we also have an issue where we need to secure access from branch locations to headquarters and cloud, and how much SAS is involved?", "And once you kind of answered those questions then you can start to ask, how does SASE implementations from this vendor help me achieve a zero trust strategy?", "And there's a tie-in there because as you look at SASE to achieve some of those connectivity goals with networking security and this kind of convergence of the two in the SASE framework, then you can start to ask OK, now that we've got this in place, can I also start to do things like secure access to my SAS applications, which may be out of scope for more of the traditional zero trust network technologies that the vendors are talking about.", "So I think SASE plays a role, it's about edge security, users and devices to services, but it can help you get to a better zero trust approach to how you do resource access within an organization.", "Kasey Panetta: Well, I think this has been a pretty good crash course in zero trust, but did you have any final thoughts that you wanted to share with the audience?", "John Watts: Yeah, I think going back to that question about, you know, can you get to 100% zero trust, I don't think it's that goal, this end goal that we're shooting for.", "Zero trust seems more like a journey than a destination.", "So along the way we're going to improve our processes, we're going to improve our security posture, we're going to reduce risk and we're going to make improvements overall.", "And so that value in pursuing this mindset, the zero trust mindset, is really in how you apply those principles and how you work to reduce that implicit trust and improve your risk posture.", "And of course, you know, Gartner covers this topic and others more in depth.", "And so we obviously have research that we're producing on zero trust and how that works,and how we see it as well as the SASE topic.", "And of course our virtual summits this year, we'll have more presentations on it as well.", "Kasey Panetta: Thanks for joining us, John.", "John Watts: Thank you Kasey, my pleasure.", "Gardner ThinkCast is a production of Gartner.", "Gartner delivers actionable, objective insight to executives and their teams.", "Our expert guidance and tools enable faster, smarter decisions and stronger performance on an organization's most critical priorities.", "You can learn more at gartner.com.", "All content and Gartner ThinkCast is owned by Gartner and cannot be repurposed or reproduced without Gartner's consent.", "Gartner is an impartial, independent analyst of business and technology.", "This content should not be construed as a Gartner endorsement of any enterprises products or services.", "All content provided by other speakers is expressly the views of those speakers and organizations." ]

[ "Opening Thoughts", "What is Zero Trust?", "How Leaders Can Think About Zero Trust", "What’s Driving Interest Renewed Interest?", "Protect your Business Assets with a Roadmap for Maturing Information Security Program", "The Business Benefits", "The Technical Challenges", "Gartner Security and Risk Management Summit 2021", "Is 100% Zero Trust Possible?", "Final Thoughts" ]

[ "[intro jingle] Our next speaker is Ilmari Kontulainen.", "He has over 15 years of experience in the software industry, - startups, entrepreneurship in various roles from - software developer to CEO.", "Currently, he is working as a product manager at Hoxhunt.", "A disruptor in cyber security training - and one of the fastest-growing SaaS companies in Finland.", "In his presentation, Ilmari talks about The North Star Framework - and shares his learnings about how to use that for product strategy work.", "Ilmari, the stage is yours.", "[Kontulainen:] Thank you.", "I tell you a little bit about myself, - then go to the North Star Framework.", "What it is about.", "This presentation will hopefully - give some concrete tools that you can take away - or at least an idea, something to try in your organization, - whether it is within your team or anything else.", "I will introduce the framework - and I will also give two examples.", "One from product development team - and one from another context, from a content creation team.", "This is going to be...", "I will try to keep this practical.", "Lastly I will share some lessons learned.", "Okay.", "But as said, I have quite a long work history or at least variety in my work history.", "I have done everything from being a customer support presentative - to being a CEO in a small company.", "I have also tried my hands at vertical farming, - so actually growing herbs inside a building - but now I am working as a project manager.", "The past has given me a wide view of different things.", "In my free time I do some endurance sports and advisory work et cetera.", "But HoxHunt is a human first - cyber security awareness platform.", "We have roughly one million users.", "We essentially send out over two million simulated email threads - monthly to our users.", "I will show an example very soon, so you understand the context - because the examples are about that.", "We have roughly 100 employees.", "We are constantly growing but the current headcount is around 100.", "Only for the development teams.", "We are not the biggest organization out there.", "We have mainly two customer phrase facing products.", "One of my responsibilities is the training side, - which I will show a quick demo of.", "So this is what we do.", "We essentially send phishing emails to our users automatically - in a smart way.", "Each of the users has individual learning paths.", "Everyone gets the training that they usually need.", "How it works is that we send this out to the users or customers - and then the users need to spot the emails and report them - using an email plugin.", "At the top of the screen is a small icon of the shield.", "If the user clicks that it will open a window - that says: \"hey, you catched one\".", "Then we will teach them a little bit about - what they should have spotted from the email.", "For example here the is email sender, the domain is not from slack.com, - instead it is slack.eu.com.", "We are going to teach them to detect - phishing emails.", "Then we have all sorts of engagement functionalities as well.", "Such as levels or shields and achievements - and leaderboards and whatnot - just to give the kind of introduction of what we actually do.", "But how do we do it?", "What is the typical product cycle?", "Or what does the product development look like for us?", "We identify leverage points or pain points - from the feedback, we gather from customers, stakeholders, and whatnot.", "We create assumptions, hypotheses - and of course, connect all that in the past learning.", "Then we conduct the strategic planning - and The North Star Framework connects very well to the strategic planning - and to the prioritization, which is then the next step.", "We use, we call them Hoxmissions, - but they are essentially business cases for the problems - we consider worth solving.", "Then we have roadmaps and whatnot.", "We choose based on the prioritization.", "We choose the item to work on, plan, execute and experiment with.", "Sometimes that is a prototype, sometimes that is an actual feature - that we built.", "We ship them, we celebrate them, we give a whole small retrospective, - then we learn.", "We gather the feedback apart from the customers - and then end-users but also from the data.", "We measure them, we build an impact analysis - and then we do another retrospective to see what we learned.", "And then it starts all over again.", "Okay.", "The North Star Framework connects to all this.", "The North Star Framework is like a model for managing products - by identifying a single crucial metric - that best captures the core value that the product delivers to the customers.", "What are its impacts?", "It should help in prioritizing and accelerating decision-making.", "It should help the teams align and communicate - around that unified vocabulary that was mentioned, - but also around the unified goal.", "It should also enable the teams to focus on impactful things.", "What really matters to the business.", "Okay.", "The North Star Framework itself is simple.", "I like simple things because it is easy to talk about simple things.", "They are usually the most effective.", "It has four components.", "The first one is the actual North Star Metric.", "We will define it soon.", "Then there are middle, long-term business results, and customer values.", "We call those lagging indicators.", "Those are something that follow - if we focus on improving The North Star Metric - but those are not something that we should focus on primarily - but they are the kind of result from the focus of The North Star Metric.", "Okay.", "Then we have input metrics.", "The input metrics are basically KPIs but they should all contribute - to The North Star Metric one way or another.", "I will show the connection later.", "We call them leading indicators.", "Then there is naturally the fourth step, which is the work.", "The actual experiments, whether it is development work, - whether it is validating assumption with a prototype.", "Whether it is something else, - but the actual work, so the initiatives.", "Yes.", "Development work.", "Okay.", "We go through this one step at a time.", "First starting with The North Star Metric.", "The North Star Metric itself should be a single critical rate - count or ratio that represents your product strategy.", "The purpose of having a single metric - is that there is clarity and alignment.", "We create this focus - that we all know that this is the direction we need to go.", "Then in the discussion, we can go to more insightful things - like how to actually get there.", "If we know what The North Star is or where it is, - it is easier to talk about.", "What would be the best direction there, - rather than talking about, for example: \"hey, this seems cool\" or \"that seems cool\".", "It is also used to communicate the impact and the progress.", "If we can see that it is constantly growing or increasing - we can be fairly sure that we are doing progress.", "Of course we need to be... [chuckles] We need to have a good North Star Metric for that to work.", "Then there is also accountability to outcomes.", "This is good for the teams.", "I have had experiences where the teams want to strive towards, - let's say features or something that they think is cool, - but not necessarily yields the outcomes that actually help the organization.", "The North Star Metric creates this accountability to the outcomes - that if something that we do doesn't contribute to The North Star Metric - like we should do it or we should prioritize - or how much time do we have to give to those sorts of initiatives?", "Some attributes of The North Star Metric.", "It should measure the moment that the customer finds value - from your product.", "This is all like a product-led strategy, that type of thinking.", "The North Star Metric should measure the moment - that customer finds value from your product.", "It should also represent the core of your current product strategy.", "It should be a leading indicator of the future business outcome - that your company cares about.", "It should be like that.", "Let's say we have North Star Metric and we focus on improving that.", "Then of course the company cares about, let's say, - annual revenue rate bar and whatnot, - it should also likely get to those.", "There are four dimensions in the North Star Metric that you could choose - or at least based on this dinstinct definition.", "The North Star Metric should describe the breadth.", "As an example the numbers of new ursers.", "Depth.", "For example, the number of items per order.", "Frequency.", "For example, the orders per month per user.", "Efficiency.", "For example, the percentage of orders delivered on time.", "It would be good that the North Star Metric - covers at least two of these dimensions.", "But based on my experience, - it is hard to cover all four in one metric that you follow.", "Then when we define The North Star Metric, - we can also use this kind of checklist.", "Starting from the top, does it express value?", "Can we see why it matters to our users?", "Does it represent the vision and the strategy?", "Is it a leading indicator of a little bit of repetition?", "Does it predict the future results rather than the past results?", "That is why, for example, the annual revenue rate bar - whether it is customer value - or these are not maybe necessarily the best North Star Metrics, - but they are rather lagging indicators that happen - if you focus on your North Star Metric.", "Is it actionable?", "Can we take concrete action to influence it?", "This is especially important when you are aligning - the teams to commence - right work.", "So, if we pick a metric that the teams cannot, - for example, influence themselves.", "For example, this old revenue rate - so the teams might not have the ability to actually - influence it.", "It might be bad due to that and then also - sometimes if you are working in a very technical environment - it is understandable from non-technical people - because you might come up with very nice metric - but if it is not understandable, - there needs to be this common vocabulary - and common language - with both the technology organization and the business side.", "Of course, it is measurable?", "We should quite obviously be able to measure it, - if it goes down or up.", "Then when it changes, can we be confident - that the change is meaningful and valuable.", "Sometimes it is easy to get, for example, - a vanity metric.", "As an example, we were thinking if we should use relative metric - or an absolute metric.", "We realized that if we would use an absolute metric, - the metric could actually rise, - even though we wouldn't do anything.", "I will explain the example later.", "Then lastly, when you think about your North Star Metric, - you can also consider what game you are playing.", "There are essentially three main games you can play.", "The attention game: How much of your customers' time can you capture?", "The transaction game: How many commercial transactions user makes, for example.", "And the productivity game: How many high-value tasks can the customer perform - with your product?", "Then we go to the examples.", "So, here is...", "Most of them are imaginary, except the last one.", "That is the outcome of our North Star Framework workshop.", "If you think about, for example, Spotify, - North Star Metric could be time spent by subscribers listening to music.", "Facebook could measure users spending more than five minutes - per day on the platform.", "Amazon could have an average number of purchases per prime subs.", "Salesforce could have an average number of records - created per recall.", "Then for us.", "We didn't get that nice of a measure but we still got something.", "We choose the monthly percentage of successfully reported simulations - by potential user.", "Here we come to the question: Is this understandable, for example, by the non-technical people - or if you don't know the context or something like that.", "But it was still good that we were able to define it concretely.", "Then if we look at that, go into the details - of the metric that we chose.", "If we remember, there are the dimensions.", "This metric describes the breadth.", "The percentage of potential users.", "Here we use the percentage because for exmample, - if the sales brings us a new customer - that has, let's say 10 000 users.", "If we could use the absolute number - it would be a vanity metric to just look at the absolute number - and see that we are doing very well, - because the sales are constantly growing the number.", "But if we take the percentage of it - we can measure how many of those users, - those potential users can be converted into actually using the platform.", "Then there is also the frequency.", "That is kind of the same.", "We have to use the percentage.", "That measures the frequency of how often - the users report the simulations that we send.", "If you look at the checklist, - does this express value?", "Can we see why it matters to our customers?", "Of course, these are always context specific.", "The most important thing is that the ones who use the metric understand it.", "This expressed value pretty well, at least for us.", "We thought so.", "It also represents the vision and the strategy.", "If we get, let's say, 100 percent of our potential users - to report 100 percent of those simulated threats we sent, - we have a pretty good state.", "Then this is the leading indicator of success.", "Does it predict the future results rather than the past?", "I put them there, but I changed it to say \"yes\".", "It is a pretty good indication - that if we are able to reach that metric - Is it actionable?", "I will show in a bit - how the leading indicators connect to this.", "Based on that discovery it is very actionable.", "Is it understandable for the non-technical peole?", "It is a \"maybe\".", "When you talk about relative things, - it maybe harder to have the discussion.", "I remember also having some difficulties explaining this - to senior management and whatnot.", "Is it measurable?", "Yes.", "And when it changes, can we be confident - that the change is meaningful and valuable?", "Here we come back to why we chose the relative metric - rather than the absolute metric.", "The components.", "We have gone through the actual North Star Metric - Usually when you have this kind of workshop - about defining The North Star Metric, - usually while you are talking about The North Star Metric, - you come up with a lot of lagging indicators - or mid to long term business results and customer value related things- You can list them down in the discussion.", "Like, I understand and conclude that - \"hey, these are lagging indicators\" - \"This should go there.\"", "Then we go to the input metrics.", "Which is what contributes...", "It is a small set of factors that you believe - most directly affect or contribute to The North Star Metric.", "In the input metrics, it is all about action and results.", "You choose those input metrics that you believe - that if you do actions towards those, the results get there.", "As an example, I do endurance sports myself.", "If I eat, sleep, and run, I can run longer.", "As the lagging indicator, I might also lose weight - but that is a lagging indicator.", "It should not be the kind of result I am after, I guess.", "The training input metrics that we choose - were quite obvious.", "But we choose the new users - and then user retention.", "Then also learning depth, - but we were not able to find a KPI measure - because there are different ways to measure it.", "The discussion is ongoing.", "But you can usually be able to - define a KPI to each input metric.", "For example, for new users, we choose the onboarding percentage.", "The user returns a 12-month retention percentage - what percentage of users are still using our platform - 12 months after joining the training.", "We have the input metrics there.", "Then the last part is \"the usual\".", "Discover and deliver.", "There we usually have product initiatives.", "For example, based on when we started to measure - and we built dashboards for the input metrics - we noticed something super interesting, - which was that our user retention rate was super high - but our onboarding percentage was relatively low.", "It was interesting because we have been spending a lot of time developing - retention related functionalities - but nobody had really measured if are they contributing - or they creating an impact.", "When we started measuring them - we noticed that we are doing well here, - maybe we shouldn't put too many bets there - but rather focus on where we are not doing so well, - which was the user onboarding.", "There work, well it's basically just initiatives like how can we improve it.", "I'm not going to go too much into the details there.", "Okay, I think I'm starting to run out of time soon.", "This was about the product development theme.", "How we defined it for the training part.", "Then we also had an alternative for a theme - that was mainly focusing on content creation.", "The alternative is called The North Star Statement.", "There we have similar excercise - where you define this kind of North Star - but don't focus so much on the measurement - but rather the vision or what needs to happen in verbal form.", "The discussion is usually valuable because just the discussion itself - creates alignment and understanding.", "This is something you can find online.", "I haven't invented this.", "It's by a company called Amplitude, John Cutler.", "Lastly, lessons learned.", "Using The North Star Framework - and having the sessions helped creating strategic clarity - and eased up prioritization work on the discussion.", "The process itself was fruitful for the team - because they also got more understanding - of why we are doing certaing [things] - and why we aren't doing certain things.", "It helped align the team and have meaningful discussions.", "It helped to build business cases for some initiatives - that wouldn't have otherwise been or that would have been buried - so that was super nice.", "It made product strategy work much easier.", "About The North Star Statement.", "That was also helpful for the team - it helped new employees, - especially when they got to the results of that workshop - to understand the big picture of what the team is doing - and striving for.", "I want to give credit to John Cutler.", "He's writing a lot about product management - and Nort Star related things.", "It influences my work and what we do at Hoxhunt.", "There's also Amplitude and then there is the original blog post - about The North Star Metric, it is from Sean Ellis.", "You can also find that somewhere.", "But... Any questions?", "[Moderator:] Okay.", "Can you give us some guidelines - how often you should change or set a new North Star?", "How long have you been running this metric?", "I joined the company a little bit more than a year ago.", "I felt the need for - understanding better where we want to go.", "That's why I initiated the workshop.", "We have since been following the same North Star.", "You shouldn't change The North Star itself that often - but the input metrics might change from time to time.", "For example, currently, we are focusing heavily on onboarding percentage.", "But let's say that when that is no longer a problem - it might make sense to focus on other input metrics.", "I would say that as long as you have a constant product - and you have a constant product vision, - then The North Star Metric should be - it should be aligned with the product vision.", "Then, of course, if you introduce a new product - then you should probably conduct another session for that product - or if the product mission changes drastically for one reason or another, - then of course it's good to iterate.", "But if the vision stays more or less the same... Because The North Star should be aligned with the vision.", "[Moderator:] Okay.", "But you said that when you see, for example, - if you're looking at how sharp the angle is - and it if just starts - getting lower, - it may be time for new input metrics.", "That's what you're saying?", "Okay.", "When the old tricks aren't working as well as they used to.", "Or maybe even that the input metrics might stay the same - but you might focus more on that input metric - that you know is lagging behind.", "Kind of like how we did it.", "We saw that we have one indicator that is lagging - which was the onboarding percentage.", "So we should put our emphasis there.", "But when we have that fixed, if you will, - then we might switch to thinking more about, - let's say learning depth or go back to them - because it might be that when we get one metric up - it affects other metrics - because of how the end-user life cycle goes and whatnot.", "[Moderator:] Okay, yeah.", "[From the audience:] Quick question about the workshop.", "Who did you involve in defining The North Star?", "In the session we held with the product development team, - it was mainly that team.", "Basically one development team.", "But the main benefit would come from running, - let's say if you have multiple teams that you would run - within the product development organization.", "We have three product managers.", "We likely run that session also among ourselves.", "But this session was...", "I think this tool can be used in many contexts - to give clarity and alignment.", "But then the results help in the discussion with other stakeholders - outside the context.", "I want to challenge everybody to google this and try - or at least think whether you could - find value from this and implement it - or at least run the session within your organization.", "Thank you.", "[Moderator:] Okay, let's give a big hand everybody.", "[applause] [outro jingle]" ]

[ "Intro", "About me", "The North Star framework", "The North Star metric", "Input metrics", "The work", "Alternative", "Lessons learned", "Q&A", "Last words" ]

[ "I have a degree from Oregon State University in AG Business Management and a minor in Horticulture.", "I became aware of Dr. Ingham when I was in College at Oregon State.", "I had the compost tea manual and I was actually able to buy some compost from her, and so we were using that compost in our gardens at the time, and we were just having phenomenal results.", "Currently with my consulting business, I'm working with farmers as well as compost producers.", "So various crops such as forage crops, nut and berry crops as well as diverse vegetable operations.", "And a lot of those clients have come to me via the Soil Food Web website as one of the listed Soil Food Web consultants and contacting me that way.", "We have an initial call.", "We see if it's a good fit and often it is because by the time people start to make these phone calls, they're ready for a change.", "They're ready to switch over to a biological farming approach and they're just looking for some answers and a method to get to the goal with that.", "The Soil Food Web has significantly contributed to my success as a consultant because along with the other approaches such as agronomy and cover crops and what kind of cultivation may be necessary in any given situation, I now have the ability to quantify soil biology and begin to reintroduce the important microorganism groups that are missing from any given soil.", "What I love most about having these skills that I learned from the Soil Food Web is implementing them with farmers and seeing their reaction to the results, seeing that they can cut back on their inputs drastically and just kind of change the way they think about soil as we begin to reintroduce these microorganisms, and then when the pest pressure falls away and the yields begin to increase and just seeing that reaction from the farmer and sometimes getting high fives from those farmers, that ultimately makes it all worth it for me.", "They're saving a lot of money now on labor costs and not buying these pest control and fertility input amendments anymore.", "because they have an optimally functioning Soil Food Web.", "There is a lot of demand for Soil Food Web consultants at this time because there aren't a lot of people out there that are quantifying microbiology in the soil and providing actionable recommendations.", "I actually have a waiting list because I am working with so many clients presently.", "It's not so much the money or the business.", "I'm more interested in regenerating as many acres as is possible.", "That's my goal.", "And so that's the value of Soil Food Web for me.", "I'm just really happy with the lifestyle I've created around this business and that I have the ability to make such an environmental impact." ]

[ "Intro", "Nick Tomasini Soil Food Web School Testimonial", "Outro" ]

[ "Hello, welcome to chapter 4 of The Nature of Code.", "So this chapter is all about particle systems.", "And here's the good news for you.", "I am not introducing any new concepts, really.", "I mean, there is the new concept of the particle system.", "But ultimately, we're just reusing all the code from the previous chapters and looking at ways to organize that code more efficiently and effectively.", "So what is a particle system?", "In 1982, William T. Reeves, a researcher at Lucasfilm, was working on the movie Star Trek II-- The Wrath of Khan.", "Much of the movie revolves around the genesis device, a torpedo that one shot at a barren, lifeless planet has the ability to reorganize matter and create a habitable world for colonization.", "During the sequence, a wall of fire ripples over the planet while it is being terraformed. .", "The term particle system was coined in the creation of this particular effect.", "Fascinating.", "Thanks, Spock.", "If, like me, you find the history of computer graphics fascinating, I would really encourage you to go read the original 1983 paper, \"Particle Systems-- A Technique for Modeling a Class of Fuzzy Objects.\"", "Everything from the first two chapters of Nature of Code, you'll find there in that paper.", "Position, velocity, that's what makes a particle as long as all the other sort of techniques and tricks that they used in creating this effect in the film Wrath of Khan.", "Getting started with the code, I don't really have a lot of work to do.", "I have most everything that makes a particle from my mover class in chapter 2.", "But I do want to look at this list of attributes and see what I need to add, sort of focusing in on this number 7, the lifetime property.", "I should also mention that I have actually made this video before in a way.", "I have a coding challenge called simple particle system.", "And I would encourage you to review that.", "But that video didn't make use of the concepts of vectors and forces.", "So what I want to do here is take the same idea of a simple particle system but bring in the examples from chapters 1 and 2 of The Nature of Code.", "I'm going to start with this example from the first video of chapter 2.", "So this is just a simple example with one mover object responding to wind and gravity forces.", "And the very first thing I'm going to do is just change the name from mover to particle.", "From this point on, my particle class will always be in a file called particle.js.", "Just to simplify for a moment, I'm going to remove the wind force.", "We might want to add that back in later, but I'm just going to leave only this gravity force.", "Going back to the paper, I would encourage you to think about adding some of these other properties related to size and color and the shape of your particles.", "I'm going to leave that as an exercise for you, the viewer, and focus in on the lifetime property.", "Now, I'm making the decision to specifically start the lifetime at 255.", "This is because I want to tie the lifetime to the transparency.", "So the idea is that the particle will start with a transparency of 255 fully opaque and fade away over time, meaning in the update function, I want it to decrease.", "And then in the show function, instead of having the alpha hardcoded as 100, I will set the alpha to the object's lifetime.", "And let's watch it fade away.", "Now, the stroke is not fading, so perhaps I'll add that as well.", "And the particle's gone.", "The kinds of effects that are typically made with a particle system generally result from small dots in the canvas.", "So I'm going to reduce also the size of the particle and set that to 4.", "The next step is just making many particles.", "And the only thing I need to do that is an array.", "Now, I've done this already in The Nature of Code, but here I want to take a very specific look at some of the functionality associated with arrays in JavaScript and p5JS.", "So here is the revised code still with one particle.", "But instead, that one particle has been added to an array.", "If working with arrays of objects is new to you, I would refer you back to my Intro to Coding With p5JS video series where I have a whole section about arrays and objects.", "And there's a lot of different things I could try here.", "Maybe I want to create a burst of particles and just add, say, 100 immediately in setup.", "Incidentally, even though I added 100 particles, I don't see 100.", "It's because all of them are starting at exactly the same spot with exactly the same initial velocity.", "So to really see the effect, it probably makes sense for me to go to the particle class and have their velocities be something random.", "And look at this really sort of like strange effect that happened that I didn't anticipate.", "Because the magnitude of all those initial velocities is one, they all burst out into this sort of perfect ring.", "Now, I'll give them a random set of initial velocities, and we could see they burst out in a more chaotic fashion.", "So this is starting to resemble something like a burst of a firework, and I might also refer you to-- I have a whole coding challenge about doing a fireworks simulation.", "That could be something that as an exercise for this chapter, you choose to create from these particle systems examples.", "But rather than a single burst, it's more common for a particle system style effect to constantly emit particles-- so one new particle per frame or five new particles per frame.", "So I can take this for loop and put it into draw.", "And I probably don't want to make 100 new particles every time through draw.", "So let me actually just go back and make this one-- so one new particle each time through draw-- and we could see we have this constant stream of particles that are being emitted.", "I could make it's five particles per frame, and it's just like a lot more particles coming out.", "Now, even though they're fading away and it sort of seems like it's the same amount of particles in the canvas, it's starting to run really, really slow.", "That's because when particles fade away, I'm not actually removing them from the array.", "So the length of that array right now is really, really big, and it's just going to run slower and slower and slower over time.", "So I need to add something to remove particles from the array when they're finished.", "The first step I think would be to add a function to the particle class itself, and I will call this function finished.", "And it's just going to return whether or not the lifetime is less than zero.", "So it returns true when the lifetime is less than zero.", "That's when it's finished.", "And it's false if the lifetime is greater than 0.", "And just as a quick little test to make sure this is working, I'm going to write if this.finished, fill it with a green color just to see that as they fade away, they turn green.", "But that's not what I want to do.", "Instead of turning them green, I want to delete them from the array.", "Now, what I've written here is another for loop.", "There are so many different ways I could tackle this problem.", "And in fact, I have some videos where I look at using higher-order functions.", "There's a function, an array function, called filter and other ways to remove any particles from the array that have finished.", "But the approach that I'm choosing to use here is just to loop through the array backwards starting at the end of the array, check every particle.", "If it's finished, use the array function splice to remove that particle and only that particle from the array.", "If this is totally new to you, I go through this code in detail in one of my Intro to p5JS videos, Removing Objects from an array.", "But this is it.", "I should have all of the pieces now of making a particle system using a particle class and an array of particles with lifespans, removing them when they're done.", "Let's see what this looks like.", "And as you can see, the frame rate is running fairly consistently.", "Now, what the behavior of these particles are, what they're doing, where they should start, how they should fade away, that's really up to you.", "So I would encourage you to take this code and start playing around with all the different parameters-- size, color.", "What's the initial velocity?", "What is the initial lifespan?", "And even maybe more importantly, how is the lifespan changed?", "Like, for example, if I reduce the lifespan instead of by one every frame by 5, we're going to see they fade away much more quickly, and we have what looks like almost a shower going on here, a shower of particles in the p5 sketch.", "Two more changes before I wrap up-- I'm going to remove calling this edges function.", "The bouncing off the edges is no longer relevant.", "And I think it would make sense for me to start the particles higher up in the canvas.", "So let me put the value 20.", "Oops, no, no, no, 20 for the vertical position-- the y, not the x.", "And there we go.", "This is the complete particle system example.", "I've got a particle class.", "I've got an array of particles.", "They fade out.", "I remove them from the array when they faded out.", "What is next?", "So in the next video, I want to take this idea and kind of turn it up to 11.", "So instead of just having a particle class, what if I think of this whole shower of particles as a particle system object?", "Could I have many particle systems within one sketch?", "That will be the topic of the next video.", "I hope you play around.", "I really would love to see what kinds of effects you can create just from this example alone by playing with size, color, the fading, all of that stuff.", "Share it with me and I'll see you in the next video.", "[MUSIC PLAYING]" ]

[ "Welcome to chapter 4!", "Explain! What is a particle system?", "Explain! What do we have to code?", "Code! Let's make a particle class!", "Code! Adding a lifetime property.", "Code! Many particles!", "Code! Emitting particles.", "Code! Removing finished particles from the array.", "Code! Let's make a few tweaks to this system?", "What's next?" ]

[ "When we think of the royal family, we typically think of those we see the most on TV.", "But what about the others?", "One such elusive royal is seventeen-year-old Lady Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary Mountbatten-Windsor.", "We did some digging so we could let you in on her untold truths.", "Queen Elizabeth has eight grandchildren, ranging from their forties all the way down to their teens.", "Some of the queen's most high-profile grandchildren include Prince William and Prince Harry, but it's Louise who has a special place in the queen's heart.", "As noted by The Sun, Louise is reportedly Elizabeth's favorite grandchild, given their common interests, their summers spent together, and Louise's kind nature.", "A royal insider told the publication: \"The queen loves the fact that Louise and [younger brother James, Viscount Severn] relish their time at Balmoral, and she has become particularly close to Louise.\"", "Louise reportedly stepped up to the babysitting plate - like all good older cousins do - when Princess Charlotte visited the queen.", "Louise apparently has a talent for drawing, and she extended her time and patience to encourage the little princess to draw while she visited her great-grandmother.", "The gesture clearly made a big impact on the monarch, who looks very favorably on her granddaughter.", "The royal family is known for its collective interest in hobbies such as horse riding, polo, and hunting, and it looks as though Lady Louise Windsor has followed suit.", "According to Woman & Home, she is an excellently-skilled carriage driver and has carved quite the space for herself within the activity.", "Her mother, Sophie, Countess of Wessex, spoke about her daughter's skillset during a virtual appearance at the Royal Windsor Horse Show: \"To actually participate in the horse show you know, has been a really special thing for her to do.\"", "Sophie said that her daughter's skillset is a natural talent and that she absolutely outshines the rest of the family.", "Sophie said: \"I trail in her wake frankly.", "No, she is naturally so good at it, she really is.", "It's something that she has taken to very well.\"", "School, however, did get in the way of Louise's passion.", "Sophie revealed that Louise took a break from carriage driving to carve out time for studying, which kept her away from the Royal Windsor Horse Show.", "The show was canceled due to the coronavirus pandemic, so it turned out that Louise didn't miss out on much.", "There is something to be said about the bond between a granddaughter and grandfather, and, as Cosmopolitan noted, Lady Louise Windsor and the late Prince Philip were very close.", "The two shared a number of passions, namely their interest in horses.", "Philip was often seen at Louise's equestrian events, just as he was for his daughter, Princess Anne, and the two seemed to share a very special bond.", "Philip died in April 2021, and, as such, left a number of touching gifts to his young granddaughter.", "According to Cosmopolitan, Philip left his two Fell horses, Balmoral Nevis and Notlaw Storm, to Louise.", "In addition, he gifted her his own four-wheeled carriage, the same carriage used during his funeral procession.", "Philip often used the carriage while he stayed at Windsor Castle.", "His choice to leave such an item to her has been interpreted by some as his subtle way of encouraging her pursuits.", "Since the carriage was used during Philip's funeral to carry his cap and gloves, it's safe to say that it was an incredibly special gift for Louise to receive.", "Royal births are a big deal, there's no doubt about it.", "It seemed like the entire world was on edge when Kate Middleton was expecting her first child, Prince George, with Prince William.", "But things weren't so planned and expected when Lady Louise Windsor was born to Sophie, Countess of Wessex, and Prince Edward.", "As noted by the BBC, Louise was born a month early and weighed just under five pounds.", "As it turned out, Sophie was experiencing intense cramps at home and called an ambulance to take her to the hospital.", "Louise was born via emergency c-section, and was immediately taken to Frimley Park Hospital's neonatal unit.", "\"I've seen Sophie, she's doing well.", "She's also had a bit of a fraught time with it, but she's recovering well, I'm glad to say.\"", "Because the baby was born so early and under such unexpected circumstances, Edward wasn't even there.", "As reported by the BBC, he was on an official trip to Mauritius and quickly made plans to travel home.", "It was quite the unexpected delivery, and both Sophie and Louise - who were described as stable at the time - stayed in the hospital \"as a precaution.\"", "Talk about an entrance.", "If you're confused when it comes to royal titles, you're not alone.", "There seem to be a lot of rules and protocols to follow regarding royal titles, but a lot of it comes down to personal preference.", "There's been some debate over Lady Louise Windsor's royal title and if she'll ever be referred to as Her Royal Highness.", "As noted by Express, Louise's parents opted out of using HRH titles, as they wanted their children to have as normal lives as possible, with Sophie once noting that both children are, quote, \"very likely to have to work for a living.\"", "However, Express reported that the decision to adopt the HRH title will soon be left up to Louise herself.", "By the time she turns 18, she can opt to use the HRH title if she so chooses.", "Nonetheless, even her mother thinks that it'll be a stretch for her daughter to use it.", "Sophie said: \"I think it's highly unlikely.\"", "Since Louise turns 18 in November 2021, time will tell.", "As aforementioned, Lady Louise Windsor was born a month premature.", "As such, she developed a condition called strabismus, which impacted her ability to see.", "As noted by Express, if the condition is not treated, it can result in what is referred to as \"lazy eye,\" where the brain starts to ignore signals from the eyes.", "Louise's diagnosis inspired her mother, Sophie, Countess of Wessex, to get involved, and she has since advocated for children who are visually impaired.", "As a child, Louise reportedly had a very impactful squint, though her vision has improved with time.", "Sophie said: \"Her squint was quite profound when she was tiny and it takes time to correct it.", "You've got to make sure one eye doesn't become more dominant than the other, but she's fine now - her eyesight is perfect.\"", "It remains unclear whether Louise's condition fixed itself with time, or if she had an operation to correct it.", "Nevertheless, it has inspired her mother to advocate for those who have the same condition and similar vision difficulties.", "Some aspects of the royal family, and the institution at large, are quite archaic, and, until it was amended, the rule that a younger brother would circumvent his older sister in the line of succession was enforced.", "As such, although Lady Louise Windsor is older than her brother, James, he is ahead of her in the line of succession to the British throne.", "As noted by Hello!, The Succession to the Crown Act, which halted the gender-based rule, was not implemented until 2013, after both Louise and James were born.", "The act states that all royal family members born after October 28, 2011, would benefit - leaving Louise out of the loop, so to speak.", "The act, at one point, was of heightened importance, as Princess Charlotte was not overtaken by her younger brother, Prince Louis, in the line of succession after he was born.", "And she's not the only young royal to have benefitted from the act.", "Zara Tindall's daughters, Mia and Lena, also maintained their positions, even after their younger brother, Lucas, was born.", "Unfortunately, Louise was born too early - before the cutoff date - to benefit from the act.", "As heirs are born, she will unfortunately continue to move down the line of succession.", "The world often sees Prince William and Kate Middleton's kids, who are all direct heirs to the British throne.", "But the children of Prince Edward and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, Lady Louise Windsor and James, Viscount Severn, are rarely seen in the spotlight.", "As Express noted, this could be directly linked to Edward and Sophie's wish for privacy.", "Even though Louise is almost 18 years old, she is only ever really seen during official royal events.", "Edward has spoken about his desire to keep his kids out of the headlines - as his importance in the royal family increases, the chances of Louise and James being available for scrutiny also increases.", "After analyzing the dynamic between Sophie and her parents, body language expert Judi James said: \"This desire to protect his children's privacy might sound natural, but given Sophie and his current elevation through the ranks of the Firm and their much higher profile as a result, it could be a personal challenge for Edward to ensure that any desire for privacy is respected.\"", "Still, that privacy is certainly currently being extended to Louise, who is often only ever seen with one of her parents.", "Time will tell if the media and paparazzi end up finding a way to circumvent Edward's efforts to shield her from the public eye as she gets older.", "Even if you don't consider yourself a fan of the royal family, you most likely know about the drama from a couple years back.", "Prince Harry and Meghan Markle have made a name for themselves as they've aired royal dirty laundry, Prince Andrew is consistently under fire for his alleged connections to Jeffery Epstein.", "\"I've never really felt the need to go and party.", "And certainly, going to Jeffrey's was not about partying.\"", "Prince Charles and Camilla Parker-Bowles are experiencing more and more pushback - you can thank Season 4 of \"The Crown\" for that.", "So, it doesn't come as a huge surprise to find out that Queen Elizabeth sees Lady Louise Windsor as a huge asset, mostly due to her calm demeanor, dedication, and kind nature.", "Royal biographer Ingrid Seward told Express that Louise, quote, \"has shown in the past she can handle gracefully difficult situations,\" a trait that is sure to come in handy.", "She also said, pointing to a situation at Princess Eugenie's wedding in which Louise took charge of the little bridesmaids: \"She has always been an asset to the family and very polite which the Queen loves.\"", "The public has had plenty of opportunities to see the Wessex family interact with each other.", "As such, body language expert Judi James shared her thoughts with Express regarding the dynamic between Louise and her mother, Sophie, Countess of Wessex.", "As Louise has gotten older, Sophie has reportedly taken a couple steps back, in order for her daughter to branch out on her own.", "This is shown in her body language toward the teenager and is an aspect of their relationship that James picked up on.", "James said: \"Sophie's confidence signals show her as being the more socially active one in the team dynamic.", "Her encouraging and proud smile is teamed with the kind of spatial gap you'd get between friends [...] This allows Sophie's daughter to be seen and to feel like a confident adult in public.\"", "James also highlighted the smiles that are often cast between Sophie and Louise, assessing that the pair shares a friendship as well as a mother-daughter bond.", "Additionally, James suggested that Sophie knows how to avoid being \"overprotective\" of Louise, and is happy to let her strike out on her own.", "The term \"royal family\" doesn't exactly allow for a lot of normalcy.", "When you think about it, it's a little weird for the world to know everything that a family says or does, regardless of whether they're part of one of the most high-profile institutions.", "But a keen eye on privacy is something that Prince Edward and Sophie, Countess of Wessex, are keyed into.", "As such, they have done everything they can to give Lady Louise Windsor a normal life.", "Sophie shared an update with The Sunday Times Magazine on Louise, opening up about how ordinary her day-to-day life is.", "Sophie said: \"[Louise and James] go to a regular school.", "They go to friends for sleepovers and parties.", "[On] weekends, we do lots of dog walking and stay with friends.\"", "Sophie went on to share that, when Louise is with the queen, she isn't with the ruler of the Commonwealth, but, instead, with her grandmother.", "It's safe to say that Louise has absolutely benefitted from her parents' family values and lifestyle.", "We're excited to see what this royal accomplishes in the future.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about the royal family are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "The Queen's favorite grandchild", "Skilled carriage driver", "Close to Prince Philip", "Born a month before expected", "Debate over her royal title", "Eye condition", "Her position in line", "Rarely seen in public", "Major asset to royal family", "Close relationship with mother", "Fairly normal life" ]

[ "As a futurist, I'm often asked how I and others failed to predict the possibility of a virus capable of transforming the world.", "Actually, I think my mistake was a little bit different.", "I underestimated how the AI-powered future that I thought was going to arrive by 2030, would and could end up being brought forward to the present.", "Digital transformation used to be a question of strategy.", "Now, for many of us, it's a case of simple and pure survival.", "COVID-19 is not only changing our way of life, it will usher in a radical new future of work.", "While many of us are experiencing the challenges of now working remotely, that is only the beginning of a much bigger transformation that will fundamentally restructure the nature of business itself.", "Every business will need to virtualize.", "We are likely to experience in the next 12 months a decade's worth of change.", "Not every business will make it.", "But those that do, will never be the same again.", "And for leaders, now is the moment that we have to reevaluate our capabilities, upgrade our skills and transform our mindsets.", "If you look back at history, pandemics have always had a profound impact on the structure of society.", "So many men were incapacitated by the Spanish Flu of 1918 that women were forced to join the workforce, and take positions of responsibility and leadership, which ultimately set the stage for universal suffrage and the right to vote.", "Something very similar happened in the 14th century with the Black Death that devastated most of Europe.", "It accelerated the use of labour saving technologies in agriculture.", "It led to the wider dispersal of technical knowledge and ultimately the breakdown of the feudal system, which led to the Italian Renaissance, and that incredible flowering of knowledge, art and culture.", "So, now that we're in our own civilization scale event, will we also have a Renaissance when all of this ends?", "Well, that'll be up to us and the decisions we make now, and how we use this time, Being a future-proof organisation is more than just getting through this crisis.", "It's about being ready for the world that awaits us on the other side.", "We have to reinvent how we serve our customers, clients and communities.", "We have to rethink how and where we work.", "And most importantly, we have to reimagine our role as leaders.", "Now more than ever, is a time for transformation." ]

[ "My Big Mistake", "Digital Is Now Survival", "History Of Crisis", "The Future Proof Organization" ]

[ "Hi everyone, my name is Sai Vennam, and I'm a Developer Advocate with IBM.", "Here at IBM, we're always enabling developers to be able to use the latest and greatest technologies when developing their applications.", "But a question I almost always seem to be running into is whether or not you should use Docker vs. Kubernetes.", "I think there's a small misconception out there that you have to be using one or the other.", "But the fact is that Kubernetes allows you to use your existing Docker containers and workloads but allows you to tackle some of the complexity issues you run into when moving to scale.", "To better answer this question, let's start with a simple cloud native-application sketched out up here and let's just say that the front end of this application is something that we wrote with React, backed by Node.js.", "We'll say that this database access application - I'm a fan of using Java for database access - so, we'll say Java up here.", "And for accessing external APIs, maybe we use Python, on maybe a Flask application that allows us to serve REST endpoints.", "Now, putting on my hat as a Docker operations engineer using a purely Docker approach to deploying an application, let's take this application and move over to a sample server stack that we have sketched out over here.", "On every server stack, you're going have the basics, right?", "So, we'll have the hardware.", "We'll have the OS, which is generally going to be Ubuntu when you're working with Docker.", "And we'll have the Docker daemon installed on top of that OS - that's what allows us to spin up containers.", "So, Docker actually provides us with a number of great tools for working with our containerized applications.", "Once we take these applications, create new Docker containers out of them - we'll do Docker build, Docker push up to a registry - and then SSH into our stack and do Docker \"run\" commands or even use Docker Compose to spin up our containers.", "So, let's take a look at what that would look like.", "We've got our .js application, we've got our Java application, as well as the Python application.", "And let's go ahead and scale out these individual pieces as well to take advantage of all the resources we have.", "So, we'll scale them out.", "And we can do this as many times as we want, but let's assume that we scale them out twice for now to make effective use of all the resources that we have available.", "So, using Docker and the tools that Docker makes available, a simple deployment is very easy.", "But, let's imagine that our application starts to get a lot more load - a lot more people are hitting it, and we realize we need to scale out to be able to provide a better user experience.", "So, as an Operations engineer, my first instinct might be: \"Hey, I've already got scripts to make this stack, let's just simply get new hardware and do that exact same deployment multiple times.\"", "This can fall apart for many reasons when you start moving to scale.", "For example, what if your Development team has to create a new microservice to support a new requirement.", "Where do we piece those in, especially if you already have effective use of the hardware?", "The Operations engineer would have to find that out.", "And, in addition, a big advantage of microservice-based applications is being able to scale out individual components individually, so that's another thing that the Operations engineer would have to write scripts for and find the most effective way to scale things out in response to load to identify and address user experience issues when moving to scale.", "So, this is where an orchestration tool comes in.", "Something like Kubernetes, which is going to allow you to use your existing Dockerized applications but orchestrate them and make more effective use of your servers and space.", "So, what we have sketched out down here is a number of boxes which represent a server stack; but in the Kubernetes land, we call them worker nodes.", "So, we're going to have Kubernetes installed on every single one of these worker nodes, and the main one is going to be the master node (whereas the other ones are workers).", "This master node is actually connected to all the worker nodes and decides where to host our applications (our Docker containers), how to piece them together, and even manages orchestrating them - starting, stopping, updates, that kind of thing.", "I'd say there are 3 major advantages that Kubernetes provides that I want to walk through: deployment, making development easier, and providing monitoring tools.", "The first step, as expected, is going to be deployment.", "So, coming back to our application architecture - let's say we want to deploy that React application about 8 times.", "So, we'll say we want 8 instances.", "Each of them, let's say, we expect to consume about 128 MB, and then we can actually specify some other parameters in there as well; policies like: when to restart, that kind of thing.", "And when we box that up, what we get is a Kubernetes deployment.", "A Kubernetes deployment is not a one-time thing, but it's something that grows and lives and breathes with the application and our full stack.", "So, for example, if the React application happens to crash, Kubernetes will automatically restart it to get back to that state that we've identified when we first created that deployment.", "A deployment is always growing and always living with our application.", "So, I think we can effectively say that it's made deployment - in addition to scaling - easier.", "Let's talk about development.", "You might be wondering, once we've created the deployments for each of these individual services and scaled all of them out, we have lots of different microservices out there with different endpoints.", "For example, if our frontend needs to access the database, there might be 8 different versions of that Java application that talk to that database, we have to talk to one of them to get our request fulfilled, right?", "So, what Kubernetes does is deploy load balancers for all of our microservices that we scaled out, and in addition, takes advantage of service registry and discovery capabilities to allow our applications talk to each other using something called a Kubernetes service.", "So, for each of these, Kubernetes will also create a service, which we can simply label \"Service A\", \"B\", and \"C\".", "Obviously, you can have more meaningful names for those as well, but very simply, these applications can now speak to each other just by using the service names that are laid out in Kubernetes.", "So, essentially, I can say that Kubernetes has made development easier.", "And the last thing I want to touch on is monitoring.", "Kubernetes has a lot of built-in capabilities to allow you to see logs, see CPU load, all in their neat UI.", "But the fact is that there is sometimes more that you want to see with your application, and the open source community out there has developed a number of amazing tools to give you introspection into your running application.", "The main one I'm thinking about right now is Istio - and although that's a little bit more of an advanced topic, we will likely hit that in a future whiteboarding session.", "So, back to our main topic: using Kubernetes vs. Docker.", "It's definitely not a choice of using one or the other.", "It's one of those things where Kubernetes allows you to take advantage of your existing Docker workloads and run them at scale - tackle real complexities.", "Kubernetes is great to get started with, even if you're making a small application, if you anticipate that one day you'll have to move to scale.", "If you're already taking advantage of Docker and containers with your applications, moving them onto Kubernetes can really help you tackle some of the operations overhead that almost every application is going to run into when moving to scale.", "Thank you for joining me today.", "I hope you find this useful, and stay tuned for additional whiteboarding sessions in the future." ]

[ "Introduction", "Docker vs Kubernetes", "Docker Deployment", "Scaling", "Orchestration", "Deployment", "Monitoring" ]

[ "Hello world, first up in today’s roundup of cybersecurity tech news A brand new campaign involving BadUSBs has been spotted in the wild - this is coming from the FBI, which explains those targeted include businesses in the transportation and insurance industries, and even defence firms.", "These attacks came in the form of BadUSBs being physically mailed to companies, disguised as coming either from Amazon, or the “US Department of Health & Human Services” - the FBI hasn’t explained exactly what the cover story for the USB sticks was, but somehow accompanying letters in the packages will have encouraged victims to plug the USB sticks in.", "And when they did, the things injected keystrokes which typed out a powershell script, downloading malware - surprise, surprise.", "I’m assuming you guys know what a BadUSB is, if not see my video up here.", "BadUSB hacks in the real world are incredibly rare, why?", "Because it’s a lot of effort, and comes with a high risk of getting caught.", "The physical world, for the most part, just isn’t the blackhat’s domain.", "It’s much easier for them to send spearphishing emails from their basement, it’s what they know.", "By shipping a physical thing, they now have to worry about fingerprints on the device, potentially CCTV in post offices, and so on - the hassle just isn’t worth it, I think is why we don’t see many BadUSB hacks irl.", "In fact, the only other BadUSB hack in the real world I’m aware of is one that took place a couple of years ago, the miscreants impersonated “Best buy”, with a gift card that only worked with a list of products apparently stored on the USB stick.", "Funnily enough both that attack and this latest one were perpetrated by FIN7 - a famous cybercrime gang, often described as a “billion dollar hacking group” because they’re notorious for stealing millions of credit cards and hacking thousands of businesses.", "I couldn’t help but notice that these BadUSB attacks have specifically used “Bad Beetle” USB devices, or those with a “LilyGo” logo, these are all arduino based BadUSBs - the fact that these things even exist at all, is probably my fault.", "Allow me to explain.", "I didn’t invent the concept of the BadUSB, I also didn’t invent the concept of keystroke injection using arduino development boards.", "However what I did do was put the two together and popularise the concept of an arduino based BadUSB.", "You can go back to my videos from 4 years ago, when I made a proof of concept BadUSB device based around arduino, after which I made the MalDuino, which was - as far as I’m aware the first commercially available arduino based BadUSB.", "It was only after I made the malduino that cheaper copies like this one started popping up on sites like aliexpress - oh and look at that, it’s exactly the same one that was used in the bestbuy scam.", "Unfortunately because news of this latest BadUSB campaign came from the FBI, there isn’t much publicly available knowledge on the saga, so we don’t which companies specifically were targeted, or even what the end goal was here, ransomware perhaps?", "I think you guys are going to really appreciate this little nugget of poetic justice, in that no matter how polarised the world may have become, we can all agree on one universal truth, printer ink is too bloody expensive.", "Whenever there’s a reddit post on criminally overpriced things, printer ink pretty much always takes the cake.", "And one of the great enables of overpriced ink is that cartridges often come with DRM chips, these chips verify that an ink cartridge is genuine, so if you use a cartridge without one of these chips, the printer will suss it out and depending on the brand, the printer will sometimes even just refuse to work.", "Not all brands to this, so you can usually avoid it by researching a printer before you buy it, but even if you buy a printer that accepts 3rd party cartridges it’s not guaranteed that the printer manufacturer, say for example HP, won’t roll out a firmware update after you buy it - preventing your printer from using anything but genuine cartridges.", "This has happened.", "Last year someone even tried to bring a class action lawsuit against HP after they did this to his printers - but before you grab your pitchfork, the judge threw out the case, in part because HP printer boxes come with warnings not to use anything but genuine ink, so apparently that absolves them of wrongdoing.", "But anyway, as the global chip shortage rages on, the supply of the chips that enable DRM is drying up fast.", "Canon in particular has been having so much trouble getting them that they’re now having to ship ink without them.", "A press release on Canon’s website explains that they’ve decided to ship cartridges without these “semiconductor components until normal supply is restored.” They’ve even had to post instructions on how to bypass the angry prompts from printers, which will just assume you’re using non genuine ink.", "Luckily though, when it comes to Canon printers at least, you just need to press ‘Close’ on the prompt - and the ink will work perfectly fine, except you won’t be able to tell how much ink you’ve got left as Canon chose to prevent 3rd party cartridges from even being able to tell the level of ink to the printer.", "Whilst it is possible and even likely that the chips Canon needs are just unavailable, there’s also a good chance that the chips are very much so available, but the price of them has skyrocketed to such a point that it no longer makes sense to even use them.", "It’s been a while since I’ve seen Kazakhstan in the news for anything unrelated to Borat.", "But I’m sure at this point, you’ll have heard of all the anti-government protests - it’s been pretty intense the past week or so.", "But the reason I wanted to talk about it, is that there have been reports that the Kazakh government has been screwing with people’s internet connections, presumably in an attempt to hamper protests - we’ve seen this recently in other countries like Sudan and Myanmar.", "It’s typical of authoritarian regimes, where instead of censoring specific websites, those in charge unplug the metaphorical ethernet cable to the whole country - making it hard for people to organise protests.", "Cloudflare has recorded instances of Kazak internet traffic dropping to pretty much zero.", "Literally turning off the internet is a pretty nuclear censorship tool, and given it affects a country’s ability to do a lot of other things other than just protest, these outages tend not to last too long - and so the internet is at the moment at least, back to normal.", "However, google trends shows that in the past few days the demand for VPNs from Kazakhs has absolutely skyrocketed, particularly in the ‘Almaty’ region - which as I understand it, is at the epicentre of the protests.", "Whilst a VPN can’t get around a literal internet outage, it can help circumnavigate blocks of certain websites, if, or probably more so when the government decides to start blocking things.", "Don’t worry, no VPN ad is coming up next - I promise.", "I don’t have many Kazakh viewers, I did the maths, about 0.006% of my views come from Kazakhstan, but for the 2 Kazakh viewers I have I’ll link an article from the torproject on how you can use tor in Kazakhstan - it’s a little more complicated for you guys as your government has been known to mess with and censor tor - so you might need to use a tor bridge.", "Screwing with tor is one thing but it gets even crazier, in that the Kazakh government has launched several campaigns in the last few years, pushing their citizens to even install a government issued root certificate on their browsers, this would essentially give the government the ability to intercept and read HTTPS encrypted traffic, it’s a pretty audacious thing to even try.", "In response both google and mozilla, announced they would protect users by blocking the certificate from even being installed manually in their browsers.", "This video was made possible by Intigriti: Europe’s biggest bug bounty platform, allowing you to make hard cash in exchange for finding and reporting security vulnerabilities.", "Intigriti’s stands out based on their focus on their community, with monthly challenges, weekly newsletters and their own youtube videos in which they cover new tools and hacking techniques.", "Despite amassing over 40 thousand active security researchers they maintain blazing fast triages, typically getting back to reports in under 24 hours.", "Intigriti uses your goals and skills to connect you with their ever increasing array of over 200 active programs with millions of bounties already paid out.", "Join Intigriti’s vibrant and growing community today, create an account via the link in the video description.", "That’s all for this video, you know the drill, mutilate the like button, scrub and scribe, all that fun stuff.", "Follow me on the instagrams for behind the scenes content, sources are linked in the description, and I’ll see you in the next video." ]

[ "BadUSB Attacks Spotted irl", "Printer Justice", "Kazakhstan's Internet Outages", "Intigriti", "Outro" ]

[ "Have you ever been told that sugar is bad and that you should stop eating it?", "Probably.", "But then you may have wondered why is it bad?", "And if it is, how bad are we talking here?", "Like a little bad and I can still eat my cookies or a lot of bad and I should stop eating it immediately.", "Well, in today's video, we're going to answer these questions as well as talk about how the body processes sugar, what sugar actually is, and even talk about how exercise can change how we utilize and process the sugar.", "This is going to be full of all sorts of sugary anatomical awesomeness.", "So, let's do this!", "[Intro] So first, what do we even mean when we use the word \"Sugar\"?", "Most of us are referring to table sugar and this can sometimes be associated with some negative connotations.", "Maybe you've heard things like sugar is bad for you.", "It causes weight gain.", "It's associated with diabetes.", "It can cause inflammation and the list goes on and on, but are these accurate or even fair assessments of sugar and could there ever be potential situations where sugar might be beneficial?", "Because in biology, the term sugar is used to refer to certain types of carbohydrates and what you might find interesting is that as we talk sugar, we're going to find that the same types of carbohydrates that are found in table sugar are the same carbohydrates that are found in fruits, vegetables and other whole food sources that we typically consider as good for us.", "So, we definitely need to go a little bit deeper into this sugar discussion and let's start with the term \"carbohydrate\".", "Carbohydrates are compounds that are made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen and they include things like sugars, starches, and even cellulose.", "Now, cellulose, we're not talk a lot about because this is something our body can't break down and absorb and it is one of the contributors to the fiber in your diet so it helps push things along in your large intestines so that you can have epically amazing bowel movements, but sugars and starches, we can definitely break down and absorb into the bloodstream through the small intestine and we typically use these as energy sources.", "And so again, sugars and starches fall under this umbrella of carbohydrates but what are some of the differences?", "Now, the term is referring to simple carbohydrates.", "You may have heard of the phrase \"simple sugars\" before.", "Now, these are smaller carbohydrate molecules which includes things that are called disaccharides and monosaccharides.", "Saccharide just means sugar, \"Di\" means two, \"Mono: means one and so, a disaccharide is made up of two monosaccharides.", "Now, even though we're using some of these jargony biology terms, you have likely heard of disaccharides and monosaccharides that are found in the foods you eat.", "For example, lactose is the disaccharide found in milk products and of course, sucrose is the disaccharide that makes up table sugar and since we're really kind of focusing in on this table sugar, this table sugar, AKA, sucrose is made up of one monosaccharide called glucose bonded to another monosaccharide called fructose.", "So glucose plus fructose equals sucrose which is table sugar.", "So, if we kind of take a step back - imagine yourself holding a spoonful of sugar and that spoonful of sugar is made up of multiple, multiple molecules of sucrose and therefore the building blocks of glucose and fructose and you're about to eat it.", "But of course you're an inquisitive mind about biology, anatomy and physiology and you're thinking to yourself \"What is it about this table sugar - and therefore the fructose and glucose that's found in this that makes it worse than the glucose or fructose that I find just in the fruits and vegetables and other food sources?", "Well, to answer that.", "I think we need to talk a little bit about the starches.", "Starches are complex carbohydrates which are polysaccharides, and the starches that humans ingest the most are amylose and amylopectin and these are multiple glucose molecules strung together or bonded together or you could think of them as these long chains of glucose, hence they are referred to as polysaccharides.", "Now, we can definitely compare and contrast these to the disaccharides or the table sugar as we can see yes, they both do contain glucose but there's a huge difference in the size of say table sugar versus the size of the molecules that make up the starches, and this is where you start to see some discuss a negative potential effect of the table sugar and that has to do with how it's broken down and absorbed into the body when you compare it to the starches.", "So, we need to talk about what happens when you put the table sugar in your mouth versus what happens when you put the starch in your mouth.", "Now, since we are talking about putting things in our mouth, we should probably talk about ingesting an amazing substance from the sponsor of today's video, Athletic Greens.", "Athletic Greens is the company that makes an amazing nutritional drink called AG1.", "AG1 is made from 75 different ingredients.", "It includes vitamins, minerals, probiotics, super foods, and adaptogens.", "I've been taking AG1 for almost a year now and one of the things I really like about it is how convenient it is.", "I hate opening multiple pill bottles and so, when I take AG1, all I have to do is get one scoop, dump it in eight ounces of water, shake it up, and I'm good to go.", "And one of the things I'm constantly trying to do is enhance my performance during sports and races as well to enhance my recovery time and make that more efficient.", "AG1 includes ingredients that can help support this as well as help support energy levels throughout the day and that's a plus for me because I'm not a big coffee or caffeine drinker.", "AG1 is also NSF certified, so you can be assured what's on the label is actually found in the product.", "If you're interested including AG1 as part of your daily routine, go to athleticgreens.com/humananatomy and they'll give our viewers a free one-year supply of immune supporting via vitamin D as well as five free travel packets.", "We'll also include that link in the description below.", "So, back to the ingesting of sugars and starches and this discussion around how bad is sugar.", "So, once we place the sugar and starches into our mouths, what we refer to as the oral cavity in anatomy, this is where the process of digestion begins - through chewing and through the secretion of saliva which contains certain enzymes to help start this digestive process.", "We then move this down the esophagus and into the stomach where the sugars and starches will mix with the acid through the smooth muscle contractions of the stomach and this mixture will eventually make it to the first part of the small intestine called the duodenum.", "Now, the duodenum contains specific enzymes that can break down specific types of carbohydrates - for example sucrose will break down sucrose, the table sugar into the individual glucose and fructose molecules that we talked about earlier.", "Amylase is a specific enzyme to breaking down amylose and what's important to understand is that our bodies can only absorb the monosaccharides, meaning the individual glucose and fructose molecules.", "So, you can see that this breakdown and digestive process is important for the absorption.", "And as those glucose and fructose molecules move further down the small intestine as they've been freed through the digestive process, they'll move into the and duodenum the ilium, second and third part of the small intestine, and then be absorbed through the wall and into the bloodstream.", "And once those glucose and fructose molecules are in the bloodstream, the first place that they will go is to the liver.", "Now, the liver does a lot of different but one of the first things that we'll do is convert those fructose molecules into glucose molecules.", "So, we don't have all this fructose circulating throughout the body and when you think about that from a clinical setting, when we measure say like blood sugar levels, we're measuring blood glucose levels as glucose is this primary monosaccharide that's circulating throughout our body.", "But I did graze over something kind of quickly there, and that was the breakdown and the absorption rate of say like a sugar versus the breakdown an absorption rate of a starch.", "And remember, we mentioned that sugars are relatively small carbohydrate molecules - the disaccharides, especially when we compare them to the complex carbohydrates, polysaccharides and because of this difference, the sugars, the disaccharides, tend to be broken down and absorbed much more quickly.", "So, blood sugar levels will rise more rapidly but they'll also taper off or go down more rapidly as compared to say like a complex carbohydrate where that breakdown or that digestion is more slow and so, the blood sugar levels tend to rise more slowly but they also tend to be sustained for a longer period of time.", "And this is one of the negative things you can think of or that sometimes mentioned about sugar is that the blood sugar levels could spike but then also kind of crash down.", "Now, you can combat that in some situations.", "If you only ate a simple sugar, you'd kind of deal with that spike and crash but if you paired that simple sugar, say with complex sugar or complex carbohydrate, yes, the blood sugar levels would increase relatively rapidly but then you get that sustained blood sugar level because you'd have that complex carbohydrate following behind.", "Now, there are certain situations where I want a simple sugar or a sugar to get in there and raise the blood sugar levels quickly.", "For example, say like in a clinical setting, I had a patient that was hypoglycemic.", "I don't want to wait for a complex carbohydrate, I want to get a simple sugar in there to raise the blood sugar levels up to get them out of that hypoglycemic state.", "Maybe I'm a marathon runner and a halfway through the marathon, my glucose levels are getting low and I need to get an energy boost of glucose into my bloodstream as quickly as possible.", "Yes, the ideal situation is to have a balanced intake of carbohydrates or blood glucose levels but as you can see, there are certain situations where it can be appropriate to get that glucose into the bloodstream as quickly as possible.", "And one thing I do want to mention is that in the clinical setting, if we have to get somebody's blood sugar levels up or during a marathon, it's not like giving people like spoonfuls of table sugar - there are certain mixtures or products that are made up of simple sugars or simple carbohydrates to get this done but if you are in a pinch, a sugary drink or a sugary juice often will have the same effect and we have to go back to this idea that I mentioned or alluded to earlier, the glucose molecule in table sugar is the exact same structure in form as the glucose molecule that came from some fruit, vegetable, or other whole food source.", "It's not like the glucose molecule from the sugar is labeled as poison.", "It's not like your body has this glucose segregating police force that says, \"You, glucose molecule that came from the sugar, you are banished for the fat cell.", "But you, glucose molecule that came from the whole grain food, you can go into the muscle cell and you, the glucose molecule that came from the kale, you can go into the nerve cell.\"", "No, your body doesn't care or the difference between where the glucose came from.", "Glucose is glucose.", "Now, even though I said \"glucose is glucose\" and that our body doesn't differentiate between the sources from where the glucose comes from, there are still some important considerations we have to have when it comes to sugar.", "For example, sugar is often referred to as \"Empty calories\".", "Meaning, that glucose and fructose is essentially all we get in the form of calories and energy from that sugar as opposed to getting that glucose and fructose from whole food sources.", "In that case, that glucose and fructose is often going to be associated with other benefits with things like vitamins, fiber, and other nutrients that can help bolster health and wellness.", "And building further off of this idea of empty calories - if we had to pick the most negative thing when it comes to sugar, it's probably this - we can eat a ton of it without actually feeling that full and when you think about it from the perspective of say like early human ancestors or hunter gathers, did they get carbohydrates and some simple sugars through fruits and vegetables?", "Yes, of course, but were they also creating these factories where they were developing refined table sugar to also add to the foods they were already eating?", "No, but we do.", "Think about maybe the last time you went to a restaurant.", "Maybe instead of ordering a water, you ordered a soda and maybe you got two to three refills and that extra sugar that was in that soda was ingested and probably didn't make you feel any more full than if you just had two to three glasses of water instead.", "Also, adding that sugar to foods that we already eat.", "Again, probably doesn't increase how full we feel but increases the amount of carbohydrates and sugars and therefore, calories that we ingest on a day-to-day basis.", "Again, depending on how much sugar that you ingest and so, this whole idea again is we've changed the ratio and therefore, the total amount of carbohydrates and sugars that we ingest.", "The sugar in and of itself is not evil.", "It's the amount that we're getting easily included in our daily diet.", "So, another thing that I think will be helpful is for us to understand what happens is the glucose circulates throughout the body and what happens is there's too much.", "Now, we already know that the glucose will first go to the liver and any fructose that's in there will just get converted to glucose anyway but the liver will also start to store the glucose in its storage form which is called glycogen and the liver can store about 100 grams of glycogen and the rest of the glucose that isn't stored in the liver will circulate out the body and yes, insulin is going to be released by the pancreas in response to these increasing blood sugar levels and we're going to do a whole video series on insulin and diabetes.", "So, for now, just know that insulin essentially tells the majority of the cells in your body to take the glucose from the bloodstream and into themselves.", "Therefore, lowering blood glucose or blood sugar levels.", "And if we take a look at skeletal muscle in particular, that glucose that gets pulled into the skeletal muscle tissue will also get stored as glycogen and the skeletal muscles throughout your body could store about 400 to 500 grams of glycogen depending on who you are.", "So, kind of think of the liver and the skeletal muscle tissue is little gas tanks for glucose and glycogen.", "But, what happens when we've completely filled up the liver, completely filled up the skeletal muscle tissue and there's still more glucose in the bloodstream?", "That's when we start seeing the glucose getting converted to fat and getting stored in the adipose tissue and that's where we can start to run into problems by really increasing our glucose or our sugar intake beyond the capacity of say like our liver and our skeletal muscle tissue.", "So, hopefully that gives you a different perspective or a better understanding of how sugar can be bad.", "So, consistently ingesting too much of it and having increased blood glucose levels and that excess blood glucose getting stored as fat and increasing weight over time and the associations of increased adipose with things like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other conditions but finally, how does exercise influence or even change how we process sugar or glucose?", "Moderate to intense activity causes the skeletal muscles to preferentially shift their source of energy to burning more carbohydrates more so than fats.", "Also, as someone increases their activity or consistently exercises, their ability to store glycogen in their skeletal muscles increases.", "So, think as your skeletal muscle gas tank for glycogen getting bigger so you can store more glycogen and if you compared that to a sedentary or an inactive person with that of an active person, those who are inactive, you'd see that their resting glycogen stores are about 20 to 30% less than the active person.", "So, in theory, someone who's consistently active could eat more carbohydrates not only because they're just burning more calories on a day-to-day basis but also because they have the ability to store more of it in their skeletal muscles before it'll start getting converted to fat.", "Exercise also sensitizes muscles to insulin especially directly after exercise and this is kind of the opposite of what happens during type 2 diabetes.", "Generally, we say with type 2 diabetes that the majority of cells throughout the body become insensitive to insulin but exercise has this sensitizing effect especially with the skeletal muscles.", "And speaking of insulin, something that's really cool with exercise is that an exercising muscle doesn't actually need insulin to bring in the glucose like a resting muscle does.", "So, say you're running a marathon or exercising and you ingest like a simple sugar or a carbohydrate to replenish your carbohydrate stores, those contracting muscles can bring in the glucose without the need for insulin.", "So obviously you can see there are some amazing benefits to exercise through how it helps us to process and utilize those sugars or that glucose.", "And again, hopefully all of this help to just clarify how and when sugar can be bad and of course, if you made me pick between the two extremes - say I had someone that didn't eat any processed sugar and only got their carbohydrates from whole food sources versus someone who ate a ton of sugar.", "Obviously, we're going to pick the situation where we get our carbohydrates only from the whole food sources but most of us don't live on those two extremes and as long as the majority of your carbohydrates come from whole food sources and you have this balanced ratio of carbohydrates to lipids to proteins, you're likely going to be just fine with indulging into your favorite sugary treat every so often.", "And remember, one of the best times to that is directly after exercise when those skeletal muscles are sensitized to bring in that glucose to replenish the glycogen stores and FYI, it's also a good time to add protein to that because your skeletal muscles are primed to also bring in those amino acids or those proteins to help the rebuilding process.", "And as always, thank you for watching everyone.", "We really do appreciate everyone's support in making this channel possible.", "If you're interested in checking out AG1, again, that link is in the description below and if you feel the need, like, subscribe, leave some comments below, and we'll see you in the next video." ]

[ "Intro", "What is Sugar?", "Carbohydrates & Simple Sugars", "Complex Carbohydrates & Starches", "How Our Body Breaks Down Sugars", "How the Sugars Are Absorbed Quickly", "Can Sugar Ever Be Good?", "Your Body Doesn't \"Care\" Where the Glucose Comes From", "Empty Calories", "Worst Thing About Sugar?", "How Are Body Deals With Excess Sugar", "Exercise Changes How the Body Stores & Processes Sugar", "Exercise, Insulin, and Sugar", "17:51 Best Time to Eat Sugar?" ]

[ "Welcome everyone to this week’s science news.", "Today we’ll talk about the 50-year anniversary of Apollo’s blue marble, the Square Kilometre Array, talking to robots, the Yellowstone volcano, nanoparticles that help with carbon capture, a forest bubble – on Mars, a new method of spacecraft propulsion, tests for cancer, earthquake tracking from space, and of course, the telephone will ring.", "Scientists in Germany have simulated the weather of 50 years ago with unprecedented precision.", "On December 7, 1972, astronauts of the last manned Apollo mission, number 17, took a colour photo of the whole Earth.", "It was dubbed the “Blue Marble” and became widely used by environmentalists in the 1970s as a symbolic image for the preciousness of our home planet.", "Almost exactly 50 years later, researchers at the German Climate Computing Centre and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology have for the first time successfully built a climate model that reaches the same level of detail as you see in the Blue Marble photo.", "Have a look at those two images.", "Which one do you think is the photo and which is the simulation?", "Pause the video if you want to stare, because I’m about to tell you.", "The one on the right is the simulation.", "I’ll explain in a moment how you can tell them apart.", "But first let me tell you how they did it.", "They used a computer model that couples the atmosphere with the ocean and the land and put that on a supercomputer at a horizontal grid size of 1 kilometre.", "Current climate models typically have a resolution of one hundred kilometres.", "That requires really a lot of averaging and it just isn’t good enough to resolve a lot of relevant details in the clouds and ocean and over land.", "At the improved resolution, the calculation for two days of simulation took three and a half days.", "Here you see a visualization for the wind speed.", "So how can you tell the real image from the simulation?", "If you look back at the comparison you can see that the simulation doesn’t quite get the size of structures right.", "That’s particularly obvious here where you can see that there are more bigger structures in the photo while the simulation has more smaller ones.", "So, there’s some work left to do.", "If we want to know how the climate will change regionally, scientists must run simulations like this for decades into the future.", "They can’t do it at the moment because they don’t have the computing resources and they don’t have the computing resources because they don’t have the money.", "Yes, you heard that right.", "Climate scientists don’t have enough money to make those predictions.", "All they need is a billion dollars for the next 10 years.", "Compared to a bigger particle collider that’s a pretty good deal, innit.", "So in case you have a billion dollars to spare, let me know in the comments and I’ll Hi Elon, I hope you’re calling to donate that billion.", "Well I need to know what the wine quality will be like here in 2050.", "Only the second richest man in the world.", "For half a day.", "Oh dear, I’m so sorry.", "Hope you get well soon.", "Bye.", "Construction has finally begun on the Square Kilometre Array, SKA for short.", "After 31 years of planning and controversy, many astronomers are without doubt breathing a sigh of relief.", "The telescope’s mission is to detect signals dating back to the dark ages of the universe when stars had not yet been formed, and it can also pick up some signals from exoplanets.", "When completed, the SKA will be the largest radio telescope array in the world with one part in Australia and one in South Africa.", "The project will cost about 2 billion Euro and it’s expected to be completed in 2028.", "The discovery potential of the SKA has caused some controversy.", "The reason is that what’s now called the square kilometre array is what was previously called the Square Kilometre Array phase one.", "But there was supposed to be a phase two that, in many astronomers’ minds, was the reason to justify the investment.", "The original plan for phase 2 would have had ten times as many receivers, but this plan has silently been dropped.", "What’s now called the square kilometre array doesn’t even cover a square kilometre.", "New Zealand dropped out of the project for that reason because they concluded that the down-scaled version isn’t worth the money.", "It’s one of those things that scientists don’t like to publicly mention at all, so, shhh.", "The robotics team at Google has created robots that respond to language in real time.", "The robot that they used is a moveable arm that pushes objects around on a table.", "It was trained on a dataset of hundreds of thousands of annotated trajectories and learned to follow simple instructions such as “Push the blue triangle to the top left corner” or “place the red star above the blue cube”.", "The team found that after training, the robots could correctly follow instructions in 93 point 5 percent of all cases.", "It’s a great step towards building robots that you can naturally communicate with.", "The team has made their dataset of annotated trajectories openly available so that other researchers can use it too.", "I think that’s a remarkable achievement.", "A 93 percent response rate to language commands in real time is certainly more than I observe in my household.", "A new analysis of seismic data from the Yellowstone caldera found there’s more liquid magma underneath it than previously thought.", "A team of geologists from the United States and Australia combined data from various deployments in the Yellowstone National Park during the past 20 years.", "They analysed the propagation of seismic waves to reconstruct the size and location of magma chambers, and to infer how liquid the stuff in those chambers is.", "While this has been done before, their larger data set gives better results.", "They found that the largest concentration of molten magma lies three to eight kilometres below the surface and it’s bigger than previous analyses suggested.", "But please don’t panic.", "They explicitly stress in the paper that this doesn’t mean the thing is going to blow up soon.", "They write “Although our results indicate that Yellowstone's magma reservoir contains substantial melt at depths that fueled prior eruptions, our study does not confirm the presence of an eruptible body or imply a future eruption.” Is it just me or does that sound concerningly vague?", "Engineered nanoparticles might help with carbon capture in the ocean, according to a new paper that just appeared in Nature Nanotechnology.", "Ocean fertilization is a method to stimulate the growth of water plants, usually by a substance that contains iron.", "When the plants grow, they take up carbon dioxide.", "If they die and sink to the bottom of the ocean, that could theoretically permanently remove the carbon dioxide from the air.", "In practice, this method has turned out to be not particularly efficient, partly because the fertilizer isn’t very readily used and some of it remains floating in the water, and also because the dead plants don’t sink to the bottom of the ocean, as they should, so the carbon dioxide is eventually released again.", "What it does to fish and seabirds is yet another issue.", "The new paper points out that coating the fertilizer with suitably engineered nanoparticles might make it easier for plants to absorb the fertilizer and at the same time add ballast to the dead plants, so they remain at the bottom of the ocean.", "The authors review 123 studies and go through the pros and cons of different nanoparticles.", "Some of those materials are promising candidates for the task, but they can also be toxic in high doses, so more research is needed to find out just what they would do.", "Nevertheless, the conclusion of the authors is largely optimistic.", "According to the paper ocean fertilization enhanced by engineered nanoparticles “may be a remarkable carbon dioxide removal approach to fight climate change”.", "A new paper in the International Journal of Astrobiology outlines plans for a nature reserve on Mars.", "The paper comes from Paul Smith at the University of Cambridge.", "He believes that Mars would be the ideal candidate for the first human colony on another planet.", "The plus points of Mars are that its gravitational pull is somewhat less but roughly comparable to that of Earth, and while it’s somewhat further away from the sun than we are, Mars still gets enough sunlight for photosynthesis.", "Unfortunately, moving to Mars also has its downsides, would you believe it.", "The average temperature on Mars is below -50 degrees Celsius, there isn’t much atmosphere, and since Mars has lost its magnetic field, the surface is exposed to ionizing radiation.", "There’s some water on mars, but very little freshwater, and the soil is tough for terrestrial plants to grow on.", "I talked about all that in an earlier video.", "Nevertheless, Smith thinks that a Mars settlement is possible.", "Concretely he suggests that the best way to start a colony on Mars would be a “forest bubble” with a diameter of about half a kilometre.", "It would be shielded by a dome made of a glass-plastic combination that lets useful sunlight in and keeps harmful sunlight and radiation out.", "He stresses that the aim of this bubble would *not be to recreate an earth-like forest, but an entirely new ecosystem.", "In his paper he surveys a list of organisms that could flourish in this environment and that could then support humans.", "So far, we have been remarkably unsuccessful with creating a self-contained biosphere even on Earth.", "So maybe hold off buying real estate on Mars for a bit.", "But speaking of space-tourism, a group of scientists from the US and Canada have proposed a new method of spacecraft propulsion.", "In their paper, that was just published in Frontiers in Science Technology, they propose to extract energy from solar wind by using a technique similar to dynamic soaring that is used by some birds.", "Dynamic soaring is used by some birds to gain energy by repeatedly crossing the boundary between air masses of different velocities.", "It is most commonly seen in seabirds such as albatrosses, but it has also been observed in eagles and falcons.", "It works basically because you can extract energy from a velocity field that has a non-vanishing rotation.", "The idea of the new paper is now that a spacecraft could do the same with solar wind.", "Solar wind contains speedy charged particles that can be used for propulsion, and a number of “solar sails” that exploit this wind have previously been proposed.", "The authors of the new paper now point out that there are several places in the solar system where there are differences in the solar wind that could be used for dynamic soaring , for example where the solar wind hits the interstellar medium, known as “termination shock”.", "The new method might thus be a simple and energy-efficient way to speed up spacecraft.", "Hi Albert, Glad you’re calling.", "Listen, I have a theory of special relatives.", "It explains why time passes slower during the holidays.", "Waistline dilation?", "You’re a genius!", "I’ll look into that.", "Good to talk to you!", "Scientists have tested a new method for non-invasive, early-detection cancer tests that can be done with blood or urine samples.", "Currently existing non-invasive cancer tests look for circulating free DNA which is then sequenced.", "These DNA tests are most commonly used to detect cancers that affect blood cells such as leukaemia and lymphoma, and cancers of the digestive system, such as colorectal cancer.", "That’s because those cancers are often associated with specific mutations or changes in the DNA that one can find in a targeted search.", "However, other types of cancer, such as breast, lung, or ovarian cancer, may not be detectable with these DNA test, either because they don’t shed large enough amounts of DNA, or because they’re not associated with specific mutations.", "And some types of cancer, such as brain cancer, don’t leave traces in the blood.", "The new method instead looks for traces that are left by presence of cancer cells in certain carbohydrates that may or may not be pronounced glycosaminoglycans.", "When cancerous tumours are present in the body those carbohydrates may be altered or produced in excess, and these changes can affect the growth and spread of cancer cells.", "According to the new paper which was just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the authors used machine learning to identify what kind of markers to look for.", "They then analysed samples from somewhat more than a thousand people and found that their method can double the chances of early cancer detection for 14 different cancer types.", "Though more studies are needed to confirm the tests are reliable, this is a promising development.", "Scientists have found a way to improve earthquake tracking from space.", "In principle, it’s possible to use the Global Navigation Satellite System that the GPS is part of to measure earthquakes.", "That’s because those systems track the precise position of receivers on the ground that get displaced during earthquakes.", "In practice, however, this method turned out to be unreliable.", "That’s mostly because the signals travel about 20,000 kilometres from the surface of earth to the satellites and on the way, they get distorted by the atmosphere.", "In a new paper that was just published, geophysicists from the University of Colorado used machine learning on past data to tease apart signal from noise.", "They used more than 20 years of data which contains signals of 77 known seismic events.", "The software was trained on 90% of that data and the other 10% was used to check how well it worked.", "They were able to correctly identify 90% of earthquakes above a magnitude of 4.8 and 98% of those above magnitude 6.", "This method is still not remotely as good as ground-based seismometers, but it can be useful when those aren’t available or not working.", "I know it can be tough to stay up to date on the latest news, but I have a solution to your problem: Morning Brew who have been sponsoring this video.", "Morning Brew is a free newsletter that brings you up to speed in the morning, with a well curated selection of relevant news about tech, business, and finance.", "They get straight to the point and aren’t wasting time.", "This newsletter has really cut down on the clutter I used to scroll through in the morning.", "Without Morning Brew I’d for example undoubtedly have missed that Elon Musk was briefly overtaken by someone else as the richest man in the world.", "Their newsletter is also witty and just well written.", "It goes down like a good cup of coffee, when other news outlets are more like vitamin pills that get stuck in your throat.", "Morning Brew comes 6 days a week takes just a few seconds to sign up to, and, yes, it’s really entirely free, so there’s no reason to not give it a try.", "To check it out go to morningbrewdaily dot com slash sabine or click on the custom link in the info below so they know I sent you.", "Thanks for watching, see you next week." ]

[ "Intro", "Record Resolution for Blue Marble Simulation", "Construction on Square Kilometer Array Begins", "Talking to Robots in Real Time", "Magma Under Yellowstone", "Nanoparticles for Ocean Fertilization", "Nature Reserve on Mars", "New Method of Spacecraft Propulsion", "New Non-invasive Cancer Test", "Earthquake Tracking form Space", "Morning Brew" ]

[ "When HGTV's Tarek El Moussa laid eyes on realtor Heather Rae Young in 2019, everything changed.", "Now, the TV power couple is planning their dream wedding.", "Here's what you need to know about their relationship so far.", "While their love story may seem magical now, it didn't start off that way.", "When Tarek El Moussa and Heather Rae Young met for the very first time, he was immediately interested in her and eager to strike up a conversation.", "Funnily enough, she even recognized him right away.", "He, of course, was flattered, thinking it was because he's a reality TV star, but that actually wasn't the reason she knew him so well.", "As he revealed on the podcast \"Not Skinny But Not Fat,\" \"She goes, 'I know you, because you already asked me out.'\"", "It turns out, El Moussa had been on Instagram weeks beforehand and had sent a private message to Young before ever meeting her.", "Yet, when he asked her out on a date over a DM, she quickly declined.", "Young explained on the podcast, \"This was, like, right before I filmed the pilot [of \"Selling Sunset\"] actually, and I was living in another country with my ex-boyfriend.\"", "Luckily, the house flipper got another chance to meet up with Young in-person soon after their somewhat-awkward encounter online, and the rest is history.", "Joining a party on a boat called \"Bad Decisions\" turned out to be one of the best decisions that Heather Rae Young ever made.", "It was Fourth of July weekend in 2019 when it all happened.", "While she was out enjoying the Pacific, she spotted some of her friends on a boat parked nearby.", "That's when she was approached by the owner of that boat.", "Young told Cosmopolitan, \"He, like, turned around and he was like, 'Hi, I'm Tarek.'\"", "The HGTV star immediately asked for her number.", "When she returned to her own boat, another man was quick to hit on her, too, which El Moussa was not happy about at the time.", "As he said on the podcast \"Not Skinny But Not Fat,\" his first thought was, \"There's another dude talking to my girl.\"", "El Moussa did the only thing he could think of.", "He honked the horn on his boat for as long as he could as a distraction.", "That small gesture ended up being something special.", "Of that fateful day, Young wrote on Instagram, \"Honking your boat horn at me the day we met, that will forever be the moment that you became my game changer.\"", "After Tarek El Moussa first introduced himself to Heather Rae Young, he immediately asked her out on a date to Paris.", "As she reminisced to Page Six, her response was, \"What?!", "Do I want to go to Paris with you?", "No, I don't even know you.\"", "Another idea he had was to simply go out for drinks, to which Young eventually agreed.", "In hindsight, however, it seems she was hesitant about going out with the HGTV star the whole time.", "El Moussa later revealed on Instagram, \"She almost canceled our first date [...]⁣ When we think back to the beginning [Heather Rae Young] and I laugh about how she almost didn’t even come to our first date [...] I don’t know where I’d be if she didn’t.\"", "Obviously, in the end, Young did have a drink with El Moussa, and the two ended up talking for six hours.", "Even after leaving the date, Young revealed to Page Six, \"[We were] FaceTiming the whole way home.\"", "Four months later, they finally took that trip together to Paris, too.", "When Tarek El Moussa and Heather Rae Young first expressed their feelings for each other, it was a memorable moment, and it happened very early in their relationship.", "They were enjoying a date together at a restaurant in Laguna Beach when El Moussa said the big \"L\" word.", "\"I said, 'Tell me you love me.'", "It was our fifth day of knowing each other, and I went, 'I love you.'\"", "When you know, you know.", "And it wasn't long before the couple took another huge step in their relationship together.", "While they were dating, Young and El Moussa had to travel back and forth across southern California in order to see each other.", "Young was still selling real estate in Los Angeles, while El Moussa was busy flipping houses nearly an hour away.", "In order for them to be closer, the two eventually decided they needed to make a change.", "Young packed her bags and never looked back.", "El Moussa revealed on Instagram, \"We decided to be exclusive after only 5 days and we’ve been inseparable since day one.", "I know it’s crazy but we moved in together after only a week.\"", "El Moussa's home in Costa Mesa, California was one he had moved into after his divorce from Christina Haack.", "El Moussa told People, \"It was a very defining moment in my life after my divorce and now it's time to move on to the next chapter.\"", "Nine months into their relationship, the real estate duo put El Moussa's house up for sale and rented one in Newport Beach to make their own.", "After one year of dating, Tarek El Moussa decided it was the best time to ask Heather Rae Young a very important question.", "He took her on a special trip to Catalina Island in July 2020 to go boating, hoping she wouldn't expect the big surprise that would be happening next, even though every moment of their trip was being documented.", "As he said at the time on \"Flipping 101 With Tarek El Moussa,\" \"I've done everything humanly possible to play it off like we're filming for our normal TV shows.\"", "Young was shocked when he debuted a beautiful eight-carat emerald-cut engagement ring.", "Although Young and El Moussa's engagement occurred on a private beach, fans can catch the whole proposal on his TV show, \"Flipping 101 With Tarek El Moussa.\"", "As he told People, \"I just want to let the world know I met someone special that makes me want to be a better man.\"", "\"She said yes!\"", "While the engagement ring that Tarek El Moussa gifted his fiancée will always be special to her, there was another ring that Heather Rae Young had always dreamed of having.", "As she revealed in an Instagram story, \"I never planned my 'dream wedding' but I saved rings I loved for the past 10 years.", "Gold with Emerald cut was always my dream ring.", "My love, future hubby, you have my whole heart.\"", "Six months after announcing their engagement, the two decided to give her eight-carat ring an upgrade.", "Along the gold band, Young had a few more diamonds added in to make it shine even brighter than before.", "It may not be the same one she was originally gifted by El Moussa, but it's still just as special.", "As Young revealed on Instagram, \"We designed it together.\"", "When Heather Rae Young agreed to become Mrs. El Moussa, she also signed up to become a stepmom.", "Taylor and Brayden are Tarek El Moussa's two children from his previous marriage.", "Young gushed on an episode of \"E!", "Daily Pop,\" \"I adore those kids.", "I raise them like they're mine.\"", "Yet, it has everyone wondering whether the Netflix star ever wants any children of her own.", "Between shooting a TV show, becoming a businesswoman, and being a \"bonus mom,\" Young actually doesn't have babies on her mind, as she revealed on \"E!", "Daily Pop,\" \"I already feel like I have two kids.", "[...] Right now, no.\"", "The \"Selling Sunset\" star even received a special bouquet of flowers from the kids and El Moussa's ex, Christina Haack, on the first Mother's Day they spent together.", "Of the sweet gesture, Young wrote on Instagram, \"The kind of family we have is special and my heart is so full already that I really don't feel the need for more.\"", "\"It's so fun to watch their minds work, and the things that they're learning, it's so cute, I've never experienced this before and it's so special.\"", "Though Heather Rae Young and Tarek El Moussa have no plans to expand their family, their minds changed after they adopted their first fur baby.", "Young admitted on Instagram, \"We’ve been thinking about getting a puppy for a while now [...] Bugz was the first puppy we saw [...] we ended up seeing a few more but we both [fell] in love with Bugz, I meannn look at her face!!", "how could you not?!!", "and now she’s officially apart of our family.\"", "Once El Moussa's two children arrived home from vacation in early August 2021, the reality TV stars surprised them with the precious puppy.", "The adorableness obviously left the two in awe, so Bugz seems to fit in just fine with the family.", "In fact, they're even debating giving her a special role in their upcoming wedding.", "The holidays have always been about family traditions, and Heather Rae Young started up a new one when she met Tarek El Moussa.", "Young explained on Instagram, \"Tarek gave me the job of picking out the outfits for our family Christmas shoot.", "He said 'I’ll wear whatever you bring home' [...] I decided on matching jammies.", "[...[ It was such a fun day, but definitely a little stressful wrangling everyone, but I wouldn’t have it any other way.", "Love my new little family!!!!\"", "Now, every single holiday, the four of them put on matching pajamas for their annual Christmas photo, but the fun doesn't stop there.", "A few months beforehand, when Halloween rolls around, Young and El Moussa love to take the kids trick-or-treating.", "These two reality stars even like to put on costumes with them, too.", "As Young told fans on Instagram, \"Our Halloween was so special.", "We had so much fun Trick or Treating with the kids.", "Seeing them laughing is priceless [...] My life has changed so much and I feel so fulfilled and happy.\"", "Getting engaged wasn't the only way Heather Rae Young made her love for Tarek El Moussa official.", "To make it even more permanent, she had his name tattooed on her hip.", "The ink reads in cursive writing, \"Yes, sir, Mr. El Moussa.\"", "The reality star first debuted her new ink on Instagram in early February 2021 to show off this special Valentine's Day gift for her fiancé.", "Yet, as excited as she was about it, fans weren't entirely supportive of what her tattoo said, she shared with Us Weekly.", "After all the feedback, Young ended up removing the post entirely from the Internet.", "Regardless, Young still has the saying on her hip, and her soon-to-be husband seems to be a fan of it.", "At the time, El Moussa commented on Instagram, \"Forever and ever and ever.\"", "Tarek El Moussa's home renovation series, \"Flip or Flop,\" has been on the air ever since 2013.", "Yet, even after he and his co-star, Christina Haack, separated in 2016, the show has continued on HGTV.", "El Moussa told Entertainment Tonight, \"And I really think the episodes are getting better and better.\"", "And it seems as though fans truly agree as they continue to tune in.", "Yet, on the other side of things is El Moussa's fiancée Heather Rae Young.", "For her, anyone can assume it would be awkward to watch El Moussa alongside his ex-wife on TV, but this is, surprisingly, something that's never bothered her.", "She told Radar Online, \"I'm a really confident person, and I'm confident in our relationship [...] I think what he does and everything he has going is amazing, and I'm fully supportive of him.\"", "Young has good reason to be proud, too.", "According to Deadline, \"Flip or Flop\" is one of the most-viewed series on cable TV.", "After seeing their engagement on TV, fans can hardly wait to watch Heather Rae Young and Tarek El Moussa get hitched.", "However, this is something that's still up in the air for the future Mr. and Mrs. El Moussa, as Young explained on Instagram, \"This is a big day for us and for our family, and we don't take that lightly.\"", "Yet, fans shouldn't fret just yet, because the couple actually has a lot of wedding details that remain undecided.", "In fact, the two sent out save-the-dates only to change their minds and send out a second set in August 2021.", "\"It's going to be my wedding day, it's going to be very personal and very special.\"", "If we do catch a glimpse of the couple's big day, we can all plan to see it on either \"Flipping 101 with Tarek El Moussa\" or \"Selling Sunset,\" they revealed to Entertainment Tonight.", "Here's to hoping these two stars get their own wedding special!", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about your favorite HGTV stars are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "DETAILS ABOUT TAREK EL MOUSSA & HEATHER RAE YOUNG'S RELATIONSHIP", "SLIDING INTO DMS", "BAD FIRST DATE", "FAST LOVE", "GETTING ENGAGED", "DIFFERENT ENGAGEMENT RING", "FUTURE CHILDREN?", "ADOPTING A PUPPY", "SPECIAL HOLIDAY TRADITION", "NAME TATTOO", "WORKING WITH HIS EX", "TV WEDDING?" ]

[ "WAI CHEE DIMOCK: I just want to refresh your memory about what we talked about last time, about the kindness of strangers.", "Last time we spent a lot of time talking about the kindness of strangers, and in many ways, this as an instance of Faulkner updating a long tradition of thinking about hospitality, and also thinking about pregnancy outside of wedlock, or even when you are in a marriage that the father is not your husband -- so Lena updating Leda from the Greek classics.", "But also thinking about community, and thinking about Lena's relation to the Southern community, and updating Southern hospitality as an updating of the ancient Greek idea of hospitality to strangers.", "So today we'll be thinking more about that, but introducing a new term, and bringing Christianity into play.", "You guys probably know this-- Christianity is very important in Light in August, and especially the Christian concept of how we should conduct ourselves towards our neighbors.", "So we'll be thinking about that, and the various permutations that Christian idea, treat your neighbor as thyself.", "But before we go into that, I just want to talk a little bit about the narrative structure of Light in August.", "Obviously Lena is one very important half of the narrative.", "She represents the undramatic half of the narrative, very peaceful, very monotonous.", "The only way drama can come into her part of the story is when the supporting cast takes over and they kind of upstage her and become the protagonist within just that short period of time.", "So the undramatic narrative revolving around Lena and those people that she comes into contact with.", "And then opposite to that is a very dramatic structure, actually.", "And we're beginning to see that in the reference to Joanna Burden and her house being burned down, and the spectators saying that it would be good to have some \"human fat meat\" to quicken the fire.", "So very, very dramatic development, and various other characters also contribute to that dramatic narrative.", "So we'll be looking at Joanna Burden, Reverend Hightower, and obviously Joe Christmas.", "But I just want to start by going back and looking squarely at this injunction from Leviticus, which is probably one of the central tenets of Christianity.", "And we should take it, not just the last line, which is the line that all of us know, but take it in its full context.", "\"You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against the sons of your own people, but you shall love your neighbor as yourself.", "I am the Lord.\"", "So loving your neighbor is in the context of you obeying God.", "So it is under the rubric of your devotion to God, your obedience to God that you should love your neighbor.", "But it's further thickened by the notion that you should not take vengeance against others.", "We might not necessarily think of the prohibition against vengeance.", "In fact, we don't really associate Christianity with the prohibition again vengeance.", "There's just no prohibition against vengeance in our current legal and ethical thinking.", "Punitive justice is an instance of, actually, collective vengeance.", "And so it is institutionalized.", "There's no prohibition against vengeance.", "But actually within, at least, Leviticus, there's a prohibition against vengeance.", "So if you think about what that means, and putting that also under the rubric of loving your neighbor-- so all this is very important to Light in August.", "But I want to further introduce one other consideration, which is a relatively new book that came out by three very important thinkers and philosopher, Slavoj Zizek, Eric Santner, and Kenneth Reinhardt called The Neighbor.", "The three of them each had an essay in this book called The Neighbor.", "And the argument is really thinking about what the concept of neighbor could mean after the Holocaust, and after the numerous instances of genocide that we've witnessed in the twentieth century and the twenty-first century.", "It seems that the human propensity is to turn against those among whom you've lived all your life.", "It takes such a short space of time.", "Generations of people might be living together in the same place-- all of a sudden, you turn against the person next door to you.", "So the three philosophers think of this as a case of political theology.", "This is a very interesting concept.", "It's thinking about the ethics of social conduct, of behavior, towards people who are not kin to you, who have no blood ties to you, you have no obligation other than just the obligation of treating them as neighbors, and what the appropriate conduct would be, what are the limits to being someone's neighbors, and what are the licenses that you can take.", "So I'd encourage you just to take a look at this book, if you just want to do some reading in philosophy.", "But now let's go back to what we've been talking about a little bit last time, and I just want to remind you of this discussion, this conversation becomes right at the heels of thinking about Byron Bunch being in love.", "\"'It's a big fire,' another said.", "'What can it be?", "I don't remember anything out that way big enough to make all that smoke, except that Burden house.'", "'Maybe that's what it is,' another said.", "'My pappy says he can remember how 50 years ago, folks said it ought to be burned, with a little human fat meat to start it good.'", "'Maybe your pappy slipped up there and set it afire,' a third said.", "They all laughed.\"", "So this is the other face of the community.", "Going along with Lena, we have this idea that human beings are just all kindness, and that's all there is.", "But we just know from experience that that's probably just half the story.", "So Faulkner is very emphatic about showing us the other face of the neighbor.", "And there's a genealogy to the Burden house.", "In Kipling's poem, \"The White Man's Burden,\" that people who do good, or consider themselves to do good, quite often actually incur the resentments of those they do good to.", "It's an interesting kind of psychological dynamics.", "\"Take up the White Man's burden--/ And reap his old reward:/ The blame of those ye better,/ The hate of those ye guard.\"", "I think that it actually is quite a natural human tendency not to want to get other people taking care of you in this particular way, of doing good to you.", "And so resentment is actually kind of natural reaction.", "And what the White Man's Burden means, especially in the context of doing good to a different race.", "And obviously that issue, it was front and center during reconstruction, when you have all the slaves becoming freemen, and what to do-- and how to educate them and induct them, really, into citizenship.", "So lots of Northern reformers went South, and a lot of them, including Joanna Burden's family, had the idea that they would be there as social reformers, and would be educating the ex-slaves.", "But they also went by a different name in American history, and that is the name of the carpetbagger.", "And we can see a very vivid illustration of that, the huge bag that is more than an appendage, really.", "It's the defining feature of this person.", "And there were many, many cartoons about how much they were resented in post-bellum South.", "So there's this is one image of how doing good, or the claim to do good, can actually benefit yourself.", "Likewise, the self groaning under the burden of the-- how did that go?", "It's an actual burden right there.", "And I'm not entirely clear about the logic of this.", "You guys should just try to figure it out, and email, or just write a blog about this, or email me, if you can figure out the exact logic.", "Anyway, there's resentment there, but it's complicated.", "So political cartoons can be really a great way to think about political history and social history, and certainly a very important background to Light in August.", "But what we now see is the outcome of that.", "Joanna Burden, as we know, is still there as someone who's doing good.", "She is on the board of multiple charities, she gives money, she has a black lawyer.", "Basically she's spent her whole life working towards the welfare of the black population.", "And this is what happens to her at the end of that life.", "But the way that Faulkner is telling the story, the actual tone of that is very different from the tone that I just used.", "\"'She was lying on the floor.", "Her head had been cut pretty near off.'\"", "Oh, this is-- as is the custom in Light in August-- a very dramatic episode is rendered to us, is retold to us by someone who was there, but not a central player in the story.", "So this whole discovery of Joanna Burden's body was reported by Byron Bunch to Hightower.", "And Byron wasn't there to do the discovering, either.", "He was reporting what a countryman who was a total stranger, and coming to town in a wagon, a total stranger, being given this important function of discovering Joanna Burden's body.", "So this is this countryman from nowhere, telling about the event.", "\"'She was lying on the floor.", "Her head had been cut pretty near off; a lady with the beginning of gray hair.", "The man said how he stood there and he could hear the fire and there was smoke in the room itself now, like it had done followed him in.", "And how he was afraid to try to pick her up and carry her out, because her head might come clean off.", "So he run back into the house and up the stairs again and into the room and jerked the cover off the bed and rolled her onto it like a sack of meal.", "And he said that what he was scared of happened.", "Because the cover fell open and she was laying on her side facing one way, and her head was turned clean around like she was looking behind her.", "And he said that if she could've just done that when she was alive, she might not have been doing it now.'\"", "OK. Faulkner is actually repeating himself, right?", "It's the same kinds of construction that Lena used when she talks about herself climbing out of the window for the last time.", "It was a little difficult, that time, but if it had been that difficult from the first time, she might not need to be doing it now, right?", "So it's exactly the same structure.", "What is weird is that even in Lena's case-- even though it could have been seen as a totally unfunny story, it's told in a funny way.", "And this episode is-- it's really hard to see how it could be funny in any fashion, except for the way Faulkner has chosen to tell the story.", "So this is something very deep in Faulkner, that his temptation, his compulsion, is to tell a tragic story from a comic point of view.", "And we can the speculate about why this is such a pattern in him.", "But I think that he really doesn't want to give tragedy the entirety of the field.", "If we can think of the narrative field as either full-occupancy or half-occupancy, tragedy is granted no more than half occupancy of the narrative field at any given moment.", "And maybe it's not even half; here it seems to be less than half.", "So here's the country man worrying about all the things that one really shouldn't be worrying about when you're discovering a dead body.", "And the very contrived plot detail that Joanna Burden's head is turned around, so she's looking backwards.", "And it turns out that there's actually a very venerable genealogy to that particular configuration of the dead human body or human head in relation to the rest of the body.", "It turns out that the epic is coming into play as well, because in the Divine Comedy, in Canto XX, there's a very famous episode of Dante and Virgil going to hell and seeing all these people in hell being punished, and Dante's way of punishment is by the logic of contrapasso, that the punishment is the repetition of your crime.", "So this is what he sees-- a whole group of people with heads set around.", "\"As I inclined my head still more, I saw that each, amazingly, appeared contorted between the chin and where the chest begins.", "They had their faces twisted toward the haunches, and found it necessary to walk backwards because they could not see ahead of them.\"", "And this is an illustration, a Flaxman illustration, of all these people in hell, their heads turned backwards.", "And the reason that they are punished in this particular way is that in life, they were soothsayers.", "They claimed to be foreseeing the future.", "And of course, in Dante's cosmos, this quite sever Christian cosmos, unlike the Greek tradition, human beings are not really supposed to know anything about the future.", "Foreknowledge is not a privilege that human beings can claim.", "So as a consequence of claiming foreknowledge of the future, these people were punished in hell by having their heads turned backwards.", "And we can also think of Faulkner, in many ways, thinking of this as a fit punishment for social reformers.", "Social reformers also claim to have some kind of privileged relation to the future, and they're reforming the present quite often because they have this vision about the future.", "They want the present to approximate the vision of the future that they can see.", "So maybe that is the connection between Joanna and these ancient soothsayers.", "So there's a kind of a thematic connection, but the tonal connection is different.", "If we think about Dante's incidents in the Divine Comedy, there's just no humor in it.", "It's a terrible sight to see all the people with their heads turned backwards.", "And likewise, in this representation, there's nothing funny about this.", "It could have been done in a funny fashion, but it's never done in a funny fashion, whereas Faulkner's representation of Joanna is definitely comic.", "So it seems that every time, any time Faulkner invokes an analogy from a prior text, it's always rewriting the text, and changing especially the tone of that episode.", "So from Joanna, we get a kind of complicated picture of the malice of neighbors.", "Well, actually, she's not killed by her neighbors, as we'll find out.", "So even though the neighbors are kind of rejoicing and having a lot of fun over the fact that she is killed, and that her house is burning down-- even though they are enjoying it, they're actually not the instruments for her killing.", "So that's important to remember.", "And also that Faulkner, for some reason, chooses to approach it from a very odd angle, so that it's not exactly sympathy that Faulkner is trying to generate from the reader.", "We should ask, what kind of readers' responses he's is cultivating in that particular episode, but it's definitely not sympathy for Joanna.", "So that puts us in a very peculiar relation as well, because in some sense, we are the neighbors to Joanna.", "We are just like those neighbors who have some fun at her expense.", "We the readers are also having some fun at her experience.", "So that is the kind of narrative that Faulkner is giving us.", "But to move on to the next figure, who also enacts a kind of dance, a permutation of the various meanings of neighbor-- and this one, actually, is given more space in terms of this full development of the various incarnations of the concept of neighbor.", "So this is the Reverend Hightower, who came to town, and then all of a sudden he loses his job as a minister, and then rumors start going around about his relation with blacks, as well.", "And this is what happens to him one night.", "\"Because that evening, some men, not masked either, took the negro man out\"-- this is the cook-- \"took the negro man out and whipped him.", "And when Hightower waked the next morning his study window was broken and on the floor lay a brick with a note tied to it, commanding him to get out of town by sunset and signed K.K.K.", "And he did not go, and on the second morning a man found him in the woods about a mile from town.", "He had been tied to a tree and beaten unconscious.\"", "So this is exactly the same people-- the same people who were kind to Lena probably were all Klansmen.", "It was quite a common -- it has very deep roots, actually, in some Southern communities.", "And lots of people were Klansmen that you might not think would be Klansmen.", "New studies also have shown that actually lots of women were Klansmen, as well.", "So we just don't know who-- whether, in this case, it was just men.", "But what is interesting-- there are actually two interesting facts about this.", "One is that the men are not masked.", "I think that that says a lot.", "That actually, in any kind of Klan action, the people would be hooded, so you don't actually see the faces.", "But this is a variation on that.", "These men are not hooded, they're not masked.", "So that's a very important thing, revealing their identities fully to Hightower.", "And then the other detail is that obviously they want Hightower to leave town, and he does not go.", "Even though he's beaten unconscious, he still refuses to leave.", "So these two are very important variations to the customary story about Klan violence.", "And we'll see what comes from that.", "That Faulkner's both giving us a very recognizable Southern history, but also, he's giving us a very important variation on this Southern history.", "So let's follow the kind of permutation of the malice of strangers.", "\"He refused to tell who had done it.", "The town knew that that was wrong, and some of them men came to him and tried again to persuade him to leave Jefferson, for his own good, telling him that next time they might kill him.", "But he refused to leave.", "He would not talk about the beating, even when they offered to prosecute the men who had done it.", "But he would do neither.", "He would neither tell nor depart.", "And then all of a sudden, the whole thing seemed to blow away like an evil wind.", "It was as though the town realized at last that he would be a part of its life until he died, and that they might as well become reconciled.\"", "So this is the crucial, different story that Faulkner is telling about Southern history.", "Is that the malice of your neighbors is the starting point.", "It is not the endpoint.", "It would be too easy, too much of a cliche to say these people are just bigoted.", "And they're going to persecute anyone who's not of the same mind.", "It would be much too simple to say that.", "So this is the very important variation.", "The men are not masked.", "They put it within Hightower's power to report them.", "And the town is, in fact, ready to prosecute those men.", "So in fact the legal action is about to get started, and certainly there's actionable violence.", "But just as those people who were beating Hightower put it within his power to report on him, he refuses to use that power that they've put into his hands.", "So this is a strange kind of symmetry.", "For me, this is the most interesting and compelling kind of reciprocity-- that you put yourself in the power of someone that you hate, and you don't use the power that those whom you hate, or those who hate you, have vested in your hands.", "Given the fact that there's so much violence going on, this is actually an incredibly delicate ethical gesture on both their parts.", "And I would say that this is-- I don't know how, I mean, maybe this is too utopian.", "I'm just reporting to you, this is what I think Faulkner is doing, that this is the way that he would like to tell the story, and it's just the way that he hopes that human beings will conduct themselves under those circumstances.", "I should also point out that actually, in the book that I mentioned earlier, The Neighbor, there's actually a strong argument in favor of ethical violence, that sometimes you just can't help doing violence to someone, but how to be ethical about that.", "So for me, this actually is an instance of ethical-- qualified, highly qualified, but nonetheless, ethical violence.", "And I think it's because of that.", "Because actually, this is violence within limits.", "It is violence that actually has a degree of lawfulness to it, in the sense that the law is going to prosecute them.", "And those perpetrators actually have put themselves under the jurisdiction off the law.", "There's a degree of lawfulness to that kind of violence because of that.", "Though I think that Hightower actually has this to say about his neighbors.", "Hightower says, \"'They are good people.", "They must believe what they must believe, especially as it was I who was at one time both master and servant of their believing.", "And so it is not for me to outrage their believing nor for Byron Bunch to say that they were wrong.", "Because all that any man can hope for is to be permitted to live quietly among his fellows.\"", "So this is one kind of idea.", "It's that you can't really change what people believe about you.", "They can have all kinds of wrong beliefs about you-- there's no way you can change those beliefs.", "There's no way you can change how some other people feel about you.", "Feeling is not something that you can dictate, and other people, if they happen to hate you, there's nothing you can do about that.", "So that is a very tough-minded evaluation of the privacy of certain kinds of sentiment that are not pretty, that do not make for harmonious relations among human beings.", "And hatred is a very powerful reality for Faulkner.", "So you just have to live with that, that some people just don't like you all much.", "And given the fact that, how can you still manage to live quietly and peacefully among people who don't like you all that much?", "That is the ethical challenge for Hightower.", "So all this suggests that for him, for now, at this moment-- on page 75-- Hightower is the voice of a certain kind of ethical norm in Faulkner.", "And it's not surprising that his name is Hightower.", "It's almost kind of very elevated, very high kind, maybe impossibly high kind, of ethical norm.", "Very few of us actually can behave as he does at this moment.", "But I think that we should also be aware that Hightower actually doesn't occupy that moral height all time.", "Just as the narrative field is quite often a field of half-occupancy -- nothing can fully occupy that field -- moral elevation is also a place where you can't have full command all the time.", "So this is a sullen, distant image of Hightower from the town's point of view.", "People don't like him all that much.", "What they think about Hightower.", "\"But the town said to Hightower that if Hightower\"-- and this is not talking about his black cook anymore, and not talking about the violence.", "They're talking about something else, to other things about Hightower.", "One is that he seems complete fixated on the Civil War.", "He seems completely fixated on this grandfather's death in the Civil War.", "The horse is galloping.", "That is the reality for him.", "And the other, his wife is going crazy in that marriage, and he doesn't seem to be able to do anything about it.", "So this is the town's commentary on those two other aspects of Hightower's life, and you can see why he doesn't have full command of the ethical elevation that we've just seen him in.", "\"But the town said that if Hightower had just been a more dependable kind of man, the kind of man a minister should be, instead of being born about 30 years after the only day he seemed to have ever lived in-- the day when his grandfather was shot from the galloping horse-- she would have been all right too.\"", "The wife.", "\"But he was not, and the neighbors would hear her weeping in the parsonage in the afternoons or late at night, and the neighbors knowing that the husband would not know what to do about it because he did not know what was wrong.\"", "So all of a sudden the neighbors have been transformed from the perpetrators of violence to an independent voice of judgment on Hightower and on the marriage.", "They're functioning more like a Greek chorus in the sense that they have some knowledge about the marriage that is denied to Hightower himself.", "And so we should not forget for a minute that a man who has such a delicate ethical understanding of a certain kind of situation having to do with violence that is done to himself can be completely blind in another situation where it would have been good for him to be just a little more sensitive.", "So there's the utter lack of sensitivity in Hightower that qualifies his claim to that ethical height that we've seen.", "It's a totally different issue.", "It doesn't take away from the beating, it doesn't take away from the Klan action, but it does suggest that Hightower is a divided figure, and he doesn't speak for Faulkner all the time.", "That Faulkner is actually using his neighbors sometimes to pass judgment on him, just as he is a dispenser of judgment on others.", "So this is neighbors in a different light, but there's yet another twist.", "So Faulkner doesn't stop.", "This is a constant switching back and forth.", "The swing of the pendulum from the right being on the neighbors' side to the right being on Hightower's side, and injury being done to Hightower.", "So this is the neighbors in yet another right.", "\"Within two days\"-- this is a little bit later.", "Hightower is trying to deliver a black baby.", "The baby dies.", "And within two days, rumors were going around town.", "\"Within two days there were those who said that the child was Hightower's and that he had let it die deliberately.", "But Byron believed that even the ones who said this did not believe it.", "He believed that the town had had the habit of saying things about the disgraced minister which they did not believe themselves.\"", "So this is yet another interesting portrait of how people behave as a collectivity.", "That as a collectivity, we tend to say things that we do not actually, ourselves, individually believe in.", "This is the nature, quite often, of rumors, or just kind of standardized statements about the current situation that you just repeat a certain line.", "This is the nature of a line, that it's fed to others, and that we would mouth without thinking about it.", "And all of us do it.", "It's not just people living in a small town.", "All of us tend to say certain things that we haven't actually personally thought about, including damaging things that we can say about someone, like having a child and allowing the child to die.", "So this is the nature of rumor, and Byron's insight-- and he knows these people very well-- is that in one sense, it is speech that seems hurtful that actually doesn't have personal malice in it.", "So we have to be very careful to distinguish that hurtful speech can certainly inflict injury on the person that that speech is about.", "It can inflict injury.", "But something can't inflict injury without having a lot of personal malice in it, and that is the crucial distinction that Byron wants us to make.", "So we can see it constantly things are switching back and forth.", "So we've been talking about it since Tuesday-- the protagonist and supporting cast constant switch, background, foreground, dark and light, Light in August, Dark House, the other title for the novel, kind and unkind neighbors, dramatic narrative versus undramatic narrative.", "But all of this is coming to head in the switch between Lena Grove and Joe Christmas.", "And this is a very interesting narrative innovation on the part of Faulkner.", "We've seen in The Sound and the Fury that it is a four-section novel, right?", "In As I Lay Dying, many, many, too many to count, sections completely split into tiny little narratives.", "And in this novel, it's really the story of two people who are strangers to each other.", "It's really a huge challenge how you could tell a story about two people who have no connection to each other, but make the two stories one novel.", "So we'll see how that is played out, and whether Faulkner is completely successful in turning these two into a single story.", "But today, we'll look at part of what he's trying to do, I think, and look at the contrasting functions of Lena Grove and Joe Christmas in this novel.", "Obviously we know that one is a positive catalyst for the community.", "All the good things about the community come out when we see Lena Grove in action, and all the bad things about the community come out when we see Joe Christmas's part of the story.", "So one is a positive catalyst, the other is a negative catalyst.", "But what is odd is that even though this seems to put them on opposite ends of the narrative spectrum, quite often Faulkner also contrives to make them meet as well.", "So it's a very interesting kinship, actually, between the two of them, even though they seem so different.", "So we'll talk about the linguistic kinship, and also the fact that both of them seem to be passive receptacles for what is coming to them.", "So first, I think you know this, but just want to repeat it.", "From Lena, this is the story.", "\"'Folks have been kind.", "They have been right kind.'\"", "It is a very monotonous story.", "In that sense, she's not very great character, not a completely helpful character to Faulkner, because she only knows one thing, and the story never changes.", "So he really has to introduce a kind of a counterpoint to Lena, whose very name already precipitates a negative response from the people who are learning about his name for the first time.", "So he used to be the foreman.", "Joe Christmas is just getting a job from these people.", "\"'His name is what?'", "one said.", "'Christmas.'", "'Is he a foreigner?'", "'Did you hear of a white man named Christmas?'", "the foreman said.", "'I never heard of nobody a-tall named it,' the other said.\"", "So just to have the name Christmas-- and I can't really think of a name that is less neutral, less innocuous than the name Christmas.", "But even for us, I think to hear someone called Christmas, there will be a kind of strange response from most of us.", "And sure enough, there's a strange response from these two people.", "So why is it that in fact, we're not entirely immune from that?", "It's not as if the world that Faulkner is creating is completely apart from our world.", "I think in many ways, we're part of that world.", "But we're suddenly seeing an extreme reaction these two people.", "All of a sudden-- nobody has even thought of him as being a foreigner, suddenly he's got to be a foreigner, even worse than that.", "Even foreigners don't have a name like Christmas.", "So maybe he's non-human.", "Not quite that.", "But he suddenly is in an unclassifiable, but negatively unclassifiable, category.", "And the rest of the story really plays on the consequences, in many ways, of having a name like Christmas.", "But for now, I want actually not to go there yet, but to talk about a very strange kind of kinship between Lena and Joe, who otherwise seem so different.", "It's a completely counterintuitive kinship and I think it's also quite deliberate.", "So let's just go back to this passage that we've talked about last time, about Lena's peaceful journey, \"behind her the four weeks, the evocation of far, is a peaceful corridor paved with unflagging and tranquil faith and peopled with kind and nameless faces and voices,\" is the nature of Lena's journey.", "And oddly enough, the same kind of language is used again at a very different moment in the story, for Joe Christmas, when he's actually just about ready to do the killing.", "\"'Maybe I have already done it,' he thought.", "'Maybe it is no longer now waiting to be done.'", "It seemed to him that he could see the yellow day opening peacefully before him like a corridor, an arras, into a still chiaroscuro without urgency.", "It seemed to him that as he sat there the yellow day contemplated him drowsily, like a prone and somnolent yellow cat.", "He would not move, apparently arrested and held immobile by a single word which had perhaps not yet impacted, his whole being suspended in quiet and sunny space, so that hanging motionless and without physical weight he seemed to watch the slow flowing of beneath him.\"", "It is exactly, one could just put Lena right in there, and it would have been a description of the journey.", "So I hope that it makes no sense to you, why Faulkner would want to use this for Joe Christmas right before the moment of violence.", "I think this it's something that cries out to be interpreted by the reader, why there should be the duplication of the once-appropriate language for Lena into this completely inappropriate and counterintuitive content.", "But all we can say is that this is a quite heavy-handed attempt on Faulkner's part to generate a linguistic kinship between the two of them.", "Let's look at another instance, and in fact, we see it a little bit in the use of gerunds in talking about this moment of impending, incipient violence, when he is held suspended, but very peaceful.", "And so this is the use of gerunds, and we've seen that in Lena, as well.", "\"'That far within my hearing, before my seeing.'", "'I will be riding within the hearing of Lucas Burch before his seeing.", "He will hear the wagon, but he won't know.", "So there will be one within his hearing before his seeing.", "And then he will see me and he will be excited.", "And so there will be two within his seeing before his remembering.\"", "Completely highly conspicuous use of the gerund.", "And there's also a parallel, highly conspicuous use of the gerund for Joe Christmas.", "\"Knowing not grieving remembers a thousand savage and lonely streets.\"", "The same use of the gerund, but in a completely different context and completely different thematics.", "So we really have to think a little more about why it is, even though the two of them seem polar opposites that Faulkner, nonetheless, sees and is emphatic about the kinship between the two of them.", "So maybe one way to think about it is to once again think about the relation between an individual and a collectivity, or at least various representatives of that collectivity.", "And with Lena, we've seen that she really is a passive receptacle for all the Southern hospitality that is coming to her.", "And maybe that's why she's really not that interesting on her own, that it really takes action from other people to vest her narrative with any kind of action at all.", "Left to her own devices there will be no story to tell, really.", "And so she's a passive receptacle in the sense that she's really the narrative device by which a community gets to tell a story, by which the action of a community gets dramatized, and gets registered within the compass of a single individual.", "And I would say that that is also the narrative function of Joe Christmas, as well.", "That in many ways, even though he's probably more psychologically complex than Lena, and it will be interesting to think about what kind of psychology he has-- in spite of the complexity of his psychology, he has a similar narrative function in the sense that he is the vehicle by which somebody else's action, somebody else's drama, gets registered.", "So he is the template on which someone else writes a dramatic narrative.", "So this is the continuation of that peaceful moment when he's about to do the killing.", "\"He just sat there, not moving, until after a while he heard the clock two miles away strike 12.", "Then he rose and moved toward the house.", "He didn't go fast.", "He didn't think even then, Something is going to happen.", "Something is going to happen to me.\"", "That syntactical construction-- not, I'm going to do something, but something is going to happen to me, so that I will actually kill someone -- it's that bizarre transformation of what would have been a very familiar sentence.", "So even the most dramatic fashion that he's responsible for is cast as something that is happening to him without his volition almost.", "And we see that this is actually the logical combination of a pattern that has been the dominant pattern all through his life.", "So it goes back, this moment goes back to when he was a kid, when he was hiding and eating toothpaste in the closet of the dietitian, and getting sick from the toothpaste, and then witnessing this completely bewildering thing that is going on between the dietitian and the man who is in her room.", "And then all of a sudden he throws up and the dietitian realizes that there's someone hiding in her closet.", "So this is what happens when she's furious to know that she and the other man, that the two of them are not alone in the room.", "\"When the curtain fled back he did not look up.", "When hands dragged him violently out of his vomit he did not resist.", "He hung from the hands, limp, looking with slackjawed and glassy idiocy into a face no longer smooth pink-and-white, surrounded now by wild and dishevelled hair whose smooth bands once made him think of candy.", "'You little rat!'", "the thin, furious voice hissed; 'you little rat!", "Spying on me!", "You little nigger bastard!'\"", "So Joe has not really been-- intially, when all of this is happening, people have suspected there's something maybe a little odd about his racial composition, but nobody actually up to this point, at least nobody from the administration-- has called him black.", "And it's at this moment when he is the unwitting, involuntary, unintentional witness to this scene that is unfolding in the dietitian's room that that adjective is thrown at him.", "And everything about the description, is that he's hanging from the hands of the dietitian, he's witnessing a face that has completely transformed, the recipient of that hiss, that is coming at him.", "Almost complete passivity on his side.", "So that he really is the template on which the dietitian is writing her own furor and her own story.", "One more example, and this is his relation to his adopted father, McEachern.", "We have various ways to pronounce that name.", "I'm just going to pronounce it \"McEach-ern,\" you can pronounce it any way you want.", "\"Then the boy stood, his trousers collapsed about his feet, his legs revealed beneath his brief shirt.", "He stood, slight and erect.", "When the strap fell he did not flinch, no quiver passed over his face.", "He was looking straight ahead, with a rapt, calm expression like a monk in a picture.\"", "So once again, this is not the kind of uncontrolled violence that is coming from the dietician, but the very disciplined violence that is coming from his own foster father, adopted father.", "But no matter what kind of violence, it can be either out of control, it can be totally controlled, he is just there like a saint, like a monk, just totally calm, seemingly untouched by that violence.", "And that's part of the interesting fact about Joe Christmas, as well.", "It's almost as if there's so little content to him-- although I hesitate to say that, because that doesn't seem quite right, either.", "But whatever it is that is lacking in him, there's no lashing out from him.", "Even the killing is not really, doesn't seem to be a kind of a lashing out at the way he's treated.", "So he seems to be as blank a slate as possible, although he's probably not as blank a slate as Lena is.", "A lot more content than Lena, but still a relatively blank slate on which a various succession of characters write a very, very dramatic story.", "So this is the structure, and that's why there's this very deep kinship between the two of them, even though they are totally different." ]

[ "Chapter 1. Christianity and Southern Hospitality", "Chapter 2. The Neighbor as Political Theology", "Chapter 3. The Resentment of Southerners for Northern Abolitionists", "Chapter 4. Tragedy as Comedy in the Death of Joanna Burden", "Chapter 5. The Reverend Hightower and the Malice of Strangers", "Chapter 6. The Ethical Challenge of Hightower", "Chapter 7. The Switchability of Joe Christmas and Lena Grove", "Chapter 8. Kinship Between Lena Grove and Joe Christmas", "Chapter 9. The Passivity of Lena Grove and Joe Christmas" ]

[ "A man hunted by a shadowy enclave of men in a male-ruled dystopia?", "Let's mix it up.", "From ice-cold classics to waterlogged flops, we're playing \"what if\" on some iconic sci-fi and fantasy roles.", "John Carpenter's \"The Thing\" was a flop at the box office, but it became a cult classic and is now regarded as a sci-fi horror masterpiece.", "It is also a film that has zero female characters.", "In fact, the only female voice in the film is a computer playing chess against MacReady in the opening scene, and that gets killed off pretty early.", "\"Checkmate.", "Checkmate.\"", "Kurt Russell is certainly legendary in the lead role, and the film is all but perfect, but it's fun to ask \"what if?\"", "So imagine if MacReady was played by a woman instead.", "It could have actually been great.", "\"The Thing\" with its original cast was excellent, but throwing a woman into the mix, especially as MacReady, could have given the film more complex interpersonal dynamics to explore.", "Mac's paranoia would have been multiplied by being the only woman in the wilderness, with a group of men breaking under pressure.", "A female Mac could have tackled incorrect perceived notions that women are the overly emotional ones, flipping that notion on its head by being the only one to maintain a cool head in a crisis.", "\"Alien\" did it, and \"The Thing\" could have easily gone in that fascinating direction.", "The 2011 prequel of \"The Thing\" did feature a female in the lead role, however, as Mary Elizabeth Winstead portrayed Kate Lloyd.", "\"They're not Swedish, Mac, they're Norwegian.\"", "Kevin Reynolds' \"Waterworld\" was a misfire of epic proportions - the kind that spent the next several years as a Hollywood punchline.", "Could it have been salvaged by a female playing a mutated loner with gills, though?", "One of the film's many shortcomings was an awkward, quasi-love story between Kevin Costner's Mariner and Helen, which simply didn't work.", "Toss that aside and start anew, either making it a same sex romance or re-casting the Helen role with a male, and perhaps that chemistry could work.", "It certainly couldn't be much worse.", "Seeing two women work together to get a child to the safety of dry land may have been a more interesting and emotionally resonant film.", "\"Waterworld\" could have been a film about a reluctant heroine with the courage to trust and help others despite fears of judgment, rather than an aloof story about an embittered loner.", "\"Well, it better not screw up my short game.\"", "\"Dark City\" barely earned back its production budget, despite getting praise from critics and being one of only a handful of films that were so beloved by Roger Ebert that he recorded an audio commentary for every scene of the film.", "But could it have done better at the box office with a leading lady in the Rufus Sewell role?", "Considering that the Strangers are all men, it would have been interesting to have Sewell's Murdoch played by someone of a different gender.", "The film's themes suggest we as humans have more power in our lives than we might think.", "Having a woman possess the ability to alter her environment, and to manifest the world she wants to live in, would have been a powerful and surprising message for a sci-fi film at the time.", "Science fiction is a genre that can give a voice to traditionally marginalized groups.", "By casting a male lead, \"Dark City\" missed an opportunity to embrace the subversive, rebellious power of science fiction and this story.", "\"So it seems you've discovered your unpleasant nature.\"", "When \"Carnivàle\" premiered, it seemed destined for greatness, winning five Emmys, receiving positive reviews, and developing a solid fan base.", "Sadly, the series lost its audience after Season 1 concluded, limping through the next season before being canceled.", "But, if they had cast Ben Hawkins as a woman instead of Nick Stahl, this fascinating and influential series might have been even more interesting.", "With a female Hawkins, the show wouldn't just have a battle brewing between good and evil as the awesome introduction of the series sets up.", "It could have explored the patriarchy pitted against the matriarchy.", "\"Carnivàle\" could have had plotlines based around Christianity and the church of men, stamping out pagan nature religions and the divine feminine.", "Having Hawkins' opponent in this conflict represented by Brother Justin Crowe already set up this dynamic.", "With the suggestion that female-led entertainment is no longer a financial risk, this supernatural period drama could be begging for a female-led reboot." ]

[ "The Thing", "Waterworld", "Dark City", "Carnivale" ]

[ "Hey there, viewers!", "Have you ever felt so bloated, you just can’t get through your work day?", "Bloating is usually brought on by your diet.", "In today's video, let's discuss 12 foods that cause bloating, and what to eat instead.", "Will drinking coconut milk instead of regular dairy help?", "What are the alternatives for beans and carbonated drinks?", "We’re talking about all this AND more... 1.", "Beans A plate of baked beans is delicious, but it can also make your stomach feel swollen like a basketball.", "This is all because of FODMAPs (Fod-maps).", "In short, FODMAPs are a group of carbs that produce gas after digestion or fomentation by gut bacteria.", "All this happens in the colon.", "A few people who are resistant to these FODMAPs use up the fiber, vitamins, minerals, and carbs from the beans as fuel for their bodies.", "But for a few unlucky ones already suffering from irritable bowel syndrome, this can get pretty bad.", "Bloating, gas, stomach pain and diarrhea are all things you experience.", "If you really have to eat beans, soaking and sprouting them can help.", "If you want to reduce the amount of FODMAPs, change the water the beans have been soaking in.", "What to eat instead Be very picky about the kind of beans you’re eating.", "Some are kinder to your digestive tract like Pinto and Black beans.", "The rest should be avoided.", "What kind of beans do you like?", "Do you notice any change in your digestive system after having it?", "Sound off in the comments below, and start a conversation with our Bestie community... 2.", "Lentils Trying to build muscle?", "You need a little more plant-based protein, but a certain kind.", "Lentils are high in protein, fiber and have healthy carbs.", "They also have minerals such as iron, copper, and manganese.", "If you already have a sensitive stomach, you need to slow down with those lentil sides and soups.", "When you're not used to having a lot of fiber in your regular diet, lentils can give you a tough time.", "They too need to be soaked or sprouted beforehand in order for the digestive system to take them.", "What to eat instead We’re not asking you to stop eating lentils.", "Just pick the ones that are light in color.", "The darker ones have more fiber and will cause more bloating.", "3.", "Carbonated drinks Planning an important post-lunch meeting?", "Skipping that large soda with your regular meal would be in the best interest of your stomach.", "Otherwise, you’re going to be pretty gassy.", "It's no surprise that 16 to 30% of people experience bloating regularly.", "There’s clearly some food and drink to blame.", "Fizzy drinks have large amounts of carbon dioxide, which is notorious for bloating.", "When you comfortably sip your drink through that straw, you unknowingly end up swallowing large amounts of gas.", "Eventually, it gets trapped in your digestive tract.", "Since it’s not meant to be there, it makes an attempt to leave your body, causing uncomfortable cramps and bloating.", "What to drink instead It sounds cliched, but there’s no better drink than water.", "Quench your thirst with fruit-flavored still water, or just add a few ice cubes to your glass.", "Avoid seltzer.", "Other healthy alternatives include green tea and even coffee.", "Looking for answers on all the latest health and wellness news?", "Hit that “subscribe” button, and join our millions of followers.", "Stay up to date on all our great Bestie content... 4.", "Wheat This grain occupies a major chunk of most meals.", "All those tasty breads, pastas, tortillas, pizzas, and baked goodies are made from wheat flour.", "There’s been an ongoing debate when it comes to wheat's ability to bloat.", "And there’s only one protein to blame.", "This is gluten.", "A few people get severe stomach pain, diarrhea, and bloating if they consume foods with gluten.", "They probably have celiac (see-lee-ak) disease or gluten sensitivity.", "If you’re one of them, don’t worry.", "There are plenty of other foods you can have.", "What to eat instead Stores are full of gluten-free alternatives like oats, quinoa, buckwheat, almond, flour, and even coconut flour.", "You can bake and cook your favorite foods to perfection, and enjoy them without the thought of those bad gases.", "5.", "Broccoli Broccoli is a powerhouse.", "Vitamin C, vitamin K, iron, and potassium are just a few of its nutrients.", "If you’re trying to stay healthy by eating greens, you need to watch out for this vegetable.", "It belongs to the family of cruciferous vegetables like cauliflower, cabbage, Brussel sprouts, and a few other veggies.", "Unfortunately, it contains FODMAPs.", "What to eat instead Well first, try sauteing, steaming, or grilling broccoli the next time you plan on eating it.", "It will probably make it easier for digestion.", "A few veggies can match the nutrient profile of broccoli.", "These include spinach, cucumber, lettuce, sweet potato, and zucchini.", "You will get most of these nutrients without torturing your gut.", "6.", "Onions and Garlic We usually avoid eating smelly vegetables like onions and garlic right before going out.", "What if people smell our breath?", "This stench is not the only reason you should avoid this underground bulb vegetable.", "Onions can be eaten raw in a few side dishes, as well as over your salads.", "Who would say no to onion rings?", "Garlic in dips and sauces is enough to make us drool.", "Who doesn’t like garlic knots from time to time?", "Even though onions and garlic are eaten in small quantities, their dietary fructans (fruk-tons) are enough to cause bloating.", "People who are extremely intolerant to this compound generally get the worst digestive discomfort.", "However, cooking them can make the onions and garlic less effective.", "What to eat instead Try adding fresh herbs and ground spices for that extra flavor.", "Rosemary, thyme, parsley, chives, and basil can be refreshing.", "Before we continue, check out our video on What eating onions for a week will do to your body.", "Now back to our discussion on food that causes bloating... 7.", "Barley This is a nutritious cereal grain with high amounts of vitamins, minerals and fiber.", "There are also trace elements like molybdenum (muh·lib·duh·nuhm), manganese, and selenium.", "Just like wheat, barley also contains gluten.", "It also has a ton of fiber.", "If you're not used to eating fiber, you’re going to have a hard time handling that bloating.", "What to eat instead Replace the cereal with oats, brown rice, quinoa, or buckwheat.", "You can also try refined, pearl, or scotch barley.", "Your stomach will respond better to this.", "8.", "Rye Rye is a distant cousin of wheat.", "It’s an excellent source of fiber, manganese, phosphorus, copper, and B vitamins.", "Just like wheat, it’s rich in gluten.", "And needless to say, can cause bloating in sensitive stomachs.", "What to eat instead Swap it with oats, brown rice, buckwheat, and quinoa.", "9.", "Dairy Products A few people have a pretty funny description of bloating.", "Many people will say it feels like they’re pregnant.", "This is especially true if they’ve just had dairy.", "There’s a high chance that these people are lactose intolerant.", "Other symptoms of this condition include bloating, gas, cramping, and even diarrhea.", "Milk is an excellent source of protein and calcium.", "Products like cheese, yogurt, butter, etc.", "are part of our regular diet, and are highly nutritious.", "But about 75% of the world's population is unable to break down these foods during digestion.", "This is because of a sugar called lactose in milk.", "What to eat instead Lactose-free products are gaining popularity these days.", "Regular milk can be swapped with coconut, almond, soy, or even rice milk.", "This really works well for some people.", "You can even enjoy lactose-free ice creams at some stores.", "If you’re in situations where you can’t avoid having these foods, have some pills that help with digestion of dairy products, like lactaid (lact- aid).", "Just talk to your doctor so they can prescribe you the right kind.", "10.", "Apples An apple can be a quick little snack you eat on the go.", "It's just so simple to eat.", "Apples are loaded with fiber, Vitamin C and antioxidants, offering you a ton of health benefits.", "The only problem is that eating one apple will make your stomach feel full.", "The reason you may feel like this is because of the fructose in apples.", "This sugar, along with the high fiber content, gets fermented in the large intestine.", "Enough to cause bloating, gas and other digestive issues.", "What to eat instead If you experience this regularly, try avoiding fresh apples.", "Cook them instead.", "Avoiding apples entirely can open the door to other fruits like bananas, blueberries, grapefruits, oranges, and strawberries.", "They’re delicious and equally nutritious.", "11.", "Chewing Gum This isn't exactly food, but you’d be surprised just how much time you spend chewing gum.", "A few sugar-free gums include xylitol ( zai-luh-tawl), sorbitol (saw-buh- tawl) and mannitol (ma-nuh-tawl).", "These are sugar alcohols that are used instead of actual sugar.", "Sugar alcohols have FODMAPs and can cause severe problems for the large intestine.", "Also, the air you incorporate while chewing gum gets trapped.", "When it can’t find a way out, it causes bloating.", "What to eat instead Avoid sugar-free products.", "Erythritol (uh-rith-ruh-tall) is a sugar we can tolerate better than sugar alcohol.", "It’s just another variant of sugar-free.", "Stevia is a natural sweetener, and can be safely used in cooking.", "12.", "Beer Have you ever felt bloated after downing a beer?", "Beer doesn’t only make your belly fat, it can cause some really unpleasant digestive issues as well.", "Beer is a carbonated drink made from grains like barley, wheat and rice.", "It’s a long fomentation process with yeast and water.", "When you combine this with carbon dioxide, the results are devastating.", "Make sure you’re not gluten intolerant.", "Otherwise, beer can be a poison for your digestive system.", "What to drink instead Well, this certainly won’t excite you, but if you’re looking for something refreshing, water is definitely it.", "But what if you’re at a party?", "Alcoholic alternatives to beer can be red wine, white wine, or anything else that’s easy on your stomach.", "Remember, no drink is worth suffering over.", "Did you know the chances of scary diseases like Alzheimer’s can be reduced by having certain drinks?", "Let's keep the conversation going, with a couple of more drink-related videos, shall we?", "Watch 9 brain boosting drinks you need to know about.", "Or how about 5 bedtime drinks that can help you lose weight?", "Go ahead, click one.", "Or better yet, watch both, and learn more about healthy drinks you should be having.", "What foods make you bloat?", "Let us know in the comments below!" ]

[ "Intro", "1. Beans", "2. Lentils", "3. Carbonated drinks", "4. Wheat", "5. Broccoli", "6. Onions and Garlic", "7. Barley", "8. Rye", "9. Dairy Products", "10. Apples", "11. Chewing Gum", "12. Beer" ]

[ "It is now day 12 of Mauna Loa's eruption in Hawaii, and for those of you who live on the island I have some very positive news.", "For more than a week, lava from a fissure, specifically fissure 3 in Mauna Loa's northeast rift zone had been slowly advancing towards a major road on the island which connects Hilo with the western side of the island.", "It had looked that this lava flow would almost certainly flow onto and cut off the road, causing a major problem``.", "However, as of December 8th at 9:30 am local time on the Big Island, the main lava flow advancing towards the road almost completely ceased its activity.", "While the lava in this lobe is still molten, and per the U.S. Geological Survey, it might continue to advance at a very slow speed as the lava flow cools, for all intents and purposes the lava flow is officially no longer active.", "Its furthest advance stands at 1.7 miles or 2.8 kilometers from the road.", "This change was triggered by two factors.", "First, several lava flow breakouts occurred and only flowed up to 2.75 miles or 4.4 kilometers from fissure 3.", "This previously dominant channel is unlikely to reactivate for the remainder of the eruption.", "The second reason for this sudden change was a dramatically reduced supply of molten rock erupting at fissure 3.", "Whereas at 6:50 am local time on the Big Island on December 7th, the erupting vent looked like this with still persistent lava fountains, as of 6:38 am local time on the Big Island on December 9th, it now looks like this.", "While the reduced supply of magma could indicate a temporary blockage that might eventually clear, I think it is more likely that Mauna Loa's eruption is showing the beginning of its end.", "And this coincides with the fact that the amount of sulfur dioxide Mauna Loa's eruption and its lava flows produced decreased from 120,000 tons a day on December 4th to 30,000 tons a day on December 8th.", "Regardless, the lava channels close to fissure 3 are still erupting as of the writing of this video, occasionally producing what is known as a \"lava boat\".", "Per a direct quote from the U.S. Geological Survey, \"Lava boats can form when portions of the cone or lava channel break away & are rafted downstream.\"", "Several of my viewers were wondering how the ongoing eruption compares in volume to other well known eruptions in the 2020s.", "As of December 8th at 10:00 am local time, lava flows from Mauna Loa's eruption had covered a total area of 17.7 square miles or 45.8 square kilometers.", "Although an official figure on the total amount of erupted lava has not been released, based on the total area lava has covered I estimate that somewhere around 229 million cubic meters of lava has erupted.", "This is greater than the 111 million cubic meters Kilauea has produced its now more than 14 month long volcanic eruption which is still ongoing.", "It is also a larger figure than the 150 million cubic meters of lava that the Fagradalsfjall volcano in Iceland erupted in 2021.", "And, it is also greater than the approximately 190 million cubic meters of lava that the 2021 eruption of the Cumbre Vieja volcano in the Canary Islands produced.", "Thanks for watching!", "If you would like to request a specific topic, please leave a comment below.", "Additionally, I would like to thank this channel's top supporters on youtube via youtube members and patrons on patreon." ]

[ "Mauna Loa's Eruption", "Decreasing Eruption Intensity", "Lava Boat", "Comparison to other Recent Eruptions", "Conclusion" ]

[ "\"Grace and Frankie\" is a show packed with stars, but which actor on the hit Netflix series is the richest?", "Let's dig into the cast members’ salaries to find out.", "Ethan Embry was acting long before he was cast as Coyote on \"Grace and Frankie.\"", "Many people remember him from a slew of films he made in the 1990s, including \"That Thing You Do!,\" \"Can't Hardly Wait,\" and \"Empire Records.\"", "As Embry explained to PopWrapped, he also grew up in Hollywood, so it makes sense if he's one of those actors that you feel has always been around.", "In 2015, Embry had just completed Season 1 of \"Grace and Frankie\" and was cautiously looking toward the future.", "He explained to Starry Constellation Magazine that he was pleased to be on the series, saying that part of the reason it felt special was the energy behind the show in the first place.", "He praised its ability to keep its silly side even while honestly portraying an odd extended family.", "Luckily for him, the show was renewed again and again.", "Since filming that first season of \"Grace and Frankie,\" Embry has gone on to have roles in shows like \"Sneaky Pete\" and \"The Twilight Zone.\"", "His years of work in Hollywood have resulted in an estimated net worth of $3 million, according to Celebrity Net Worth — a number that's bound to keep rising.", "June Diane Raphael plays Brianna, daughter of Jane Fonda's Grace and Martin Sheen's Robert.", "Raphael kicked off her career as a sketch comedy writer for Upright Citizens Brigade in Chicago.", "In 2009, a movie she co-wrote called \"Bride Wars\" was released, starring Anne Hathaway and Kate Hudson.", "The years in between were filled with roles on TV shows as diverse as \"Burning Love\" and \"New Girl.\"", "All that hard work has resulted in an impressive net worth of $4 million, according to Celebrity Net Worth.", "In addition to the obvious financial impact that \"Grace and Frankie\" has given her, Raphael has praised the show for allowing her to portray a woman who is complex and not always, or even often, perfect.", "She told Interview Magazine that she admires her character's capacity to be as bold as she wants to be.", "According to Raphael, the show's ability to present, quote, \"women behaving badly,\" is a huge part of its appeal.", "\"You're gonna have to reschedule all that.", "You'll be working late.", "Now get out.\"", "Ernie Hudson has enjoyed a tremendous career in Hollywood that began in 1976 with the film \"Leadbelly.\"", "Since then, he has appeared in \"Ghostbusters\" and its sequel, \"Miss Congeniality,\" \"Desperate Housewives,\" and much more.", "Hudson joined the cast of \"Grace and Frankie\" as Frankie's friend-turned-boyfriend Jacob, and he's expected to return to the show when its final season airs in 2022.", "Hudson's work on \"Grace and Frankie\" has contributed to his overall net worth of an estimated $5 million, according to Celebrity Net Worth.", "On top of that, it sounds like the actor just had a blast while hanging out on the show.", "He explained to Tell-Tale TV that the opportunity was tremendous, then shared what he really liked about his character, who's a guy who, quote, \"just works.\"", "Peter Gallagher is another star who has worked in Hollywood for decades, joining \"Grace and Frankie\" for a handful of seasons.", "He came on board as Nick Skolka, the boyfriend-turned-husband of Grace.", "The role is hardly Gallagher's first foray into the world of television.", "He enjoyed a long run as Sandy Cohen on \"The O.C.,\" appearerrd in \"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\" and \"Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist,\" and he even joined the cast of \"Grey's Anatomy\" for a few episodes as Dr. David Hamilton.", "His steady work in entertainment has resulted in an impressive net worth of an estimated $8 million, according to Celebrity Net Worth.", "It probably comes as no surprise Lily Tomlin has built most of her decades-long career in comedy, especially considering that her take on Frankie in \"Grace and Frankie” is absolutely grounded in comedic timing.", "\"Who puts gummy bears on pancakes?\"", "Tomlin once told Parade Magazine that performing is easy for her, adding that, as a child, she used to put on shows and was, quote, \"fearless.\"", "Her big break came after she joined the cast of \"Laugh-In\" in 1969, and Tomlin hasn't looked back since.", "Her current net worth is estimated to be $20 million.", "Everything from stints on \"Laugh-In\" to \"The West Wing\" has contributed to that impressive number, to say nothing of her time on \"Grace and Frankie.\"", "Veteran actor Sam Waterston plays Frankien's ex-husband Sol, the man who fell in love and left her for his business partner of over two decades.", "Waterston has built an impressive career throughout the years, having had stints on television shows such as \"Law & Order,\" \"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit,\" and \"The Newsroom.\"", "They've all contributed to his overall estimated net worth of $20 million.", "While he's definitely enjoyed a varied career, Waterston seems to know that \"Grace and Frankie\" is something special.", "He told Assignment X that the show works because it surprised its audience with its ability to tackle, quote, \"hard subjects.\"", "Brooklyn Decker is a model and actress who began her career by modeling for magazines like Sports Illustrated and eventually transitioned into acting.", "She and her husband, tennis pro Andy Roddick, have a combined net worth of $40 million.", "In 2011, Decker moved into major movies by joining the cast of \"Just Go With It\" after snagging a few small roles.", "From there, she starred in \"What to Expect When You're Expecting\" before coming on board \"Grace and Frankie\" in 2015 and becoming an essential part of the show's seven-season run.", "Martin Sheen is Hollywood royalty, not just because he's the father of Emilio Estevez and Charlie Sheen, but because of his impressive list of credits.", "He has acted in over 250 projects across seven decades, and many of those roles have been on television shows and in movies that are loved all over the world.", "Through it all though, he's arguably most well-known for playing President Josiah Bartlet on \"The West Wing\" from 1999 to 2006.", "Sheen certainly looks back at his time on the show with great fondness.", "He even told Entertainment Weekly that people have encouraged him to get into politics after watching the series, but he understands his craft and his place.", "He's great at playing a politician, and he's even an activist, but he is an actor through and through.", "Sheen has been rewarded handsomely for entertaining us all.", "Celebrity Net Worth values his overall net worth at an estimated $60 million.", "That includes his time on \"Grace and Frankie\" as Robert, Grace's ex-husband who left her for his business partner, Sol.", "When it comes to the \"Grace and Frankie\"' star who has the highest net worth, it's probably not a surprise that it's none other than Jane Fonda herself.", "Fonda is an actor, writer, producer, author, and more.", "She pretty much does it all.", "That's why it's truly not too shocking that her overall net worth is estimated at $200 million, according to Celebrity Net Worth.", "In addition to acting and working in entertainment, Fonda has a wealth of gigs and credits to her name.", "For starters, she's a brand ambassador for L'Oreal Paris, and she's joked in the past that she might be the oldest skincare ambassador to ever get the gig.", "Fonda was also married to CNN founder Ted Turner from 1991 to 2001.", "When the two divorced, she received an estimated settlement of $70 to $100 million worth of stocks.", "But Fonda has also built her career from the ground up.", "While being the child of Hollywood legend Henry Fonda certainly helped her break into the business, she has made it clear that her father didn't give her a huge career boost.", "\"Grace and Frankie\" contributed to her overall fortune as well, and since she'll continue working after the show's conclusion, it looks like there's no slowing her down.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about TV stars are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Ethan Embry", "June Diane Raphael", "Ernie Hudson", "Peter Gallagher", "Lily Tomlin", "Sam Waterston", "Brooklyn Decker", "Martin Sheen", "Jane Fonda" ]

[ "Hello, and welcome back to CS631 \"Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment\".", "With this video segment, we will conclude our coverage of Unix signals.", "Recall from our last video, that signals may occur at any time.", "When that happens, and we do have a signal handler installed, then control is immediately transferred to the signal handler function, and when the signal handler returns, we continue wherever we left off.", "In other words, we get interrupted a bit rudely, and when we are allowed to continue it's possible that the actions taken within the signal handler may have changed the state of our world around us.", "We saw this in our simple example of signal handlers: every time we entered the signal handler, we incremented the global variable 's'.", "But of course we could have done anything else in the signal handler, and if you remember our discussion around fork(2) from lecture 06, segment 6, performing buffered I/O, for example, might lead to a change in the output buffer if that is not flushed.", "Let's interrupt our example here and illustrate what that would look like: Here, we have our signal handler, which simply prints out a message that the signal was caught.", "In 'main' we print something to stdout, but we are not adding a carriage-return, as we want out status message to be \"Waiting for a signal... done\" on a single line.", "To simulate the effect of being interrupted here, we allow for a pause().", "Our expected execution looks like so.", "Now, let's illustrate what happens when we are interrupted by a signal in between our two 'printf' calls: In that case, our output buffer is not printed, because being connected to a terminal we are line buffered.", "Our signal handler appends its message to the output buffer, then flushes the buffer, and our output becomes interleaved.", "Right here.", "In contrast, if we use unbuffered I/O -- that is, we use the write(2) syscall instead of printf(3) library function -- then we avoid this problem.", "Again... send the signal... here we go.", "Output does not get interleaved.", "But there are even more severe consequences of making calls that are not async-signal-safe.", "Let's illustrate: In this program, our signal handler iterates over the password database a few times, trying to retrieve the entry for 'root'.", "By calling alarm(1) from the signal handler, we are ensuring that our program gets interrupted every second.", "In 'main', we loop forever, trying to look up a user in our password database.", "As we are interrupted every second, we should see a few ways this will fail: every getpwnam(3) call requires us to open the password database, look up an entry, then close the database again.", "If at any time here we are interrupted and then our signal handler tries to do the same thing, we'll be operating on the same resources.", "That is, our program should sometimes not be able to find the user we are looking for, because the _other_ password database lookup moved the database pointer forward beyond the entry.", "Sometimes, we'll get a corrupted entry back, and sometimes we'll simply segfault because our datastructures are corrupted.", "If you run this program, you should eventually see all of these different failure modes.", "Here, I'll just restart the program forever to illustrate the different failures.", "The first time around, we immediately can't find the user we were looking for.", "The next time, we get a segfault.", "Sometimes everything works just fine for a little while before eventually failing again, but all the different corruptions are eventually triggered.", "This shows that you have to be quite careful about which library functions you call from within your signal handlers.", "Note over here: we did not find 'root', even though a couple of seconds went by without problems.", "And the next time, we even got a corrupted value; when we looked up the user 'jschauma', we got back 'root' as the entry.", "All sorts of things can go wrong when you don't call async-signal-safe functions in your signal handler.", "Functions that are guaranteed to be async-signal-safe are listed in the manual pages, and prescribed by POSIX.", "Some functions are either non-interruptable, guaranteed to be atomic -- that is, the kernel will not -- cannot -- switch until the function completes.", "Or the function is known to be reentrant, that is, multiple invocations may safely run concurrently.", "Note, though, that a reentrant function is not necessarily thread-safe, and may still have certain side effects.", "For example, many of the reentrant functions listed here will change 'errno', so it might be wise to save the current errno in your signal handler and reset it right before exiting the signal handler again.", "Note also that different versions of Unix may add other syscalls or library functions here, but as usual it's best to stick to POSIX definitions for portability.", "So of course being interrupted is more likely to happen the longer you are running, and some of these async-signal-safe functions may block for long periods of time or even forever.", "read(2) will of course block if it's reading input from stdin and the user simply isn't providing any data; write(2) may block for example when writing into a pipe and there's no consumer on the other end opening a file may block on certain conditions we can of course intentionally pause, and so on and so on.", "So what happens when you get interrupted while blocking?", "There are usually three possibilities: 1) your call may return unsuccessfully and set 'errno' to EINTR to let the caller know that the call was interrupted; the caller can inspect the value of 'errno' and then repeat the call, if so desired.", "2) it's possible for a call that has already begun to perform some I/O to simply return fewer bytes than requested; and (3), it's also possible for the syscall to automatically be restarted, to be tried again.", "Which one of these happens depends (a) on the interface in question, and (b) how the signal handler was installed.", "The flags passed to sigaction(2) may include SA_RESTART, which then may cause some of the syscalls such as read(2) and write(2) to be restarted if interrupted.", "Like so many things surrounding signals, a lot of this is OS specific, so make sure to consult your manual pages.", "Here, let's illustrate a restarted syscall by example.", "Our signal handler here only sets a global variable, so it itself is very safe.", "In 'main', we're setting up two signal handlers, one for SIGINT, which will be set to _not_ cause syscalls to be restarted, and one for SIGQUIT, for which we explicitly set the SA_RESTART flag.", "Then we read a single byte from stdin and report whether the call was interrupted or restarted.", "Let's run this program: If we don't send any signals, we simply enter a character, the program reads it, and prints it back to us.", "If we run it again and hit Ctrl+C after we provided the character, our read(2) call will return -1 and set errno to EINTR.", "But if we start again and send SIGQUIT, we notice that the program didn't complete; instead, our read(2) call was restarted, so blocks again until we provide the data.", "When we do that, it will dutifully report to us that it was restarted and echo back the data it retrieved after having been restarted.", "Aaaallright, time to wrap up our lesson on signals.", "In this video segment we discussed reentrant and interrupted functions.", "We saw that we have to be careful about what functions we call from within a signal handler as only async-signal-safe functions -- those that are either uninterruptable or reentrant -- can safely be used.", "We know the list of such async-signal-safe functions from POSIX, but need to check with our OS manual pages for any other additions.", "Even for those functions, we need to be aware of any side-effects they may have, such as, for example, setting errno.", "And finally, when such a function is interrupted, we may observe different behavior depending on the call in question, how the signal handler was installed, and even the OS or OS version.", "As we noted earlier in a previous video, Signals represent a simple form of asynchronous interprocess communication.", "Well, perhaps not _simple_, but limited.", "All we can do is notify a process that a condition has occurred.", "Being able to communicate more complex information between processes, however, is often necessary.", "How we can do that will be our topic for the next two weeks.", "Thanks for watching, and until the next time - cheers!" ]

[ "Introduction", "Calling printf(3) in a signal handler", "Calling getpwnam(3) in a signal handler", "async-signal-safe functions", "Blocking functions", "Restarted syscalls by example", "Recap" ]

[ "Many people like to grill pork chops, but a few common pitfalls might mean you end up with sad, dry chops.", "But that's no reason to give up.", "Here's how to avoid common grilled pork chop mistakes That rosy, bone-in, mouthwatering pork chop might be appealing to the eye, but it is actually not the best cut for the grill.", "Cooking instructor Viola Buitoni told Mashed, \"The light pink color betrays very lean muscle meat.\"", "But what about that lovely bit of fat at the top of the cut?", "Won't that save things?", "Not really.", "Turns out that fat cap all around will melt away and not into the muscle tissue.", "Buitoni went on to add: \"Unless you really like the sweet [...] charred fat, leave those chops for pan-frying and look for darker cuts.", "Darker pork meat points to the presence of interstitial fat that will trickle and remain in the muscle tissue when it melts.\"", "There's always the question, with any meat, whether a dry or wet rub is best when grilling.", "Will a certain rub properly hydrate or season the meat?", "Or will it just leak out or even cause the meat to stick to the grill?", "In the case of pork, it's absolutely best to lean toward dry.", "Palak Patel, chef at the Institute of Culinary Education, told Mashed, \"Pork that comes out of a package and seasoned releases moisture that prevents the meat from searing and getting golden brown grill marks.\"", "However, it's important that the pork is seasoned.", "We don't want to miss out on flavor, after all, so you don't want to skip this step.", "What then, is the best course of action to achieve grilled pork chop greatness?", "Patel suggests that you do a dry brine by sprinkling the pork chop with salt and letting the meat rest for an hour.", "Then, she says, \"Dab off the excess moisture with a paper towel and season lightly with salt again and pepper right before grilling.\"", "At that point, your meat is ready for the grill — and to get that beautiful crisp sear we all crave!", "One big mistake when grilling pork is trimming off all of the fat on the pork chops.", "Assuming that you love flavor, you should definitely keep some of the fat on your meat!", "Remember that this fat lends some seriously delicious flavor, assuming you've already followed instructor Viola Buitoni's advice and gotten a dark piece of pork chop with more fat in it.", "So, while you should trim away the excess fat, be careful not to take away all of it, at least not if you want that meat to have flavor and taste.", "And, seriously, who doesn't want that?", "Maille mustard sommelier , Chef Brandon Collins, told Mashed, \"This is also a reason to cook your chop on an indirect fire: so the fat does not drip onto the flame and carbonize, before floating back up onto the meat.\"", "Pork chops naturally have a small amount of intermuscular fat, says Collins, so leaving the cap on really helps from a flavor standpoint and is well worth it.", "It will also lead to a way more flavorful pork chop at the end.", "And that means a tastier dinner!", "\"Hi Alice, what's for dinner?\"", "\"Pork chops.\"", "\"Pork chops, huh?", "What else?\"", "Waiting to season until after you've finished grilling a pork chop could be a mistake that leads to a sad, tasteless piece of meat.", "In reality, pork chops should be seasoned with salt before grilling — at least an hour before, according to Patel.", "Many home cooks are still conditioned by the childhood kitchen adage that meat shouldn't be salted before cooking, as the old story maintains that salt will extract the meat's juices and make for tough, chewy bites.", "Salt does indeed draw out moisture, which is why it's often used as a preservative, like for some cured meats.", "But the quantity of salt you'll use here, plus the relatively short time the meat will sit with the salt on it, makes a big difference.", "Viola Buitoni told Mashed, \"[T]hat moisture [coming from the pork chop] melts the surface salt and helps it trickle back into the tissue.", "Not only are proteins broken down, but the flavor will be deeper and longer-lasting.\"", "So, salt well in advance, and be prepared.", "Buitoni went on to add: \"Indeed if I plan to grill pork chops.", "I salt everything the evening before and leave [it] loosely covered on the bottom shelf of the refrigerator.", "I have come to think of it as a dry brine.\"", "Given that you've now gotten this advice from two professional chefs, you know it's serious.", "Pre-salting that pork chop makes a big difference.", "Pork chops, like most other meat, benefit from getting close to room temperature before hitting the grill.", "So while it may seem easier to throw the meat in the fridge, then simply grab it when the grill gets started, that's just not a good way to go.", "Plainly put, if you start with a very cold piece of meat, it will take longer to heat.", "This creates the potential for overcooking those pork chops.", "Buitoni also said that you should let your meat come to room temperature before putting it on the grill.", "It will help in your goal to grill your pork chops just the bare time needed to reach the right internal temperature.", "And remember, you don't want to grill wet pork chops.", "Buitoni told Mashed, \"Pat them dry before resting them on the grill as surface moisture is another element to lengthen cooking.\"", "When grilling pork chops, quite a few people cut into the pork to tell how cooked it is.", "Yet, that can be a pretty significant mistake, especially if you're making a large cut that exposes a lot of the interior of the pork chop.", "As Jessica Randhawa, the head chef, recipe creator, photographer, and writer behind The Forked Spoon told Mashed, \"Cutting into meat allows moisture loss, resulting in dry meat.\"", "Also, trying to estimate whether or not a chop is fully cooked just by using your eyes is often inaccurate.", "This attempt could lead to undercooked meat and even potential foodborne illness.", "So, don't just trust your eyes: use a meat thermometer.", "Randhawa added: \"Using a digital thermometer is easily the most accurate way to know how well pork is cooked scientifically.\"", "The USDA recommends using a thermometer to check the internal temperature of pork to be at least 145°F, and the pork should be allowed to rest for at least three minutes.", "Randhawa told Mashed, \"I always have a digital thermometer handy for all my cooking, especially meats, to ensure that the internal temperature is perfect for the recipe I am making.\"", "Another way to prevent your pork from becoming dry and tasteless, even if you feel the need to cook it all the way through, is by brining it in a salt solution beforehand.", "Making a brine is quite simple.", "Dylan Benoit, chef and owner of Carnivore Premium Meats and Prime Kitchen, told Mashed, \"For every liter of water add 1/4 cup kosher salt and 1/8 cup brown sugar and whatever aromatics you desire [...] and bring to a boil.\"", "Benoit went on to add: \"Remove from the heat and allow to cool fully before submerging your pork chops in the brine for 4-24 hours, depending on thickness.", "Remove from brine, rinse in fresh water, and pat dry before cooking.\"", "At Benoit's butcher shop, they brine their pork chops for 48 hours and then cold smoke them for 2 hours, creating what they like to call \"bacon chops.\"", "Benoit said, \"Essentially it's bacon on the bone that cooks like a regular pork chop and is moist, smokey, and perfectly seasoned.\"", "And, yes, you really should add sugar to the brine, which helps with browning and contributes to the flavor.", "\"Pork chop!\"", "No one likes a dried-out, tough pork chop, but it's easy to overcook by accident.", "But there's a bit of hope, at least if you're planning to play by the rules.", "Chef Palak Patel told Mashed \"In 2011, the USDA changed the recommended cooking temperature of pork to 145o F with a three-minute rest.\"", "That's a 15o F drop from the old 160o F cook temperature.", "Chef Patel went on to add: \"Just remember, resting can enable a pork chop to continue cooking [...] Be sure to remove the pork chop from the grill just before the internal temperature reaches 145o F.\" To keep moisture from escaping, try getting a quick hot sear on each side and then finishing the pork chop on the cooler side of the grill.", "Once you realize that all pork chops cook the same and only their thickness determines the cooking time, you'll become a pork chop master.", "As with many other cuts of meat, you should always let your precious pork chop rest for a while after cooking.", "This is a pretty important rule to remember, as this allows the contracted meat to relax and to stop pushing out all of the juices.", "So let it rest and don't touch it, and absolutely don't break off a bite to taste.", "Leave it alone — seriously!", "Chef Brandon Collins told Mashed, \"Letting your pork chops rest after grilling ensures that the proteins have time to relax, so when you cut into the chop the juices won't escape.\"", "Chef Patel had this to add: \"Resting pork after grilling is a must [...] When the pork is removed from the grill, cover with foil and leave for 10 minutes to allow for carryover cooking.\"", "Resting allows the meat to evenly distribute the juices and helps to keep the pork moist.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more Mashed videos about your favorite stuff are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Choosing a light pink pork chop", "Grilling wet pork chops", "Over trimming the fat", "Salting the chop after grilling", "Going straight from fridge to grill", "Cutting into it while grilling", "Forgetting to brine the pork chop", "Overcooking the chop on the grill", "Not factoring in the resting period" ]

[ "What is Throughput Time?", "To put it bluntly, throughput time is the time required to make a product.", "But it’s not only about standing by the assembly line with a stopwatch.", "The goal of manufacturing is to supply its customers with quality products at a price that brings in maximum profit to manufacturers while staying competitive.", "While the cost of materials, labor, taxes, and other operating expenses are important in the overall cost structure to deliver those goods, the component that makes it all work is time.", "Quote time, lead time, and other measurements are common KPIs in assessing a company’s success.", "But few measurements are more important for a company’s ability to deliver than Throughput Time.", "Because the speed of materials and assembly as it passes through various manufacturing stages is what all other aspects of business are based on, throughput time is critical to understanding how materials, labor, capital investment and other costs are measured.", "It is also a key aspect to supply chain planning, forecasting, capacity planning and scheduling.", "Throughput time is the measured amount of time that is required to complete a finished product from beginning to end.", "This includes its beginnings as raw material all the way through the completion of finished goods ready to ship.", "Because so much of throughput time is not spent in actual process or machine time, accurate throughput time measurements give manufacturers a way to build improvements into the production cycle to shorten throughput time and improve performance and efficiency.", "Throughput time is the sum of four different time intervals: Processing Time – Processing time is the time spent in actual production on a machine.", "Blending, spinning, grinding, riveting and endless other automated steps as well as manual assembly are all processing time where the raw materials are transformed into finished goods in a mechanical process.", "Inspection Time – Because different types of goods require different levels of quality monitoring, inspection time consists of the cumulative time required to check components, mixes, or sub-assemblies as it progresses through the manufacturing process.", "This can include automated or electronic testing as well as manual inspection that can range from feel, stress testing, visual confirmation, and even things such as taste and smell.", "Move Time – While many factories are constructed with optimized product flow in mind to reduce movement and staging, other companies may be using older buildings or eclectic space that requires an abundance of staging and moving time for Work in Progress (WIP).", "Regardless of the operation, move time must be accurately counted and included in throughput time.", "This includes the time to move sub-assemblies or partially processed material into and out of production areas as well as the time required to move between workstations.", "Queue Time – Also referred to as “wait time”, queue time is the wait time that occurs prior to processing, inspection and moving.", "By adding these time cycles together, one can arrive at that total throughput time required to complete each unit.", "This allows for products to be costed correctly for use in other business activities such as planning, pricing and Return on Investment (ROI) for capital expenditures.", "Manufacturers can also use these cycles to look for ways to improve the manufacturing process to make it more efficient and cost-effective.", "This is especially true in move time, inspection time and queue time where Lean Manufacturing, Six Sigma and other continuous improvement programs can significantly impact cost by reducing those times.", "And as more and more operations move to digital conversions, even the processing time can be analyzed to identify trends and microtrends to improve that time as well.", "While the basic formula for throughput time was discussed above, there are other calculations related to throughput that can be used to assess performance as well.", "These include: Profitability – A rough equation where throughput is equal to net sales minus variable costs.", "Throughput Efficiency – Throughput efficiency can be calculated using the starting inventory in conjunction with total throughput time and throughput rate.", "Because manufacturers often make many more units at the same time, establishing a throughput rate allows businesses to understand the microdata of producing just one unit.", "This can be arrived at by the equation Inventory (I) equals Rate R times Time (T), or I = R x T. Inversely, you can use an established time and inventory level to measure the rate, resulting in R = I / T. Throughput time can be a valuable tool in analyzing business processes and understanding performance to goals.", "It can point to important ROI information and help identify where improvements can be made and when new capital equipment should be purchased.", "It also allows manufacturing companies to make important financial decisions for their business.", "The process of using throughput data to determine whether additional investment is required for production is called the system approach.", "The system approach to throughput uses three formulas: Revenue – Total Variable Expenses = Throughput Throughput – Operating Expenses = Net Profit Net Profit/Investment = Value of Investment These formulas show the importance of accurately measuring and calculating throughput time to yield valuable financial insight.", "There are several benefits to understanding throughput time.", "First, knowing throughput time allows manufacturing businesses to understand what is needed to meet demand.", "This may trigger additional hours, added shifts or the purchase of new equipment.", "Second, throughput time helps companies manage supply chain and inventory.", "This can help negotiate bulk contracts for raw materials, plan accurate delivery for companies using Just in Time (JIT) production modes or to stagger deliveries to improve cash flow and manage warehouse space with their associated holding costs.", "Finally, understanding throughput time allows manufacturers to manage their workflow and improve manufacturing efficiency.", "By using established continuous improvement methodologies, manufacturing managers can work to reduce the time for inspection, queue and waiting, and hone those for the process.", "They can also couple these methodologies with flexible and agile MRP and ERP software to automate the tasks and reflect in accurate Bills of Material (BOM) to free them up for further improvement initiatives.", "You can read more about the advantages of using an MRP system from this list of 8 Major Benefits of MRP for Manufacturing Business.", "Throughput time is a critical component in any manufacturing operation.", "It allows companies to gain valuable insight into their business and provides a roadmap for where to work for improvements.", "It also drives decision-making at the enterprise level for financial and investment decisions." ]

[ "Introduction", "What is Throughput Time?", "Calculating Throughput Time", "Analyzing Throughput Time", "Benefits of Throughput Time", "Conclusion" ]

[ "ISAIAH LANKHAM: I'm Isaiah Lankham.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: And I'm Matthew Slaughter.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: And this is everything is better with friends using SAS in Python applications with SASPy and open source tools.", "We could not be more excited to bring you this virtual tutorial for SAS Global Forum 2020 in which we are going to present the best of both worlds.", "We're going to show you how to take SAS and use its strengths for data analysis, data management, and statistics, and how to combine them with Python, the world's most popular programming language, or at least soon to be so, which has strengths, including scripting, web development, and a huge open source community.", "In fact, the community is so big and so welcoming, that it's what allows us to have SASPy, which is a package for the Python language that acts as an interface for the SAS system, allowing us to use SAS and Python together.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Before we explain what that means, let's take a step back for a moment and think about the way we usually use SAS.", "There are a number of different interfaces to the SAS system.", "Many of you may be familiar with the SAS display manager, as well as SAS enterprise guide.", "And some of you may even be using the latest SAS studio.", "Of course, many of you may also have to submit SAS code in batch mode, possibly from a command line.", "Ultimately, all of these interfaces operate in a similar fashion, in that the interface submits SAS code to the SAS kernel, which executes that code and reads and writes SAS data sets from disk as needed.", "Then the SAS Colonel returns the results of that code and a log for the execution of it to the SAS interface and reports it all back to you, the programmer.", "What we're going to show you today is a way to use Python to interact with the SAS kernel, rather than one of these SaaS interfaces.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: And in particular, what we're going to do in this tutorial is we're going to start with a Python interface, not a SAS interface.", "And the Python interface we're going to start with is called JupyterLab, and it is a way of using SAS University Edition, which is free software that you can download and install.", "We have complete instructions for how to do that on our GitHub.", "So if you go to github.com/saspy-bffs.", "BFFs standing for best friends forever, which is what we hope you'll believe SAS and Python can be after this tutorial.", "So we're going to use JupyterLab as a Python interface to submit Python code to a Python kernel, and then through the power of SASPy, the Python kernel on our behalf is going to submit SAS code to a SAS Colonel.", "The SAS Colonel is going to do what it normally does.", "It's going to read and write SAS data sets from disk as necessary.", "It's going to munge all the SAS code for us.", "It's going to return SAS log and SAS results for us to the Python kernel.", "And then the Python kernel is going to pass along the SAS output to the Python interface for us to display, allowing us to indirectly use SAS from inside Python script.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: So in order to demonstrate these principles, we're going to take you through a series of code vignettes.", "First, we're going to teach you the basics of Python.", "So introduce you to Python modules and imports, as well as basic Python syntax and object types.", "Then we're going to take your data on a round trip.", "Importing a SAS data set from SAS into Python, doing some data manipulation, and then exporting it back to your SAS session.", "Then we're going to introduce you to the SAS data method, which allows you to interact with SAS data sets where they live on disk using Python syntax.", "And we're also going to show you how you can use Python to learn SAS if you want to.", "Finally, we're going to show you how you can use Python as a scripting language for SAS using SASPy in order to imitate the SAS macro facility.", "All right, this is section 1, Python code conventions and data structures.", "For our first example, we're going to meet the Python environment.", "So on line one here, I'm going to import the platform module.", "Then we're going to use the print function to display both the Python version, which in SAS University Edition is 3.5.5, and the operating system information, which again, in University Edition, is this Red Hat Linux.", "Then on line four, the help function is going to be used to display this whole list of all of the modules we have installed in Python.", "Do you recognize any of the ones in the list here, Isaiah?", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, so they're calling from the left.", "I'm noticing the name Jupyter several times, including JupyterLab, which I believe is the Python package that generates the interface you're using right now.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: That's right.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: I'm also noticing pandas, which is in the same column a little bit farther down, which we'll talk about in just a little bit.", "And then I think at the very end of that column, you'll see SASPy, which is kind of the highlight of our tutorial.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Along with the SAS Colonel.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: That's right, which is running behind the scenes allowing us to connect to a SAS instance and run SAS code inside Python.", "So I am noticing in terms of syntax, that this looks a lot different than SAS, which might be something for SAS programmers to adjust to.", "Let's talk about the case of the code.", "Would it work like a SAS program, where I put it all in uppercase?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Right, so this is important to know, that Python is case sensitive.", "So for example, if I say import platform all in upper case, that will cause an error.", "Theoretically, there could be a module named platform all in upper case, in which case, using platform and uppercase would work, although import in upper case would not.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, so case matters.", "What about semicolons?", "My pinky finger's getting a little itchy because I don't see semicolons at the end of the lines.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Right, so semicolons are normally optional in Python.", "I can add one at the end of this line and that works just fine.", "The only situation where you do need a semicolon in Python is if you want to put multiple statements on the same line, in which case, a semicolon is needed to mark the dividing between them.", "But in general, those are not necessary.", "But they don't cause any problems either, so you're welcome to exercise your itchy pinky finger to your heart's delight.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: That's good to know.", "Let's also talk about all the dots everywhere.", "That's a little different than SAS as well.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Right, so Python is an object oriented programming language.", "And this dot notation shows you when one object is nested inside another object.", "So we imported the platform module, and the sys object is nested inside of platform.", "Then the version object is nested inside of sys.", "So when we bring platform into the namespace, we get all of the objects nested inside it as well.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, which is really helpful.", "I like to think of Russian nesting dolls or turduckens, where you have a chicken inside of a duck inside of a turkey.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Sounds delicious.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Well, I'm a vegetarian so I wouldn't know.", "Let's also talk about quote marks.", "So I'm noticing you have single quotes, it looks like, around modules.", "What happens if we add double quotes instead?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Good question.", "Single quotes and double quotes are usually the same in Python, and that doesn't cause any problems.", "If you want to use double quotes instead, that is purely a stylistic choice in most situations.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Just like in SAS.", "But are there cases in Python where single and double quotes will have different behavior?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: No, so there isn't anything like the equivalent of the SAS macro resolution, where you have to remember that macros will only resolve inside double quotes.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, and I think that's important for SAS programmers.", "Because I think typically in Python code, the community convention is to always use single quotes.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: That's good to know.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: One final thing.", "Let's talk about the Python batteries included philosophy, since we're talking about the open source community around Python.", "So we have to import packages because we don't want to use up a lot of memory having them loaded by default, so we load them as we need them.", "But why do we have so many packages to begin with?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Well, while it's great that you can go out on to PyPI or GitHub and download whatever packages you want, it's also really nice to have a large number of packages available just when you download Python.", "It means whenever you install Python, there's a really wide variety of things you can do, which I think is nice.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, without having to go and buy separate things.", "You can just automatically have a package for drawing things on the screen or recording audio, all sorts of things by default.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Right.", "All right, let's move on to exercise 1.2.", "In example 1.2, we're going to introduce you to a basic data structure in Python, specifically the string, or str object.", "So first, we create a Python object named hello world str on line one.", "And then use the print function in order to display it.", "Then we use the print function again to display a blank line.", "And finally, on lines four through seven here, we have some conditional logic to test the value of the hello world str object.", "And print one message if it's equal to hello Jupyter, and print another message if it's not.", "In this case, we just set the value.", "So obviously, we get the type function, which we're using to figure out that yes, hello world str is of class str.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: And clearly, this is just an excuse to show off conditional logic inside of Python.", "But what would happen if, say, after line three, we change the value of hello world str.", "What if we made the value 42?", "Would that cause a problem?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Good question.", "Let's try that.", "So obviously, we get our error message that we ourselves wrote here when the value of hello world str doesn't match what we wanted.", "But this doesn't actually cause an exception in Python.", "This is because Python has dynamic typing, so I can create it as a string up here and then assign it another value down here.", "And Python will just allow me to do that and change the type of the hello world str object.", "So for example, if I change this condition here to check if hello world str is equal to 42, we can see that the result is an object of class int.", "This is obviously quite different from something like a SAS data stack, where a variable once initialized as one type can't be given a value of another type.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Even though the name of the variable is now a lie in Python, the syntax still allows us to assign a new type.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yes, hopefully the audience will forgive us this small lie.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Indeed.", "Let's also talk about the use of the single and double equal signs.", "Do those mean different things in Python?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: They do.", "In SAS, a single equals sign is used both for assignment statements and also for conditional logic.", "But in Python, if you want to assign a value to an object, you have to use a single equal sign.", "And if you want to check the value of an object to test a quality, you have to use two equal signs, which does make things a little less ambiguous.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Which is always a good thing.", "I'm also noticing in terms of ambiguity that we have some indentation here.", "What would happen if we got rid of it?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, so this is one of the most interesting features the Python language, which is that white space actually has syntactical significance.", "So this indentation here is used to delimit scope and indicate that this statement will execute if this condition is true.", "And if I get rid of that, I will get an error because Python is expecting an indented block.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Which I think is really important for SAS programmers who aren't used to whitespace being a significant part of the language syntax.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Absolutely.", "I think a lot of SAS programmers enjoy being able to choose how they indent things and express themselves artistically.", "But I think there's a lot to be said for this approach in Python.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Absolutely.", "I think it's good.", "It forces us to have good habits.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: All right, let's move on to example 1.3.", "All right.", "In example 1.3, we're going to introduce you to some basic Python concepts, specifically the list data object, and also the concept of an index in Python.", "So on line one, we create an object named hello world list, which is a list of two strings, hello and list.", "And then we print the value of that object, print another blank line, and we then use the type function to display the fact that our object is of class list.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: So let's talk about when we say list.", "Is there a SAS equivalent to that?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, so the most direct equivalent is SAS would be a data step array, which is to say it's a grouping of variables or data values which can be accessed by using an index.", "So for example, if I want to print just the first element of this hello world list object, I can use the print function and then say hello world list bracket zero.", "And that'll display hello.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: So why zero?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: So a list in Python is always indexed starting at zero.", "So that is one important difference to keep in mind between a Python list and a SAS array.", "Because in a data step, you can choose to index your data step array starting at pretty much any numeric value, which is pretty convenient sometimes.", "But fortunately, there are other data objects in Python that have more versatile indexing conventions.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Which I think we'll see in the next example.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: All right, let's move on to example 1.4.", "In example 1.4, we're going to introduce you to the dictionary, or dict, which is an object in Python that allows you to map values to keys.", "So on lines one through five here, we create an object named hello world dict, which is a dictionary with three keys, salutation, valediction, and part of speech, which are mapped to three values, each of which is a list of two strings.", "Whenever you see these curly braces in Python, in between them you'll find the definition of a dictionary.", "Then on lines six through eight, we print the value of the dictionary, as well as the type of the hello world dict object, which of course, is class dict.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: So you mentioned that this is a dictionary, which is a fundamental data structure inside of Python.", "In our last example, we looked at another fundamental Python data structure list, and we noticed that there was a SAS equivalent.", "Is there also a SAS equivalent for dictionaries.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Right, so a dictionary is an example of what is called an associative array.", "And the examples of associative arrays in SAS include both SAS formats, as well as data step hash objects.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Right, and I think also another synonym is the word map.", "And that, I think, is maybe helpful because we see this as a mapping between the keys and the values.", "So we have this one to one correspondence.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Right.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, so let's talk about the idea of a key.", "So how does a key correspond to the idea of indexing a dictionary?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah.", "So if I create a new object named hello world salutation, and then I assign that the value of hello world dict index to salutation.", "Then print the value of that new object.", "You'll see that by using the same indexing notation from a list with the brackets, and just passing it the value of one of the keys of the dictionary, we can display the value mapped to that key.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: That's great.", "And then I'm noticing that the value is a list.", "So could we actually then use list indexing on the result?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, so if in the print function here, I add brackets and zero, like we did in the previous example, then we can print specifically just the first element of the list, which is hello.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: So that's great.", "And then we could change it to one, I'm guessing, and also get out the word dict?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: We can change that to one.", "And we can change salutation to one of the other keys like valediction, and display the word list.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: That's great.", "So it's sort of like I can think of a dictionary in this sense as like a matrix.", "And I can sort of index things like rows and columns, in a way.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: In a way, and in fact, we'll see in the next example that you can turn a dictionary into an object with rows and columns in the way you would expect in a matrix or SAS data set.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: No, that's great.", "Before we do that, though, just one final point.", "I noticed that when we create our dictionary, we have salutation come first, then valediction, then part of speech.", "But then when we print it, part of speech comes first.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, that is a good point.", "This is actually an artifact of the version of Python we're using.", "You'll recall from the first example that we're using version 3.5.5, which is actually a little bit old.", "In the most recent release of Python, you'll find that the insertion order of a dictionary is actually preserved.", "But in this version of Python, that's not guaranteed.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: And hopefully, not important in most cases.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: I hope not.", "All right, let's move on to example 1.5.", "In example on 1.5, we're going to introduce you to the concept of a Python data frame, which is the Python data object, which is the closest analog to the SAS data set.", "So because the data frame object is not part of Python by default, we do need to import the data frame object from the pandas module, which fortunately is included with all of the modules in SAS University Edition.", "Then we can use the data frame constructor function, pass it a dictionary definition, and create a Python object which is a tabular data structure similar to a SAS data set.", "On lines nine through 13, we print the hello world df object followed by a blank line, as well as some information about the shape of our data set, another blank line, and finally some additional metadata.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: That's great.", "So let's talk about the hello world df dot shape output.", "So I see an ordered pair, two comma three.", "What does that correspond to?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: So two corresponds to the number of rows in the data frame, and three corresponds to the number of columns, which as you can see, also corresponds to the number of keys in the dictionary we had originally.", "And two corresponds to the number of elements in each list in the dictionary.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: So in other words, I can think of part of speech, salutation, and valediction as being like the names of variables in a SAS data set?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Absolutely.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, and it looks like the zero and one are sort of like the row labels when I use print.", "Except I'm starting with observation zero as the initial observation instead of observation one.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, although it is also possible in Python to use a column as an index by default.", "You'll get an index from zero to one the way you would in a list.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Right, which I think is important.", "And so does that tell us, then, that we can use indexing just like we've seen in the last couple of examples on a date frame?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Absolutely.", "So if I want to create another object here.", "So I can once again use the salutation key, or in this case, row label to create an object that just contains that column.", "So if I print my new object, you'll see that I have selected just the hello and data frame elements of the salutation column.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: So we've extracted just the single column name salutation.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Right.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: And so can we then use list indexing on that column to get specific elements?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Sure, which would you rather see, hello or data frame?", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Well, data frame, that's the start of the show.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: That makes sense to me.", "Yeah, so we can use the list indexing with brackets, just like we did before, and display just the value data frame.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: So that's great.", "And so that sort of corresponds to then like row index column index, like I would think of with like a matrix or with a SAS data set.", "And so we can do this then nested indexing, just like we did with dictionaries.", "And so we can sort of treat, then, a data frame kind of like a dictionary.", "But in our definition, I noticed if we scroll up a bit that when we were defining our columns we always had two elements.", "What would happen if we tried to have one of the lists be a little longer or shorter?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Good question.", "Let's try adding an element to this list.", "That does cause an error, unfortunately.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Right, so I guess Python is not smart enough to fill in missing values in the third row we're trying to create.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Not smart enough, or perhaps the designers of this module thought they were protecting us from some potential problems by enforcing that.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: That's totally fair.", "So let's maybe then talk about one final thing about data frames that makes them different from data sets before we move on to section 2.", "So I think it's really helpful to understand that a data frame lives in memory, and that's the reason that we can index and get specific elements out of it quickly.", "Whereas a SAS data set always lives on disk, and we have to process it row by row loading it from disk into memory and then back out of memory back to disk.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Right, although the potential downside to the data frame approach is that as your data approaches the size of available memory, things do become less efficient.", "And in fact, you can run into problems where you don't have enough space to put all of your data into a Python data frame in memory all at once.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, that sounds like a really important trade-off to me between how Python does things and SAS does things.", "So in Python, you get this immediate access to things in memory.", "You can do this pinpoint indexing.", "But you can't work with things that exceed the size of physical memory.", "So SAS has an advantage there in that you can work with arbitrarily large data sets, and you can't necessarily in Python.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, I think this is a good example of an area where SAS and Python cover each other's weaknesses.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Absolutely.", "And so then that's where we're so excited to have the best of both worlds, to get just about anything done by using the right tool for the job.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Absolutely.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: And this is section 2, \"SASPy Data Round Trip,\" where we're going to start with example 2.1 and connect to a SAS kernel from inside of Python.", "So in this example, what you'll notice is that we start with an import statement.", "So we've seen import statements before.", "In this case, I'm using a relative import statement, where I'm saying from the SASPy package, I want to just import the single object called SAS session.", "This is different than if I just said import SASPy.", "And if I were to say that instead as an absolute import, I would have to put SASPy here in order to delimit the namespace where the SAS session object lives.", "But going back to the relative import statement.", "On line two, I'm creating a new Python object, which I'm calling SAS.", "And I'm setting it equal to a SAS session object that I'm initializing with an option called results, which tells me how I want my SAS results to be returned.", "Here, I want my SAS results to be in HTML format, which is sort of the default you can imagine that you get inside of something like display manager.", "And then on line three, I'm printing the type of the SAS object, which you can see has this very long name with some dots in it using the Python object oriented notation.", "So the type of object SAS, the definition for it is inside the SASPy object, and then the SAS base object nested inside of that.", "And then the SAS session object definition nested inside of SAS base.", "And so in the background, what happened here when I executed find two specifically, is that Python went out and it used a default configuration that comes with SAS University Edition that tells Python, here's how to go to a SAS kernel that lives inside of SAS University Edition.", "And here's how to create a connection to it.", "The intention being that with that connection established, I'm then able to submit SAS code to that SAS kernel from inside of Python.", "And so in effect, what lines one and two do is they set up a connection that we're going to use in future examples inside of section 2.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: So what would happen if you were to invoke the SAS session object, but not store it in another object.", "If you just said SAS session results equals HTML.", "What would happen?", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Well, so Python would be happy to establish a SAS session.", "And so you can see here, SAS connection has been established.", "Here's my subprocess ID, if I'm interested in keeping track of that for some reason.", "But I'm no longer going to be able to access that SAS session since I haven't given it a name to use in future examples.", "So in other words, the SAS session has been created, but I'm now no longer able to access it because I didn't give it a name.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: So what are all the options for this results parameter here?", "Do you have an option for every ODS destination, or just HTML.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: So HTML is definitely there as an output destination.", "I can also use text, which is handy for example, if we're working in an environment where we don't have access to rendering HTML.", "And I believe there's other options here as well, like pandas if you want to get a data frame out instead of some type of static text or HTML to display.", "There's definitely really good documentation for SASPy where all of those can be looked at.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: So if you use pandas as your results, that's sort of like using ODS output in SAS.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Exactly, to capture a table inside of a data set.", "Right, well, let's go ahead and move on to example 2.2, where we can actually use our SAS session object.", "In example 2.2, we're going to load a SAS data set into a data frame.", "In other words, we're going to take a SAS data set, a physical file that lives on disk, and we're going to load it into memory as a Python object in the form of a panda's data frame like we saw in section 1.", "If I execute this code, you'll notice that I get quite a bit of output that's going to appear here.", "And when we compare the outputs to the code, you'll see that it's in fact, the first eight lines of code that are going to define an object called fish data frame smelt only.", "Line nine is going to print the type of that object, and you can in fact see it is an honest to goodness data frame.", "A panda's object type whose definition is nested inside of frames, nested inside of cores, nested inside the pandas module that we know and love and already saw previously in section one.", "Then line 10 prints a blank line, and then line 11 is going to print by default the first five rows of the data frame, fish DF smelt only.", "That was created above.", "You'll notice that there is also a little bit of output that I get about the objects SAS, the SAS session, this connection to a SAS kernel.", "It's doing some work in the background to make sure it has a connection that it can send SAS commands to.", "We don't have to worry about that.", "That just sort of happens as things start and stop in the background.", "We get different process IDs.", "We don't have to keep track of any of that.", "But the point is that I am using this SAS object from our previous example, this connection to a SAS kernel, this SAS session object.", "And I'm using its method, SAS data to data frame, in order to load a physical file, a SAS data set from disk.", "And the SAS data set that I am loading lives in the SAS help library.", "And the exact data set name is fish.", "And so you can imagine this being the same thing as writing SAS help dot fish inside SAS itself.", "In addition, I have a third argument to the SAS data to data frame method, which is called DS opts.", "And this is short for data set options.", "And so what you can imagine is that this is like how in SAS, if I were to write SAS help dot fish, and then in parentheses put something like where equals species equals smelt, comma obs equals 10.", "I can specify that I want to have SAS subset for me in real time the data set to just get specific rows-- here where the condition species equals smelt is satisfied-- as well as just a fixed number of observations, at most 10 rows where that where condition is satisfied.", "Here, I'm only printing the first five because I'm using the head function.", "But if I wanted to see more than that, I could say head 10 to see in fact, the first 10 rows.", "In fact, all 10 rows, so if I change this to 20, you'll see that I again only get 10 rows indexed from zero to nine.", "As we saw before with zero being the default initial index.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, so I guess it's important that we're not writing out SAS help dot fish here, because otherwise you could easily get that confused with python dot notation, huh.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: A slightly different meaning of the dot notation, indeed.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: So for the DS opts, could you also use other data set options like keep equals or drop equals?", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, absolutely.", "So I believe that there are analogs for most, if not all, of the data set options available to you in SAS.", "So if you wanted to just keep, for example, let's say the species column, and say, the weight column.", "You can provide a third key to your dictionary of options here, with the key being keep, and then the value corresponding to that key being the list of strings where each of the strings is one of the names of the columns that you want to keep.", "So here, I'm saying just keep species and wait, which you can see reflected in my output down here.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: And what if I want to-- instead of seeing the first couple of rows of the data frame, I want to see the last couple of rows.", "Is there a function for that?", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, so that would be something we would do in Python.", "And maybe it's important to note here that as we're having SAS and Python interact, some things we do in Python, some things we do in SAS.", "So here, the data set options are doing filtering on the SAS side, so that I'm getting just a small amount of input into Python, instead of getting all of the input and then having to do the filtering inside of Python.", "However, when I'm displaying things down here, and I say, for example, let's say head two just to get the initial two rows.", "That filtering is happening in Python itself.", "And so if I wanted to do different filtering, I could either change the number here, like we saw before.", "Like let's say, two to four to get the first four rows.", "If I want to get the last few rows instead, there's the corresponding function tail.", "And so these are then the last four rows in the results that SAS is giving me that corresponds to all of these conditions.", "And so with that, we'll move on to example 2.3.", "So in example 2.3, we're going to learn how to use nothing but pure Python operations in order to manipulate a panda's data frame.", "And we're going to do that by loading the same SAS data set that we looked at in the last example, SAS help dot fish.", "And we're going to do that using SAS, which is our persistent connection to a SAS session.", "So in other words, a way for us to submit commands to a SAS kernel to get things back.", "And we're going to again use the SAS data to data frame method in order to say to take this SAS data set that lives on disk, and to load it into memory as a panda's data frame, a Python object.", "So once I have done that, once I have loaded SAS help dot fish into a data frame, I'm then going to go through a series of three manipulation steps.", "The first step is going to use a group by operation.", "And so what this is going to do is it's going to group the rows in fish underscore DF, my data frame, by the values in the column species.", "The next thing I'm going to do is I'm going to subset just to the weight column, and then I'm going to aggregate the values in the weight column by these aggregation functions, count, standard deviation, mean, min, and max.", "And the idea here is that I'm creating a series of temporary data frames-- so I'm taking up more and more system memory-- where each of these stores an intermediate results in the process of first doing a group by, and then subsetting to a specific column, and then aggregating values in that specific column.", "The results allow me to then see this new data frame down here, fish underscore DF underscore GSA, GSA for group by subset, and then aggregate.", "And I can see that for each value of species, I can see the number of rows in the original data frame that correspond to that value.", "I can see the standard deviation for the values of weight in those rows corresponding to species Bream I can see the mean, the min, and the max, also for the rows in the original data set that correspond to species Bream.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, so what we've essentially done here, I guess, is to build the Python equivalent of a proc means, or procs equal with a group by clause, right?", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: That's right, yeah.", "And so you can see the correspondence here between group by in Python panda's syntax versus group by in SQL.", "But you can also see it as you said, like being the equivalent of proc means, where here, I've used species as my classification variable, and weight as my analysis variable.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: One thing we saw earlier is that in Python, you can often chain things together, whether dot notation for nesting objects, or indexes.", "Is there a way to chain some of these commands together?", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Absolutely there is, Yeah.", "So here, we decided to break it up across multiple lines just to make it clear that there are three discrete operations that are happening.", "But there is nothing to stop me from, in fact, doing it all at once.", "So I can do my group by, and then I can chain that together with my subsetting, and then the results of that, I can chain together with my aggregation.", "And in fact, if we do that, we'll see that we get the exact same output.", "And not only do we get the exact same output, but it's actually much more efficient.", "When I create new data frames one after the other, it takes up a lot of system resources because I have to allocate new memory, I have to copy things over, that kind of thing.", "But when I change things together into a string of operations that are all happening on the original data frame, fish underscore DF, what happens is that Python will actually apply each of these in memory in place so that things actually are much faster because I don't have to do all that memory management behind the scenes to create multiple data frames in sequence.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: So just like in SAS, you might try to combine multiple operations in a single data step for efficiency.", "In Python, you can try to combine things in a single statement the same way.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Absolutely, yeah.", "And you can also see this kind of as the analog before when we talked about putting multiple lines of Python on the same line with a semicolon between them.", "Sort of the same idea of just stringing together a bunch of commands all on a single data frame, all in a row.", "All right, and so with that let's go ahead and move on to example 2.4.", "And lastly, in example 2.4, we're going to see how to complete our data round trip.", "Where first, we loaded a SAS data set into a Python pandas data frame.", "We did some manipulation inside of Python using only Python operations.", "And now, we're going to take the results of all of our manipulation inside of Python, and we're going to stuff it back onto disk as a SAS data set, so literally a round trip from SAS to Python back to SAS again.", "And we're going to do that by again, using our SAS object that we created before, which is a connection to a SAS session, meaning a way for us to submit commands to a SAS kernel somewhere living on disk from inside of Python.", "And we're going to use the analog of the SAS data to data frame method that we saw before, this time called data frame to SAS data, to reflect the fact that we're starting with the data frame, an object that lives in Python, and we're going to get the result of a SAS data set, a file that actually lives physically on disk.", "And the data frame that we're going to turn into a SAS data set is the fish underscore DF underscore GSA data frame that we made in the last example.", "We're going to give the name fish underscore SDS underscore GSA SDS for SAS data set to the file that we're creating.", "And we're going to create it in the default work library that SAS defines whenever we start a SAS session.", "So that's what's happening on line one, is to basically do the inverse of what we saw in the previous two examples.", "So then, just to prove to you that we actually did create a SAS data set-- again, a physical file living on disk-- with line one.", "If I execute the rest of this example, what you'll see is that lines two to eight execute honest to goodness SAS code.", "So if you've been sort of saying, well, I can kind of see what's happening with the Python stuff, but I'm really much more familiar with SAS.", "Well, this should look very familiar to you.", "This is honest to goodness SAS code.", "This is the same proc print that you know and love, where I'm specifying a single data set that I want to print out, and then a run to say that I'm done with that program step.", "And you'll see that the name of the data set that I'm going to print is in fact, the same as the name of the data set that I created here on line one.", "You'll also see that I'm specifying that I want the results of my SAS submission of this code to be returned in text, which is why I just have nice text down here, like you might see in listings output.", "And the way that I'm actually submitting just raw, honest to goodness SAS code to the SAS kernel that I'm connected to with my SAS session object that we called SAS, is I'm using its method called submit.", "And then you'll notice that in quotes, I'm putting the actual SAS code.", "And you'll notice that I'm using a trick here with what are called triple quotes.", "So triple quotes are a way of creating strings in Python that are allowed to have embedded line breaks.", "And so that's why I can have a line break at the end of line three, a line break at the end of line four, a line break at the end of line five, so that this is all one single string, so the parts that I have highlighted here, but with embedded line breaks so that I can make my SAS code much, much easier to read.", "And see that it is, in fact, an honest to goodness friendly proc print statement here.", "Then, once I get the results of submitting this SAS code to the SAS kernel, and I store it inside of this object called SAS submit return value, I can then process that new variable that I've created, and I can get things out of it.", "The first thing to know about the SAS submit return value object that's created is that it is in fact a dictionary, which is why you can see that I'm using indexing notation here with a string for the index value, just like we saw before with dictionaries.", "And so this string, LST, is the name of the key that corresponds to the value of the SAS results, the things that are actually printed right here.", "So in other words, this is the key, this is the value in the dictionary.", "And I am extracting that here on line nine, and then I am printing the results on line 10.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: So if LST is one key of the dictionary, can you show us what's in the other key?", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: So, in fact, there is exactly one other key, and that key is log, which allows me to see the log of the SAS session from submitting this proc print statement to the SAS kernel.", "So LST gives me the results, the actual things that I would see inside of SAS if I were to execute this.", "And log shows me the log of executing that code.", "And those are the, in fact, the only two keys of the dictionary that's returned from the SAS dot submit method.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: And so if you can submit arbitrary SAS code, presumably, you could run whatever procedure you want on the output of our pandas operations, right?", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: That's right.", "I could change this to proc means.", "I could change it to proc core, whatever I want.", "And I will get honest to goodness SAS results back in this LST-- corresponding to this LST key of the SAS submit return value.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: And the SAS object we have here is the same as the SAS object we created all the way at the top of our round trip, right?", "So if we wanted, we could easily start this all over again and import from that session back into Python.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: That's right, yeah.", "So it's a persistent connection to a SAS kernel, which is why, in fact, I am able to take this object that was created above and reuse it all within the same session.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: All right, this is section 3, \"Executing SAS Procedures with Convenience Methods.\"", "So up until now, we've shown you how to connect to SAS, and how to use that connection to bring SAS data sets into Python, and take Python data frames and take them back to SAS's SAS data sets.", "In example 3.1, we're going to show you how to connect directly to a SAS data set using Python syntax.", "So on first line, I'm going to establish my SAS session, again, just like we did last time using the SAS session object from the SASPy module.", "Then, on line four, we're going to use the SAS data method, which is different from the SAS data to data frame method we showed you in the last section.", "The SAS data method creates an object of class SASPy dot SAS base dot SAS data, and that object is essentially a file pointer to a SAS data set on disk.", "So previously, we showed you how you could read a SAS data set into memory in Python and operate on it.", "But this method, the SAS data method, allows you to point Python at a SAS data set where it lives on disk and operate it on SAS data sets without importing them to data frames.", "The column info method for our fish SDS object which we've created, the output of the SAS data method, executes the SAS contents procedure on a SAS data set, and displays the column information from the contents procedure output.", "Then on line nine, the described method-- again, of our SAS data object, which we've named fish SDS-- runs the means procedure and displays summary statistics for our SAS data set, similar to what we created in the last section, but without importing data to Python.", "So all of these what we call convenience methods are essentially Python functions that allow you to run some SAS procedure or snippet of SAS code, and can operate directly onto SAS data without importing or exporting anything using only a file pointer at the SAS data set.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: I think that's really cool.", "And I like that we can work with the SAS data set without having to load it into a data frame, especially when we want to actually use these convenience methods to run SAS procedures without having to directly code them ourselves.", "That seems really convenient to me.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, it is really convenient, because it allows you to interact with both the SAS system and SAS data sets using Python syntax, and without having to explicitly import or export your data.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Agreed, yeah.", "The tricky part, though, seems to be how would I know that column info corresponds to proc contents?", "How would I know that describe corresponds to proc means?", "And how would I know all the available convenience methods and the SAS procedures they correspond to?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, there is, of course, online documentation where you can read through the available convenience methods, but that's not a great answer.", "The output we get from the column info method and the described method do tell us that this is the contents procedure and this is the means procedure.", "But again, if you had slightly different output settings, it might not say that.", "So we will see in the next section that there is a convenient way to get Python to report to you the SAS code that is being executed.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: And we might also use this chance to plug our GitHub page, where we have all of these notebooks that we are showing, and we actually have detailed notes for each example, including a link to the SASPy documentation and all the different convenience methods that are available.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: In example 3.2, we're going to show you how to display the SAS code which is generated by Python, which hopefully will help get at the answer to Isaiah's question in the previous example.", "The teach me SAS function included with the SAS module is activated by passing it a value of true.", "And when activated, it causes any convenience methods to not execute and instead just print the SAS code which is generated by the method.", "This means that if you don't already know SAS, you can learn SAS in part by getting Python to show you the SAS code it's writing.", "But even if you already know SAS, you might find this useful because you'd like to know exactly what Python is doing.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Which I think is really great.", "One thing I'm noticing is that true and false look a lot like things that we have in SAS.", "Do the Python versions of true and false also correspond to the values one and zero?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: That's right.", "So instead of true, I could say one, and instead of false, I could say zero.", "And that would work just fine.", "Personally, what I find trips me up as a person coming from SAS is the case sensitivity we alluded to earlier, where false with a lowercase f is not actually false.", "So if I were to, say, teach me SAS false with a lowercase f and try to use other convenience methods afterwards, we would find that I would get an error, and teach me SAS would still be turned on the next time I tried to use a convenience method.", "So it might be easier just to use one or zero, or you can just try to remember you need to capitalize true and false.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Which is interesting.", "These are some of the few default Python objects that are capitalized like that.", "So another thing I'm noticing is that this construction looks kind of similar to some things that we see in SAS.", "In particular, I'm thinking of the ODS sandwich, where you turn on output to a specific destination and then turn it back off.", "So should we call this the teach me SAS sandwich?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, I think that's a good way to explain it.", "It is very similar to turning ODS on and off, or perhaps turning an option on and off.", "Some of you might consider using m print this way in SAS.", "Before you execute a macro, you might turn options m print on, and then turn it off afterwards.", "So you can think of this as being either like an ODS sandwich or an options sandwich.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Which I think is really cool, to sort of see that parallel between how we do things in SAS and how we can do those similar types of things in Python.", "One thing I'm wondering is other than learning some SAS syntax, is there any value to the teach me SAS sandwich.", "And so I'm wondering for example, here, we're saying that the described method-- we get the proc means equivalent.", "Could I use that code somehow?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Absolutely.", "So in the previous section, we saw the submit method that lets you submit arbitrary SAS code that you write out in a quoted string from Python.", "So for example, let's say you wanted to select a specific variable out of this SAS help dot fish data set, but the describe method does not allow for any arguments to set the variables.", "Well, you could use teach me SAS to get the code that's being created by the described method, copy it, then create a new output object and use the SAS dot submit method.", "Submit your code generated by teach me SAS.", "And then print the LST object of your SAS output.", "And that way, you're able to modify what is being done by the convenience method, which otherwise, you might not be able to do unless it already has arguments for the parameters you'd like to set.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, that makes sense.", "So for example, if the describe convenience method doesn't have a way to do a classification variable, I could get this code and then add a class variable like species to the proc means statement.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Absolutely, you can do exactly that.", "I'm going to break this out across lines because I think that'll look better.", "But yes, you can add a class statement and look at things by species.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: So that's really cool.", "So now, I feel like Python is teaching me SAS.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Well, there you go.", "All right, let's move on to example 3.3.", "So just like we saw in the previous section, you could specify data set options when using the SAS data to data frame method to import SAS data sets into panda's data frames.", "You can also use SAS data set options when you're using the SAS data method.", "On lines one through four here, I've created a Python dictionary named class underscore DS opts, which specifies the where equals and keep equals options in SAS to keep the rows of the data set where sex is equal to F, and the variables age and sex.", "Then when I invoke the SAS data method on line five, I specify my dictionary for the DS opts argument.", "And then, when I subsequently use convenience methods on this SAS data object, you can see that it only has observations where sex is equal to F. And it only has the sex and age columns.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: And then I noticed you're using the dot head method that we saw before.", "Before though, we used it on a data frame.", "Here, we're using it on a SAS data set directly.", "So that's kind of a cool equivalence.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, so this is a good point.", "Earlier, we mentioned how different Python modules have their own name spaces.", "In this case, head is a method nested inside the SAS data object, whereas previously, we saw the head method nested inside the panda's data frame object.", "Technically, these are two different methods, but they've been given the same name because they're intended to do the same thing.", "So this is an example both of how the Python namespace is work, and also of how you can operate on SAS data using essentially regular Python syntax.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: That's really cool.", "So before, we saw also that there was a tail method that corresponded to head.", "Is there a tail method here as well?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Well, let's try that.", "Sure enough, there is a tail method.", "And we can see that we we're now looking at the last couple of observations in the SAS data set.", "Although you can see that we are skipping some observations since the observation number jumps a couple of times.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: And I'm guessing that corresponds to the where filtering to only get specific rows.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Exactly.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Well, that's really cool.", "Yeah, so again, I think this is a good point to mention that there are links to all this documentation in the example files we have on GitHub.", "And last but not least, this is section 4, entitled \"Staying DRY:\" Where DRY is an acronym that stands for don't repeat yourself.", "And in particular, we're going to look at just a single example in depth where we're going to imitate the SAS macro processor.", "So this should hopefully be exciting to you, even if a bit more advanced in some of the things that we've done in the previous three sections.", "So in this example, I'm going to do something that should look entirely familiar.", "I'm going to start by using a relative import statement, and from the SASPy module, I'm going to import the SAS session object.", "I'm then going to create a SAS session, and I'm going to call that resulting SAS session just SAS for short.", "And I'm going to specify that the results that are returned to me should be in text format.", "If I execute this cell, it's going to take a moment to connect to the SAS kernel, and to get some output.", "But what you'll notice is that the output looks like good old SAS output.", "And in particular, that I have the results of calling proc means twice.", "So let's look at how we got that.", "So on line three, what you'll notice is that I'm doing nothing more than creating a string object inside of Python.", "The only difference from the previous string objects that we created are that I have this special interpolation part with a percent sign followed by S. So this is a way of doing what's called string templating inside of Python.", "This is a bit more advanced than the types of things that we do with strings in SAS.", "But you can kind of think of it like this is like me using an ampersand and the name of a macro variable inside of a string inside of SAS.", "The difference being though that here, you'll notice that I'm doing this reference, but that I'm not actually specifying what this value should actually be anywhere.", "Instead, what I'm going to do is I'm going to fill in a value in place of the percent S farther down below in the code when I use the SAS code string here, and I use the percent sign again to say that whatever value is in this new variable DSN should be put in place of the percent S. So in other words, I'm going to reuse this string.", "I'm going to not repeat myself by having all of the other parts of the string written out more than once.", "And I'm going to fill in values repeatedly in place of percent S. And those values that I'm going to put in place of percent S, as I do what's called iteration using a for loop.", "It's the example of like a do loop inside of SAS.", "Is I'm going to iterate and have DSN take on first, the value fish, and then the value class.", "By having DSN take on the values in this list of strings in sequence, and then to execute the body of the for loop for each value that DSN takes on.", "Just like in an example we saw previously, you can see here that the indentation is significant because it's delimiting this block of code that's going to be repeated multiple times, once for each iteration of the for loop.", "And so this then gives you a full example of how to do every type of flow control you might want to do inside of Python.", "First with if then branching, like we saw before, and now with looping using for loops.", "Python, by the way, also has other ways of looping like a while loop.", "But it's typically more common to use for loops and to always have our loop go over a fixed length list in order to avoid any type of infinite loops.", "But that's just an aside.", "So the idea here is that for each iteration of the for loop, you'll notice that I'm again using the SAS submit method that we've seen in multiple examples, and what I'm going to submit to SAS is in fact a single string.", "And again, that's going to be the SAS code fragment with the value of DSN in place of the percent S in my string template that I created here.", "And then what I'm going to do is I'm going to store the results of SAS submit inside of this variable, SAS submit return value.", "So we saw this before where I have this intermediate variable that stores the results of the SAS submit call.", "And then I'm going to remember that the results of SAS submit-- so in other words, the type of the variable, SAS submit return value, is a dictionary.", "And then I can index that dictionary and I can get out the value corresponding to the key LST, which means the SAS results that are returned, as opposed to the log, which I could get out instead if I wanted.", "And in fact, you can see here that if I change this to log, I get two SAS log instances, each corresponding to proc means that has been run, first on SAS help dot fish, and then on SAS help dot class.", "And what you should notice is that line four, when I defined my string template and I say proc means data SAS help dot something run, looks exactly like what I'm getting in the log here.", "Except that in place of the percent S, I have fish, the first value that my index variable DSN takes on.", "And then, I get proc means data equals SAS help dot class, where class is the second value that DSN takes on in the second iteration of my for loop.", "And so basically what I've done then is I've written the Python code that allows me to create a string template and make repeated calls to proc means in order to stay dry, to not repeat myself by writing out all of the boilerplate parts of the proc means call over and over again.", "And instead, just change the data set that I want to apply proc means to, just like we might do with the SAS macro facility.", "But you'll notice with quite a lot less code and with quite a few less ampersands and percent signs.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, and we're calling this imitating the SAS macro processor.", "But this actually does some things that would be relatively difficult in a macro loop much more simply.", "Because we don't need to scan across a list or create a series of separate macro variables to iterate across.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, that's right.", "And in fact, I think this is yet again a good time to plug our GitHub, where I'll mention that you can find a downloadable Jupyter notebook file of this example, along with a complete version of the equivalent SAS code that you would write using the SAS macro processor to do this exact same thing.", "And what you'll notice is the code is like three to four times longer because it takes a lot more work to in Python-- or, excuse me, it takes a lot more work in SAS to do this kind of indexing trick, where I want to iterate across a list of strings.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: One thing I'm struck by looking at this is that if you are learning SAS using SASPy, you could use teach me SAS, which we showed you in the previous section, to get the SAS code generated by a convenience method.", "Edit it to do exactly what you want with the submit method, and then you could easily iterate on that to operate across a series of data sets or variables using a for loop.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, absolutely.", "So there's no reason that you couldn't have gotten the code behind the convenience method described in the last section of examples, pasted that right here, put in this string templating element, the percent S. It's always just percent S. Just use that as is.", "And then when you want to put something in place of percent S, just again, use the percent sign.", "And then whatever string you want to put in place, a percent S afterwards.", "All right, so and with that.", "I know that we've gone through a lot of examples.", "We've covered a lot of ground.", "But I do want to, again, encourage you to go to our GitHub.", "Download all of our example files.", "See all of the detailed notes, and even the exercises that we've included for each example, which will allow you to-- at your own pace-- explore and further enhance your understanding.", "And we do want to really take this opportunity to thank you for the opportunity to work with you on this, and to keep in touch.", "In fact, on our GitHub, we have complete instructions for how you can replicate all of these examples, including how to join our Gitter community, where you can talk with us, ask us questions about any examples or anything beyond that you would like to ask.", "So thank you, and we will now move on to our closing slides.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: All right, thank you so much for viewing our virtual SAS Global Forum session.", "At this time, we'd like to issue you a call to action, encourage you to look up our GitHub repo linked at the bottom of the slide, which will show you examples that allow you to replicate all of the exercises we've shown you today.", "Also, please feel free to reach out to us on Gitter to ask any questions you have.", "And finally, we'd like to encourage you to please go check out all of the other great SAS Global Forum 2020 virtual sessions on this channel.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Please do.", "And if none of that made any sense to you, all you have to know, all you have to remember is go to github.com/saspy-bffs, where once again, BFFs stands for best friends forever, because we hope that we've convinced you that you should see SAS and Python as friends that will be inexorably linked together and used each to the best of their strengths moving forward in all of the work that you might try to do with data analytics or otherwise.", "And in fact, we have a but wait, there's more moment for you.", "Because you've been such a great virtual audience, we do have a very brief demo.", "And instructions for replicating this demo are also on our GitHub page, link at the bottom of the slides-- github.com/saspy-bffs-- where we show you how to break outside of the SAS University Edition environment, and how to replace JupyterLab as a Python interface with PyCharm.", "Where PyCharm is one of the most popular IDEs-- integrated development environments-- for using Python all on its own, all by itself.", "And in particular, using the instructions on our GitHub, you'll be able to take actual production Python code, run it inside of PyCharm, and have Python talk to a SAS kernel independent of what's provided in SAS University Edition.", "And this allows us to combine the strengths of Python here for web development-- as we'll see in the demo in just a moment-- with the strengths of SAS for data analytics.", "So without further ado, let's go ahead and transition to our demo.", "So what you're seeing now is PyCharm, which is an integrated development environment, a.k.a.", "an IDE for the Python language.", "And at first glance, it probably looks a lot different than the SAS display manager.", "But I wonder, Matthew, do you see anything that looks similar to you?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, well, we do have a code editor window with color based syntax highlighting and a browser tab on the left.", "So in some ways, it's superficially fairly similar to the SAS display manager or maybe SAS Studio.", "But the function of that browser window on the left is a little different from the way it would be usually in display manager.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, absolutely.", "And I would say that the main difference is that in SAS, I'm usually wanting to see a list of data sets that have been created within my session.", "But here, I have a bunch of files that I've written that are intended to work together to create a Python web application.", "And so the emphasis is really then on making many files that work together, rather than many data sets, because Python is a much more general purpose language.", "And in particular, we have two files here that we should point out.", "One is called app dot py, and this file is a Python script that looks a bit more involved than any of the Python we've seen so far.", "We'll come back to it though, and talk about its contents in detail in a bit.", "The other file is called SAS config underscore personal dot py.", "And this is the file that does all the magic, because this file allows us to have a freestanding Python installation and to configure it to know how to talk to a freestanding SAS installation.", "And in fact, that's what all of this is doing here, is it's telling Python where to look for SAS.", "And it's saying these are the Java middleware pieces to use to talk to the SAS kernel in order to submit code to it and have it give us SAS results back.", "And so these two files, along with some others, work together so that we get a fully running web application.", "And so I will run that application for you now.", "And you'll notice that there is a lot going on here.", "This kind of looks like the SAS log in a way, where I'm seeing that there is a Python interpreter being initiated, and it's running a certain Python module.", "I'm seeing here the same kind of message we saw in University Edition about a SAS session being created.", "Here's its subprocess ID.", "Make sure you pay attention to that.", "There will be a quiz later.", "And then the rest of this is output from the flask module, which is Python-- one of the many, actually, Python modules for writing web applications.", "The point, though, is that once it's gotten all stood up and bootstrapped and all that, I can click on this link and it will take me to a web browser that is connected to a web server running on my laptop.", "So you might recognize the IP address 127.0.0.01 as being local host, meaning your local machine.", "So again, there's a web server running on my local machine.", "And so this is the way I access it on port 8000.", "So this is a web application that I could put on a web server and run for anyone in the world to access.", "But here, the web server is just on my local machine.", "And I'm accessing it with my web browser.", "So what you're seeing right now is all Python.", "And the first part of how this script is intended to work is by providing a full directory path.", "And so here, the directory path that I'm going to give it is for the SAS help folder on my Windows machine.", "So this is where the SAS help data sets all live.", "And I'm going to click submit.", "So again, this is all Python that's working here.", "The Python script will look in the current directory, and it's going to find all of the SAS data sets.", "And it's going to do that by finding all the files that end in dot SAS seven bdat, which is the extension, the file extension for a SAS data set.", "And then the way this application is intended to work is you pick one of these data sets using this HTML form element, and to then click one of these buttons.", "And it's only when these buttons are clicked that SAS is springing into action in the background.", "And so what's actually happening at this very moment is that SAS is being told by the Python web application to go and find this file, fish dot SAS seven bdat, this SAS data set that's living on disk, and to run proc contents on it.", "Similarly, I could run proc means on the same fish data set, so SAS help dot fish.", "I can also run proc freq on SAS help dot fish.", "And this is called data set explorer because it's a relatively quick way of being able to quickly explore the data sets in a directory, and to be able to switch between different data sets and understand them all in sequence.", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Yeah, if you're an experienced SAS programmer, you can probably imagine how something similar to this might help you automate some of the common data exploration tasks you have to do every day.", "Or alternatively, you could adapt this in order to make it easier for some of your co-workers who aren't SAS programmers to interact with your data.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Yeah, absolutely.", "And so this is just intended to be a proof of concept.", "And in fact, the code for all of this is on our GitHub, which we've talked about several times, so github.com/saspy-bffs, BFFs standing for best friends forever.", "Because by the time you've watched this tutorial, we really want you to see that you can use SAS output together with things like Python based web applications in order to get literally the best of both worlds, and have SAS and Python be literally best friends forever, allowing you to leverage the strengths of both to create something even better than you could do with one or the other.", "So let's go ahead and talk a little bit about the magic behind how all of that works.", "So this is the application code.", "It's the same code that's on GitHub, the same GitHub page that we were just looking at.", "And I'm curious, Matthew, after having gone through four sections of Python examples, what parts of this Python code stand out to you as familiar?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Well, on lines one through five, we can see a series of relative imports, which if you'll recall, we did several times during our session to import various modules and objects for use in a Python script.", "There is also down below, a couple of instances on lines nine through 15 and then again on lines 18 through 22, where we were defining dictionaries, which you should remember from section 1 as being a list of keys mapped to values.", "What are the function of these two dictionaries in this app here?", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: That's a good question, yeah.", "So when I'm writing a web application, I'm always concerned with preserving the state of the application.", "So in other words, keeping track of what has the user clicked on, what information have I had to collect and compile together in order to respond to user commands and input.", "And so here, the response contents dictionary is my way of storing all of that.", "So you remember that the application asked us for a directory?", "Well, the directory will be stored as the value associated with the directory key.", "And sorry, PyCharm is trying to overly be helpful here.", "So we have the directory key and the directory value, which currently is an empty string.", "But you can imagine that later on, I would want to change the value associated with the directory key in order to keep track of the directory the user has entered.", "Similarly, there's the directory list key that's going to be starting as an empty list, but later it will be a list of file names that were found in the directory.", "There's a specific data set that's been selected, and maybe there's errors that happens along the way, that kind of thing that I want to keep track of.", "This by the way, is where we see some tricks with HTML, where I want to use what's called an iframe to embed SAS output, which comes to me as an HTML page inside of the main page.", "So that's why it's iframe file name as the name of that key.", "Then this dictionary is actually a little bit different, and perhaps more interesting.", "Because you don't need to play with the response contents dictionary if you're going to try to download and modify this.", "Instead, you're probably going to want to play with this dictionary, which maps these strings that are just arbitrary strings that correspond to the text in the buttons in the web application as the keys.", "And it maps those keys to values that are actual SAS code.", "And its templated SAS code, just like we saw before with the percent S. So this should look very similar to section 4, when we looked at our example of having Python imitate the SAS macro system.", "And so the idea is that these percent S's are going to be placeholders that I'm going to fill in below with actual data set names, and that's why this is a library temp lib dot, and then a SAS data set name is going to be put in place of the percent S. And so you can then I could add additional SAS commands, like maybe I want to run proc core or proc reg or something like that, just by having additional dictionary entries in the SAS command's dictionary.", "And then below, I could imagine expanding the logic of the application, which is a bunch of if then else kind of constructions, which expand on the example from section 1 of if then else kind of things.", "Where based on what the user does-- like they reset the page, or they submit a directory-- you can see that I'm updating the contents of the response contents dictionary by setting values for specific keys.", "And that in the end, what I'm doing is based upon what the user selects.", "I'm then using a SAS dot submit, just like we saw throughout this tutorial, and I'm using the SAS commands dictionary.", "And I'm indexing it by the command that was given.", "So this is the key that I'm passing to the dictionary in order to retrieve the value.", "And then I'm doing the string substitution-- just like we saw in section 4-- in order to do a submission on a specific SAS command.", "And really, as long as you were to update any of this business logic that had to be changed to have specific new SAS commands available to the user, all you would have to do is update the business logic and then also add those possible commands to the SAS command dictionary.", "So that is sort of in a thumbnail some of the things that we've seen that are very familiar, based upon the tutorial contents.", "Do you see anything else that maybe is out of scope from the tutorial itself, Matthew?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Well, for example, I don't think we've talked about what's going on on line 25 with the at sign.", "And I don't think we've shown a lot of examples of defining a function in Python.", "So there are some interesting Python features, which hopefully people will go and learn about on their own time if they're interested.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Absolutely.", "And I think the interesting thing to note, though, is that I've tried to write this application in such a way that you really don't need to understand the concept of decorator.", "So decorators are when you have these at signs.", "You don't really have to understand the concept of writing functions, so that's when you write this d-e-f, for define a function.", "And you don't have to understand things like what is a global variable in Python, that kind of thing.", "You don't have to necessarily even understand how the flask application framework works, where you have this way of building web applications.", "But instead, you can sort of see this as a boilerplate, a template for being able to add new SAS commands at will, and being able to have the Python application expand to your needs.", "And so that has been a very, very quick whirlwind tour of this demo.", "We do want to remind you that the demo is available on GitHub, and that it is intended to be aspirational.", "Because we don't want to just show you toy examples, but instead we want to show you how you can actually legitimately build things that you could use in the real world for your projects that combine things like SAS outputs with Python based web application frameworks.", "Because we think that's a really exciting and interesting thing.", "And in fact, in my day job I actually use this data set explorer on a regular basis because it's a lot faster than writing a bunch of proc contents calls, personally.", "The other thing I want to mention is that on our GitHub, we're currently in the process of building a code repository specifically for this tutorial.", "And so by the time this video is on YouTube, this repository should be all built out and ready for you.", "And as mentioned, it will have complete instructions for you to be able to replicate all of the examples that you saw, all of the toy examples that we started with, as well as how to replicate the data set explorer demo.", "So that if you really want to take the PyCharm challenge, if you want to download PyCharm, if you want to download Python, if you want to write a config file that tells Python, here's how to connect to my local installation of SAS.", "You, too, can actually get to the point where you are using SAS and Python together, literally getting the best of both worlds, either as a hobby or even in your day job.", "So I think that's where we'll leave it for today.", "We really, really appreciate all of your time all of your energy.", "And if you do want to get a hold of us, if you ever want to talk anything with SAS or Python.", "You can probably tell that we're pretty excited about sharing all of this with you.", "We do want to mention that on each of our GitHub co-repositories, we do have this button called chat on Gitter.", "Gitter is a way of talking with people, sort of instant messaging, Slack, that kind of thing.", "But it's specifically where you can't authenticate using your GitHub credentials, so that you don't have to create yet another account.", "And we do hope that you all after seeing this will be encouraged to go and GitHub account if you don't already, and to interact with the incredibly vibrant open source community that's there.", "And to log into our Gitter, there's instructions for how to do that also on GitHub, like you can click this button, or there's instructions that you'll find in the tutorial repo that will be built out by the time you can see this.", "And let us know.", "Hit us up and we'd love to talk more with you.", "So, thank you.", "And anything to add, Matthew?", "MATTHEW SLAUGHTER: Nothing, except to say thank you so much for staying with us for this virtual session.", "And we hope that you will take the challenge to try some of this stuff in the wild.", "ISAIAH LANKHAM: Absolutely.", "We know this isn't the same as seeing us in person at SAS Global Forum 2020.", "Because of current events, we had to do this virtually.", "But let's keep in touch, and we really hope to see you at SAS Global Forum 2021 in person.", "So thank you." ]

[ "Welcome", "Python Code Conventions and Data Structures", "Section 2: SASPy Data Round Trip", "Executing SAS Procedures with Convenience Methods", "Staying D.R.Y. (“Don’t Repeat Yourself”)", "Call to Action!" ]

[ "George: From calorie count to portion sizes, we wanted to find out all the differences between Pizza Hut in Japan and the US.", "This is \"Food Wars.\"", "In Japan, a Pizza Hut pizza comes in three sizes.", "The smallest comes in a My Box order and is approximately 15 centimeters.", "Our small can only be made on a gluten-free crust.", "Check it out.", "Looks like something you would get at your high-school cafeteria.", "And it measures 10 inches, or 25.4 centimeters.", "Our next size up is a medium, which is 26 centimeters.", "I'm gonna take this little guy.", "This pizza is so good, dude.", "And our large pizza is 14 inches, or 35.5 centimeters.", "This My Box pizza deal includes fries and chicken nuggets for 1,080 yen, or add a Basque cheesecake for 1,290 yen, or get three My Boxes for 3,000 yen, and you can get a free side menu item, like 1.5 liters of Coca-Cola.", "Also, for those wanting a little alcohol, you can get a My Box deal with an alcoholic beverage for 1,100 yen.", "It's called Being Tipsy set.", "Ah, tipsy.", "Now I'm going to the boxes, baby!", "Our next size up is a $13 dinner box.", "It is a medium one-topping pizza, breadsticks, and cinnamon sticks.", "This is the best idea.", "If I had to go into an office, this would be my briefcase.", "This is what I would take to work every day.", "Now, you're probably thinking, \"Oh, Joe, I want more food in a box.\"", "Well, Pizza Hut of course has you covered with the big dinner box.", "Ah-hem.", "Oh, it is the big dinner box!", "This is [grunts] two one-topping pizzas with wings or breadsticks.", "That's what I got, of course.", "You can also get pasta and breadsticks.", "You can also get Quepapas and breadsticks, or just a third pizza, all for $23.99 to $24.99.", "Man.", "Dinner is served.", "You can get chicken on the bone in two pieces, four pieces, and eight pieces.", "That's really cute, Japan.", "Two wings.", "In the US, our wing orders start at six, 12, 18, and the biggest order you can get, 36.", "Wow, that's the hottest?", "WingStreet, you gotta hire a spice expert, because this is nothing, dude.", "I've had spicier LaCroixes.", "Here is a Japan large basic pizza.", "We call our cheese pizza basic, and it is 2,030 yen.", "or $18.39 US.", "And it has a surface area of 754.77 square centimeters.", "So that is about $0.024, or 2.63 yen per square centimeter.", "The US large cheese pizza is $13.99, or 1,544 Japanese yen.", "It has a surface area of 989.9 square centimeters, which breaks down to $0.014 per square centimeter, or 1.54 Japanese yen.", "Much cheaper here in the US.", "So, here are two large basic pizzas.", "This one right here is hand-tossed dough, and this one right here is a pan pizza.", "Here are two large US cheese pizzas.", "One of them has the pan crust, and one of them has the hand-tossed crust.", "Both are the same size and the same price.", "We want to find out which gives you more pizza for your money.", "Let's weigh a slice of each and compare.", "George: Go!", "So, winner is: ta-da!", "Hand-tossed dough.", "Oh, wow.", "That's, like, that's crazy, how good I did just there.", "Look at that.", "Same price, 25% more pizza.", "Look at these!", "Here's everything you can get at the Japanese Pizza Hut you cannot get in the US.", "And here is everything you can get at a US Pizza Hut you can't get in Japan.", "Japan-exclusive pizzas!", "OK!", "So, I got everything on here in half and half and in medium size on hand-tossed crust.", "All right, so let's start with this one.", "So I got this toku-uma bulgogi.", "Toku-uma means special delicious.", "So it's special delicious bulgogi.", "And this one is menta potemayo bacon.", "Menta means spicy cod roe, and it looks good.", "So, next one we've got double shrimp with special lobster sauce, and this one is grand barbecue.", "Asparagus bacon.", "And this one is potato sausage mayo.", "Next one, we've got crumbling pulled pork, and next one, spicy pulled pork.", "Selected cheese and thick-cut Iberico.", "And this one is Super Supreme.", "Mexican Kara Peno.", "Kara means it's spicy, so spicy jalapeño on there.", "And next one is snappy potato sausage.", "And this one is green and yellow veggie pizza.", "Shrimp mayo mentai seafood.", "And this one is addictive anchovy and black olive.", "First exclusive-US-pizza pizzas.", "This one right here, it is the meat lover's pizza.", "Look at this thing!", "Can you see that?", "This thing is pepperoni, Italian sausage, ham, bacon, seasoned pork, and beef.", "That's every meat in the store, I think.", "This one right here is the Hawaiian chicken pizza.", "This looks like one bite would send me to my grave.", "This at least has a vegetable on it.", "I think green peppers were a mistake.", "This one right here, chicken bacon Parmesan.", "Chicken, bacon, tomatoes, and a Parmesan crust.", "Oh, yeah, dude.", "Look at the crust on this.", "They bake the cheese right into the crust.", "I just love that Pizza Hut's like, \"We gotta cover every surface with cheese.\"", "God forbid you would take a bite of something that doesn't have cheese in it.", "In Japan, you can get a pizza with four different topping areas called the Four Series.", "So let's start with this one.", "It's called Gochiso Four.", "Gochiso means feast.", "And next one, we've got Bulgogi Festa Four.", "So, let's move on to the next one.", "We've got Lovers Four.", "Lovers!", "What?", "Is this for this beef?", "It's gonna be horrible.", "And this one is called Kodawari Four.", "Kodawari means authentic.", "And this one in front of me is Gourmet Mania Four.", "What did I do to you, Pizza Hut?", "It's burned!", "Look at this!", "All right, next one.", "And the last one is Classic Four.", "This is classic.", "Deluxe!", "This one right here, the backyard barbecue pizza.", "Barbecue sauce instead of pizza sauce I think.", "And it comes with a barbecue honey.", "Shall I?", "I think I shall.", "Oh, yeah, I think I'm gonna like this.", "Don't sleep on the Pizza Hut honey barbecue.", "This is really good.", "I think this is Buffalo chicken pizza.", "Tangy Buffalo sauce.", "Exact opposite problem.", "I think the sauce ruins this.", "Too strong.", "Skip the sauce.", "So, this one right here is a Japan-only pizza.", "So this is a pizza with a boom!", "Sausage crust with bulgogi, teriyaki chicken, Camembert cheese, Gouda cheese, green chili sauce, shrimp, squid, tuna mayo, broccoli, corn, basil sauce, and anchovies.", "Too much.", "But let's give it a try.", "Look at this.", "Just too much.", "Itadakimasu.", "Mm.", "It's disgusting.", "In the first place, I hate anchovies.", "Don't put anchovies!", "It's just mazui!", "I picked out that pizza for you, George.", "Sorry, my man.", "Gotta do it for the show.", "Here is a USA-only pizza.", "It is a pizza with toppings and sauces and cheeses you can only get in the US and not in Japan.", "First, we have the gluten-free crust.", "Remember that really sad-looking crust?", "We can have a creamy garlic Parmesan, barbecue, or Buffalo sauce as a base.", "I went with the creamy garlic Parmesan.", "Got meatballs, banana peppers, and for the crust, pretty sure I went the garlic Parmesan.", "It's not awful.", "When you order food and you're, like, really hungry, so something sounds like it's gonna be really good, but then when you start eating it, you're like, \"Oh, I think I screwed up.\"", "This is definitely like ... skip this.", "[thud] So, here we've got Japan's exclusive sides.", "We've got chicken nuggets, and this is four pieces, eight pieces, 16 pieces.", "And we also have plain flavor and spicy flavor.", "Let's try this.", "Plain!", "This is plain.", "Everything is plain!", "I want spicy!", "Where is spicy nuggets?", "And next one, we've got honey cheese balls.", "So cheese balls there, and we've got honey syrup.", "So, next one, we've got Japanese-style tatsuta chicken.", "So this chicken is marinated in soy sauce and rolled in potato starch instead of wheat flour and deep-fried.", "Let's talk about US-exclusive sides.", "Can't get these in Japan.", "Pizza Hut also got pasta.", "Referred to at one point as Pasta Hut.", "You can get two of these baked pastas at our Pizza Huts.", "One is the Tusca -- Tuscani -- What?", "What'd I say?", "Fine.", "No, Tuscany is T U S C A N Y.", "They spell this one with T U S C A N I.", "No, come on.", "I'm looking it up.", "Keep rolling.", "Ad: Now at Pizza Hut, get a family-size Tuscani pasta for just 12 bucks.", "Joe: Ha-ha!", "Tuscani!", "In your face!", "Just an absolute abuse of Italian culture.", "Here is the Tuscani chicken Alfredo pasta and the Tuscani meaty marinara pasta.", "If I can't put a fine enough point on it, I do not want to eat this at all.", "This looks like a TV dinner.", "Like, this is what you eat in your apartment sitting on a folding chair, one light bulb hanging from the ceiling, eating this just right out of the oven, staring at a wall, looking at, like, cockroaches running up and down.", "Your one window has a view of a brick wall.", "The calendar on the wall is from three years ago.", "♪ Nobody wants this!", "♪ Quepapas.", "What are Quepapas, you ask?", "I don't know.", "They got jalapeños and stuff in them.", "So they're kind of like spicy tater tots.", "These to me are quintessential Pizza Hut sides.", "We got breadsticks, and we got cheese sticks.", "They both come with the marinara sauce.", "We also have a marinara sauce that you guys don't have.", "Vroom, vroom, vroom!", "Sauce Talk.", "So, here is extra sauces.", "So, if you want, you can get green chili sauce or honey syrup.", "So, the WingStreet wings you can get at Pizza Hut also come in exclusive flavors you can't get in Japan.", "Here are all the sauces.", "Spicy garlic is really good.", "Joe's sauce seal of approval.", "Teriyaki, this seems like a no-brainer, but we're not gonna leave it to chance.", "No!", "Ugh!", "I stand corrected.", "This is terrible.", "Doesn't pass.", "Garlic Parmesan.", "Oh, look, there's Parmesan on top of it.", "Oh, yeah!", "That might be the best one.", "Lemon pepper dry rub.", "Why do I have to apply it?", "Yeah, not into that, man.", "I don't get it.", "I don't know what Drake's going on about, man.", "The lemon pepper is not very good.", "Crucify me, internet!", "I don't like lemon pepper dry rub wings!", "Should I be -- I think maybe I should be rubbing it, that's what I'm doing wrong.", "Is that too much?", "Whoops.", "Yep, you were right.", "Too much.", "But it's good.", "Also, sauces, real quick, we got blue cheese.", "We got ranch.", "So, here is Japan's exclusive desserts.", "Here we've got Basque cheesecake.", "We've got Lady Borden vanilla ice cream.", "And last one, we've got Lady Borden chocolate ice cream.", "Desserts?", "We got 'em.", "In the US, you can get yourself this, a set of six Cinnabon cinnamon rolls.", "This is the triple-chocolate brownie.", "I'm starting to lose it, guys.", "All that pizza, it just hit me.", "This right here is the ultimate chocolate chip cookie.", "This is pretty funny.", "They should cut this like a pizza.", "Cinnamon sticks.", "They also come with a thing of icing.", "Gonna be my obituary photo.", "I can't believe how good that is.", "This is the Cinnabon thing.", "I want to try it now, since I had it before.", "I want to see how it compares to that.", "Cinnabon is still better.", "In Japan, our fountain drinks are Coca-Cola products.", "In the US, our soft drinks are Pepsi products.", "You know what that means.", "This is \"Soda Wars.\"", "In Japan, we have Coke, Coke Zero, and Fanta grape, and green tea, and Qoo.", "Qoo orange juice.", "Look at this face.", "Qoo!", "It has light orange taste.", "Classic Pepsi, cherry Pepsi, diet Pepsi, orange ... Crush right?", "Yeah, Orange Crush.", "Mountain Dew, and, of course, Sierra Mist.", "Which is like Mountain Dew, only so much worse.", "[thud] So, a full pizza is 2,256 calories.", "112.8% of your daily recommended value.", "Too many calories!", "Ah!", "In the US, our large cheese pan pizza has eight slices, and each slice is 360 calories.", "So for the total pizza, that's 2,880 calories.", "That's 144% of your daily calories.", "And both the fat and the sodium are each over 200% of your daily allowance.", "Japan's large Pepperoni Supreme with plump bread crust is 228 calories per slice, or 2,736 calories for the entire thing, which is 136.8% of your daily calories.", "Even more calories!", "Ah!", "This is a large US pepperoni with the pan crust.", "Man, that's a thick guy!", "One slice, 370 calories.", "So that makes the whole pizza 2,930 calories, and that has 146.5% of your daily allowance.", "Now, I would like to point out that the large pepperoni pizza is the most popular Pizza Hut pizza in the US, but not in Japan.", "Online, it ranks about the 14th most popular.", "In Japan, one of the pizzas we enjoy is the seafood mix.", "It's one of Pizza Hut's best sellers for over 20 years.", "Wow.", "So, Japan's most calorific pizza is the large toku-uma bulgogi.", "And I forgot to order large toku-uma bulgogi!", "Sorry about that.", "But this one is toku-uma bulgogi.", "And this one is smaller, but large slice pizza is 285 calories, which makes the entire large pizza on plump bread crust 3,420 calories.", "3,420 calories!", "Yabai!", "And in the US, our most calorific pizza is the meat lover's.", "I also was supposed to get the large.", "This is a medium.", "If someone in graphics could just make this pizza much bigger or me much smaller.", "One slice is 470 calories, making the total pizza, which should be eight slices, 3,760 calories.", "That's more than double your daily fat and triple your daily sodium.", "I am a glutton for punishment, but I'm not going to bite into this pizza.", "It looks like a nightmare.", "There's a few ingredients to watch out for at the Pizza Huts in the US.", "One is an ingredient found in our salad croutons.", "It is called azodicarbonamidates.", "[beep] Azo -- [beep] Azodicarbonmidee.", "[beep] Or ADA.", "It is a substance used for making vinyl foam plastics for things like yoga mats.", "And it's also in our croutons.", "I'm not quite sure why.", "The use of this additive, surprisingly enough, is not permitted in Japan.", "What?", "That's just horrible!", "Both yoga mats and salads have a connection to health.", "But US salad croutons have actually plastic.", "Yoga-mat plastic.", "How ironic.", "Also in the US you're going to want to watch out for Yellow No.", "5 aka tartrazine, which appears in these Cinnabon mini rolls.", "Oops, already ate one.", "According to the European Union, this chemical, quote, \"May have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children,\" end quote.", "It is banned in the EU.", "It's not banned here in America.", "And it is at least not allowed at any of the Pizza Huts in Japan.", "You can totally get this here in America.", "Let's get some deficit on that attention.", "\"May have adverse effect on activity and attention in children,\" I mean, it's having a horrible effect on my attention as an adult.", "[laughs] I stopped paying attention to what was coming out of my mouth moments ago.", "So.", "The Dew got Yellow No.", "5 as well.", "The Orange Crush has Yellow No.", "6 and Red No.", "40.", "Wonder if those are bad too.", "All the color things are bad.", "I have to say, this is also terrible.", "Why the hell American fast-food chains put harmful chemicals into their foods?", "Do they make their food in a chemistry laboratory or something?", "Use the kitchen.", "Hey.", "If you're new to \"Food Wars,\" hello.", "We actually have a whole nother series where we compare the US and the UK.", "You can watch every one of those episodes right now.", "Click the floating box near my head." ]

[ "Intro", "Portion Sizes", "Price", "Exclusives", "Nutrition", "Ingredients" ]

[ "Oh hey!", "My name is Mary, my channel is all about drawing and painting and art.", "And I ́m Whitney and my channel is all about story telling.", "And we are going to share some great ways for you to make simple story boards, to help you plan and tell a story with your video projects.", "So, what ́s a storyboard?", "And what ́s it good for when it comes to making videos?", "Well, a story board is a simple drawing, that ́s kind of like a comic book, for your video story and it helps you or your camera person to get the shots that you need, to help you tell a story, or make a video.", "Check out this video!", "It ́s just one shot, from the same angle, and it feels kind of, boring.", "Now, check out this video.", "The second video told a story, and had different shots with visual variety.", "And it was based on a simple story board, and you can tell because of all the different shots that tell the story.", "Let ́s start by talking about developing a simple drawing style.", "Even if you ́re not a great artist, you can still create a simple style of story board, that helps you communicate ideas.", "Story boarding is not about drawing good, ...ehm...I ́ve made some awful story boards myself.", "And I ́ve seen some awful story boards, that have done the job.", "And that ́s what it ́s all about.", "Its ́s just about communicating what ́s in your head, to people outside of your head.", "You can cut out models in magazines, and glue them on the page, you can even do things like where you have a stick figure that ́s green, that indicates one character, and a stick figure that ́s red that indicates another character.", "It doesn ́t have to be amazing.", "Story boards help you, to take a lot of words on paper, and turn them into a draft of the video.", "That way you don ́t spend too much time trying to get the shots you don ́t need, to tell your story, and you don ́t miss getting the shots you do need, to share your ideas.", "In a video I made, Space Zombie, it ́s pretty much a moving story board.", "There ́s no animation, it ́s just still images, and it begins with a shot of a spaceship, and it ́s an empty room, and then another empty room, of this spaceship.", "And then maybe a close-up of an object, or a close-up of a person.", "And your story boards are a great way, to flesh out those shots, and to decide, what is ultimately the most important thing that you need to put in your frame, when you ́re gonna make your video.", "We ́ve all read the comics, three or four boxes of cartoons that tell a story.", "Think of story boards like that.", "Draw a single box with your subject in it, to represent a shot, you want to get in your video.", "Once you string your boxes togehter, voila!", "You have a complete story board.", "Like this.", "Now let ́s go over the basics of visual language.", "Key shots and types of shots, like close medium and wide.", "So what pictures should you pick, and how should you frame them?", "Read your script and identify the key moments.", "What do you need to show?", "At the most basic level you should include the introductory shot and any major action.", "Anytime you wanna say something new or move the camera, you ́ll wanna create a new box, in your story board.", "For a close-up, a big circle with some eyes, little circles, can get the idea across.", "For an action shot, consider showing the figure in motion, using arrows to show the action.", "You can even write in the arrows to say \"Zoom\" or \"running this way\", or \"camera follows person\".", "Add what you need to add, so that it makes sense.", "Now that you are comfortable with what a story board is, and how it can help you tell a better story, it ́s time to figure out, which images you ́re actually going to draw.", "Review your script and underline, circle or highlight the parts you think will make good images to show.", "When deciding whether or not you can add the image to the story board, consider whether or not you need the parts to tell the story.", "Keep it tight, keep it fast paced, keep the audience interested.", "Especially in more long form content on YouTube, and you do that by cutting out everything that doesn ́t need to be part of the story, that doesn ́t drive the story along, that doesn ́t tell you more about the characters.", "The most recent short film I did, Haunting Ian, for instance, has very little dialogue.", "So that makes the visuals even more important.", "Every single shot counts.", "And now comes the best part.", "Just take a single piece of paper and draw one big line down the center, from top to bottom, and three lines left to right.", "Number the boxes from left to right, you draw the images you want to shoot.", "Once you created a rough story board, you can see how the whole thing fits together, to tell a bigger story.", "Imagine this were a flip book.", "would it work if you used it like that?", "Review your story board with your team, and see what ideas that they might have, that you wanna include.", "Or which images you included, that might not be clear.", "That way your audience isn ́t bored out of their gourd, having to see every single thing.", "Story telling isn ́t reality, it ́s a version of it, told with specific moments.", "And working together is a great way to help imagine what your video might be.", "And eliminate the extra shots or the things that don ́t make sense.", "There ́s nothing worse than getting halfway through and realizing, I spent half a day on that thing that I didn ́t need.", "The more homework you do at the top of the shoot, getting ready for it, the less work you have to do on set.", "Absolutely.", "Or...at your drawing board.", "Yeah, it ́s the same in traditional film making as well.", "Each shot set up takes hours and hours, it takes money, it takes time, and you really wanna make sure that everything you ́re doing on set counts.", "Yeah, if you wanna be a film ninja.", "Precisely.", "In the night, no one saw you.", "Got it.", "Good.", "In this part, let ́s chat about communicating your images to a team.", "The story board by itself won ́t get your video made.", "You have to use it as a tool to help you tell your story.", "By following like a map or blueprint on set, or by sharing it with your team.", "Set is definitely incredibly hectic, there is always a million things going on, and I have found story boards to be a great communication tool, on set.", "Because there ́s so many people coming together, to make the film or the video, that we do kind of a need a foundational common ground.", "All of them speak the same language, of visuals, and when you show them, this is what the final shot should look like, then everybody knows what they ́re working towards, and what the final product should be.", "There are a variety of story board styles, and not all story boards are the same.", "Sometimes you have a rough story board that literally just shows the basic shots, while others draw elaborate story boards, that show things happening from moment to moment.", "Basically just use what works best for you.", "Me personally, it is tough to stay completely organized on set, so I like to put all of my papers, the script, the shot list, the story board, etc, all in a clipboard, that I do not let leave my hands, as much as possible, that I can immediately refer to.", "To show anyone that I need to show, here ́s what we ́re doing.", "I ́ve also found them helpful to quickly communicate with the cast, as well.", "For any actor, I think, likes to know, what their artistry is going towards.", "Cause everybody on set is doing a very distinct job, but it all comes together to create one product.", "So, a story board is kind of the first step in taking the idea, the concept, from page to screen.", "And the next step following the story board, at least for me, is the shot list.", "You take the shot list from the script, break down the script, you label the scenes and draw them out the way you want each shot set up.", "And then, once you have your shot list, then you can specifically look at the different camera angles, or whether it will be wide, medium, close, etc.", "And all of that is easier and streamlined from the script, with the shot list.", "Because the story board does give you at least a basic general idea of how many shot setups will be needed, it ́s also helpful when you ́re putting together the production schedule, because you can figure out how many of those shot setups you can fit reasonably into one production day.", "And which order they should be in.", "I remember one instance, doing a short, ...ehm... there was a shot that I had broken down on the story board, that was not included in the shot list.", "And I realized this while going over the story boards, that, oh we ́re missing this one very crucial moment.", "Because wow, that would have been an issue to do pick-ups on later, and it ́s much better to catch something like this on set.", "Thanks to story boards, rather than having to go back and redo it later.", "Thank you so much for watching.", "If you wanna check out more videos from the Creator Academy, you can click this magical link here.", "And if you wanna see more of my videos and what I do, you can click this magical link here.", "And more of my work over here." ]

[ "Lesson Intro.", "Part 1: Developing a Simple Drawing Style.", "Part 2 :Picking your Images.", "Part 3 :Communicating Images to Your Team.", "Outro.09:23" ]

[ "Today I'm going to show you a new function in Excel that lets you get historical stock information.", "You can get daily, weekly, and monthly information, so you can easily take a look at the stock trend, how the prices are developing over time, for example.", "Now all of this requires a simple function, but I'm going to twist it a little bit so you can get a report that looks like this, where we can see the trend of multiple stocks in one view.", "Before we get started, though, a brief thanks to AlchemyJ for sponsoring today's video.", "They recently launched their latest addition to their portfolio, it's called the AlchemyJ Excel Library.", "And just to tell you quickly what it is, it's an Excel add-in that provides over 90 extended functions to Excel to accomplish different tasks.", "Now best of all this Excel library is available to download for free, you can find a download link in the description of this video.", "Now, I'm going to chat more about them towards the end, so stay tuned for that.", "Now let's analyze the stock trends I picked to see which are rising and which are falling.", "(upbeat music) Okay, so I've already added the ticker symbol for the companies I want to analyze here.", "Two important points though, before we get started.", "Number one, STOCKHISTORY is currently available in the beta channel, so it's not generally available for everyone yet who's on Office 365, but if you stay patient, it will become available, as long as you have Excel for Microsoft 365.", "Number two, you're probably wondering which exchanges are currently supported?", "Well, I have the link here.", "It's also available in the description of this video, it's going to take you to this Microsoft support page, and it tells you which exchanges are currently covered.", "So, if we scroll down, for example, you can see that India is covered.", "Okay, so now that we have these important points covered, let me show you how stock history works.", "Once we understand this function better, then we're going to create this report where we show the historical trend of prices in front of each company, and we're also going to show a mini line chart in each cell, so we can take a look at the trend in one place.", "The function you need to get historical stock information is called STOCKHISTORY.", "What you need is the stock, this is the ticker symbol, now you can type it in inside quotation marks, or you just do a cell reference.", "In this case, I have it in the cell, so I'm going to reference it.", "Next you need the start date.", "There are different ways you can give it the date, you can reference a date that's sitting in a cell, you can type in a date as text.", "So for example, let's go with 1/8/2020.", "If you don't give it an end date or any other information, what's going to happen is that the end date is going to be your start date.", "Notice the function spilled, it created two columns automatically, one is called date and the other is the closing price.", "All I had to do is type in a single function in this cell, and everything else came automatically with.", "Now let's see the other parameters that we can add here.", "So for end date, we can go with the today function, so today, bracket open bracket close, and then we have the interval.", "By default, it's daily, so you get the daily closing price returned.", "But you can also take a look at this weekly or monthly by just changing it to a one or a two.", "But, I'm just going to go with zero for daily.", "Next is whether you want to have a header or not.", "So default is to show the header, but if I go with no header, let me just show you what happens.", "I'm going to leave the formula right now.", "So if the bracket is closed, press Enter, and those headers that I had for date and price they disappear.", "But now I have daily information all the way to today's date.", "Okay, so now let's go back up and change this to a one, when I press Enter, I get the headers in there.", "So what other choices do we have?", "Well, all of these properties here are different things that you can retrieve.", "So zero is for date.", "So that's the date column here, one is close, and remember, these were the defaults.", "So if I want more than just that, so if I go with 0,1, and let's say, I also want to get the high, so that's a three, and I also want to get the volume, that's a five.", "I'm just going to type these numbers in, and then when I press Enter, I get the information that I requested using these indexes.", "If I want to have this on a weekly or a monthly basis, instead, I just have to go to the correct place, so interval was right here, and I can change this to a two.", "Let's go with monthly.", "Okay, so this is how STOCKHISTORY works.", "Now what I prefer to do instead of typing the dates in like this and hard coding them in, I prefer to either use the date function, which is more flexible here, we can give it the year, month and day, and you also don't run into problems if you're sharing your workbooks with people with different regional settings and languages.", "Another advantage of using the date function is that you can also reference cells for the different parameters.", "So here, I would type this as 2020, month one, and day would be eight, I close the bracket, press Enter, everything works, but I can also use cell references, instead of typing it in like this.", "Now, if you already have your date somewhere in a cell, you can also reference that.", "So for example, for our stocks here, let's say we want to go two years back, and we want to get monthly information.", "Let's first calculate the date that corresponds to two years ago starting from today's date.", "So we're going to be flexible and connect it to today's date.", "Well, one function I can use here is the edate function, all it needs is the start date.", "So that's going to be the today function with bracket open bracket closed, and the number of months I want to go back.", "So I'm going to go with minus 24, close bracket, press Enter, and that's my date, it's showing it as a number, I'm going to change it to a short date instead.", "Now this is going to be my starting date here.", "But I'm in this cell, I cannot change it, notice the formula is grayed out, I have to go to the top left corner, and now I can change this reference, and reference this cell instead, and then when I press Enter, I get all the stock information for the past two years, all the way to today.", "And this is monthly information now.", "In case I'm just interested in date and close, I can get rid of these additional parameter set.", "I think that's the last two and enter and I just have these.", "If you're getting errors, make sure that your ticker symbol is correct, and in case you want your data from another exchange, you can add it in before the ticker symbol.", "So by default, the stock exchange that's used is the NASDAQ one, but you can change it here.", "So let's say I want to get the Wiener Boerse, I'm going to go with XWBO, add a colon, and then add the Microsoft ticker symbol, and I get everything back in Euro from the Wiener Boerse, okay, which is in Austria.", "Okay, so I'm going to go with Control + Z to reverse that.", "Okay, so so far, so good.", "Now that we understand how the stock history symbol works, let's bring in the historical stock information for the past two years on a monthly basis for all of these and put them in front of each of these companies.", "The problem here is that the function spills vertically, I want to have everything horizontally.", "Now to be able to put everything horizontally and to make sure that the closing price is corresponding to the correct date, we have to make sure that we're working with identical dates for these stocks.", "In this case, because I'm working with monthly stock information, they're going to be identical.", "So if I, for example, let's just copy this and compare this with the Google one.", "I'm going to paste the formula in here and just drag this to Google, press Enter, and now I get the Google historical stock prices on a monthly basis.", "So notice, the dates here are identical.", "So now all I actually have to do is to transpose this information.", "So let's put this inside the transpose function and see what we get.", "When I press Enter, I get date, and I get the closing for in this case, it's for Microsoft.", "I'm getting close, but I want my formula in a way that I can just drag it out and have it apply to the rest as well.", "So let's just bring this closer.", "Remember, in the last arguments here, I can define the parameters that I want.", "So this one here, the zero is for date.", "If I don't show the date, I'm just going to hide that instead just show the closing, that's the one, right?", "That's the one here, when I press Enter, I just get the closing.", "Remember, there was also the parameter on whether I want to show headers or not, that was this one.", "So I'm going to go with no header, which is a zero.", "So now when I press Enter, I just have the prices for Microsoft.", "This means I can actually drag my formula down, once I make sure I fixed the right cell references, so A3 here, that should be a relative reference, because I want to drag it down, I want it to come down, but A1 should be an absolute reference, I'm going to press F4 and fix that the rest is fine, so when I press Enter, I can drag this down, and I have the historical stock prices all in one place.", "So let's just make sure that the cells are wide enough to show our numbers.", "What's missing, though, are my dates, I don't want to hard code these, I want these to be dynamic as well.", "So can I just copy this, let's paste it up here, I'm going to leave this on Microsoft, it doesn't really matter which of these stocks I have.", "Ultimately, I just want to show the dates here, and not the closing price.", "So remember, here, instead of one, I'm going to go with a zero.", "Now, does this work?", "When I press Enter, it doesn't work, because it doesn't just give dates back, it needs to give dates back with the closing with the volume or with something else.", "But currently, it just doesn't give dates back on its own.", "So this means I have to add something else here.", "But in this case, I can't, right?", "I get the spill error, because it's going to give me two rows, I already have information here.", "Well, if you just want one part of it back, you can put this inside the index function.", "The array is this, then we just have to tell it, what row number to return.", "I want everything in the first row because that's where my date is.", "And my column, well, I want to return every single column, so I just have to close the bracket, press Enter, and I get my dates back, right?", "So all I did was to put this inside the index function and use the row argument one to get the first row back, okay?", "So so far, so good, I'm going to put these in bold.", "Okay, so as the last step, I want to show the trend for each of these stocks.", "So let's make the cells a little bit wider, so we can see the trend better.", "Now all I need to do is go to Insert and add a sparkline to it.", "I'll go with the Line sparkline.", "My data range is this one, and the location, that's fine.", "And I have the sparkline.", "The great thing with the sparkline is that it acts just like a formula, I can drag this down, and each of these is referencing this range right here.", "Now, I can also make adjustments to this.", "Go to Sparkline, adjust the sparkline color if you want, the weight, so the size of the line, I'll just make it slightly thicker.", "I also want to add a marker color for the high point.", "So let's go with a green here, and let's go with a red color for the low points.", "Okay, so I can quickly see which stocks are rising and which ones are falling.", "Now if you're using the stock data types, which is something that we saw in a previous video, so if I go to Data here, we have the stock data types, I can convert these to official stocks, everything works as before.", "So you can work with stock data types, or you can just work with texts, by typing in the ticker symbol manually here.", "If you're interested to find out more about the stock data types, check out that previous video, I'm going to add the link to the description as well.", "As you can see, it's really easy to get historical stock info into Excel and organize it in the way that you need.", "Now I have a question for you.", "Do you work a lot with big numbers, with databases, JSON and XML?", "If you do, and you'd like to use your familiar Excel environment to work with these, then AlchemyJ's Excel library can help you.", "It was created to fill in the gaps of what's missing in Excel in this respect.", "Now usually you'd have to write your own VBA code to overcome Excel's limitations, but with this Excel add-in you get additional functions so you don't have to code it yourself.", "For example, this function here counts the number of times a pattern occurs in a string using regular expression.", "It can search a range of cells across multiple rows and columns.", "The function returns how often it found a pattern in the selected range.", "The AlchemyJ Excel library also has a range of functions for large numbers to overcome excels precision limitation of 15 digits.", "For instance, with this function, you can compare two large numbers.", "If the result is one, it means the first number is larger than the second one.", "Otherwise it's going to return minus one, if the second one is larger, or zero if the numbers are equal.", "Now there are many more handy functions like these in our AlchemyJ's Excel library.", "Check it out if you're interested.", "The link is in the description of this video.", "Let me know what you think about it.", "Thanks for watching, and I'm going to see you in the next video.", "(upbeat music)" ]

[ "How to Get Historic Stock and Currency Information in Excel", "How to Use STOCKHISTORY in Excel", "How to Use Dynamic Dates with STOCKHISTORY in Excel", "How to Prepare History Stock Data for Multiple Stocks in Excel", "How to Use Sparklines to Visualize Trends with STOCKHISTORY in Excel", "Sponsor AlchemyJ" ]

[ "- Collision theory and the Arrhenius equation are gonna be the topics in this lesson from my new \"General Chemistry\" playlist.", "My name is Chad, and welcome to \"Chad's Prep,\" where my goal is to take the stress out of learning science.", "In addition to high school and college science prep, we also do MCAT, DAT and OAT prep as well.", "I'll be sure to leave links to those courses in the description below.", "Now, I am posting several of these lessons a week, so if you want to be notified every time I post one, subscribe to the channel, click the bell notification.", "Now, we're gonna start off with collision theory, and this really gives us kind of a conceptual understanding of the requirements that need to be met at the molecular level for a chemical reaction to take place, and then we'll finish this off with the Arrhenius equation, which is gonna show the dependence of the rate constant, that lowercase K, on both the activation energy and the temperature.", "So, and we'll kind of get a little bit of a conceptual understanding, and put it in kind of a mathematical description, but we're gonna have some calculations to go with it as well.", "So let's start with collision theory, and again, collision theory is the kind of, at the molecular level, the requirements that need to take place for a chemical reaction to occur.", "The first of those requirements is there's gotta be a collision.", "So, if two molecules are gonna be reacting with each other, then they need to collide with each other.", "So that's the first part, and you can kind of see why higher concentrations of reactants generally lead to faster reactions, because if you have more reactants closer together, then they're gonna collide more often, which is gonna lead to a faster reaction.", "But that's not enough, in addition to a collision, the molecules actually have to collide when they have the proper orientation, and so we like to think of that when this collision happens, that to kind of kickstart this reaction, we're gonna have bonds breaking.", "And so it turns out in the parts of the molecule where these bonds are being broken, those are the parts that have to be involved in the collision, or else these molecules just bounce right off each other, and no reaction happens.", "And so again, you've got to have a collision, but also the molecules have to have the right orientation during that collision as well.", "But even that's not enough, it turns out they've got to have sufficient energy during this collision, so they've got to have been moving fast enough when they collide that they can break these bonds.", "And what this translates into, and relate it to something we talked about in the last lesson is they've got to have enough energy to get over that activation energy barrier.", "We often associate the activation energy in a reaction with the bonds that are being broken.", "And so a of two molecules don't have enough kinetic energy going into that collision, then they're just gonna bounce off each other again, even if they have the right orientation, so they gotta have enough energy to get over that activation energy barrier.", "So those were our three requirements.", "We got to have a collision, we've got to have the molecules in the right orientation, and they have to have enough energy to get over that activation energy barrier.", "Now you've got to understand these three parts to collision theory, but you're also gonna understand how we use this to explain from a conceptual level why reactions tend to go faster at higher temperatures.", "And so at higher temperatures, you gotta realize that on average, molecules are moving faster, their average kinetic energy goes up.", "Now, are all molecules moving faster at higher temperatures?", "No, but the average shifts towards higher kinetic energy.", "So what's really going on there, if you have molecules moving faster, well, then they're gonna collide more often.", "And so that's the first place that we're gonna see temperature play a role.", "It's just, you get a greater collision frequency is sometimes how it's worded, and that just means that collisions are happening more frequently.", "And if you have collisions more frequently, then you're gonna have more of those collisions more frequently that lead to a chemical reaction.", "But the other place temperature plays a role is in this last part with sufficient energy.", "So it turns out you can't change the proper orientation, only a certain percentage of the collisions are gonna have that right orientation, and you can't really change that by temperature.", "But what temperature is gonna do is it's gonna change, it's gonna increase the percentage of molecules that have enough energy to get over that activation energy barrier, enough change the percentage of molecule that have sufficient energy.", "And so the idea is that at any given temperature, you have a really this distribution of molecules.", "So, and what you're gonna do is shift that distribution to higher energies as you go to higher temperatures.", "And so maybe at some low temperature, only 10% of the collisions have enough energy to get over that activation energy barrier.", "But maybe you raise the temperature substantially, and now 30% of those molecules actually have enough energy to get over that activation energy when they collide.", "And so you're gonna get a faster reaction as a result, and so that's the kind of a two-fold effect of temperature.", "You get a greater collision frequency, the molecules are colliding more frequently, and you get a greater percentage of the molecules having enough energy, so to get over that activation energy barrier.", "So now we're gonna take a look at the Arrhenius equation here, and the Arrhenius equation relates the rate constant to the activation energy, and the temperature at which a reaction is carried out.", "So a couple of things you should understand about this lovely rate constant, and so the first part is that this is the same rate constant that showed up in a typical rate law.", "And so typical rate laws... (marker tapping board) looked something like this, and the rates was directly proportional to the value of the rate constant.", "So a higher rate constant led to a faster rate, and a smaller rate constant led to a slower rate.", "That's the first part you should understand.", "But you should also understand the effects of activation and energy and temperature on the value of this rate constant.", "Now, in this case, if you understand, oh yeah, you look at this lovely equation, and you see a graph that's exponential decay going down, well then props to you.", "You're in the vast minority, but you should know the impact of both activation energy on the K value and temperature on that K value, and as we just talked about a little bit ago, reactions tend to go faster at higher temperatures.", "And so as they go faster at higher temperatures, it's because you get a higher value of the rate constant.", "So it turns out a larger temperature here means you're gonna have a smaller negative number for the exponential, which actually leads to a higher value.", "Well, again, I don't care if you really understand that mathematically, but you do need to know the result here, that a higher temperature leads to a higher K value, and a higher K value is going to lead to a higher rate.", "So there's our mathematical influence of temperature on that rate.", "Now, if we look at the activation energy, it's the exact opposite.", "A larger activation energy means you have a bigger energetic hill to get over, and less molecules have enough energy to get over that hill, and so you're gonna have a smaller rate, a lower rate.", "And so in this case, it's actually through the rate constant yet again, and so a larger activation energy... (marker tapping board) is gonna lead to a smaller rate constant.", "And so the idea now is that with a larger activation energy, you have a more negative exponential, which is gonna make your K value go down.", "And again, if you can't see that mathematically, I don't care, but you definitely need to understand this relationship that a larger activation energy leads to a smaller rate constant, and that smaller rate constant leads to a slower rate.", "All right, we take a little closer look at this lovely Arrhenius equation.", "There's really two parts to this.", "You've got this first part.", "So in this first part is called the Arrhenius constant, or some people call it the pre-exponential factor since it's written before the exponential factor.", "So, and it turns out that this guy is a constant for a given reaction.", "So, but it is related to the proper orientation of the molecules when they collide.", "And there's some different geometrical spatial factors that kind of factor into it, but the big thing I want you realize, it's constant for a given reaction, and it is related to the proper orientation of the molecules.", "And so you can kind of think of it as the fraction of molecules that actually have the proper orientation when they collide.", "And so if your given reaction only 10% of the collisions have the right orientation, well then this would be 0.1.", "That's kind of how it works, and you can't really change it for that reaction under that particular mechanism.", "Now, the other part here is this exponential term, and this exponential term... is really the fraction of molecules that have enough energy to get over that activation energy barrier.", "So we saw earlier, we looked at... (marker tapping board) our reaction coordinate diagrams... (marker tapping board) so that we had an energy hill to kind of get over.", "And the idea here is that this is the fraction of molecules that actually have enough energy to get over it, and so if at a given temperature only 20% of the molecules have enough energy to get over that hill, great.", "We factor that in right here.", "And over here, if only 10% of the molecules are in the proper orientation, that gets factored in right here, and both of those combined give us effectively the rate constant.", "And so the rate is dependent upon the concentrations of the reactants, but also on this rate constant, which factors in, again, your proper orientation and sufficient energy.", "And so all of this kind of relates back to that collision theory, with higher concentrations, you get more collisions.", "So, and then this describes the proper orientation, and this guy, the fraction of molecules with sufficient energies.", "That's where that's kind of coming from.", "Now, you might see this written in a couple of different ways.", "So this is one, but we might take the log of both sides here.", "And if we take the natural log of this, you're gonna get LN of K is equal to, and if we take the LN here, it's really the product of two terms here.", "And when you've got logs of a product, you can actually split it out into separate log terms.", "(marker tapping board) And so we've got the sum of two separate log terms like this, and I'm gonna change the order here, but it turns out that natural log and exponential are inverse functions.", "They cancel each other out, and all you're left with is simply just negative EA over RT for this term, and then this one's just gonna be LN of A.", "Now I'm gonna change the order here, and I'm gonna do that for a reason.", "So I'm gonna rewrite this equation as LN of K equals negative EA.", "And instead of writing RT altogether, I'm actually gonna separate this out into 1 over T, but this essentially is just negative EA over RT, and then plus LN of A.", "(marker tapping board) Cool, and that's the way it'll commonly be presented, so most of the time students are gonna be provided with both versions here of the Arrhenius equation.", "It's not something we often have students memorize.", "I apologize if you're one of those that has to memorize it.", "So, but that's the form it's gonna be often given in, and we do that for a reason.", "So oftentimes we can now get a linear graph out of this that helps us actually solve these things like we'd do an experiment in lab, both to get the Arrhenius constant, as well as to solve for the activation energy.", "So this top graph here, this is not a linear graph.", "It's an exponential, and you get exponential decay, but for this bottom one here, if you graph the right things, you can get a straight line.", "And the idea is that we're gonna kinda match this up to the slope intercept equation of a line, Y equals MX plus B.", "And so, as long as I plot the natural log of K, not just plain K, but the natural log of K on the Y axis, and then one over temperature in Kelvin on the X axis, I will get a straight line.", "And the slope of that line is gonna equal the negative activation energy over R, and from that slope, I can determine the activation energy.", "And then the Y intercept here is gonna equal the natural log of the Arrhenius constant, and I can determine the Arrhenius constant from that.", "Now much more commonly in gen chem, we're gonna have students actually determine the activation energy, but in principle, again, you could totally determine the Arrhenius constant, and sometimes in some of the lab work, we'll have you get both, and we'll have you run a reaction, and a bunch of different temperatures, and get different values for the Arrhenius, I'm sorry, for the rate constant at different temperatures, then we'll have you plot LN of K versus 1 over T, and use the slope to get the activation energy, and that y-intercept to get the Arrhenius constant.", "Let's take a look at this graph real quick.", "Again, LN of K on the Y axis, 1 over temperature, and you gotta make sure that's in Kelvin, super important.", "And you're gonna get a graph with a negative slope.", "And in this case, this point right here is gonna equal LN of A, and you can get your Arrhenius constant from it, and then the slope on this graph M is gonna equal negative EA over R. And so, routinely, we'll give students a question on an exam in this section, and we'll give you a graph like this, and then we'll either give you the equation of the line.", "So, and if we give you the equation of the line, this would be the part to really focus on, what's the numerical value for that slope?", "Or we'll just say \"The slope is...\" and give you the slope directly, so.", "But whether we give you the equation of the line, or just give you the slope specifically, it's that slope that you really want, because you're gonna set that slope equal to negative EA over R, and then rearrange it to solve for that activation energy.", "And so whatever numerical value of this is, you're just gonna plug it in.", "But if you rearrange that, you're actually gonna get that the activation energy.", "(marker tapping board) So we're gonna multiply the other side by R, and bring the negative sign over as well.", "It's gonna equal negative slope times R, and that's how you get your activation energy.", "Now, one thing you should know here, super important, is the value of R, that's your universal gas constant, and we often give students this in a couple of different sets of units.", "And when dealing with energy, you're most commonly gonna see it given as 8.314 joules per mole, Kelvin.", "Whereas when you're dealing with like gases, like in the ideal gas chapter, you're more commonly gonna see it presented as 0.08206 liter atmospheres per mole, Kelvin.", "So, but a dealing with equation involving energy, it's much more common to use the SIU unit for energy, the joule per mole Kelvin instead.", "But that being the case, then if you use that value of R here, which is often provided for students, then your activation energy is gonna come out in units of joules per mole, but it's most commonly either provided for you in kilojoules per mole, or asked of you on an exam as an answer choice in kilojoules per mole, so, you may have to convert it.", "And again, to go from joules to kilojoules, you'd end up dividing by a thousand.", "So just keep that in mind, super important on units here.", "That'll become important in one other place, as we'll see.", "So here's the Arrhenius equation.", "Here's another version of the Arrhenius equation.", "It's this one that allows us to kind of see the relationship being linear between L and K, and 1 over T, and how we could use that to solve for the activation energy, for sure, but maybe even that Arrhenius constant.", "Now there's one other version of this equation, so that you might be given, usually not something you have to memorize, but it's one other version of this equation, and essentially, it's kind of looking, if you kind of look at where it comes from, you can kind of look at it as connecting two points on that line, and calculating the slope between them.", "And you might recall that slope is rise over run, or change in Y over change in X.", "And, well change in Y would be LN of K, and change in X, in this case, would be the change in 1 over T. And ultimately, that's where this next version of the equation comes from.", "And so, this has a few different forms it might take, but I'm gonna give you this one, LN of K1 over K2 equals EA over R, times one over, and in this case, I gave it to you as T2, minus 1 over T1.", "Cool, now this is tricky, so, but you might look at this as kind of being related to delta Y in rise over run, and this being related to delta X.", "So this is like the change in LNK, and you might be like, that doesn't it look like much of a change.", "Now, this might look like the change in 1 over T, the change being like final minus initial.", "So 1 over T2, minus 1 over T1, that makes sense.", "But this doesn't look like much of a change until you realize that this is the same thing written as LN of K1 minus LN of K2.", "And a property of logs is when you subtract separate log terms, you can combine them into one log term with division.", "And so this is the same thing as LN of K1 over K2.", "You might also realize too, that LN of K1 minus LN of K2 is exactly the negative of LN of K2 minus LN of K1.", "And so LN of K1 over K2, is this the exact negative of LN of K2 over K1.", "And you might be like, well, Chad, do you remember the slope was not actual equal to EA over R, but negative EA over R, and well, I could factor in that negative sign by flipping these over.", "I could factor in that negative sign by flipping these around as well, and so there are a few different versions of this equation depending on what you do with that negative sign, and either leaving it into the equation right here, or implementing it in one of these two places.", "So my apologies, I'm giving you just one version of this equation.", "They're all a little bit related, use whichever one you're given, but you do need to be careful.", "And the big thing is that K1 is the rate constant at temperature one, and K2 is the rate constant at temperature two.", "There are five variables in this equation.", "There is K1, K2, T1, T2, and the activation energy R is a constant.", "And with five variables in this equation, it is really common for us to give you four of them, and then say solve for the fifth.", "And if you get this question in your exam, my apologies, it is a pain in the butt.", "There are several places for you to go wrong here.", "We're gonna do an example calculation, but upfront, what you need to know is that T1 and T2 have to, have to, have to be in Kelvin, no if ands or buts.", "And then activation energy and R have to have their units of energy match.", "Activation energies are often provided to you in kilojoules per mole, but R's often given to you in units of joules per mole Kelvin.", "Either make them both joules or both kilojoules, 'cause those joules or kilojoules need to cancel when you're doing the calculation.", "Those units have to match.", "Cool, so there's the two most common places to make errors besides just plain old algebra and calculator errors, so let's look at an example here.", "All right, the question we're gonna work out here.", "If the rate constant of reaction is 0.0014 S to the minus one, seconds to the minus one at 25 degrees Celsius.", "For a reaction with an activation energy of 40 kilojoules per mole, then what is the value of the rate constant at 50 degrees celsius?", "So in this case, again, there are five variables in this equation, T1 and T2.", "We are given both of those.", "We're gonna have to convert them to Kelvin, but we're provided with both of those.", "There's two rate constants, and we're given one of those two, and then there's an activation energy, and we provided with that as well.", "And so in this case, it turns out K1 and K2, it doesn't matter which is which, it's not like K2 has to be higher than K1.", "It's actually arbitrary, and so you can choose whichever.", "And if you're solving for K, this is the worst possible scenario, because you're gonna solve for something under a natural log, and that might involve a little algebra.", "That's a little fuzzy in your mind, but in this case, if you've got the choice though, it is gonna be a little easier to solve for K1 in the numerator than it would be for K2 in the denominator, just purely from an algebra standpoint.", "So I'm gonna make K1 the rate constant at 50 degrees Celsius, and I'm gonna make K2 the rate constant at 25 degrees Celsius.", "And so I just have to be careful that if K2 is the rate constant 25 degrees Celsius, then I have to make sure that I convert 25 degrees Celsius to 290 at Kelvin, and plug that in for T2 right here.", "Let's see how this works out.", "So, LN of K1 all over 0.0014 S to minus one equals EA over R, and in this case, I've got 40 kilojoules.", "I'll write this is a little different, (marker tapping board) per mole over 8.314 joules per mole Kelvin, we'll stop there for a second.", "This is, again, one of those commonplaces students make a mistake, because the activation energy, as it was supplied, was in kilojoules per mole.", "The R values typically given to you is gonna be in joules per mole Kelvin, These need to match, you need to convert one or the other, and whether you want to convert 40 kilojoules per mole to 40,000 joules per mole, or if you want to convert 8.31 for joules per mole Kelvin to 0.008314 kilojoules per mole Kelvin, it is your choice.", "My preference though is to convert 40 kilojoules to 40,000 joules instead.", "And that's what I'm gonna do here, so that this works out properly.", "So we'll make this 40,000 joules per mole, and then we've got one over T2 minus 1 over T1.", "And again, we said K1 was gonna match up with T1 and then K2 is gonna match up with T2, and then K2 is the one I plugged in that corresponds to 25 degrees Celsius, which corresponds to 298 Kelvin.", "Oh, that's... yeah, that's the right one.", "I almost got that backwards myself.", "See, I told you it's tricky.", "And then finally 1 over T1, well in this case, 50 degrees Celsius is 323 Kelvin.", "(marker tapping board) And here we go, so let's pull up the calculators, and I have one here somewhere.", "All right, so first thing I'm gonna do here is do 1 over 298 minus 1 over 323.", "So 1 divided by 298 minus 1 divided by 323, and then I'm gonna get an answer, but I'm not gonna stop there.", "I'm gonna then multiply this by this ratio, so times 40,000, and divided by 8.314.", "And now I'm gonna stop there, and that's 1.2496.", "(marker tapping board) And that's what the LN of K1 over 0.0014 is going to equal.", "Okay, so now we've got to solve for something that is under the natural log, and so we got to get rid of that natural log.", "And the way we get rid of that is by remembering to get the exponential was the inverse function here.", "And so, we're gonna take E to this power here, and E to this power here on both sides, but here it's gonna cancel, and so we're gonna be left with K1 over 0.0014, equals either the 1.2496.", "So I'm gonna work that out, so in this case, E to that last answer in my calculator, is 3.49.", "(marker tapping board) Cool, and I'll just multiply that up by the 0.0014, and we're gonna get K1 equal to... 0.00488.", "(marker tapping board) I probably actually should only give this in two SIG figs since the original one was only given in two SIG figs, so we'll round this to point .0049.", "Cool, so by going from 25 degrees Celsius to 50 degrees Celsius, an increase in temperature, yes, the K value got bigger, and in this case, roughly three and a half times bigger.", "So once again, lots of places you can go askew on this one, make sure your temperatures are in Kelvin, make sure activation energy and R are in the same units.", "And then if you're solving for something under the law, you gotta remember that it's the exponential that's gonna allow you to do that.", "Now, if you found this lesson helpful, then smile at a random stranger, and have a great day.", "And if you're looking for any practice on problems in kinetics, check out my general chemistry master course, I'll leave a link in the description, pretrials available, happy studying." ]

[ "Lesson Introduction", "Collision Theory", "Introduction to the Arrhenius Equation", "Arrhenius Plot", "Calculations with the Arrhenius Equation" ]

[ "AMD’s Big Navi presentation came out on October 28th , and for the first time in a number of years, AMD appears to have been able to match their competitors’ best in terms of raw performance.", "3 graphics cards were announced.", "The focus of the presentation was the Radeon 6800 XT, which was shown trading blows with Nvidia’s 3080, which happened to be the focus of their presentation a month or so ago.", "The 6800 XT looks to be competitive with it at both 1440p and 4K resolutions.", "AMD are definitely marketing it as a 4K-capable card, and its launch price is set at $650, which is 50 dollars below the price the Geforce 3080 is meant to start at.", "As well as this, the 6800 XT by default consumes 20 watts less power, but has a RAGE overclocking button that improves its performance but presumably will consume considerably more power as well.", "They showed some results from this, but bear in mind these were are also using a ‘Smart Access Memory’ feature which I’ll talk about later, and most importantly, they didn’t say how much of the performance increase was from this, and how much was from RAGE.", "But let’s just say that, if you want to replicate the performance shown here, you’ll need to be using a new Ryzen processor and motherboard as well.", "The second card they mentioned was the cheaper Radeon 6800, but even that one comfortably beat the previous gen flagship Geforce 2080 TI by 18%.", "Again, this was done using the Smart Access Memory feature, so without knowing how much of a difference that feature makes, I can’t say how the 6800 will perform in other computer setups.", "While it was compared to the 2080 TI in benchmarks, it’s a lot more relevant to compare the vanilla Radeon 6800 with Nvidia’s new 3070, which launches tomorrow... and which was reviewed yesterday.", "I suspect this was a deliberate choice by Nvidia to sandwich this AMD announcement between Nvidia news.", "But from what I can see, these 2 cards don’t appear to directly compete with each other.", "For a start, the 6800 is $80 more.", "This is an odd choice in my opinion.", "I guess it’s been done to make the 6800 XT more desirable, but when Nvidia’s Geforce 3070 is such excellent value for money I just don’t see the 6800 remaining at $580 for long.", "As well as the price premium, it consumes 30 watts more power than the 3070, and maybe, if it’s 18% faster than the 2080 TI the 6800 could be a bit faster than the 3070 as well.", "But if there’s going to be a price-war anywhere then I expect it to happen between these two cards.", "Just days before the Radeon 5000 launch there was a bit of a price war so, depending on how the 6800 fares in reviews I wouldn’t be surprised if prices shifted in the lead-up to its launch next month.", "Near the end of the presentation, Lisa Su revealed the last, and fastest card of the 3: the 6900 XT.", "This is Big Navi, fully unlocked, and when overclocked, seems capable of matching or even slightly beating Nvidia’s top of the line Geforce 3090 card.", "The manner in which the 6900 XT was presented was very much like how Jensen announced the 3090, too.", "They don’t seem to be the ‘focus’ of the presentation.", "The way they’re slipped in at the end almost seems like these cards are intended to be ‘beyond’ flagship performance, serving as the companies’ halo products.", "And for beyond-flagship prices.", "Lisa used this opportunity to take a few swipes at the 3090 though, first remarking on how the 6900 XT didn’t need to be any bigger than the 6800 to deliver this level of performance (While the 3090 does) ‘...and you’ll see that it’s actually relatively compact for all of the performance it delivers.", "It’s actually the same size as our 6800 XT card.’ ...and also by announcing it will launch for $1000, which is $500 less than the 3090 currently sells for.", "These are both cards priced beyond what most gamers are able to spend.", "For most people, it shouldn’t matter how these top of the line cards perform.", "But inevitably it does.", "Having a top performing card improves a company’s reputation in the eyes of consumers.", "By being unable to match Nvidia’s best, for generations AMD may have been seen as an underdog.", "But now AMD is able to compete at the ultra high-end it may have a benefit to how people perceive their product lineup as a whole.", "This is the first time in years that AMD can claim to have matched Nvidia’s best.", "Recent attempts, like the Radeon 7, Vega 64 and FuryX, have fallen short, competing better with Nvidia’s second fastest offerings.", "The last time AMD could claim to have been ahead in performance was with the Radeon 290X, way back in 2013.", "And even that was a short-lived victory.", "So this is why the 6000 series is such an important moment for AMD’s graphics division.", "They haven’t looked so competitive since their 7000 series.", "Lol.", "As well as fast performance, all 3 of these cards have a generous 16 GB of VRAM, which is more than what the Geforce 3070 and 80 currently offer.", "The 3070 has 8 and the 3080 has 10.", "But this is something the cards have been criticised for by some people, who don’t think it’s enough RAM to be future-proof, especially as the next generation of consoles will be coming out with plenty of VRAM.", "So for those people, the new Radeon 6000 cards will certainly look appealing, and I wouldn’t be surprised if Nvidia at some point announces Geforce 3070 and 80 cards with more VRAM, in order to compete.", "This isn’t something that the Geforce 3090 needs to worry about though, since that comes with a huge 24 GB of VRAM.", "I feel bad that, even though it’s AMD’s launch, I’m mentioning Nvidia’s cards just as much.", "It’s inevitable really, given that they were first to launch.", "But I think AMD deserves a bit where I just talk about them, and what they’ve managed to accomplish with this generation.", "So here it is.", "With this generation, AMD hasn’t just upped performance.", "They’ve also integrated more features.", "Most important of these is raytracing, which wasn’t covered as much as I hoped in this presentation, but they did at least suggest support for it, though we’ll have to wait a bit longer to see what the cards are capable of here.", "‘Realtime raytraced shadows allow us to introduce additional shadow-casting lights into the scene...’ ‘Here you can see raytracing evident in how the shadows are interacting with your character.’ AMD’s main focus was on a number of DirectX 12 features, which they’ve included under their FidelityFX umbrella.", "And there was mention of a reduced latency feature which they’re calling Radeon Boost.", "There was a time when performance was king, but the extra features that come along with it are growing increasingly important with every generation so I wasn’t surprised to see so much emphasis on these.", "Because it’s getting to the point where some features can command a price-premium in the eyes of consumers.", "Drivers will also be an important area to improve upon.", "The 5000 series definitely damaged AMD’s reputation, with numerous reports of black-screening and other problems.", "This is not something you want from an expensive new piece of hardware so I’m hoping for AMD’s sake that they’ve majorly improved the drivers in time for this release- I know already that there will be people who will avoid the 6000 series just because of the reputation AMD’s drivers have.", "The efficiency of the cards is also important to mention.", "Typically, graphics cards rely on smaller nodes to advance efficiency.", "But AMD was already on 7 nm before this generation.", "So to be able to claim 50% better efficiency this time around is a great achievement!", "Compared with their previous generation, under very specific conditions, the 6800 XT delivers (a rather suspicious looking) 54% more performance per watt, and the 6900 XT offers 65% more.", "They showed a breakdown of where these improvements came from, which comes down to adjustments to the card’s design, like the 128 MB of super-fast infinity cache, which I don’t have much to say about but it sounds like a clever way of getting more out of less.", "And perhaps some of this efficiency improvement is down to sneaky adjustments to how efficiency is measured in the first place.", "Both XT cards, by default, seem rated for 300 watts, and I think this is the power rating at which the efficiency improvements have been calculated at.", "But these cards also have a RAGE setting which overclocks them at the click of a button, squeezing a bit more performance from them.", "This will no doubt come with disproportionately more power consumption, but it is nice to know you have the choice between improved efficiency or more performance.", "All in all, I would say that the 6000 series has surpassed my expectations.", "After the teased performance at the start of the month, I was expecting Big Navi to match the Geforce 3080, but I wasn’t expecting them to be able to compete up to the 3090 level.", "So that’s excellent.", "But remember: we are going by AMD’s own slides here.", "And while I don’t expect them to lie, I do expect them to show their products in the best possible light.", "So here are the things that concern me from the presentation.", "We still haven’t seen raytraced performance.", "In the presentation they briefly mention it while showing some not very impressive gameplay footage.", "I was hoping they’d make a bigger deal about this feature, perhaps dedicating a section of the presentation to it, instead of only talking about it in passing.", "This past year or so, raytracing has become an important feature in PC gaming, and a fundamental part of the next generation of consoles.", "It seems odd to avoid it when talking about new graphics cards, especially in the high-end!", "My fear is that this was done because Nvidia are ahead of AMD here.", "But I guess we’ll have to wait for benchmarks.", "My next concern- well, it’s less of a concern and more of a curiosity.", "I want to know how they’re going to counter Nvidia’s DLSS feature.", "It’s no secret that I really, really like DLSS.", "It intelligently upscales images to provide anti-aliasing, more detail and higher framerates.", "It’s like magic, really.", "But it’s supported by just a few games at the moment.", "AMD may actually be in a better position to make a smart upscaler, since these new RDNA 2 graphics cards are powering the next generation of console games, many of which will be raytraced and upscaled.", "Surely it wouldn’t take much to bring those features across to desktop!", "They briefly cover ‘Super Resolution’ in the video, hinting that it’ll be an optional setting to give users more performance when using raytracing.", "Yeah, that sounds similar to DLSS in function to me!", "They also talked about optimised denoising, which is used to improve the quality of real-time raytracing.", "And on top of this they mentioned their FidelityFX features, which I guess will also be used to enhance visual clarity in games.", "They’re taking a leaf out of Nvidia’s book here.", "Nvidia likes to give technologies an Nvidia-only branded name, like RTX and G-Sync.", "AMD has similar technologies- they’re just called DXR and freesync, and anyone can use them.", "So in a way I feel like they’ve had to push ‘FidelityFX’ to give their brand the same premium feature appeal as Nvidia’s been doing for years.", "I don’t even know if any of these things are AMD-exclusive, they’re all part of the DX12 standard.", "But I’m happy in a way that AMD’s at least trying to make them sound exclusive.", "I’m looking forward to seeing how much of an improvement these features can have on performance and visuals in games.", "And last, SMART ACCESS MEMORY!", "While it sounds like a GOOD feature, I worry for what it means for users who don’t have support for it.", "They didn’t say how much of the performance increase was from RAGE, and how much was from SAM, so my worry is that SAM has helped AMD to beat Nvidia in these benchmarks, and that users with different PC setups won’t be able to replicate that level of performance if they upgrade to one of the new Radeon 6000 cards.", "In short: ‘SAM’ requires a Radeon 6000 series card, a Ryzen 5000 series processor, and a 500 series motherboard, and it sounds like it lets the CPU access the GPU’s memory to somehow improve gaming performance.", "But beyond that, very little has been said about it.", "So I guess we’ll just have to wait and see.", "But at least now we have performance figures, and 2 of these new cards will be out in under a month.", "As usual, wait for benchmarks!", "While 2020 won’t be remembered as a ‘good’ year, it’s been an excellent year for computer hardware.", "Good guy AMD for giving us a reason to stay inside." ]

[ "The new cards", "Halo product", "Other features", "Efficiency", "Things to consider" ]

[ "Now that we've learned the basics of file and directory navigation, let's learn how we can display and edit files, search for text within files and more.", "In the Windows GUI, if we want to open a file and view its contents, we can just double click on the file.", "Depending on the file type, it will open on a default application.", "In Windows, text files default to open in an application called notepad.", "But we can change this if we want to.", "To change the default application that opens files, just right click and click Properties.", "Under 'Open with', we can change the application to another text editor, like Word Pad.", "Most of the files that we'll be dealing with throughout this course, will be text and configuration files.", "So, let's just focus on those files instead of images, music files, etc.", "Viewing the contents of a file in PowerShell is simply using the 'cat' command, which stands for concatenate.", "Let's give it a try.", "This will dump the contents of the file into our shell.", "This isn't the best solution for a file since it just keeps writing the content until the whole file is displayed.", "If we want to view the contents of the file one page at a time, we can use the 'more' command, like this.", "The 'more' command will get the contents of the file but will pause once it fills the terminal window.", "Now, we can advance the text at our own pace.", "When we run the 'more' command, were launched into a separate program from the shell.", "This means that we interact with the more program with different keys.", "The Enter key advances the file by one line.", "You can use this if you want to move slowly through the file.", "Space advances the file by one page.", "A page in this case depends on the size of your terminal window.", "Basically, 'more' will output enough content to fill the terminal window.", "The q key allows you to quit out of 'more' and go back to your shell.", "If we want to leave the 'more' command and go back to our shell, we can just hit the q key.", "Here we are.", "Now, what if we just wanted to view part of the file?", "Let's say we want to quickly see what the first few lines of the text file are.", "We don't really want to open up the whole file.", "Instead, we just want to get a glimpse of what the document is.", "This is called the head of the file.", "To do this, we can go back to 'cat' and add the -Head parameter.", "This will show us the first 10 lines of the file.", "Now, what if we wanted to view the last few lines or the tail of the file?", "I bet you can guess what you are going to do.", "This will show us, by default, the last ten lines of the file.", "Again, these two commands don't seem like they have any immediate use to you yet.", "We'll see their benefits when we work with logs in an upcoming lesson.", "Now, let's take a look at how to do these same tasks in Linux.", "To read a simple file in Bash, we can also use the cat command to view a document.", "So let's look at important document.", "The cat command is similar to the Windows cat command, since it doesn't do a great job at viewing large files.", "Instead, we use another command, less.", "Less does a similar thing that more does for Windows, but it has more functionality.", "Fun fact, there's a Bash command called more, but it's been slowly dying out in favor of less.", "It's literally a case of less is more.", "Similar to more, when we use less we're launched into an interactive shell.", "Some of the most common keys you'll use to navigate this tool are the up and down keys, page up and page down.", "g, this moves to the beginning of a file.", "You can see now we're at the beginning.", "Capital G, this moves to the end of a text file.", "Now we're at the end.", "Slash and then a word_search.", "This allows you to search for a word or phrase.", "If I type in slash then type the word I want to search for, I can scan through the text file for words that match my search.", "Q, this allows you to quit out of less and go back to your shell, similar to the q key in the Windows more command.", "Do you see how less offers functionality like searching within a file?", "Less is a great tool to use to view files of any size.", "You'll no doubt end up using this command often as an IT support specialist.", "Similar to the Windows cat and head parameter, we can do the same thing in Linux using a command called head.", "This will show you, by default, the first ten lines of a file.", "Now what if you wanted to view the last few lines of a file?", "You can use a command called tail.", "This will show you, by default, the last ten lines of a file.", "So far, we've discussed how to read and modify files.", "But we haven't covered how to edit file contents yet.", "Spoiler alert, you're about to learn.", "You can edit text based files in notepad, which we used earlier to view a text file.", "Notepad is great for basic editing.", "But when making changes to configuration files, scripts, or other complex text files, you might want something with more features.", "There are lots of good editors out there for the Windows GUI.", "For this demonstration, we'll use one called Notepad++.", "Notepad++, which you can access from the next supplemental reading, is an excellent open source text editor, with support for lots of different file types.", "Notepad++ can open multiple files and tabs.", "It also does syntax highlighting for known file types, and has a whole bunch of advanced text editing features.", "Syntax highlighting is a feature that a lot of text editors provide.", "It displays text in different colors and fonts to help you categorize things differently.", "We've already installed Notepad++ on our machine.", "So, you can check out their website and do the same.", "Now, you can edit any file using Notepad++ by right clicking it and selecting edit with Notepad++.", "What if you wanted to edit a file from the CLI?", "Unfortunately, there's no good default editor in the Powershell terminal.", "But we can launch our Notepad++ text editor from the CLI and begin modifying text that way.", "So start, Notepad++, and then just a filename.", "As you can see, it opened up Notepad++, and asked if I wanted to create this file.", "If you'd like to read about text editors that you can specifically use in the CLI, check out the supplemental reading on an advanced text editor called Vim.", "In Linux, there are many popular text editors that we can use to modify files.", "We won't have enough time to cover them all.", "So let's just focus on one editor that can be found on virtually any distribution, Nano.", "Nano is an extremely lightweight but useful text editor.", "We've included it in the supplementary readings after this video, so go check it out.", "To edit a file in Nano, just type Nano then the file name.", "Once we do that, we'll be launched into the Nano program.", "From here, we can start editing content as we normally would with any other text editor.", "At the bottom of the screen, you'll notice a few options like caret G and caret K. The caret means to use Ctrl-G or Ctrl-K. We won't talk about all these options, but a few that might be useful are Ctrl-G, which helps open up a help page, and Ctrl-X which is used when you want to save your work or exit Nano.", "Let's go ahead and edit this file, then save our changes.", "It's asking me if I want to save the file or exit and discard my changes.", "I'm just going to hit Y because I want to save them.", "Once I do that, I'll be exited from Nano.", "Let's verify we actually changed that file.", "There it is.", "Nano is a super useful tool if you need a quick text editor in Linux.", "But if you want to be a true OS power user, I recommend that you read the supplemental material I've included to learn more about the text editors that are used in the industry, like Vim or Emacs.", "So far in this course we have been using command aliases in PowerShell.", "PowerShell is a complex and powerful command language, that's also super robust.", "We've been able to use common aliases, that are exactly the same as their Linux counterparts.", "But from here on out, we'll need to deploy some advanced command line features, so we'll need to look at real PowerShell commands.", "You've already seen an example of a real PowerShell command, Get-Help, which is used to see more information about commands.", "There's another PowerShell command that we can use to look at one of our aliases, that we've been using as our list directory.", "To see what the actually PowerShell command is that gets executed, we can use the PowerShell command, Get-Alias.", "Interesting when we call LS, we are calling the PowerShell command Get-ChildItem, it gets or lists the children which are the files and sub directories of the given item.", "Let us actually run this Get-ChildItem command with the item C:\\.", "You'll see this is the same output as, ls C:\\.", "Cool.", "PowerShell commands are very long and descriptive, which makes them easier to understand.", "But it does mean a lot of extra typing, when you're working interactively at the CLI.", "Aliases for common commands are a great way to work more quickly in PowerShell.", "We've been using them up to this point to help us hit the ground running with the command line.", "In Windows, you pretty much have three different ways you can execute commands.", "You can use real PowerShell commands, or the relatable alias names.", "Another method that we've mentioned, but haven't really talked about yet is cmd.exe commands.", "Cmd.exe commands are commands from the old MS-DOS days of Windows.", "But they can still be run do to backwards compatibility.", "Keep that in mind, that they aren't as powerful as PowerShell commands.", "An example of a cmd.exe command is dir.", "Which coincidentally points to the PowerShell command Get-ChildItem, which is also where, ls Alias gets pointed to.", "Remember the PowerShell command Get-Help, well there's a command parameter that you can use to get help with command.ext commands, /?.", "Keep the difference in mind, Get-Help is used for PowerShell commands like Get-Help ls, and /?, is used for other commands like dir/?.", "If I tried to use, ls/?, it will return nothing, because the PowerShell command that ls is an alias of, doesn't know how to handle to the parameter /?, and vice versa.", "You're free to use whatever commands you feel comfortable with.", "But in this course we're going to use common aliases, and PowerShell commands.", "You've probably had to search for words in a text document before.", "Whether it was to find and replace words or for something else.", "Most text editors work the same way when it comes to finding words in the document.", "All you need to do is Ctrl+F to search for the word.", "Pretty simple right?", "But what if you wanted to see if a word existed in multiple files?", "There are a few ways we can do this.", "Let's talk about the GUI options and then we'll turn to PowerShell and learn how to search for words from the CLI.", "Windows has a service called the Windows Search Service.", "This service indexes files on your computer by looking through them on a schedule.", "It then compiles a list of names and properties of the file that it finds into a database.", "This is a time consuming and resource intensive process.", "So on many Windows Servers, those search service isn't installed or is disabled.", "On Windows 8 and Windows 10 desktop computers, It's often enabled for files in your home directory, but not for the entire hard drive.", "By default, the Windows Search Service will let you find files based on their name, path, the last time they were modified, their size, or other details, but by default you can't search for words inside the files.", "The Windows Search Service can be configured to search file contents and their properties.", "This increases the amount of time that it takes for the indexer to do its work.", "It's sort of like the computer is doing all of the searches that you might want to do ahead of time and then you just have to look up the result.", "Let's configure the service to index file contents and see what it looks like.", "The settings we're looking for are in the Control Panel, but we can use the Start menu to find the settings we need faster.", "Open the Start menu and then type indexing.", "You'll see the Indexing Options in your results of the search, click on that.", "Now you want to change the settings for the user folder which is where all the home directories are stored.", "Select Users and then click Indexed.", "Now select the File Types tab, and select Index Properties and File Contents.", "Click Okay.", "Now close out of the indexing options.", "When you do this, the Windows Search Service will start to rebuild the index based on your new settings.", "This could be super fast or could take while.", "It all depends on how many files you have and how large they are.", "On this system, I've already let the re-indexing complete.", "Now I can use Windows Explorer, my home directory, to find files that have a specific word in them.", "Let's search for the word cow.", "The results turn up farm animals and ranch animals dot text.", "Awesome, we can see the word cow in this text file.", "If you don't want to use the Windows Search Service, we can also use Notepad++, the editor that we installed in an earlier lesson.", "From Notepad++, press Ctrl+Shift+F to open the Find in Files dialog.", "From here, we can specify what you want to find and what files you want to search.", "You can limit your search to a specific directory, to a specific set of file extensions and you can even actually replace the word with another one from here.", "So lets search for the word cow again and this time I'll search on my home directory.", "Find all, there we go.", "Now it returns farm animals and ranch animals.", "If we can't or don't want to use a GUI, we can search for words within files from the command line.", "In PowerShell, we're going to use the SLS or Select-String command to find words or other strings of characters and files.", "You can think of strings as a way for the computer represent text.", "You'll learn more about this in out IT automation Course The Select-String command lets you search for text that matches a pattern you provide.", "This could be a word, part of a word, a phrase or more complicated patterns that are described using a pattern matching language called Regular Expressions.", "in that same course, you'll also learn more about regular expressions Keep in mind that this is a really powerful capability that we're just scratching the surface of.", "So here we're going to search for a word in a file in my home directory.", "Let's search for the word cow again.", "You'll see that Select-String found cow and it tells you the file and the line number where it found it.", "Excellent, if you wanted to search through several files in a directory, you can use pattern matching to select them.", "Remember the wildcard character asterisk for selecting all, we can use that here as well.", "Now we can see that it found farm animals and ranch animals.", "Select-String can do lots of other things too.", "We'll get a chance to see that in later lessons.", "Being able to find a string in a file or a set of files, it's going to be a critical skill for you on this course and in your IT support work.", "It's also an important tool that we're going to learn to combine with other tools to do really powerful things from the CLI.", "What if we wanted to search for something within a directory, like looking for just the executables in that same directory.", "This is where the command parameter -filter comes in.", "I'm just going to LS my programs files here with the -recurse, -filter and look for exes.", "Well, that's lots of exes.", "The -filter parameter will filter the results for file names that match a pattern.", "The Asterisk means match anything.", "And the.exe Is the file extension for executable files in windows.", "So the only results we're going to get are the files that end in.exe.", "Cool.", "In Bash, we can search for words within files that match a certain pattern using the grep command.", "What if you wanted to know of a certain file existed in a directory or if a word was in a file?", "Similar to the PowerShell select-string command, we can use the grep command in Bash.", "Let's search for the word cow in farm animals.", "You'll see that grep found cow in the text file, farm animals.", "You can also use grep to search through multiple files.", "Let's use the asterisk wildcard command here.", "And you can see that it found cow in farm animals and ranch animals.", "You'll be using grep a lot throughout this course and in later courses, so it's an important command to remember.", "All right, we've learned a bunch of individual, very powerful tools.", "These are the most important day-to-day commands that you'll need to work in PowerShell.", "Now, we're going to learn how to combine these tools to make them even more powerful.", "Let's run the following command in our desktop directory.", "Then we'll break it down piece by piece.", "Scan cd into my desktop directory.", "Okay, I go woof > dog.txt.", "Will do an LS to check our desktop, and we'll now see a file called dog.txt.", "Inside that file, we should see the word, woof.", "Oh, there it is.", "What's happening here?", "Let's take a closer look, echo woof.", "In PowerShell, the echo is actually an alias for Write-Output.", "That gives us a clue to what's happening.", "We know the echo command prints out our keyboard input to the screen.", "But how does this work?", "Every Windows process and every PowerShell command can take input and can produce output.", "To do this, we use something known as I/O streams or input output streams.", "Each process in Windows has three different streams: standard in, standard out, and standard error.", "It's helpful to think of these streams like actual water streams in a river.", "You provide input to a process by adding things to the standard in stream, which flows into the process.", "When the process creates output, it adds data to the standard out stream, which flows out of the process.", "At the CLI, the input that you provide through the keyboard goes to the standard in stream of the process that you're interacting with.", "This happens whether that's PowerShell, a text editor, or anything else.", "The process then communicates back to you by putting data into the Standard out stream, which the CLI writes out on the screen that you're looking at.", "Now, what if instead of seeing the output of the command on the screen, we wanted to save it to a file?", "The greater than symbol is something we call a redirector operator that lets us change where we want our standard output to go.", "Instead of sending standard out to the screen, we can send a standard out to a file.", "If the file exists, it'll overwrite it for us.", "Otherwise, it'll make a new file.", "If we don't want to overwrite an existing file, there's another redirector operator we can use to append information, greater than, greater than.", "So let's see that in action, echo woof >> dog.txt.", "Now, if I look at my dog.txt file again, we can see that woof was added again.", "But, what if we wanted to send the output of one command to the input of another command?", "For this, we're going to use the pipe operator.", "First, let's take a look at what's in this file.", "cat words.txt.", "Look at that, it's a list of words.", "Now, what if we want to just list the words that contain the string st?", "We can do what we've done before and just use select-string or SLS on the file directly.", "This time, let's use the pipeline to pass the output of cat to the input of select-string.", "So cat words.txt | select-string st. And now, we can see a list of words with the string st. To tie things together, we can use output redirection to put our new list into a file.", "So now, greater than, and then a new file called st words.txt.", "Now, if I cat st words.txt, yup, there it is.", "That's just a very basic example of how you can take several simple tools and combine them together to do complex tasks.", "Okay, now we're going to learn about the last I/O redirector, standard error.", "Remember when we tried to remove a restricted system file earlier and we got an error that said permission denied?", "Let's review that once more.", "This time, I'm going to remove another protected file, rm secure_file.", "We see errors like we're supposed to.", "But what if we didn't want to see these errors?", "Turns out, we can just redirect the output of error messages in a different output stream called standard error.", "The redirection operator can be used to redirect any of the output streams, but we have to tell which stream to redirect.", "So, let's type, rm secure_file 2> errors.txt.", "If I look at errors.txt, I can see the error message that we just got.", "So, what does the two mean?", "All of the output streams are numbered.", "One is for standard out, which is the output that you normally see, and two is for standard error or the error messages.", "Heads up, PowerShell actually has a few more streams that we aren't going to use in this lesson.", "But they can be redirected in the same way.", "You can read more about them in the supplemental reading right after this video.", "So when we use two greater than, we're telling PowerShell to redirect the standard error stream to the file instead of standard out.", "What if we don't care about the error messages, but we don't want to put them in a file?", "Using our newly learned redirector operators, we can actually filter out these error messages.", "In PowerShell, we can do this by redirecting standard error to $null.", "What's $null?", "Well, it's nothing.", "No, really.", "It's a special variable that contains the definition of nothing.", "You can think of it as a black hole for the purposes of redirection.", "So let's redirect the error messages this time to $null, rm secure_file 2> $null.", "Now, our output is filtered from error messages.", "There's still much more to learn if you're interested.", "Try Get-Help about_redirection in PowerShell to see more detail.", "It may take a little time to get the hang of using redirector operators.", "Don't worry, that's totally normal.", "Once you do start to get used to them, you'll notice your command full skills level up and your job becomes a little easier.", "Now, let's take a look at output redirection in Linux.", "Similar to Windows, we have three different I/O or input-output streams: standard out, standard in and standard err.", "Remember the standard out example in the last lesson?", "Well, the same concept applies in Linux.", "We echo the text woof here, but instead of sending it to our screen by default, we're going to redirect the output to a file using the standard out redirector operator.", "Let's verify and there it is.", "This overrides any file named dog.text with the content woof.", "If we don't want to overwrite an existing file, we can use the append operator or greater than greater than.", "So, echo woof, dog.text.", "We could verify that.", "There it is.", "One redirector operator that we talked about in the Windows lesson, but didn't show an example of, was the standard in redirector operator.", "The standard in redirector is denoted by a less than sign.", "Instead of getting input from the keyboard, we can get input from files like this.", "This command is exactly the same as cat file_input.", "The difference here is that we aren't using our keyboard input more, we're using the file as standard in.", "Finally, similar to Windows, the last redirector operator we'll talk about is standard err.", "Standard err displays error messages which you can get by using the two greater than, redirector operator.", "Just like Windows, the two is used to denote standard err.", "So, to redirect just the error messages of some output, you can use something like this, ls/ dir/ fake_dir 2> error_output.text.", "Now, if I view that, new document.", "Now, we can see the error message in error output.text.", "Remember the dollar sign null variable that we used in Windows to toss unwanted output into a metaphorical black hole?", "We have something like that in Linux too.", "There's a special file in Linux called the /dev/null file.", "Let's say we want to filter out the error messages in a file and just want to see standard out messages.", "We could do something like this.", "Now, our output is filtered from error messages.", "Remember how we talked about taking the output of one command and using it as the input of another command, with the Windows pipeline?", "Well, the same thing exists in Linux.", "The pipe command allows us to do this.", "Let's say we want to see which sub-directories in the slash etc directory contain the word Bluetooth.", "We can do something like this.", "We're using the pipe redirector to take the output of ls-la/etc and pipe or send it to the grep command.", "Now, without even looking through the directory, we're able to quickly see if the Bluetooth directory is in here.", "There it is.", "You've gotten a glimpse of the power of redirectors and as you dive deeper into the world of Linux, you'll be using them at regular basis.", "They're super valuable tools to have and now, they're part of your toolkit.", "You've learned a lot of commands and tools to help lay a strong foundation for IT support work.", "There are many other commands that you haven't seen yet.", "Don't worry, we'll get to them as they come up.", "As you advance in your career, you might even discover that the tools and commands you're using aren't powerful or efficient enough anymore.", "Maybe you'll want to search through files using more complex patterns.", "To do that, you'll need to know about tools like regular expressions.", "Regular expressions are used to help you do advance pattern based selection.", "There's also so much more to power shell.", "There are excellent videos and articles that can guide you from the first steps you've learned here to being a Windows CLI master.", "If this sounds interesting to you, we really encourage you to check out the supplementary reading right after this video.", "And no, we won't grade you on your knowledge of this material in these courses, but it could be really useful to you in the IT support field.", "You've done some seriously awesome work.", "We've covered a lot of information in this lesson.", "Maybe this was the first time you've been exposed to Linux or Windows.", "If so, you've already passed a huge milestone in your learning journey.", "It's super important that you're able to use the commands you learned here by memory.", "I hope you wrote them down in your notes while watching the videos in this course.", "Next up, we'll be testing you on some of the new commands you learned in Bash and Windows CLI.", "Make sure to re-watch the videos and practice the exercises, if you want a refresher before you start.", "When you're ready, we'll see you in the next lesson." ]

[ "Windows: Display File Contents", "Linux: Display File Contents", "Windows: Modifying Text Files", "Linux: Modifying Text Files", "Windows Powershell", "Windows: Searching within Files", "Windows: Searching within Directories", "Linux: Searching within Files", "Windows: Input, Output, and the Pipeline", "Linux: Input, Output, and the Pipeline", "Windows and Linux Advanced Navigation" ]

[ "Welcome back to the Gentleman's Gazette.", "In today's video, I'll be put to the test with mystery items from my wardrobe that then I have to take and put together an outfit without spending a lot of time.", "♪ Gentleman's Gazette Theme Song ♪ My wife and business partner, Teresa, picked out the items.", "Chris is going to hand them to me, film me, and I'll just talk about the item - where I found it, how I like to style it, or, if I don't have an idea, how I decide to style it - and so you can see how long it takes me, how I do it, and why I do it.", "I've been collecting menswear since the year 2000.", "So, over time, you amass quite a few things and, with the clothes being in different spots, it's easy to miss something or hide something underneath an overcoat.", "I'm sure you have some items that haven't seen the light of day in a while too.", "[scene from \"E.T.", "the Extra-Terrestrial\"] Hey, E.T., have you found my other dress sock yet?", "So, Chris on the camera is going to hand me items out of an ominous IKEA bag, and I swear I have not seen these items before.", "No, just kidding.", "I honestly have not seen these items before.", "Well, I probably have because I bought them at one point in time.", "But I don't know what's going to happen in the video today.", "[Chris hands Raphael a hat] First item.", "Wow!", "Okay.", "Short-brimmed hat with this kind of green ribbon.", "It has a very kind of alpine-style feel to me.", "Maybe a tracht, which is kind of a traditional German way of clothing.", "This hat is from Wegener and it's called \"Bavarian.\"", "It has also what is called a \"velour finish,\" which truly feels like a nice velour or a velvet.", "But, as you know, high-quality hats are made from hair, felt usually like rabbit hair or beaver hair.", "And so, this finish is hard to find these days and, therefore, very unusual and, because of that, I bought that hat.", "I couldn't tell you how old it is exactly.", "But, based on the tag inside the head, I would guess probably 70s.", "With my big ears, this kind of short brim is not ideal and, if you want to learn more about how we can find the perfect hat shape for your face shape, check out this video here.", "Now, without further ado, I'm gonna pick my first outfit.", "[countdown timer] All right.", "I came back here still putting on my tie.", "Now, this hat I got from, I think, a guy named Steve Heck, who is a collector of German and Austrian hats - particularly, vintage hats.", "He has a large collection of these high-quality hats and, you know, he travels to hat factories in Třinec, for example, in Czech Republic and just tries to learn more about it and it's his hobby.", "So, I met him once at his home and, you know, he has more hats than he can wear, also in sizes that he doesn't wear, and so, I just bought a bunch from him and this one included.", "I can't remember how much I paid for it, but I'm sure he made me a very fair price.", "Whenever you see hat videos here in Gentleman's Gazette, Steve often assists and helps us with specific details about the history because his knowledge in the area is just second to none.", "How does that look?", "Tying the tie without the mirror.", "Good?", "All right.", "So, in this outfit, of course, I wear this Wegener Bavarian velour hat and it has these kind of elements of chartreuse and green, so I decided to pair it with a green corduroy jacket and vest.", "My pants are contrasting chinos in a greyish green, I think from Polo Ralph Lauren.", "This ensemble was custom-made.", "Not for me though.", "A shirt with a button-down collar in bold brown and wine stripes.", "So, the corduroy has these fine stripe, textured look even though it's solid so, having those bold stripes, it's an obvious contrast, but it's brown like the hat.", "And the tie then is the Fort Belvedere silk knit tie in brown and white.", "It has this kind of changeant effect but it works really well with a shirt.", "But, again, it has a much smaller pattern in the shirt.", "So, pattern-wise, it all works.", "Color-wise, it all harmonizes.", "My pocket square is brown.", "I wanted something brown.", "It has some blue.", "There's no really other blue in the outfit but it's okay.", "My boutonniere is a green and white lotus flower, so you can see green-white, brown-white.", "It all kind of tries to tying things together.", "I think, overall, green is one of the most underrated colors in menswear and, if you want to learn more why, check out this video here.", "Now, I might as well just worn a pair of dark brown, suede Chelsea boots.", "I think they would have looked very nice with it, but I had easier access to my green derby shoes from Carlos Santos.", "Here, they're with a contrasting pair of light brown shoelaces.", "There's no light brown anywhere else in the outfit, so I could easily change that out.", "But, for the sake of time, I didn't do that.", "Last but not least, my socks.", "I just left them on from the previous outfit.", "There are these gray and white, two-tone solids and, as is the case with all two-tone solids, they're very easy to combine.", "So, even though there's no specific gray there, it works well with the pants and there's still some contrast between the shoes and it's not too loud and, overall, a harmonious highly unusual outfit.", "Now, obviously, I color-coded this outfit with a hat - tones of brown and green.", "But, I also try to bring in the different textures.", "For example, this is velour or velvet.", "Corduroy is made the exact same way as velvet, so it has that changeant effect in the light.", "So, my hat is like velour or velvet, then I have the intermediate corduroy, and then a transition to the cotton twill of the chino.", "Now, for my footwear, as I said, I could have gone with these suede Chelsea boots or I could have gotten away with a pair of contrasting, dark brown, woven leather Chelsea boots or any other type of dark, contrasting, leather boots.", "And because the footwear is so far away from your head, it doesn't have to match a hundred percent because it will look consistent, contrast-y, and good, even though the color is not a hundred percent.", "[Chris hands Raphael a sweater] All right.", "Next up, a chartreuse-green cashmere sweater.", "Now, keep in mind, I have to go back.", "I have to undress and put it back on.", "This one, I think, I got at an estate sale.", "It was from a person who was really into Ralph Lauren, so he had tons of Ralph Lauren stuff - sweaters and all kinds of stuff.", "And I saw this and I was like, \"Hm.", "It's interesting.", "It's a crew neck,\" which I usually don't wear because I like to wear ties and have that v-neck sweater.", "But, it's cashmere and it's chartreuse, so it's a bold color.", "So, let's see what I'll come up with.", "[countdown timer] Okay.", "So, with this chartreuse cashmere sweater, I decided to choose something contrasting.", "Now, I found this beautiful, heavy tweed, windowpane, navy jacket.", "It's an old Hemrajani.", "It has these patch pockets.", "It's a side-vented jacket that is normally very dark because the windowpane, it's very bold.", "So, I also had this bold chartreuse sweater so I was like, \"Why not?\"", "So, for the shirt, I chose just a plain white shirt with barrel-button cuffs because of the sweater.", "I don't like it to wear with cufflinks.", "You don't see them anyways.", "Now, you can if that's the only shirt you have.", "But, when in doubt, I always go with the button cuff.", "Because it has the crew neck, a necktie is really hardly visible at all.", "So, if I wear a crew neck, which is hardly ever the case, I would opt for a bow tie.", "Here is this kind of off-white color that goes with the window pane.", "It has a little green and blue in it just so it ties everything together.", "Of course, I don't have a chartreuse bow tie, even though I have a chartreuse knit tie, but you don't want a tone-on-tone, you want some contrast.", "Instead of a pocket square, which I don't have a chartreuse one, I opted for this edelweiss flower, which has this soft, velvety, kind of fuzzy touch and feel, which goes well with my jacket and the chartreuse sweater.", "My slacks are cotton chinos in kind of a grayish blue, picking up the color of the jacket.", "It's in a much smaller pattern, thus being very contrasting.", "For my footwear, I chose some chukka boots, which are also bold but the color really matches the window pane, thus tying it all together.", "For my socks, I had a prototype pair of Fort Belvedere two-tone solid socks with chartreuse and gray.", "We decided not to make them because probably not that many people want chartreuse socks, but I still have it in my wardrobe and I wear them occasionally because, like all two-tone solids, they're quite versatile, even though the color is out there.", "All right.", "Time for a new item or let's say change the ante and Chris can give me three items now that I have to combine in one outfit.", "Obviously, not three pocket squares or three ties.", "All right.", "Some bold choices here.", "[Chris hands Raphael three items] First of all, kind of a madras jacket, very kind of 60s-inspired, bleeding madras.", "We have a guide on it on the website.", "You can check it out.", "And then, kind of these mauve pink or vintage pink shoelaces.", "These may be boot laces and then, a boutonniere.", "One of ours.", "I think it's an anemone.", "I have so many.", "I don't know them all by heart.", "But, one of our boutonnieres.", "It's a little larger, but it picks up those tones of pink.", "Let's have a look.", "[countdown timer] All right.", "So, I have this plain white shirt because this bold madras pattern is already loud enough.", "I chose this light blue, mottled knit tie from Fort Belvedere as it picks up these kind of tones of blue from the bleeding madras.", "I chose a pair of tan, silk-linen trousers from Polo Ralph Lauren because they pick up the color off the jacket and it's a very lightweight summer trouser.", "And with the pink shoelaces, I figured it would look best with my pair of white bucks.", "They're Oxfords, pick up the white in the shirt and the boutonniere flower.", "Now, the boutonniere is so large.", "It's way too large for this size of lapel.", "But, it's a challenge, so I'm gonna wear it, and I'm gonna skip the pocket square.", "Otherwise, a white pocket square would definitely have worked well.", "This madras jacket, I got at a local vintage store here.", "Two blocks away from here.", "It was called Via's Vintage.", "Unfortunately, they closed due to the pandemic.", "But, they always had interesting stuff.", "Oftentimes, I find, with vintage madras blazers, they're all tight on top and, this one, I had altered.", "It has a center vent like most jackets from the 60s, but it is what it is.", "If I would choose it today, I'd go with side vents.", "But, you can't always choose.", "The boutonniere is this pale purple anemone.", "Because it has white in it, it's very easy to combine it with any type of white shirt.", "The pink shoelaces have this nice vintage pink.", "It's not over the top pink and bright pink, but it allows you to combine it with a range of different boots and shoes.", "Here, because I already had the bold outfit on top.", "I decided to also go bold at the bottom.", "Not necessarily something you have to do.", "Maybe a pair of loafers, even something in dark brown, for example, would have been just fine as well.", "But, of course, I had to use the shoelaces.", "The socks are two-tone solids, kind of oatmeal and beige, which work with any type of lighter brown or tan trousers and slacks.", "You can see why I love those shadow-stripe or two-tone solids because they make it so easy to combine things on a whim.", "Alright, Chris.", "This one was a little wacko with a big boutonniere.", "How about we do two different items this time?", "See what's coming out of the big bag.", "Alright.", "A pair of needle-point Bowhill and Elliott Albert slippers and a pair of -- It's just a pair of suspenders with a paisley, green and orange pattern.", "These ones here, actually, I bought from Crowley Vintage.", "It's a vintage store in Brooklyn owned by Sean Crowley, and he had these needlepoint ones.", "He had one in like gray and light blue, but they're just were a little too big so I went with these.", "And yeah, traditional English Bowhill and Elliott shoe.", "These here, I got from an estate sale.", "I like going to estate sales of nice houses.", "And, sometimes, you go there and, you know, the person had 150 bow ties because they were a trial lawyer and then they also have these suspenders.", "And most people just don't care for them.", "So, I found that sometimes, if you go back on the last day of the sale, towards the end, you can ask the vendor, \"Hey, you know, I'll buy all these for 200 bucks.\"", "This was one of those purchases where it was just a bunch of stuff and I was like, \"Yep.", "I'll take 'em.\"", "It doesn't even have a brand name on it.", "Just says \"Made in the USA.\"", "[countdown timer] Now, this included a bathroom break.", "Now, there are certainly men who like to wear Albert slippers in public.", "I'm not one of those.", "To me, Albert slippers are a homey outfit, so I decided to wear something more relaxed and casual.", "Here, I have this soft kind of polo pique knit shirt.", "It's cut like a shirt, but it's flexible material.", "Very casual.", "I also decided to pair it with my velvet, double-breasted, shawl-collar jacket because it is red and bold and complements the boldness of those green, black, and red Albert slippers.", "When it comes to suspenders, most of the time, most people won't even see them.", "It's maybe your significant other or if you take your jacket off.", "Otherwise, they're not so important in terms of pattern matching, but it can be cool to have a bold pair of suspenders if that is your style.", "So, in order to pick up the red color of the shoes, I added a red boutonniere and a red knit tie.", "I skipped the pocket square again in order not to overload the ensemble.", "The pants are part of a suit.", "It is a nice, bluish, pinpoint pattern.", "They don't have a fishtail back.", "It's a simple straight back, but they're made for suspender buttons.", "I like wearing suspenders because they keep your pants at the right height.", "Your pants can be a little wider, looser, doesn't matter.", "Always stay the right height all day long.", "And so, that's one reason to wear suspenders.", "For the socks, I chose a pair of gray and white, two-tone solids.", "I could have chosen a navy one but, because of the white and the sparkle, you don't see the nuance between light gray or dark gray very much or black for that matter.", "I just wanted something with a bit of shine to contrast the pants and the Albert slipper without being too loud.", "I obviously didn't have something that was exactly matching to my pants, so that's what I chose.", "Alright, Chris.", "Last but not least.", "What do we got here?", "Okay.", "This is a Ralph Lauren Polo tie.", "Very kind of 90s.", "It has this kind of \"Wall Street\" power look.", "Bold.", "Has that classic, rotating diamond pattern.", "So, it's a printed tie on a woven silk, so very maximalist approach.", "At first, you might think, \"Orange?", "What do I come up with orange?\"", "But, frankly, it's quite easy.", "Since there's blue in the tie, it's very easy to combine it with a navy blue blazer.", "Here, it's one from Isaia with nice pewter buttons.", "Went with a white shirt with a collar that's not too spread and a pair of cufflinks, paired with a pair of gray trousers and orange and blue, two-tone socks that pick up the color of the tie, and then combined with a pair of black, half boot Oxfords.", "Note the shoelaces are contrasting in gray, matching the trousers and the pewter buttons.", "Ties the overall outfit very well together.", "It's very classic-looking, even though the tie is bold.", "Alternatively, I could also wear it with a navy stripe suit.", "Here, it's a double-breasted rope-stripe suit.", "Again, a Winchester shirt, so white collar, light blue body in a herringbone pattern, paired with a pinky ring and a gold tie bar, as well as cufflinks.", "For the socks here, I chose a pair of orange and gray striped socks to pick up the orange.", "I think the previously shown orange and blue are much better with this tie.", "And the same pair of half boot, black Oxfords here with black shoelaces, and you can see they look much more formal than with the contrasting great ones.", "So, what do you think of this format?", "Did you like it?", "Obviously, the combinations were somewhat bobbled, but that's because the pieces were somewhat unusual.", "Of course, there's no outfit rundown because you saw the outfits already.", "♪ Gentleman's Gazette Theme Song ♪" ]

[ "Styling Mystery Items Introduction", "Outfit #1", "Outfit #2", "Outfit #3", "Outfit #4", "Outfit #5", "Outfit #6" ]

[ "[Laid back folk music] A few minutes outside Banff, Alberta, there’s a serpentine lake, Lake Minnewanka.", "It’s a gorgeous lake, perfect for day trips, boating, hiking, camping, and even SCUBA diving.", "It’s actually a natural lake, but not as it currently exists.", "The outlet has been dammed three times, first a small timber dam was constructed for flood control in 1895, replaced with a hydroelectric dam in 1912, with the final and current dam and causeway finishing construction in 1941.", "Cumulatively these damming projects have raised the surface of the lake over 25 metres, flooding the original shoreline, a small settler town, and dozens of ancient Stoney Nakoda worksites.", "A number of these old ruins, which you can see marked by buoys, are popular cold water diving destinations.", "And if you wanted to demonstrate the curve of the earth it would be an ideal place to do it.", "So you can see that the water Clearly has no curvature.", "That the water surface is completely flat.v Wait, back up.", "Why are we demonstrating the curve of the earth?", "About five, six years back I got really into Flat Earth theories, not as a believer but as an observer.", "I would check in on them and watch their documentaries and read through their memes and infographics and generally have a jolly good time poking fun at them on Twitter.", "I was, at one point, building up to making a video on the subject when known moon-criminal Hbomberguy produced his video on Flat Earth, and due to YouTube Community Standards and bylaws, section 7.2.1, the Para-Temporal Exclusion Clause, aka “reviewer dibs” I had to shelve my plans for a year and change.", "The thing that really spurred me on originally was a specific Flat Earth video I came across one evening in 2017.", "SubtitleFlat Earth proof 1: the level Now, this video is not particularly noteworthy in the scope of Flat Earth videos.", "It’s an hour and a half compilation of short videos stolen from a different, smaller Flat Earth YouTube channel.", "It runs through the normal Flat Earth tropes, such as not understanding gravity, failing to appreciate just how big mountains really are, and generally being really bad at math.", "There was no basis for such an explanation, other than the desperate attempt to excuse away these critical findings.", "But there is one thing that makes it special.", "The host of the video does some original research by going out to the shore of Lake Minnewanka.", "Okay, here we are at Lake Minnewanka.", "In Alberta.", "Thing is, Lake Minnewanka is only 90 minutes away from my house.", "The Flat Earth is in my own backyard.", "So, hypothetically, if I did want to debunk a forgotten four year old Flat Earth video that originally had a couple hundred views, I could conceivably jump in my car on a clear day, drive out to Lake Minnewanka, and set up a camera with the longest lens I own.", "But that’d be ludicrous.", "[Intense music] Okay, here we are at Lake Minnewanka.", "In Alberta.", "And as you can see we're just less than a foot above the water's surface here.", "And if we zoom in across the lake, the coastline across the lake clearly comes into focus.", "So you can see that the water clearly has no curvature.", "That the water surface is completely flat.", "Okay, so, let’s talk real quick about the challenges involved in this kind of proof.", "Going out to Minnewanka was actually a really good pick.", "Because the lake is really long there’s a lot of shoreline where you have several kilometres of unobstructed line of sight, far enough for the curve of the earth to be meaningful, while the mountainous terrain provides a clearly identifiable shore on the other side.", "And while the lake is long enough to get these really far lines of sight, it’s not big enough to get any meaningful tidal movements, so all the waves are just from wind blowing across the surface, you don’t get the big, roiling surges that you see in the ocean.", "From the dam that makes up the south-west bank of Lake Minnewanka to the rock slide on the far shore where Aylmer canyon meets the lake, you have a line of sight of seven kilometres, about four and a third miles, which is far enough that the earth curves away around 3 and a half metres, or eleven feet.", "This is a kinda perfect distance.", "It’s close enough for objects on the far side to still be identifiable, while being a significant enough curve that the obstruction is perceptible.", "If we punch a bunch of numbers into a curvature calculator we can see that going from just barely above the water’s surface to an average adult height, the height of a hidden object at 7 kilometres goes from 3.46 metres to only 0.4 metres.", "This means that something the size of a tree at or near the water level of the lake should appear just about whole when viewed from a standing position, but then be visibly obscured by getting down to the surface of the water.", "So the experiment should be pretty simple: pick a landmark on the far side of the lake and record it at the same focal length and distance from a couple different elevations above the water’s surface.", "Personally I think that his footage does, in fact, show the far shore disappearing behind the curve, it's just very difficult to tell because the resolution is so low.", "So, let’s say, for the sake of argument, that an obscure Flat Earth video is still under your skin after several years.", "What do you do?", "Well, obviously, you throw a bunch of gear into the car, drive out to the mountains, set up on the side of the lake, and spend an hour aiming at a tree on the far shore, keeping in mind that if you want to persuade Flat Earthers then you need to eliminate as much ambiguity as possible, so make sure to include an identifiable landmark in the shots to make it easy to pinpoint exactly where you’re standing and where you’re looking.", "Everything gets documented: where was the camera sitting on the beach, approximately how high above the surface, even screencaps of where GPS says you’re standing.", "You get the footage home, import it, tweak the scale to make sure that objects are the same size on screen, and line it all up with a unified horizon.", "There you go, the tree disappears below the horizon of the lake.", "Easy.", "The earth is round.", "Mmm, yeah, but if I were into Flat Earth you know what I’d point out?", "That last frame, the one that’s right above the surface of the water, it’s really hazy, ‘cus it turns out that on a thirty degree day there’s gonna be a lot of vapour coming off the surface of the lake, and at water level you’re trying to look straight through seven kilometres of the stuff.", "And having such a stark air temperature gradient right at the surface of the water it increases atmospheric refraction, resulting in the mirage effect that allows the pebble beach to occasionally be somewhat visible, despite intersecting the tree that it’s below.", "So, you know, a Flat Earther could just dismiss all of this as just heat coming off the water.", "And the shots are all locked off and disconnected.", "There’s no continuity.", "Who knows what shenanigans you can get up to when the camera cuts.", "Plus, I mean, look at it, all that straightening and zooming in post, how can anyone trust that the camera is set to what you say it’s set to?", "So!", "Jump back in the car two days later, when it’s partly cloudy and fifteen degrees cooler.", "There’s a lot more chop from the wind, but the waves are short.", "It’s still a lake, we’re not dealing with big ocean swells.", "Importantly, there’s functionally no visible vapour coming off the surface of the water.", "And this time you make sure to bring the jib so you can smoothly go from standing to the surface of the water in a single motion and... [Delicate piano music] We checked the footage when we were out there on the lake, we looked at it on the camera just to make sure that we got something, and so we, we knew that we got it but, but getting home and, and seeing it in, in this detail, like this level of clarity It's, it's, honestly it's kinda affecting me.", "You know, you can see this just with the naked eye when you're out there on the beach.", "You can pick a thing on the far shore and just kinda look at it and then like crouch down and get like really close to the water's surface and you see it get, get occluded but, but Seeing it at this magnitude, it, it feels profound.", "[Piano music] It’s a shame it’s not enough.", "The unfortunate reality of debunking Flat Earth is that it’s largely futile, at least for the actual purpose of persuading Flat Earthers.", "This isn’t me saying that we shouldn’t do it, and there are, in fact, a bunch of reasons why we should.", "I mean, first of all, it’s a lot of fun to debunk Flat Earth.", "Proving that the earth is round is one of those exercises that’s not quite trivial, it does take some amount of effort, but it’s not that hard either.", "It’s in a really sweet spot.", "A lot of it can be done from home with some focused research or spending the time to do the math properly, and other experiments just require living near a relatively big lake.", "And, yeah, we should admit that it’s a lot of fun to debunk a claim like this: Another example from Anchorage, Alaska is Mt.", "McKinley.", "At 130 miles away on the ball earth the 20,320 foot summit should be leaning away from the observer And almost half covered by 9,220 feet of curved earth.", "But just like Mt.", "Foraker, Mt.", "McKinley is always seen standing straight up, and visible from base to summit.", "Okay, we know the distance from Anchorage to Denali, it’s 129 miles, which, yes, should create a hidden target height of 9000 feet, and Denali should be leaning away from the observer, but earth has a radius of about 3965 miles and Denali is over twenty thousand feet tall, so at minimum eleven thousand feet of the mountain should still be visible, leaning away from the observer by a trivial 1.8 degrees.", "Like, as a controlled example here are two pyramids in Blender.", "One of them is leaning away from the camera by one point eight degrees, can you tell which one?", "And the base of the mountain cluster on the Anchorage side is forty miles closer to the observer than the peak, and is 1600 feet above sea level.", "So the end result is less of the proportional mass of the mountain is hidden by the curve of the earth than it feels like if you’re just looking at the numbers.", "Also you can’t actually see the true base of the mountain from Anchorage, it just feels like you can because you can see so much of the mountain.", "Plus to get a really good look at the mountain you’re probably going to have to find some higher elevation yourself, just to see over buildings, trees, hills, and other nearby obstructions, which will further increase your line of sight over the curve.", "Like just in this example here, we can see over the tallest buildings in Anchorage, so the photograph was taken from at least 300 feet up.", "Bottom line is you can see Denali from very far away because it’s really, really, really, really big, and it was the pyramid on the right that was leaning awayv.", "That’s fun to figure out.", "It’s the same kind of satisfaction you get from solving a math puzzle.", "Or something like this, claiming that there are no south-pointing compasses, that’s a fantastic starter for talking about how we privilege the global north in science in small but consistent ways, via maps or, yes, things like compasses.", "Because, like, every compass is a south-pointing compass, but we don't frame it that way.", "We paint one arm of the compass red and say that that points north and we talk abut compasses in those terms, we say that, it's like, oh, this indicates north.", "Even though what it's really doing is it's aligning itself with the directionality of the magnetic field So it's indicating both north and south, it's indicating polarity, and points towards both poles simultaneously, but that's not the language that we use to describe it.", "And driving out to the mountains with a trunk full of camera gear, spending an afternoon sitting on the shore of a gorgeous lake, that’s just a lot of fun, and you get a chance to show everyone something really cool about our world.", "And sometimes Flat Earthers are just hilarious.", "All the movies about space and all the other movies, they all in some way push that globe model The globe, the image of the Beast.", "Heliocentrism has nothing to do with science!", "The idea that the sun is the centre was thought up by occultists.", "Jesuit priests.", "The Vatican.", "It's not, it has nothing to do with science.", "And they say that the earth orbits the sun going 66,600 miles an hour.", "And if you Google how fast does the earth orbit the sun they tell you 18.5 miles per second [bong noise] Hold on I'm taking a hit And that’s honestly the frame that most Flat Earth debunking lives within.", "The nonsense claims of Flat Earthers form the starting point of a process of puzzle solving or discussion of geography or a mini lesson in optics, because, at the end of the day, Flat Earthers are not available to be persuaded.", "[bell noises] So, we do need to be really careful while we're out here, this is bear country.", "Not just bear country, this is serious bear country.", "So we got bear bells, we got bear spray, and the thing is that right now we're at the tail end of their fall, like, feeding season, when they get really, when they stock up for winter, and around the lake and up into a couple of these canyons here is prime growing area for, for the bison berries that they, that they eat to do it.", "And at this point we should talk about what Flat Earth is.", "Like, what Flat Earth really is.", "Nominally Flat Earth is a belief that the earth isn’t a globe, but is actually flat, a fact that has been kept from Us, meaning normal people, by a nebulous, powerful Them for nefarious, inscrutable purposes.", "This is where profiles of Flat Earth tend to stop.", "Which is fair, it’s a reasonable summary for most purposes.", "I want to go beyond that, though, because I think it’s worth considering that the shape of the earth might actually be the least important belief of Flat Earth.", "Flat Earth is a syncretic Biblical belief that is both evangelical and apocalyptic.", "That’s a lot of jargon, what does that mean?", "Syncretism is effectively a process of creating new texts out of the desirable parts of old texts, regardless of the previous relationship between those texts.", "Syncretism is saying two different books both mention dragons or use the word dragon or call an antagonist “The Great Dragon”, so they must be referring to the same thing, they’re talking about the exact same Great Dragon, and if we cobble together all these different stories of dragons we can uncover the truth about dragons.", "The finger pointing at the now defunct NASA will then turn to finger pointing at the government, who directed the whole thing.", "This is where we run into some dangerous ground involving things like the Arc of the Covenant, the Holy Grail, and the Ring of Power.", "As a syncretic belief system you’ll find all sorts of fragmentary elements lifted from seemingly disconnected and often contradictory sources, forced into something resembling agreement, and this spans various legitimate ancient texts as well as modern myths.", "Angels, giants, world trees, and modern conspiracy staples like MK-Ultra, the Kennedy assassination, and aliens all have a spot at the table in some corner or another.", "Additionally support will be teased out of nearly any sacred text that is sufficiently mythological or abstract, such that it can be stripped of context or interpreted hyper-literally or in some way be made to agree with the construction of their reality.", "Also I should note that I’m specifically framing this as a syncretic Biblical belief, not strictly Christian, because while the modern Flat Earth movement clearly has deep roots in the social and lexical traditions of American Christianity, the actual theological doctrines of Christianity are largely absent or secularized.", "While the Bible is a core text, and many Flat Earth evangelists are unambiguously Christian, the wider Flat Earth movement is largely only interested in the parts concerning the creation and end of the world.", "In essence modern Flat Earth is an offshoot of Christianity where Jesus is a secondary figure and the primary theological concern is the true nature of the physical world, its origin, and its destiny.", "But, also, all that lives side by side with pop culture Egyptology, mystical Gnosticism, and, I dunno what you’d call it, esoteric fictionalism, this belief that the fantastical worlds of pop culture are a warped or coded reflection of the true world.", "It’s chaotic and inconsistent because there is no central authority, no unique unifying texts, so you’ll find different commentators that take any given point to more or less extreme conclusions, which can make it difficult to talk about the movement as a whole, but there are elements that remain consistent across the field of Flat Earth texts.", "The world is flat and “they” are hiding that fact from you because a Flat Earth would be irrefutable proof that we live in a divine fishbowl, and thus god is real.", "This is important because, again, they are evangelical and apocalyptic.", "This means, first, that orthodoxy is considered a spiritual necessity, that there is a universal divine moral right and wrong, and all are held to account for the rightness of their beliefs.", "As a result it is the imperative of the believers to make sure as many people are believers as possible because there are consequences for not believing.", "To be clear, and I can't stress this enough, do not start conversations with the word 'flat earth' You may note, already, that this is clearly setting up an adversarial relationship between Flat Earthers and everyone else, as anyone who denies Flat Earth or works to debunk it is not just presenting alternative evidence of the way the world works, but is impeding proof of god.", "The second critical meaning is a belief that there is an impending literal end to the world.", "This end will occur at some unknown point in the future, but that point is always “soon”.", "Many Flat Earthers subscribe to the pop culture version of a Biblical apocalypse, but it doesn’t actually feature very heavily for the most part, with most skipping past the details to the part where god shows up and proves they're right.", "It is difficult to understate the impact on long term planning, the support for policies and politicians, that comes from the belief that at some point in the next generation or two God will just personally show up and wrap up humanity, like a board game being packed back into its box.", "A critical component of Flat Earth’s worldview is the baked-in idea of opposition.", "The enemy, the “them”, isn’t merely another group with a different idea of what’s best for the world, or a different set of motivations that may or may not intersect with the wellbeing of others, they are actively seeking harm.", "This is, in a way, the immune response of paranoid conspiratorial thought.", "It creates an impenetrable counter to any conflict.", "Any disagreement, any counter-argument, is clearly manufactured by an opposition that isn’t merely indifferent to truth, but actively, knowingly suppressing it.", "I wanted to take a look at this dimension of Flat Earth because two of my peers and friends, H.bomberguy and Philosophy Tube, have done videos on Flat Earth and while I don’t think they are wrong, I think their assessment of Flat Earth is incomplete.", "Both of their videos function, like many others, by taking Flat Earth as a jumping off point to discuss intersecting concepts of philosophy and science and sociology, and that’s great.", "They’re good videos.", "The idea that Philosophy Tube brings up, that discussions of science are a rhetorical exercise, influenced by the social context that they are had within, and the idea that Flat Earthers are unpersuaded by conventional rhetoric, or perhaps persuaded into Flat Earth by unconventional rhetoric, is one that we have grappled with in making this, it is an extremely relevant concept.", "None of those have anything whatsoever to do with the evidence they just all note a failure to be rhetorically persuaded Harry goes to great lengths to give Flat Earthers the benefit of the doubt, carefully isolating the very specific belief that that world is flat and addressing the anxieties that specifically, narrowly come up with the ontology of the physical world.", "you're right to feel that something is wrong because something is wrong just maybe keep looking for the source of what that thing is because the earth is not flat.", "On the surface Flat Earthers share many of the same anxieties as the rest of us: they are worried about the power structures that have immense influence over our lives, the systems that shape the information we have access to, and the shared fictions that society operates on like money and rent.", "But there is, perhaps, an over-willingness to treat them as harmless cranks, as though we can start from their shared frustrations with the world, and just gently nudge them in a more sensible direction.", "These common anxieties are a shared coordinate that is, I think, far more superficial than we would want it to be, because while we’re all worried and skeptical of what people in power are doing, Flat Earthers have very, very different ideas about who’s in power and what they’re trying to do with it.", "Flat Earthers are not otherwise empty vessels who believe one kooky thing.", "They believe that thing because it suits their purposes.", "Flat Earthers have an agenda.", "The end goal of conspiratorial beliefs is to simplify reality by attributing the high-chaos state of the world to a singular active force or group opposed by an equally singular solution.", "indoctrination is the way they run this world it's the way that they keep their lie going it's the way that they have passed their lie along as science when it is nothing more than a belief they have a biased foundation built on a lie and now they know they're stuck Their anxiety is that the world has become too complex, that too many things are changing, and that science and progressivism are actively malicious elements working to obstruct the true nature of god.", "Most people don’t actually believe Flat Earth because they were persuaded by shoddy evidence, or they found other evidence to be less persuasive about the nature of the physical world, they do so because it says something they already believe about the nature of the social world.", "Flat Earth is a thing people want to believe because if it were true it would be irrefutable proof of everything else they believe.", "Flat Earth is a system that selectively delegitimizes power structures and does so by working backwards.", "Flat Earth insists that you are being lied to by “them”, typically gays, liberals, or jews, in order to obfuscate the existence of God and are thus not merely an opponent of their isolationist, xenophobic policies but an enemy of righteousness itself.", "heliocentrism is simply modern day sun worship masquerading as a science They are not trying to explain the world, they are attempting to un-explain it, because those explanations, the real explanations, have become inconvenient to their politics.", "And while there is a shared sense of the world being out of whack, the diagnosis and prescriptions are very different.", "I don’t think it’s actually possible to isolate Flat Earth from the reactionary current that it swims in and, I dunno, for some reason in 2020 I’ve found myself with a lot less patience for people who engage in performative rejection of empathy and evidence.", "On that note, who wants to guess how Flat Earthers feel about COVID masks?", "anyone that is voluntarily wearing a mask at this stage is a mindless drone who couldn't think for themselves if their life depended on it The deeper, more critical issue is in the information landscape that has given rise to new faith movements like Flat Earth.", "We are in an extremely low-trust media environment as a product of decades of active sabotage combined with a corporate, capitalist environment that prioritizes the interests of the wealthy or blindly pursues metric-driven success models like “engagement”.", "There are a lot of legitimate reasons to distrust the media, to see them as at-best spineless in the face of disinformation or as outright collaborators and profiteers.", "The prevalence of legitimate reasons for distrust, legitimate anxieties for the future, creates an ideal environment for groups like Flat Earth who peddle a simplistic Us vs.", "Them model of the universe.", "so a couple days ago i'm tracking down some uh flat earth stuff and i find myself watching a live stream a flat earth live stream that's mostly um they're just watching basically reruns of conference videos and and other stuff and other flat earth stuff and i i make the mistake of uh talking in chat that i mentioned this experiment that i did and i don't you know come in as as a like aggressive disbeliever but i'm like hey so like the video that we were watching the video that they were watching was one where the guy says like okay like there's these experiments you can do like you can try these yourself and you can get the results and you can see the results you can see that there is no curve so i'm like hey a couple weeks ago i went out to a really really big lake and i did this test you know i i replicated these tests that they're saying to do and you know like boats and the far shore disappeared behind the curve.", "and and they say oh well you know it must have been it must have been big you know water swells it was it was swells in the waves and i'm like nah this is a this is a long lake but it's not a big lake like this the water was like really calm you know there were no swells and they're like well you know boats aren't that big they can they can hide themselves in their own wake i'm like well no this is like a tour boat it's like four meters tall and and we go through like kind of a bunch of other things where they're just like oh well was it this and and it was all stuff that i had controlled for it was all stuff that i had anticipated and factored in and the one guy is just like well you must have done it wrong you did something wrong pray about it and do it again And I think it's just like you just told me to pray the curve away Okay, so, how did Flat Earth actually gain traction?", "Like, okay, there’s a lot of different conspiracy theories out there, there’s a lot of worldviews, both legitimate and scams, that have the same “you have been lied to” pitch.", "So why Flat Earth?", "Modern Flat Earth was essentially created by content algorithms trying to maximize retention and engagement by serving users suggestions for things that are, effectively, incrementally more concentrated versions of the thing they were already looking at.", "Bizarre cranks peddling random theories are an aspect of civilization that has always been with us, so it was inevitable that they would end up on YouTube, but the algorithm made sure they found an audience.", "These systems were accidentally identifying people susceptible to conspiratorial and reactionary thinking and sending them increasingly deeper into Flat Earth evangelism.", "And within that was just a quirk of good timing, I guess.", "The right cranks were churning out huge volumes of low-effort content at just the right time for YouTube to prioritize it, and the moment it gained any traction at all the system reinforced that success.", "But, you know, let’s keep some perspective here.", "Flat Earth, for all the command it holds over our collective interest, is still a very small movement.", "The largest channels cap out around 150,000 subscribers, with most coming in well below that.", "and this is not much in the scope of YouTube where the opportunity cost of subscription is extremely low, and for the last couple years newer pro-flat-earth videos from these channels have mostly been skating by with a few thousand views.", "In fact Mark Sargent, the guy largely credited with popularizing Flat Earth in the YouTube era, his videos used to get hundreds of thousands of views.", "His seminal work, Flat Earth Clues, has 1.1 million views.", "But he’s only had two videos break six digits since the start of 2018: one that’s just a bootleg repost of Shane Dawson’s Flat Earth video, and one whinging about The Last Jedi.", "Now, YouTube, notably, has made some changes to the algorithm to prioritize credible sources, which lowers the ranking of Flat Earth videos even within their own sphere, but those changes were only implemented in early 2019 when Flat Earth was already on a downslope.", "More impactfully, whether it’s debunking or merely profiling, mainstream channels talking about Flat Earth from an external perspective are just vastly more popular than actual Flat Earth content.", "So if you’re watching Flat Earth videos you are far, far more likely to be recommended mainstream videos with millions of views over evangelist videos with hundreds.", "The bottom line is that Flat Earth has been slowly bleeding support for the last several years.", "Because they’re all going to QAnon.", "[Peppy music] QAnon is a fascist Biblical esoteric apocalypse cult that believes an anonymous government agent known only as Q is leaking sensitive “above top secret” information to \"Patriots” revealing that the political and cultural opponents of Donald J. Trump, the so-called “Deep State” and “Hollywood elite”, are the minions of “The Cabal”, literal Satan-worshipping pedophiles who kidnap, traffic, molest, and terrorize children in order to produce and harvest adrenochrome (a byproduct of the body processing adrenaline) which they use to get high during the ritual worship of their lord, who is, again, Satan; a constructed enemy so cartoonishly evil that it justifies discarding basically all human rights in order to turn opposition to Trump into a crime in a sweeping authoritarian purge of undesirables and political opponents called The Storm that will usher in a golden age of peace and prosperity, or The Great Awakening.", "Q has put out there that many high level officials will soon be arrested, and it will actually be the Drain The Swamp scenario that we have, that we have always been wanting to happen.", "He says that once the corruption and the type of corruption is revealed to the American people, it will trigger something he calls The Awakening He says it will be like an event, something that we've never witnessed in American history But it will, it will cause Americans to unite behind President Trump and his administration in order to completely clean house.", "Okay, you guys, if that happens, we will be so happy I see all those hearts and I love it If that happens we will be so happy, um, I really truly pray that this is true.", "And that’s not even getting into the co-morbid Pizzagate myth of hidden pedophile pizza-shop sex dungeons that has led many followers to see any visual depiction of pizza, the famous and popular food, as subliminal code marking the outlines of this vast conspiracy.", "Look at this, what's on his back, y'all Like, if Flat Earth is simply anxious for the end of the world, QAnon is a straight up doomsday cult, except the form of their apocalypse is less divine and more secular, with mass arrests and, in many versions, public executions.", "It’s mostly just remixed takes on the Day of the Rope from the 1978 neo-Nazi novel The Turner Diaries.", "Also sometimes it’s just literally the Day of the Rope, because they’re fascists.", "If you are unfamiliar with the Turner Diaries this is a pretty effective summary the The novel told from the perspective of a future activist in the year 2099 outlines the diaries of a revolutionary terrorist named Earl Turner in the distant future of the early 90s it is in many respects the most hateful book ever written.", "Even though it’s a distinctly American conspiracy, hinging specifically on Donald Trump’s presidency, QAnon has found traction with far-right and authoritarian movements worldwide.", "Indeed a huge part of Q’s success can be attributed to effective branding, the kind of instant recognition that makes it appealing for groups worldwide to just localize and adapt.", "QAnon is pretty easy to recognize around the internet and in real life because, similar to Flat Earth, there is a deeply evangelical streak.", "They will share their beliefs aggressively with just about everyone, and are big fans of branding.", "Things marked with Q and QAnon are pretty straightforward, but slightly more covert is their rallying cry, Where We Go One We Go All, or WWG1WGA, a line lifted from the 1996 film White Squall.", "Largo Entertainment present a film about loyalty Where we go one, we go all Also in recent months QAnon has been aggressively colonizing #SaveTheChildren, a fairly generic hashtag that’s been in use for years, but QAnon has been taking over in order to organize rallies and meetups that are more likely to draw in non-Q believers, taking very real cases of child abuse and using them as the bridge to introduce their entirely fictional cases of child abuse and the bulk of Q beliefs.", "the messaging here is so insidious is that i'm for children and if you don't come out here you don't love children as much as i do i think we're going to see a lot more of this he doesn't lead with the pizzagate stuff he doesn't lead with q anon he leads with save the children and then the pizzagate stuff has sort of slipped underneath While QAnon originated in 2017 on 4chan via cryptic, nonsensical anonymous posts monikered “Q drops”, and even though new Q drops arrive regularly on the 8chan derivative rebrand 8kun, QAnon is, at this point, largely self-sustaining via social media.", "QAnon has become a haven for just about every true believer in bizarre conspiracies, anti-science movements, fad diets, and the grifters who prey on them, what’s called a “big tent conspiracy” because virtually any other conspiracy can fit inside it.", "This is, as we discussed, already something of a feature of Flat Earth: many new age, mystical, and political conspiracies are compatible with Flat Earth, and Q is that, but bigger.", "Janet Ossebaard’s two and a half hour YouTube series Fall of the Cabal, which is in many ways to QAnon what Loose Change was to the 9/11 Truther conspiracy in both format and in function, is mostly just a collection of other, mostly racist conspiracies that she claims are all ultimately QAnon.", "okay let's have a look at the migrant caravan do you realize that these foreskins are actually sold that president obama received the 2009 nobel peace prize only months after his inauguration why for god's sake he came from nowhere and had achieved nothing at the time Hell, even 9/11 trutherism is compatible with Q.", "9/11 whereas one bird can cause terrible damage to a plane on 9 11 two planes managed to cut through steel a third plane mysteriously disappeared in a building and number four plunged into the earth without leaving any debris or bodies the planes were piloted by terrorists who only had had a few flying lessons in a small Cessna See, okay, just a bit more groundwork, because that sounds silly.", "QAnon trusts military intelligence and reveres military might and shares a lot of pro-cop, thin blue line type sentiment, while they distrust the civilian intelligence agencies.", "Now, the standard 9/11 truther conspiracy is that Bush orchestrated 9/11 in order to create a crisis that would allow him to implement the Patriot Act, create Homeland Security, and justify a couple wars.", "But QAnon, they imagine the Patriot Act as a tool that Trump is using to dismantle the Deep State, and they love Homeland Security because DHS is loyal to Trump, so the Q narrative of 9/11 focuses on the Pentagon, that Bush was a Cabal member who orchestrated 9/11 in order to cover for a precision missile attack on the Pentagon in an attempt at covering up Cabal activities.", "None of that makes sense, don’t try to understand it through the lens of facts, it’s all about loyalty.", "one of the oft-discussed elements of these types of groups is the way that fact checking is often used as a kind of filter so if you sit down to watch Ossebaard’s fall of the cabal and you're the kind of person who is inclined to fact check and is curious about the world and is you know interested in thinking for themselves and thinking about things analytically and from a scientific standpoint you're probably not going to get very far into it because it comes out so fast and so quick with things that are going to make you like pause and stop and like gather your thoughts on explaining why they're wrong first of all give you a short overview of things that made me go hmm did you know that these fires forgot to burn trees that they were capable of cutting through houses like like yes extremely hot fast-moving fires will just kind of burn through half a house thatthey were able to lift cars tilt them and smash them down yeah that's what happens when the gasoline in the car's tank ignites and explodes that they burn trees from the inside out oh this is a really cool phenomenon actually so if you have a tree that's dead or has a weak spot in the bark or has been attacked by certain types of fungus the interior of the tree uh gets exposed and is potentially very dry and much more flammable than the protective bark on the outside of the tree and so the fire is able to penetrate to the interior of the tree and burn it from the inside out it's it's really cool and you're turning it into conspiratorial nonsense A challenge in making this is that the Q movement evolves very quickly and is basically an ongoing story, so it’s impossible to give a summary of the full scope that won’t be out of date as soon as the video goes live.", "Not only that, but I have different dimensions of the phenomenon that I want to focus on, so just know that I’m skipping hours and hours and hours of discussion.", "There’s also a lot of stuff that we just don’t know for sure, like the identity of the actual person or people who write and post the Q drops.", "There’s some evidence that the original Q author was Coleman Rogers, the founder of Patriot’s Soapbox and one of the first people to popularize “decoding” as a social activity.", "In a 2018 NBC News profile of the movement, this claim is acknowledged and supported by evidence like Rogers apparently logging into 8chan as Q on stream or knowing about “authentic” Q drops that weren’t posted with the Q account, i got a question for you pam how come on my system I don't get that picture?", "the google bike rack thing yeah i it's not showing up on the um the q post uh aggregator sites because q posted i think by accident as an anon but a lot of that evidence was poorly archived and has since been deleted.", "There’s also a compelling argument that the Q account has changed hands completely at least once, and many people believe that Jim Watkins, the owner of 8chan, or at least someone very close to Watkins, is the current author of Q and has been since November 2019 when 8chan re-launched as 8kun.", "That re-launch represents a break in continuity that makes it basically impossible to verify one way or the other with the information that we have access to.", "And to a point it doesn’t matter.", "Whether or not Rogers or Watkins are or were the anonymous authors of the Q drops, they are publicly collaborators and enablers of the movement, and benefit from it in money and influence.", "So while I want to focus mainly on the bigger picture, the underlying philosophical beliefs that drive QAnon regardless of the specific form those beliefs take, would be irresponsible to not talk about how this is manifesting in actual actions, because, ultimately, these are the stakes.", "For example, a notable sub-group that QAnon has drawn in are unstable parents who are embroiled in custody battles, sometimes pre-existing and sometimes as a direct result of their involvement in QAnon driving their partners away.", "Someone who’s already on really shaky emotional ground starts getting super into QAnon, it’s all they want to talk about, and they begin to fixate on comorbid anti-vax conspiracies or bleach-treatment conspiracies, and they start giving their children bleach or put them on an all-meat diet.", "Someone, either their partner or extended family or child protective services, steps in.", "These individuals, believing that they are in the right, convince themselves that the Cabal or the Deep State has targeted them and their children in retribution for “knowing too much”, the act of intervention becomes further proof of their correctness because \"of course\" that’s what the Deep State would do to protect their secrets.", "On June 11th, 2020, Alpalus Slyman attempted to kidnap his five children in a mental breakdown that led to a 110 mile-per-hour chase with authorities that Slyman live streamed portions of to Facebook.", "\"Donald Trump I need a miracle, or something, somebody, QAnon help me.\"", "On July 2nd, 2020, Corey Hurren crashed a pickup truck through the gates of 1 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, the home of Canada’s Governor General and temporary residence of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and stalked the grounds with a pistol and rifle before being apprehended by RCMP officers.", "Shortly before the incident Hurren sent a letter to his supervisor in the Canadian Rangers claiming that he was motivated to stop Trudeau from \"turning Canada into a Communist Dictatorship\".", "Over the months prior Hurren posted various QAnon and general conspiracy memes to his Instagram account, including a white rabbit meme with the description text “Has anyone else been following “Q” and the “White Rabbit” down the rabbit hole and how this all relates to the Corona virus/COVID-19 situation?", "Lots of coincidences in all the “Q” posts if this turns out to be a “Nothingburger”.", "#QAnon #Anons #FollowtheWhiteRabit #Adrenochrome #AdrenochromeHarvesting #FrazzleDrip #PodestaEmails #SpiritCooking #Molech #SethRich #PedoWood #Pedogate #Pedovores #Pizzagate #EpsteinIsland #PedoIsland #IsaacKappyDidntKillHimself #ThesePeopleAreSick #Cabal #WWG1WGA #Redpill #Spygate #DeepState #TheStorm #TheStormIsHere #TheStormIsUponUs #TrustThePlan #coronavirus #covid19 #coincidence” In June, 2018, QAnon believer Matthew Wright barricaded the Hoover Dam bridge with an armoured truck for over an hour, demanding that authorities release the OIG report, a document that Q believers think holds evidence of the thousands of sealed indictments that they believe Trump’s administration has filed against Cabal members.", "during the pandemic the q anon movement has been appears to be gaining a lot of followers can you talk about what you think about that and what you have to say to people who are following this movement right now well i don't know much about the movement other than i understand they like me very much these are people that don't like seeing what's going on in places like portland and places like chicago and new york and other cities and states and i've heard these are people that love our country and they just don't like seeing it This is the radicalizing effect of cults like Q: it attracts and enables people with personalities that are already inclined towards these kinds of actions, and gives them a reason to take it further.", "The reason the fragmentary, shoddy, and contradictory ideas of Flat Earth are so easy for most adherents to accept are because they’re principally interested in the broad strokes, and, indeed, the broad strokes are all that matters.", "This is really easy to demonstrate for Q.", "The gap-filling that happens in between is largely entertainment that keeps people engaged but rarely sticks long enough to form a doctrinal pillar.", "For example the idea that the Cabal is harvesting adrenochrome has been floating around in the Q lore since late 2017, but only really surged in popularity in 2020, and there’s no guarantee that it’ll last even to the point that this video is published.", "Q support for bleach drinking and hydroxychloroquine as COVID treatments have stuck around reliably for months, but could be dropped any day now, and followers wouldn’t see any contradiction in that at all.", "The Q lore is highly unstable and extremely fluid.", "This is actually part of how people are pulled in and kept engaged, as there’s a soap opera or ARG-esque immediacy that brings people back day after day to get caught up on the latest developments, the latest theories, and to all pitch in on trying to decode the latest Q drop, which is the colloquial term for what are effectively the belief’s foundational texts.", "These “Q drops”, and the smaller “Q crumbs”, are thousands of deliberately vague messages, written in a mess of codewords and meaningless word salad, and it is then left to adherents to unravel and establish meaning by consensus.", "So, for example, Q Drop 142, from November 12th, 2017 reads: How did Soros replace family ‘y’?", "Who is family ‘y’?", "Trace the bloodlines of these (3) families.", "What happened during WWII?", "Was Hitler a puppet?", "Who was his handler?", "What was the purpose?", "What was the real purpose of the war?", "What age was GS?", "What is the Soros family history?", "What has occurred since the fall of N Germany?", "Who is A. Merkel?", "What is A. Merkel’s family history?", "Follow the bloodline.", "Who died on the Titanic?", "What year did the Titanic sink?", "Why is this relevant?", "What ‘exactly’ happened to the Titanic?", "What ‘class of people’ were guaranteed a lifeboat?", "Why did select ‘individuals’ not make it into the lifeboats?", "Why is this relevant?", "How do we know who was on the lifeboats (D or A)?", "How were names and bodies recorded back then?", "When were tickets purchased for her maiden voyage?", "Who was ‘specifically’ invited?", "Less than 10.", "What is the FED?", "What does the FED control?", "Who controls the FED?", "Who approved the formation of the FED?", "Why did H-wood glorify Titanic as a tragic love story?", "Who lived in the movie (what man)?", "Why is this relevant?", "Opposite is true.", "What is brainwashing?", "What is a PSYOP?", "What happened to the Hindenburg?", "What really happened to the Hindenburg?", "Who died during the ‘accident’?", "Why is this relevant?", "What are sheep?", "Who controls the narrative?", "The truth would put 99% of people in the hospital.", "It must be controlled.", "Snow White.", "Iron Eagle.", "Jason Bourne (CIA/Dream).", "Q What does that mean?", "Honestly, whatever the hell you want it to mean, or more accurately, whatever you need it to mean.", "we are we're past lm8 and we're coming up on lm9 and the gosh i'm not i haven't checked the i haven't checked the map for i haven't checked the map for exactly where we are uh but we're real close and i'm looking off to the right now in just every single one of these poplar trees i'm thinking like oh could that be it is that it is that the one The “official” Q drops are verified on the image boards by the use of a tripcode, a system that image boards use to show that anonymous posts are coming from the same user, or at least users who share the tripcode password, but ideas that gain traction in the conspiracy don’t even need to come from the Q drops or be implied by the Q drops.", "The adrenochrome conspiracy is a kind of free radical idea that’s been bouncing around niche cultures for decades, and is essentially a remix of the centuries old anti-Semitic conspiracy of Blood Libel, but neither have ever been mentioned by Q in an official Q drop.", "The less-vague Q predictions, citing specific dates and outcomes, have universally not come true, instead of detailing every single one we'll just put a list on the screen of all the dates that qanon said there was going to be mass arrests or some kind of exposure of trump's enemies in the deep state or just anything happening at all only to have nothing happen but as with most failed doomsday predictions, this isn’t really a hangup.", "Because all of that is just sandwich filler to justify their support for authoritarian policies directed at people they already don’t like.", "In fact one of the core anxieties, from the perspective of QAnon, is that Donald Trump hasn’t been authoritarian enough, and the multi-layered Deep State game of 4D chess is their explanation for why he has not simply eliminated his enemies and Made America Great Again.", "Likewise, every failed Q prediction simply becomes reinforcing evidence of just how powerful, and thus dangerous, the mythological Deep State really is.", "president trump and the entire q team are working out a plan that has been in the making for the past 20 years a plan so all-encompassing it took this long to calculate every step every move to perfection The dissonance of Q is that the faithful were supposed to be the beneficiaries of Trump’s strongman, nativist, xenophobic, anti-progressive campaign, but they haven’t, because he’s a selfish grifter who used them for their political convenience, and thus despite all his promises their lives have generally gotten materially worse under his criminal presidency.", "That is, emotionally, psychologically, a lot to deal with, and Q gives that disappointment shape and form, encouraging believers to Trust The Plan.", "It’s deeply sad, and the increasingly convoluted explanations for why followers should discard their own rational instincts and Trust The Plan create a self-radicalization cycle.", "One of the most insidious elements of a confidence scam is that the victims who invested the most are often the most passionate defenders, because shame is a powerful force in the human psyche, and they can’t bear the shame of admitting they were tricked.", "This results in Q believers growing more and more passionate, getting more and more involved, and further isolating themselves from others, particularly people who push back against their evangelism.", "The end result is Q believers only socializing with other Q believers.", "The COVID pandemic, already a source of anxiety and isolation for virtually everyone, has further accelerated the process, with the ranks being bolstered by more and more people who already subscribed to fringe medical or conspiratorial beliefs, who are deeply unstable, or who are just generally amenable to authoritarianism if they stand to benefit.", "And, of course, grifters.", "So, so many grifters.", "Q has managed to attract all the normal types of grifters, from policy hacks who see the movement as a political body that they can try to steer to either bolster their own support or hurt their opposition, to pundits who benefit from the traffic Q brings in, to quick buck dropshippers, to regular old conmen.", "In fact whether you’re looking to just make some cash selling Q-branded merchandise or if you want to build an entire career on YouTube as a Q decoder, there’s money to be made off QAnon.", "Now, all this isn’t to say that everyone’s either completely on board or a full blown grifter, that there aren’t casual posters or that people don’t break out of these groups.", "A lot of people flirt with conspiracies for periods of time because they’re entertaining, they’re exciting.", "The idea that the world is no more complex than a long running TV show is appealing, and it’s fun to think that there’s somewhere you can go for a narrator’s eye view of reality.", "There’s an emotional security in believing that the world will only ever be brought to the dramatic edge of peril before a clever twist saves the day.", "A lot of casual investigators dabble in the fun and then bounce off after run-ins with insufferable believers, disruptions like a website outage, or just getting distracted by a new video game.", "However this is a radicalization pipeline, and a lot of people don’t bounce off once they come across something distatestful.", "People start with their generalized sense of unease with the world, their undefined anxieties, and a thing like QAnon comes alone with a lot of answers.", "Bizarre answers.", "Inconsistent answers.", "But a lot of them.", "in every speech and every tweet he used codes for the q anons to pick up on he used spelling errors such as 'covfefe' instead of coffee referring to a new act about the saving of all social media posts by the president They come in so fast and so confidently that it’s persuasive.", "It’s not cohesive, but there’s so much of it.", "As believers get more invested they spend time decoding, or watching others decode, and they become more accustomed to integration and synthesization.", "With QAnon this phase consists mostly of constantly rearranging and rewriting existing and evolving lore in order to preserve desired outcomes, and gradually those outcomes, the only thing that remains consistent, become the fixed point in someone’s life.", "That’s the thing that QAnon trains you to do, to see specific outcomes, The Storm and the Great Awakening, as the only thing that really matters, and everything else is mutable.", "QAnon trains people to see facts as subservient to outcomes, that facts are just game pieces you rearrange to justify actions.", "This is how someone starts off with a vague, justified distrust of the financial relationships between elected officials and health insurance companies, and comes out the other end believing that coronavirus is spread by 5G networks and the only solution is a fascist crackdown on Black Lives Matter protesters and a war with China.", "Increasingly one of the biggest reasons why people leave Q is because they become frustrated with the lack of results and jump right into hardcore accelerationist groups.", "This is something to be really worried about because, well, they’re hardcore accelerationists, and it’s the precursor to what’s called “forcing the end.” This is where members of a doomsday cult, disillusioned with the fact that doomsday hasn’t arrived, synthesize the belief that it’s their responsibility to create the circumstances that will allow doomsday to occur.", "Those circumstances, by the way, are almost always death, plague, ecological collapse, and societal instability.", "And for people who have steeped themselves in these ideas, that there is a foretold day of reckoning that is directly contingent on a specific man’s access to political power, and been told over and over and over again to suppress disillusionment with the lack of desired results and “trust the plan”, it is a very small leap to deciding that The Plan all along was Q training them to be the instrument of The Storm and now they need to take matters into their own hands.", "we have this timeline here the mass arrests they can't act too quickly because they have to have certain assets in place like judges you know other countries have to be ready to go because this is going to be a global takedown and so and then you have another window over here where it's like it's they wait too long and so we're in between this period of too soon and too long before we make the mass arrests and what's happening is what the lord has shown me is that if they wait too long which i don't think they will but if they do is that it could be another mogadishu or another benghazi where the patriots will rise up and say enough's enough they will take matters into their own hands and they will drag their dead bodies through the streets they will go to these politicians houses or offices and drag them out okay because again we want to pray against that but i have to put that warning out there i've been sitting on this for a year because we're coming to the pinnacle here where they're gonna have to act at some point because the people are not asking for justice they're demanding it so the government has to act now if they need to buy more time because they don't have the assets in place quite yet they need to make probably one or two high-level arrests high-profile arrests perp walk them on national television so that people will see that justice is going to be done where i think they've got to make the arrest before january if they're going to make them this year because if he arrests anyone after january when campaign season starts it's going to make it look like he's just arresting those that oppose him Coming at all this from the outside, it’s really, really easy to get frustrated with Q, to get frustrated talking about Q or trying to explain Q, because there’s so much noise in their messaging, so much chaos, that it’s really easy to get hung up on the sensational stuff, to fixate on the beliefs like adrenochrome or the Cabal.", "Statues of Moloch, an expression of the devil, are now watching over several American cities If you want to cut through the noise, it’s this: the unifying theme is a desire for a sort of restorative authoritarianism, for a strong man to come in and forcibly put everything back “where it belongs.” Everything else is aesthetic.", "Like Flat Earth, there is a sympathetic nugget in the anxiety that the world has gotten too complex, that things are spinning out of control, but the Q analysis of the problem is that the fault lies with the people outlining the complexity.", "The purpose of cosmologies like Q, like Flat Earth, is to simplify the world.", "And, I know, that sounds ridiculous.", "The irony here is that this isn’t all that far off base.", "Now, not this specific example, the QAnon map of global politics is almost pure nonsense, but the shape of it isn’t.", "If you were to map out the political landscape of the world it would look a lot like this: thousands of political entities, big and small, all with their own goals, values, and incentives, navigating an equally complex series of conflicts, alliances, and rivalries in competition for power, fame, or limited resources.", "So how is something like this making the world simpler?", "Because it takes all this, the chaos of millions of individuals trying to reshape the world in their own way, for good or ill, and turns it into a single entity.", "All the world’s complexity, all the chaos, it’s all the fault of one group.", "Not an ideology, not a worldview, not historical inertia, not anything so nebulous as the way we think about the world.", "A single, tangible, identifiable group with a written agenda.", "These types of conspiratorial beliefs, for all their complex cosmologies, exist in opposition to structural challenges, and a lot of people get involved because they resent structural criticism.", "Structural criticism poses that we are the way we are because of complicated forces, some intentional and many not, that have compounded and morphed over generations.", "There’s no plan, no template, and no goal.", "The world won’t just magically morph into a better place as a function of its existence: we are responsible for confronting the past, fixing the present, and shaping the future.", "QAnon, and not just QAnon, many people, many many people, want to believe that things are the way they are because someone has deliberately crafted it to be that way, that there is a natural order to the world, and we need to just trust the plan.", "Climate scientists, trans and queer activists, women’s rights, reproductive autonomy, racial justice, protests against police brutality, protests against generational wealth inequality, and protests against the increasing transfer of the public good into the hands of corporations for privatization and exploitation, all of them interlocking, systemic issues.", "These are, inarguably, disruptions of the status quo, confrontations of deep-rooted complexities that intersect the lives and futures of billions of people.", "And it is that disruption, not the underlying injustices, not the underlying conflicts, that make QAnon anxious, that make QAnon feel like the world has gotten too complex.", "They don’t want those complexities to exist, and by talking about them you make them exist.", "It’s a form of magical thought.", "Talking about police brutality wills police brutality into existence.", "A disruption of the status quo is seen as a disruption of the natural order.", "The problem they see is that no one has made those people shut up.", "That is what they want: someone to come in and make those people shut up and go away, to put things back “where they belong”.", "Now, this is not a philosophy unique to QAnon, it’s the lifeblood of all reactionary movements.", "They are, of course, in conflict with facts.", "Global warming, to pull one example, is real, and an existential threat to civilization.", "That’s just a fact.", "It wasn’t willed into existence by people talking about it, it isn’t over-tuned leftists looking for patterns in clouds, it’s the byproduct of dumping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere on an industrial scale for two hundred years.", "And there is a temptation to engage on that level, to confront all the material ways in which they are just wrong, and it largely does not work.", "And what’s unique about QAnon is the degree to which it doesn’t work, the degree to which the movement is immune to evidence.", "All reactionary movements are in tension with reality, a tension that eventually results in psychological crisis, and belief systems like QAnon are the endpoint of that crisis, the point where reality itself becomes an enemy.", "Because ultimately it’s not about facts, it’s about power.", "QAnons are not otherwise empty vessels who believe one whacky thing.", "They have an agenda.", "QAnon, what it accepts, what it believes, is driven by the outcomes it justifies.", "The Democratic National Convention is thinking about bringing Bernie Sanders back to run for president in 2020.", "Can you imagine?", "Like, what if he gets elected?", "I seriously hope not.", "Hopefully all this stuff goes down and there is an awakening and everyone lines up behind President Trump.", "I'm fed up with the attacks on President Trump, I think he's the greatest president that we'll have in our lifetimes, and I'm grateful for all he's doing, and I'm proudly running for congress in Georgia's 14th district.", "The reason they aren’t more bothered by Q constantly getting things wrong, why they aren’t more bothered by the extreme inconsistencies and outright contradictions, by the claims that are just materially wrong, is because it gives them power over others who are bound by something as weak and flimsy as reality.", "They claim to be against corruption while hanging their hopes on an openly corrupt man, and that naked hypocrisy is the point.", "They will effortlessly carve out an exception because it makes them exceptional.", "They engage in wild hypocrisy as an act of domination, adhering to something demonstrably untrue out of spite, because they believe that power belongs to those with the greatest will to take it, and what greater sign of will than the ability to override truth?", "Their will is a hammer that they are useing to beat reality itself into a shape of their choosing, a simple world where reality is exactly what it looks like through their eyes, devoid of complexity, devoid of change, where they are right and their enemies are silent.", "They are trying to build a Flat Earth.", "[Intense music]" ]

[ "Prologue", "Intro", "Part 1", "Part 2" ]

[ "So right now you are watching an AI that teaches itself how to play the game of Pong.", "Now it's doing so using an algorithm called Mete, which stands for neuro evolution of augmented topologies.", "Now, in this video, I'm going to explain to you how that algorithm works and then show you how to implement it into this game.", "Now, although we will be focused on Pong, the techniques and strategies I show you in this video will work for pretty much any game.", "So if you're interested in building A.I.", "and building A.I.", "for games in general, then definitely watch through this video.", "And I'm sure that you will learn a lot.", "Now, I do want to mention that we're not going to koto pong from scratch like I did in kind of the last video of this where I coded A.I.", "that played Flappy Bird.", "I'll link that in the description, by the way.", "What I'm going to do is give you some starting code that has a functioning pong game.", "And then we'll look at how we actually implement the neat algorithm and move the different paddles and well trained in air.", "So with that said, let's go ahead and get into the content.", "After a quick word from our sponsor.", "Before we get started, I think amplify for sponsoring this video app ified lets you turn any website into an API and can automate anything you do manually in a web browser at scale without before you can perform web scraping, web automation, web integration and more.", "As a developer, you can build your own custom scrapers using the App API SDK, which is a fully featured node.", "Just library, or you can use their Python API client.", "Now, if you do end up making a custom scraper or automation tool, you can monetize your work by publishing your solution to the Shopify store and rent free software to earn passive income each month.", "Now, if you don't want to write a scraper from scratch, you can also fork the code of hundreds of pre-made tools in the App Office store and modify it to your liking.", "You can get started with Apple Fights Day for free by clicking the link in the description and get a five U.S. dollar credit every single month without even needing a credit card.", "However, if you do need to upgrade, you can use the code.", "Tim 20 for a 20% discount.", "Thanks again to Apple Pie for sponsoring this video.", "Now let's get into it.", "So I want to get right into the code, but I just need to mention that this video here is not designed for complete beginners.", "So I'm going to assume that you have a solid understanding of Python.", "Now you have some understanding of neural networks.", "Now, if you don't.", "Don't worry, I will leave some links in the description and some resources to help you.", "So first of all, if you don't understand Python or maybe you're just kind of a beginner programmer, you can check out my course.", "It's called programing expert.", "Dot IO teaches you fundamental programing concepts, mostly in Python that will be linked in the description.", "You can also check out my neural networks for Beginners tutorial series that's free.", "That's on YouTube.", "If you just want to learn a little bit about neural networks before going through all of the content here.", "With that said, please do feel free to follow along You'll most likely be able to get a functioning A.I.", "You may just not understand everything that you're doing.", "All right.", "So now that we've talked about that, I will also mention all the code for this video will be linked in the description as well as all of the documentation and research papers that I reference.", "Now, I apologize for the long introduction.", "Let's actually get into the code and let's start creating this A.I.. All right.", "So on the right hand side of my screen here, you can see that I actually have a finished version of this A.I.", "So the right hand side of the A.I.", "and I'm on the left hand side.", "And this is going to be the goal for this video is to train the A.I., watch how it trains and kind of understand the genetic algorithm, but then be able to actually play against the A.I.", "in a game of Pong or to have two eyes play against each other.", "So that is the end goal.", "Just wanted to show that to you.", "And now what we're going to do is just get into some setup steps here, because as I mentioned, we're not going to be coding our pong from scratch.", "What we're going to do is start with an implementation of Pong, and then I'm going to show you how to implement the A.I.", "for it.", "Now, if you do want to code pong from scratch, I do have an entire tutorial on how to do that, so I'll link that in the description but for now, I want to get started with the starting code.", "So what I'm actually going to do is just open up a new folder here in this code and then walk the setup steps with you.", "So I've just opened up a new folder and via code that's the editor I'm going to use for this video.", "Feel free to use whatever you want.", "Now, I also have this GitHub link open.", "This will be in the description, but this is what contains the starting code for this project and the implementation of Pong that we'll use to train the AI with.", "So go to this link against in the description and just copy it if you have Git installed.", "And if you don't have Git installed, then what you're going to want to do is just click on the download Zip here by clicking on code.", "So code download zip and then extract the zip folder and open up that zip folder.", "But if you do have git, then you can just copy the URL and you can just clone the repository, which is what I'm going to do.", "So I'm going to go to this code at my terminal open and I'm just going to typing git clone and then paste the URL here.", "And that's going to give me all of those files inside of this directory.", "Now I'm just going to start walking you through how this code works.", "Then we'll build out kind of a basic implementation of the Pong game so we can actually view it and kind of play the game ourselves.", "Then we'll start getting into writing the API.", "So the first thing that we do need to do is actually install a few modules So if you open up requirements, you'll see that we need neat Python and Pi game.", "So if you know how do you can install just this text file here or you can just go into your command prompt and type pip install and then the modules.", "So the first one is going to be neat Python.", "And then after that it's going to be Piki.", "Now I already have them installed, so you're going to see it says requirement already satisfied, but you need both neat Python and Pi game for this video.", "Now, for some reason that Pip Command didn't work for you.", "Try the PIP three commands If that didn't work for you, try python hyphen m pip and then install and then the two modules that are listed there.", "And if that didn't work for you, try Python three.", "And if none of those worked for you, as always, I'll put two videos on the screen that show you how to fix that command.", "Okay, so now that we have that working, let's just start having a look inside of this pong folder here because the pong folder, it's actually a Python package that contains everything you need to create.", "So inside of here, we have balled up pipe.", "This simply implements the ball okay.", "We have paddle.", "This is one paddle.", "We, you know, used to paddle in our pong game and then we have gamed up PI, which is the class that you're going to be interfacing with.", "So inside of this file, you can see that we have two main classes.", "We have game information and we have game.", "Now, the game information class is going to be returned to us, or at least an instance of this class will be returned to us whenever we called the loop method of the game, which I'll talk about in one second, but it's just going to give us the game information, right?", "The number of hits the left paddle has the right paddle has the the score of both the left and the right paddle.", "And the way the scoring works is that if you get the ball across the other players side, you get a point.", "So if I'm the right paddle, I hit it's the left side and they miss, then the right paddle would get a point.", "Obviously, we want to know all of this information so that we can understand which air is performing better and we can train our air using, you know, this data, right?", "That's why we want then we have the game class.", "This is the main class that we're going to interface with.", "And, you know, have to understand how the code inside of here works.", "You just need to understand how you simulate the game using the class, which I'm going to show you exactly how to do.", "So the first thing we'll do here is initialize an instance, and we do that by passing a window, a window width and a window height.", "Okay.", "Pretty straightforward.", "That's going to be a pie game window.", "And then it will handle actually making the game for us.", "We then have a bunch of private methods which we don't even have to look at because we're not going to interface with them.", "And then we have draw.", "Now Draw is going to actually draw the game for us.", "You don't have to draw the game.", "If you don't draw it, you just won't see it.", "So up to you if you want to draw it or not, and you may not want to draw because it'll be faster to actually train the air if you're not constantly dropping, then we have move paddle pretty easy with this allows us to move the left or the right paddle.", "If we pass left through, that means we're moving left paddle.", "If we pass left false, we're moving the right paddle up true.", "We're going to move whatever.", "Paddle up, up, false.", "We're going move it down right.", "And then it will make sure that we actually can move it and it's going to return to us.", "True.", "If we were able to successfully move the paddle and false otherwise.", "So if you're trying to move the paddle off the screen, for example, it's going to return false saying, hey, no, you cannot move there.", "Continuing we have loop this excuse a single game loop.", "So what you need to do here to actually run the game is create your own event.", "Loop, which is just going to be a while loop.", "Essentially this running that's constantly calling this method and then this method, every frame is going to return to you.", "The game info, which is going to be the hits for the left and right paddle and then the score for the left and the right paddle.", "So at every frame in the game, you will know all of the information and you can do with it what you want inside of your main game.", "You can decide when to end the game.", "You can decide if you want to train another A.I, if you want to give an AI more points on another one.", "We'll talk about that later on.", "Then we have reset.", "Pretty straightforward resets the entire game.", "That's the game class.", "That's really all the information you need to know.", "And one last thing, we have the Senate up high file, and this just says from dock game import game, which means that when I import this pong, I guess package is what we'll call it, then I'm able to just directly import the game class and start working with it.", "Okay.", "Continuing we have config dot text.", "This is what we're going to use for the configuration for our neat algorithm.", "Talk about all of this stuff when we actually implement neat.", "Don't worry about it.", "Too much right now.", "Then we have made up.", "Hi, this is the finished code.", "So if you just want to run the I like you don't care to go through this tutorial, then you can just run this file assuming you've installed me python and pi game.", "But what I'm going to be doing in this video is essentially rewriting this file from scratch.", "Do we actually understand all of the stuff inside of you?", "And then this header comments is just one of the examples from Neat that we kind of reference or that I've stolen some code from in this file right here.", "Okay.", "So that is the gist of the starting code Not overly complicated.", "Again, you don't have to understand everything inside of here.", "I just wanted to give you a brief explanation of what's going on so that when I start writing some code, it makes a bit more sense.", "So now let's actually implement a basic pong game.", "So let's use that game class and just see how we can actually move the paddle up and down and work with those different methods.", "Then we'll start writing out the API.", "So I'm going to create a file here and I'm going to call this tutorial dot pie.", "And inside of here I'm going to say imports.", "I'm going to import pipe game, and then I'm going to say rum.", "And this is going to be pong imports.", "And then I'm going to import game.", "Now I can do this because Pong, which is the folder here, is a package because it has the init file inside of it that allows me to directly import anything that it imports.", "And since it imports game, I get game right here.", "Now make sure you put your tutorial up high file inside of the neat pong python folder.", "And that is not inside of the pong folder.", "Okay.", "Now that we have this, we want to set up a page game window.", "The window is where we're going to draw all of this stuff and what we need to pass to the game class.", "So I'm going to say window is equal to page game, dot display, dot set, underscore mode, and then instead of here, I have to pass a width and a height for the window.", "So I'm just going to say width, comma, height is equal to in the we're going to go 700, 500.", "Now make sure that whatever the width and the height is that you set, you're going to keep it the same when you're training the A.I.", "because if you change the width and the height, it's going to affect how the AI performs.", "So just make sure the width and height you pick right now you're okay with that.", "You're not going to be changing and say the middle of training, because if you were to change, that's going to kind of mess everything up.", "Just wanted to note that.", "So we'll pass width and height inside of here.", "Okay.", "Now that we have a window in a width and height, we can initialize the game cost.", "So I'm going to say game is equal to game and I'm going to pass my window my width and my height.", "Now you're about to see how easy it's going to be to run the game.", "What I can do is create a wall loop here so I can say a while.", "True, for example, although I really should just make a variable.", "So I'll say a run equals true, and then I'll run and I'm going to say game dot loop and then game dot draw and then I'm going to say my game dot display.", "Where is this here?", "Dot update.", "And this will actually run the pie game for us.", "That's literally all we need.", "Now, I do need some way to quit this one loop.", "I don't want an infinite loop, so let's implement that.", "But this is what I was talking about.", "Game.", "I'm going to say game dot loop.", "This is just going to constantly run the game loop for me inside of here.", "I'm saying game draw.", "So it's going to draw it.", "And then I'm updating my display just so I see everything.", "If I don't update the display, it's not actually going to show that it's being dropped.", "However, as I said, we need some way to quit.", "So what I'm going to do is say for events in PI game DOT events don't get and I'm going to say if event not type is equal to PI Gymkit, so that means we hit the red X button on the PI game window, which you'll see in a second.", "And I just want to say running was false.", "And I'll just break out of the for loop like that.", "Okay.", "And then down here we can just say a PI game, don't quit.", "Just make sure the window closes.", "Give that's literally all we need to run the pong game.", "And of course there's a way to move the paddles.", "But let's run this right now and see if this is working.", "Okay, so I'm going to bring up actually, I don't need to bring up the console.", "I can just click run and let's see and notice that we have the pong game and there you go.", "Now it's going super fast, right?", "Just because I haven't actually limited how fast the loop is running.", "I'll show you how we can limit that, but that's how you utilize the pong.", "And then if I want to move the paddle, I would just need to use that paddle move method.", "For now, though, I'll show you how we can limit the the speed so we can do is create a clock and say a pie game time clock.", "And then what I will do is go in here and say clock tick and you pass the maximum number of frames that you want to render per second.", "So in this case, I'm saying six.", "That means this while loop will be limited to running 60 times per second.", "That's exactly what take does for us.", "Okay, so you just put that into a loop and it's going to limit the time.", "Let's run this and then notice that now we get a ball moving at a reasonable speed.", "Okay.", "And then it's drawing the score for us.", "Now, a few other things that we can look at here when we draw, we have the option to pass two things.", "Let's just go back here and I'll show you.", "So looking at draw, we have the option to pass, draw, score and draw hits.", "So draw score by default is drew draw hits is false.", "Pretty straightforward what they're doing.", "But if I don't want to draw the score, I can pass this false.", "And if I want to draw the number of hits I pass, that is true.", "So maybe we will switch this and just say false.", "And true.", "And now rather than it showing us what the score is, it's going to show us the combined number of hits between the two players.", "Okay.", "So, you know, unfortunately, they have not hit the ball yet.", "Now, one small thing to note here, as well as that, you'll probably see that when the ball starts in the middle, it's kind of random, the direction that's going, that's intended.", "So I have it switched just randomly coming off at a slight angle so that the I can't just say sit in the middle of the screen and constantly hit the ball.", "It needs to actually learn to move towards the ball.", "That's something I did in the game.", "Class.", "I want to mention anyways.", "See, the hits is being tracked up here.", "That's all good.", "We now pretty much understand how to use this class.", "The last thing I'll do is show you how we can move the panel with the arrow keys and then we'll start building the A.I.", "So let's do the following.", "Let's say keys.", "We want to get all of the keys at the user's press.", "We're going to say keys is equal to pie gymkit a get underscore and this is going to be pressed.", "This will give us a list of all of the keys that the user has pressed, so I can just check if they've pressed in this case.", "Let's go with the W and the key and then I can move the panel accordingly so I can say if keys and then I'm going to pass pre-game.", "Okay.", "Underscore.", "And then the key I want to check is w. So that's what I pass.", "If you want to do a, you would do it right.", "If you want to you up, it's actually k underscore up if you want down in all capitals K underscore down, you can let those up from the game website but pretty straightforward.", "And then what I will do is say game dot move paddle.", "Okay.", "And then what paddle do you want to move one to move the left paddle.", "So let's say left is equal to true and I want to move up when I'm pressing W so say up equal strip.", "Okay.", "And then we can copy this.", "Put this down here and now we'll see if keys per game.", "Okay.", "Underscore SW because while that's below W, then we'll say left is true.", "Okay.", "But up is going to be false.", "Nice.", "Now this will allow us to move the left paddle.", "So let's run the code and let's see what we get.", "And notice that if I move s and w, I can now move the left paddle.", "And if you want to take that from that, maybe the up arrow keys for the right paddle.", "That's as easy as it is though.", "And the last thing to look at is that if I do something like game info is equal to this I can print out, for example, the game info dots and then let's go left score and the game info dart right score.", "So the game in focus again has left score, right score left hits.", "Right hits.", "So we'll use this data to figure out when we want to end the game and how well the players are doing.", "I just want to show you that I can print this out and let's move the console up.", "And notice we're constantly getting zero and let's let him score and then we're going to get 01 right there.", "Yeah.", "Nice.", "So now that we have done all of that, I want to start building out the air.", "So to do that, I want to make a class that's going to have a few different methods.", "The first method may be something like training I the other method maybe test A.I., right?", "I need a few different things, and it just makes sense to put all of this in a class.", "So let's go ahead and do that.", "So I'm just going to take a class here.", "Let's do it at the top and let's say class.", "I'll call it Pong Game, and then we'll define in a net.", "And in the net.", "I mean, just move the mic a bit closer here.", "We'll take in a window, a width and height, and we'll initialize a game.", "So what I'm going to do is say game here.", "Let's copy this is equal to that, but we'll say self-talk game is equal to game, a window with height.", "So now each pong game in sense will have its own game.", "And then inside of here, I just want to grab the ball as was the left and the right paddle from my game.", "So if I go to game here, you can see that in the net we have a left paddle right paddle and ball.", "Now I'm going to want the location of the ball, location of the left and the right paddle when I'm actually designing the air.", "So I'm just going to get those things.", "I'm going to say self-taught left.", "Paddle is equal to self dart game, dart left, paddle and then self the right Powell is equal to self.", "The game, the right paddle and then self the ball is equal.", "Do self-talk game double.", "Okay, now that we have all of that, let's make a method and let's just make this test easy.", "And for now, we're just going to take in self and I'm just going to run all of the code that I put right here just so that we're not wasting this code.", "Let's put all of it in here.", "Okay.", "Let's table this forward.", "And now we have a method that actually lets us test the game and then later on we'll make it so that we pass an AI here and that actually uses the AI to play against us.", "Okay.", "There, we already have our first method done.", "Nice.", "So now that we've done all of that, we need to talk about neat because we're going to start actually using Neat to well training A.I.", "And we need to understand how it works and what that is.", "So let me hop over the whiteboard.", "We'll do a bit of an explanation, then we'll start implementing it.", "So I'm on the whiteboard and I'm going to start explaining to you, neat now, neat is neuro evolution of augmented topologies.", "And this is what's known as a genetic algorithm.", "Now, a genetic algorithm takes inspiration from human history.", "And natural selection and essentially produces multiple generations of what we call genomes.", "Now, this is a little bit confusing.", "I'm going to explain this more in depth, but before I get to that, I just want to give you a quick recap on neural networks and how you design a regular neural network, because NEETs is kind of an advanced I don't even know what you would call it, layer on top of neural networks.", "So when we're designing a neural network, what we want to do is we want to feed some inputs to it and we want to get some outputs.", "Now we need to determine how many inputs we're going to have and how many outputs and what inputs are going to make sense to feed to the neural network.", "So when we're talking about our pong game, let's just draw this out here.", "We have a left paddle, a right paddle and a ball.", "Now, there's all different types of inputs that we could feed to a neural network to try to get the paddle to move.", "But the first thing we should probably determine is what do we want this neural network to tell us?", "What is what is the output going to be?", "Well, what we want the neural network to tell us is if we're talking about, say, the left paddle here is if we should move the paddle up down or if we should just keep the paddle in the same location.", "That's really all we care about.", "That's what we want to know from the network.", "So that's what our outputs going to be up down or stay.", "Now, to try to get the paddle to go up, down or to stay still, what inputs should we feed the neural network?", "Well, it's definitely going to need to know the location of the paddle right now in Pai game, the location is the top left hand corner.", "So in this case, will pass, say, the Y of the paddle to the neural network.", "Now, the reason I won't pass the X is because the X is going to be constant.", "I don't want to pass any constant values general network.", "It's just not necessary to do that.", "So I don't need to pass the X because it's constant of the palace, not change because we pass the Y of the paddle and then we want to know the location of the ball.", "Right.", "That's going to be important.", "So I'm going to pass the Y of the ball.", "Okay.", "So actually, let's not say P, let's say Y of ball, and then I'll also pass the distance between the paddle and the ball.", "Since I'm not going to pass the X of the paddle, I'll pass not just the x of the ball, but I'll pass the distance between so it knows how close we're getting to it.", "Right.", "So I'll just say like this, I'm standing for the distance between the paddle and the ball.", "Nice.", "So those would be my three inputs to the neural network.", "So let's clear the screen here and now let's draw a neural network that's going to have the inputs that we discussed and the outputs.", "So in a neural network, we have nodes right?", "We're going to have our input layer, which will draw in red.", "And this first input we're going to say is going to be the Y of the paddle.", "The second input will be the Y of the ball, and then this will be the distance in between the ball and the paddle.", "Okay.", "And then we're going to have an output layer and for the output layer, since there's three possible decisions that we want to make, we're going to have three notes, right?", "And this first node will say, okay, we want to stay still.", "This will say go up and this will say go down.", "And we'll have to interpret which node kind of represents what.", "I'll talk about that later on.", "But the point is, we want three nodes because we have three possible decisions and so we can say something like, whatever node has the highest value is the decision that we're going to take.", "And then in between here, because this our input layer in the output layer we're going to have something called a hidden layer or multiple hidden layers.", "So maybe I have something like two nodes in one handler.", "And then typically what we do is we connect every node from the input layer to the hidden layer.", "Okay?", "And then every node from the hidden layer gets connected to every node from the A-pillar.", "Now, it's not always the case.", "Sometimes we're missing connections or sometimes there's multiple connections.", "All different types of things can happen.", "But generally speaking, we have our input layer.", "We have hidden layers.", "So in this case, we just have one.", "We could have multiple hidden layers, we could have five nodes, ten node, as many nodes as we want in the hidden layers.", "And then we have our output layer.", "And what we want to do is pass information.", "It gets sent through the neural network and then we get some output and we don't really care how we get the output.", "We just want to get the most accurate output we possibly can.", "So that is kind of be brief on neural networks.", "Again, I'm assuming you understand how neural networks work, because I'm not going to explain kind of how the data is getting sent through here.", "The main thing that I want to show you by looking at this diagram is that it's kind of random or it's kind of arbitrary the way that we're picking the internal architecture of our network right within this box that I'm drawing can really be anything.", "I don't care what's in the middle of the neural network so long as the output based on my input is valid, right?", "That's really all I care about.", "It can kind of just be an invisible black box, what's inside of the neural network.", "And for me to try to determine the number of nodes in each layer, how many hidden layers I should have.", "That's a pretty difficult thing.", "To do, especially if we're trying to solve a task like training an AI to play a game with.", "This isn't really a well-known task.", "Well, maybe playing Pong is, but for any kind of general game, or maybe a game you've made yourself, there's not a good way to determine how many nodes in our hidden layer we should have, as well as how many layers we should have.", "We can, you know, try to guess, but it's not going to be very easy to do that.", "So the reason I keep saying this is because this architecture in the middle is really kind of the question mark.", "This is what's going to determine really the performance of the neural network And that's something that's difficult for us to pick.", "So rather than us deciding it, we're going to get the neat algorithm to do that for us.", "So let me zoom out a bit here just so that I can move this up.", "All right.", "Why is it not letting me zoom out?", "Okay, you know what?", "That's fine.", "We'll just get off the screen.", "I don't need it to be on the screen anymore.", "What our neat algorithm is going to do is it's going to create a bunch of neural networks.", "And these neural networks are going to start with kind of a predefined number of hidden layers, a number of hidden nodes.", "We'll decide that on our own.", "And then there'll be some random mutations that are performed to these neural networks.", "So we'll start with kind of a population here.", "So let's say a population of how many neural networks we determine in this case, let's say we start with ten neural networks, and these new networks will all be slightly different AI and have some kind of minor changes made to them from the starting neural network that we define ourselves.", "So maybe we say that we want to have the network that I said we want to have three input nodes, we want to have two hidden nodes, and we want to have three output nodes the number of input nodes and the number of output nodes is always going to stay the same no matter what.", "What's going to change is what's in the middle here.", "The number of hidden nodes, a number of connections and all of the parameters to the neural network.", "That's what's going to be modified by the neat algorithm.", "So we start with a population of ten neural networks and we're going to call these neural networks genomes.", "Okay.", "And what we're going to do is we're going to take all of these genomes.", "We're going to test them, and we're going to determine what their fitness is.", "Now, the fitness of a genome is essentially its score.", "It's how well it performs, right?", "If we're talking about humans and natural selection, which I'm going to get to in a second, it will be how long do you survive?", "Right.", "Natural selection essentially states that over, you know, tens of thousands of years, multiple generations of humans, the ones that were the smartest, the ones that were able to survive, they bred together, that created a smarter offspring.", "And then that continued on and on and on.", "And you'll oftentimes see memes and stuff about, you know, natural selection with the people of today that do very stupid things and end up, you know, potentially dying.", "Obviously, that's a little bit dark.", "We don't need to talk about that in here.", "But the point of natural selection is that over tens of thousands of years you have a large population of people.", "They all breed together.", "They create offspring.", "The best of those offspring are going to survive.", "The worst are going to die off.", "And that means that when you get to, you know, the year 20, 22, you have a set of humans who are all to some level better than the very first generation.", "Again, depends on the metrics that you're using, but that's what this algorithm is going to attempt to do.", "So we take every single one of our genomes and we grade them.", "We give them a fit.", "Now the fitness is how well they perform our task.", "So in this case, when we're playing Pong, we need to come up with kind of a fitness function and a way to determine what the fitness is of every one of our agents.", "Now, I'm simply going to use the number of times that the eye hits the ball.", "That's going to be my fitness.", "So if the eye misses the ball, which is going to happen a lot at the very beginning, it's going to get a fitness of zero.", "But if the eye stays alive for a good amount of time and hits the ball a lot, then it's going to get a high fitness that's as simple as it is for the fitness function.", "So we go through, we give them all fitness.", "Let's just say we have some new 1732034, ten, 20, 21, whatever, whatever the fitness values are.", "And then what we're going to do is we're going to look at this population of genomes.", "We're going to keep the best genomes that we have.", "So maybe we keep like 21 2010 maybe we keep seven as well.", "We're going to discard some of the worst ones, and then we're going to breed the best genomes together and move to the next generation.", "And when I say breed what that really involves is looking at the architecture of each of these neural networks.", "Because remember, each genome is really just a neural network and taking those properties and kind of merging them together in another new neural network.", "So maybe one year old network has a layer with two nodes, the other one has a layer with three.", "Maybe we then make a new network that has excuse me, two hidden layers, one with two nodes, one with three nodes.", "Whatever the mutation is, we make some changes and we're kind of breeding the best networks together and hoping to get a better offspring.", "That's the concept.", "So we take these.", "Let me zoom out here and then we move on.", "This is what we call generation one.", "Okay.", "And we move on and we make another generation of genomes that goes here.", "So we have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.", "Okay.", "And then same thing with these genomes.", "We take them, we grade them on their fitness we keep the best ones, we get rid of the worst ones, and then we mutate the best ones together, create some offspring and move on to the next generation.", "And we continue this until eventually we get a genome or a neural network that meets our criteria for fitness.", "So maybe once the fitness is 500, 700, whatever it is, we say, Okay, we're done.", "We have found an AI that is sufficiently good at the game pong.", "We're going to end the algorithm and we can then save that A.I.", "and use it in our game.", "Hopefully this makes a bit of sense.", "All right.", "So obviously, I am giving a vast simplification to how the neat algorithm actually works.", "People way smarter than me wrote the neat algorithm.", "We're not going to write this algorithm.", "We're just going to utilize it.", "That's why we have the config file and we installed that module.", "Init does a lot more than what I'm explaining here.", "It actually will keep different species of neural networks So what I mean by that is we'll group maybe, you know, like let's say these, these and these together into three separate species.", "And we'll try to make sure that through our different mutations, we're keeping at least one or two genomes from each species so that we don't have a species go extinct.", "Right.", "And the reason we would do that is because there may be a species that's not very good right now, but may have a promising architecture for later on.", "Now, there's all kinds of other considerations like that like how long do you keep a genome that's not performing?", "Well, if I have a species and I have one genome in there and it's not performing well for, say, ten generations.", "Is that sufficient for me to say, okay, I'm going to get rid of it?", "I don't know all kinds of questions like that.", "Now, there's also the ability to add random mutations to offspring and kind of children of other genomes.", "So what may happen is you may take the best genome and rather than breeding it with another one, you may just add a random mutation and a mutation, maybe disabling a connection or adding another node or slightly changing the weights and biases of the neural network.", "There's all kinds of stuff that can go on, and that's why it requires a lot of generations typically to train in artificial intelligence so we're going to start with a population of close to 50 genomes.", "And then what we're going to do is run them through about 50 generations until we reach a genome or a neural network that plays the game of Pong decently well.", "Okay.", "So that's it for the explanation on Neat.", "Hopefully that made a bit of sense.", "Now let's hop over the computer.", "We'll start actually implementing this, which won't take us too long.", "And then we'll talk about the different strategies on actually testing the fitness.", "Because as you're going to notice here, the fitness is the most important part We're going to keep the best get rid of the worst, generally speaking.", "So we really need to make sure that we're judging these genomes properly and that we know which ones are the best by giving them the most accurate fitness.", "Okay.", "With that said, let's hop over to the computer.", "So I'm back on the computer and I just want to spend a second telling you about some resources.", "So first of all, this is the neat paper.", "This explains neat, gives an overview of it, some of the pros and cons.", "And it's obviously going to be a way better explanation of how the algorithm works than what I could have just given you.", "So please do have a read of this.", "It's not super difficult to read.", "It's only six pages long and it will really crystallize.", "Probably a lot of the questions were, I guess just your understanding of the neat algorithm Anyways, that's the resources, that's the resource story that's in the description.", "And then continuing here, I have this example from the neat documentation.", "So neat Python documentation.", "This is one of the examples they provide.", "And it talks about the fitness function, running, getting the results.", "I'm not going to read this to you.", "Can feel free to read it on your own.", "And then there's some example code.", "A lot of the code we have is straight from here as well as a configuration file.", "So this is the default configuration file for the example they're using, which is the X or example.", "Again, read this if you want to learn more about it.", "But the configuration file that I have in the project that's already written for us is essentially the exact same as this, which is a few minor changes.", "So I will talk about what I've changed.", "But if you want to understand what every single one of these like 70 lines means, you can click on configuration file description and it shows you fitness criteria and fitness threshold like all of the different sections in this configuration file.", "It talks about how you use them and what you can set them to So again, I'm not going to spend the time reading this all out to you.", "That's kind of what you can do on your own time.", "You do not need to go in and touch anything if you don't want to.", "But I know some of you are going to ask, you know, what is this do?", "What does that do?", "If that's the case, please go here and read this.", "It gives you really good explanations.", "Okay, so now we're back here and we need to start working in this configuration file and understand a few of these important aspects.", "So then we can use it for our neat algorithm.", "So let's start going through this file here.", "These are going to be the three most important things you want to have a look at.", "There's pay attention here.", "A fitness criterion is telling us when we reach the fitness threshold, essentially.", "So it's kind of confusing the way I explain this, but the fitness threshold is when we're going to stop the algorithm.", "And if this is Max, that means that once we hit this value for at least one genome, so once a single genome has a fitness of 400 or more, then we're going to stop.", "That's what Max means.", "Now, if I make this mean, that means once I have all of my genomes having an average fitness of 400, I'm going to stop.", "And if I make this mean, that means once the minimum of any genome that I have has a fitness of 400, then I stop.", "So I want this to be max again.", "Once I find a single genome having a fitness at or above 400 we stop the algorithm and then we would return that genome and that would be our kind of right then population size.", "That's what pop size stands for.", "This is how many we want in our population.", "I'm going to go with 50.", "And the way we're going to test this is that if you increase this, it's going to exponentially increase how long it takes to run.", "So already training this, I could take, you know, 20 minutes an hour, could take a good amount of time, and depending on how long you're on it for.", "So if you make this larger, it's going to take significantly longer.", "So I'd recommend you keep it at around 50, but you can mess around with higher, lower values.", "I won't make a massive difference to the performance, but the speed.", "Yes, it will.", "So I think 50 is like a good minimum to keep it out.", "Some of you may want to do it at like 100 or one 50, but for now just go with 50.", "And by the way, everything in this file, please feel free to change it.", "A lot of this is just the default that I took right from the neat website and I've just modified a few things.", "So continuing, I'm not going to explain a lot of these.", "Again, you can read the documentation to see that, but I want to go to a default genome now.", "The default genome we do need to modify a few things here because we need to say set the number of input layers and output layers and all that kind of stuff.", "And we also change the activation function.", "So I'm not going to necessarily explain what the activation function is.", "But essentially what it does is it takes the result from a specific node and it just converts it to a different value.", "So I run the result from a node through the activation function.", "Then I pass that value to the next node.", "And this makes it so that our values are going to be within a specific range.", "In this case, I've changed the activation function from the default of sigmoid to tell you, which is Rectify Linear Unit.", "And this function actually I have a photo of it right here.", "I'll just pull it up.", "This is the real you function okay.", "Of course you can see on the right hand side of my screen.", "It just makes it to the minimum value possibly have is zero.", "Okay.", "That's really you.", "Sigmoid is a different function.", "So I've changed these to tell you.", "That's the only change I've made there.", "Here have not made any changes.", "There's all these other things like, okay, what's the probability that we add a node or delete a node or all that?", "And continuing where we really want to look at is where was it?", "Right here.", "Okay.", "Network parameters.", "This is all we care about for right now.", "So we need to make sure we change these and they will already be change for you.", "So the number of inputs is three and the number of outputs is three.", "Now the number of hidden is the number of hidden layers you want to start with by default.", "In this case, I'm going with two.", "However, you could change this to one, three, whatever, zero.", "Again, it's kind of a random value that I picked and this will change over time as the mutations are applied to the neural network.", "So just go with 33.", "You know, you can mess with this.", "Make it one, make it to you, make it three, whatever.", "I'm just going to make it two for now.", "Okay.", "So last thing to explain in this configuration file, feed forward, make sure this is true again.", "It will be true for you, but I change this from false to true.", "Now, what this means is that we're just going to get a regular neural network where we feed inputs and we get an output.", "If you make this false, you get something called a recurrent neural network, which means the output of the previous call to the neural network is going to be an input to the next call.", "And that is so you can kind of save information.", "You can save like the history of the neural network, if that makes sense.", "We don't care about that here.", "And if you do that, you're going to get some weird results.", "So just make this true and then initial connection full, direct.", "What this means is that we have directed connections between every single note.", "So we have a fully connected nodes.", "Every node in the employer is connected to every now and the handler, every node, the handler, every node in the output layer.", "Okay.", "All right.", "So now let's actually use the configuration file.", "So to do that, I'm going to say imports neat.", "And then I'm also going to import OS just because we need to find the path to the configuration file to load it then I'm going to come down here, I'm going to say if underscore underscore our name is equal to underscore a square main, just making sure that we ran this file, not that we import it.", "I'm going to load the configuration file.", "So I'm going to say that my local directory is equal to osteopath osteopath dir name and then underscore, underscore, file, underscore, underscore with a lowercase.", "This is a special variable.", "Just gives you the current file.", "I can get the directory name of it.", "And then what I'm going to do is say that the config path is equal to Oscar path dot join and I'm going to join the local directory with config text.", "Okay.", "Which is what we have right there.", "Now, if you change the name of this, you're going to have to change that.", "Now, I assume you're working with the starting.", "Now that we have that, we're going to say config is equal to neat dots config.", "And actually, let me just copy this in because it's going to be a bit easier than typing all this time.", "Okay.", "Then we're going to say neat default genome.", "Neat default reproduction.", "Neat.", "The default species set neater default stagnation and then the configuration path.", "Now I can explain this too much.", "Essentially, we're just passing the different properties from the configuration file that we want to use.", "I mean, you can read this if you want, but these are the ones that we want to use, right?", "Default Genome Default Reproduction Defaults.", "ABC Set.", "Default Stagnation.", "And so I need to make sure all of those are in my configuration file.", "And they are.", "And then lastly, I passed my configuration path and I've loaded the configuration file.", "Now we need the configuration file to actually create a neural network.", "So that's what we had to load it.", "Okay.", "Now that we've loaded it, what I want to do is I want to run the neat algorithm.", "So I'm going to make a function and say define run neat.", "Okay.", "And this is just going to take in the config.", "Okay.", "So here we can go say run neat and we can pass the config.", "Now instead of running, I need to create kind of my meta runner.", "I don't even know what you would necessarily call this.", "I guess my neat population so to say p is equal to needs dot population.", "And for the population, I'm just going to pass the config.", "Okay.", "So I'm initializing a population of genomes using the configuration file.", "Now that I've done that, I'm going to add a few things to this that makes it so we get some output to our screen.", "Now, all this code again is coming really right from the neat website.", "So you can reference it there as well.", "But I'm just going to say pivot add reporter and i'm going to say neat dot stdout reporter and then I'm going to pass true here.", "Now this just means we're going to report data to the standard outputs will actually see what generation we're on, the best fitness, the average fitness, all that kind of stuff.", "I'm going to say stats is equal to neat dot and then this will be statistics.", "Reporter so let's write it like that inside here.", "We don't have to pass anything.", "And I'm going to say p dot add reporter stats and then finally p dot ad reporter and i'm going to add neat dot check pointer one.", "Now, this is really important that you do this.", "The check pointer is going to actually save a checkpoint after every x generations, x being the number i pass here.", "So I'm going to save one after every one generation.", "Now what this allows you to do is restart the algorithm from a checkpoint.", "Now you want this because it could take an hour, 2 hours a day, two days to run this depending on what you have in the config file.", "So obviously you want to save your progress and be able to kind of restart and maybe train differently from a certain point in time.", "So that's why we're check pointing at every one.", "You may want to check one at every five generations whatever.", "And to actually load from a checkpoint.", "Let me just copy this in.", "What you would do is you would comment to this line and you would just put the name of the checkpoint that you want to load from again.", "Pretty straightforward, neat checkpoint or not restore checkpoint, checkpoint.", "And then whatever the number is, you'll see them being saved as we run this.", "And then that's instead of the population.", "But of course, we don't have a checkpoint, so we're not going to do that right now.", "All right.", "So now that I have done this, I'm going to say, Pete, I'll run I'm going to pass a function which I've yet to write called Eval Genomes.", "Then I'm going to pass the number of generations I want to run this for at most.", "Now, you can read what is saying here.", "We're passing what's called the fitness function.", "The fitness function is going to take all of my genomes, which are in the current population based on whatever generation it is, and it's going to give them a fitness and then based on what their fitness is, once that function is finished executing, then the neat algorithm is going to perform its mutations and then it's going to go to the next generation and get the fitness for that.", "So what I'm going to do is say define eval underscore genome's, and I'm going to take inside of here my genomes, which are the neural networks in the current population, as well as my configuration file Okay.", "So let's just quickly talk about we did we set up our population using the configuration file.", "Then we added the reporters and the checkpoint just so we see some data on the screen and we're check pointing at every one generation.", "Then we're saying to run, we're passing the function.", "Make sure you don't call the function.", "Just pass the name of the function it will automatically pass this data for us than the maximum number of generations we want to run for it, which is 50.", "Now I can actually say a winner is equal to run.", "And this will give me the best neural network or the one that hits the fitness threshold while running this.", "So either we'll get to 50 generations and then whatever one has the best fitness will be the winner or if we hit one that, or if we get one story that has 400 fitness or more, it will be returned to us at whatever generation that occurs.", "Okay, now we have eval genomes now inside of here what we need to do is we need to set a fitness for every one of our genomes.", "And to do that, we need to run them through the Pong game.", "All right.", "So let me take a quick pause here and explain the thought process behind how we're going to train this A.I., because it's a little bit complicated, but it is necessary to avoid getting kind of stagnation in training.", "So there's a lot of ways that we could train a Pong A.I.", "And the whole issue here is that this is a multiplayer game.", "If this was a single player game, no problem.", "It'd be really easy to train because the environment's always the same, right?", "It's always the same single player environment.", "So everything's consistent and we get a really fair fitness reading.", "However, in Pong, the performance of our player our A.I.", "depends on the performance of its opponent.", "And so we need to find a fair way to train all of our eyes by either playing them against, say, the same opponent or maybe each A.I.", "against every other A.I.", "There's a lot of different possible ways to go about doing this.", "So the first approach you may think of is, Okay, well, let's train the A.I.", "against the same opponent every single time if we do that and we get a consistent fitness score.", "That's correct.", "But the issue is if we train against the same opponent, we need to have opponent.", "That's as good as can possibly be, right?", "Because if we have an opponent that's really bad, we're going to get a false sense that our AI is good.", "So we need an opponent that's as good as possible to really determine the fitness of our A.I.", "But the whole point of making the A.I.", "is to find a really good air playing pong so we don't have that available, right?", "Unless we were at a hard code, something out, which is definitely possible.", "You could hard code this without actually making, you know, the neat A.I.", "for it, but this is, you know, much neater, much cooler.", "So we're going to eliminate that approach because it doesn't make sense for us to kind of hardcoded an opponent to play against the A.I.", "So the next approach is let's train the A.I.", "against itself.", "Now, this is a reasonable approach to do this, but what's going to happen if you train the A.I.", "against itself is that even though you're going to get a very fair fitness reading, the air is going to learn how to play only against itself.", "It's not going to learn how to play against an opponent that makes seemingly random moves and if it's only learning how to play against itself, even though it may look like it's going to be very good, we have no idea what's going to happen if we put it against an opponent where it can't predict what the move that opponent is going to be.", "So we can't really go with that approach.", "I mean, we can try that, but we're probably going to end up with AIS that are really good against himself and look amazing.", "But then when they start playing against me or you, they have no idea what to do.", "So the last approach is we need to train each A.I.", "against each other.", "So either I take pairs of eyes, maybe like I wanted to and train them against each other and then get their fitness, or I take each A.I.", "and I train against every single other AI and take kind of a some of the fitness of all of those games.", "Now, that's the approach that we're going to go with.", "And the reason we're going with that approach is because, again, how good your A.I.", "is or how good the fitness is, is dependent on its opponent.", "So to make everything as fair as possible, we want each A.I.", "explains every other A.I.. Now, that is going to take a long time, but is going to give us the most accurate fitness and actually end up being one of the quicker training routes.", "So that's what I'm about to implement.", "Apologized for all this talking.", "But again, you got to understand the theory behind what we're doing and some of the potential problems that come up in a multiplayer game.", "So let's try this now.", "I'm going to again be kind of looking at my screen.", "I don't have a list code memorized.", "If you see me looking over here, that's what I'm doing.", "I'm just referencing my cup.", "So the first thing I'm going to do is say width.", "Height is equal to 700, 500 because we need to set up a pie game window so we can pass it to this game instance or to the pong game instance where I'm actually going to write a method that will train the A.I.", "for us in kind of a similar way to how we were testing it.", "So I'm going to say with height and then I'm going to say window is equal to pie game to display the window or sorry to set under square mode and then width.", "Height.", "Okay.", "And now that we've passed width height, what we can do is say four I comma and I'm going to say genome underscore idea genome.", "I think this is correct in and this is going to be enumerate genomes.", "Now, let's go genome id1 and genome.", "So first thing to understand here is that genomes is going to be a list of tuples where each table has the genome ID as well as the actual genome object Now, remember, I want each what we call it genome to play against every other genome.", "And so the reason I'm enumerating here is so that I can make sure we're not repeating games that you're going to see in a second.", "So I'm going to say four and then this is going to be genome to are genome wide to genome to in and then this will be genomes at I plus one colon I support genome run and then colon.", "And then for now we're going to pass.", "So this is kind of the setup of our full loop here.", "We're saying for AI, which is the index of all of these genomes, genome wide, one genome, one in enumerate genomes.", "And then we're saying forging a mid to genome two in genomes I plus one colon.", "Now the reason we need I plus one colon is to make sure the same genomes don't play against each other multiple times.", "They would be swapping on the left and right hand side.", "But to avoid doing so many operations and to cut it by a significant amount, I'm going to make this I plus one just so the same genome doesn't play against each other multiple times.", "Now, the issue with I plus one is that eventually we're going to get AI being equal to the last index.", "And then when I add one to it, we're going to get an index out of range error.", "So I'm just going to say, if I is equal to the LEN of genomes -1, then break just so that we end.", "Okay.", "Hopefully that makes sense that just avoids having the index add a bounce error here.", "Okay.", "So now inside of here, what I want to do is I want to create a game and I want to test the two genomes against each other.", "So I'm going to say game is equal to Pong game and I'm going to pass my window, my width and my height.", "Now, before I do that, if I can type properly here, I'm just going to set up here.", "I'm going to say genome one dot fitness is equal to zero.", "Now, these genomes do not have a fitness attribute on them by default.", "So the reason I'm doing this is so that later on I can add or subtract from the fitness as opposed to setting it because I'm going to be adding and subtracting to it multiple times.", "Again, this all makes sense when I write more code, when I'm saying genome one day fitness equals zero.", "And then down here in this next four loop, I'm going to say genome two dot fitness is equal to zero.", "If genome two fitness equals equals none else.", "This is going to be genome to the fitness.", "Now, this is an inline off statement.", "And the reason I'm writing this is because for my genome too, I need to set its fitness equal to zero when I first pick up this genome and this is the first genome that I'm having a look at.", "Now, the issue is that I don't want to set its fitness to zero if the genome already has a fitness value from being ran multiple times.", "So if we're looking at this, I have genome one, right?", "And then this for loop is going to run every time that this for loop runs.", "So on the next iteration of this for loop, this for the kind of restarts and I'm going to be looking at the same genome multiple times as the opponent to this genome.", "So I don't want to set this genomes fitness equal to zero if it already has a fitness value.", "But if it doesn't have a fitness value that I need to initialize its value and so that's why I'm writing this here.", "Hopefully that's all good.", "And just to make sure I think this will be fine because this genome will only ever be encountered in this for loop.", "Yeah, we should be good with that.", "Okay.", "So now that we've set the fitness values, we initialize our pong game.", "So game is equal, the pong game.", "And then what I'm going to do is I'm going to train my A.I.", "So I'm just going to say game dot train underscore, I need to pass to this genome, one genome to and then the configuration file.", "That's all we'll pass for right now.", "And I'm going to write this method on the game class.", "And this game class will set the fitness for us.", "Okay, so this is almost all we need in here.", "We'll make a few slight changes, but we're just going to train the A.I.", "So we passed, you know, one genome to you and then it will simulate the game between the two A's and set their fitness.", "So now we're going to go up here and let's just write it from scratch.", "I don't want to copy this.", "I'm going to say define training.", "I and instead of here, I'm going to take genome one genome to config, and I need to make sure I have self as well.", "Okay.", "So self genome one genome to and config.", "And then I need to run both of these genomes, right?", "And I need to pass my input to the neural networks, get the output, analyze the output and then make a move for my paddles.", "So similar to what I've done up here, I'm going to say run is equal to true.", "I'm going to say wow, run.", "And then I'm going to say game.", "So self docked game, dot loop self-talk game dot draw and then pie game dot display dot update.", "Oh yeah.", "So now that we have this game loop setup similar to what I did here, I'm just going to take this event loop and I'm going to say let's get into the right method here for events and game dot event.", "I get I just need a way to quit, right?", "So I'm, I'm putting this in here just sort of a way to quit.", "I'm going to say running was false, but I'm actually, you know, not going to say any false.", "I'm just going to return false here.", "And the reason I'm going to return false is because what's going to happen is we're going to constantly call from evolve genomes this game, right?", "I'm going to constantly be creating a new game and constantly running it and so what happens is if I return false here, then that's fine.", "I end the current training, but then I'm going to train again and again and again.", "And I want when you click the zone to just completely exit the program.", "So I'm going to say force underscore quit is equal to this.", "And actually, I'll say if forced quit, then quit.", "Okay.", "And in fact, I don't even know I'm doing all this.", "This seems a bit too complicated.", "Let's just do this.", "Let's go here and let's just say quit.", "So if you hit this we just quit the entire program.", "Quit just completely end the game.", "Okay?", "I say quit.", "That's just going to end the program for us so I can avoid having to return values back and do all that stuff.", "Okay.", "So now we have a way to exit.", "We're looping, we're drawing, we're updating the display.", "And what else do we need to do here?", "Well, let's have a look at the game information.", "So let's say game info is equal to self-talk game don't loop.", "And now that we've done that, we need a way to actually move the two paddles using genome on and using genome to.", "Now what we can do is we can create neural networks for both of these genomes, then pass inputs and get the output.", "So I'm going to do that here.", "I'm going to say net one is equal to self.", "Actually, it's not going to be self it's going to be neat sort and feed forward network dot creates.", "I'm going to pass my genome and the configuration file.", "Okay, so that's net one.", "And then net two is going to be the same, but it's going to be with genome to know to use the networks what we need to do is say and we'll do this before we call the game info.", "We're going to say net one dot activate and we're going to pass the inputs to the network.", "So the inputs that we want is we want the Y coordinate of the panel, we want the Y coordinate of the ball and we want the distance in the X between the ball and the panel.", "Now, it doesn't matter the order that we pass them in, so long as we pass them consistently in the same order.", "So let's say output, let's go output one is equal to this and we'll pass self dot left panel dot why it has a Y attribute on it.", "You can look at the paddle class if you want to see that, then self dot ball dot y and again, remember we have these up here, so let's hum accessing them and then we want the absolute value of the self-built left paddle x minus the ball but x.", "Okay, so this is always going to be positive.", "Nice.", "So that's what we have for output one and then we want output two.", "So output two is going to be go to this, but it's going to be net two and rather than left paddle is going to be the right paddle.", "Okay.", "And then that's bolder Y and that is B, right panel.", "That's okay.", "I think that's all good.", "So this is going to give us an output.", "Now, the output is just going to be the numeric values associated with the three output nodes in our neural network.", "So we need to actually interpret that and we need to select the maximum value from those outputs.", "Now, since I understand it's a little bit confusing, let's just print them out for now and just have a look at what's happening.", "So let's go output one output to now.", "I also need some way to end the game here because I'm not ending the game in this game cos on relying on whoever's using the game clause to end it based on this info.", "So I'm just going to put in a statement here and I'll do this at the bottom.", "I'll say if this is going to be game info left score is greater than or equal to one or game info dot right score is greater than or equal to one.", "Then I'm just going to break, but before I break I need to set the fitness of my two genomes.", "Now I'm going to say so actually it won't be self, it just going to be let's say genome one K instead of doing that, let's go define and this will be calc circulate fitness and we'll take in self genome one, genome two.", "Sorry, I was just contemplating how I want to do this, but I want to do it in methods.", "I'm going to say self not and then this will be calculated fitness and will pass genome one and genome two and actually we will pass the game in full as well.", "I guess we need that data in here.", "Sparse game info and then inside of here we'll, we'll deal with what the fitness calculation should be.", "Oh, so there's a lot going on here.", "Believe it or not, we're actually almost done.", "We just need to move the paddles.", "But I want to kind of take a pause, explain what I've done so far, just so I'm not confusing you guys too badly.", "Then we'll run the code, see what we're getting right now and then continue from there.", "So let's go right to the beginning.", "We have our local directory configuration path.", "We essentially read the configuration file and then we pass that to our run knee function we set up our population of our reporters and all of that, and then we run the eval genome's function up to 50 times.", "Okay, so we come here, we set up a PI game window because we need that for our game, and then we say it for AI genome ID one, genome one.", "We actually don't care with the genome IDs, but we'll just leave them there in enumerate genomes.", "And what this whole set of for loop is going to do here is it's going to run each genome here.", "So each genome one against every other genome exactly one time.", "And then the fitness for that is going to be the sum of whatever the fitness is they get for every game.", "Okay.", "Then we set the finish because we need to initialize an attribute.", "We then go and loop through all of the other genomes, set the finish if they don't already have one set and then we train.", "Yeah, genome one genome to configure.", "Coming up here, we set up our two natural networks based on our genomes.", "We then run the game.", "Okay, we have an event that just allows us to actually quit and then we get the output from both of our neural networks.", "Now we're going to use this output to move the paddles.", "We're going to do that later.", "We run the game loop which now then think about it.", "I guess we can run the game loop here.", "That's fine.", "Either we have self-talk game draw, so we just draw the game and then we update the display.", "And then here, what I've done I don't really explain this.", "I'm essentially saying that if either paddle misses the ball once, we're immediately going to end the game.", "Now, the reason I'm doing this is because if the paddle misses the ball, I don't want to keep running it like multiple times, 50 times, a hundred times or whatever, because it's most likely going to miss almost every ball.", "I want to be in a situation where as soon as it misses, we just immediately move on to the next paddle, and that way it doesn't get any higher fitness score.", "And I just kind of stop testing that one because it could take a long time just for it to continue to miss balls again.", "I know it might be a little bit confusing, but the score is telling me again how many times the ball has gone off the opposite person side.", "So if the left scores one or the right score is one, that means either the left or the right paddle missed the ball.", "And since they missed the ball, then we're just going to stop, calculate the fitness and then move on.", "Now, the only issue with doing this here is that what's going to happen is that as soon as even your opponent misses the ball, you're going to stop as well.", "We're going to stop calculating your fitness as soon as you or your opponent misses the ball.", "Now, this is a way for me to quickly train, because if I don't do that again, it's going to take away way longer to train like significantly longer.", "So you could come up with other approaches and other fitness calculations.", "But this has worked for me this far.", "That's why I'm doing this again.", "Feel free to change this as you please.", "And then if that happens, we're going to end.", "So we're going to calculate the fitness and then break out of this loop and then kind of move on with life.", "All right.", "Okay.", "So let's run this so far We'll just see if this is working.", "You're not going to see kind of anything moving on the screen, really, because we're not actually moving the paddles.", "But you will see in the console what our outputs are and you'll see what the net output is as well.", "So let's close CMD, let's run this and let's see what we get.", "Okay.", "Says Name ball is not defined soft a ball.", "The Y oh I just put ball out X.", "Sorry guys.", "Let's make that fix.", "So this is now self the ball and this is self as well.", "Scroll over so you can see.", "Okay, let's get so let's clear and run and see what we get now.", "And there we go.", "Okay, so we can see that we're getting a bunch of results.", "Let me close this.", "We're getting a bunch of results here.", "And what we're going to do is we're just going to take whatever the maximum value is of all of these things, right?", "So we'll treat the first column as things still the second column or the second index as moving up and then the next one as moving down.", "And as you can see, right, we're getting, you know, sometimes you're getting a bunch of different value.", "Sometimes you're just getting zero and these values will start to make more sense as the air trains itself and gets better.", "So to do that, we're going to say, let's go here results one or will say decision one is equal to and then this is going to be the maximum of output one, we're going to index this.", "So I'm going to say output one, the index, the max of output one.", "This is going to give us the index.", "So either 01 or two and we'll say zero, stay still.", "One is move up into his move down.", "Hopefully that makes sense.", "We're just getting the index of wherever the maximum value occurs from output one.", "And then we'll say output two is equal to output two dot index the max of output two.", "So now that we know not output two, decision two.", "So now that we know the decision, we can then write some if statements that say, okay, if this is the decision, move here, if this is a session, move here.", "So I can say if decision one is equal to zero, then we just don't do anything.", "Right, because we're staying still can say elif decision is equal to one.", "Then we will say self don't game dot move panel and we're going to say left equals true because the net one is going to be our left panel and then up equals true.", "Okay.", "And then else we'll say self-talk game dot move panel left is equal to true and up is equal to false because that's moving down and we'll just copy the exact same thing and just tweak it a little bit.", "So now this is going to be decision two, decision two.", "And then we just need to change the left to be false because now this is the right panel.", "Okay.", "So that's how we move the panels.", "And with that, we've actually set up almost all the training for the AI other than to calculate fitness function, which we'll do in a second.", "But now if I clear this in rerun, you should see that the paddles move.", "Right now, they're not really doing very well for us, but they are moving and yeah, they're now the panel is actually moving based on the normal network.", "And once we start implementing the fitness and the different generations and you'll see that they'll slowly start to get better.", "So let's close that I also want to change something here where it says draw.", "So for the draw, I'm going to say draw score is equal to false.", "Instead, I want to draw the number of hits that.", "So I want to say draw hits is equal to true.", "And just to show you that change, let's run it and notice that now we just get this red thing being draw on this, telling us the number of combined hits between the left and the right panel.", "Okay.", "So now that we've done that, all we need to do is implement the fitness.", "Once the fitness is implemented, we're pretty much done with the code and we just need to wait for it to train.", "And I'll show you how to save the best run tested, all that stuff.", "So to do this, we're simply going to say genome one is equal to or sorry, fitness is plus equal to there's going to be game info.", "The left hits like that.", "And then I'm going to say genome to stuff, fitness plus equals game info, don't write hits.", "So that's actually all we need for the fitness.", "Again, we'll just add how many hits they had in the game and we're adding not setting if you set.", "That's no good.", "That means the only the last game they play is going to account for their fitness.", "We care about every game they're playing.", "They're playing against every single air.", "Now, the only thing that we want to implement here is we want some way to essentially end a game when the hits get too large.", "Because you'll get to a point where you do have to perfect eyes.", "And when they're playing against each other, they can play infinitely.", "So we just want to make sure that the number of hits between them doesn't grow so large that we play too much right and that that biases our score.", "So let's say and game in foam dots.", "Let's just go with the left hits is greater than 15.", "Sorry not not not and we're going to say or.", "So essentially what this is saying is that if the player on the left gets 50 hits or more or gets more than 50 hits, then we're just going to stop because they'll still get a very high fitness score.", "But we don't want them to play infinitely right again.", "That's going to make the training really long and they will actually give us an infinite loop.", "Now, the reason why I'm not tracking the right hits is because the right hits will always be either one more or one less than the left hits.", "So there's no reason for me to check the right hits as well.", "If the left hits is greater than 50, then the right hits will either be 50 or it will be 51, or it will be 49 or something like that.", "Right.", "It's very similar, so it doesn't really matter.", "And the reason why that will be the case is because when the ball starts on the screen, it will randomly start either on the left or the right hand side.", "I don't know where it's going to start randomly left or right.", "Yeah, hopefully that makes sense, but that's why we're checking.", "Okay, so now that we've done that, let's run this.", "Let's just see how it works for a generation or two, and then I'll show you how we tested and how we saved the best day.", "Okay, so let's go ahead and run.", "All right, so just let this run for a few generations, and I'll just talk to you about some of the data we're getting here.", "Then we'll kind of look at the.", "Yeah, see how it's doing now on, I guess, generation four and how we can actually test the air as well.", "So we have the average fitness of 4.0, actually, not bad for the first generation.", "That means at least some A's we're hitting the ball, right?", "We have best fitness of 20.", "That means one air through all of the different games that it played Hit the ball a total of 20 times.", "So played 49 games and it would have missed the ball I was that 29 times and hit the ball 20 times.", "So not great but for the first generation we can live with that right.", "And we have average adjusted fitness 0.347 mean genetic distance.", "This is the I guess difference between the neural network architectures.", "Kind of hard to explain exactly what the magnitude means here, but the larger the number, the more different the, the different neural networks are that you have then you have the population of 50 members in two different species.", "So species with ID, one is here, a species with IDs, two is here tells you how long the species have existed.", "And then the size there's 19 species, one 31 in species two and then we have a fitness of 20 and a fitness of ten.", "Now that's the best fitness in the species and the best fitness in this species.", "And then the adjusted fitness for that species.", "Coming here we have now 19 in species, one 31 in species, two finishes have now changed and the stag here is telling you the stagnation of the species.", "So how long has it been stagnant for continuing?", "We now come here and now the reason this is getting a one for stagnation is because it's fitness score is less than it was last time.", "So it's now being stagnant, right?", "Based on the mutations that would have been done.", "And you see that we've actually now moved some of these neural networks into the other species based on the architecture of the internal neural network.", "Okay.", "And continuing we come here, we're seeing the fitness is increasing the average fitness goes up, best fitness 68.", "And you will notice that sometimes you will go down, you'll hit a generation where your fitness will drop drastically.", "That's fine.", "That does happen.", "And again, that's because we're adding random mutations, we're doing changes, and it's not always guaranteed to give us a better neural network.", "We just hope it's going to do that.", "Now, here we're a stagnation of three in the config file.", "I believe we had 20 as the extinct stagnation.", "So once that hits 20, if there's more than two species then it will actually make the species go extinct because it's not been improving over a period of time.", "Right.", "So all this different kind of stuff.", "Lots to learn, lots to look at.", "I'm by no means a pro here, but I have figured out how to make a few eyes using neat.", "And so obviously the tutorial now this is running and you'll notice that we're going to get a lot of low scores, right?", "But once in a while you will see kind of a decent rally and it's difficult to really tell how well you're doing based on just watching this because you only need one A.I.", "to perform well to really get a good eye, right?", "To get a good result out of this.", "And that A.I.", "will play against every other A.I.", "And since all the other A.I.", "is going to be really bad, what's going to happen is this a AI will hit the ball every time, that it will never be returned.", "And so it will look like the rallies are always short.", "But that's just because the opponent of the really good I can't return the ball right so there's all kinds of stuff like that to think about.", "And this took me a few days it kind of messing around with to really understand.", "So this is running we'll leave it running for now.", "And while it's running let's just work on actually how we would test the A.I.", "and a change or two that we could make here.", "And then what you can do is you can stop it.", "We can rerun the code, and then we can return from the checkpoint that we were just at.", "So we don't have to redo all of the training that we already did.", "Right.", "Because you're going to notice it takes a long time like the average generation.", "I think it's about two or 3 minutes long.", "Okay, so we want to train the AI or sorry, test the AI, not train it.", "We have test A.I.", "And what we're going to take in here is a genome which will just be the best A.I., right?", "And then from the genome we will create a neural network and then we'll use the neural network to move the A.I.", "So we're just going to say net is equal to and then actually we'll need that config as well.", "So say net is equal to needs an end for neural network dot feed for network doc create genome config.", "Okay.", "And now that we have the network, let's use it inside of here.", "So we're moving the left paddle.", "Let's just have the air move the right paddle and then that's really all we need here.", "I mean, we could implement some way to end the game, but I'm not even really going to do that in the test.", "I because if you want to end the game, you can just click the X button, right?", "And here rather than drawing the number of hits will draw the score and then we'll actually see how the AI is playing against the human.", "And you'll notice that the AI will be unbeatable based on the way that I've coded this pong game out.", "So let's go here and let's now move the paddle.", "So really what I can do is simply copy output to Indecision two here and just paste that right here.", "Now we can just make this output rather than, you know, decision and change a few of these values here.", "And net two will just be net.", "But this will be right panel.", "And I think that will be good.", "Yeah, that's really all we need.", "And I mean, I could get rid of this if decision equal zero pass I'm just putting it there.", "So it's explicit and we know that zero means that we're staying still.", "So now that we've done that, we now actually have something that will test the what do you call it here?", "Sorry, that will that will test the AI for us.", "What I want to do instead of drawing the score or sorry, it's drawing the hits though is I want to draw the score so I'm going to say true, false.", "So this means we're going to draw the score, not draw the hits.", "And that's what we want when we're actually testing the AI out.", "Okay.", "So I think that's good for test A.I.", "We have trained AI.", "Now, what we really need is some way to save this best day AI.", "Now, we're not going to get this best AI for a while.", "We need to get to a score of 400 right or 50 generations.", "And obviously I'm not going to sit here and just, you know, wait for all of this to finish before recording the rest of the video.", "So we'll let it run but what I will do is show you that we can use a module called Pickle to actually save the object, right, to save this neural network.", "And then we can load that neural network in so rather than having to retrain this every time, we just load the neural network, that's really good at doing what it does using the whole network, and then we're good to go.", "So I'm going to say import pickle here.", "Okay.", "This is built into Python, so you don't need to install this.", "And we're just going to go down to right where the winner is.", "And I'm going to say with open and I'm going to say best dot pickle and I'm going to open this in WB mode, which stands for right bytes.", "I'm going to open this as F then I'm going to say pickle dump and I'm going to dump the winner into the file if that's as easy as it is to actually save the neural network.", "So this gives you the best genome.", "Sorry, not the neural network gives you the best genome so we're going to dump the genome into this pickled file.", "So what pickle allows us to do is actually save an entire Python object.", "That's what we're doing here.", "So we'll open that.", "But then what I can do now is I can write another function.", "I can say define test.", "I guess I can just take in my config and then here we'll just open the pickle file so we'll say with open stop pickle in our B mode as F, now we're going to say the winner is equal to pickle dot and rather than dump, we're going to say load and we're just going to load the file.", "So now that we have the winner genome, what I'll do is I will just call my game.", "So I'll say game is equal to Pong game and then I will pass to this a window.", "So let's just copy the window that we made here.", "Okay, so let's paste that there so we'll say pong game, we'll pass window width, height, and then we'll say game dot test and we'll just pass the winner and that's all we need.", "I will run the game for us now we can test the air.", "So what I can do is I can just after I run my algorithm, I can say test.", "I I can pass my config and then if I have the best, I pick a file.", "So as soon as this training is done, what I'll do is I'll comment this out and now I'll just test the air right?", "Right.", "So rather than running the neat algorithm, we just test the AI and then will be good to go.", "Yeah, hopefully that makes sense.", "Let's go here and okay, we just got a funny one.", "There were, they were both kind of stuck at the top of the screen just hitting it back and forth.", "But we should notice there's been some pretty decent progress.", "Like, at least when I'm looking at this right now, it looks like a lot of them are rallying this is something that will happen.", "It just it's going to happen the way that I've coded this out.", "It's possible for it to kind of go in that way.", "But since the ball comes off at a random angle, it should be rare that that's going to occur.", "And of course, if you're playing NCAA, then you would be able to hit the ball in a way where you kind of get it off.", "And so the two A's, I guess, are just they don't want to move and they're both staying at the bottom of the screen and was I'm not going to watch this.", "I have been looking at this like all day before filming this tutorial.", "I'm going to close this and I'm just going to change the fitness threshold to be very small.", "And then I'm going to take whatever the best air is that we have in, show you how we test it, even though it's not going to be as good as you can get.", "Right.", "And then obviously you guys know you can train this for longer, you'll get a better AI and then you can test that air.", "But I don't want to wait, cause this is going to take a really long time.", "I like the average generation time 139 seconds.", "So let's close this now.", "All of our work is not lost.", "We still have Checkpoint seven.", "So now what I'm going to do is restore from Checkpoint seven, right?", "If I wanted to guess or restore from checkpoint seven.", "And I will just actually we're going to have an issue here.", "I'll talk about what's the problem going to be on second.", "But if we restore from Checkpoint seven, we can just keep training and we'll start where we stopped off.", "Now, the issue here is that the configuration file, if I make a change now, after I already started training and I resume from a checkpoint, it's not going to take effect.", "So what I wanted to do is I wanted to just change the fitness to be like 200 or 100 and just wait until we got that, which would be a lot faster.", "But since it's not going to take effect, any change I make here, since we're resuming from a checkpoint, what I will do is I'll just make it so that whatever the best is of the next generation that we run is the one that we get.", "And the way I'm going to do that is I'm going to change this to just run one generation.", "So we'll resume from Checkpoint seven and then we'll resume and then we'll run one generation.", "And whatever we get from that generation will pickle, right?", "And then it should test the air.", "Excuse me.", "And my voice is starting to go here and then we should just be able to play against it.", "Okay, so let's clear and let's run and we'll wait for the one generation to finish.", "Once I said I'll be right back and then we'll see how the best AI holds up against me.", "All right.", "So I just finished running the generation.", "You can see best up.", "Paco has been saved.", "Now what I've done is I've just come to out run neat, and now I have test I and I just made a small fix here in game dot test.", "I need to pass config as well as a winner and config this code all be available from the description as well.", "So don't worry if if you're missing some of the fixes and then inside of my test they I function here, I need to fix a few things.", "So wherever I have game I just need to put self before it because when I copied this in, it wasn't in a class so I didn't have self.", "And then here where I have decision, I need to change this from output to to be output and then here where I have game loop, this needs to be self and this needs to be self as well.", "So really anywhere there was game, just put a self before it and then this was a small fix I'd output to I need to be output anyways.", "Let's run this now and again, we're just going to be testing the air.", "So we're just calling this function and it should open best up pickle.", "Now I have no idea how well the air is going to perform because we only ran it for seven generations.", "Okay, you can see so missed it looks like it's getting close.", "Okay.", "It actually hit the ball that time and it's kind of a bit jittery but let's see how it does.", "Okay, nice.", "So it's actually working slightly right now.", "Again, we only ran for seven generations.", "It kind of glitched on that and it was weird.", "It looked like it was going that it stopped moving but if you're on this are more generations, you will get a perfect A.I.", "And I have had many perfect eyes when I was kind of testing this beforehand.", "So yeah, with that said, I think I'm going to end the video here now.", "This was a lot to record.", "I don't know how long the video will end up being because I have to edit a ton of stuff.", "I was only almost 3 hours of me recording this.", "So if you guys appreciated this, please do leave.", "I like subscribe.", "The channel understands a little bit all over the place, but something like this is difficult to film because it's hard to know when to either overexplain or under explained something and what the general competence of the audience is going to be because this is a complicated thing requires neural networks, machine learning, artificial intelligence, advanced python code.", "And so there's a lot that I could have explained and I could have made this video a lot longer.", "Anyways, I'd love to hear your feedback on it in the comments down below.", "Again, please like subscribe I look forward to seeing you guys in another YouTube video." ]

[ "Pong AI Demo", "Setup & Installation", "Pong Game Walkthrough", "Playing Pong", "NEAT Explanation", "NEAT Config File", "NEAT Setup", "NEAT Training Methodologies", "Training Our AI", "Testing Our AI" ]

[ "Hey y'all.", "Today, I'm going to talk about musical games.", "I've talked a lot about the technology of music and games, including adaptive music, and about the importance that music has in our gaming experience.", "Today, though, I want to focus on the genre of music games, games where music is one of the primary gameplay elements.", "Now there's no possible way for this to be a comprehensive video on musical games.", "That's not the goal here.", "Instead, let's talk about some examples and some general ideas we can think about in approaching these musical games .", "First, of course, this integration of music and games isn't new to digital games.", "We've all played games like musical chairs.", "And in the 18th century, there were Musikalisches Würfelspiel, musical dice games, where players would roll dice and create pieces based off of sets of pre-composed options.", "Now, a discussion of what exactly the definition of a game is is bigger than what I can handle in this video, and so of course in these dice games, there are no winners or losers, but the players are interactively creating and playing this music.", "Similarly in the 20th and 21st century, some composers created \"game pieces,\" aleatoric pieces, where musical performers were given a set of rules, and then based off of that set of rules, a real piece was created in live performance.", "A famous example of this is John Zorn's \"Cobra\" from 1984.", "Now, before we transition into talking about digital games, it's worth taking a quick stop to mention Milton Bradley's 1978 game, \"Simon.\"", "Again, we might not consider this a videogame, but this idea of hearing a pattern and having to repeat that pattern back serves as the model for several famous digital games, including \"Parappa the Rapper\"... \"Um Jammer Lammy.\"", "and \"Space Channel 5,\" to name a few.", "The difference between \"Simon\" and these games though, Is that in \"Parappa\" and these other examples, pressing the correct pattern in rhythm was how gameplay was ranked.", "One step away from these games where you repeat patterns, are games like \"Guitar Hero\" and \"Rock Band,\" where instead of repeating things back, you need to anticipate the patterns and press buttons at the right time.", "This time now on unique controllers.", "While this type of game that focuses on rhythmic performance--\"rhythm games\" are perhaps the most common type of musical games, they're not the only kind.", "\"Otocky\" was a 1987 game for the Japanese Famicom that blended the ideas of a side-scrolling shoot-em-up and musical games.", "This game was created by Toshio Iwai, who later went on to design a 2005 game for the DS, \"Electroplankton.\"", "But here again there are no win or lose conditions.", "\"Electroplankton\" is just an interactive platform of musical exploration.", "Hopping over to examples that might be more familiar, the 2012 game \"Sound Shapes\", which is for the most part a platforming game, where, as players progress to the level, they collect items that help develop the accompanying soundtrack.", "What was interesting about \"Sound Shapes\", though, was the possibility to design your own levels.", "So, using the musical options built into the game, players could compose their own songs using this level editor.", "What's interesting about this music creation, is now we're focused on a different aspect of music.", "With \"Parappa\" and \"Guitar Hero\", we're focused on performance-- doing the right thing at the right time.", "With \"Sound Shapes\" and similar games, now we're focused on composition.", "The game engaging with the creation of original music.", "An interesting musical game that I think was particularly novel was \"Crypt of the Necrodancer\" from 2015, which blended a roguelike game with a rhythm game, rewarding players for moving the main character in rhythm with the music.", "In 2019, this was turned into a crossover game with the Legend of Zelda in the switch game, \"Cadence of Hyrule.\"", "Now of course with the explosion of interesting indie games over the last few years, there are far more examples than I could go into.", "But just for one final interesting example, I want to talk about Joost Van Dongen's \"Cello Fortress\" from 2012.", "This game involves players on controllers playing against a live cello player.", "The cello player plays patterns and notes to generate defenses against the tanks, while the tanks try to progress as far as they can in the game.", "I've seen this piece live in concert.", "I've played as one of the tanks.", "And I love how this game integrates aspects of musical performance and improvisation for the cellist, while also allowing audience members to participate in the performance in their driving of tanks.", "So rhythm games are great and innovative.", "just keep in mind that they're not the only musical games, and performance is not the only musical element that we have to bring into gameplay.", "[If you're watching this then they've taken over.]", "[It's up to you now.", "Find our car and stop the New Order.]", "[Remember: music is a weapon.]" ]

[ "Intro", "Music Games Aren't Just Digital", "When I Say Boom, Boom, Boom...", "Guitar Hero and Rock Band", "There's More to Music Than Just Rhythm", "Joost van Dongen's Cello Fortress", "Closing / Music Is A Weapon, I Guess." ]

[ "Hello everybody.", "And welcome to another Linux for programmers tutorial video.", "In this video, I'm going to be covering some more Linux commands, specifically ones that are a little bit more advanced or ones that you're not going to be using as frequently that are still useful to know.", "So that said, let's dive in after a quick word from the sponsor of this video in this series, which is Linode, whether you're working on a personal project or managing your enterprise's infrastructure, Linode has the pricing support and scale.", "You need to take your ideas to the next level.", "Linode makes it simple to launch and scale in the cloud.", "And as a proven, secure and reliable enterprise grade infrastructure get started with Linode today and claim a hundred dollars in free credit by signing up for a new account from the link in the description.", "So with that said, let's get started with these commands.", "The first command that I'm going to show you is called uptime.", "Now uptime does exactly what it says.", "It shows you the uptime of this system.", "So you can see here, this system has been up for 22 days.", "We currently have one user logged in, and then this is the average load that we have.", "So that is all this command does super simple, but definitely worth knowing.", "Now the next few commands that I'm going to show you are actually how you can communicate with other users on this Linux machine.", "So, as I said, on Linux devices, you can have multiple users logged in at the exact same time and using the system.", "So if you are a system admin, or maybe you're a super user or something, sometimes you want to broadcast messages to all of the other users that are logged in where you want to communicate with other users on the Linux system.", "And while you can do that directly through Linux, you don't need to go to some third party messaging app or anything like that.", "So to actually broadcast a message to all of the other users that are logged into this device, where you can type as the following, you can type wall, and then the name of the message that you want to broadcast.", "So in this case, if I said wall, hello, this is going to broadcast a message to all of the logged in users that says, hello.", "Now notice it broadcasted it to ourself.", "So it said, broadcast message from root out, local hosts said the time that it happened at, and then what the message was now to better illustrate this to you.", "I'm going to log in as another user.", "I'm going to have two SSH windows going at the same time, and I'll show you how this actually appears on the other user's screen.", "So now I have two of my users logged in, I've got two SSH windows open.", "So I have my route user and then my Tim user.", "Now from the root user, I will broadcast a message and I will show you how it appears here in the Tim SSH window.", "So if I type wall and then let's just go with hello, we can see that it appears on both SSH windows.", "So all of the users that were logged in, so Tim and route got this message sent to them.", "Now that's great, but this command is going to broadcast this message to all of the users, not just one user.", "So if you only want to communicate with one user, then what you could do is use the right command.", "Now, if you want to write a message to one person, only one of the user you type, right?", "And then the name of the user you want to write to.", "So in this case, I want to write to Tim.", "So I will say, right temp.", "Now notice it says message from root out local hosts.", "It tells you the time that it's coming in at, and now what I can do is just start typing messages in my route window so I can type hello.", "Hi, what's up?", "And I can keep going.", "And I know I spelled that wrong, but you get the idea.", "I'm just sending a bunch of messages over here to Tim.", "Now, as soon as I want to stop, I can just exit over here.", "Notice it's going to say EOF.", "And then if I press enter, I can get back into my command line and start typing commands.", "Now notice here that when I typed that right command, it just automatically took over this SSH window.", "It took over the terminal and just started outputting something.", "So sometimes you actually want to disallow users from writing to your console.", "So for example, if I go over here to my Tim window and I type, right, and then root, you're going to notice that it says route has messages disabled.", "So what that means that I cannot actually write messages to the root user because they've disabled them.", "So to change whether you have right enabled or disabled, or whether you can accept or not accept messages, use M E S G and then you just type Y or N. So N is going to disable messages and Y is going to enable them.", "So if I type MES, G Y, now my messages should be enabled.", "So now if I try to write to root notice that I actually can, if I say hello, it comes in over here.", "So that is the basics of the right command.", "And again, if I was over here on Tim and I wanted to disable messages, I would type MES G and then N and that would disable messages.", "Uh, so I wouldn't be able to send messages to the Tim user.", "So now that we have that, the next command that I'm going to show you is the who command.", "Now, what this does is just show you all of the users who are logged into the system.", "So if I type who we can see that we have the root user logged in and be Tim user logged in.", "Now, if I had to close this SSH window, Tim would not be here because while Tim would not currently be logged in.", "So that is the who command.", "Now, we're going to move on to the free command.", "Now, what free does is it tells you all of the system resources or all of the memory usage of your system.", "So if I type free and let me actually just expand this to be full screen, now you can see that we have our total are used and our free memory, and it shows you the regular memory and the swap memory.", "Now I'm not going to go through what those mean, but that is what you can use to very quickly see the free and use memory.", "This is very useful, especially if you're running like machine learning applications or something like that on a Linux machine.", "So we will continue in one second, but I need to quickly thank the other sponsor of this video, which is algo expert aligo expertise, the best platform to use for preparing for your software engineering, coding interviews.", "Personally, it helped me land a job at Microsoft and get an offer from Shopify.", "I actually work at alago expert now as an algorithms instructor, and I can highly recommend it with that said, check out algo expert from the link in the description and use the code tech with Tim for a discount on the platform.", "So I've just cleared the screen and the next command that I'm going to show you is sorts command.", "Now, this is pretty useful.", "If you want to look, can defile and sort specific lines in that file.", "So let's actually just create a blank file.", "I'm going to say nano, and let's just call this sort dot TXT.", "And let's just put a bunch of random letters inside of it.", "We can put some words as well.", "Uh, just some random stuff, so we can see how this is going to work.", "Let's go with yes, no, uh, Zed, Zed, whatever.", "Okay.", "So just a bunch of random texts in this file.", "So I've created this file and now if I exit out of here and I type LS, you can see, we have a bunch of files, but we do have soared dot TXT, which is right here.", "So if I want to sort this file, what I can do is I can type sort, and then the file name.", "So in this case, this is going to be source dot TXT, and that it will return to me all of the lines in this file sorted in ascending order.", "So it's going to go based on the first character first, obviously when it's sorting these lines, and that is how you assort a file in ascending order.", "Now, if I wanted to sort this in descending order, I would type sort hyphen R and then sort dot TXT.", "I don't need two spaces there, and now it will sort in the opposite direction.", "So now we get Zed first and then yes, word and so on and so forth.", "So that's pretty useful.", "I just figured I'd show you that in case you guys have some use for it, and now it will show you how you actually shut down your limit from the command line.", "Now I'm not going to actually run this command because I don't want to shut this machine down, but oftentimes you want to shut down or restart your Linux machine.", "And you want to do that from the command line.", "So to do that, you can type shut down.", "And then hyphen H and then net.", "Now this shutdown command actually allows you to schedule when you want to shut this machine down.", "So if you want to shut it down in 10 minutes, then what you can do is shut down.", "Hyphen H and then plus 10, and this will shut down in 10 minutes.", "Now I will show you how you can look at all of the details of these commands in one second.", "But if you just want to shut down immediately, you do shut down.", "Hyphen H and then now, and again, if you want to do in 10 minutes, you would do that plus 10.", "Now that is going to shut down the machine.", "But if you want to restart the machine, you can do is the following shut down, hyphen R and then now, so you're shutting down the machine and restarting it afterwards, and you're doing that right now.", "So that is the basics of the shutdown command.", "I'm gonna show you a few more useful commands here that allow you to actually look at all of the details of other commands.", "So there's this command called man, and what this does is bring up the manual.", "I believe that's what it stands for of different commands.", "So if I type man of say LS here, notice it brings me into this page.", "I get a description of what the LS command does.", "I get the syntax for the command, and then all of the options.", "And I can kind of, uh, arrow key through the different pages here and look at all of the different things that are inside of here.", "Now, man, pages can be quite long.", "There's a lot of information on here, but if you want to see all of the details relating to a command, then what you type is man.", "And then the name of the command.", "Now there's not man pages for every single command, but most them do have them.", "Now, if you type cube, this will get you out of this page that will quit the man page.", "But this is very useful when you want to see all the options for a command.", "For example, if I go man sort, then we can see that there's a lot more options here that I just can't go through because there's so many to talk about.", "So that is the basics of the main command.", "Definitely useful to know another thing that's useful to know, if you don't want to look at all of the man pages, you just want to see a very short description of what a command does is the, what is committed.", "So if you type what is, and then say LS, it gives you a one-line description of what this command does.", "So I can say what is, and then sort, I can say, what is, and then cats and so on and so forth.", "I can just use what is to get a very quick description of what a command is and what it does.", "So let me clear the screen.", "Now I have one more command to show you, and this one is called tail.", "Now what tail will do is show you the tail of a file.", "So specifically it will show you the last 10 lines of the given file.", "Now you can specify the number of lines that you want this tail command to return for you, and I'll show you how to do that in a second, but let's just run tail on actually, what files do we have here?", "Uh, let's see, what is inside of test two dot TXT, some nano test to dot TXT, uh, oops.", "Test.", "Who's being edited by roots.", "Yes, we can edit that.", "Okay.", "We're going to close that.", "I'm just looking for a file that has a decent amount of text inside of it.", "Uh, I think we have one inside of files.", "So let me see the into files, LS.", "I think we have nano and this should be called graft dot TXT and yes, we have a bunch of texts in there.", "Awesome.", "So if I use the tail command on graph dot TXT, then what this does is show me the last 10 lines of this file.", "That's the default output for temp.", "Now let's say I actually wanted to see the last 20 lines of the last five lines.", "What I would do instead is I would say tail hyphen N and then the number of lines that I want to see.", "So I could do three.", "And now it's going to show me three lines.", "I could do 25.", "Now it's going to show me 25 lines.", "I could do 10 and it shows me 10 again.", "So that is the tail command.", "Now those are all of the commands that I wanted to show you.", "You can argue whether or not these are advanced commands, but these are ones that you're not going to use as frequently, but are kind of cool and interesting to know.", "So kind of the idea behind this video was just to show you what Linux is really capable of.", "There's so many different commands, and you can do literally everything from the command line.", "So understanding things like the man pages, the what is command, this makes it such that once you see a command, you're able to look up and see exactly how it works, find all the documentation for it and start messing around with it.", "So, anyways, I hope this video was helpful to you.", "If it was make sure you like subscribe to the channel and I will see you in another YouTube video,." ]

[ "Introduction", "uptime", "wall", "write", "mesg", "who", "free", "sort", "shutdown", "man", "whatis", "tail", "Outro" ]

[ "Cryptocurrencies are disrupting the financial world as we know it.", "And many newcomer investors have made a lot of cash on this hype.", "\"It introduces so many opportunities, so many unique business models.\"", "\"People say blockchain could end companies, as we know them.\"", "But it’s not all champagne and super yachts.", "Mining new cryptocurrency, and particularly Bitcoin, is actually kind of an environmental nightmare.", "Using up huge amounts of electricity and generating thousands of tonnes of Electronic trash in the process.", "But some new players in the crypto community are trying to change that.", "\"We’re using crypto to clean up the environment.\"", "So Is it possible to green up bitcoin's dirty track record?", "And can mining digital currency ever actually be good for the environment?", "In 2021, bitcoin mining guzzled more electricity than the whole country of Thailand uses each year.", "And much of that power currently came from burning cheap fossil fuels.", "Definitely not green or clean.", "Let's start off with a little crash course on crypto.", "We’re going to focus on bitcoin, the most popular and widely owned digital currency.", "To generate new coins they have to be mined and then recorded on the blockchain.", "The blockchain is essentially a permanent digital record of all the bitcoin transactions going on.", "And it’s decentralized.", "So to keep expanding the blockchain, millions of computers around the world have to show what’s called “proof of work”, focusing all of their energy on playing an ongoing game of ‘guess the right number’ to unlock new blocks on the blockchain and win bitcoin rewards.", "Lucrative for bitcoin miners, but highly unsustainable for the planet.", "Right now, you would release more CO2 into the atmosphere making one bitcoin transaction than you would taking a 6-hour flight from New York to Amsterdam.", "That’s around 2 million times more carbon emissions than a single Visa payment.", "Then there’s the E-waste.", "The mining computers burnout or need to be upgraded roughly every 12-18 months.", "\"On the whole, the Bitcoin network is absolutely not green.\"", "This is the Dutch Economist Alex de Vries.", "He set up the bitcoin energy consumption index back in 2014 to track the situation.", "\"I think there will be a limit to how much governments will accept from this type of system.", "We already saw China banning Bitcoin mining.", "We're seeing these types of options being raised in Europe at the moment.", "Everyone's trying to realize their climate ambitions.\"", "Of all digital currencies out there, bitcoin is by far the worst offender when it comes to the environment.", "The clock seems to be ticking for crypto's most famous poster child to clean up its act.", "But, how could that work?", "A US company called Stronghold Digital Mining has come up with a solution.", "And it all centers around these piles of abandoned toxic waste, known as GOB.", "\"The GOB piles are very, very personal to me because I grew up in and amongst them my entire life.\"", "Bill Spence is co-chairman and a cancer survivor.", "Having long suspected that his kidney cancer was linked to playing on the GOB piles as a child, he’s now on a mission to clean them up.", "\"There's been commercial mining in Pennsylvania for about 230 years.", "And these GOB piles are the remnants or waste from that mining.", "And they sat unchecked and really created an environmental impairment to our communities.\"", "There are hundreds of tonnes of GOB in Pennsylvania alone.", "Sometimes they’ll spontaneously combust, adding dangerous pollutants into the air.", "And when it rains, toxic chemicals and heavy metals get washed into the groundwater and rivers too.", "Bill wanted to find solutions to this public health hazard.", "In 2017 he bought the Scrubgrass Power Plant in Northern Pittsburgh.", "It’s a facility specifically designed to generate electric power from safely burning the GOB.", "The process still releases CO2 but removes the acid gases and toxic particulates.", "The waste ash that’s leftover is also a green bi-product.", "It gets used as fertilizer to regenerate the surrounding land.", "So far, so good.", "But the financial numbers just weren’t adding up to make the power plant a profitable business.", "The local grid had enough cheap power from natural gas in the area and didn’t need to buy much more.", "But Bill and his team had an idea.", "What if they could turn the toxic GOB into Bitcoin?", "They built and integrated computer rigs into the powerplant site and used their cheap electricity to start mining.", "Suddenly, cleaning up GOB piles had become a very lucrative business – that didn’t need to stop on the borders of Pennsylvania.", "\"There are problems like this in other regions, ours is waste coal.", "There are other regions that have other contamination that potentially you could do things, that you could use cryptocurrency to adapt and build other forms of power.\"", "But not everyone can burn GOB piles.", "And the cleanup still doesn’t solve the CO2 emissions problem.", "So what about using green power sources to mine bitcoin?", "Texas is the cheap oil and gas capital of the US, but also has huge, untapped potential for green energy development.", "\"There is more wind and solar in Texas than we could ever harvest.\"", "Jesse Peltan is the Chief technology officer of HODL ranch, a bitcoin mining company that only uses renewable power.", "\"We see a huge opportunity for Bitcoin mining to be mutually beneficial for the grid.\"", "They can act as a buffer in times of power surge and use energy that would otherwise go to waste.", "\"But then at times when the grid is stressed, when it really needs that capacity, we can turn off and give that capacity back to the grid.\"", "The Texas miners can make a good profit selling their unused power back to the grid.", "But what if international power grids can’t, or won’t, subsidize the downtime for the green energy-powered miners?", "\"They will inevitably be losing the competition to the rest of the network.", "And the ones that will survive will be the ones with the most stable power sources.", "And those unfortunately, typically happen to be fossil fuel based power sources.\"", "As renewable energy becomes cheaper.", "A hybrid power model is becoming more popular with bitcoin miners.", "In 2021, 56% of bitcoin’s global power usage came from renewable sources.", "But with so much of that energy being wasted to show \"proof of work\", Bitcoin is still not cutting it when it comes to sustainability.", "Other smaller crypto currencies like Cardano, Tron, Polkadot and EOS were designed from the beginning to use a more efficient mining system called “proof of stake.” It uses about 99% less energy to run because individual mining devices can verify transactions.", "Rather than the whole network competing, individuals stake some of the coins they already own as a security deposit, and the system randomly chooses who gets to \"mine,\" more coins.", "If you still want to stick with bitcoin but are concerned about the carbon emissions, the underlying blockchain technology can help with that.", "You can now offset your footprint by purchasing carbon credit tokens that are blockchain verified.", "The money you invest travels directly via blockchain to fund conservation efforts.", "Crypto celebrities the Winklevoss twins just invested $4 million dollars to offset their Bitcoin holdings for their crypto exchange Gemini, and Jack Dorsey’s payment company, Square – recently renamed Block – has also committed $10 million dollars to green energy projects.", "But if you don't have a couple of million chilling in your bank account or your crypto wallet, can you still do this?", "A Brazilian environmental tech company called Moss.earth is becoming a popular option for climate-conscious crypto fans.", "\"And what we have done is to turn crypto investments into, you know, green investments.\"", "Luis Adaime is the founder of Moss.earth.", "Anyone can buy their verified carbon credits at the click of a button.", "They’re called MC02 tokens.", "\"You can calculate your own pollution from, you know, driving cars using electricity at home, that kind of stuff.", "And you can buy the equivalent carbon credits.\"", "Using blockchain tokens provides a clear record of everyone’s green investment transactions, and supposedly the money travels directly to forest conservation projects in the Amazon.", "The company says the sale of MC02 tokens has compensated forest projects with over $15 million dollars and helped preserve around 500 million trees.", "So perhaps In the future, carbon emission offsets will just be built into all the polluting transactions we make.", "\"We have created, for example, with wrapped.com, green Bitcoins, in which when you buy a Bitcoin it already comes with an allocated amount of carbon credits.\"", "So there are pioneers trying to clean up crypto's act.", "But right now they're still few and far between.", "Bitcoin and Digital currencies are here to stay and if we want to make them sustainable players, investors, companies and governments will have to start changing the rules of the game.", "\"Are you buying any cryptocurrencies?", "Which ones?", "And how do you feel about their environmental impact?", "Let us know in the comments below and don't forget to subscribe for more videos!\"" ]

[ "Intro – What's up with bitcoin's dirty track record?", "How do you \"mine\" bitcoin?", "Crypto's environmental impact & energy consumption", "Generating bitcoin from toxic waste", "How to clean up Pennsylvania's GOB piles", "Mining Bitcoin with green energy", "HODL Ranch wants to help balance Texas power grid", "\"Proof of work\" vs \"proof of stake\" cryptocurrencies", "Blockchain technology to offset your carbon footprint", "Moss.earth carbon credit tokens let you invest in the rainforest", "Conclusion" ]

[ "Bangladesh is regarded as one of the fastest-growing economies in the entire world.", "Its rise in the past two decades was attributed to its various emerging sectors.", "However, the underlying truth to most of where Bangladesh is today should be attributed to one big factor, the government.", "While they may not be perfect, they have in many ways contributed to the country’s economic rise.", "Furthermore, just like any other country around the world, a government’s role in driving a country's economy is a massive undertaking.", "This is because they are the ones responsible for implementing proper legislation, governing how the country would work, and most importantly, the government is the ones who are responsible for deciding what industry would flourish.", "For Bangladesh, this is done through its government budget.", "A program that is presented every fiscal year, aimed at tackling the most challenging problems that need to be fixed in a country, but also to adhere to economic growth and enable the country's public sector to function.", "For the government of Bangladesh to function, however, it will also need to make money, which is what we call government revenues.", "These two key components are the most vital factors in enabling the entire government of Bangladesh to cater to its citizens and the rest of its land.", "To understand how all of these work, we will take a look at each one of them and dissect them in more detail.", "The first is Bangladesh's revenue stream or government revenues.", "In other words, how does the government of Bangladesh actually make money?", "Well, on an annual basis, the government generates a lot of money every year.", "The most recent data, however, is published in the 2022 fiscal year.", "One that the government is expected to make over 46 billion US dollars in revenue, a massive figure that is reported to be the highest in the history of Bangladesh.", "This figure is taken from various sources, which we will also go down in more detail.", "The first of which comes from what is typically known as tax revenues.", "A critical component that always stands as the most important within Bangladesh, and every other nation, since its ability to generate money, is a lot.", "This tax revenue is divided into many categories, from income to corporate, to real estate taxes or trade duties taxes.", "A long list of how taxes work affects the entire government revenue.", "For the same fiscal year, the government is expected to make $39 billion dollars worth of these tax revenues, or nearly 85 percent of the total government revenues, which makes it the single largest source of income.", "The second category for where the government makes money comes from non-tax revenues, or in Bangladesh's case, is called Non-NBR.", "These are derived from a myriad of sources.", "It comes in the form of state-owned enterprises' revenues.", "For example, the Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation, which is handled by the Ministry of Power, Energy, and Mineral Resources, would take a percentage off of what the business makes.", "One of these businesses under the corporation is known as the Padma Oil Company, which reports over 2 billion dollars in annual revenues.", "A part of its income will go straight into what we call dividends, and it would then be sent back to the government.", "This is one of the many parts of how the government generates from its non-tax revenues.", "Other than that, the government also makes money from foreign grants or aid, these are generated from foreign institutions such as the world bank or Asian development bank, or it could also come directly or indirectly from other government agencies such as the Japanese international cooperation agency or the government of Japan themselves.", "Now the government makes money every year.", "As we noted earlier, these are then used and spent to govern the country.", "It could be to construct a new infrastructure project, it could be to pay down its government employees, or it could even be to buy new military equipment.", "The long list of where this goes will be discussed in abit.", "The total annual expenditure for the same fiscal year of 2022 is expected to be over 72 billion dollars!", "A massive amount, but wait, why is it more than the government revenues?", "It is absurdly far more than what they make.", "How can they do this?", "Well, we will discuss that more later.", "For now, let us first see where the government uses these massive 72 billion dollars in the country.", "The 72 billion dollars annual budget is also a figure that has steadily increased over the years.", "When Bangladesh achieved its independence, it had only allocated no more than 84 million dollars for its first year.", "More than five decades later, the 84 million dollars would balloon to over 72 billion dollars.", "This money is allocated from ministry to ministry and local government to local government.", "From a sectoral allocation budget standpoint, however, it is divided into what we call physical infrastructure, social infrastructure, and general services.", "The Physical infrastructure is divided into the ministry of railways, the ministry of agriculture, and so on.", "These basically present themselves in the physical matter of Bangladesh.", "The money allocated in each division would be used for the construction of a new railway, or it could just be used for maintenance or expansion.", "For agriculture, it could be to continuously expand its food production to cater to the country's growing population.", "The physical infrastructure alone is given a budget of about approximately 20 billion dollars.", "Social infrastructures, on the other hand, deal with human resources and social safety.", "These are the likes of funding for the country's education system, health services, and even disaster management.", "Social infrastructure, however, receives a smaller budget of about 18 billion dollars.", "Finally, general services are used simply to enable the government and public order to function.", "They receive the remainder of the budget.", "This brings us to the very question we raised earlier, which is how can the government exceed its budget with its revenues?", "Well, the government's budget is able to exceed its revenues due to many factors, but the most important concept is known as debt.", "When a government creates an annual budget plan of 72 billion dollars, whereas the revenue only amounts to 46 billion dollars, the remaining would then be a deficit.", "This deficit is then refinanced through what we call government or public debt.", "Money that is borrowed, domestically or externally.", "This is one of the reasons why the government debt of Bangladesh has risen to over 148 billion US dollars as of the end of 2021 since they have been incurring deficit after deficit.", "Now a deficit is absolutely normal.", "Every country except for a few has always been in a deficit.", "This is because debt is an instrument, when used properly, and can provide miraculous economic benefits.", "Hence, why Bangladesh's government has been very keen on leveraging such an instrument to hopefully one day see its economy rise abundantly.", "However, what may be a problem is if debt is not appropriately managed.", "When debt repayments soar extremely high, this is what comes to be the issue.", "For Bangladesh, unfortunately, it currently pays down quite significant debt repayments.", "For the same year of 2022, according to the economic relations division, it had paid down approximately 2.46 billion dollars out of its budget to service foreign loans.", "This means its foreign debt service ratio stands at approximately 8.4 percent, or in simpler terms, for every dollar the country makes, 8.4 percent will go to servicing these debts.", "Now, many would wonder is this an issue?", "Or a crisis that could happen?", "Well, while 2.4 billion dollars may seem huge, it is still reasonably manageable since there are far more countries out there that have a ratio far higher than that of Bangladesh.", "However, the issue that is plaguing the government right now is that the country is not generating enough revenues.", "Hence, even though it is a small figure, it will play an enormous burden in the future if the government does not support its big government revenues.", "Here's a quantitative look at this, the government revenue of Bangladesh is only 46 billion dollars, a figure that is just upwards of about 10 to 12 percent when we compare it to its annual GDP of $420 billion dollars.", "This percent of revenue to GDP is one of the lowest in the entire world.", "For comparison, most developing countries have almost double that of Bangladesh, around 20 percent, whereas developed countries have about 35 percent.", "This can then quickly tell us that if Bangladesh fixes its revenue problem, it can easily pay down its debts, cut its deficits, and even grow a lot faster since it has more capabilities to expand.", "But how will they fix such a massive gap in its system?", "Well, this brings us back to the same source of revenue, which is taxes.", "Bangladesh has a loophole in its taxation system, there are either too many evaders, or there are not just enough rules and legislation to adhere to and enable the country to collect taxes properly.", "Fixing it, on the other hand, does not have to be extremely difficult.", "Since the world has already experienced these types of fallacies, all they have to do is follow the other government's very steps to establish a proper system for revenue collection.", "But since Bangladesh is also a rapidly-growing economy, it would be a big task for the government to continuously adopt ever-changing policies that would cater to its country.", "Nevertheless, if it can expand its economy this fast, it can indeed find a way to cater to any looming crisis since its growth would just trample down its debts.", "Anyway, these are just some of the thoughts and fallacies, and changes are hard to come by.", "Do let us know what you think, thanks for watching!" ]

[ "Finding Growth", "Government Revenues", "Government Budget", "Budget Deficit", "The Crisis" ]

[ "IP addresses.", "They're pure magic.", "They make the internet work.", "That's why pretty much everything in my house has an IP address.", "My phone watch light bulbs, oven car, my kids, my toilet.", "Well, not yet.", "I really.", "Don't like touching the toilet like this.", "But what is an IP address and what makes the magic?", "Let's talk about that.", "In fact, this is the first episode in a series I'm calling you suck at subnetting because we all kind of suck at subnetting just a little bit, right?", "And in this series, we're gonna start with, Hey, what the junk is an IP address, which we're addressing today, ah, addressing.", "And by the end, you'll have master chief ninja subnetting skills, whatever you wanna call it, you're gonna be good at subnetting.", "That's what I'm trying to get across.", "And in case you don't know, knowing IP, addressing and subnetting is like acquired skill for everything in it.", "Like every single job, networking, ethical, hacking security cloud, it all involves an IP address.", "And it all involves delicious subnet.", "This video is also part of my CCNA series, sponsored by boon software.", "If you wanna get your CCNA or your CCMP two of the best it certifications in the world, boon is what you want to use from courseware to labs to practice exams.", "They have you covered.", "They'll get you prepped and ready.", "I personally use boon to pass my t-shirt exam, which is very, very hard.", "Cisco networking exam and boon was amazing.", "And not to mention, they have a great amount of content on subnetting.", "So as you're watching this video and this series, and you wanna get extra practice, dude, check out boon.", "And it's not just CCNA and CC and P they have security.", "Plus they've got C H all kinds of stuff.", "They have the best, like I'm not kidding the best practice exams in the industry.", "So if you're like, yeah, yeah, I'm not sure if I'm gonna pass security.", "Plus they'll tell you, try their practice exam.", "And they'll tell you, anyways, IP or internet protocol addresses, they're kind of like phone numbers that we assign to all of our devices.", "So when my toilet wants to send a message to my apple, watch letting him know how I'm doing.", "He totally can because they have a way to communicate with each other.", "They have a phone number, well kind of, we use phone numbers to text each other, but devices don't, they use IP addresses and they lo little different for sure.", "And we'll talk about how weird they work, but just know that without an IP address, they can't.", "So that's why we give them one.", "It opens up communication, not to mention and gives your devices the ability to connect to the internet because don't you want everything to be able to connect to your toilet.", "Yeah.", "So now that we know that if a device wants to talk to any other device, it needs an IP address.", "That means that the device you're watching me on right now, it has an IP address.", "FBI, open up because it's talking to YouTube, YouTube's talking back to it.", "Let's go find your IP address, whatever you have.", "We can find it on windows.", "We're gonna launch a thing called CMD or command props, go and search for that and open it on Mac and Linux is gonna be a thing called terminal, launch that.", "And for your phone or any other device, I'll show you here in a second here in windows, one command type in IP config, all one word, just like that, and hit enter on Linux type in I F config, all one word hit, enter on your phone, go into your settings, jump into your wifi info, dive deep into the interface and you'll see, Hey, there's an IP address.", "And looking back at windows here is the IP address.", "You'll know it because it'll say I P D four, address on the side over here and don't let the V4 confuse you.", "Ignore it for now.", "Now let's talk about the sucker, the IP address.", "He looks kind weird, kind of dorky technical.", "He's a mess of numbers, separated by dots, three dots.", "So that's already strange by itself, but then we have this guy and then this guy, what are they doing?", "Well, they are basically your IP addresses best friends.", "Well, tell, talk more about them here in a bit, but this guy right here is Mr. Subnet mask.", "At least that's what he's called and windows over here on Macker Lennox, you might see net mask, same thing.", "And then this gal right here is miss default gateway.", "She also goes by default router or just router for short, but enough about them.", "Let's talk about the star of the show.", "The one we care about the IP address and let's first cover.", "How in the world did he even get here?", "How did your device get this number?", "Who gave it to him?", "Is it safe?", "Who gave it to you device?", "Actually, that's a legit question.", "Sometimes you can get a bad IP address, different video for another time.", "So how did your device get this IP address?", "Did it just fall out of the sky?", "Yeah, kind of.", "If you're using wifi, you see in your homes and in your businesses, we have this thing called a router.", "It may look familiar.", "It might be hiding in your closet.", "A underneath that sweater you got for Christmas, which by the way, rescue it, get that sweater off of him.", "He has to breathe.", "It gets hot in there.", "The router is the Oprah of your IP addresses.", "What?", "Every time a device connects to your network, she says, here, here's an IP address.", "Here's an IP address for you and for you, for you, everyone gets an IP address.", "Now this dark and mysterious magic known as DHCP is why this works.", "If you wanna learn more about that, we'll talk, talk about that later, but essentially Oprah gives your devices, IP addresses.", "That's what I want your takeaway to be.", "Write that down.", "Okay.", "Now looking back at the IP address, let me ask you a question.", "How is it that I know that your IP address starts with 1 92, 1 68, 1 like most of you that is your IP address, right?", "Creepy.", "Especially since each of these numbers can be any number between zero and two to 55.", "So your IP address could be ten three, two, one, or it could even be 1, 2, 3, 4.", "So why is it that most of your IP addresses start with 1 92, 1 68 1?", "Well, there's a lot of reasons actually, that I'm not gonna go into because it does get pretty complicated, but the short and easy answer is that it's Oprah.", "Oprah decided that that's what your IP address should be, should start with.", "It always comes back to Oprah.", "And the way that Oprah tells us that each IP address in your network in your house is gonna start with 1 92, 1 6, 8.", "One is through Mr. Subnet mask.", "I told you, come gonna play here in a bit.", "Here he is.", "He looks even weirder than the IP address.", "And honestly, he's a pretty complex dude.", "We're gonna spend a lot of time getting to know this guy in this series, but real quick, can I show you a hack?", "That's gonna save you like a billion hours.", "Now notice that Mr. Subnet mask does look pretty similar to the IP address.", "He's got four sets of numbers and three dots.", "And if you assume that the first number in the IP address matches up to the first number in the subnet mask, you'd be exactly right.", "In fact, they all match up two to two to three to three, four to four.", "Now here comes the hack.", "When you see 2 55 in an OCTE, which by the way, each of these sections separated by a dot, we call them octets.", "We will dive deeper into why we call them that.", "And yeah, it's, it's gonna get a lot more nerdy and so much more fun.", "I can't tell you more.", "Just know they're called octets for now.", "Just calm down.", "So anyways, back to the hack, if that number is a 2 55, then we know that the corresponding number or the corresponding OCTE will always stay the same within your network.", "That is so looking at our subnet mask here, we know the first three octets.", "So the first three numbers are 2 55, which tells us that the first three numbers in P address 1 9, 2, 1 6, 8, and one will always stay the same in our network.", "We can confidently say that every single device in your network at your house or your business, if they look like this, they're gonna start with 1 9 2 1 6 8 1.", "And that brings us to the last number over here, the zero what's this guy doing this zero is telling us that, Hey, this slot last number, it can be whatever you want, whatever your heart's desire, as long at just between zero and 2 55, but still whatever you want, you can use.", "'em all.", "So to sum it up, when you see a 2 55, that number's locked in, these numbers will never change, but the zero tells us the final number totally will, based on what device it's assigned to.", "So if you'll allow me to get a bit nerdier and go a bit deeper in the networking world, we refer to these numbers right here as the network portion of the IP address.", "And then on this side, the side that'll change based on what device it's assigned to.", "We call that the host portion because in networking and it, in general, when we have devices on a network, your phone, your watch, your toilet, we call those hosts.", "Your toilet is a host and it has an IP address.", "Now what?", "I just put that in your pocket.", "Don't let nobody hack it.", "This will become very, very important later, but now let me ask you a question.", "Why is it important that we have to know the network portion of the IP address?", "Why do we have to know that the IP addresses in our network start with 1 92 0.1 6, 8 1 analogy time.", "We can also think about an IP address, like the address of our house.", "Like, you know, the place you and tell you what, why don't you comment below your home address?", "I'm totally kidding.", "Don't do that.", "Are you crazy?", "Don't do that.", "But anyways, you live in a house in that house.", "Most of the time, I think always is going to be on a street, right?", "And let's say your street that you live on is private drive.", "If you know where that's from, comment below and because you're probably not the only house on private drive, you can't just say, Hey, send me a edge on private drive.", "I live on private drive.", "Oh, houses need windows.", "I know it looked kind of weird.", "Hold on, let me draw some windows.", "So anyways, we'll assign a unique house number to you.", "So you might live at four private drive and your buddy might live at five and then six and then 7, 8, 9.", "You got it.", "Right?", "So if I were to send you some network check coffee, it would go to four private drive.", "So I sent you some coffee and it was so can dang delicious that you wanted to bring some over to your friend, your buddy Bernard, over at six private drive.", "There's Bernard, no hang tight.", "Here's where the analogy comes into play with IP addresses.", "So would you call ups and say, Hey, I have some coffee.", "I wanna give Bernard, come pick it up and take it to Bernard.", "No.", "Now why would you do that?", "Bernard lives on your same street.", "So as you're preparing to send Bernard some coffee, you would go, oh, Hey, Bernard lives on private drive.", "Therefore I can just walk outside and hand it to him because we're so stinking close.", "We're in the same street.", "We're in the same neighborhood.", "So if you're tracking with me here, this analogy feels weird.", "I don't know why is it me?", "It's probably me.", "If you're tracking with me the network portion of our IP address, the thing that stays the same is akin to private drive and the host portion.", "The thing that does change is the house address the house number four, or it could be five, or it could be six based on who you're sending it to with our devices in our network.", "It's the same for, if you wanna share a picture from your phone to your computer, your phone will look at the IP address of the computer and go, oh, Hey, yo, we're on the same network.", "1 92, 1 68, 1 he's in my neighborhood.", "I can just walk over and give it to him.", "But now let's say that the coffee's really, really, really good and Bernard wants to send it to his buddy.", "Dr.", "Strange over here on Bleecker street.", "So Bernard and looks at Dr.", "Strange's address.", "And he goes, okay.", "He Bleecker, I can't say it.", "Bleecker street.", "I don't live on Bleecker street.", "I can't just walk outside and hand coffee to Dr.", "Strange.", "In fact, he lives all the way in New York.", "He's far away or maybe another dimension.", "I don't know what what's going on.", "So Bernard realizing he needs help.", "We'll just call ups and have them come pick it up and take coffee to Dr.", "Strange.", "And in the same way, my laptop may wanna out to netflix.com, which has this IP address.", "And it's in a completely different network.", "And my laptop will go, dude.", "He's not in my network.", "He's not in my same neighborhood.", "I need some help.", "I need to call ups except in this scenario, it's not ups.", "It's miss default gateway or miss default router, AKA router, your computer or any on your network will look at it's IP address.", "And then look at Mr. Subnet mask and go, huh?", "My network is 1 9, 2, 1 60 eight.one.", "Netflix is not in my neighborhood.", "I need help.", "Please help me.", "Miss default, gateway, miss default gateway.", "She knows everything.", "She knows exactly how to get to Netflix and she'll take it from there off on fact, miss default gateway.", "She's actually your router.", "She's Oprah.", "I know mind blown the entire time.", "Never saw it coming.", "What a plot twist.", "That's some Scooby do stuff right there.", "So sum that part up.", "Whenever any device in your network, whether it's your home network or network at a business, or pretty much any network in the world when it wants to talk to something, not on its same street and it wants to talk to something outside its network.", "It has to talk to its router.", "It's default gateway to get out.", "It has to talk to Oprah.", "Write that down now real quick.", "I got a challenge question for you.", "Let's see if you've been paying attention, looking at my network here, which might be the exact same as your network.", "I told you, this is one of the most common networks in the world, or did I tell you that?", "By the way, this is one of the most common networks in the world.", "My kid just screamed for private networks, looking at this IP address and looking at this subnet mask.", "How many possible IP addresses are available to assign to devices in your network?", "And by the way, if you could figure this out, that pretty much covers the majority of networks.", "I'm not sure what the statistics are, but I think like network Chuck's opinion, like 95% of all networks kind of look like this.", "So go ahead and comment your answer below just raw, without me telling you, I'm curious what it will be, but let's walk through it real quick and you're probably wrong.", "Sorry.", "Looking at this, we know 2 55 and the sub mask means this number locked in, stays the same.", "So does this one and this one because of the 2 55, but over here is zero.", "We know this last number can be anything as long as it's between zero and 255, which would give us a total, including zero of 256 IP addresses party.", "We get a ton, but you're wrong.", "It's not 250 E six because like everything in life, there's a catch.", "There's always tax.", "There's always extra fees.", "You always have to look for that life lesson.", "Anyways, here we go.", "Where's the catch.", "Where's the extra fees in our networking.", "Well, first of all, right off the bat, there are always two IP addresses that are reserved, that you cannot touch.", "You cannot use.", "And any given network first it's the first IP address and your network.", "So in this one, it would be 1 92 do 1 68, 1 0 that one's untouchable.", "It's referred to as the network address.", "He's a leader.", "He's the first, the firstborn son.", "You can't touch him.", "The second IP address you can't touch is the last IP address in your network.", "And this particular network we're talking about.", "It'd 1 92, 1 6, 8, 1 dot 2 55.", "This guy, dude, he talks way much.", "He's a chatty, Kathy.", "We call him the broadcast address because when you tell him something, he tells it to everyone.", "Can't keep a secret.", "And that's legit what he does.", "When you send anything to a broadcast address, the last IP address, any network, it literally will broadcast it out to everybody.", "It's like, Hey everyone, guess what?", "So don't tell him anything unless you want everyone to know.", "So that's two, you can't touch.", "And then one you really have to think about, and it might just be this default gateway.", "There has to be a router.", "Oh, I just drove over that.", "There has to be a router in your network and that will take up one IP address.", "So we're now three IP addresses shy of 256, which gives us a total of 250 free usable IP addresses.", "If you got that right, you're on your way to becoming a subnetting master.", "Congrats.", "If you didn't, that's totally okay.", "This is so brand new and can be very complex, but don't worry.", "We're gonna hold hands.", "No, I'm gonna hold your hand and walk you through this.", "So little coffee break.", "We covered so much in this video.", "Oh, that's cold coffee.", "That's how long I've been here recording it's cold coffee.", "Like the video.", "Cause I just sip some cold coffee.", "I, I, ah, I need to heat it up, but anyways, let's take a look.", "What we've covered so far in this video, we talked about IP addresses, right?", "We talked about that.", "Everything in your, your network, in your house that wants to connect and talk either to other devices in your network or two devices outside the network on the internet, Netflix or just your toilet, having a conversation with your watch.", "If any of that needs to happen, you have to have an IP address, basically the cell phone number of your devices, unless you actually have a cell phone.", "Then it also has a cell phone number and an IP address.", "Very confusing.", "I know Chuck get better at analogies.", "You also get a chance to meet Mr. Subnet, a very complex and mysterious dude.", "You'll get to know a lot better in the coming videos.", "He also goes by net mask and he tells us and our devices what our IP addresses and our entire network start with.", "He tells us what street we live on.", "And this network right here, this street we live on is 1 90, 2 60 eight.one because of our little hack, the 2 55 S then finally you met miss default gateway, AKA default router or router or Oprah.", "She does it all.", "Not only does she give all your devices in your network N IP address, but she could help you get outside your network.", "If you wanna go visit Netflix or network, check.com or even better network, chuck.coffee.", "So anyways, that's IP addresses and I just realized I spelled IP address wrong.", "Let's add the extra D cool.", "We're good.", "And lemme tell you, yes, we are just scratching the service.", "We're gonna get much more complex on how IP addresses work in the world and, and your home network and in your business.", "And you'll learn that killer skill, that crazy awesome, old that you pretty much need for anything in it.", "Subnetting, because let me tell you, this example we've been working with here is very, very simple, but don't you worry.", "You're gonna learn the skills to make this crazy complex and fun.", "And by the end, you will be a master chief ninja subnet master.", "Did I say master twice?", "That's fine.", "This video is sponsored by manscaped.", "Hold on.", "Let me make sure there's no one listening on beer.", "We should be good.", "No little ears out there.", "All right.", "Listen up men.", "This ad is for you cuz I got some new toys.", "So as you may recall from my last ad or maybe other ads manscape is all about stuff below the waist for men.", "Uh, yeah.", "It's trusted over 4 million men to make sure everything downstairs is looking good.", "Smelling.", "Good, good.", "Now manscape is going, um, beyond the groin with the brand new lineup of products, they're calling this the manscaped ultra premium collection, all those really big words.", "This is an all in one skin care kit so they can got stuff for your skin and for your hair.", "That's pretty good.", "Got some shampoo and body wash. And this is the, the newest formulations by manscape for your, uh, your butt balls and body all in one package.", "The reason these ads are so awkward.", "All right, so they, they have steps.", "What do you say?", "We give it a try.", "Let's do this step one.", "I'll hop in the shower and use the two in one shampoo and conditioner, which cleanses in nourishes with a luxurious lather.", "It's got coconut walk, green tea, Allo Ric and Sage feels nice.", "Step two, we got the body wash.", "The body Washe is a premium daily shower gel that's infused with Alovera and sea.", "It's the perfect balance of tough, clean and soothing hydration.", "Step three, we're gonna RINs and towel off and then apply something I've never seen before.", "Manscaped hydrating body spray.", "It's a spray on moisturizer for everyday.", "Hydration is what it says.", "Got a 360 degree delivery spray system.", "And no we're not done yet.", "Step four, we got deodorant smells pretty dang good.", "This stuff is stain free.", "Aluminum free eyes.", "Clear smells fricking fantastic.", "And now type for step five manscape lip Bal.", "You've probably never seen my lips.", "They're there, but my wife says I don't have any.", "It's got vitamin E peppermint and eucalyptus to help soothe, hydrate and seal in moisture.", "All this stuff is cruelty free, Paran free.", "And it's vegan now was five steps, five minutes.", "Although I like to take my showers a bit longer.", "So 10 minutes you can also opt in for the manscaped, uh, peak hygiene plan.", "So you can make sure you never run outta stuff.", "Cuz you know, I don't like going to the store, just pick a plan and that stuff gets delivered to you without you thinking about it.", "So you can focus on studying and IP, addressing and stuff, go to manscape.com and use promo code network chucking at 20% off your order plus receive free international shipping.", "And yeah, that was 20% off with free international shipping with promo code network, chuck@manscape.com or just click the link below.", "Thank you.", "Manscaped for covering me head to toe and seriously, thanks for sponsoring the video.", "You guys should get the stuff cuz you sting you.", "That's all I have explaining IP addressing is not easy.", "So let's make sure you hack the YouTube algorithm today.", "If that light button subscribe notification bell comment, we gotta hack YouTube today.", "Ethically of course.", "And yeah, that's really all I got.", "Whew, I'll get you guys next time." ]

[ "Intro", "Ad read", "What the junk is an IP address?", "How do you find your devices IP address?", "How did your device get this IP address?", "I bet I can guess your IP address", "A quick subnetting hack", "Analogy time!", "Miss Default gateway", "Challenge question!", "Challenge answer, I doubt you got it!", "We learned a lot! Let’s do a recap!", "End ad read!(Stick around for this one)", "Outro" ]

[ "Prof: Okay, well let's begin.", "And, as you know, in our class one of the topics, or themes, that we're considering is intellectual history.", "And lurking in the background, of course, is the big question of medicine itself and what it is.", "What is medical science?", "What does it mean to have a medical science?", "Well, this morning we'll be considering that.", "Is medical science purely the technical application of neutral knowledge?", "Or should we think of it as a cultural institution, also, built by dominant social groups in society, that in some way may reflect their worldview, sometimes may embody their prejudices, and may promote their interests?", "And at least we should ask the question, if we accept the biomedical paradigm of disease, what are the implications of that acceptance?", "What are the costs?", "What are we giving up?", "So, that's the big issue.", "And today what I'd like to do is to look at a subset of the bigger problem, and this is the medical specialization that's known as \"tropical medicine.\"", "It emerged in the 1890s, in a period, that is, of--it gained rapidly enormous prestige and influence, and is still a major subfield in medicine.", "The discipline thus far has undergone three periods in its history.", "The first is the one that we're going to be concentrating on this morning, and that's the period from roughly the 1890s until more or less the First World War.", "That marks the real heyday of tropical medicine, the time when it was the cutting edge of medical science, when it made a series of major discoveries, and served the most obvious political purposes.", "It was followed in its history by a second period, that lasts more or less from World War I until the 1970s, the next half-century of tropical medicine.", "And during this period the discipline loses a lot of its scientific momentum.", "Tropical medicine came to be confined essentially to parasitology, and at this period, the dynamism in medical science moved instead to microbiology and such offshoots as immunology, and that boosted such major developments as antibiotics and a series of effective vaccines, and that attracted the lion's share of research funds.", "So, tropical medicine, in the period from the First World War to the 1970s, made relatively few major, major discoveries.", "Then, after World War II, and accelerating from the 1970s, we see a third phase, ushered in by such things as decolonization and a new attention to public health in the Third World, and with it a new influx of research funds through the World Health Organization and powerful foundations like the Rockefeller and MacArthur Foundations.", "Well, what I want to do this morning is to look critically at tropical medicine.", "And by that I don't mean for or against.", "What I want to do instead is to look at why it arose as a discipline when it did.", "What interests did it serve?", "What were its implications?", "And I'm going to argue that tropical medicine, and particularly in this formative early period before the First World War, was clearly socially constructed.", "This is a period that coincides with the high tide of colonial expansion, the age of the scramble for Africa.", "And tropical medicine gave expression to an imperial view of the world, and it marked the relationship, in medical terms, between Western Europe, on the one hand, and Asia and Africa on the other, and between the United States and Latin America.", "As a discipline, it served as a major instrument also in promoting European expansion overseas, and American hegemony in the Americas.", "In its applications, and in the policies it promoted, tropical medicine was not only value-neutral science; it was also an instrument of power, and we need to bear that in mind.", "Now, the emergence of tropical medicine marked a transition, a transformation, from something that had preceded it, and that I hope won't be confusing.", "But from the middle of the eighteenth century, more or less, until the closing decade of the nineteenth century, there had been an older tradition that can be summarized under the label of \"diseases of the tropics.\"", "And there were a couple of classic statements of this older tradition.", "One was a work, an important work, by James Lind, an eighteenth-century physician, who wrote \"An Essay on Diseases Incidental to Europeans in Hot Climates,\" and this was built on the experience of Europeans in the West Indies.", "And then there was another work by James Johnson called \"The Influence of Tropical Climates on European Constitutions,\" built on the experience of Europeans in India.", "What these works, and other ones of their kind, meant in the expression \"diseases of the tropics\" was something particular.", "They meant that in the colonial world-- in, that is, the area of hot climate, as it was expressed at the time--Europeans were subject to special diseases as challenges, that arose as a result of conditions peculiar to warm climates, and to the resulting conditions of temperature, humidity and local ecology.", "Under those conditions, the diseases that would afflict Europeans were not, however, different in nature from those familiar at home.", "The diseases of hot countries were heightened in their virulence, perhaps, and the constitutions of white people were now subjected to new and unfamiliar stresses that made them peculiarly vulnerable in these climates to disease.", "But the issue was simply--in the era, should we say, of diseases of the tropics--was simply one of degree, rather than kind.", "The diseases of the tropics were simply intense variants of familiar disease processes.", "And there was an educational corollary to that, which was that physicians who had studied general medicine, in European medical schools, were fully equipped to treat the entire spectrum of human diseases wherever they occurred.", "Diseases of the tropics weren't a special category.", "They were simply heightened versions of familiar maladies.", "In other words, the concept of diseases of the tropics presupposed a universality of a single medical discipline that viewed the diseases of the tropical world as posing problems of degree, but not of a thoroughly different kind.", "We should also say that this idea of diseases of the tropics already did have embodied in it some troubling and important questions that had to do with a colonial or imperial and racial view of the world.", "European bodies, the concept presupposed, were different in some way from those of Asians and Africans.", "They weren't intended for the conditions prevailing in the colonies, and so the question was, were the tropics in fact inhabitable for Europeans?", "You can see this in expressions like \"darkest Africa,\" \"teeming Asia\"-- those imply dangerous places--and even more the expression of \"the white man's grave.\"", "And, so, the question was whether settling in the tropics was going to be possible.", "Was it simply that Europeans needed a period of seasoning-- another term of the time--or acclimatization, after which they'd be stress-hardy and able to survive in these new settings?", "Physicians who dealt with diseases of the tropics thought of themselves as performing an indispensable service, one that was useful to European states, and especially to explorers, travelers, settlers, colonial administrators, and of course sailors and soldiers.", "The service was to provide assistance and advice during the time of acclimatization, advice on exercise, diet, clothing and housing; in short, everything that new arrivals would need to protect themselves from the rigors of the new environment.", "But the 1890s marked a transition to something different-- from this view of diseases of the tropics, to something that sounds subtly different, but was profoundly so, and that is tropical diseases and tropical medicine.", "Now, what was implied in this transition, this transformation?", "It was a vision of the world in which Asia and Africa, for Europeans, or possibly Latin America, for U.S. citizens, were conceived in a really charged fashion as harboring disease that were conceptually different from other diseases, that could not be treated by physicians who had graduated from European medical schools unless they had undergone special postgraduate training.", "And the implication too was a different form of hygiene.", "And there was a work that was a foundational text for this new medical specialty, one of the most influential medical works of the whole of the nineteenth century, and one that had enormous influence on the relations of the metropolitan powers to their colonial dependencies.", "This work was by this man, a British physician named Patrick Manson, who came to be known as the father of tropical medicine.", "The work that caused the stir was called-- it's an enormous, fat volume--entitled Tropical Diseases: A Manual for the Diseases of Warm Climates.", "And it was written in 1898, which isn't an accident.", "And it wasn't also an accident that the father of tropical medicine was British, or that Britain became the world center of the new discipline, Britain at the time being the world's leading imperial power.", "Now, what were the background conditions that promoted the emergence of this whole new medical sub-discipline?", "A first, as we said, was Britain's position as a great colonial power.", "There were others, as well, that lay behind this new medical specialism.", "One was something we've already dealt with, and that is the germ theory of disease and the triumph of contagionism over anticontagionism.", "The germ theory had a number of possible implications.", "One was the idea, as we've seen, of clinching the concept of disease specificity.", "And tropical medicine was built on the premise that some diseases lurking in Africa and Asian now needed new classifications, belonging in special categories, and that to understand them-- and here was another of its implications-- you needed physicians who were trained at special institutions, and had a specialized curriculum, and that they could be dealt with by specific special remedies and measures of hygiene that were different from those that had been successful in bringing about a mortality revolution in Europe.", "As you'll remember when we examined the theories of Max van Pettenkofer, the germ theory marked the end of an alternative approach to medicine, one that had flourished at mid-century, particularly in continental Europe, but was intellectually vanquished by the laboratory methods of bacteriology, and later parasitology.", "This was the idea of social medicine, associated with a radical German physician, Rudolf Virchow.", "For social medicine, medicine was a collective enterprise in which it was important for physicians to treat not only individual patients, but society as a whole, dealing with issues of sanitary conditions, poverty, nutrition, social justice.", "Well, the germ theory of disease was a setback for social medicine, and I'm going to argue that tropical medicine went even a step further in the turn from that direction.", "It argued that in the tropical world the chief problem-- and we're talking with the period down to World War I-- the chief problem was to preserve the health of European settlers.", "As a discipline, until much later in its life, tropical medicine largely ignored the general health of indigenous societies.", "This also came to mean something somewhat sinister, when the logic was applied to the global north and south, and black/white relationships.", "It seemed to suggest that the bodies of Africans and teeming Asians were medically dangerous, that they were the reservoirs for diseases that posed serious new threats for Europeans.", "And there was an implication, a possible strategy for hygiene, and that was that perhaps the best way forward was for Europeans and indigenous peoples to be segregated in their housing arrangements, that Europeans should live in the tropical world in special enclaves where the latest prophylactic measures would be applied.", "Whereas natives, or indigenous peoples, could be left as they had been found.", "Alternatively, if you read some of the literature produced by works of European writers such as Somerset Maugham, you'd see that the Europeans were advised to take to the hills during the dangerous summer months, leaving dangerous natives behind.", "But we shouldn't forget that tropical medicine, at the turn of the century, was also where the scientific action and excitement in medical science were taking place.", "Beyond the germ theory of disease, tropical medicine embodied the various latest developments, and above all the new science of parasitology.", "And it attracted some of the leading figures, indeed, in the development of microbiology to enter this new discipline.", "This was true, for example, of Robert Koch, who came, made a voyage, to Italy to study parasitology in the form of malaria, and then set off for the colonial world.", "Pasteur at this time had just died, but his institute saw affiliates or satellite institutes set up at Saigon, at Tunis, Algiers, in the 1890s, all preaching the new discipline of tropical medicine.", "And Pasteur's most famous and able disciple, �mile Roux, became a specialist in this new discipline.", "To understand it, we need to remember two major breakthroughs.", "The first was by Patrick Manson in 1883.", "At that time, he discovered something that was radically new.", "He was dealing with the disease of elephantiasis, and he found that the filarial worm that causes it is transmitted by mosquitoes; the first example of a vector borne disease transmission.", "This was epoch-making in that respect.", "And it was also a movement from bacteria or-- though it wasn't known at the time-- viruses, to more complex life forms, the interaction of humans with biologically more sophisticated protozoa or helminths or worms, and with insect vectors.", "Diseases could now be seen to be part of a much more complicated process, and with complicated life forms.", "Then there was, following this, the establishment of the mosquito theory of transmission for malaria, which took place during the end of the decade of the 1890s, with two figures, who were working independently of each other, but in 1898 established that malaria was a parasitical disease, transmitted by certain species of mosquitoes.", "So, malaria--which is a disease that we'll be dealing with after the spring break-- was of decisive importance in the establishment of tropical medicine, and malaria was the disease that was at its heart and its center.", "The two people were in Italy--and we'll be coming back to this in a couple of weeks, when we resume classes--in Italy there was Giovanni Battista Grassi, who made a very elegant demonstration, and a very convincing one, that human malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes.", "And he did so by experiments in which he introduced just one variable in the exposure, during the warm summer months, of large populations to biting insects.", "He protected, by screening, or later by chemical means, select groups of people, while everyone around them was falling ill of malaria.", "They lived in exactly the same conditions as those around them, except for one variable; that they weren't subject to the bites of flying insects.", "And thereby he established that it was indeed insects, mosquitoes, and certain types of mosquitoes; we'll be returning to that.", "Not all mosquitoes, just anophelene mosquitoes, and certain species of them, that transmitted the disease of malaria.", "At the same time, Ronald Ross, a British physician in India, was working instead with malaria among the avian-- that is, birds--avian malaria, where he demonstrated that it too was transmitted by the bites of mosquitoes.", "And he argued, by analogy, that human malaria was probably transmitted by mosquitoes as well.", "Now, this was the age of a ferocious imperial rivalry, and Ross was the first British scientist to discover the pathogen of a major disease, and he became a national icon, the British answer to Pasteur or Koch.", "He won the Nobel Prize, and along with Manson became one of two decisive figures in the founding of the discipline of tropical medicine.", "It was quite interesting that there was an extraordinary collaboration between Manson and Ross in India, where Ross wrote home what he was finding under his microscope in India, and sent that back to Manson, who worked with him in suggesting new directions for his research, and pushed him forward.", "So, in many ways the discovery of the transmission of malaria belonged to Manson as well as Ross.", "Well, in any case, malaria became the template, the ideal type of tropical diseases.", "And in Manson's great work malaria occupies the largest amount of space in the volume; the reasons being that it was a perfectly vector-transmitted disease, a perfect parasitic disease.", "The plasmodium that causes it, as we'll see in a couple of weeks, lives in a closed cycle, and never exists free in the environment.", "Human beings don't happen upon it, and the plasmodium has an extremely complicated lifecycle in both man and mosquito.", "And the involvement of the mosquito also is scientifically complicated; in other words, it was useful and important that Grassi was a naturalist, was well as a physician.", "Parasitology was scientifically interesting, and intellectually so.", "To study malariology, one needed to be a physician, but also an entomologist, a naturalist, and to have a knowledge of the basic sciences.", "So, in 1898, for a whole generation, parasitology replaced bacteriology as the cutting edge of medical science, and it became the foundation of this new discipline, the rising discipline of tropical medicine.", "Well, if that's how it emerges, what is the new discipline?", "Manson defined tropical medicine in his great work.", "For him, it was a special discipline, with diseases of an area defined by geography and warm climate.", "Diseases there, he said, were unlike the diseases of the temperate zone, and they require therefore a special medical discipline to deal with them, and they require physicians who are specially trained in post-graduate institutes.", "For that reason, tropical medicine emerged outside of established medical schools, because it presupposed that physicians needed a special curriculum and training to deal with diseases that were conceptually different.", "For example, in 1898, in association with Joseph Chamberlain, the secretary of state for the colonies-- and you can see the role of the state in the promotion of this new discipline, which was seen as important for the promotion of imperial interests-- and with the collaboration of Patrick Manson-- there was founded the London School of Tropical Medicine, with the specific intention of training colonial medical officers in a new medical discipline; or very closely associated was the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.", "Another idea that Manson said was essential to the new discipline was that tropical diseases were caused not usually by bacteria but by more complex biological agents, with complex lifecycles--protozoa and helmets-- and that they were transmitted by insect vectors, like mosquitoes or the tsetse fly.", "Malaria had pride of place.", "It was the ideal type to illustrate this, and it's the first disease that Manson discusses in his work, and the disease he discusses at greatest length.", "There were others of this type, like trypanosomiasis, which was African sleeping sickness, which was caused by a parasite also that multiplies in the human bloodstream and causes skin eruptions, anemia, chronic fever, debilitation, lethargy and perhaps coma and death.", "It was transmitted by the tsetse fly.", "Or there was schistosomiasis, caused by worms, with the snail as its alternative host.", "Or leishmaniasis, or yellow fever--a viral infection, it was later discovered--transmitted by a certain species of mosquito.", "Well, so far, if you were reading Manson's work, you would've found the diseases I've just mentioned would be the ones that you would've encountered, and there was a kind of logical coherence to what they were.", "Diseases of places with warm climates, transmitted by mosquitoes, caused not by bacteria but rather by more complex life forms.", "But Manson then goes on.", "And what we see then is something of a grab bag of diseases, that don't seem to have much of a scientific connecting link.", "He mentions certain infectious bacterial diseases, some of them very familiar to you already: bubonic plague, Asiatic cholera.", "He adds leprosy.", "He then moves on to certain nutritional diseases: pellagra, which is caused by a deficiency of niacin, if your diet consists not of wheat, but exclusively of corn; or beriberi, or certain fungal diseases.", "And he even calls heatstroke a tropical disease.", "Another background factor was institutional.", "Should we call it the institutionalization of this new medical discipline?", "That is, it coincides with the high point of European expansion.", "And this wasn't just a coincidence.", "It was an important instrument in the domination of Africa and India, for instance, as important as gun powder, enabling settlers to run mines and plantations, traders to travel, administrators to govern, missionaries to preach, and soldiers to perform their duties.", "For this reason, tropical medicine rapidly attracts governmental backing, certainly in the British case, and institutional support and assistance, from powerful economic interests, with concerns in the tropical world.", "So, these institutions--in Britain we've already talked about the London School of Tropical Medicine, the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.", "And it's embedded in a new major journal, The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, founded in 1895.", "In France, we see the Pasteur Institute; in the United States, such institutions as Johns Hopkins, the Rockefeller Institute--and in particular its International Health Division-- the American Academy of Tropical Medicine, the American Society of Tropical Medicine.", "And in the U.S., there were a couple of distinctive features.", "One was the association of tropical medicine with the military, and its leading figures, Walter Reed and William Gorgas, were in fact Army officers.", "And it was in the Western hemisphere too that yellow fever replaced malaria as the quintessential tropical disease.", "Some of the institutional links can be seen in specific cases.", "An example that's recently been studied, somewhat intensively, is the relationship of the Harvard Department of Tropical Medicine to the colonial establishment of American power in Liberia, and in particular the Firestone rubber plantations.", "And one can see there the clear role of tropical medicine in promoting, if we like, the expansion of company interests to extract resources from Liberia.", "This was an important illustration of the uses that tropical medicine could be put to.", "Well, what were some--if that's what tropical medicine was as a discipline-- what were some of its implications, the implications of the worldview that it suggested?", "One is that Africa, Asia and Latin America had something in common.", "This was an artificial construction of European imagination.", "They were seen as reservoirs of diseases that threatened Europe; Europe protected by the ramparts of civilization and medical science.", "So, tropical medicine embodied, down to a later period--certainly in this period down to the First World War--a Eurocentric worldview.", "It was initially not responsive to specific locations, as the tropics were artificially constructed as some single homogeneous place.", "The natives of the tropics were also conceptualized as somehow dangerous, harboring a vast array of lethal and highly contagious diseases.", "Another implication was that tropical medicine was concerned, in the early decades of the new century, primarily overwhelmingly, with the help of Europeans-- settlers, administrators, missionaries and soldiers.", "There was little concern for the health of the indigenous population.", "Indeed, the medical problems of the colonial world that received attention were those that threatened Europeans, not the health problems of the indigenous population.", "There was little attention to the social and economic determinants of what we might today call Third World problems of health, such as poverty, labor conditions, malnutrition.", "And there was a neglect of major diseases that were often the major health problems of the local population; say dysentery or gonorrhea, pneumonia, tuberculosis.", "In recent years, in fact, the blindness of the past has even resulted in new international attention to a group of diseases, termed neglected tropical diseases, that cause large-scale suffering such as poverty, low productivity, poor pregnancy outcomes, but that for decades received little funding or attention from policymakers.", "More ironically, a major issue, not considered after World War I, as I said, was the impact of colonialism itself on the inhabitants of the tropical world; that is, there was no attention to the way in which colonialism itself contributed to environmental degradation; or promoted labor mobility in unsanitary conditions; the way in which it promoted unplanned urbanization, low educational attainment and poverty.", "In fact, this period, the first period of tropical medicine, from 1890 to just after the First World War, was a time, one of the times, of the greatest epidemiological disasters in the tropical world, with virgin soil epidemics, like smallpox and measles, and the impact of what was called constructive imperialism.", "Railroads, roads, trade, the transportation revolution, all enabled a pandemic of bubonic plague, from the 1890s to 1920, and epidemic influenza, in 1918 and '19, to occur in the tropical world as well.", "Colonial wars, the involvement of the colonies in the two world wars, had major disease impacts.", "So did the ecological impact of railroads, factories, mines and plantations, and the recruitment of migrant labor.", "So, just as in the case that we examined at greater length in your reading of North America, disease played an important part in European expansion.", "Another implication was public health policy.", "In Europe and North America, hygiene had given rise to a broad-gauge sanitarian movement; one that reformed urban living conditions through what we might call-- and introducing a new jargon into our course-- horizontal programs of public health; that is, improvements that dealt with living conditions across a broad spectrum of diseases.", "We've seen that in the sanitary movement.", "In the tropics, instead, metropolitan powers applied a different vision of what was called vertical hygiene, or tropical hygiene.", "Now, vertical campaigns of public health targeted instead single diseases, and they were designed to protect, above all, Europeans against the most menacing epidemics.", "That was tropical hygiene, then; something different from what was practiced at the same time in Europe, was one of the implications.", "Another implication was a new prestige and authority for physicians.", "Ross and Koch, for example, now became advisors to metropolitan governments, as did Manson.", "It meant also--another implication was perhaps what we might call selective historical amnesia.", "Many of the diseases identified as tropical had only recently been present in Europe, and they weren't eradicated by temperature, but by broad social and economic improvements.", "Malaria itself had been a European disease, as you know, bubonic plague and cholera also.", "And then tropical medicine was clearly an instrument of cultural and ideological hegemony.", "It was a justification and rationale for colonialism.", "Europeans felt that they had health and civilization to offer, and that medicine was a means of winning acceptance of the colonial presence.", "So, tropical medicine provided a narrative of European progress, rationality and civilization overcoming ignorance, superstition, darkness and the witchcraft of natives.", "Patrick Manson was very explicit in his vision of the relationship of medicine and empire.", "In a simple sentence he declared, \"I believe in the colonization of the world by the white race.\"", "Well, that was the early period of tropical medicine, between 1890, more or less, and just at a period after the First World War.", "Later we see a transformation in the discipline.", "And I don't want to argue that it's the same today as it was at the eve of the First World War.", "Radical changes in tropical medicine came through a number of influences.", "One was the Second World War itself, which was in part--and although there were deep contradictions involved in it-- it was in part, at least, a war against racialism.", "The discipline was affected by decolonization, also by the rise of American hegemony after World War II, with new priorities.", "It was influenced by globalization as an explicit idea, and its implications that we all live in a single disease environment, and that what happens in distant parts of the world are also vitally important for the entire world population.", "And then there was--what was very important also was a transformation in funding.", "Because of those factors, around and during the 1970s, The World Health Organization introduced a major new emphasis on tropical diseases, and with it, in 1975, a major new research project.", "The same happened with the Rockefeller Foundation in the 1970s, and then the MacArthur Foundation thereafterwards.", "And this meant a new dynamism scientifically for the discipline of tropical medicine, and also with that a major attention, reversing an earlier trend, with an emphasis on global health programs that would be applicable everywhere, and that would include major attention to the health of the population of indigenous peoples in areas that had been neglected by an earlier phase of tropical medicine.", "And, so, the entire discipline, if we like, was transformed after World War II, and became something that no longer embodied a colonial position, and no longer embodied the idea that it was the bodies of Europeans that deserved privileged protection, rather than the health of indigenous peoples in other parts of the world.", "So, tropical medicine was a very important instrument of colonial power in the period down to the First World War, and it was slowly transformed in the inter-war period, and radically so after World War II.", "I hope you'll bear that in mind as you think about the issue of what are the implications of medical science; and what are its implications for the kinds of society and the world that we live in?" ]

[ "Chapter 1. Tropical Medicine", "Chapter 2. Background: Diseases of the Tropics", "Chapter 3. Transition to Tropical Diseases and Tropical Medicine: Medical Factors", "Chapter 4. Institutional Factors", "Chapter 5. Implications of Tropical Medicine" ]

[ "Prof: Now what I'd like to do is something that you'll probably cut out because of copyright issues but it's a kind of fun warm-up anyway, so we're going to go ahead and do this and then we'll actually start.", "I got about a one-minute warm-up here, ladies and gentlemen, and we've got Lynda Paul who's like a Vegas show act.", "Okay?", "She's going to warm us up and we're going to get up and we're going to get into it here right off the bat in our exploration of duple and triple meter so here we go, Lynda Paul.", "Lynda Paul: All right.", "Those of you in my section will already be familiar with this.", "Don't give the game away.", "Everybody stand up.", "Sorry.", "Prof: It'll be worth it.", "Lynda Paul: It's worth it.", "All right.", "You have two moves.", "For the duple meter, you have the march.", "You may have to turn to the side.", "Prof: It's okay.", "They can march.", "Lynda Paul: And it just goes like this, Feel the duple.", "Prof: Which foot gets the down beat, right or left?", "Lynda Paul: Left.", "Always left.", "Prof: Okay.", "Sorry.", "Didn't know.", "Lynda Paul: And if you hear a triple, your step is this: down-up-up, down-up-up, down- up-up, down-up-up.", "This is to get the feel of the duple and the triple.", "So see what you can do.", "Prof: You can do this on your test too.", "> They've got it.", "> Okay.", "We got that.", "> Okay.", "So that's our warm-up for today.", "Now from the ridiculous to the sublime, we're going to go to our first slide.", "And that takes us to the question of sound.", "We have never really nailed this down, I don't think.", "When an instrument--any instrument--the piano, plays a note > what you hear is one fundamental pitch.", "You are also hearing very small amounts of other pitches.", "Usually, these get charted out into the so-called overtones, thirty-two partials or overtones, and you can see them playing out here .", "The amount of force in each of those partials-- we'll call it the amplitude--of each of the partials, varies according to the acoustical properties of a particular instrument, so that each of these peaks here represents a particular partial, but you can see that they do not decline in any kind of straight decline.", "Some of them bump up from time to time--more push there, more volume there.", "So when we hear any particular sound, again, we're hearing an amalgam of many sounds, and the importance of each of these partials in the aggregate of sound is what gives it its particular color.", "If you've ever worked with a synthesizer: I think, in very simple terms here, what an electronic synthesizer does is play with these.", "They can push down the seventh partial.", "They can bring up the ninth partial.", "They can push down the^( )thirteenth partial and bring up the fifteenth and thereby change the sound of a clarinet into a French horn.", "They play with these partials on each of these notes, but this is just > one sound with all of these other things mixed in to the medley that produces the quality or timbre of a particular instrument.", "Okay.", "That's that point.", "Now we're going to go on and review a few things that we talked about last lecture.", "Remember we were talking about beat, which is the regular pulse, the pulse of life, the pulse of music, that comes at regular intervals.", "We were talking about the subdivision of that pulse, the organizing of that pulse into meters, and that we had this capacity to indicate what the meter was by these numbers: two-four, and three-four for duple and triple meter.", "Remember we were just demonstrating, listening to the Ravel Bolero.", "Then we had rhythms superimposed.", "We had two prominent rhythms up above.", "Rhythm is simply these patterns, usually repeating patterns, of longs and short that get superimposed as they set up above the basic beat underneath.", "We also learned from Ravel's Bolero that nobody actually plays the beat-- that's too basic--but our mind, hearing all of these complex rhythms, extrapolates the beat from this complexity.", "Okay, that by way of a quick review.", "Now two other terms that we have touched on.", "What's tempo in music?", "Yes, gentleman?", "Student: The pace or the speed of the piece?", "Prof: It's the pace or speed of the-- Student: Piece.", "Prof: --of the piece, particularly the beat.", "The beat will do--control--that, so it's the pace or speed of the beat.", "Thanks very much.", "We can take a particular--Here I'm conducting in three: one, two, three, one, two, three, one, two, three, one, two, three, one, two, three, and obviously I'm accelerating there.", "We use the fancy Italian term \"accelerando\" for that.", "We could be going with a very fast tempo, three, one, two, three, one, two, three, one, two, three, and slow it down.", "Obviously, we would be retarding the music, ritardando or a retard at that particular point.", "All right.", "With that by the way of background, let's go on to two--what we might call rhythmic devices here--two rhythmic devices.", "The first is syncopation.", "We worked a little bit with this last time.", "For syncopation, let's go to the board over here.", "If we have a particular rhythm, and this is a rhythm, and here are the beats and the meter underneath, we would be coming along one, two-and, one, two,>.", "Okay.", "Obviously, this is the bar of syncopation--we did this in section last week--but you can see > this note is the syncopated note.", "It's jumping in too early.", "We expect it to sound there.", "So what syncopation is is simply the insertion of an impulse, a \"hit\" if you will, at a metrical place that we do not expect it to be.", "Usually, the metrical impulse is on the beat.", "With syncopation the impulse can come suddenly off the beat, and it gives it a little snap or jazzy aspect to the music.", "We talked about that in the Cole Porter last time.", "Here is one I remember.", "A couple of years ago there was a clothing store called TJ Maxx.", "They had this little jingle out there, > , just a little bit of this, and then you were supposed to say, \"TJ Maxx.\"", "I'll remember TJ Maxx forever because of this guy's little syncopation.", "It's in there.", "We really remember these musical .", "Think about back in your childhood, your nursery rhymes, the capacity of aural material to be retained.", "Okay.", "> Here's beat two.", "It jumps in too early.", "This actually I think derives from a Greek word, \"synkope,\" s-y-n-k-o-p-e, synkope.", "Is that how you pronounce it?", "But it means to cut short, to cut short and therefore get in a little bit earlier.", "Now the master of syncopation, of course, in music was Scott Joplin, African American composer writing a lot around the area of St. Louis in the turn of the twentieth century.", "You know his music from pieces such as \"The Entertainer,\" so let's play just a little bit of \"The Entertainer\" very slowly, and my question to you is: where is the syncopation?", "Is it in the left hand of the piano or in the right hand of the piano?", "Is it in the bass or the melody?", "> Where's the syncopation?", "Left hand?", "Right hand?", "Right hand.", "Bass is just going--Well, what is the bass going?", "> In that fashion, one--It's playing eighth notes, one-and, two-and; it's subdividing the beat whereas the syncopation > --it's there, > and so on.", "So you're tapping your foot.", "You're tapping the beat and a lot of the music is coming off the beat.", "Let's see if we can do that.", "Let's see if we can create our own syncopated orchestra in here.", "We've got an example up here.", "This is the conception of it.", "Let's see if we can actually execute it.", "What I'd like you to do: Everybody tap your foot.", "We're going to do this in four, just for--just because I think it works out better so everybody tap your foot with a four beat.", "Here we go.", "One, two, three, four, one, two, three, four, nice and loud.", "Come on.", "I want to hear it.", "Okay.", "Now take your hand on a chair or your notebook, your computer or whatever, and do syncopation off of that according to this pattern.", "One, two, ready, go.", "> Okay.", "Good.", "I see Daniel down here has got this nailed.", "Okay.", "So that's what syncopation is and it isn't much more difficult than that.", "The second rhythmic device that we have to be aware of in music we frequently encounter is this concept of the triplet.", "Now most music that we listen to--and here's a good example because it plays it out so clearly in the melody-- most music that we listen to takes the beat-- one, two, one, two--and subdivides it into two: one-and, two-and--musicians like this \"and\" business-- one-and, two-and, one-and, two-and-- So each quarter note has two eighth notes.", "We could also take the two eighth notes and divide them into two sixteenth notes and then we get a-one-a-and, a-two-a-and, a-one-a-and, a-two-a-and something like that.", "> > But of course most music--although it operates that way--not all music continues in that fashion.", "Oftentimes--occa sionally--occasionally, oftentimes, somewhere between the two--the beat is divided into three.", "So what I've got here is an example of that.", "It's actually what we call \"My Country 'Tis Of Thee\" I think, > , so that's it.", "I think it's been set by a number of composers over the years.", "Beethoven set it under the heading of \"God Save the King,\" George the Third or somebody.", "No, George the Third was probably dead by then.", "Who was the king of England, let's say, in 1810?", "Who knows that answer?", "I don't know it.", "George the Third would have been dead.", "Okay.", "In any event, we're coming along toward the end of it.", "> So you can hear > , the triplet being inserted, so a triplet is simply insertion of three notes in the place of two, not more complicated than that.", "Here is what we would expect, > , but we got >.", "The interesting thing here is that the bass continues along with the duple pattern.", "The bass is going > where the upper voice has >.", "Beethoven could have made that bass go with triplets too.", "Actually, it's all set up for it.", "> Both melody and bass could have had a triplet <<plays piano>> but he chose to have the duple in the bass--the triple up above.", "> Let's see if we can do that, and it's a little bit of a challenge for the performer.", "Let's see if you can tap your left hand to a duple pattern, one, two, one, two, and then take your right hand and do a triplet against it in a triplet pattern, one, two, ready, go, > , one, two, one, two.", "It's harder than you think, right, but that's the kind of thing that musicians, particularly percussion players, have to be able to execute.", "All right.", "Now an insertion, sort of discursus.", "We're going to talk a little bit about musical texture.", "This is discussed in your textbook in chapter six.", "Texture in music is the dispositions of the musical lines.", "I was trying to think this morning of an analogy and I thought I came up with a good one.", "It has to do with tapestries and carpets and things like that where you weave different strands in in different ways, and somewhere in my deep recesses I have these words \"wep\" (sic) and \"warp\" or something like that.", "Does that make any--does that have any resonance to you?", "No.", "All right.", "I think it's out there in weaving.", "I've got to dig it out.", "I tried to find it on Google really quick and nothing came up, but I think there is this idea of how you organize a tapestry in that fashion.", "In any event, in music we have different strands and these strands can be organized in different ways.", "We simplify it by saying this: that there are three fundamental textures: monophonic texture, homophonic texture, and polyphonic texture.", "And, to exemplify this, one day it occurred to me well, why not take a tune that everybody knows, \"Amazing Grace,\" and set it in different ways to exemplify these three textures.", "So that's what we've got on the sheet for today.", "Everybody's got the sheet there and what I would like to do is just have everyone, all of this--We'll just sing \"la\" here.", "We won't sing the text.", "We'll just sing \"Amazing Grace\" and we'll kind of start it at pitch.", "> > Hey, pretty good today.", "Okay?", "So we'll start it at pitch there and I'll give you two and then we'll sing \"la\" and we will exemplify monophonic texture.", "Here we go, one, sing.", "> Okay.", "That's all we have to do.", "You don't have to read the notes 'cause you've got the sound in your ears, part of your aural memory.", "So that's monophonic texture, just one pitch.", "Actually, was it just one pitch?", "What do you think about that?", "How many pitches?", "Let's do this again.", "We'll sing it again.", "How many actual frequencies are we generating here?", "One, sing.", "> So how many pitches are we generating?", "Really, two.", "The gentlemen are singing in one octave.", "We're singing below middle C > and the ladies are singing up an octave <<plays piano>> but that's still monophonic texture--those notes have the same names.", "I--We were going > > so as long as the notes have the same names or it sounds the same, even though there may be octave doubling in there we still think of that as monophonic texture.", "Lynda, come on up.", "We're going to exemplify homophonic texture here and we want you to sing the melody and we'll try to do the parts underneath of it.", "Homophonic texture is where it all lines up pretty much together; all the parts are changing together.", "One, sing.", "> One more time and we need- we're going to get our third in.", "Ready, sing.", "> How sweet it is.", "Okay.", "So that's sweet-sounding homophonic texture, mostly just chords.", "Thanks, Lynda.", "Then we can take this and turn it into something a lot more complex with--singing a lot of lines going their own way.", "This we call polyphony.", "We also use the word \"counterpoint\" sort of synonymous with it.", "So part three down there at the bottom we've got an example of polyphony where I take in the tune and set it against itself a little bit.", "> So it's just a lot more complex, a lot of independent lines going on up above.", "Think of one line.", "Think of a group of lines.", "Here's one sound.", "> Here's a group of sounds, > different pitches and actually three different pitches in there, as opposed to just one pitch--one pitch, three pitches or three or four pitches, moving in different ways, kind of independent rhythmic chords, so that's the difference between monophonic, homophonic and polyphonic texture.", "Now we're going to turn--focus here just a bit more on polyphonic texture because there are two types of polyphonic texture.", "The first we'll call imitative polyphonic texture, and here in \"Amazing Grace\" we really do have imitative polyphonic texture because you-- as you can see, we have in the bass-- there in bar two--the bass imitating the upper part > and then toward the end there in bar thirteen <<plays piano>> the bass and I've added an extra note.", "It occurred to me here I could take that theme and turn it upside down against itself and it would work.", "> Yeah.", "So that's called musical inversion.", "Bach would like that.", "He likes these kind of mind games with music.", "So it's complex stuff, this polyphony or this counterpoint.", "So this is imitative counterpoint because there's one idea that keeps coming back and back and back.", "Now there's another kind of counterpoint called \"free counterpoint\" where it's highly independent lines are sounding but they're not imitating one another.", "Let's listen to just a section of this.", "We should have this.", "It's Louis Armstrong and we'll talk more about Louis Armstrong as we proceed here.", "So listen to a good example of non-imitative texture, polyphonic texture.", "> Pretty cool stuff, huh?", "Where was Louis Armstrong from?", "Student: Chicago.", "Prof: Chicago?", "Actually, he did his recordings in Chicago, but he wasn't from Chicago.", "Where's the heart and soul of jazz in America?", "New Orleans.", "Right.", "Yeah.", "That's why it's so important culturally for the history of the United States.", "So what we want to do now is to begin to think about counting measures, and we're going to do this by staying with this piece of Louis Armstrong here, and we need to be able to count measures so that we can figure out the syntax of music.", "Music is a language and it is made up of a syntax, and syntax, you know, consists of phrases and the order in which those phrases occur.", "But maybe even before we can recognize the syntax of music, we have to figure out what a phrase is.", "So to do that we've got to be able to count measures.", "How do we do this?", "Well, musicians, again, have developed the following sort of process.", "Let's say oftentimes orchestral musicians, they're sitting there and they're not playing so they have to be able to count for a long period of time.", "So they'd be going along in this fashion--let's say it's duple--one-two, two-two, three-two, four-two.", "They're just adding integers on each down beat.", "It's a very simple idea.", "So that's what we're going to do.", "Think of these poor French horn players in the orchestra.", "They play so rarely, and then it's so important when they do play, they'll be out there: seventy-eight-two, seventy-nine-two, eighty-two, eighty-one-two-- You've got to count forever.", "We won't have to count quite that long, but even before we count, we've got to figure out what the meter of the music is, so let's start with that now.", "What's the--Let's go back or I guess we're going to go to the beginning.", "What's the meter of this piece?", "And then we'll go ahead and count some measures.", "> So it's duple meter.", "Our brain has got all that stuff coming in there and we're probably focusing a lot on the bass and \"boom, boom,\" the tuba that's playing there.", "So let's go on now.", "We're going to hear Louis Armstrong himself play.", "What instrument did Louis Armstrong play?", "Student: Trumpet.", "Prof: Trumpet, yeah, and he had this wonderful rich sound but boy, it was a big, huge sound, kind of the ultimate in-your-face trumpet player.", "So we're going to hear a solo by Louis Armstrong now and let's count along once the phrase begins.", "I'll get you started and then you count the measures.", "Here we go.", "> Here we go.", "Ready.", "> One-two, two-two.", "Go ahead.", "And then he disappears.", "So how many bars did you count there?", "How long was the phrase that Louis Armstrong played?", "Student: Eight measures.", "Prof: Eight measures?", "Everybody agree with that?", "Anybody say seven?", "Better say eight in music.", "Asymmetry is not the norm in music <<music playing>> so eight's a good bet there.", "Let's go back and hear another solo.", "It's a wonderful clarinet solo by someone named Johnny Dodds-- long dead of course--but it's one of the most beautiful, incredible clarinet solos you'll ever want to hear.", "How long is this solo?", "How long is this phrase here by Johnny Dodds?", "> Here we go: one-two, two-two.", "> Student: Sixteen.", "Prof: Sixteen, so twice as long, but that's sort of good news.", "A lot of music is made up of these two-four and four-four sorts of aggregates.", "And then we'll just go on to listen to the end of this where everybody's in.", "It's hard to know again what the melody is or what the phrase is here.", "It's just everybody playing.", "Remember: are they using music here?", "Could these gentlemen read music?", "It's not clear that this particular group could.", "It's--I'm sure that Louis Armstrong would read some music, but again it would just get in the way of what he's doing.", "All of this was aurally transmitted and aurally taught.", "So let's listen to the end of it.", "It's called \"Willie the Weeper.\"", "You're going to have it as one of your listening exercises.", "Let's listen to the end of it here.", "> Now here we go with our phrase.", "> We used to call that in--remember when--anybody in high school band here?", "What do you call that \"boom\" at the end?", "Do you still call it that, \"stinger\" at the end, sort of a syncopated bounce at the end of the thing?", "How long was that particular phrase?", "Sixteen bars there, again, and a perfect example of free counterpoint.", "You've got the trombone, the clarinet, the trumpet.", "They're all just doing their own thing in the context of the harmonies that are playing out here, and it's just magical I think.", "What happy music.", "Right?", "How could you possibly be sad when listening to that kind of music?", "And then they play this kind of music coming back from funerals.", "You're dancing in to heaven.", "It's that kind of thing, yeah.", "I bet there's heavenly music of that sort.", "Okay.", "Now let's go on to another thing that we'll want to be doing here and that I guess is taking a little bit of rhythmic dictation, writing down some simple rhythms.", "How are we going to do this?", "Why do we want to do this?", "Because we want to remember things.", "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart had a very good musical memory.", "There are lots of stories about Mozart's musical memory.", "In 1777, he was in the town of Mannheim.", "He heard a string quartet by a man named Cambini.", "It was never published.", "There are no recordings of it.", "Mozart goes to Paris.", "About six months later he bumps into Cambini.", "He says, \"Oh, Cambini.", "I remember you.", "We--I heard your string quartet in Mannheim.\"", "And he sits down at the piano and plays the thing.", "He didn't have-he wasn't studying this thing.", "He wasn't trying to memorize it.", "He heard it just once.", "Six months later he could remember the whole movement of a string quartet.", "Another famous story: In 1770, he goes in to Rome, into the Sistine Chapel.", "It's Holy Week.", "He goes to hear the well-known Miserere of Allegri, Gregorio Allegri.", "You're not supposed to copy this piece because it's supposed to be only performed in the Sistine Chapel.", "Mozart goes in.", "He hears it.", "He and his father walk back to the inn where they are staying.", "He writes down this four- to five-minute composition note for note in just one sitting.", "That's pretty scary.", "Wouldn't it be?", "I--You're just off on a different planet in terms of your capacity to process aural material, but we--I can't do that.", "I couldn't begin to do that.", "How much can I hear?", "Two seconds, three seconds, four seconds.", "I could probably remember that.", "And he's hearing multiple parts, not just melody.", "So we have to come up--we mortals-- have to come up with some other device, and our device to remember things is to try to write it down because my premise here is, if you can write music down clearly you are hearing it, clearly, and you would have a better chance of remembering it if you could write it down.", "So it just helps us focus on these isolated events.", "We're not going to try to remember everything in music--too complex.", "We're going to focus on the simple, salient things--could be an instrument, could be an important rhythm.", "So let's listen to some more music of Musorgsky here, Modest Musorgsky.", "We had that very interesting piece last time, \"Polish Oxcart\" where he used this principle of low sounds produce sound waves that stay forever and we hear those low sounds first and last.", "So here we're going to hear another piece from that Pictures at an Exhibition.", "It's called \"Great Gate of Kiev\" so let's listen to a little of this, 1874, I believe, or 1870s surely, and let's listen to a bit of it and then we're going to focus just on the rhythm.", "> Okay.", "Start conducting.", "> All right.", "Good.", "Very interesting.", "There are two possible explanations to this.", "Some of you are going with a very slow tempo: one-two, one-two.", "Others are a bit uncomfortable with that, >.", "They're going twice as fast.", "Which is correct?", "Well, for our purposes, both are correct and we'll know how to figure this out on tests.", "If you say--you've got two measures here and you're writing particular symbols, we'll know that you heard this with the slower possibility.", "If you've got four measures and different symbols, you're clearly subdividing the beat but hearing that as the beat.", "So all I'm really interested in here is the idea that we have a duple meter.", "Having said that, let's assume that we do have the slower tempo here, one--Let me play a little bit at the piano.", "> So your hand should be moving rather slowly.", "Let's all sing it.", "> Okay.", "So that's the music.", "Now having done this setup, if you think about it, and think about the fact that--what note symbol gets the beat in our course--quarter note, okay.", "> So every gesture of the hand is going to be the equivalent of a quarter note.", "What's going to be my first note symbol?", "> The half note.", "Here's one gesture; here's another gesture.", "> Okay?", "So I've got you going there.", "You take your piece of paper now.", "If you want to hum the piece quietly to yourself, that's fine; that's good.", "If I hear lots of buzzing out there, that means you're into it, so hum the piece a little bit to yourself, Musorgsky's \"Great Gate of Kiev\" here and Pictures at an Exhibition and see if you can write down those particular symbols.", "> Okay.", "Let's sing it again.", "Here we go.", "Ready, go.", "> Let's focus > just on that unit, that measure.", "> Having trouble with this?", "Look at this.", "> One gesture, two notes, two pitches.", "> What should those--what should the rhythmic value of those two pitches be?", "> Yeah, two within one beat would give us eighth notes.", "Okay.", "So let's finish it off one more time.", "Here we go.", "Ready, go.", "> So what should we write up here?", "I lost my black marker but that doesn't matter.", "> What should I write next?", "Well, those are the two eighth notes we were talking about.", "> Then what?", "> One note for each gesture and we've just done a rhythmic dictation of the beginning of Musorgsky's \"Great Gate of Kiev\" from Pictures at an Exhibition.", "So you're not going to forget this particular melody and it's because it sounds so grand.", "There's another reason we're not going to forget it, if you've focused on it in that way.", "So when later on we're dealing with symphonies and things like that you may be sketching little motivic snippets, little rhythmic snippets, that you'll file away.", "All right.", "Let's listen a little bit more to the Musorgsky and then we're going to go on, just a bit more to the next excerpt, and here's my question for you.", "You're going to hear the violins play a running scale, >.", "If our beat is this, > what note values are in the music of the violinists at this particular moment?", "You don't even have to see the score.", "You can figure it out.", "> So what note value are they playing there?", "Student: Sixteenth.", "Prof: Sixteenth because we've got four impulses > for each beat.", "Let's go on to the next here now--a couple of questions we could ask.", "The theme comes back.", "We're going to listen to it again.", "What string technique are the violins using at this particular moment and then > what rhythmic device does the trumpet insert?", "So let's focus on the strings first.", "We may hear this twice.", "> Okay.", "What are they doing there?", "What are they playing there?", "Student: Tremolo?", "Prof: Tremolo, just kind of filler.", "Right?", "We need a big sound here.", "Let's get the violins to fill in sonic space.", "It's kind of--there must be something in cooking like that--use cornstarch or something, a filler--I don't know--just to make--give something body.", "So this is kind of giving the music body here.", "It's not of particular interest melodically.", "Now when the trumpet enters something of interest happens.", "What rhythmic device is the trumpet inserting?", "So let's go back to the same spot.", "We'll hear the tremolo and then the trumpet.", "Here we go.", "Notice the tempo is slowed down a bit here also.", "> So what did the trumpet insert, what rhythmic device?", "Student: Triplets.. Prof: Triplets.", "> So focusing on rhythm can tell us a lot about the detail going on in pop music or in classical music in particular.", "Now I'd like to end--I think I have a few minutes here--I'd like to end with a particular piece.", "We've talked about Mozart before and we're going to go on now to talk about Mozart's Requiem.", "It's a Requiem mass.", "What's a mass?", "Well, a mass is a genre of music.", "Obviously, it's a religious service as well, but it's a genre of music like the symphony or the concerto.", "Bach wrote a mass, Mozart wrote many masses, Beethoven wrote two important masses and so on.", "So it's a genre of music.", "The Requiem mass is a particular kind of mass.", "It's a mass, obviously, for death and burial and the commemoration of those who have died.", "Unlike the regular mass, the Requiem mass has a very special movement associated with it.", "It's called the \"Dies irae\"--the \"Day of Wrath.\"", "It's just a long, long text that's set to music but that text is drawn from \"Apocalypse,\" the images of \"Apocalypse.\"", "If you ever read the Book of Apocalypse-- or Revelation--you know it's hellfire and brimstone, the day of judgment, damnation--election into the group of the blessed, and so on.", "So it's a very vivid kind of text.", "Now I was going to put that text up on the board and, to be honest with you, I forgot to do that, so I'm going to have to see if I can remember this text: We're going to focus now on two sections of this work: the \"Confutatis\" and the \"Lacrimosa dies illa.\"", "They are both subsets of the \"Dies irae.\"", "The \"Confutatis\" go-- The text is as follows: \"Confutatis maledictis, voca--voca--me cum benedictis.\"", "So on one side here we've got the \"confutatis maledictis.\"", "These are the damned.", "On the other side, we've got \"voca--voca me cum benedictis.\"", "These are the blessed.", "Okay?", "Ever been to a medieval cathedral?", "You walk in the front door, Christ in majesty-- on the left side are the damned writhing and on the right side are the blessed looking a good deal happier.", "So Mozart may have had this image in mind of the damned and the left, but he sure was able to set it--this text-- through music by using a couple of devices.", "The first of these is rhythmic, so we're going to turn now--I guess we'll turn off the lights and we're going to go to a couple of slides here.", "Let's take a look at the rhythm he associates with the damned.", "What kind of rhythm do we get with the damned?", "Well, where would you expect to find the damned?", "In the high register or the low registers?", "The low registers, and they're way down in the twenty-ninth canto of hell or somewhere.", "So here's what we find, and as you can see there--is this bass rhythm moving slowly or quickly?", "Very quickly.", "It's going like this > and so on.", "It's also doing what?", "Going up or down?", "Student: Up.. Prof: Up.", "It keeps rising up.", "This builds tension.", "Okay?", "Are these happy folks singing there?", "Well, they've got this kind of music.", "> Is this conjunct music--step-wise music--or jumpy, skippy music?", "Pretty skippy.", "And is it consonant music or dissonant music?", "> Very dissonant music.", "Is it major or minor?", "> Minor.", "Okay, so I'd say he's got about four things he's working with here.", "The rhythm is very important.", "Now eventually the elect come in.", "And their rhythm--what do they have?", "Are they high or low?", "Well, they're way up high.", "You can see them in the sopranos and altos up there > and they just sit there on that pitch--a long note: one, two, three, four.", "> I don't have the next page.", "> That's what they do.", "It's consonant, it's in major, it's high and, most important, the rhythm is very uncomplicated.", "The notes are long and slow.", "So let's listen to Mozart's depiction of hell and heaven here.", "> Heaven.", "> And then he goes back to hell and then back up to heaven--goes back and forth between these two rhythmically very different concepts.", "Now Mozart died in December, 1791.", "He wasn't planning on dying.", "Actually, his death came rather suddenly and he was working on a requiem that someone had commissioned from him under rather mysterious circumstances and he began to think of it as his own requiem, and indeed, he didn't actually finish it.", "Here, from the Austrian National Library where I was last summer photographing and having a wonderful time, is the last page of the Mozart--that Mozart ever wrote here.", "This is the \"Lacrimosa,\" and sort of breaking off--and he doesn't finish this particular movement.", "It's the last movement that he was working on, but he has a student there, Franz Xaver Suessmayr, and Suessmayr was given instructions and probably sketched pages as well, as to how to finish this.", "So Mozart was able to finish it and it looks--or--excuse me.", "Suessmayr was able to finish it, and it looks like this.", "Here we have a score of it--of the complete piece, and there are just a couple of details that I want to point out here.", "It begins with what I always hear as a kind of funeral cortege idea.", "Of course, it's in minor > and the voices will come in, but the bass is going, > sort of plodding along in a basic duple but with a triple subdivision underneath of that.", "And then at the words you can see-- well, maybe you can't see--but the text is \"On that terrible sorrowful day\"-- we have the words--where is it?--\"Qua resurget ex favilla\"-- \"on which resurgent will come forth-- resurgent, will come up out of the ashes.\"", "\"Homo reus,\"-- \"the just person to be judged,\" and notice how it's like the coffin's opening up and here comes Mozart's soprano line up here.", "> Wow.", "What a run, but it's all kind of text depiction here.", "And then in the next page he's going to take that same rising line and assign it to the basses.", "Then we have a change of text here.", "\"Huic ergo parce, Deus,\" \"Therefore save, God.\"", "\"Parce\" ;--imperative--\"save us.\"", "\"Pie Jesu, Jesu Domine,\" and at that text what he does is shift from this dark minor > right over the words \"Jesu,\" he's already > in a sweet major, and then he'll work his way back to > the minor as the funeral cortege continues, and this time the line will go down instead of rising up.", "So this goes on for a while.", "We're going to start--we're going to listen to the entire movement.", "It runs about our minutes so bear with me here.", "We'll run about thirty seconds over as we listen to the \"Lacrimosa\" out of the \"Dies irae\" out of the Requiem Mass of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart written in Vienna seventeen 1791.", "> Okay, cortege.", "> Now the basses.", "> Now the quiet prayer.", "> Change to major.", "> Now the modulation--change of key from major to--back to minor as the cortege will start up again and then we-- > A nice clarinet sound there and here comes our cortege with the bass.", "> Now just a final close, a cadence.", "> So that's the last music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his pupil, Suessmayr, and--not to leave you in a somber mood-- let's listen to Louis Armstrong as we go out.", "Okay?", "> Dancing to heaven." ]

[ "Chapter 1. Introduction to Multiple Partials", "Chapter 2. Syncopation and Triplets", "Chapter 3. Basics of Musical Texture", "Chapter 4. Counting Measures and Musical Dictation", "Chapter 5. Mozart's Requiem: Insights on Varying Textures and Pitches" ]

[ "How did Idris Elba fare as the voice of Knuckles?", "Which parts in a movie all about speed meander at times?", "Keep watching for how \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\" excelled, and where it fell short.", "Warning: Spoilers for \"Sonic 2\" are ahead!", "Comedy icon Jim Carrey returns as Dr. Robotnik in \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2,\" and, naturally, he steals every scene he's in.", "The only thing he's lacking is the unique physique of the character from the games.", "But that has no ill effect on his performance.", "While the rest of the cast is still on uneven ground acting against their CGI co-stars, Carrey isn't having any trouble keeping up with the pixelated protagonists.", "The funny secret formula that has kept Carrey running for decades is still a joy to watch.", "If this is the last time we'll see Carrey on the big screen, as he's recently suggested, there are worse ways to go out than having another crack at Dr. Robotnik.", "Carrey recently broke the news that he will be retiring from the big screen after this second try to bring down a fictitious, fast hedgehog.", "\"I have enough.", "I've done enough.", "I am enough.\"", "Fans have to wonder, then, what that will mean for the future of the franchise if it won't have its original villain.", "Given the closing scenes of \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2,\" it's clear that a Shadow will no doubt be cast over the next film — perhaps filling the spot of Carrey's Robotnik as the film's big bad.", "Could Shadow be the same kind of draw as Carrey with a shaved head and wide-reaching facial hair?", "Only time will tell.", "Plenty of anthropomorphic animal icons have been brought to life by well-known voice actors.", "But casting a big name to portray an animated creature isn't always a sure bet.", "Remember Bill Murray as Garfield?", "Or could you name any of the voice actors behind the 2014 \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" movie?", "Thankfully, Ben Schwartz nailed his performance as Sega's mascot straight out the gate.", "In \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2,\" he continues to impress.", "The former \"Parks and Recreation\" star's vibrancy and charm continue to flow effortlessly into what could easily have been another throwaway kid's movie.", "Sure, there might be some iffy one-liners, but Schwartz breathes life into a character that rarely seems to stop for air.", "He gives Sonic heart and humor in equal balance, and whenever a cheesy moment does slip through the cracks, it's permissible simply because of Schwartz's performance.", "While Sonic's sequel does have plenty of highs, the lows sure do stand out.", "For example, \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\" includes something that feels like a staple of family-friendly films centered around kooky CGI characters.", "But just because it's a staple doesn't mean that it's a good idea.", "Sonic heads off to Siberia and gets into a tense encounter with the locals.", "To help alleviate the tension, Tails does some searching to find a local custom that could help Sonic relate to these folks, and determines that a dance-off just might work.", "What follows is not only a paint-by-numbers sequence that brings the film to a screeching halt, but it highlights some of the film's worst CGI, as Sonic and Tails go from looking reasonably realistic to having all the on-screen presence of stuffed animals.", "Idris Elba famously promised that his portrayal of Knuckles in \"Sonic 2\" would not be \"sexy.\"", "\"You're no match for me.\"", "We'll let the fans decide if the smoldering star was right about that, but what we can say for sure is that his performance as the fist-throwing frenemy surpasses expectations.", "Much like Schwartz and Carrey as their respective characters, Elba manages to slowly make this legendary bruiser his own, mainly by following in the footsteps of some beloved characters from another franchise.", "The character of Knuckles made his debut in Sega Genesis game \"Sonic the Hedgehog 3\" in 1994, and this crimson-colored echidna has always felt like the group's rogue.", "He's the Raphael or Red Hood of the team, who isn't afraid to get his mitts dirty and can crack wise as much as the heroic hedgehog.", "Here, though, Knuckles is more like our favorite cinematic god of thunder, Thor.", "He's a rough-and-tumble fish-out-of-water who is all about honor.", "He wants to fight first and ask questions later.", "Seeing his character develop is easily one of the film's biggest highlights.", "Every bad guy needs some backup, but Robotnik's lackey Agent Stone unfortunately doesn't cut it this time around.", "Sonic's sworn enemy is too busy making a shady alliance with Knuckles for the former partner-in-crime to make an impact.", "Stone's fleeting appearances quickly feel redundant.", "Lee Majdoub, who plays Stone, was a welcome addition in the last film, but here he's not given enough to do.", "Audiences paid to see Jim Carrey yelling at iconic video game characters, not Stone overstaying his welcome in scenes that lack the comedic spark of the rest of the film, feeling like they're just there to move the film along.", "Stone's presence stops them from serving even that purpose efficiently.", "Movies based on beloved franchises from other media, like comics and video games, don't always fit in references to the lore of the source material particularly well.", "Sometimes it feels shoehorned in, like the filmmakers were just checking off items in a checklist.", "Which is why it's a relief that the nods to Sega's prickly poster boy don't feel contrived at all in \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2.\"", "They're deployed judiciously and effectively, and that makes all the difference.", "It's clear that Jeff Fowler, who joins the crew again after handling directing duties for the first film in 2020, still has a love for Sonic and his video game history.", "From Tom's hilarious ring tone — the Green Hill level music, in case you missed it — to Sonic later dodging an array of death traps in what looks to be a level straight out of the games, it should all satisfy longtime fans.", "It can be risky for a movie named after shiny CGI characters to focus on its flesh-and-blood supporting actors for too long.", "The scenes with Sam Witwicky's parents in the \"Transformers\" franchise are some of the most memorable offenders.", "In the case of \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2,\" it's a wedding we weren't invited to that delivers the same unwanted effect.", "While they weren't unwelcome additions in the original film, here, Tom Wachowski, his wife Maddie, and sister-in-law Rachel are part of a B-plot that's not remotely as compelling as seeing Sonic's epic scrap with Knuckles.", "Hedgehog-hating Rachel is going full bridezilla leading up to her wedding in Hawaii to a guy named Randall.", "There's an alarming amount of time spent on this break-up, then make-up journey, without a hedgehog or echidna hair in sight until the very end.", "It is, unfortunately, incredibly dull.", "The film could have easily given that time over to Sonic and his new pals and eliminated this subplot altogether.", "Heroes squaring off against each other before learning that they're all on the same side and should team up to take on the real bad guy is a tradition as old as time.", "Remember when Tony Stark asked Thor, \"Doth mother know you weareth her drapes?\"", "While it might not bring as much heat as seeing Marvel's finest go toe-to-toe, there's an undeniably epic feel to Sonic trying to outmaneuver his new foe Knuckles only to get the rings knocked out of him in their first encounter.", "The eventual final round when they decide to squash their digital beef might just be the highlight of the entire film.", "Starting with a wide shot that feels like it's been ripped right out of a classic Sonic boss level, what follows is a gorgeous display of CGI as Sonic and Knuckles apply their respective power sets.", "It feels like there's not a single area of their battleground that isn't used to great effect.", "It should only get more fans excited for the future foe that makes an appearance after the credits roll.", "Sometimes, Sonic looks great.", "You can really suspend your disbelief at times, and believe that a blue hedgehog can blast his way down the highway while cracking wise.", "Occasionally, his supercharged quills get splashed with water or doused in sand, and it's clear that lots of effort has been put into making it all work in a way that feels like it could really exist.", "On some occasions, though, there are times when none of it comes together.", "Besides that diabolical dance-off, there are moments when an interaction with a real actor falls apart, and the human cast member's eyeline is way off the mark.", "In others, the size of the video game trio is totally out of proportion between shots.", "These inconsistencies sometimes bring the film down, but mercifully, they are few and far between.", "Thanks to Marvel Studios, the post-credits scene has become a required element for any entry in a massive media franchise.", "Thankfully, the teaser at the end of \"Sonic the Hedgehog 2\" is one fans should be excited about without a Shadow of a doubt.", "With the supposed demise of Dr. Robotnik after our hero goes Super Sonic, the shifty organization G.U.N.", "searches among the ruins for signs of life.", "What it finds is something far more lethal.", "Enter: Dr. Robotnik's top secret \"Project Shadow.\"", "In the final shot, we see an iconic antihero from the Sonic universe wake up with eyes aflame and no doubt ready to cause some damage to the blue blur.", "Shadow the Hedgehog, Sonic's tough, gun-toting, occasional ally, has just entered the fray.", "He could potentially fill Carrey's spot as top antagonist if the actor's recent retirement sticks.", "PG-rated movies have to strike a careful balance of being able to entertain kids and grown-ups in equal measure while staying family friendly.", "Casting Jim Carrey is definitely a good start toward achieving that goal, but \"Sonic 2\" has among its many, many gags some that just don't land.", "\"Oh great, the Winter Soldier.\"", "The worst offenders feel dated and borderline offensive.", "To put it simply, the film's script makes a few questionable zigs when it should have zagged.", "While quick enough to fly by, there's no doubt that these lame lines might not sit right with some members of the audience.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more Looper videos about your favorite movie franchises are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Best: Jim Carrey's return as Robotnik", "Worst: Carrey's last performance?", "Best: Ben Schwartz as Sonic", "Worst: The dance-off", "Best: Idris Elba as Knuckles", "Worst: Agent Stone is redundant", "Best: Sonic lore references", "Worst: Wasting time at a wedding", "Best: Sonic and Knuckles' showdown", "Worst: Uneven CGI", "Best: That post-credits tease", "Worst: Questionable one-liners" ]

[ "[MUSIC PLAYING] REJANE FRANCA: Hi, I'm Rejane, Product Manager at Google Play.", "Did it's now easier to sell subscriptions on Play?", "For each subscription, you can create multiple base plans and offers without the need to create additional SKUs for every configuration.", "These new subscription capabilities unlock more flexibility, regardless of whether your aim is to convert new buyers or retain loyal subscribers.", "It can also sell prepaid plans, allowing users access for a fixed amount of time and a great option for regions where pay-as-you-go is the standard.", "Users can easily extend their access at any time before the plan's expiration.", "Say you want to sell a subscription with different base plan options for users and also renew an annual or monthly plan and a one-month prepaid plan.", "You also want to incentivize subscribers through offers at different stages of subscription lifecycle, such as an acquisition or upgrade offer.", "For ultimate flexibility, you can create custom offers for which you decide the business logic.", "Let's take a look at how you can configure the base plans and offers for your subscription in Play Console.", "When on the Subscription Setup page, within the Monetize section on Play Console, click the Add Base Plan link.", "Create a base plan ID and customize it by identifying the plan type, such as an auto renew or prepaid, adding tags then make it easier to identify it later, and lastly, set your prices.", "Next, you're ready to add offers to the newly-created base plan.", "This time, when on the Subscription Setup page, your new base plan should appear under the list of base plans.", "Click Add Offer and select the newly-created base plan.", "You need to create an offer ID.", "And again, you can customize things such as selecting the country or regional availability, choosing the right eligibility criteria, and more.", "Before activating the newly-created offer, review the information and make edits if needed.", "Now that you know how to set it up, you can create additional base plans as needed, with multiple offers all under this one subscription.", "Want to learn more?", "Be sure to check out the links in the video description to get you started.", "Thanks for watching.", "[MUSIC PLAYING]" ]

[ "Introduction", "Overview", "Prepaid plans", "Setting up base plans in Play Console", "Setting up offers in Play Console" ]

[ "It looks like Samsung’s almost perfected the formula for the best all around mid range device.", "Boasting a colorful, water resistant design, improved camera tech beefier performance and one of the most exciting mid range mobiles to launch in 2022.", "The focus slider is particularly good if you just want to smoothly shift between two different focal points.", "Low-light’s been improved as well.", "So essentially we’re getting more detailed, less noisy, better looking night mode shots.", "One serious upgrade for the A53 is the battery.", "They’ve now got a 5,000mAh capacity cell crammed inside that awesome chassis.", "The fact that you can boost the RAM and also drop in up to a terabyte of extra storage via MicroSD - that’s pretty good!", "We get a 6.5 inch 120Hz Amoled screen.", "This feels like the least compromised midrange smartphone display you can get right now and it really sets itself apart from the competition.", "This is probably the midrange phone you should actually buy." ]

[ "Intro", "Awesome camera", "Awesome battery and storage", "Awesome display" ]

[ "Welcome to Space!", "Let’s see how you can set up your organization and onboard your team.", "The initial set up of your organization will happen in the Administration area.", "To make your Space organization more recognizable for your team, you can add a logo, set the name of your organization and add a slogan.", "We also recommend setting the time zone.", "Click Save to enable your organization’s branding.", "If you now go back to the Dashboard, you will see your logo and organization name.", "In the Administration area, you’ll see many more options to set up your organization.", "Depending on how you want to use Space, you may want to configure some, or all of them.", "With Teams, you can create groups of people that mimic your organization structure.", "They make it easy for folks in your organization to find the right people, track availability, and make it easier to grant access to project tools and chats.", "Other options you may want to configure are the locations of your organization facilities.", "They help in suggesting meeting rooms, and help your team find people near them.", "You can also track Positions, to make browsing the team directory even easier.", "Absences can be tracked if you want, and Public Holidays can be added so that your team members can easily see who’s available and who is not.", "You can extend and customize Space to meet your organization's needs, and add custom fields to various entities.", "Now, it’s time to invite more people to your Space organization.", "The easiest way is to send them email invitations, or share a link to join.", "When finished, these users will receive an e-mail invitation that lets them create their account.", "Note that you can also make use of single sign-on with Google, Active Directory, Azure Active Directory, LDAP, and many more.", "You can then manage users in the directory you are currently using, and everyone can use the same login to access Space.", "After team members join, you can start to communicate using Chats, and work together on Projects with issue tracking, software development tools, and more." ]

[ "Add your organization's brand assets", "Create teams", "Create locations", "Add positions, absences and public holidays", "Extend and customize Space", "Invite people to join your Space", "Start collaborating" ]

[ "What is Donald Trump's life away from politics going to look like?", "And what is Melania Trump going to do with her time now that she's no longer first lady?", "Here's the truth about this former first couple's life post-presidency.", "A lot of presidents and first ladies remove themselves from the public eye in the immediate aftermath of their time in Washington, but Melania might not ever return to the spotlight.", "As noted by Express, the former first lady apparently has no interest in returning to public life, and one \"society publicist\" implied to the publication that she shouldn't.", "He added, \"Melania will disappear.", "There's not going to be any Instagram posts or Twitter posts, you're not going to see it.\"", "\"You will be in my thoughts and prayers.", "God bless you all.\"", "So why the sudden shift?", "After all, Melania hasn't shied away from the spotlight, the cameras, or the magazine covers throughout her career.", "According to the same publicist, she'll be busy focusing on her new life as a \"homemaker.\"", "Of course, Melania kept a low profile in her last days in the White House, presumably in part because of the insurrection at the Capitol.", "She also left the White House with one of the lowest approval ratings in modern first lady history.", "According to CNN, she had up to a 47 percent unfavorable rating, a significantly higher number than the average percentage for first ladies, 23 percent.", "Looks like we won't be seeing her any time soon.", "Donald made history as president by being the only occupant of the Oval Office to be impeached twice.", "And even though he has left office, he will be facing an impeachment trial in his post-presidency life.", "\"Have a good life.", "We will see you soon.\"", "According to the Associated Press, House Democrats delivered the articles of impeachment to the Senate on January 25th, 2021, charging the former president with \"incitement of insurrection.\"", "The articles of impeachment were drafted shortly after the violence at the Capitol building took place on January 6th, with many Democrats pointing to Trump's speech prior to the attack as a motivator to those in attendance.", "Donald's trial in the Senate will reportedly begin on February 8th, 2021, and will be a real test for Republican party members to either disavow Trump or support him.", "President Joe Biden weighed in on the impeachment trial, telling CNN that the trial, quote, \"has to happen\" and that \"a worse effect\" would be a guarantee if it didn't.", "Melania has been seen swatting her husband's hand away more than a few times on camera.", "But she saved her best snub for last — as she departed the plane that brought her and Donald to Florida after leaving Washington, D.C., she left Donald by himself to face the cameras and quickly strutted away from him.", "It was quite the moment.", "The political group The Lincoln Project described her snub on Twitter as, quote, \"if 'I'm over it' were a person.\"", "The sentiment definitely appears that way.", "But according to The Guardian, Melania's \"over it\" walk could also be an indication that her marriage is in for a rough patch.", "We're not sure what will happen to Melania and Donald's relationship in his life post-presidency, but if that video is any indication, it looks like Melania will be marching to the beat of her own drum — and certainly won't be waiting for Donald to join her.", "Leave it to Donald to try to replicate his presidential position when he's no longer president.", "\"And they say we lost.", "We didn't lose.\"", "According to Business Insider, he opened his \"Office of the Former President\" in the days that followed his departure from the White House and sent out a statement to members of the press — perhaps because he's banned from most social media platforms.", "The statement read: \"Today, the 45th President of the United States, Donald J. Trump formally opened the Office of the Former President.", "The Office will be responsible for managing President Trump's correspondence, public statements, appearances, and official activities to advance the interests of the United States and to carry on the agenda of the Trump Administration through advocacy, organizing, and public activism.\"", "Of course, Donald no longer has the power of the White House behind him, so it's hard to say exactly what he'll get done through his new office.", "There was some speculation as to where Donald and Melania would relocate after leaving the White House.", "Manhattan seemed out of the question, so the couple settled on the Mar-a-Lago estate in Florida.", "But for some locals, the decision isn't sitting super well.", "One senior advisor to Trump during his 2016 campaign in Florida told the Miami Herald, \"The president will unfortunately encounter both love and hate when he returns to Florida.\"", "And he isn't the only Trump that's joining the Florida area.", "Donald's daughter Ivanka Trump and her husband, Jared Kushner, purchased a lot on Florida's Indian Creek island.", "So it looks like Florida is going to have to put up with the Trumps for a while.", "The chairman of the Republican Party of Palm Beach County told the publication, \"We just want to give him a big homecoming and let him know he has family and friends here in the Republican Party in Palm Beach County who supported him through his presidency and two presidential campaigns.", "We'd rather have him in Washington, but we're very happy to have him home, too.\"", "While in office, Donald enjoyed immunity from legal cases.", "But now that he's left the White House, he no longer has such protections, and his post-presidency life could see a lot of legal battles.", "According to The Guardian, \"Prosecutors in at least three jurisdictions are either weighing or actively pursuing criminal cases against him, and a fourth prosecutor is investigating allegedly fraudulent business practices inside the Trump Organization.\"", "Here are some details you need to know.", "The New York state attorney general, Letitia James, has been conducting a civil investigation into the Trump Organization.", "The Manhattan district attorney, Cyrus Vance, said that his office has been engaging in a \"complex criminal investigation\" into Donald's businesses.", "And to top it off, Donald is facing a defamation lawsuit filed by E Jean Carroll, a writer who alleged that he assaulted her in the 1990s.", "\"The minute he closed that door I was banged up against the wall... he slammed you against the wall... yeah, I hit my head really hard.\"", "Donald's defense?", "Carroll is, quote, \"not [his] type,\" as he said during an interview in 2019.", "While Melania retreats from the public eye in the aftermath of her husband's presidency, it's likely that she'll start focusing on plans for his presidential library, according to The Washington Post.", "Melania is, quote, \"expected to be involved in the site selection, planning and design of the Trump presidential library, which probably will be located in Florida.\"", "Seems simple enough, right?", "Not exactly.", "Donald's daughter Ivanka has reportedly made it known that she wants a hand in the library planning.", "It's rumored that Melania and Ivanka have not always gotten along well, so it seems like the two might not have the same ideas for the Trump library.", "A source told The Post, \"The library location has not even been scouted yet, but Ivanka has made her interest clear.", "As usual, Melania will have to contend with the other family members.\"", "One of the aspects of Donald that his supporters clung to fairly early on was his career as a businessman — who could run the country better than someone who has run lucrative properties?", "Well, Donald is in for a different kind of business reality in his post-presidency life, and it's not for the better.", "According to The New York Times, a financial disclosure report showed that his businesses \"suffered steep declines in revenue\" in part due to the coronavirus pandemic.", "The report concluded that his Miami-located golf course lost 40 percent of its revenue and his Washington, D.C. hotel lost 63 percent of its revenue — all totaled, the Trump Organization suffered a 38 percent decline from the previous year's income.", "To top off an already precarious financial situation, Donald is having to deal with the fact that some of his hotels are decreasing in popularity.", "The Times reported that his properties in largely democratic cities like Chicago and New York are really suffering.", "On the other hand, his property in North Carolina is doing just fine.", "So time will tell if the Trump Organization can make a financial comeback.", "While Donald will have some perks in his post-presidency life, he'll be facing some challenges that will bruise his ego.", "As noted by The Palm Beach Post, he's starting to experience some business setbacks, most notably regarding the situation coming out of his West Palm Beach condominium building.", "As a result of his tumultuous presidency, and specifically the January 6th insurrection at the Capitol, the condo's board unanimously decided to remove the Trump name from the building.", "The board convened on January 19th, 2021, Donald's last day in office, and voted to not only remove the former president's name, but to choose an entirely new name for the building, where condos can sell for as much as $4 million.", "It's not the first time that this particular board has tried to distance itself from Donald, and other Trump-owned buildings have also removed visual ties to the former president.", "The violence at the Capitol was reportedly the \"last straw,\" and both the condo's name and legal documents will mark the removal of the Trump name.", "Melania was an interesting first lady.", "Unlike some of her predecessors, she didn't take on the role with immense enthusiasm, and she left the role pretty quickly.", "A source told The Washington Post, \"She is not the type to wander around the rooms of the White House in deep reflection of what happened, of what could have been.", "She is Melania — she keeps the focus on what's next.\"", "And unlike Donald, who was enraged over the 2020 election and the loss of the White House, Melania was said to be \"good\" with the outcome.", "So what's next for her?", "The Post reported that she has been informed that she will face far fewer restrictions in her daily life than when she was first lady, and she will have a \"freer hand\" to do what she pleases.", "Melania is reportedly set on continuing her \"Be Best\" campaign and to, quote, \"continue all the work she did for children.\"", "Her Florida life could also consist of more family time, as her parents are relocating to Palm Beach as well.", "When the former presidents all get together, it's quite a sight.", "According to NBC News, the living former presidents — Jimmy Carter, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama — get together for photos, historical events, and funerals, and they rarely say anything bad about one another.", "This is probably not a club that Donald will be joining any time soon in his post-presidency life, and from the looks of it, the former presidents would rather him not join.", "The author of Team of Five: The Presidents' Club in the Age of Trump noted, \"[Trump] kind of laughed at the very notion that he would be accepted in the presidents' club.", "He was like, 'I don't think I'll be accepted.'\"", "He's probably right.", "During the inauguration of Joe Biden, Clinton, Bush, and Obama filmed a video about political unity.", "There were two notable absences — Carter, who, in his 90s, was too frail to travel, and Donald.", "The former presidents spoke about togetherness, a tone that was striking in comparison to the rhetoric from Donald's time in office.", "We'll see if he ever becomes a member of the club.", "Donald was spotted many times on the green while commander-in-chief, and he likely intends to keep up the hobby.", "But his love of golf and his businesses surrounding the sport are changing in his post-presidency life.", "According to the Associated Press, the PGA of America severed its connection to Donald and voted to relocate the PGA Championship that was to be held at his New Jersey golf course after the insurrection at the Capitol.", "The CEO of the PGA said, \"We find ourselves in a political situation not of our making.", "The damage could have been irreparable.", "The only real course of action was to leave.\"", "While it's doubtful Donald would give up golfing, this whole ordeal may make the game a little less fun for him in the future.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about your favorite stuff are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Keeping distance", "Impeachment trial", "Melania's snub", "Post-presidency office", "Love/hate", "Legal battles", "Trump library", "Business prospects?", "Rebranding businesses", "Fewer restrictions", "Presidents' club", "Favorite pastime" ]

[ "Do you remember when Donald Trump stared directly into the sun?", "How about when President Biden slipped while boarding Air Force One?", "Keep watching for these and more uncomfortable presidential moments caught on camera.", "On December 14th, 2008, then-President George W. Bush met up with Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki for a news conference in Baghdad.", "Bush's visit came nearly six years after the U.S. invaded Iraq to look for weapons of mass destruction.", "After Bush stated that the United States' actions were necessary for \"world peace,\" journalist Muntadhar al-Zaidi stood up and shouted at the president in Arabic, \"This is a gift from the Iraqis; this is the farewell kiss, you dog!\"", "Zaidi then threw one of his shoes at Bush, who ducked.", "Continuing, the journalist yelled, \"This is from the widows, the orphans and those who were killed in Iraq!\"", "Zaidi then hurled his other shoe at the president, who avoided that flying footwear as well.", "Zaidi was tackled to the ground and removed as he screamed in protest.", "Bush remarked afterward: \"So what if the guy threw a shoe at me?\"", "In the aftermath of the event, Zaidi was sent to prison for the offense and stayed there for nine months before being released early for good behavior.", "He then left the country before later returning in 2011 and, in 2018, Zaidi officially announced that he was running for the parliament in Iraq.", "On February 10th, 2017, then-President Donald Trump sat down with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and shared a 19-second handshake that was truly an awkward occurrence.", "The former president reportedly doesn't like to shake hands with others, which only made the lengthy greeting even stranger.", "After Prime Minister Abe initiated the greeting by asking the U.S. president, \"Shall we shake hands?\"", "President Trump was then seen patting, holding, and yanking around the Japanese leader's hand.", "Still, that wasn't the only bizarre thing about the photo-op.", "As the pair shook hands, Trump asked the Japanese Prime Minister, \"What are they saying?\"", "in reference to the Japanese-speaking photographers.", "The Prime Minister translated: \"Please, look at me.\"", "Appearing to misunderstand, President Trump then began to stare at the Japanese leader, offering him a big smile.", "At the same time, Prime Minister Abe gestured toward the cameras in an attempt to point Trump in the right direction.", "The awkward handshake finished with President Trump patting the back of Abe's hand before releasing him.", "In March of 2021, President Joe Biden had a bit of a struggle while attempting to climb the steps to board Air Force One.", "President Biden fell not once or twice but three times before he was finally able to make his way to the top of the stairs and give a salute before departing to meet with Asian American community leaders.", "After the fall, deputy White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre told reporters, \"It's very windy.", "I almost fell coming up the steps myself.", "He is doing 100% fine.\"", "When pressed further about whether President Biden had sought medical care, Jean-Pierre simply repeated: \"[President Biden is] doing fine.", "He's doing great.\"", "On August 21st, 2017, a total solar eclipse, dubbed the Great American Eclipse, had many Americans excited to witness the remarkable occurrence.", "With plenty of people eager to get a glimpse, many scientists and public health officials were busy reminding everyone to acquire the special protective glasses necessary for looking at the sun during the event.", "Still, when it was time for President Donald Trump, his wife Melania Trump, and their son Barron to watch the eclipse from the White House's Blue Room balcony, the former president decided to forgo the warnings and take a peek at the sky without his protective glasses.", "While Trump didn't stare at the sun for too long, staffers nearby still gave the former president a warning shouting, \"Don't look!\"", "as Trump squinted above and even pointed up at the eclipse.", "Protective glasses were considered necessary for viewing the eclipse because staring directly at the sun could damage your vision.", "In 2015, President Barack Obama attended a United Nations luncheon and had a seemingly tense toast with Russian President Vladimir Putin.", "During the event, President Obama and President Putin, who were one seat apart, were pictured clinking their glasses with visibly different expressions on their faces.", "President Obama's expression was solemn and, in contrast, President Putin had a grin on his face.", "While a separate photo from the event did appear to show the former U.S. president smiling at Putin, the actual toast definitely looked awkward.", "Similarly, an article by Vox reported that the tense image spoke for itself, with the outlet reminding readers that the world leaders were known to have a frosty relationship and had a history of weird photo-ops.", "Politico expressed a similar sentiment, noting the pair's dislike for one another and adding that the leaders were obviously uncomfortable with each other during the lunch.", "Additionally, a senior administration official told Politico that during the duo's 90-minute meeting after the luncheon, the presidents did not pretend that their talk was for anything beyond business, and Putin himself reported that their encounter was \"businesslike and frank.\"", "On January 8th, 1992, then-President George H. W. Bush infamously made history for vomiting on the Japanese Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa.", "The shocking incident occurred during the middle of President Bush's 12-day trip through Asia while he was attending a state banquet in Tokyo.", "Prior to the meal, the former president had played tennis with the Emperor of Japan.", "However, it was reported that he'd already thrown up before the dinner even started, so perhaps what happened next wasn't a big shock for the Secret Service.", "Between the second and third course, President Bush pushed back his chair and fainted before his body fell to the left, and he vomited on the lap of the host, Prime Minister Miyazawa.", "Clearly stunned, the president's wife, Barbara Bush, jumped up to assist her husband as a member of the Secret Service also rushed over to help the unconscious U.S. leader.", "Bush was then laid out and soon after regained consciousness, reportedly telling his physician, \"Roll me under the table until the dinner's over.\"", "Later, doctors claimed that the president's short-lived sickness was nothing more than a simple stomach bug, adding that he was fine after taking anti-nausea medication and was able to resume his scheduled plans the following day.", "In 1998, then-President Bill Clinton made a baffling statement during his grand jury testimony.", "In a clip, the former president questioned the meaning behind the word \"is\" in regards to a false affidavit in which Monica Lewinsky stated, \"There is no sex of any kind, in any manner, shape or form with President Clinton.\"", "Rather than give a simple reply to the question, President Clinton instead chose to give a bizarre response, saying, \"It depends upon what the meaning of the word 'is' is.\"", "Clinton went on to add: \"If 'is' means is and never has been, that is not — that is one thing.", "If it means there is none, that was a completely true statement.\"", "Clinton's statement that he did not have an affair with White House intern Lewinsky would later be revealed to be completely false.", "Additionally, President Clinton would go on to address the relationship with Lewinsky in a televised statement admitting that his involvement with her was \"wrong.\"", "\"Indeed I did have a relationship with Miss Lewinsky that was not appropriate.", "In fact, it was wrong.\"", "As 1998 came to an end, Clinton became the second president to be impeached.", "However, he was later acquitted by a Senate trial in February of 1999.", "Back on May 1, 2003, then-President George W. Bush arrived at the USS Abraham Lincoln to give a speech on the aircraft carrier beneath a large \"Mission Accomplished\" banner.", "The president said to the crowd: \"In the battle of Iraq, the United States and our allies have prevailed.\"", "The crowd can be heard clapping and cheering in response to Bush's words.", "Many Democrats were let down by the seemingly warm reception that Bush received during the speech and feared that images from the event would be used for future Republican campaigning purposes.", "But, of course, those worries turned out to be pointless, as the image of Bush below the \"Mission Accomplished\" banner would instead become a reminder of the disfavored war that would continue for eight more years.", "Even President Bush later acknowledged the mishap during his final press conference, saying, \"Clearly, putting a 'mission accomplished' on an aircraft carrier was a mistake.", "It sent the wrong message.\"", "On March 21, 2016, then-President Barack Obama visited Havana and met with Cuban President Raul Castro.", "The trip was considered extremely noteworthy as the former American leader was the first sitting U.S. president to visit the island in 88 years.", "Still, despite the historical significance, President Obama's meeting with President Castro left plenty of people stunned for an entirely different reason, as there was a strange occurrence between the two leaders that looked more than a little odd.", "Referred to as an \"awkward handshake,\" the encounter showed the U.S. leader doing his best to avoid holding up his hand in solidarity with the Cuban president, leading Castro to grab on to Obama's wrist.", "While Twitter went wild commenting on the interaction, the White House had a reasonable explanation for President Obama's behavior.", "White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest told reporters: \"I do think that President Castro had in mind a rather iconic photo with President Obama and his arms raised together.\"", "He added that President Obama likely thought that creating such an image could suggest false agreements between the pair.", "Still, Earnest stated that he didn't think Obama expected President Castro's actions, adding, \"I think the president did observe that for an 84-year-old, President Castro still has some pretty quick reflexes.\"", "In late May 2017, then-President Donald Trump visited Saudi Arabia during his first foreign trip as the U.S. leader.", "That Sunday, Trump attended the opening of the Global Center for Combating Extremist Ideology along with Egypt's leader, President Abdel Fatah al-Sissi, and Saudi Arabia's King Salman.", "The three world leaders touched a glowing orb during the event, which unsurprisingly led to plenty of memes as people compared the trio to evil supervillains plotting a takeover.", "Additionally, in the aftermath of the strange event, Business Insider reported that a book about Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman alleged that American diplomats had enjoyed playing with the orb so much that it was gifted to the U.S. Embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.", "However, supposedly as a result of the orb memes, the glowing sphere was put into storage out of fear that more photos of staffers touching the orb would get out and cause further embarrassment.", "On August 8, 1974, then-President Richard Nixon officially announced his resignation to the American people, becoming the first U.S. president to do so.", "\"I have never been a quitter.\"", "The nighttime address was a result of impeachment proceedings against Nixon as well as his connection to the Watergate scandal.", "\"Well, I'm not a crook.", "I've earned everything I’ve got.\"", "Reportedly, the public and the political backlash he was facing pushed President Nixon's decision to relinquish the presidency.", "The disgraced president stated: \"By taking this action I hope that I will have hastened the start of the process of healing which is so desperately needed in America.\"", "The day after Nixon issued his goodbye speech, he and his family left the White House via helicopter, with the former commander in chief raising his arms up in a final farewell.", "The family then headed back to their home in San Clemente, California.", "Only minutes after his departure, then-Vice President Gerald R. Ford was sworn in and became the 38th president of the United States.", "After taking the oath, President Ford gave a televised national address, saying, \"My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over.\"", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about your favorite stuff are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Bush dodges flying footwear", "Trump's very long handshake", "Biden's repeated falls", "Trump stares at an eclipse", "Obama's awkward lunch with Putin", "When Bush Sr. vomited", "Clinton avoids Lewinsky questions", "Bush's 'Mission Accomplished' banner", "Obama's awkward handshake", "Trump touches a glowing orb", "Nixon's resignation" ]

[ "People look at the channels that maybe have a million subscribers and they think \"Well, if I don't have a million subscribers, I can't make a living.\"", "Taalat and I do this, we do this full-time.", "We have three children, we run our business full-time.", "This is all we do, and we're making a good living with this business.", "And so I don't want you all to underestimate just because maybe you have a few thousand subscribers or a few thousand views that you can't make real money.", "You can.", "Imagine you're weeks away from getting married but you haven't let your fiancée in on one little detail.", "You're $30,000 in credit card debt.", "Awkward.", "How does that start to a marriage end up with a couple running a hugely successful financial education business and YouTube channel, all while being completely debt-free?", "Let's meet the creators behind His and Her Money.", "Hey, Tai and Taalat.", "Not to focus right in on the rocky beginning but it's an important part of your story.", "Can you tell us how you got in and out of a $30,000 hole?", "Yeah, the mess started on this side of the marriage because I grew up in a two-parent household, middle class cheering me on, encouraging me to do my best but they were frugal I think, is the politically correct way to say cheap.", "And so when my friends were coming to school with the brand-new Michael Jordan shoes I was coming to school with the brand-new Pro Wings.", "Now, I know many people don't know what a Pro Wing is but that is the Payless shoe store version of the Jordan.", "So the jump man was a little awkward, it wasn't quite moving in the same direction.", "And so I was coming to school with stuff like that.", "I didn't get anything name brand.", "And when I graduated high school I immediately went into the military and I had my own money for the first time.", "I was thousands of miles away from home and I told myself \"I'm going to do exactly what my parents didn't do.\"", "And so, because they didn't buy me anything name brand I bought everything name brand.", "And my spending was just out of control.", "I didn't know what I was doing with money.", "I just knew I had money and I wanted to spend it and get nice things.", "And so, because I didn't have the understanding of how money works and how to be a good steward over it, I blew it and ended up in a bunch of debt over $30,000 worth of debt, and had nothing to show for it.", "Taalat and I, we're high-school sweethearts so we met in high school and after high school he went off to be in the army.", "And I thought that his finances — I thought that he was a rock star because here it is, he's making good money from the government and he doesn't have to send his money anywhere but literally just spend it on himself and also save for the future.", "And so prior to getting married in pre-marital counseling I found out that he lied to me about how much debt he really was in.", "And that's really how it came out.", "I was afraid because she was completely debt-free.", "She had put herself through college debt-free.", "She had a degree in finance and was working in one of the largest financial institutions in the world.", "And here I was, with a pocket full of debt saying, \"Will you marry me?\"", "And so I tried to create this plan where I would get rid of the debt before we walked down the aisle, but it didn't work.", "My lie was exposed.", "I had to tell the truth.", "And we almost didn't get married.", "Not so much because of the money, but because I was dishonest.", "And so we had to do a whole lot of praying and a whole lot of talking and thankfully, 15 years later, here we are, husband and wife.", "And because we got on the same page because we came clean and really put everything out on the table we were able to get out of that debt in the first year of our marriage.", "And then a few years later, we got really radical in the home that we live in right now.", "We decided that we weren't going to wait 30 years to pay it off.", "We were going to do it in five.", "And so, five years from the day that we closed on the house we walked into the bank and made our very last mortgage payment and now we are a completely debt-free family trying to help other people do the same thing.", "I do feel like there's this phase that so many young people go through including myself, which is learning the hard way about credit card debt.", "I got up to $7,000 when I was 24, and suddenly realized \"Oh, I actually do need to pay for this stuff.\"", "Would I have avoided that if your channel was around back then?", "I mean, what do you teach exactly on the channel?", "Yes.", "If our channel was around back then I do believe that we would have been able to help you because one of the things that we teach is you don't have to necessarily compromise.", "We still do the vacations, we still buy the things that we still love.", "Taalat is still a spender, that didn't change.", "We just make sure that we have the money for it, and we make sure that we don't do it at the expense of not having our kids' college already set up having our own retirement accounts set up also other wealth-building strategies set up.", "And so we tell people that you don't have to stop doing the things that you love or buying the things that you love.", "You just need to make sure that you have a plan.", "And so, our channel helps you do just that.", "Now, can you give us a broad-strokes overview of your business around YouTube?", "You obviously have the channel.", "I saw some ads on your videos, so you're making ad revenue.", "Are there courses or coaching or merch?", "I mean what does the whole business look like, all the revenue streams?", "Yes, we make money through ad revenue but we also make money through sponsorships.", "That's simply where you partner with another company and you may mention their name in your video maybe a coupon code or something like that in the description box.", "And you do have to disclose it properly that this is a sponsored video.", "But we do make money by way of sponsorship.", "We also make money through our own products.", "And we do that by pushing that through YouTube by either mentioning it in videos.", "So we have a monthly membership community, we have books, we have courses.", "At one point we also had merchandise like t-shirts and things like that as well, too.", "So we're always thinking of ways of how we can grow the business and how we can get the message out there, and we do that through YouTube.", "New creators to the education space on YouTube, I think, struggle to have the confidence to say, \"Now, I'm going to go from being a student to being the teacher,\" and I know from researching you all that you started on YouTube watching financial education videos and then decided to start making your own.", "How do you recommend that creators build the confidence to make that leap?", "How do they know when they're expert enough to be the creator?", "You have a story, so that makes you an expert at something because we're all on a journey, but you may be a mile ahead of me.", "And that's all that you need.", "I need to know how you got up there, because I'm back here.", "I used to be a teacher, a classroom teacher and one of the things that older teachers would tell you especially if you're teaching a new subject from one year to the next, they'd say \"You just got to stay one chapter ahead of the students.\"", "You got to study one chapter ahead of the students and you'll be fine.", "You've been through something.", "You've learned something.", "And so, YouTube is a great place to showcase yourself because you can be real, you can be authentic.", "Like we said earlier, we don't just tell what we got right.", "We also tell what we got wrong and the lessons that you can learn from both.", "And you'll find that a lot of people want to go on the journey with you.", "They don't want to be talked down to.", "They don't want to see just people on the mountaintop and they're in the valley low.", "Again, they want to see people who may be just a little bit ahead of them who they can identify with, \"You know what?", "\"They look like me.", "Their story is similar to mine.", "\"Their background is similar to mine.", "\"I can identify with this person.", "Let me keep following them \"Maybe I can learn and grow, and maybe I can avoid some of the pitfalls \"that they fell into,\" because you're willing to tell your story.", "No matter where you're at in the journey you have something that will help somebody that's behind you.", "What about when starting a new channel with all this enthusiasm and energy you've decided to do it, it can be pretty discouraging to see your first video only get views from you hitting refresh or sending it to your parents and family members.", "What do you recommend for someone starting a new channel and trying to do what I call \"budging the boulder\" to give it momentum?", "So one of the things... we can only share really our personal experience.", "We didn't set our expectations high whatsoever.", "We did not know that His and Her Money was going to grow into the brand that it has been today, simply because all we wanted to do was serve.", "And so if you keep that in the forefront, that even if one person finds your video and they learn something and it changes their life, then you did your job.", "We received an email one time from someone saying that she found our video and at just the right time.", "I think we went live on our video.", "Just the right time and she was contemplating suicide literally this is life or death, hope and hopelessness.", "And so we were like, \"Wow.\"", "If we would have waited simply because maybe we weren't getting the 1000 or 2000 or 3000 views then maybe she would not have been reached.", "So think about the people that really need you the most.", "And so don't set your expectations too high, especially when starting a channel.", "I mean, be realistic.", "It's going to take some time for you to literally grow your channel over time and use this as an opportunity to be able to get your message out in a pure way, like a pure way.", "One of the things that we told ourselves, we didn't want to buy followers we didn't want followers to feel pressured into following us.", "We wanted our true tribe.", "And so by doing that over time, just by giving service over and over and value over and over, our tribe started to grow.", "Our tribe started to talk about us.", "Our tribe started to share our videos and also follow us and purchase our products.", "Yeah, and I think that you also got to understand how powerful YouTube is.", "Like today, I saw a comment from a video we did three or four years ago about conflict in marriage and how to avoid it or how to deal with it and somebody said that this is an on-time video.", "Now, on-time, but we recorded it three or four years ago but it was on-time today.", "And so you have to have that long-term perspective in mind.", "You might have 10 views today, but you don't know.", "You could really help somebody two years from now, five years from now from what you did today.", "So put your best foot forward.", "That was our mentality.", "That wasn't a cliché, what Tai just said.", "That was literally our mentality.", "If 10 people watch this video we're going to give those 10 people everything that we have to offer.", "And you don't know who's watching.", "I mean you don't know, it could be the one person that can literally change the trajectory of your entire company your entire business, and you don't know who's watching.", "That's the beautiful thing about YouTube.", "Everybody is watching it, right?", "No matter their economic status, no matter their race, no matter their beliefs no matter what group they belong to.", "People, they watch videos and somebody could resonate with your message and it can literally be that one person that can change your life.", "One of the reasons we're doing this whole series is to try to put a spotlight on all of the amazing small businesses and medium businesses around YouTube channels because you hear about the big superstars on YouTube but you often don't hear about these amazing small businesses that people are building, like yourselves.", "For those watching who have a small business and are thinking about YouTube what's your one piece of advice, like practical advice on getting started?", "When I tell you we tell everybody, if they even approach us if we're at church, they're like, \"I'm thinking about this idea.", "\"I'm thinking about starting a business.\"", "We're like, \"Make sure you also start your YouTube channel.\"", "YouTube, again, for us, has been such a vital part of our business.", "And I'm so happy that you all are doing these spotlights because you're right I think people look at the channels that maybe have a million subscribers and they think, \"Well, if I don't have a million subscribers, I can't make a living.\"", "Taalat and I do this, we do this full-time.", "We have three children, we run our business full-time.", "This is all we do, and we're making a good living with this business.", "And so I don't want you all to underestimate just because maybe you have a few thousand subscribers or a few thousand views, that you can't make real money.", "You can.", "One of the things that we live by is just make sure that you move in excellence.", "Excellence does not mean perfection.", "I think so many times the reason why a lot of people don't get started on their YouTube channel is because they feel like \"I need to have it just right.\"", "No.", "Excellence means \"OK, I'm going to give it my best with what I have.\"", "If that means my cellphone, the camera on my cellphone, if that means borrowing a camera from someone, I'm still going to move in excellence but I'm not going to allow perfection to stop me from moving.", "Absolutely, and I think that you got to have a long-term view.", "You have to be willing to do video after video after video because, number one, on your first video, you're not going to be at your best.", "You need the reps yourself just to get comfortable in front of the camera to find your voice, to find your personality for YouTube.", "And so don't give up at video 10 and say, \"Man, I'm not getting this.", "\"Just forget it.", "I'll just go back to what I was doing.\"", "Have a long-range view.", "Just keep making content.", "You're helping somebody and if you stay consistent, you will reap the benefits.", "That's one of the core things that was key for us.", "We showed up every single week, multiple times a week and we kept bringing value.", "So bring value on a consistent basis with a long-term view, you'll be alright.", "Thanks so much for your time.", "Everybody, make sure you go visit His and Her Money and subscribe.", "Really enjoyed the conversation.", "- Thank you, we did too.", "- Thank you so much for having us.", "A lot of fun." ]

[ "Intro", "The backstory: $30,000 in debt", "What do you teach exactly?", "How “expert” is enough?", "Getting started with low views", "Advice for small business owners" ]

[ "TLC has featured some seriously unforgettable personalities.", "Longtime fans probably remember Kate Gosselin's \"Karen\" hair, Mama June's \"sketti\" dinners, and the tear-jerking journeys on My 600 Lb Life.", "But if it's been a minute since you've tuned in, you won't believe what these network stars look like today.", "\"They talk, they have memories, they have conversations, they have attitudes.\"", "The OG TV mother of eight — with one set of twins and one set of sextuplets — is none other than Kate Gosselin.", "Along with her husband Jon, Gosselin made her way into the homes of TLC fans with Jon & Kate Plus 8, in 2007, and quickly became a hot topic due to both her strict parenting style and her rocky marriage.", "But from the start, Gosselin's asymmetrical pixie cut became a signature part of her brand.", "At the time, she told Entertainment Weekly, \"Everybody wants it.\"", "Fast forward to today, and Gosselin has raised eight kids, done the spin-off show Kate Plus 8, moved on from her divorce, and grown out her iconic haircut.", "\"Have you noticed?", "I'm single.", "For the last decade.\"", "She went on to become the star of her own spin-off in 2007 with Kate Plus Eight, and then again in 2019 with Kate Plus Date, which is dedicated to her rollercoaster dating life.", "She shares updates on her life and family on social media.", "The entire Duggar family found fame when 19 Kids and Counting premiered in 2008.", "Daughter Jessa was only 16 at the time, though she seemed born for reality TV life.", "The series was canceled in 2015 — due to a very public scandal centering around her brother Josh Duggar, per USA Today.", "But Jessa didn't let that stop her.", "She went on to marry Ben Seewald, and is the proud mother of three children.", "Of course, Jessa and her husband plan to continue growing their family, revealing to People that they hope to adopt one day.", "\"There are so many diapers and they pile up so fast.", "We gotta take the trash out a lot more often.\"", "While she might be busy with her kids these days, Jessa is still very much in the public eye, thanks to her spin-off show Counting On, which essentially picked up where 19 Kids and Counting left off.", "She's also active on social media, and often posts updates on Instagram and YouTube.", "Jeremy Roloff grew up on camera, as a star of his family's show, Little People, Big World.", "Documenting the lives of his parents, Matt and Amy, the series profiled the daily challenges the family faced, living with dwarfism.", "Over the course of many seasons, Jeremy played an integral part on the show.", "Viewers even watched as he fell in love with Audrey, and formulated his plans to marry her.", "Over 2 million people tuned in to watch the couple's wedding during the Season 8 finale, making it one of the show's most-watched episodes.", "\"Cheers to the family we have and the family to come.\"", "But in 2018, Jeremy announced that he, his wife, and his young daughter were leaving the show.", "He explained on Instagram, \"A year ago I made the decision that this season would be our last.", "We will still be supporting the family as they carry the [Little People, Big World] torch onward.\"", "The couple has since launched a blog and a podcast, and they became published authors as well.", "At 28 years old, Tiffany Barker weighed over 600 pounds.", "Her story was documented on My 600-lb Life, where she explained, \"I'm at the point where I can't even get out of bed on my own.\"", "\"It's gonna take a little work putting myself first...But...[But?]", "I'm definitely gonna try.\"", "While the road ahead was by all accounts a rough one, by the end of the show, Tiffany had lost 258 pounds, thanks in part to a gastric bypass.", "And ever since, she has continued to share her weight loss progress, often posting photos of her high-protein diet on Instagram.", "But Tiffany reminds her fans that just because they watched her episode, that doesn't mean they know everything about her.", "For instance, she and her boyfriend Aaron, who was also featured on the show, have since ended their relationship.", "\"My mama weighs the most in my family because she's fat.\"", "\"Mama June\" Shannon quickly made a name for herself on Toddlers & Tiaras.", "Her daughter Alana, who went by Honey Boo Boo, was a standout on the show.", "And Mama June quickly gained notoriety due to her quirks and often questionable judgment.", "The mother-daughter duo went on to star in their own spin-off series, Here Comes Honey Boo Boo, which documented the family's life after the pageant circuit, from 2012 until 2014.", "\"What is that?", "A err d'erb.", "A what?", "A hors d'erb.", "A hors d'erb, it's a sausage kinda thing.\"", "Since then, Mama June has continued to stay in the spotlight.", "She received unprecedented attention when she dropped 300 pounds as a result of gastric sleeve surgery, revealing to People, \"It's kind of crazy.", "A lot of people don't recognize who I am until I talk.\"", "That prompted several spin-offs, including Mama June: From Not to Hot, in 2017.", "But despite her seemingly healthier image, Mama June again made headlines when she was arrested for drug possession in 2019, according to People.", "She has since confirmed her sobriety on social media.", "Appearing on Season 3 of My 600-lb Life, Amber made one of the most dramatic transformations viewers had ever seen.", "Before appearing on the show, she'd been struggling with her weight for years.", "At 5 years old, she weighed 150 pounds, and by age 16, she relied on a wheelchair.", "By the time the cameras started rolling, Amber was 23 years old and weighed 657 pounds.", "She said, \"When you let fear control your life, you end up at a place that's worse than what you were trying to avoid.\"", "\"Sometimes I think to myself, 'I'm never gonna change.'\"", "Fortunately, Amber was able to turn her life around, and by the end of her time on the show, she was under 400 pounds.", "Amber has since continued to document her weight loss journey on social media, where she once posted, \"I drag my a-- and whine about going to the gym but I have never once regretted going after the fact.\"", "Amber tweeted in 2016 that she was engaged to someone other than the boyfriend who appeared on the show, and she keeps her love life far out of the spotlight.", "Jana Duggar made her TV debut in 2004 on 14 Children and Pregnant Again, before rising to fame on 19 Kids and Counting.", "One of the oldest kids of the family, Jana watched as several of her younger brothers and sisters got married and started their own families.", "Still, Jana remained single, causing loads of speculation on what caused her situation.", "\"I mean, I can try things.", "It might not be quite my style, but I'll try it.\"", "After the show was canceled, Jana returned to TLC with Counting On.", "There, she's a series stand-out, particularly since she's not yet coupled up.", "She told Us Weekly, \"I'm not that worried.", "Yes, I long to be married, one day I think that will come.", "But I think I'm just also [...] trying to stay busy with whatever comes along [...] and just making the most of these single years.\"", "These days, Jana also happily shares her life with fans on Instagram.", "Toddlers & Tiaras was known for its pint-sized divas, but few made a lasting impression quite like Isabella Barrett.", "Despite her success as a pageant star, she quickly became known for her so-called \"kitty cat fight\" with 3-year-old contestant Paisley, calling her a cruel name after one particular event.", "The scandal left a mark on Bella's reality TV fame, but her family didn't let that stop her from achieving success.", "\"I have won over fifty-five crowns and eighty-five titles.\"", "After her run on the show, Isabella capitalized on her star power by selling jewelry and lip gloss to her fans.", "She even dabbled in the pop music scene, and released a song called \"LOL.\"", "Isabella has since shrugged off the toddler tutus and become a teenage entrepreneur.", "Having started her first business at age 9 — which made her a millionaire — she now has several partnerships on Instagram, and has appeared on the show Next Big Thing NYC.", "Jazz Jennings entered the spotlight in 2007, when she became one of the youngest transgender girls to publicly come out, at 6 years old.", "She revealed to Barbara Walters that she always knew she was a girl, despite being assigned the male gender at birth.", "Fortunately, Jazz's parents were on board, with her mom Jeanette affirming, \"I'm going to be there for her, always.\"", "\"She would ask me, 'Mommy, am I a boy or am I a girl?'", "This is my sister.", "She's a girl.", "She's a girl.", "She's a girl.\"", "Now officially in her twenties, Jennings has starred on her very own series, I am Jazz, since 2015, documenting her everyday life.", "The show has also featured details about her gender confirmation surgery.", "She shared with the New York Times, \"For the first time, my body fully reflected my soul — how I felt on the inside.\"", "Jennings has also been an open book on Instagram, sharing everything — even her scars, which she calls her battle wounds.", "She wrote in one post, \"We're all beautiful and unique and we just have to learn to embrace that.\"", "Six-year-old Alana Thompson made a splash on Toddlers & Tiaras with her bold personality, once declaring on the show, \"The other girls must be crazy if they think they're gonna beat me, Honey Boo Boo child.", "I'm a superstar because I do pageants.\"", "\"I didn't win anything at the natural pageant.", "Those judges were nuts.\"", "Alana quickly became one to watch, thanks to her undeniable energy and sass.", "And her charisma eventually landed her and her family their spin-off, Here Comes Honey Boo Boo.", "But when it was canceled in 2014, America's favorite Boo Boo was suddenly getting far less screen time.", "Alana re-appeared five years later, in 2019, as a contestant on Dancing With the Stars: Juniors, at age 14, ultimately landing in 8th place.", "But judging by how much this girl loves the camera, chances are we haven't seen the last of Honey Boo Boo!", "\"Mommy, it would be a much better time if it was me, Mady and Daddy.\"", "Cara and Mady Gosselin were just 7-year-old twins when Jon and Kate Plus 8 premiered in 2007.", "But unlike their mom, who appears to revel in fame, the twins had a different take on things.", "Now in their twenties, Mady shared on her mom's show, Kate Plus Date, \"College feels like a place to blend in, and I feel like we haven't really had much of a chance to [do that].", "I don't want everyone to know my name and my business.\"", "\"It's so bad, cuz when I say 'stop yelling at me,' she just goes 'I'm not yelling,' and I'm like, 'but, yeah, you are, you're just yelling in a quiet voice.'\"", "Mady and Cara even chose to go to different colleges.", "Still, Mady is active on social media, and has hundreds of thousands of followers on Instagram, as well as a budding YouTube channel.", "On the other hand, Cara prefers to live under the radar, without a public social media presence.", "Another breakout star from Toddlers & Tiaras, Taralyn Eschberger, was the red-headed beauty who dominated the competition, racking up an impressive amount of titles during her time on the stage.", "Mom Traci told Fox and Friends that her daughter's success wasn't planned; they'd stumbled into pageantry, and although she never imagined she would be spray-tanning her kid, the pint-sized pageant queen took a liking to it.", "According to Traci, the family had spent roughly $100,000 on pageants.", "But despite the successes that Taralyn achieved as a child, she grew up to be a relatively normal teen.", "In 2020, a Facebook post updated her fans about her life post-pageantry, where she said she officially has her driver's license.", "At the beginning of Melissa's weight-loss journey on My 600 Lb Life, she weighed in at 653 pounds, at just 31 years old.", "At the time, she explained, \"It's not like I set out to be the world's biggest lady, I wanna be 700 pounds.", "It just happened.\"", "Fortunately, Melissa worked hard to shed the pounds from the get-go, which qualified her for weight-loss surgery.", "Fast-forward to today, and Melissa is the mother of three kids — a dream come true for her — according to a post on her Instagram.", "She's also blogged about her transformative experience, sharing, \"Remember weight gain doesn't happen overnight, and neither do long-term changes.", "Concentrate on making one change at a time, and reward yourself for your progress, and before you know it you will be going where you want to be.\"", "The eighth child of Jim Bob and Michelle, Josiah Duggar was introduced to fans of 19 Kids and Counting as a playful kid.", "But this reality star's early adult life got very real when, according to the Duggar family Facebook, his first courtship with Marjorie Jackson ended in a breakup rather than a marriage — something almost unheard of in the Duggar house.", "\"You may now kiss the bride.\"", "Josiah went on to marry Lauren Swanson, but it wasn't long before the couple suffered a heartbreaking loss when their first pregnancy ended in a miscarriage.", "Despite the hardship, however, Josiah and Lauren revealed seven months later on Instagram that they were pregnant again.", "They wrote, \"As we rejoice [in] the life of our second sweet baby, we also remember [...] our other sweet baby, Asa, in heaven.\"", "The couple welcomed their daughter, Bella, in November of 2019.", "\"I really think she looks more like your side of the family than my side of the family.\"", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about your favorite reality stars are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Kate Gosselin", "Jessa Seewald", "Jeremy Roloff", "Tiffany Barker", "Mama June", "Amber Rachdi", "Jana Duggar", "Isabella Barrett", "Jazz Jennings", "Honey Boo Boo", "Cara and Mady Gosselin", "Taralyn Eschberger", "Melissa Morris", "Josiah Duggar" ]

[ "Too long, didn't watch?", "SpaceX's Starlink internet service uses satellites in low-earth orbit to provide high-speed Internet to underserved parts of the world, especially places without easy access to cable or fiber.", "SpaceX's Starlink beta opened up in my area, so I installed Dishy—that's this white flat thing on the roof—and I've been testing it and comparing it to my Cable internet for a few months now.", "A lot of the existing reviews out there are based on opinion and feelings, but that's just not how I do things around here.", "I have Raspberry Pis continuously monitoring my Internet—one on Starlink, and one on Spectrum.", "And I also have a power monitor measuring power usage.", "And I've tracked everything since day one, trying to figure out how weather like snow and thunderstorms affect service, or whether thick clouds made any difference.", "And I had my laptop, iPad, and iPhone all set to connect to Dishy by default, and only switched to Cable internet if absolutely necessary.", "And here's the bottom line: Most of the time, I couldn't tell I was using Starlink.", "And that's good.", "Everything felt just the same.", "But that was most of the time.", "You see, I have eight trees around my house, and there's literally nowhere I could put Dishy that allows it a full view of the sky.", "I'll talk more about that later.", "Reality does hit every now and then, when I notice a page not loading.", "I'd open up the Starlink app and see \"Obstructed.\"", "At my house, that happens for a minute or two, a few times per hour, because of those darn trees.", "And in a recent update, the app started showing exactly where the obstructions are.", "And hey look, the app is pretty much spot on.", "That maple tree is taunting me with it's evil Internet-blocking leaves!", "Now, before I get into the review, there are three MAJOR caveats: First, I live in a suburb outside a large city.", "Yes, I know Starlink isn't made for people like me who already have good Internet, but my plan is to give Starlink to my cousin once it's available at her farm, since her rural DSL is slower than molasses.", "Second, I'd trim up my tree for more reliable Starlink if I had no other options.", "But since it might not be staying here for the long-term I'll let the tree keep those precious limbs.", "Third, Starlink is currently in BETA, so reviews like mine should be taken with a grain of salt.", "That means there are no guarantees, and a lot may change before it becomes a stable public service.", "As with all my videos, check out the table of contents in the description, or by hovering over the play bar.", "Now, let's start by talking about Dishy.", "That's this big, flat, white satellite dish that has to see the sky.", "If you look at the guts inside the dish, though, it's a LOT different from a normal passive dish.", "In fact, Dishy is more of a computer with a array of tiny antennae than a satellite dish.", "And that's the reason why the hardware currently costs $500 bucks.", "And SpaceX is actually losing money on every dish they sell!", "In an interview at Mobile World Congress, Elon Musk said the terminal costs SpaceX over $1000, but they're working on a new version that could be a little bit closer to $300.", "Inside the dish, dozens of antennae use sophisticated math to do beam-forming, to target a tiny satellite whizzing by in low earth orbit, then the array locks onto another satellite, and another, and so on.", "So you already have the complexity of the antenna control, but there's also a full modem and basically an entire little computer inside.", "COSIC, a research group in Belgium, extracted the firmware from the dish, and found it runs Linux on a 4-core System on a Chip.", "And on top of all that, it also has a self-aiming mechanism that orients the dish at the right angle when you first turn it on.", "I talked about this during my roof install video, but the dish, for all its technical marvels, does have some shortcomings.", "First of all, it has a hard-wired 100' Cat6 Ethernet cable attached, and technically you're not supposed to cut and reterminate the wire.", "So installation and cable routing can be annoying, especially if you need more than 100' of cable.", "Second, the thing gets fairly hot in use.", "Because it houses a computer and a lot of electronics, it has thermal limits that can cause issues in areas with extreme cold or extreme heat.", "The recent heat wave in the US resulted in some Dishies shutting down after they reached 122°F, and yes, I'm using Fahrenheit because that's just what we do here in the States.", "Some users watered Dishy to keep it cool, or raised it off the ground more.", "But luckily I haven't run into that issue yet, here in St. Louis.", "Going from one extreme to the other, what happens in winter, in the cold, and when it snows?", "I'll mention more about power consumption later, but the dish does have a mode it can go into during snowstorms where it heats up to melt off ice and snow.", "And in the one snow storm we got here in St. Louis, that's exactly what happened—with no Internet dropout!", "The dish also survived three months of every type of weather St. Louis has to offer: Two weeks of a record-breaking heat wave.", "Four severe thunderstorms, with pea-sized hail and winds over 60 miles per hour.", "A freak spring snow storm with a couple inches of snow in an hour.", "And a few heavy rainfalls with more than 1\" of rain per hour.", "And you know the craziest thing about our weather here in St. Louis?", "A few of those extremes happened in the same 24 hour period!", "Some people say the St. Louis Arch, that big ol' thing behind me, is actually a weather deflector... and maybe there's something to that.", "But none of the weather St. Louis had this year seemed to phase the dish.", "Dishy stayed strong, and I'm rating it \"very durable\" on my durable-ometer.", "Dishy comes with a small tripod stand you could stake into the ground or onto a flat roof, but as I showed in my Starlink install video, I mounted it directly on my asphalt shingle roof using the volcano mount.", "There's also a flashing mount and pole adapters available, so you can mount it most anywhere.", "Most people should hire a professional installer since getting dishy safely affixed to a roof or truss can be a bit tricky, especially if you wanna do everything up to code.", "A lot of people also ask how easy it is to move Dishy.", "And... that's a slightly complicated question.", "Right now, Starlink is being rolled out slowly, by geographical 'cells', around select parts of the world.", "There are a few reasons for this, most notably to spread system usage across all the limited number of satellites in the sky so far.", "But also, because every satellite is independent right now—there aren't any satellite-to-satellite links yet—the satellite needs to see both your house, and a ground station that connects to the Internet.", "And there just aren't enough ground stations everywhere yet.", "What this means is you couldn't just pick up Dishy and drop it anywhere and get service.", "In fact, each Dishy is tied to a service address, and if you go more than few miles away, you might not get a connection.", "I tested this at my cousin's farm, and while the dish could get a few bytes here and there, it wasn't giving any reliable signal.", "But SpaceX does allow you to change the service address, assuming the new address is in a covered cell.", "I tested this process by contacting support, and it took a day or so to get a response.", "So it's possible, but it's not quick, and the cell-based coverage is kind of random right now.", "When you do want to move Dishy, it's best to put it in stow mode in the App.", "And be careful, the thing's heavy.", "But the current dish is definitely not designed for truly mobile use on boats or RVs.", "Moving on from Dishy, the other main piece of hardware you get with Starlink is this router.", "The router isn't anything to write home about, but at least it's a halfway-decent wireless and wired router.", "I learned from TurtleHerding's teardown that the router runs on Qualcomm's IPQ4018 System on a Chip, which is another 4-core ARM CPU, in addition to the one inside Dishy, and it runs a custom build of OpenWRT; you can even see the code SpaceX uses to build the router software—well, at least most of it—on GitHub!", "Yay, open source!", "And while I haven't tried too hard to hack my way into it, it was fun to see an ASCII-art version of SpaceX's logo when I tried logging in over SSH.", "It even had this fun little quote as the banner: For the astute viewer, that's a variation on a line from Bee Movie.", "While I was in that deep, I checked one hop further, and tried to access what's presumably the Starlink base station, and got this lovely rendition of the Nyan Cat.", "Jokes aside, the best way to configure Starlink is through the mobile App.", "If you visit starlinkrouter.lan in your browser, you can access some things, like stowing dishy, restarting the router, and seeing connection stats, but that's about it.", "The App is 'where it's at,' in terms of managing the router.", "The app has all the functionality on the web, and then some: once you sign in, you can manage the wifi network name, separate the 2.4 and 5 gigahertz networks, and access all the Starlink support FAQs.", "The router isn't complicated, which is a blessing and a curse.", "You can't get a static IPv4 address, if that's something you care about, since Starlink uses something called CGNAT, but VPNs do work.", "And you technically can get a static routable IPv6 address if you use your own router and toss out Starlink's, but that's not something the average user would care about.", "I should also note that a lot of these things have changed since I first started using the beta.", "That's... kind of why it's called a 'beta'.", "I'm happy with the router's simplicity, and also happy you can use your own if you want.", "But from a hardware standpoint, there are two major downsides.", "First, there's only one gigabit network port on the back, so you'd need a switch to plug in more than one wired device.", "And the big one, the thing that really had me scratching my head, and the reason I have this ridiculous looking black base on the bottom, is how top-heavy the router is.", "I don't know how many times I've accidentally knocked over the router.", "It's annoying I had to 3D print a base just to keep it standing up.", "I seriously hope the next version of the router has a lower center of gravity.", "Now the power supply, it's not gonna have that problem.", "Inside this beefy black box is an interesting type of power supply.", "It supplies Power over Ethernet—something I've talked about on this channel before—but uses the maximum rated standard, at least as far as I can tell, supplying over 100 watts to Dishy!", "It also powers the router via PoE, so you don't have to have an extra wall wart AC adapter plugged in for the router.", "But this also means it's doubly important to use the right cabling, especially for Dishy.", "If you're one of the crazy ones splicing Dishy's wire, use Cat6A or better cable, and keep the run less than 100', otherwise the power to the Dish might not be adequate, or you could even overheat Dishy's cable!", "I wanted to see just how much power Starlink uses, especially since people have asked how well it would work off-grid with solar or battery power, and the results were surprising.", "I popped a Shelly Plug into my UPS that sends power usage data over my network, then set up my Raspberry Pi to track Starlink's power consumption, and I've been monitoring since day one.", "The dish plus the router consumes almost 100W of power, all day long.", "I'm not gonna lie, that's a lot!", "Compare that to the 5-10 Watts my cable modem and ASUS router consume, and it's definitely something to consider.", "The other thing that surprised me was what happened on April 21 this year.", "Apparently the St. Louis Arch weather deflector went haywire, and we had a freak late-spring snowstorm with a few inches of snow falling in a short period of time.", "During the heavy snowfall, Dishy quickly spiked up to 125W, peaking at 175W towards the end of the snowstorm.", "According to support, Dishy has a kind of 'snow mode', where it heats itself up enough to melt snow off the top, and it seems like it automatically goes into that mode when snow starts obstructing the sky.", "The heat is pretty apparent even when it's not snowing, though—after I set up Dishy at my cousin's farm, cluster flies started swarming on it.", "Maybe that's not the heat, though.", "Maybe it's just SpaceX working out the bugs.", "Anyways, the bottom line is Dishy consumes a lot of power.", "If you want to run off solar power, adding an extra 90-plus watts to your load isn't nothing.", "Other satellite-based Internet providers use a bit of energy too, but Starlink is in a league of its own.", "But Starlink might be worth that extra energy consumption if it performs.", "And that's probably why you're watching this review, right?", "Well, I'm going to split the performance part of my review into two sections: subjective, and objective.", "If you're like me, go ahead and just skip to the objective part because you can see fifty other reviews telling you how Starlink feels.", "You don't need me to tell you that I can make FaceTime calls, play Halo, manage my open source projects, and watch YouTube all day.", "Because that's about it, subjectively-speaking.", "It's boring because Starlink is basically what I'm used to.", "A pretty solid high speed Internet connection.", "But what's boring to me is revolutionary to some people.", "My cousin, whose house I visited earlier this year, gets less than 5 megabits of download bandwidth, and less than a megabit up.", "Having 20 times faster Internet is life-changing for someone with a low-quality Internet connection.", "The one thing that wasn't always pleasant was how some software handled dropouts, especially some streaming platforms and video conferencing apps.", "Since that happens a couple times an hour, mostly because of my big tree, I would have to call someone back, or refresh a page and watch an ad again to get back into a stream.", "Most well-known apps like Netflix, FaceTime, and Zoom, handled things well without any incident.", "It was really the apps and services that are obviously outsourced, like poorly-made TV network apps, that would have weird issues requiring a refresh or relaunch.", "But subjectively, I really like Starlink.", "Even with this big honkin' tree at my house blocking out a quarter of the sky, I'm able to leave my iPhone and iPad connected only through Starlink, and I hardly ever notice the one or two-minute long obstructions.", "And those dropouts due to obstructions have gotten even less frequent, because SpaceX is launching more satellites (which means more sky coverage), and making Dishy's software smarter about picking satellites to use.", "But how does Starlink really perform?", "I covered in detail how I use Raspberry Pis to monitor my Internet connection in a previous video.", "Click the fancy little card above me if you want to see that.", "And it's all open source, available on GitHub.", "I liked Professor Actual Factual as a kid, and by golly, I need raw numbers before I form an opinion on something as important as my Internet connection!", "And sure, you could just run a few Speedtests and average out those readings.", "But can you do that day and night, for weeks?", "I'm only human.", "I need sleep!", "So I've been running this Raspberry Pi since the day I installed Starlink, and every 30 minutes, it runs a Speedtest, and charts the result.", "It also checks for latency, and tracks all of Starlink's own statistics, thanks to some code from Dan Willcocks!", "And on average, over the past few months, I've gotten about 150 megabits down, and 20 megabits up, with 40 milliseconds of latency.", "I could get peak download speeds just over 300 Megabits, and peak upload of around 30, and according to Elon, ping times could someday be as low as 20 milliseconds, but I'm more interested in what I can measure right now.", "Any estimate Elon Musk posts has to be interpreted with 'Elon time', that is, take the estimate he posts and multiply it by at least 4.", "So how does Starlink do against my cable connection?", "Well, it's not a fair fight, but then again, I pay 1.5 times more for Cable, and while it gives me a lot faster downloads, it's only a little faster on the upload speeds.", "The best measure of how it feels, though, is jitter, and using the Request Duration graph, it's easy to see there's more jitter, or variation in the response times, from Starlink.", "But it's not as bad as I thought it would be.", "If I were a competitive gamer, or was trying to livestream something important, I don't think I'd want to rely on Starlink just yet.", "But for most Internet uses, it's perfectly adequate, objectively speaking.", "But if you do want to livestream—and that's something I do from time to time—I should note that I tried it out even on my unstable prone-to-obstruction connection... and it worked!", "But there were some blank spots and times when YouTube knocked down the bitrate.", "But thinking about it from the other angle: how about comparing Starlink to my cousin's DSL on the farm?", "Starlink comes out way better there, since the DSL connection is a paltry 6 megabits down, and .5 up!", "150 down with 15 up, it's not even a competition!", "The last thing is the price and contract.", "Right now, the basic Starlink kit is $500, and the service costs $99 a month.", "But unless you want to drop Starlink on the ground somewhere, you'll need to buy another one or two-hundred dollars worth of mounting gear.", "And if you want it professionally installed, expect to pay a few hundred more.", "But the contract is nice and straightforward, which is usually NOT the case with ISPs in America: unlimited data, with supposedly no plans to add data caps, and no hidden fees or early termination charges.", "Here's a history of my payments; you can see it's just $99 bucks every month.", "You can cancel any time with a support ticket, and the main catch with the service right now is the fact it's a beta, so SpaceX doesn't really have to guarantee any level of service, and the network can temporarily turn go offline at any time for any reason.", "And they do, for maybe 10-20 minutes on a given day.", "But yeah, it's in beta.", "That's kinda how betas work.", "Before I wrap up, there are two major issues some people have with Starlink, and really any low-earth constellation like it, and that's it's impact on astrophotography, and it's potential to increase the risk of the Kessler syndrome, a catastrophic increase in space debris.", "But for both issues, SpaceX has been working to mitigate the risks—as much as they can.", "See my first Starlink video for a deeper discussion of both issues, and follow the news for updates on both—it seems like every month there's a new development in these areas.", "And with the potential of Amazon launching their own low-earth-orbit Kuiper system, these issues must be dealt with, because even if the risk is managed, things that happen in orbit affect the entire planet, not just the US.", "Anyways, I hope my review has highlighted objective measures of how good Starlink is, and what you could expect from it if you're considering signing up.", "As of this video, the service is still in beta, but it's slowly expanding to more regions around the world, like Ireland just a week or two ago.", "My hope is that any satellite-based Internet can be as open and inexpensive as possible, to give people equal access to high-speed Internet, no matter where they live or work.", "To sum up my review, I really like, but don't love Starlink.", "At the beginning, I had thoughts of switching to Starlink and ditching my cable ISP, just because how poorly they've treated me as their customer over the years.", "And Starlink performed well, and their support has been great...", "But the performance just isn't where I need it for what I do.", "If I didn't have decent cable Internet, like my cousin, that'd be a different story.", "And judging by many people's reaction to getting Starlink, it can be life-changing.", "Just not for me.", "At least not yet.", "The nice thing is, for now I have two Internet connections at my house, and I'm going to aggregate them so I can get more than 50 Megabits of upload speed.", "At least when this big old maple tree isn't standing in the way!", "Until next time, I'm Jeff Geerling." ]

[ "Starlink Overview", "Caveats", "Dishy", "Starlink Router", "Power Consumption", "Performance - subjective", "Performance - objective", "Pricing and Contract", "Drawbacks", "Verdict" ]

[ "Today you're gonna learn three PowerPoint techniques you can apply to your next slide presentation.", "Your boss, your colleagues, they're gonna think you spent hours on this.", "That's gonna be our secret.", "Let's jump in.", "(upbeat drum music) We know we shouldn't be using the traditional bullet points, right?", "But we still do because let's be honest, we don't have time to get creative and research other methods, but now we don't have to.", "This is what you need to do.", "Insert a Text Box first and then without worrying about formatting I'm just gonna type in the text that I want.", "So here I'm gonna add the agenda for today's topics.", "Now, all I'm gonna do, go to the Home tab and click on Convert to SmartArt.", "So notice that the moment I hover over these it breaks up my text into fancier type of text.", "I'm gonna go and check out more options here.", "Under List I'll go with this one and click on Okay.", "So it automatically converted my text to SmartArt.", "The first thing I'm gonna do is to convert this into shapes because that's gonna give me more control over this.", "Click on the entire object and then use the shortcut key Ctrl + Shift + G. This ungroups the shape.", "You might have to do it again, so in this case I have more than one layer of groupings so I'm gonna do Ctrl + Shift + G again to get each individual shape here.", "But you can also right mouse click and select ungroup.", "You could now give these different colors.", "I'm just gonna go and keep it simple, give them the same shape fill.", "I'll go with the dark blue here and I'm gonna do the same thing with these objects here, so let's just highlight them.", "For the shape outline I'm gonna go with that dark blue.", "I'm gonna add numbering to this, so let's go to Insert a Text Box.", "Position this the way we like.", "Change the font type and I'm gonna make this bigger, position it in the middle.", "Let's make this gray.", "Copy, Paste this two times and just apply it to the other topics.", "Okay, so now that I have them here I'm gonna group these three objects together.", "Just hold down the Ctrl key, click on them and then press Ctrl + G to group them.", "You can also, instead of holding down Ctrl, you can highlight them like this and press Ctrl + G and a third time for this one.", "I'm gonna leave this object separate and you're gonna see why in a second.", "Now, let's move on to our effortless animation.", "So let's say when I start my PowerPoint presentation I just wanna have this topic in the middle of the slide.", "I wanna blend these in on my second slide.", "What I'm gonna do is to duplicate this slide.", "That's how I want it to look at the end.", "Here is the effortless transition part.", "I'm gonna make this smaller, just so I can move these objects out of view.", "These I'm gonna pull down here.", "So notice that I'm not deleting them, I'm just moving them out of view.", "Push this here.", "Put this where I want it to be and you're gonna see why in a second.", "If I was gonna go and present this without any animation, this is how it's gonna look, quite boring, right.", "One option, of course, is to work with the animations in the animation pane but this can be quite a pain to work with and a lot of people just don't have the time to play around with the options here.", "We're gonna make this effortless.", "Go to Transitions and click on Morph.", "It just does it for you.", "So basically this animation is actually a slide transition.", "The way it works is that it looks to see where these exact objects were on the slide before it and where did they move in the next slide?", "And then it tries to fill up the space between them in a super smooth way.", "So if I go to Presentation View, this looks like something I put a lot of effort to create, but in fact, I didn't.", "I just had to click on the Morph option.", "The Morph is available in the Office 365 version.", "What I'm gonna do is to duplicate this slide, move this out of view.", "I'm also gonna move these out of view.", "So basically, the way that Morph works is that the object that has to travel the furthest is gonna leave the slide first.", "So let's say I wanna talk about Enhanced Morph so I'm gonna bring this here, put this out of view.", "Because I duplicated this slide I also brought the Morph Transition with it.", "If I go to Presentation View this is how it looks, really nice, without me having to do anything except rearranging the objects here.", "One point to note is the duration of this, so if you feel that it's too slow, you want it faster, you can change the speed from here.", "You also have some more effect options so in this case I'm just working with Objects, so the default option is fine.", "But if I wanna use Morph on words I can do that and if I wanna use Morph on single characters I can do that as well.", "Okay, so now let's take a look at Enhanced Morph.", "Enhanced Morph is available in the latest version of Office 365 in the Insider Edition for now and soon it's gonna be available for everyone.", "So let me show you what it does?", "I'm gonna copy these icons to here because guess what?", "The new Office icons are changing.", "These are the ones that we know and these are the ones that are coming.", "Let's position these somehow central.", "If I wanted to present the new Office icons I have no animation in this slide right now.", "Let's go to Presentation View.", "This is how it looks, right, quite boring.", "If I just go and say I wanna apply Morph to this, let's see.", "That's the type of animation I get.", "Nothing really fancy, right.", "Because Morph tries to find it on the next slide, if it doesn't, well, it doesn't move it, right, 'cause it doesn't know what to do with it.", "Here's where the new, Enhanced Morph comes in.", "You can actually Morph one object into another object you just have to follow these steps.", "Let's bring up the Selection Pane, use Alt + F10 to bring this up or you can bring it up by going to the Home tab and going to Select right here.", "What I'm gonna do is change the label of this to the identical label of the object on the second slide and I'm gonna add exclamation marks to this.", "So two exclamation marks and then I'm gonna call this Excel.", "For this one let's do the same but call it PowerPoint.", "And we're gonna repeat this on the second slide.", "So this is gonna be PowerPoint.", "This is gonna be Excel.", "Okay, so they have the same name and they have two exclamation marks before them and we have Morph activated.", "Now, what's gonna happen?", "Let's go take a look.", "It Morphs the one object into the second object.", "So we get this really nice, smooth effect.", "The way to make it work is the exclamation marks.", "If I just called them both Excel and I don't put those exclamation marks this is not gonna work.", "Let's go try it.", "You see, the PowerPoint one morphs really well and this one doesn't.", "So you need the two exclamation marks and then you can take advantage of this smooth object transition.", "And that concludes our third tip.", "If you wanna improve your PowerPoint skills and make impressive presentations at work, check out Skillshare.", "You're not only gonna find PowerPoint courses but you're also gonna learn how to deliver the presentations and how to speak in front of a big audience without fear.", "Skillshare is an online learning community for people like us, who are curious, who wanna learn and become better at what we do and at the same time learn new skills.", "You have more than 25,000 classes to choose from, Business, Marketing, Design and so much more.", "Their premium membership gives you unlimited access at a very affordable price.", "The best part is that the first 500 people who sign up using the link in the description below the video are gonna get two months free unlimited learning opportunity.", "So don't miss out.", "Click that link.", "Sign up and start learning.", "A big thanks goes to Skillshare for sponsoring this video and supporting my channel.", "If you like this video give it a thumbs up and if you wanna keep improving your skills consider subscribing to this channel.", "(upbeat drum music)" ]

[ "Intro", "Alternative to Boring Bullet Points in PowerPoint", "Morph Transition in PowerPoint", "Enhanced Morph Transition in PowerPoint" ]

[ "How well do we really know our ancestors?", "How much do we really know about our ancient past?", "These are questions at the beating heart of modern-day exploration and archaeology... and thanks to a game changing, technological revolution in the field, we’re quickly realizing that, actually, there’s so much that we’re only just beginning to understand.", "This is Unveiled, and today we’re discovering the extraordinary science behind how LiDAR is unearthing ancient civilizations.", "Do you need the big questions answered?", "Are you constantly curious?", "Then why not subscribe to Unveiled for more clips like this one?", "And ring the bell for more thought-provoking content!", "As with so many cutting-edge technologies, LiDAR (or Light Detection and Ranging) began life as a tool used in space exploration... at one time featuring in the Apollo program in the early 1970s, as part of early efforts by NASA to map the moon.", "In short, it’s a mapping technique whereby lasers are directed at the ground from the air, via planes, helicopters, or drones.", "The lasers hit the ground and rebound back, with LiDAR tech able to precisely measure the different distances at play, and therefore construct an accurate, 3D map of the ground.", "Crucially, though, while operating at different wavelengths, LiDAR can penetrate through things that might have otherwise obscured the picture.", "Things like leaves, tree canopies, and dense vegetation, for example, which is why it’s become such a vital and ground-breaking method in the exploration of Earth.", "The stereotypical image of an explorer or archaeologist is perhaps one of an intrepid adventurer, slashing their way through thick undergrowth in the middle of a distant jungle somewhere, in search of an ancient, legendary trail or a treasure-laden lost city.", "But, while a lot of hands-on groundwork similar to that is still carried out, times are certainly changing in the twenty-first century.", "The paper maps, compasses and machetes of tradition do still have a place... but nowadays, with any journey into the wilderness, there’s the potential for it to be significantly more planned and deliberate.", "Thanks to LiDAR, archaeologists can be so much more informed before they ever set foot onto an actual site.", "Over the 2010s, the technology really started to take off.", "So far, it has been variously used to gain a better understanding of multiple Mayan sites in modern-day Mexico... and scattered, ancient villages in the Amazon rainforest.", "It’s also notably helped us to gain a clearer than ever picture of the famous Angor Wat temple complex in Cambodia.", "In all cases, LiDAR maps have been produced from above, and they’ve revealed to archaeologists that the extent of these ancient locations is usually far greater than we had previously thought.", "It’s now known, for example, that Angor Wat was once but one part of an even vaster ancient settlement, much larger than previously predicted, with LiDAR images able to pick out the roads, waterways and homes that were once crowded around the temple.", "Of course, the evidence for what LiDAR is now picking up has always been there, and perhaps it would have been discovered by traditional exploration on foot, given enough time... but this technology is fast-tracking us to near-instant results.", "It’s said that LiDAR can achieve in just a few hours what it would otherwise have taken years of traditional groundwork to figure out.", "As the images are captured from above by machines, it’s not as though LiDAR is a dangerous pursuit, either.", "It’s exploration at a distance, yes, but it undoubtedly gets results.", "Still, there are some that remain doubtful as to quite how heavily we should be relying on this technology.", "And, to a certain extent, it still won’t replace classic, on-the-ground exploration.", "What LiDAR can do is produce high-resolution images accurate to within around twenty centimeters... but what it still can’t do is determine exactly what it is that it’s mapping.", "For that, archaeologists still need to get up close, on the ground, in the thicket, and in the mud.", "LiDAR is perhaps best used more like a contemporary guide, then, highlighting areas of interest at a site that might otherwise have been easily overlooked, simply because the jungle has become too overgrown, or the landscape has been too drastically altered in modern times.", "The laser imaging means that now, rather than blindly searching for things that may (or may not) be there, today’s explorer can confidently descend onto a location that they know will yield results.", "It's one reason why it’s said (by some) that we’ve recently entered into a new “golden age” for exploration.", "Although, on the one hand, it would seem that because most of Earth is at least accounted for on maps, there isn’t a great deal of our world left to discover... on the other, LiDAR technology is proving how we’ve only just begun to scratch the surface of what’s really there.", "And, in just the first few years since its introduction into archaeological study, it’s genuinely forcing us to rewrite whole periods of human history.", "For example, our understanding has already changed regarding the Maya civilization.", "The rise and fall of Mayan cities across a roughly three-thousand-year history up until the late seventeenth century is reasonably well-known.", "There are numerous iconic sites and monuments found across Central America, including the ruins of Tikal in Guatemala... and Chichen Itza on the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico.", "However, the early use of LiDAR over some Mayan sites suggests that their scope may have also been hugely underestimated.", "One of the first major LiDAR surveys in archaeology came in the year 2009, as part of the ongoing Caracol Archaeological Project, led by the University of Nevada.", "Caracol itself is an ancient Mayan city in modern-day Belize.", "It was first discovered in 1937, and there’s been a continuous and dedicated effort to excavate and explore it since around the mid 1980s.", "But, in 2009, LiDAR was introduced and the picture of Caracol dramatically changed almost overnight.", "Researchers were suddenly able to accurately map a far wider area than ever before, as more than seventy square miles revealed itself to them - including new evidence of roads and canals fanning out from the center.", "Before LiDAR, Caracol had been thought of as a reasonably modest settlement... but after LiDAR, the reality was clear that Caracol was actually a large and sprawling city.", "And, nowadays, the LiDAR maps inform so much about how Caracol is studied.", "Of course, it’s not as though LiDAR is the only example of how technology is driving modern exploration.", "We saw in another recent video how new-age techniques are helping us to better understand what’s really inside the pyramids of Egypt, for instance, with a process known as muon tomography allowing us to effectively see through pyramid walls, into the hidden chambers inside.", "And, although there’s a lot of work left to do in our efforts to map the seafloor, we’ve seen similar techniques used to improve our knowledge of the ocean, too, allowing us to see through the waves at what’s really there.", "But, still, there’s little doubt that LiDAR has kick-started an incredibly exciting time for archaeology, specifically.", "It’s leading a new frontier for exploration, which is bringing to light whole buildings, landmarks and communities that might’ve otherwise been lost forever.", "And so, in some cases, it really is prompting us to seriously rethink our own past.", "Estimates on the maximum populations for sites like Angor Wat and Caracol have increased, for example, partly as a result of LiDAR discoveries.", "And, in the bigger picture, this could change our understanding of how whole civilizations worked... and of how much of a wider impact they might’ve had.", "With LiDAR typically helping to detail the “outskirts” of ancient cities, as well, archaeologists are producing a whole range of new maps from which historians can draw new conclusions about how ancient societies were structured.", "How things like wealth, work and trade were managed.", "And, suddenly, we’re connecting up ancient sites like we’ve never done before... seeing them not just as seemingly isolated ruins, but as shared remnants of a time and place that was once so much bigger.", "In archaeology, as in most things, modern technology is driving change at a phenomenal rate.", "Thanks to lasers from the sky, we’re now scanning whole jungles within hours and realizing the true extent of the ancient secrets they hold.", "The contemporary explorer must still be ready to hack their way through dense forests, wade through rivers, and scramble through caves... but they can now do it all knowing that technology is lighting their way.", "And that’s how LiDAR is unearthing ancient civilizations.", "What do you think?", "Is there anything we missed?", "Let us know in the comments, check out these other clips from Unveiled, and make sure you subscribe and ring the bell for our latest content." ]

[ "Intro", "What is LiDAR?", "Recent Breakthroughs", "Golden Age for Exploration", "Exploring Caracol", "Conclusions" ]

[ "[MUSIC PLAYING] SPEAKER 1: Hello and welcome for Lecture 5.", "This week we'll be talking about user input, which we discussed a bit last week, and debugging.", "So in the previous lecture, we discussed a few different concepts.", "We talked about scrolling views, which are the views where you can scroll.", "The caveat to that being that all of its children render before the whole view renders.", "We talked about a couple virtualized lists, flat list and section list.", "Those are the couple lists where they're much more performant because they'll only render what's in view.", "The difference being that section lists allows you to separate your data into different separate sections and have a section header to go along with those.", "We then started to talk about user input.", "We talked about the difference between controlled and uncontrolled components.", "Controlled components being those components that track state and the source of truth for the input's values are on the component state itself.", "Whereas uncontrolled components are those where the Dom, or in the case of the browser, the browser itself keeps track of those input's values.", "We then talked about text input for a little bit, which was the component used to accept user input.", "And first, we'll talk about user input today.", "And so we talked briefly about controlled versus uncontrolled components.", "And how for React native, you need to use controlled components.", "React recommends always using controlled components even when using React web as well.", "And so we looked at how user inputs take a couple of different props.", "One value which dictates what the value, or what displays inside the text box, is.", "And then unchanged text, which is the callback that is invoked every time you change that value.", "And so the docs are linked in the lecture slides.", "And so let's take a look at the example that we were looking at last week.", "So last week we were writing this application where we have a section list here.", "And then we are starting to add a screen where we can add contacts to that list.", "And so, where we left off last week, we could type into the name here.", "We could type into the phone here.", "But nothing actually happens with those values.", "And when we click submit, nothing happens.", "Let's build out the rest of that app this week.", "So in add contact form, when we left off last week, we had a few things written.", "So we kept track of the name and the phone number and state.", "Let's actually to get rid of that line here.", "So we kept track of name and phone and state since we're using controlled components.", "The component itself has to track the value of those texts.", "We wrote two separate handlers.", "One called handle name change, which takes a name.", "Which is fired when you change the text and put down here.", "And then it just sets the state so that the name, the key name, is equal to whatever value is passed in.", "And so that, when passed a string, will just update a state value for name.", "We have the same function down here but for phone.", "And so when you pass in a new phone number down here, it will just set the state such that the new phone is equal to whatever string you pass in.", "And then the render function, we just define those two text inputs.", "So one has a value of this dot state dot name.", "And so every time we change the this dot state dot name, the value's then reflected in this text input.", "We set its unchanged text prop to equal that handle name change function that we defined above.", "And then just as a placeholder, we wrote name.", "So that when the field is blank, the user just knows what they're supposed to type in there.", "And then we have the same text input down here for phone.", "With the one difference being the keyboard type.", "And so we don't really want the users to be able to type letters into the text input.", "And so we said what kind of keyboard should pop up.", "Only that numeric one.", "And so, as we see in our app, when we click on the text input here, we only see the numbers.", "And so now we have a page that is actually handling multiple inputs.", "And so the way we handle that in web is we have a form component.", "And so that form component in HTML takes the on submit handler and when you submit the form, that gets invoked.", "Unfortunately that does not exist in React native.", "But since we're using controlled components, we actually maintain an object with all of the form data.", "So, again, this form component does not exist.", "But the analogy is that, for whatever component that we're writing, all of the information that we need is tracked in the state.", "And so we're actually maintaining an object with all of that, all those input's values.", "And so what we can actually do is we can define a function that handles the data to submit.", "And so that would be the analogy to the onsubmit handler in web.", "And so let's go ahead and do that in our example.", "And so here when we click submit, nothing actually happens.", "But what do we want to happen here?", "Well, when you click submit, ideally this form gets submitted and we add a contact.", "And so here, we already have a button called submit, but we haven't said what it should do when we press it.", "And so let's define an on press.", "And so on press is going to invoke this function called handle submit, which we have not yet defined.", "And let's go ahead and define it up here.", "So, as you recall, when you press a button the on press handler gets invoked with no arguments.", "And so we're going to actually have to decide what to do here with no arguments.", "And so we should go ahead and do this dot props because since this is just generic add contact form, we're not defining the logic on adding the contact here.", "We're just going to define the form here.", "And so we're going to assume that a prop called, let's just call it on submit exists.", "And we're going to pass in an object with the state fields that are necessary.", "And so we could do something like name is this dot state dot name.", "And phone is this dot state dot phone.", "Or the shorthand for here, since we're using every single key value pair of this dot state, we can actually just do this dot dot dot, this dot state.", "Which means, take all of the key value pairs of this dot state, and create a new object with those key value pairs.", "Or simply, we could just pass this dot state.", "And so we're going to invoke this dot props to on submit with this dot state.", "And so now we have to define, what are we actually doing on submit.", "So let's take a look at AppJS.", "So here is a lot of stuff that we wrote last week.", "But we have not actually written the way to add a contact.", "And so let's go ahead and implement that here.", "So this should take an argument.", "So we need to know exactly what conduct we want to add.", "So it takes a new contact, and what are we going to do?", "Well, we should take the previous contacts and append to that.", "And since we rely on the value in the previous state, we should define a function that takes the previous state and returns a new state, where the new contacts are the old contacts.", "And then the new contact.", "And so, again, that dot dot dot notation with arrays means take all of those array values and stick them in this new array.", "And then last, add new contact.", "So now this function should take a new contact and set the state such that the contacts are equal to the old contacts with a new contact appended at the end.", "Lastly, we need to pass that handler down to the add contact form here.", "So we call it on submit.", "And what should it do on submit?", "Well it should invoke this dot add contact.", "Which will invoke that function that we defined up there.", "So let's go ahead and test that.", "So now we can go ahead.", "Actually let's first just have only one to begin with so it's easy to see.", "Let's go ahead and add a contact.", "Let's call him my name.", "And let's put some random phone number in.", "So what happened?", "I click submit, but nothing actually happened.", "Does anybody see what the bug is here?", "So first, how are we determining whether or not we should display that add contact form?", "Well here it says, if the state says, is telling me to show the form, then I should show the form.", "Where do we change that?", "Well we have a function that says show the form, but there's nowhere in any logic do we say, oh now it's time to hide the form.", "So where might we want to do that?", "Anyone?", "In the add contacts?", "Yeah, In the add contact function.", "So when we add a new contact, we no longer really need to show that form, right?", "And so we can say, update the contacts to the new contacts.", "And also say, we don't need to show the form anymore.", "And so now when we add a contact, the form hides.", "And that contact gets added to our application.", "Cool.", "Any questions about that?", "We can ignore that error for now.", "Cool, so is that a real phone number, one two three four?", "It's not.", "So we should add some way to check whether the input is valid or not.", "And so next we'll talk about validating input.", "So one way to go ahead and validate input is to conditionally set the state based on input value.", "And so one bug that we actually have here, is even though for the phone number only numbers are showing up, one, I can type dots.", "That's probably not ideal.", "And then, things break if I don't define a name.", "So that is not ideal.", "And furthermore, if somebody plugs in a physical keyboard, they can also type things that are not numbers.", "And that is also probably not ideal.", "And so let's figure out some sort of way to say, hey, if this phone number is not a real phone number, we should not accept it.", "And so one way to do that is to conditionally set the state based on the input value.", "So let's go back into that form and do that.", "And so where might we want to check the value of that phone number before we update the state?", "So on line 33 here, we define the handle phone change, which is the function that gets invoked every single time that input changes.", "In what we're doing is we're immediately taking that string and setting the phone in the state to be whatever arbitrary string is passed to us.", "But we don't have to do that.", "We can actually add some logic here that says, hey, we should only allow people to set phone numbers to something that resembles a phone number.", "And so let's go ahead and do that.", "So we can say if phone, and then maybe do something there, then set the state.", "Otherwise, just don't do anything.", "And so what might we want to check on the phone?", "We should check if it's a number.", "And so how do we check if a string is a number?", "There are actually many different ways and I'll show you one possible way.", "So this plus notation, if you do plus some string, it will try to cast that to a number.", "And so let's, I can show you real quick.", "So say we have a string that's one, two, three.", "If I just do +str, we get one, two, three as a number.", "But what if I do plus one, two, three, a.", "Not a number.", "Plus empty string is the case where it will return zero.", "But anything else that's not a number, will return not a number.", "And so we can use this new operator to check if our phone number is indeed a number.", "Let's go ahead and say if the phone number is indeed a number, so is greater than or equal to zero, then we can go ahead and set the state.", "And so now here, if we start to type, I'm pressing letters and nothing's happening.", "That's because any single time that I type a letter, it's going to invoke this function.", "It's going to do if plus some letter, or not a number, is greater than or equal to zero.", "Not a number is never going to be greater than or equal to 0.", "And so that's never actually going to invoke down here.", "There's still a bug where if I do one, actually there is no bug.", "Right.", "So I was thinking that if we typed empty string here, this would be 0.", "But that still evaluates to true.", "And so even though phone is an empty string, plus empty string equals 0 is indeed equal to 0.", "And so it will indeed set the phone number to empty string.", "So that's one way to validate the phone number.", "And so now we are ensuring that the phone is some sort of number.", "We can go a little bit further, because there's nothing stopping me from inputting a lot of numbers as my phone number.", "So let's just assume that all phone numbers should be 10 digits long, until we can stop the user from putting a number that's greater than 10 digits long.", "How might we do that?", "Well, we can just do if phone, dot length.", "And since it's a string, we can just check the length of it.", "As long as it's less than or equal to 10, we can go ahead and update it.", "And so now if we do one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, if I try to press additional numbers, it doesn't update.", "Why?", "Because when I try to set phone to a string of length larger than 10, this does not evaluate to true.", "And so the state does not get updated.", "So there's still problem here.", "What happens if I just click submit?", "Well, it errors because there's no name.", "And so we should probably also check that the name exists.", "And so we should also go ahead and validate the entire form before submitting.", "And so what else should we do here?", "Well, when we submit we should make sure that both fields exist.", "And so we can say if the phone number is valid, and so let's just copy and paste this.", "So now phone dot length should be equal to 10.", "And it should be number.", "Additionally, we want that name to exist.", "And so let's just arbitrarily call this dot state dot name.", "Should have a length greater than or equal to 3.", "And so now are saying if this dot state dot phone is greater than 0, when you cast two number, if the length is exactly equal to 10, and you have a name of length at least 10, then go ahead and submit the form.", "Otherwise don't do anything.", "And so now when we try to add a contact with invalid fields, nothing happens.", "But that's not great UI, right?", "I should be able to know that I shouldn't be able to submit this form.", "And so let's go a step further, and actually every single time we change the name or the phone number here, we can change this button to appear like it should be clickable or not clickable.", "And so there's an additional thing that you can do with button, an additional prop that you can pass.", "We can pass a prop called disabled.", "And if we pass disabled true, then the button just looks unclickable.", "And it is unclickable.", "And so how might we use this to make the user experience of our form better?", "Well, we can actually continuously check, hey, if the form's valid, show the clickable button.", "And if the form is invalid, then say, hey, you can't click this button.", "And so where might we want to do that logic?", "Well, we can actually validate the form after we change any inputs value.", "There's a couple of places we can do that.", "One in this dot set state.", "And so we've been using this dot set state, and we've been passing it one of two things.", "We pass it an object, if we want to just merge that object to the current state.", "Or we've passed it some sort of update or function, which is a function that takes the previous state and modifies or returns an object modifying that previous state.", "Well it turns out, you can actually also pass a second argument to this dot set state.", "And that second argument gets invoked as a callback.", "So after the state is done updating, it then invokes this callback.", "And so let's go ahead and use that to validate our form.", "So one, rather than just hard coding disabled true here, what might we want to do?", "Well, we can store in our state whether or not this form is valid.", "So let's just call this is valid form, or is form valid.", "And we know that when the form is first created, that it's not.", "And so we can just initialize this value to be false.", "And so down here in the button, we can say whether or not it's disabled depends on the value of this dot state dot is form valid.", "So this will always start as an invalid form and so we can see, oops.", "It should be disabled when the form is not valid.", "And so we can see that when the form is first created, since is form valid is false, we can't submit the form.", "That button is disabled.", "And now we can add some logic to say, hey, every single time we check the input, the form may now be valid.", "How might we want to do that?", "We're currently checking whether or not the form is valid right before we submit the form.", "But there's nothing stopping us from just abstracting that out to a new function.", "So let's call this validate form.", "And it doesn't need any arguments.", "Just because we're going to call it, and it will check the current state.", "And so here we can say, well, if these things are true, then maybe return true.", "Else return false.", "Because it's not a valid form.", "And so although this isn't perfect, we can still have dots in our phone number.", "It's close enough.", "And so now, when we invoke validate form, it's going to check.", "Hey, is the phone as a number greater than zero?", "And is it of length 10?", "So we'll just call that a phone number, even though it's not 100% rigid.", "And then, did they put something as their name?", "It has to be at least three characters.", "And if that's true, then it will say, hey, it's a valid form.", "Otherwise, no it's not a valid form.", "And so where should we invoke this function?", "Well, after a value changes.", "And so right now the only two places that the values are updated, are in this handle name change function and this handle phone change function.", "And so we can pass now as a second argument to this dot set state, this dot validate form.", "And as a second argument to handle phone change, the set state here, we can also pass this dot validate form.", "And now this validate form function is going to get called after either of those functions are fired.", "As we've currently written it, validate form does not actually do anything.", "It just returns true or false.", "And so what should we do instead?", "Well, this should tell us whether the form is valid.", "And so if the form is valid, let's actually set state here too.", "Now in validate form, rather than just returning true or false, it will actually update the state such that the is form valid field gets updated to true or false.", "So now let's see how our application functions.", "So when we first start this form, the submit button does not work.", "And let's add a name of two letters.", "And a phone number of 10.", "And the validation still works.", "If we try to type more here, it doesn't let us.", "And now, let's type a third letter.", "And all of a sudden that submit button works.", "Why?", "Well, because when we pass another argument to set state here, that gets invoked after the state is set.", "And so after it updates the name value, now the name value in state is whatever it was when we typed in the input.", "And then it fires off this function.", "And this function says, hey, if the phone number is valid and the name is at least three characters, go ahead and say the form is valid.", "And what it's listening to that is form valid part of the state, well it's the button down here.", "And so when that is updated, the button then flips from disabled to not disabled.", "And when we delete this and when it becomes invalid again, that submit button reflects the in-validness of the form.", "Any questions so far?", "So how are other ways that we can do this?", "Well, we learned a few weeks ago about the component lifecycle.", "And how there are certain functions that are called every single time a React component does something.", "And in this case, we can actually use that, the hook that's invoked every single time the form or the component updates to go ahead and fire this as well.", "And so if we wanted to, rather than invoking this dot validate form and handle phone change and handle name change, we could also do that in the component did update.", "And component did update takes a couple of different arguments.", "One is prevProps and one is prevState.", "And what can we do here?", "Well, we can just call this dot validate form.", "And so something interesting is going to happen here.", "Hm.", "We got a big error screen.", "Maximum update depth exceeded.", "This can happen when the component repeatedly calls set state inside one of these component lifecycle hooks.", "And so React is saying, hey, rather than just infinitely looping, we just threw an error.", "And so what is happening here?", "Let's take a look.", "So when we go ahead and type into type and input here, text input, something happens.", "One of these two functions is going to be invoked.", "What happens when it's invoked?", "Well, the whole component updates.", "And when the component updates, it calls this dot validate form.", "What does this dot validate form do?", "Well, it checks some things and then calls set state.", "And then when set state happens, the component updates.", "And what happens when the component updates?", "Well, it validates the form.", "And then what happens when you validate form?", "Well, the component updates.", "And so we entered a cycle where it just infinite loops.", "So how can we fix that?", "Well component did update knows about the previous props and the previous states.", "It also knows about the current props and the current state.", "And so we can go ahead and check those values.", "And say, if this dot state dot name is different than what the previous state dot name was, or this dot state dot phone is different than it used to be, then validate the form.", "Otherwise don't do anything.", "And so now when we do stuff like this, it works.", "And when we type a tentative phone number, then the form becomes valid.", "What happens when it's invalid?", "Well, it works as expected.", "And then when it becomes valid again, then all of a sudden that submit button appears again.", "And then everything else works as expected.", "And so the other place that we can validate a form is just in that component did update lifecycle hook.", "And so what's the difference?", "Well, not much.", "One difference is that when we add new functions, we also need to remember that in the set state, we need to pass that validate form field.", "But on the flip side, every time we add a new input, we also need to make sure that we're listening at the correct times in component did update.", "And so the performance of the two is equal.", "And so, whether you choose one or the other is more personal preference.", "The way I would write it is I would prefer to put it in the component did update, but it's really up to you.", "This is almost complete personal preference.", "Any questions this far?", "Yeah?", "SPEAKER 2: So when you put the is for valid function directly in the disable attribute, does it know to-- does it not know to update that?", "SPEAKER 1: So the question was, when you put the is form valid value here, does it know to update that?", "And so, yes.", "So this is not the is form valid function.", "It's just the state key called is form valid.", "And the is form valid key is updated when the validate form is called.", "And so React knows every single time the state is updated that the render might change.", "So it's outputted by render might change.", "And so every single time we call this dot set state, the component is then re-rendered.", "And the correct value of is form valid will be placed as this disabled prop to the button.", "SPEAKER 2: Do you always have to use the state to determine whether disable is true or not?", "Can you use a function instead?", "SPEAKER 1: So the question was, do we always have to use the state field to determine whether or not this form is disabled or not?", "Could we just use an inline function instead?", "So the answer is no.", "So we could definitely-- we can use a function here instead.", "And so say we actually validate form.", "Say we implemented it how we did at first.", "So let's call this validate form two, where rather than setting state to update that is form valid field, we just return true or return false.", "And then we can-- and so now down here we can just invoke that function.", "This should work.", "So now if we oops- This dot is form valid two.", "Validate form two.", "So if we call this validate form two, so this should, in theory, work.", "I forgot to flip the Boolean, but you see that the Boolean does change.", "And so what is that what is the difference between these two?", "The difference here is that this function is actually being computed as the render is happening.", "And so say it took a lot of work in order to validate this form.", "Say it took a whole second.", "What's happening to the user in that second?", "Well nothing's showing up because React doesn't yet know what to render.", "And so the render here will take a full second.", "And so the user won't see anything until a second later.", "And so that's considered bad user experience.", "Whereas, when we do the validate form in the update cycle, it's already rendered this.", "So the user's already seeing this.", "And then when the component's updating, that's when it does the computing.", "And so the user sees what the user needs to see.", "And then the expensive computation is done after the user has already seen the form.", "And so there is, on the user side, he gets to see the form rendered before this is calculated.", "And so if you do it inline here, it's actually going to slow down the render.", "Whereas if you do it in like component did update, it actually happens after the render.", "And so the user gets to see the form before this computation happening.", "And so it would be better to just store that value in state.", "That way you can recompute it at a convenient time, rather than having to do a potentially expensive computation during the render.", "Does that make sense?", "Cool.", "So let's revert this to this dot state dot is valid form.", "And we're back to where we were.", "Great, so this works really well for short forms.", "But what happens if, say we wanted to center the form.", "So now, in my opinion, the form looks slightly better.", "But when we're bringing up the keyboard, it's starting to get dangerously close to the input here.", "And so what happens if this form were slightly longer?", "Say now we had six things to fill out.", "Now when we click phone, uh oh we have something that's considered probably some bad user experience.", "That is, the input's getting covered up by the keyboard itself.", "And so you may start to run into problems like these when you're working on your projects.", "And so how might we go about in fixing that?", "So it turns out, there's this thing called a keyboard avoiding view, which is a native component to handle avoiding that virtual keyboard.", "It's good for simple or short forms, but it doesn't really work well for very complex things.", "And what happens here, and the reason that's not good, is because the view moves independent of any of its child text inputs.", "Let's take a look at usage of this component.", "So right now we have a view that surrounds these inputs.", "And let's actually import this thing called a keyboard avoiding view instead.", "So now, rather than just using a view, we can use that keyboard avoiding view.", "And same up here.", "So now the keyboard avoiding view that actually doesn't look like it's doing much.", "That's because we need to tell it what to do when the keyboard arrives.", "And so we can pass this prop called behavior.", "Which is saying, hey, what should I adjust when that keyboard appears?", "It can be one of three things.", "It can be padding, which means when the keyboard appears, go ahead and add some padding to the bottom of the view so all of the content moves up.", "It can be height, so that rather than being a full height view, it will actually change the height of that view.", "Or third, it could be position where it actually repositions the view.", "Which one is best depends a lot on your use case.", "And so, the docs say, hey, just try whichever one is best in it.", "You'll see.", "And so here, let's go ahead and use padding.", "And so now we specified some behavior for that keyboard avoiding view.", "And so when we click, it goes ahead and moves that view out of the way of the keyboard.", "And when we're done, it goes ahead and moves it back.", "And how does this happen?", "Well, this view just gets some added padding.", "So this is a relatively new component and it is still getting better.", "And so hopefully, this will be able to handle larger forms in the future.", "But for now, it works perfectly well for small forms that will fit in the space outside the view.", "So any questions on user input at all?", "Cool.", "Let's go ahead and take a short break.", "And then after the break, we'll go ahead and look get some debugging techniques.", "Hello and welcome back.", "So before the break, we were talking about a few different forms and how we handle user input in the forms.", "And there was a question in Slack asking a great question.", "And so in this form right here, we have two different inputs.", "We have the name in the phone.", "And we also have two different handlers.", "We have the handle name change and handle phone change.", "This doesn't scale super well.", "Imagine you have a form with 100 different inputs.", "It would not really be a great component if it were filled with a hundreds different handlers for all those inputs.", "And so let's go ahead and take a look at a pattern for how we can go ahead and update all of those handlers, but not have to write separate handlers for each of the separate fields.", "So if you notice, both of these handles look very similar.", "We have some string that gets passed in, and then we set the state such that the key is equal to that string.", "And the phone does some validation before, but it basically does the same thing.", "It takes a string and sets a particular key equal to that string.", "And so we can go ahead and abstract that out into a more generic updating function.", "So let's just call it handle update.", "And that's going to take a couple different arguments.", "Let's actually have it take a key and return a function.", "It's going to return a function that says, take some sort of value, and then call this dot set state.", "And then the object here, we're going to do something with the key and something with the value.", "And so we're going to take that original key and call it here and update the state to be that value.", "And so for those of you haven't seen this notation before, this basically means evaluate this expression.", "And whatever it evaluates to, cast it to a string and that's going to be the key of that object.", "And so in this handle update function, we pass it a key first.", "And so imagine we want to do the handle name change rather than doing this, we can actually do handle name change is equal to this dot handle update.", "And we're passing it a key called name.", "Well what does that return?", "We can go ahead and evaluate in our head.", "So handle update is going to be invoked with name.", "And so you're basically passing in name here, as the key, and replacing it down here.", "And so this will actually return a function that is a value.", "And what does that value do?", "Well it calls this dot set state.", "What does key evaluate to?", "Well it's just name.", "And it sets it equal to that bell.", "And as you noticed, this, is logically the same as this.", "So here all we're doing is having a generic updating function that takes some sort of key.", "And when we invoke it, it returns a handler that takes a value and sets the key, whatever we pass it, to be that value.", "And so certainly here we could start to do now handle phone change is this dot handle update.", "Let's actually name handle update to get handler.", "So slightly more informative.", "We're getting some sort of handler.", "Phone.", "And so this is slightly better but, again, for 100 different inputs, we're still going to have 100 different handlers here.", "And so why do we have to do it here?", "We don't, really.", "We can actually, down here, we can say for this text input called name, rather than doing this dot handle name change, we can actually just do this dot get handler down here and pass it the key that we want to update.", "And that's going to return a handler that takes a value and updates this key to be that value.", "And so for phone here, we can also do get handler and just pass it a phone.", "And that will go ahead and create a handler for the phone.", "And so rather than having a bunch of different methods or properties, that handle, each of the different keys for the inputs, we can actually just define one generic one up here and then go ahead and do it.", "Actually, there's a small bug actually where they should be returning that function.", "But rather than doing that, we can just use the shorthand notation like this.", "So rather than having a single line return, we can just use the shorthand.", "Because arrow notation, it just implicitly returns whatever is after the arrow.", "So this is saying, this takes a key, and it returns a function that takes a value and calls dot set state.", "And so if you ever see something that looks very weird, like a bunch of arrows pointing.", "It just means this, when invoked, returns a function.", "Which may, in turn, return a function.", "However many arrows are just the functions that are returned.", "But here this is just saying, hey, to get a handler pass me a key, and I'll return you a handler.", "A function that takes a value and invokes this dot set state.", "So hopefully that answers the question in Slack.", "And so what's the difference?", "Which is better?", "Well it depends.", "In this example with the get handler, when we render down here, it's actually going to have to invoke that get handler function n times for n inputs.", "And so that means, if we have 1,000 inputs, it's going to have to evaluate that function 1000 times in order to get the handlers.", "And so if we instead define those as class properties, rather than invoking get handler 1,000 times for every render, it does it once when it creates the function.", "And then every render, it already has those class properties.", "It can just pass those straight through.", "And so even though using this get handler generic function, it's syntactically nicer, it's not necessarily more efficient.", "In fact, it's less efficient than defining all those handlers as class properties.", "And so whether you use a bunch of different class properties, or you use get handler here, depends on what you care more about.", "Do you care more about efficiency for reading and how nice it looks to read?", "Or do you care more about straight up efficiency and performance?", "Of course, there are ways to do both.", "And if you're curious, go ahead and post your question in Slack, and I will answer it after the lecture.", "But let's go ahead and move onto the next topic for now.", "So debugging.", "So there are a few different ways to debug.", "React and React native.", "Those are the React errors and warnings, Chrome developer tools.", "Or you may see some online documents referring to those as the \"Devtools.\"", "This thing called a React native inspector.", "And this library called React dev tools.", "And so I'm curious to know how you guys have been debugging thus far.", "Go ahead and post in Slack your various workflows for debugging.", "I personally like to leave a bunch of console dot logs all over my files.", "And then go ahead and just look, oh, that's what the value of that variable was at that time.", "But that's probably not the best way for debugging.", "There are actually a bunch of tools that can do that and more.", "And one is React errors and warnings.", "And so you have this thing called console dot log, but it turns out that console object has other functions too.", "And so if you call this thing called console dot error, what happens is you get that full page alert.", "And so you've seen this a few times in lecture if we have an error, or if we trigger something In React that causes it to error out.", "And so you saw earlier when we had the infinite loop in component did update.", "And so we can go ahead and just trigger that manually by doing something like, in render we can just say, console dot air.", "This is a full page alert.", "And so now when we go ahead and render that page, we see a whole red alert with our error at top.", "And it also nicely gives us a dump of the whole stack.", "So what were the functions that were called in order to get to that console dot alert function.", "So another way to trigger this is also to just have an error, to throw an error.", "And so we can just do throw new error.", "And when we throw that error, it's actually get caught by React and shown as this function, as this big red alert box.", "And, again, you see the stack trace where it was called in the add conduct forum.", "So this is probably a very, very aggressive way to debug.", "And probably not the best way if you're playing with your application to just be greeted by a big, red alert.", "So there are also less aggressive ways by using these warnings.", "So a lot of libraries actually use either these full page alerts or these warnings to warn you or to alert you if something has gone wrong.", "And so where have we before seen yellow banners pop up?", "Well it happens in prop type.", "So if we define some prop types for our function.", "And if we don't get the prop that we're expecting, that prop type's library written by [?", "Facebook ?]", "will give us a little warning.", "It says, hey, by the way, we were expecting a different type for the props and we got this.", "And so that shouldn't really be a big error, but they're just warning you, hey, by the way, this is happening.", "And how do they do that?", "Well, they call this cancel dot warn function.", "And so, say, we want to just do console dot warn.", "This is a less aggressive warning.", "And so when that gets called, we just get a small yellow box at the bottom that's letting us know that a warning appeared.", "Again, maybe not things that you would use in your application.", "But if you're writing a library to be used by somebody else, you might want to warn them if they're using your library wrong.", "Or throw an error if an error does occur.", "The caveat with these warnings is that they don't appear in production mode.", "And so if you have warnings, and you go ahead and deploy your app to the app store running in production mode, those warnings will not appear.", "So this is not necessarily super useful.", "So what's a better way to debug rather than leaving console dot logs or leaving console dot errors or console dot warns.", "Well maybe we should use the Chrome Devtools.", "And so for those of you who have ever written web applications before, you might be familiar with these tools.", "So Google Chrome has amazing developer tools.", "Namely the debugger.", "And we'll take a look at that in a second.", "But if we're running a React native application, how the heck do we get Chrome Devtools to work?", "Isn't Chrome a web browser and aren't we trying to write mobile apps?", "Well if you remember back to early earlier on, we know that we can just run JavaScript in any Chrome tab.", "We know that we can also run JavaScript maybe in our terminal using Node.js.", "But how do we run React native JavaScript in Chrome?", "Well, if you remember back, there are actually two separate threads, one for native and one for JavaScript.", "And how do they talk to each other?", "Well they just communicate asynchronously through a bridge.", "Just sending messages back and forth like, hey, I need a button.", "And then the native will give you that button.", "And when it's clicked, it'll say, hey, JavaScript, my button was clicked.", "But does that mean they need to be running on the same device?", "Not necessarily.", "Since the way that they're communicating is just through this asynchronous message sending, that means we can run the native thread on that native device.", "And you can run the JavaScript anywhere.", "We can run it on the device.", "We can run it in a Chrome tab.", "We can even run it on somebody else's computer.", "And so we can actually go ahead and do that built into the React native application here.", "So I can go ahead and say, shake my device.", "So I can go to hardware shake, shake gesture, which is control command z.", "And it goes ahead and brings up this menu.", "And I can say, hey, I want to debug my JavaScript remotely.", "So if I click that, I get a new Chrome tab open.", "Then we just move this to a separate window.", "So I now have a separate window.", "And if you look at the title here, it's saying React native debugger.", "And so the React native JavaScript code is running as a web worker inside this tab.", "Or in other words, the JavaScript is executing inside this Chrome tab.", "And I can go ahead and open the developer tools.", "And I can see this.", "So if I go into debugger worker, local host 1901, which is where this is running, I can go ahead and see all of this code.", "And if you look at something like add contact form, you see exactly what we have been working on recently.", "And so you see that get handler.", "Let me make the text bigger.", "You see things that we've written very recently, like that get a handler function.", "That takes a key and returns a handler, a value, in that set state.", "And we can go ahead and use the power of Chrome's debugging tools to go ahead and debug our app.", "And so let's go ahead and throw a bug in our app and try to find.", "So let's go ahead and rather than using this dot state dot name dot length to check name, let's try to enforce that the user have both a first name and a last name.", "And so let's use that in order to decide whether the form is valid or not.", "And so how might we do that?", "How do we check to see if the user has given us both a first name and a last name?", "We can just count how many words are there, right?", "So let's go ahead and do something like content names are this dot state dot name dot split.", "And then split that every space.", "So for those of you who've never seen this dot split, it basically says with a string, given a string, every time you see whatever argument I pass in, go ahead and return to me an array that's tokenized by that character or string.", "And so in other words, every single time I see a string, give me the tokens around those strings.", "So in hello space world, give me an array containing hello and world.", "And so here, let's just assume that the user gives us a first name space last name.", "And now names will be an array of two names.", "The first name and the last name.", "And so now let's check if names dot length is greater than or equal to two.", "Then let's call that a valid name.", "Now down here let's get rid of all of those extraneous text inputs.", "So delete here.", "And now we're back to just those two things.", "And now we're using that get handler method.", "So let's go ahead and try to add our name.", "And make sure that the validation is running.", "So disable this dot state is valid form.", "The opposite of that.", "So now hopefully we're in the state that we were before.", "Where the form starts invalid, and if I give it a valid phone number and a valid name, is it getting called?", "It must not be.", "Component did update.", "This dot validate form.", "So let's see if it's actually getting called.", "And how might we do that?", "So time to debug.", "So for those of you who've never used the debugger, what it allows us to do is set breakpoints.", "And what our breakpoints?", "Well, it's a point where, if this code path gets hit, meaning if this code is about to get evaluated, stop and give me a chance to look at some things.", "And so we can go ahead and in that Devtools window, we can say, hey, right before this gets called, let me stop in and inspect some things.", "Let me take a look around.", "And so by clicking on these numbers around here, some things get called.", "You see these blue highlights appear.", "And that is me adding a breakpoint.", "And so now, right before this line gets executed, it's actually going to pause and let me look at some things.", "So now let's make sure that gets triggered.", "OK, so as soon as I change my name here, it triggered this.", "And it says pause on breakpoint.", "Now I can see the call stack, meaning what are all of the functions called in order to get me to where I am now.", "And so you see a lot of this is React internals.", "But you see something that looks like this dot validate form, which is from that add contact form that we were writing.", "And so it makes sense that those were the most recent functions called.", "And we also see scope.", "We see all of the variables within our scope.", "And so, if you remember back to earlier lectures, we talked about scope.", "And scope being all of the variables that I have access to at any given time.", "And we see that names is currently undefined, which makes sense.", "We haven't evaluated this line yet.", "And we see some closures, which as you remember back a few lectures ago, are functions that still have access to all of its parent-- the variables in scope of its parent.", "And so we see this add contact form, which is this form that we're inside of.", "And so we see all of the global variables as well, which there are a ton.", "But let's look at what we really care about.", "We really care about names right now which is undefined.", "And so we can say, hey, rather than-- we can click this button to resume the execution.", "So it'll just keep going.", "Or we can just step over this next function call.", "Or in other words, go to the next line.", "We can also choose to go into the function.", "If we want to, if we think, oh, it's not my code that's breaking, it's actually this dot split code that's breaking, I can choose to see how dot split is implemented.", "But I think it's a safe assumption that the bug here is mine and not the JavaScript's.", "So I can say, OK, let's go to the next line.", "And so now we see what's highlighted.", "We know that line 57 has just gotten executed.", "And we're about to execute line 58.", "And so now what is in scope?", "Well names get updated.", "Now names is Jordan space hayash, which is what we were writing in the input.", "And so now we can go ahead and step through our code line by line to see where the bug is.", "And so now we can go ahead and say, OK, we're checking phone, we're checking phone's length, and we're checking names dot length.", "And so this worked.", "And so now we're on line 59.", "And it's about to say, is form valid true.", "Cool.", "Click next and then what is happening now?", "So now, it updated everything.", "And now we're in the next cycle.", "So it was validating the form again.", "And so we can just keep clicking through.", "And now the component did update is done.", "And so this dot validate form is finished.", "And now it's going to finish updating.", "And we can just hit play.", "It looks like we're stuck in a loop.", "What's happening over here?", "OK.", "So we saw that the problem was not in this validate form.", "Names was getting set to be what we thought it was being set to.", "And we saw that this dot set state is form valid is getting updated to be true.", "And so the bug lies somewhere else.", "So is form valid is getting updated as expected.", "And so down here, we see why isn't disabled getting updated?", "Well this dot state is valid form does not exist.", "What are we calling it?", "Well we're calling it this dot state dot is formed valid.", "So we see up in the state, we're declaring is form valid.", "We're updating here.", "And that is what we should be looking at, rather than is valid form.", "Cool so we caught the bug.", "And now we can ensure that it works.", "Great, now it worked.", "But let's say, oh, I made a typo.", "Let me go back.", "Hey, wait a second, is there a first name and a last name?", "No, but it's saying that the form is still valid.", "And so now we have another bug.", "And so let's now go use Chrome Devtools again to figure out what the bug is here.", "So let's again set a breakpoint here.", "And go ahead and find that case.", "OK. And now when we hit a space, now we're back to where we were.", "On the case that has been tripping us up.", "And so now, we're about to execute line 57.", "We see names is undefined.", "And so let's go ahead and execute that line.", "And now we see names of length 2.", "And what is that array?", "Well the first name is Jordan and that second string does not exist.", "And so names dot split is doing what we're telling it to.", "We're saying split at every space.", "And right now, this dot state dot name, we could dig for it in here.", "So this dot state dot name is Jordan space, which isn't a first and last name pair.", "But the way that we're defining whether or not a name is of length two is getting fired.", "So, again, this dot state dot name is Jordan space.", "And we see that name dot split at the space is giving us two entries.", "Jordan and empty stream.", "Because it is splitting at the space.", "And what's after the space?", "Well, an empty string.", "And so we see that here, this is returning true when it should not be.", "And so now we can go ahead and fix that bug.", "So rather than saying names dot length is greater than or equal to 2, what do we have to do instead?", "We should also check that names-- the last name exists.", "And so we can just do, hey, remember back to what are all the falsy values.", "Well empty string is a falsy value.", "And so if names bracket one, meaning the last name, if that's an empty string that shouldn't be an accepted value.", "And so now let's go ahead and remove that breakpoint.", "So we are in the file called add contact form.", "Let's go ahead and remove that breakpoint.", "And now we see that if I do Jordan space.", "Well this isn't a valid phone number.", "Jordan space, it's still erroring.", "Did we remember to save?", "We did not.", "So, again, phone number, Jordan space.", "And it is not a valid form.", "And so we can use Chrome's debugger tools to go ahead and step through our code line by line and see all of the variables that are in scope.", "And so we can catch bugs like this, where what we think is the case that we're looking for, might not be.", "And actually it's still slightly buggy.", "Can anybody see the bug?", "So if we have a leading space, we're only checking the last name.", "We're not making sure the first name is existing.", "And so we can fix that real quick.", "We can say, oh names zero also needs to exist.", "And we'll call that good enough.", "So now with a valid phone number, space [?", "Hayashi ?]", "doesn't work.", "Space space doesn't work.", "And it only works as soon as we start to add that second value.", "And so another great thing about Chrome developer tools is the console.", "And so I said earlier how I love console dot log.", "And let's actually look at a case where console dot log works in the browser.", "But it might not work in other environments.", "So let's go ahead and stop remote debugging.", "And so now we're running the JavaScript not in the browser.", "And so let's go ahead and every time we want to validate the form, let's just console dot log the form.", "Or this dot state.", "So now when we're changing the state, we see things are updating over here.", "And so the logging of the JavaScript is getting piped over to the [?", "expo XTE. ?]", "And we see down here, when we console log this dot state, we see an object that has all of the keys and values of state.", "Where is form valid is false, name is Jay, and phone is empty string.", "But what happens if that object is pretty complicated?", "What happens if that object has a cycle?", "So now we're sticking inside of state this is equal to this.", "And so this here, is going to have this dot state in it.", "And so this dot state dot this, is going to be this.", "Do you see how this is going to start becoming circular?", "And so this is called circular JSON.", "Or JavaScript object that self-references itself.", "And so now if we start to type anything here, things just aren't going to work.", "So this is now a valid form.", "But it's not showing as a valid form.", "Why?", "Because this initial console dot log is still trying to happen.", "And so you notice that nothing here is getting logged.", "It's because it's still trying to figure out what to log.", "It's going through that infinite cycle.", "But, it turns out if we try to actually do this in the browser instead, so now we're back here.", "Say we type something over here.", "It works.", "And so Chrome's logging abilities are actually phenomenal.", "And you can see that it gets printed four times because we changed the value four times.", "And what do we see here?", "We see is form valid false, name, test, phone, empty string as expected.", "And then we see this.", "Which has in it, this dot state, which has in it this, which has in it this dot state, which has in it this.", "And this can go on forever.", "And so the logging abilities of Chrome are actually pretty incredible.", "As are the debugger.", "And so this is a great way to go ahead and debug.", "You can step through your code line by line.", "You can have these pretty complex console dot logs and it all works.", "So what happens if the bug is not logical?", "What happens if the bug is rather in the layout?", "So let me introduce a small bug.", "So let's actually go ahead and stop running this remotely.", "So now we have our form.", "It's at the top like it was at the beginning.", "And say now we want to try to get it to the center.", "Let's try to center this form vertically.", "The way you would do that would be justify content into the center.", "And that, in theory, is going to take all of the content of the container, which is what we're calling the wrapper, and move all of its content to the center of its height.", "But as we see, it's not moving down to the center.", "And those of you-- some people may see instantly, oh exactly what's wrong.", "But it's pretty not obvious.", "We have it supposedly centering.", "But it's not moving to the center of the screen like we're expecting.", "And so this is not really something you can debug using the Devtools or console dot log, because it's not a logical bug.", "This one has to do with layout.", "And so it would be really great if we could just inspect all of the layouts.", "Fortunately, we have something called the React native inspector.", "And this is analogous to that Chrome element inspector.", "So those of you with a web background, probably use that element inspector where you can see all of the Dom elements, and see exactly where they are on the page.", "It also allows you to see data associated with those elements, like margin, padding, size, et cetera.", "And so we can actually go ahead-- we can use that tool to figure out what's going wrong here.", "And so, again, if we shake our device, we can see this toggle element inspector button.", "And if you click on it, we see this UI pop up.", "It says tap something to inspect it.", "And so if we go and click this inspect button down here, that will toggle on.", "And so now we can click anywhere, and we can start to see all of the styles associated with something.", "So say we click on this input, we see down here this text input is in add contact form.js, which is exactly where we defined it.", "We see all of it style attributes.", "It has a border width of one.", "It has a border color black, mid width 100, margin top 20, et cetera.", "And we see exactly how it's laid out.", "And so imagine that this was a box.", "We see its margins.", "So it has a margin top of 20.", "Bottom, there's no margin.", "And on either side it's 20.", "We see some padding.", "And we see the dimensions of the element itself.", "And so that's helpful information as we're trying to determine how are we trying to lay out our UI elements.", "And so what's the buggy part?", "The buggy part is that form that we say, oh, it should be centering its content but it's not.", "And so let's go ahead and find that form.", "The submit button.", "There's that form.", "This is the keyboard avoiding view in the add contact form.", "So it has a background color of white, has a padding top of 20, justified content center, padding bottom 0, all these things that we defined in the style.", "But the height isn't what we're expecting.", "We're expecting it to be full height, but what's being highlighted is only this here.", "And so blue refers to the height of the element itself.", "Green refers to its padding.", "And so it is centering its content.", "If you imagine the height is here, everything is perfectly centered.", "It's just the height is not what we were expecting it to be.", "We thought the height was going to be the full and so center should be here.", "And so we found our bug.", "The bug is that we just need to make the height full height, so that when it's entering its content, the content is in the center of the device.", "Not the center of this view, which is not as tall as we thought.", "And so if you remember back to section when you guys talked about Flexbox, we can see the bug.", "So a container should be filling all of its available space.", "We should say flex 1.", "So grow as much as you can.", "And now, it's centered again.", "And how can we confirm that?", "Well, we can click on that add contact form and now we see it's blue all the way down.", "And we see the height is now what we expected.", "And so for testing UI elements and seeing exactly how they're laid out, their size, their padding, their margin, the inspector is a great tool to be able to do that.", "The caveat with this inspector is that doesn't allow you to live edit these elements.", "So when I wanted to change the flex to be one, I actually had to go do that in the source I had to rebundle the JavaScript, have the bundle get sent to the app, and have app reload.", "It doesn't allow me to just hop in there and change things at will.", "Since I'm talking about that, you can probably guess there is a tool to do that.", "That tool is called React dev tools.", "This allows you to inspect the React component hierarchies, so you can see the entire React tree including the components, the props and its state, style.", "How do we run this?", "So first we have to install it.", "So if you run this command npm install -g, which stands for globally.", "Install this library called React dev tools.", "And so we can go ahead and do an npm install -g react dev tools.", "So I already have it installed, so it's going to happen fairly quickly.", "But for those of you at home who don't have it installed, you can go ahead and install it globally now.", "And this will allow us to go ahead and use this tool called React dev tools anywhere.", "And so when we want to run it, all we have to do is type React dev tools, and it will open up, it will run the command, and open it up.", "And what that does is it allows us to make live edits to style, live edits to props, et cetera.", "And if you want to read more about it, you can go to its Github page.", "It's also maintained by Facebook.", "I mean, it's a brilliant tool.", "So go ahead and give it a shot.", "So notice we just run it as React dev tools.", "We don't have to tell it where our app is.", "And it will just go ahead and find our application.", "And so now we see this.", "We see app container.", "And if we start to unfold these things, things are going to start become pretty recognizable.", "So we're starting to see things that we've named.", "Add contact form, app, text input, text input button.", "And as we hover over them, you can see them highlight over here.", "And how is that working?", "Well it's actually working with the inspector to do that.", "And so now let's go ahead and reintroduce that bug.", "Let's go ahead and reintroduce that bug into add contact form.", "We can get rid of that flex.", "Let's get rid of justify content center as well.", "And so now we're back to where we started, with that original bug, where we want to center this and we're going to have to figure out how.", "And so let's do that in the React developer tools.", "And so you can see that this tree here matches up exactly with the tree that we've defined in our code.", "And this is actually the react element tree.", "And so we can find that keyboard avoiding view, and we can see the style here.", "We see background colors FFF and padding top is 20.", "And that matches with exactly what we have here where 20 is just getting the value of this variable.", "And so now we can actually add inline whatever we want.", "We can say, right now if we highlight over this with the inspector on, we see that this keyboard avoiding view is only this tall.", "It's only as tall as its content.", "And so let's first get that to fill.", "And so we can go ahead and just say, oh, I wonder what's going wrong.", "Let me add flex one.", "And so now, all of a sudden, keyboard avoiding view is filling all the available space.", "Which is exactly what we're telling it to do.", "We're saying, flex grow until you fill all of the available space.", "So now we can go ahead and center all of its content.", "And we can say justify your content to the center.", "And you see it jumps immediately.", "And so this also allows us to inspect all of our components.", "State, our props, anything that we care about.", "And so right now inside our form so, say we can't find our form.", "Say it's buried deep.", "We can just go ahead and search form and we find or add conduct form.", "And you can see its subtree here.", "Right now its state is saying is form valid false, name, phone.", "And as we change things, you can see things live update over here.", "And so as the state of the app changes, you can see it update in the dev tools here.", "And so this is a great tool to make sure what you think is happening to the state is exactly what's happening to the state.", "And you can even override this.", "Let's say the phone should be this.", "And it will go ahead and set that state for you.", "So this is all around great tool for inspecting state, setting state, making sure things happen when you set state.", "You can go ahead and inspect style and go ahead and quickly prototype, so that you don't have to type all of your style into your text editor.", "You can just see exactly how it's going to impact your application.", "And then if you like what you see then go ahead and then commit that and save it in your text editor.", "You can also see what props are coming down.", "You can ensure that you're passing the props that you think are passing down.", "I mean, so this is just a great tool to be able to see exactly what React knows.", "So any questions on React dev tools, the inspector, or Chrome Devtools?", "So let's move on to our last topic.", "So external library.", "So how did we get React dev tools onto our computer?", "We use this thing called NPM And React dev tools is actually just an external library, external code that we're bringing into our own project.", "So libraries are code written outside the context of your project, that you can bring into your own project.", "And so these can be written by you, they can be written by other people, or they can be written by companies.", "Or anybody really.", "And so stuff like React is a library.", "It's a library written by Facebook that we pull into the project that we're writing, just because we want the ability to use all the features of React without having to write the code ourselves.", "Imagine every time you want to write a React native application.", "Imagine you have to write all of React native.", "That would not be fun.", "And, in fact, it would not be fast at all.", "Which is the big benefit of writing in React native.", "And so what we can do is we can actually use other people's code and bring that into our own projects.", "And so since React native is just doing JavaScript, it's writing JavaScript and evaluating JavaScript, you can add any JavaScript code to your project.", "And so any library written in pure JavaScript, you can just pull in and use that code in your project.", "And so there are plenty of great tools that give you a bunch of functions that you can use.", "So like Lodash, Underscore, Ramda.", "These are all just tool belts that give you access to functions that you might use very often.", "And you can just go ahead and pull all that JavaScript into your project and use it as you see fit.", "The way you that you install these things is by using NPM, or Node Package Manager.", "For those of you who are not familiar with package managers, is it allows you to just-- manages the packages for you.", "These packages, synonymous with libraries.", "And so you can say, rather than me having to go and find where the source code of React is, and download it, and then upload it into my project, and then go ahead and import into my project.", "Oh no, versions don't match.", "That's all taken care of for you buy this thing called NPM.", "And so if you say, hey, I want React.", "You can just say, NPM install react.", "It will find where React is located for you.", "It will download it for you.", "It will keep track of the correct version number for you.", "And then you can just go ahead and import that into your project.", "And how does it keep track for you?", "Well, that's what that package.json is.", "So every single project that we've seen before, there's this thing called package.json.", "And inside it, there are a few different key value pairs.", "And one important one is called dependencies.", "Dependencies, or in other word, what other code do I need in order to make this application work?", "Obviously I'm going to need React.", "Because every single file, the first line is what?", "Import React from React.", "Well, where is React?", "Well, it's right here.", "And so what this package.json does is it says, hey, this is the exact version of React that we need.", "NPM go find that for me, go download it for me, and keep track of where it is so that I can import it into my project.", "What else do we need to run?", "Well we need Expo and we need React native.", "And if we need other libraries, we need to make sure that they're here.", "So that when other people want to use our project, they have those when they want to install.", "And so many of you have probably used this command called NPM install, and now you know exactly what it does.", "Is it reads through all your dependencies and goes in find them and downloads them for you.", "And so now let's say in row, we want to define some prop types.", "So we've seen before, this line, import prop types from prop types.", "And then we go how do you use it.", "We can say row dot prop types is this object where we're expecting a name, which is a string.", "And we're expecting phone, which is also a string.", "So we've gone ahead and imported this thing called prop types from this library called prop types.", "But what is prop types?", "Well this is actually going to work, believe it or not.", "And it's a little bit strange why it works.", "The reason that it works is because other the libraries that we're importing, also import prop types.", "And so we it just happens to be the case that prop types is already installed for us.", "But we're not guaranteed that it's already going to be installed first.", "So what we should do is NPM install prop types.", "Which is saying, hey, in this project, we actually need this external library called prop types.", "NPM go install it for me and then make sure to note it.", "And so now, if you see, in our package.json file, prop types was automatically added for us.", "And so NPM is this great software that just manages all of our packages for us.", "It finds what we need, and installs it, and keeps track of version numbers.", "And it makes sure that whoever is using my project, when they type NPM install, they get the dependencies that they need to run my project.", "And so if you're using an NPM version before NPM 5, and so you can tell what NPM version you're using by doing NPM --version.", "I'm running 5.6.", "Since that is newer than NPM 5, I don't need to use this dash dash save flag.", "Before NPM five, if you just did NPM install, it wouldn't add it to your package.json, and now that's the default.", "But if you are using an older version of NPM, then you're going to have to use that dash dash save flag.", "Or if you want to install a library globally, so like we did with React tools, you're going to have to use that dash G flag.", "And what that does is it gives you access to that library everywhere on your computer.", "And so the reason that we could just type React dev tools was at the command line is because that package is installed globally on our computer.", "The reason it wasn't working is because there's another one running on this separate window.", "And then, lastly, all we need to do is just import into to our project.", "And so a line that we see all the time is import React from React.", "And what that does is it says, hey, go get that package called React, import its export default or its default export into our project, name it React.", "And now I'm free to go ahead and use that.", "And so if I want to use any other library, all I could do is NPM install that library, make sure that it's added to our package.json, so other people who use our project can go ahead and install that for themselves.", "And that's done automatically by NPM.", "And them we can go ahead and import that into our project and use it as we please.", "And so in future lectures, we'll see other JavaScript libraries that we'll be using.", "So React navigation we'll see very soon.", "And we'll see other libraries like Redux.", "That's just us using other people's code to our benefit.", "We don't have to re-implement other people's projects.", "We don't have to reinvent the wheel.", "We can just go ahead and build upon what other people have written on our own app.", "And so a lot of non-replicated effort on our part.", "So next week we'll go ahead and dive into navigation.", "We'll see how, right now we're using the if the state says to show the form, go ahead and render a different page.", "Otherwise render original page.", "Next week we'll see exactly how we're going to do that scalably.", "Because right now, if we have 10 different pages, we don't really want, if this page is visible, render this page.", "If this page is visible, then render this.", "We're going to see a library that allows us to better navigate our application.", "And it will give us the ability to have things pop on top of each other, go back and forth.", "And so we'll dive into that library.", "And so we actually have a guest lecturer.", "The people who wrote the library itself join us next week.", "Next lecture.", "Next week is spring break.", "And so we have that to look forward to in the coming lecture.", "So thanks everyone." ]

[ "Introduction", "User Input", "Handling Multiple Inputs", "Validating Input", "KeyboardAvoidingView", "Debugging", "React Errors and Warnings", "Chrome Devtools", "React Native Inspector", "react-devtools", "External Libraries" ]

[ "From her childhood in a small, middle-class town in Brazil to the upper echelons of the modeling world, here is the stunning transformation of Gisele Bündchen.", "Bundchen never expected to become a model.", "In fact, she was raised in a small town in Brazil and didn't even know modeling was a job.", "She told The Wall Street Journal, \"I wanted to be a volleyball player.\"", "On July 20th, 1980, Bündchen was born to a bank clerk and a university teacher, according to Lifetime.", "Her childhood was spent in a small, three-bedroom white brick house in a tiny town with her five sisters.", "According to her, she and her sisters got along like \"six best friends,\" and she claims she was a real tomboy as a child.", "Fond of climbing trees and running around outside, it's easy to see why modeling wasn't initially in her plans.", "Bündchen's upbringing was Roman Catholic and she was raised speaking Portuguese as her first language.", "She also has some German heritage from both parents, and she apparently learned a little German in school.", "Bundchen has been described by interviewers as speaking \"a mile a minute.\"", "As it turns out, the supermodel has always been highly energetic.", "She told Vanity Fair, \"I was extremely hyper when I was a kid, like bouncing off the walls.", "I think that if I was in America they'd probably give me medication.\"", "While Bundchen's energy might have been a lot to handle for her parents, it's clearly a quality that's helped her get where she is today.", "Her twin, Patricia, told the publication, \"Unlike me, Gisele was very talkative, and she wasn't afraid to be away from home for some time even when she was little.\"", "Sounds like she showed signs of being a real personality even from an early age.", "Because of her excessive energy, Bundchen's parents put her in lots of classes as a child — ballet, gymnastics, and, you guessed it, modeling.", "These days, Bundchen is known all over the world as being a gorgeous supermodel — but it wasn't always this way.", "In fact, she revealed to Vanity Fair that as a child, she struggled to get used to her striking looks.", "She explained, \"I was tall and really thin.", "The kids in school called me Olive Oyl and Saracura, which is a bird with really skinny long legs.\"", "While this classic model look eventually led to Bündchen's hugely successful career, she was bullied and ostracized for her unusual appearance as a kid.", "Bündchen confessed that she also disliked her nose.", "As she once explained to The Wall Street Journal, she thought she was \"strange looking.\"", "Instead of focusing on her looks, Bündchen worked at getting good grades, making good friends, and taking part in sports — she was even captain of her school's volleyball team.", "Bündchen enjoyed her childhood, even if she was a little self-conscious.", "She added, \"If I were told I could come back as anything, I would have chosen the same life, the same family, the same experiences, the same friends.\"", "Bundchen's normal childhood was cut short when she was just 14.", "She was on a school trip to Rio when a modeling scout spotted her.", "After that, Bündchen dropped out of school and dove into the world of modeling, according to Vanity Fair.", "In a letter to her younger self for CBS This Morning, Bündchen reflected on her meeting with the model scout.", "She said, \"To your surprise a model scout approaches you because of your unique look.", "It turns out, the bullies at school who tease you for being different are wrong.\"", "Bündchen also recalled moving to New York City two years later, not knowing English.", "She continued, \"In the beginning, jobs are scarce, and you'll have to learn how to manage your money so you can have enough to eat.\"", "At first, Bündchen did struggle to make it big.", "She told The New York Times, \"In the beginning, everyone told me, 'Your eyes are too small, the nose is too big, you can never be on a magazine cover.'\"", "Of course, soon enough, she proved them wrong.", "As a teenager entering the modeling industry, Bundchen was essentially clueless; despite having taken a modeling course, she had a lot to learn.", "She confessed to Vanity Fair that she had \"no idea\" what modeling was — but she soon learned that it was about becoming something other than just yourself.", "Even though Bündchen was new to modeling, she was hooked very early on.", "After years of putting up with bullying and name calling, suddenly, people found her attractive and beautiful.", "She admitted that \"it was a different standard of beauty.\"", "As her twin sister said, even though Bündchen was inexperienced, she was determined.", "Patricia recalled, \"Her willpower made her successful.", "She has never let the critics put her down, and this has never changed.\"", "Soon, Bündchen's hard work, perseverance, and thick skin paid off.", "More and more jobs started to come her way, and her career seemed to be on course to take off.", "\"I feel like I was in the right place at the right time with the right attitude.\"", "Once Bundchen found her feet in the modeling world, the jobs started coming in.", "Her first big break was through Alexander McQueen when she was 17, and Bündchen is grateful to him for it.", "She told Love magazine, \"The great thing about McQueen was that he wouldn't look at anybody's books.", "All he cared about was that you could walk in impossible heels.\"", "It was around this time that Bündchen became known as \"the Body.\"", "Another major moment in Bündchen's career came one year later, when Big magazine made her the focus of an entire issue.", "Bündchen believes that it was these early opportunities in the world of British fashion that catapulted her to stardom.", "She explained, \"Ninety per cent of the power people in fashion are British.", "I think people understood I could be cool after that.\"", "Soon enough, Bündchen was everywhere.", "In fact, her rise to fame in the late '90s is often credited with the end of the heroin chic fad.", "A few years later, she was the highest-paid model in the world, according to The Guardian.", "For Bundchen, becoming a supermodel was both thrilling and a little dangerous.", "These days, she's known for her healthy lifestyle, but it wasn't always this way.", "She explained to The Guardian that early in her career, she was overly eager to do every job that came her way.", "The pressure soon became too much and she started to experience panic attacks — and her lifestyle didn't help.", "She admitted, \"I was eating steak and fries every night.", "I was drinking a bottle of wine and smoking cigarettes and having a mocha cappuccino for breakfast.\"", "Bündchen's unhealthy lifestyle soon sent her spinning into a cycle of insomnia and anxiety.", "She finally realized she needed to make a change when she was 24, when she reached her lowest point — as she confessed, she once even considered harming herself.", "She said, \"What I realized was that I am creating this for myself: we are creating the lives we are living with our actions and we have a choice.\"", "Bündchen soon committed to a new routine of meditation, yoga, lots of sleep, and healthy plant-based food — and she hasn't looked back since.", "\"The first thing I do when I wake up is I just have lukewarm water with lemon squeezed in.", "It helps wake up your body and your metabolism, and it just kind of gets things started.\"", "While Bundchen was on the cover of just about every fashion magazine out there in the 2000s, she also graced plenty of tabloids.", "This was largely thanks to her relationship with superstar Leonardo DiCaprio.", "According to The Sun, the pair dated from 1999 to 2005.", "However, the relationship was definitely a pretty rocky one.", "As W revealed in 2002, they broke up at least once.", "At the time, Bündchen stated, \"No time for boys.", "There's nothing else to say.\"", "Then a few years later, there were rumors of marriage.", "As Bündchen revealed to Vanity Fair, the relationship did have its positives.", "She admitted, \"We were very young, and we grew together in a lot of ways.\"", "In the end, Bündchen realized that DiCaprio didn't fit into her new, healthier lifestyle.", "In her memoir Lessons: My Path to a Meaningful Life, she explained that as she cleaned up her lifestyle, she began to notice that DiCaprio wasn't keen on doing the same.", "She wrote, \"Was I alone in wanting to do some serious soul-searching while he stayed the same?", "In the end, unfortunately, the answer was yes.\"", "Part of Bundchen's healthy regime is a daily Buddhist meditation routine.", "As Love reported, she even has a tendency to quote Buddhist texts in everyday conversation.", "Meditation is a crucial part of feeling her best — in fact, without it, she wouldn't be who she is today.", "In a chat with People magazine, she said, \"Meditation has been a great tool for me in my life.", "It helps to quiet my mind and helps me see things more clearly.", "It brings a sense of peace to my day.\"", "\"It's a big difference when I don't, actually, I feel almost kind of like I'm playing catchup when I don't meditate.\"", "Over the years, Buddhism has brought Bündchen a greater sense of wisdom and healing, too.", "She added, \"I have been meditating since my early 20s and I must say that words do not express enough the significance of its gifts in my life.\"", "Shortly after breaking up with DiCaprio, Bundchen met someone new — superstar quarterback Tom Brady.", "As the model told Love magazine, all of her friends had been trying to set her up.", "Eventually, she agreed to meet Brady on a blind date.", "She confessed, \"It was really like doing a favor for a friend.\"", "Bündchen had set aside half an hour for the date, but it ended up lasting three hours.", "In fact, as Bündchen confessed to Vanity Fair, she practically fell in love with Brady on that first date.", "She claimed, \"I knew right away — the first time I saw him.\"", "\"When I saw those kind eyes I literally fell in love like right away, I was like 'what?'\"", "Even though Bündchen had been happily single for a year prior to meeting Brady, she was totally smitten.", "Three years later, the pair married in a super private ceremony in Santa Monica.", "As Bündchen explained, the wedding cemented their already strong relationship.", "They'd been living together, and the ceremony simply made it a little more official.", "Bundchen had two children with Brady: Benjamin and Vivian Brady.", "For most parents, having children proves to be a momentous milestone in life.", "For Bündchen, motherhood was utterly transformative.", "She told Love magazine, \"It's a cliche, but there is no bigger thing.\"", "She also explained that having kids completely changed her perspective, adding, \"I don't want him to say his mom was a successful model.", "I want him to say that she took care of him.", "[...] That she was a good person.\"", "Of course, adjusting to life as a mother wasn't easy.", "As she wrote in her memoir, \"When I became a mom, I kind of lost myself.", "It was like a part of me died.\"", "Bündchen had to get used to being responsible for someone else.", "She went on to say, \"I suddenly felt l couldn't do other things and that was very hard for me.\"", "While she was thrilled, it was, as she put it, \"a shock.\"", "Bundchen turned 40 in 2020.", "And while she may be getting older, she appears to be doing it with her usual dose of grace and enthusiasm.", "To celebrate her birthday, Bündchen announced on Instagram that she would be planting 40,000 trees.", "She's carved out a reputation as a passionate activist over the years.", "She even became a Global Goodwill Ambassador as part of the UN's environment program.", "As it states on the UN's website, \"With a uniquely global reach, Bündchen uses her influence to bring attention to our planet and how society can collectively work to protect it.", "She is often noted among the world's most generous celebrities.\"", "In an interview with The Guardian, Bündchen explained that the notion of aging doesn't phase her — she plans to enjoy life as she always has.", "She said, \"I mostly like to be outside with nature, doing something physical like surfing, horseback riding, I play volleyball, run around with my kids or take my dog for a walk.\"", "Bündchen went on to explain that she had no intention of starting any new exercise regimes or diets to stop the natural aging process in its tracks.", "As she put it, \"It's important to do those things that really nourish you, benefit you, make you feel good.\"", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about your favorite stuff are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Raised in Brazil", "Hyper kid", "Gaining confidence", "Dropping out", "Willpower", "The Body", "Prioritizing health", "Rocky relationship", "Buddhism", "Dream wedding", "Becoming a mother", "Looking forward" ]

[ "Hi, my name is Mosh Hamedani, and I'm super excited to be your instructor.", "In this three hour course, you're going to learn everything you need to get started with SQL or SQUEL.", "First I'm going to give you a three minute introduction to SQL, then we're going to install the necessary tools and write our first SQL query.", "This course is ideal for anyone who wants to learn SQL from scratch, but also anyone with some basic knowledge who wants to fill in the missing gaps.", "By the end of this course, you'll be able to retrieve insert, update, and delete data in databases.", "We'll talk about tables, relationships, different types of joints, sub-queries regular expressions and much, much, more.", "These are the essential concepts every software developer or data scientist must know.", "This SQL course is packed with tons of exercises that help you both learn and remember the SQL syntax.", "Also, there is a table of content below this video so you can quickly jump to specific tutorials, now let's jump in and get started.", "Let's start the course with a quick overview of databases, what they are and how we use them.", "A database is a collection of data stored in a format that can be easily accessed.", "In order to manage our databases, we use a software application called database management system, or, DBMS.", "We connect to a DBMS and give it instructions for querying or modifying data.", "The DMBS will execute our instructions and send results back.", "Now we have several database management systems out there, and these are classified into two categories, relational and non relational, also called NoSQL.", "In relational databases, we store data in tables that are linked to each other using relationships.", "That's why we call these databases relational databases, each table stores data about a specific type of object, like customer product, order and so on.", "SQL or SQUEL is the language that we use to work with these relational database management systems.", "It looks like this.", "We use SQL to query or modify our data.", "In this course you're going to learn everything there is to know about this powerful language.", "Now, there are many different relational database management systems, out there, some of the most popular ones are MySQL, SQL Server my Microsoft, and Oracle.", "But of course, there are plenty more.", "Each database management system has a different flavor of SQL.", "But all these implementations are very similar and are based on the standard SQL specification.", "So most of the SQL code that you will learn in this course will work with any database management system.", "In this course, we'll be using MySQL, which is the most popular open source database in the world.", "Okay, now back to this diagram, what about non relational databases?", "In non relational databases, we don't have tables or relationships, these databases are different from relational databases, but that's a topic for an entirely different course.", "What you need to know is non relational database systems don't understand SQL.", "They have their own query language.", "So, we use SQL to work with relational database management systems.", "Now, before we jump in and install MySql, let me clarify something quickly, as you talk to different people, you will hear two different pronunciations of SQL.", "SQUEL, or SQL.", "What is the correct way?", "Well, it depends on who you ask, and of course everybody thinks their way of pronouncing this word is the right way.", "But here's a history about this language.", "SQL was originally developed at IBM in the 70s and back then it was initially called SQUEL short for structured English query language.", "But they changed the acronym to SQL, because SQUEL was the trademark of an airplane company.", "So to this day, there has been an argument about what is the right generally speaking, people in non-English speaking countries call it SQL.", "I'm used to calling it SQUEL because it's shorter and sweeter than SQL.", "But if you prefer to call it SQL, that's totally fine with me, I'm not going to get mad at you.", "So that's the history behind this language.", "But what about MySQL as a software product?", "Developers of this product prefer to call it MySQL rather than mySQL.", "But they don't mind if they call it MySQL.", "In this course, I'll be teaching you SQL with MySQL.", "Hey guys, Mosh here.", "I just wanted to let you know that you really don't have to memorize anything in this course, because I've created a complete cheat sheet with summary notes for you.", "You can find it below this video in the description box.", "So I have done my best to create the best possible, most comprehensive SQL course for you, and I would really appreciate it if you would support my hard work by liking and sharing this video.", "Thank you so much, now, let's continue.", "In this tutorial, I'm going to show you how to install MySQL on your computer.", "Now I'm using a Mac, so first I will show you how to install MySQL on a Mac computer, and then I will show you how to install it on Windows.", "So if you're a Windows user, feel free to skip this tutorial.", "Now, open up your browser and head over to MySQL.com.", "Then, go to the downloads page, and scroll down to the bottom.", "Here you should see MySQL community edition, this is absolutely free, and we're going to use that throughout this course.", "So let's go ahead and look at that, now on this page, click on MySQL, community server, and then on this page, you should see available releases for Mac OS.", "So, in this list, download the first item which is a dmg archive.", "Alright, now, on the next page, click on no thanks, just start my download.", "Okay, as you can see, we are getting a dmg file, which is basically a setup wizard.", "Alright, now the DMG is downloaded, so let's open it, and then double click on this package, this will launch an installation wizard which is pretty easy to use, so simply click on continue and again, and again, agree with the license agreement, and install MySQL, it's going to ask for your password, this is the password that you used to log into your computer, so let's put that here, alright, now here we need to set a password to the root for the admin user.", "So click next, and in this box, type a complex password, alright, now, let's finish the installation, and enter your computer's password one more time, and we are done!", "That was super easy and sweet.", "Alright, we installed MySQL community server, now we need the graphical tool to connect with this server and manage our databases.", "So, back to the downloads page, one more time, scroll to the bottom, and go to MySQL community addition, and on this page, somewhere you should see MySQL workbench.", "This is a graphical tool that we use to connect to our database server.", "So let's go ahead and download this as well.", "Now once again on this page, we need to download a dmg archive, so, download, and, again we have to say no we don't want to login or sign up, so let's go ahead and download the dmg, and then open it, alright, you're going to see something like this, so drag this MySQL workbench and drop it onto the applications folder.", "So, let's go ahead with that, now it's going to copy this into the applications folder, beautiful, so we're done with the installation, that was super easy, now press command and space, and search for MySQL, work bench, there you go, let's open it, now the first time we get this message, because this is an application we downloaded from the internet.", "So, we need to tell Mac that we trust this, let's go ahead with that, so this is MySQL workbench, now by default you see a connection here, if you don't see that, you need to create it.", "Let me show you how to do that.", "So for this demo I'm going to right click this and delete this connection, alright, now let's create a connection from scratch.", "So click on this plus icon, on this page, give this connection a name, let's say local instance, now the connection method we're going to use is tcip, which is set by default, the host name is 127.0.0.1, which is the address of the local machine, and the port is 33 06, this is the default port for MySQL server, that is the user name of the admin, now we need to enter the password.", "This is the password that we set during the installation.", "So, click on store in keychain, and in this box, type the password for the MySQL server.", "Alright and finally, let's test the connection, okay, we successfully connected to MySQL server on the local machine, beautiful, let's click okay, and here we have a connection on the homepage of MySQL workbench, every time we open MySQL workbench, we use this connection to connect to our local server.", "Alright, we're done with the installation of MySQL on a Mac, next I will talk about MySQL on a Windows computer, so feel free to skip that tutorial.", "In this tutorial, I'm going to show you how to install MySQL on Windows.", "So open up your browser and head over to MySQL.com, then, go to the downloads page now here, scroll down to the bottom, we're going to use MySQL community edition which is absolutely free.", "So, let's go with this, now, select MySQL community server, and then scroll down so here you should see something like this, MySQL installer for Windows.", "This is the recommended method for installing MySQL on Windows.", "So, click on this, alright, on the next page, scroll down, and download the first installer here.", "On the next page scroll downs nd click on no thanks just start my download.", "Otherwise you have to create an account and log, which is unnecessary for knowing this course, so, let's go with this, and save this file to our computer, and then run it.", "Alright, we're going to use this setup wizard to install MySQL, on our computer.", "This is very easy, all you have to do is click next, but there are a couple places where you need to enter a password, let me show you.", "So, on the first page, for the setup type we're going to use the developer default setup.", "Go to the next page.", "Now here we're getting a little warning, because this installation wizard wants to install the connector for python 3.7, but I don't have Python on this machine, so that's why I'm getting this warning, now on your machine, you might or you might not get this error, just click next, and one more time, so here are the products that I want to get installed the first one is MySQL server, the second one is MySQL workbench, this is the graphical tool that we use to connect to our database server, and manage our database.", "You're going to see that soon.", "So click on execute, now this is going to take about 5-10 minutes, so, I'm going to pause the recording.", "Alright, all the products are installed, beautiful, let's go to the next page, and again, here our the group replication page, also click on next, and the next page which is about networking, leave all the default settings, so, let's go to the next page, now we should set a password for the root for the admin user.", "So, click on next, and in this box, type a password for the admin user.", "Alright, and then let's go to the next page, once again leave all the default settings, and click on next, and execute one more time, alright, and now let's finish our installation, once again we have to click on next, and then finish.", "One more time, there are so many steps.", "Now here's the page where you need to enter the admin password, so the page is called connect to server, you can see the username is root, which represents the admin user, so in this box enter the password that you said earlier, then click on check, okay, connection was successful beautiful, let's go to the next page, and click on execute, and finally finish.", "There you go, we have one more step, next the finally after all these steps the installation is complete.", "Now, this is going to start, MySQL workbench, which is the graphical tool we use to manage our database and run SQL queries.", "So, click on finish, so now we have a command prompt window, where we can type instructions to talk to our MySQL server, we don't really need this, so close it, and here's MySQL workbench, now the first time you open this page, by default you should see a connection here, if you don't see it, click on this plus icon, on this page give this connection a name, let's say local instance, now leave all their settings to their default value, but here for the password click on store involved.", "And in this box, type the password that you used for the admin user.", "So, I'm going to put that here, okay, now click on test connection, alright, we successfully connected to the MySQL server on this computer, alright, then, click on okay, now we click on this connection to connect to our database server.", "Alright, so here's the interface you'll be using throughout this course, on the left hand side we have the navigator panel, in the middle we have the query editor which we can resize this is where we're going to write our SQL queries, and on the right side we have additions.", "So we're done with MySQL on our computer, next, I'm going to show you how to create our databases for this query.", "In this tutorial, I'm going to show you how to create the databases for this course.", "So here I've got MySQL workbench open, let me quickly give you an overview of this interface because the first time you open it it might appear a little bit intimidating.", "But actually it's not that difficult.", "So here on the top we have this tool bar with these buttons for creating a new tab for writing SQL code as well as opening a SQL file.", "And next to that we've got a bunch of buttons for creating a database, creating new tables and so on.", "On the left side, we've got the navigator panel with two tabs administration and schemas.", "We use the administration tab to do administrative work, such as starting or stopping our server.", "Importing or exporting data and so on.", "The schemas tab shows the databases that we have in the current database server.", "So currently we only have one database, that is sis, and this is the database that MySQL uses internally to do it's work.", "Now, in the middle we've got this query editor window, this is where we write our SQL code, so we'll be spending most of our time in this course, in this window, and on the right side we've got another panel with two tabs, contacts held, and snippets, now chances are this interface might look slightly different on Windows, but what I'm showing you here is almost identical to what we have on Windows.", "So don't get hung up if it looks slightly different on your machine.", "It doesn't really matter.", "Now up here, we've got these buttons for showing or hiding these panels, so to clean this interface, I'm going to hide this panel on the right side.", "As well as the panel on the bottom.", "That is better.", "Now, to create the databases for this course, download the zip file attached, below this video.", "When you extract the (?)", "you're going to see a bunch of SQL files like this.", "So the main one you'll be using in this tutorial is called create databases.SQL.", "So this file contains all the SQL code to create all the databases that we need in this course, now we also have individual files for creating individual databases, I've just added these files in case you need to recreate one of these databases in the future.", "But for now don't worry about them.", "Now, back to MySQL work bench, let's open the main SQL file.", "That is create databases.", "So this is an example of SQL code.", "Now this may look complex at the beginning, but trust me, as you go through the course you're going to understand exactly how everything works here.", "You're going to be able to write SQL code like this.", "So, you want to execute this, to create all the databases for this course.", "To do that, we click on this icon, this yellow thunder icon that we have on this tool bar here.", "This will execute either the selection or the entire code if there is nothing selected for example, if I select this line here, and click on this icon, this will execute only this line.", "In this case we want to execute the entire code, so we shouldn't select anything, and now let's execute this, beautiful, now here down on the bottom, we have this panel called the output window that shows all the operations perform in our database server, so we can see all the operations completed successfully, or something went wrong.", "As you can see you've got these green ticks next to each operation.", "Beautiful, so I'm going to close this panel, that's better.", "Now on the left side in this schemas tab you don't see this new database so we'll have to refresh this view, beautiful.", "So we've got all these databases that are prefixed with SQL or SQL, I decided to prefix them with SQL so we know that these are the databases for this course, they don't accidentally clash with a database on the same name of your database server.", "Now, at the time of recording this video, there are only 4 databases here, but as we go through the course, I'm going to update the script for creating the databases, so, when you watch this course, chances are you're going to see more databases here.", "Don't worry worry about the difference.", "Now as an example let's explore these databases.", "And by the way we don't need this tab anymore so let's close it.", "That's better.", "Let's expand the SQL store database, now in every database we have these objects, we have tables, this is where we store our data, we have views, which are kind of like virtual cables, so we can combine data from multiple tables, and put them in a view.", "And this is especially powerful for creating reports, you're going to learn about them in the future.", "You also have store procedures and functions, and these are little programs that we stored inside of our database for querying data.", "For example, you can have a store procedure for getting all the customers in a given city.", "So we call that procedure and we say hey, give me all the customers in San Francisco And this will return all the customers in San Francisco.", "Okay, now, let's expand the tables, so here are the tables in this database.", "We have customers, we have orders, products, shippers and so on.", "Now, select this customers table whenever you hover your mouse over this item and see these three items on the right side.", "Click on the right most icon, that looks like a table with a thunder.", "With this we can see all the data, in this table.", "So this is our customers table.", "In this table, we have these columns like customer id which we use to uniquely identify customers.", "We all have first name, last name, birth date, phone, address and so on.", "So these are the columns in this table and every row is called a record.", "So every row represents one customer and these are the pieces of information we know for each customer.", "Now let's look at another table, let's open the orders table, in this table we have these columns like order ID, customer ID, order date, status, and so on.", "What is this customer ID here.", "We use this column to identify who has placed each order.", "Now what is interesting here is you have referred to this customer using their customer ID which uniquely identifies that.", "In other words, if Jon Smith has placed an order, we don't store John Smith here, we only store John's customer ID.", "Why is that?", "Here is the reason.", "It is possible John Smith might have placed multiple orders in our system.", "Now every time John places his order, we need to look up his address and phone to ship his order.", "Now it is possible that some of this information might change in the future.", "John might move to a new place or change his phone number, he might even change his name, if you repeat all that information next to each order, then we'll have to come back and make changes in multiple places.", "In contrast, with this design we only store the ID of john here, so anytime we want to change any information about John, instead of changing that here.", "We go back to our customers table, so let's look at customer with ID 6, that is actually called (?)", "So here is all the information about Elka.", "This is her phone number, this is her address, and by the way this is all dummy data that I created using a tool.", "So, if any information about elka changes in the future, this is the only place that we need to modify.", "So this is how these databases work.", "We refer to these databases as relational databases.", "That basically means in these kind of databases we have multiple tables that are related to each other using a relationship.", "So internally there is a relationship between the customers table, and the orders table.", "So the customer ID column in the customers table is related or linked or associated with the customer ID column.", "In the orders table.", "Here's the orders table, and here we have the customer ID column.", "So this was a brief introduction to relational databases, you learned about databases, tables, columns, rows and relationships.", "In the next section I'm going to show you how to retrieve data from a single table in this database.", "But, before going any further as an exercise I want you to explore the invoicing database.", "Look at the all the tables, look at all the data to get an id of the kind of data that we have in this database.", "You're going to use this database a lot in the future, so let's spend a couple minutes to explore this database.", "In this tutorial I'm going to show you how to retrieve data from a single panel.", "Now look at the navigator panel.", "Currently none of our databases is displayed in bold, and that means none of these databases are selected for query.", "So the first step to rate a query to get data from a database, is to select a database.", "The query that we'll write will be executed against that database.", "In this demo, we're going to use the SEQUEL store database.", "So we type our use SQL_ store.", "Now use is a keyword in the SQL language, and that's displayed in blue.", "Now SQL is not a case sensitive language, and that means we can use upper case or lower case characters, it doesn't really matter, but as a best practice, we should capitalize the SQL keywords, and use lower case characters for everything else.", "So now, let's go ahead and execute this query.", "Alright, Look, the SQL store database is now displayed in bold.", "Now in MySQL workbench, we can also select a database by double clicking that, so now I double click SQL invoice and it's the current database.", "Now if we run this query again, the SQL store database becomes selected.", "Alright, now let's write our first query to retrieve all the customers in this database.", "So after the you statement we're going to use select statement.", "Here is the basic syntax or basic structure of the select statement, we type out select in front of that we specify the columns that we want to retrieve, for example we can retrieve the customer ID column as well as the first name column or we can retrieve all columns using an asterisk.", "Now after that we use the from clause and this is where we specify the table that we want to query, in this case the customer's table.", "So this is the simplest query to select all the customers in a given table, now whenever you have multiple SQL statements you need to terminate each statement using a semicolon.", "So, look, we have a red underline here that indicates an error, if you hover your mouse over here, you can see this tool tip saying select is not valid at this position.", "Because we didn't terminate the first statement with a semi colon.", "Okay, now let's execute this query one more time, once again, we can click on this button here, or we can use a short cut, so look at the query menu on the top, the first line is execute.", "Now here's the shortcut for this command, on Mac, it's shift command and enter.", "On Windows its going to be different honestly I'm not sure.", "So whatever it is, use that.", "So I'm going to press shift command enter, and here are all the customers in this table.", "So this next statement has two clauses, the select clause and the from clause.", "But there are other clauses we can use to filter and sort data.", "For example, you can use the wear clause to filter the result and get the customer with ID one.", "So we can write an expression like this.", "Where _ID = 1.", "Now when we execute this query, we'll only get the customer with ID 1.", "So this is the where clause.", "We can also sort the data so after wear we use the order by clause and here we specify the columns that we're going to sort the results from on.", "Let's say we want to sort these customers by their first name so we type out first_name.", "That is the name of one of the columns in this table, right?", "Now if you execute this query this order by doesn't really have an impact, because we only get one record in the result so let me temporarily take out the where clause, to do that we can put two hyphens in front of this line, now this line, is treated as a comment, which means the SQL engine is not going to execute this, okay, so let's execute this query one more time, now all the customers that we get our sorted based on their first name.", "So that's the basic idea.", "Now over the next few tutorials your'e going to learn more about these clauses in detail.", "But what you need to take away in this tutorial is that is that these 3 clauses from where an order by are optional.", "As you can see in this example, I'm not using the where clause, we can also comment out the order by clause, we can also comment out the from clause, so instead of selecting all the columns, in a given table, we can select some values like one and two.", "Now, if you execute this query one more time, in the result, we get something like this.", "Two columns called one and two, and in these columns we have these values.", "So all these clauses are optional but in the real world we quite often use all of them.", "Now what you need to understand here is that the order of these clauses matter, so we always have select first, then we have from, then where, and finally order by.", "We cannot change the order of these clauses, otherwise we get a syntax error.", "Which basically means the syntax, or the grammar or the structure of our simple statement is incorrect.", "So it cannot be executed.", "And one last thing before we finish this tutorial, you can see I've listed all these clauses on a new line, now technically you don't have to do this, because line breaks, white spaces and tabs are ignored when executing SQL statements.", "So we could come back here and put from in front of select, so select store from customers all in one line, and that's perfectly acceptable for simple queries, but as your queries get more complex, it's better to put each clause on a new line.", "So that's all for this tutorial.", "In the next tutorial, we'll explore the select clause in detail.", "In this tutorial, we're going to look at the select clause in detail.", "So, since our current database is SQL store, to clean things up I'm going to remove the first statement, you don't really need it now, also, I'm going to delete these two comments, we just want to focus on the select clause.", "Alright, so what can we do with this select clause?", "Well in the last tutorial we learned that if you use an asterisk, this will return all the columns.", "Alternatively we can specify the columns that we want and this is helpful in situations where you have a big table with so many columns and perhaps millions of record.", "If you want to bring back all that data, that's going to put a lot of pressure on the database server, in this case MySQL, as well as the network.", "So, that's when we explicitly specify the columns that we want to get.", "Let's say we want to get the first name and last name columns.", "Execute the query, as you can see, we only get these two columns.", "And they are in the same order we specified here.", "So if we change the order and put the last name first and execute the query again, now we can see the last name column comes first.", "Now let's add a new column, at the end, let's get the points for each customer as well, run the query, so these are the points for each customer which are calculated based on their shopping.", "Now let's say we want to get these points and put them in a mathematical formula to calculate the discount that we can give to each customer.", "So here we can use an arithmetic expression, that's points plus ten.", "This is an arithmetic expression.", "So now we can execute this query for the first record you can see that their points will end up being 2283.", "Let's run the query one more time there you go.", "Now we can put the original points column here for clarity.", "So points, points plus 10.", "Let's run the query one more time, now you can see the original points, and next to that you can see the value that we're going to use to calculate the discount.", "Now here we're using the plus operator which is for addition, we also have multiplication, division, subtraction, and module which is the remainder of the division.", "So let's change this to something more complex.", "Let's say we want to get the points, multiply by 10, and then add 100 to it.", "Now we can immediately see that this line one is getting too long and it doesn't fit on the screen, in situations like this, you can break up the select clause by placing each column on a new line, so, select last name, then first name points finally points times 10, plus 100.", "So let's execute this query one more time.", "So this is our new column with the new calculated value.", "Now one thing you need to understand in this arithmetic expression is the order of operators, and this is based on the order of operators in math.", "So in math, the multiplication and division operators have nighter precedence then addition and subtraction, so in this expression, points is multiplied by 10 and then the result is added to 100.", "If this is not what you want you can always change the order by using parenthesis, as an example, let's change this multiplication to addition and then put that multiplication here.", "In this expression, first 10 is multiplied by 100, and then the result is added to the points.", "Now let's say this is not what we want, so we can change the order by using parenthesis here.", "With these parenthesis, first we get the points add 10 to them and then multiply the result by 100.", "So this parenthesis are useful for changing the order of operations as well as adding clarity to our code.", "So someone else reading this code can easily understand.", "the order of these operations.", "Now let's execute this query one more time, alright, now look at the name of this column here, its set to the expression that we have on line 5.", "That doesn't quite make sense you want to have a clear descriptive name, so we can give this column an alias using the as keyword.", "So, as and then we give it a name like discount discount _factor.", "Let's run the query again.", "now the name of this column has changed, so this is the benefit of using an alias, we can give descriptive names to the columns and the results sets.", "Now if you want to have a space in the column name, you need to surround it with quotes, either single, or double quotes.", "So we put quotes here and then we can add a space in between these two words.", "Let me execute the query one more time.", "Now we have discount factor.", "So let's quickly recap everything you learned about the select clause.", "We cause an asterisk to return the columns, or we can explicitly specify the columns that you want to return.", "We can also use, arithmetic expressions here, and optionally, we can even gibe an alias to each column in the results set.", "Now there is one more thing you need to know about the select clause.", "So let's delete this query and select the state column, of the customers table.", "Take a look.", "These are the states in which our customers our located.", "Now currently in the sample data we don't have any duplicates, in other words we don't have multiple customer in any of these states.", "But for this demo I want to change the state of the first customer to Virginia, so we end up with duplicates in the result set.", "So let's open up navigator panel here's our customers table, let's look at all the data, and here's our first customer, here a you can see, it's located in the state of Massachusetts now I want to change this to Virginia.", "So double click VA for Virginia, enter, now on the bottom right corner of the screen, you should see two buttons, apply and revert.", "Unfortunately I cannot show you this button because the recording window is a bit smaller then MySQL But look down in the bottom right hand corner, click and apply.", "You're going to see a dial up box like this asking you to review the changes, so go ahead and click that button one more time alright, now, let's go back to our first query window, and execute this query one more time.", "As you can see, the first two customers are located in Virginia.", "What if you wanted to get a unique list of states in the results set, that's when we use a distinct keyword.", "So select distinct set.", "With his query, we'll retrieve a unique list of states from the customers table.", "So with the distinct keyword we can remove let's execute the query one more time, now you can see Virginia is not duplicated.", "Alright here's an exercise for you.", "I want you to write a SQL query to return all the products in our database in the result set.", "I want to see three columns, name, unit price, and a new column called new price which is based on this expression, unit price times 1.1.", "So let's say you want to increase the price of each product by 10%.", "With this query you want to get all the products the original price and the new price.", "So pause the video and spend one or two minutes on this exercise, when you are done come back and see my solution.", "Alright this is pretty easy, so we start with select now what columns do we want to select?", "Name, unit _price and then here we're going to use an arithmetic expression to calculate the new price.", "So we type out unit price times 1.1 and then give it a alias, o as new_price or we can put this in quotes and put a space between new and price.", "Now where do we want to select these columns from?", "From the products table, so from products.", "Note that I've used upper case characters for all the SQL keywords and lowercase characters for everything else.", "So, let's go ahead and execute tis query, this is what we get so these are all the products, you can see their original price as well as the new price which is 10 % more expensive.", "In this tutorial, we're going to look at the where clause in SQL.", "So earlier I told you that we use the where clause to filter data.", "For example, let's say we only want to get the customers with points greater than 3000.", "So here in the where clause you can type out the condition like this.", "Points, greater than 3000.", "When we execute this query, the query execution engine in MySQL is going to iterate over all the customers in the customers table.", "For each customer it's going to evaluate this condition if this condition is true, it will return that customer in the result set.", "So let's go ahead and execute this, and here's the result, as you can see you only have two customers with points greater than 3000.", "So, thesis what we call the greater than operator which is one of the comparison operators in SQL.", "Let me show you the completeness of comparison operators, so, we have greater than, greater than, or equal to, we have less then, less than or equal to, here's the equality operator, and for not equality, we can use an exclamation followed by an equal sign, or something like this.", "So both of these are not equal operators.", "Let me show you examples of these operators.", "So I'm going to delete all these and bring back the previous query, let's say we want to get only the customers in the state of Virginia.", "So we can change our condition to something like this.", "Where state equals Virginia.", "Note that I've put Virginia in quotes, because this is what we call a string.", "A string is a sequence of characters.", "So whenever you're dealing with a sequence of characters, or basically textural data, we need to enclose your values with either single or double quotes.", "But quite often, by convention, we use single quotes so let's execute this query and here's the result, you can see we only have these two customers with ID 1 and 2, who are located in Virginia.", "And it doesn't matter if you use upper case or lower case characters, so if you type out the a in lower case and execute the query you get the exact same result.", "Now what if you want to get all the customers outside of the state of Virginia, you can use the not equal operator.", "So, we can either prefix this with an exclamation or use this other notation.", "Either way we get the same result.", "So these are the customers that are not located in Virginia.", "Now we can use these comparison operators for date values as well.", "For example, let's say you want to get only the customers born after January 1st, 1990.", "So we change out condition to first date, greater then, once again we use quotes, for representing date values even though dates are actually not strings.", "But in the sequel language, we should enclose dates with quotes, so, here we type out 1990, 01 for January, -01 for date.", "So this is the standard or default format for representing dates in MySQL.", "4 digits for the year, two digits for the month, and 2 digits for the day.", "So let's go ahead and execute this query.", "I actually made a mistake here, so we don't see the result, instead we see the action output, or the output window.", "If you scroll to the bottom, you can see the details of the error.", "So here I used the wrong name for the column, which should separate these two words with an underscore.", "That is the name of our column.", "So, let's execute the query one more time, so we only have 3 customers born after January 1st 1990.", "So these are examples of comparison operators in SQL.", "In the next tutorial I'm going to show you how to combine multiple conditions when filtering data.", "Alright, here's your exercise.", "I want you to write a query to get the orders that are placed this year, so look at the orders table, see what columns to do we have there, and based on that write query with a where clause.", "So here's the orders table, in this table we have this column, order date.", "We can use this problem to see the orders that are placed this year so here's our query, select, start from order where order_date, is greater than or equal to 2019, assuming this is the current yer, so 2019, 0101.", "Now since currently we are in the year 2019, this query will return all the orders placed this year.", "But next year this query is not going to give us the right result.", "But don't worry about it, later in the course I will show you how to write a query to get the orders placed in the current year, so for the purpose of the new exercise, this is a valid solution.", "Now let's execute this query and see what we get.", "So, we have only one order, order ID 1, that is placed in the current year.", "In this tutorial I'm going to show you how to combine multiple search conditions when filtering data.", "So, let's say you want to get all the customers that were born after January 1st, 1990, who also happen to have more then 1000 points.", "So this is where we use the and operator.", "So we type out and, and after we type out another condition.", "Like points, greater than 1000.", "Now when we execute this query, we only get customers who have both these conditions.", "Let's take a look, so execute we only have 2 customers and if you look both these people are born after 1990, and they have more then 1000 points.", "So this is the and operator.", "When we use this operator, both these conditions should be true.", "In contrast to the and operator, we have the or operator.", "So with or if at least one of these conditions is true, that row will be returned in the result set.", "Let's take a look.", "Now we execute this query again, 2 records we have quite a few records.", "So for example, we have this person who's not born after 1990 but if you look at their points they have more then 1000 points.", "So any customer records that satisfies at least one of these conditions will be returned.", "Now let's take this to the next level.", "Let's say we want to get customers who are either born after 1990, or they should have at least 1000 points and live in Virginia so this is how we do this, we type out and and then we add another condition, state equals Virginia.", "Let's execute this query and see what we get.", "We only get 4 records, so these are the customers that are either born after 1990 or they have more then 1000 points and live in Virginia.", "If you look at the first customer here this person is not born after 1990.", "But you can see that she lives in Virginia and she has more than 1000 points.", "So the last two conditions.", "are true for this customer.", "Now when combining multiple logical operators.", "You need to be aware of the order of these operators.", "So earlier I talked about he order of arithmetic operators.", "I told you that multiplication have a higher order then addition and subtraction.", "And we can use parenthesis to override the default order.", "We have the same concept in logical operator So the and operator is always evaluated first.", "So when this query is executed, the query execution engine first evaluates this condition, because here we're using an and it doesn't matter that we typed out this condition after the first condition.", "Because the and operator has a higher precedence.", "Now you can always change the order using parenthesis.", "And this also makes your code cleaner and easier to understand.", "So here we can put parenthesis, around these last two conditions, and also we can put these in a new line for clarity.", "Something like this.", "So anyone who reads this code can easily understand what is the intent of this query.", "Now we also have logical operator called not.", "And we use that to negate a condition.", "So, I'm going to simplify our where clause.", "Let's say we're searching for customers who were born after 1990 or we have more then 1000 points.", "If we execute this query we get these people.", "Customers with ID 1, 3, 5 and so on.", "Now we can use the not operator to negate this condition.", "So we apply not here, and preferably we also put parenthesis around this condition.", "Now when we execute this query, we see other customers that are not in the current results set.", "Let's take a look.", "So, instead of customers with id's 1356 and so on, we get customers with id's 2 4 and 10.", "Now technically these customers were born before 1990.", "And we have less then 1000 points.", "So if you look here, this first customer was born before 1990 and he has less then 1000 points.", "How do they know that?", "Let me show you a trick that I learned in math.", "Whenever you have a not operator.", "You can simplify your expression like this.", "We apply the not operator to the first condition.", "People who were born after 1990, how can we negate this condition?", "Well, the greater than operator becomes less then or equal to.", "That is the inverse of that condition.", "Now we apply the not to or to negate the or.", "What do we get?", "We get and.", "Finally apply the not operator on the last condition.", "We both have more then 1000 points.", "When we negate this condition we get customers with less then or equal to 1000 points.", "Now, you can remove the not operator to simplify this, we don't need parenthesis anymore because we only have 2 conditions that are combined with an end.", "Here is the result.", "As you can see, this is much easier to read and understand people who were born before this day and they have less then 1000 points Alright, here's your exercise.", "From the order items table, get the items for order number 6, where the total price for the total item is greater then 30.", "Alright, here's the order items table, in this table we have these columns order id, product id, quality, and unit price.", "If we multiply the quantity by unit price we can get the total cost of that item.", "And then we can compare it with 30.", "So, let's go ahead and write this query.", "Select star from order items.", "Where here we need two conditions one is for order, so order _id should be 6, and the second condition we want to calculate the total price.", "So we get the unit price multiply it by quantity and this value should be greater than 30.", "So as you can see, we can use an arithmetic expression in the where clause.", "It's not limited to the select clause.", "Okay?", "Now let's execute this query and see what we get.", "We should get only 1 item, that is for product 1, here in quantities 4 and unit price is just over 8 dollars, so the total price for this item, is greater than 30.", "Hey guys, Mosh here.", "In case you haven't seen my website yet, head over to codewithmosh.com.", "This is my coding school where you can find plenty of courses on web and mobile application development.", "In fact recently I published a complete SQL course that is about 10 hours long, and it teaches you everything you need to know from the basic to advanced topics such as database design, security, writing complex queries, transactions, events, and much much more.", "These are the topics that every software engineer must master.", "This YouTube course you're watching, is the first 3 hours of my complete SQL course that is about 10 hours long.", "So if you want to master SQL and get job ready, I highly encourage you to enroll in my complete SQL course.", "You can watch it anytime, anywhere, as many times as you want, you can watch it online or download the videos.", "The course comes with a 30 day money back guarantee, and a certificate of completion that you can add to your resume.", "The price for this course is $149 dollars, but the first 200 students can get it for just over 10 dollars.", "So if you're interested the link is below this video.", "In this tutorial I'm going to show you how to use the in operator in SQL.", "So, as an example, let's say you want to get the customers that are in Virginia or Florida, or Georgia.", "One way to write this query is like this.", "So, where state equals Virginia, or a state equals Georgia, or a state equals Florida.", "Now people who are new to the SQL language or programming in general find this expression a little bit strange.", "They ask, \"Mosh, why can't we write this expression like this?\"", "where state equals Virginia or Georgia or Florida.", "Here's the reason, we use the or operator to combine multiple conditions.", "So here we have a condition or an expression more accurately, but on the right side of this or operator we have a string.", "In SQL we cannot combine a string with a boolean expression that expresses a boolean value which can be true or false.", "So that is why we have to write our query like this.", "So we have multiple expressions or multiple conditions and we're combining them using the or operator.", "So, now if we execute this query we get these customers here.", "customers here but there is a shorter and cleaner way to get the same result.", "Instead of combining multiple conditions using the or operator we can use the in operator.", "So, where state is in and then in parenthesis we add all the values, like Virginia, comma, Florida, comma Georgia and the order doesn't matter, this query is exactly equivalent to what we had earlier, but a you can see it's shorter and easier to understand.", "So, let's execute it, look, we get the exact same result.", "Now here we can also use the not operator.", "Let's say you want to get the customer's outside of these states, so we can use rare state, not in this list.", "Now if you execute this query, we get customers who are located in Colorado, Texas and so on.", "So use the in operator whenever you want to compare an attribute to a list of values.", "Now here is your exercise.", "I want you to write a query to get the products where their quantity in stock equals on of these values.", "49, 38, and 72, so pause the video, do this exercise, and then come back and continue watching.", "Alright, this is pretty easy, so we do a select star to get all the columns from the products table, where quantity in stock in we use the in operator to compare this attribute with these values.", "49, 38, and 72, let's execute the query, we get only 2 records because we don't have a product with quantity in stock equal to 72.", "In this tutorial, we're going to look at the between operator in SQL, so that means we want to get the customers who have more then 1000 and less then 3000 points.", "What made you write these queries like this?", "Where, points, greater than thousand, more accurately greater than or equal to 1000.", "And, points less then or equal to 3000.", "When we execute this query we get how many, we get 4 people that satisfy my criteria.", "Now whenever you're comparing an attribute with a range of values, you can use the between operator, and that makes your code shorter and cleaner.", "So, we can rewrite this expression like this, where points, between 1000 and 3000.", "This is exactly equivalent to what we had before, so these range values are also inclusive, so that means points is going to be greater than or equal to 1000 or greater than or equal to 3000.", "Let's execute the query, we get the exact same result.", "Alright, now as an exercise, I want you to write a query, to get the customers that are born between January 1st 1990 and January 21st, 2000.", "Alright, so we start the select star from customers, where birth_date between so what matters here is we can use the between operator as well.", "It's not limited to using numbers.", "So with birth date between now we need to supply two date values, so as I told you before, the format for dates is four digits for the year, so 1990, two digits for the month, and two digits for the date.", "So, the birthdate should be between this value and here's a second value.", "2000, 0, 1, and 01.", "Let's execute this query, we get only 3 people who match this criteria.", "In this tutorial, I'm going to show you how to retrieve rows that match a specific string pattern, for example, let's say we only want to get to customers who's last name start with 3.", "So, here in the where clause we type out where last name this is where we use the like operator, and right after that we have a string pattern, so, you want to get the customers who's last name start with b and we have any number of characters after b.", "So use the percent sign to indicate any number of characters, you may have one character after b or no characters or 10 characters, with this pattern, you get all the customers who's patterns start with b.", "And also it doesn't matter if it's an upper case or lower case b.", "So, let's execute this query, there you go, so you only have 3 customers who's last name starts with b.", "As another example, let's say we only want to get the customers who's last name starts with brush.", "So, we change our pattern to brush, percent.", "Now, let's execute the query, we only get this one customer here.", "Now this percent sign doesn't have to be at the end of the pattern, it can be anywhere.", "For example, let's say we want to search for customers who have an e in their last name, whether it's at the beginning in the middle or at the end, so we change our pattern to percent e percent this pattern means we can have any number of characters before or after b.", "Let's execute the query, these are the customers that have a b somewhere in their last name.", "It doesn't matter if b is in the beginning or in the middle or at the end.", "Let's look at another example, I want to get all the customers who's last names end with y, so here's the pattern we use, let's execute this query, so we have 5 customers who's last name ends with a y.", "So this is how we use the percent sign.", "Now we also have an underscore and that matches a single character so with this pattern you get customer who's last name is exactly two characters long, we don't care what the first character is, but the second character should be y.", "Let's execute his for you.", "Obviously we don't have any customers who's last name matches this pattern.", "But if you change this pattern to 5 under score, so 1234 5, followed by a y we should get these customers.", "So their last name is exactly 6 characters, we don't care about the first 5 characters, but all of them end with a y.", "Now, as another example, we can replace the first underscore with b, and that means we want to get the customers who's last names start with b, and after b we have exactly 4 characters followed by a y.", "Let's execute this query.", "So we only have one customer, that matches this pattern.", "So this is how we use the light operator, use the percent sign to represent any number of characters and an underscore to represent a single character.", "Now this like operator in MySQL is an older operator but we also have a newer one that is more powerful and it allows us to search for any string patterns.", "And that's what I'm going to show you next.", "Alright.", "Here I'm going to give you two exercises for the like operator.", "First, I want you to get the customers who's addresses contain trade or avenue, and next I want you to get the customers who's phone numbers end with 9.", "Alright, let's get started with the first exercise.", "So start from customers where address like now here we want to use a search pattern like this.", "You want to have tray (?)", "but tray can be anywhere in the address.", "So, we put a percent before and after tray.", "Next, we should use the or operator to search for another pattern.", "Or address like, let me put this on a new line that is better, address once again, percent, avenue percent, that's it.", "So, let's execute this query, here is the result, you should get the customers with ID's 2, 9, and 10.", "If you look at their addresses, all of them have either tray or avenue in their address.", "Now let's work on the second exercise, you want to get the customers who's phone numbers end with 9.", "That is pretty easy, so, let me change our where clause.", "Where phone once again we use the like operator and a percent, followed by a 9.", "That's all you have to do.", "Let's execute the query.", "So, here's the result, customers with id's 3 and 7, their phone numbers, and 9.", "So this is how we use the like operator.", "And by the way you can always use the not operator here let's say you want to get the customers who's phone numbers don't end with 9, so we simply prefix like with not.", "Now, if we execute this query one more time, we get all the other customers in the database.", "In the last tutorial you learned about the like operator in SQL.", "So as another example let's say you want to search for the customers who have the word field in their last name.", "So we type out the where clause like this, where last name, like, percent, field, percent, so the word field, can be anywhere in the last name.", "Let's execute this query, we get only one customer, beautiful.", "Now we also have another operator in MySQL, that is reg x which is short for regular expression, and regular expressions are extremely powerful when it comes to searching for strings.", "So they allow us to search for more complex patterns.", "Here's an example.", "If I want to rewrite this last where clause using a regular expression it looks like.", "Where last name ragexp now here in our string pattern we don't have to type out the person's size we only type out field so what we have on line 4 is exactly identical to what we have on line 3, let's execute this query we get the same result, beautiful, now here in regular expressions, we have additional characters that we don't have when we use the like operator.", "For example, we can use the carrot sign to indicate the beginning of a string.", "So if I put a carrot just before the word field, that means our last name must start with field.", "Obviously, if you execute this query, we don't get anyone that matches this criteria, so we use the carrot sign to represent the beginning of a string.", "We also have a dollar sign to represent the end of a string.", "So this pattern means the last name must end with field.", "Let's execute this query, you get the same result as before.", "Now we can also search for multiple words here, for example let' say we want to find the customers who have the word field or mac in their last name So, we use a pipe, a vertical bar, and type out another pattern.", "Let's execute this query, so here we have two customers, one of them has the word mac, the other has the word field and the last name.", "Now we can take this to the next level.", "Let's say we want to find the customers who have the words field, or Mac, or rows in their last name.", "Let's execute the query we get 3 customers.", "Beautiful.", "So we use a pipe or a vertical board to represent multiple search patterns.", "Now as another example, we can change our first search pattern to something like this.", "Now this pattern means this last name should either start with the word field, or it should have the word mac in it or it should have the word rows.", "Let's execute the query, now we get only two customers, because our customer with the last name brush field doesn't match this pattern.", "However, if we change our first pattern to field $ and execute the query we get 3 people here, 3 customers.", "So this is how we can combine multiple special characters when building a complex pattern.", "Now let's look at another example, let's say you want to search for customers who have an e in their last name.", "So these are all the people, alright, now let's say you want to make sure that before the letter e, we should either have a g or an i.", "So this is where we use square brackets.", "And inside the brackets we add multiple characters like g, i, m and that matches any customers who have ge or ie or me in their last name.", "So any of these characters can come before e. Now, let's execute this query, there you go, we only get 2 customers, and the first example before e we have i which is one of the characters inside the brackets, in the second example, before e we have a g which is also another valid character before and once again the square brackets don't have to be before we could add them after e, any customers who have e followed by an f or an m or a q in their last name, can be returned with this pattern, if we don't have anyone in the database so this is how we use square brackets, now we can also supply a range of characters, for example we can have e and just before e you can have as many characters from a to h, you don't have to type them out explicitly like abcdefg, that's very verbose, so, we can type out a to h. And then if we execute this query we get these three people.", "So, let's quickly recap everything you learned about regular expressions in this tutorial.", "Use a carrot to represent the beginning of a string, so beginning, we use a dollar sign to represent the end of a string, we use a vertical bar or pipe, to represent a logical or so we can supply multiple search patterns, we use square brackets to match any single characters listed in the brackets, and finally we use square brackets with a hyphen to represent a range.", "So any characters from a to f. Technically MySQL supports more special characters but quite honestly, the ones that I've listed in this tutorial are the ones that you'll be using 90% of the time.", "So just memorize these and you're good to go.", "With honesty a lot of beginners find the syntax for regular expressions confusing, so in this video I'm going to give you 4 exercises that I have carefully designed to help you quickly learn about this syntax.", "Here's the first exercise, get the customer's who's first names are Elka or Ambur.", "And note that this is Ambur with a U.", "Now for the second episode return the customer's who's names end with ei or on.", "Here's the third exercise get the customer's who's last names start with my or it contains se, and finally as the last exercise return the customer's who's last names contain e followed by r or a u.", "So, go ahead and spend 2-3 minutes on this exercise, when you're done come back and continue watching.", "Alright, let's knock out the first exercise.", "So we'll get allows, there's a c here, so let's start from regular expression, and here's our pattern, you're going to search for two words either Elka or Ambur.", "As simple as that.", "Let's execute this query, we should get two customers, there you go, Ambur and Elka.", "Alright.", "Now, let's knock out the second exercise.", "So I'm going to delete these we don't need them anymore.", "So we want to get the customers select start from customers, where last name should end with either ey or om.", "So, in the search pattern we type out ey followed by a dollar sign to indicate the end of a string then we add a vertical bar to supply the second search pattern.", "So On and once again dollar sign.", "Let's execute this query, oops I forgot to type out regular expression, there you go.", "So, Let's execute this query, and you should get these four customers with ID's one three, five and seven.", "The first three, five, and seven, the first three, their last names end with ey, and the last customer, his or her last name ends with on.", "Alright, Now, let's work on the third exercise.", "So I'm just going to change the regular expression here, we want to get the customers whose last names start with my or contains se.", "So we use a carrot to indicate the beginning of a string so it should start with my, or it should contain se, again, very easy, let's execute this query and we get the customer's with ID's 4, 8, and 10 and finally we want to get the customers who's last names contain e so, let's change the search pattern, we should have a b, followed by r or u.", "Now there are two ways to write this regular expression, we can use square brackets so we have b followed by r or u, that's one way, or the other way is to use a vertical bar.", "So b r or bu.", "These are both valid solutions.", "So, I hope you knocked out these exercises, in the next tutorial I'm going to show you how to get the records with missing values.", "In this tutorial, I'm going to show you how to look for records that miss an attribute.", "For example, if you select all the customers in our database, you can see that the customer with id 5 doesn't have a full number.", "So if you look closely here, you can see the value of null.", "Null means the absence of a value.", "Now let's say we want to search for all the customers who don't have a phone.", "Perhaps you want to send them an email and say hey, your phone is missing in our system.", "So how can we get these customers?", "That is very easy?", "We use the is null operator, so in the where clause, we type out where phone is null.", "Now let's execute this query, we only get one customer who doesn't have a phone, now here we can also use the not operator to get the customers who do have a phone.", "So we change the conditions to is not null.", "Let's execute the query, now in the query results, every customer does have a phone number.", "For this exercise, I want you to write a query to get the orders that are not shipped yet.", "This is a very useful query that is used in a lot of real applications.", "For example, let's say you're an admin for online shop.", "You want to see the orders that are not shipped yet, so you can see them all.", "So write a query, and get these orders.", "So here we have the orders table, let's have a quick look at the data in this table.", "So if you pay close attention you see some of these orders don't have a date.", "And these orders also don't have a shipper id which is a unique number for identifying the shippers.", "So any order that misses the value for the ship date or shipper ID, is considered an order that is not shipped.", "So let's go ahead and write a query to get these orders.", "So back to our query editor select star from orders where ship_date is null.", "You could also write shipper id is null.", "They're both equally correct.", "So let's execute this query, and you should get 5 orders.", "Orders 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8.", "In this tutorial I'm going to show you how to sort data in your sequel queries.", "So here in your have a query to select all the customers from the customers table, if you look at the query result, you can see that our customer's or sorted by id, so we have customers 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on.", "This is the default sort column.", "But we can always change this using the order by clause.", "But first, let me explain why the customer id column is the default sort column.", "So first of all the first I'm going to open up the navigators panel on the left side here's the customers table, now let's click on this middle icon here that looks like tool.", "This opens up our customers table in the design mode, here we can change our columns we cana dd new column or remove existing ones or change that name and order and so on.", "Now if you pay close attention you can see a yellow key just before This means that this column is the primary key column.", "For this query.", "So in relational databases every table should have a primary key column, and the values in that column should uniquely identify the records in that table.", "So back to our query window, you can see that the values in this column uniquely identify each customer, so the customer id column is the primary key column in this table, and that is why when you write a query against this table, our customers will sort it by id by default.", "Now, let me show you how to sort customers by a different column.", "So, here in the order by clause, you type out the name of another column, like first name.", "Let's execute the query, now we can see our customers are no longer sorted by their id, instead they are sorted by their first name in ascending order.", "Now, if you want to reverse the sort order, simply type out de, e, sc, which is short for descending.", "Now, you're sorting the customers in this order, okay, we can also sort data by multiple columns, for example, let's say first we want to sort customers based on their state, and then within each state, we want to sort them by their first name.", "So, we type out multiple columns here, state and first name.", "Let's execute the query now, you can see that the first state we have here is california, followed by Colorado, and new here in Florida, you have two customers and these customers are sorted by their first name.", "Let's have a close look here, so first we have Ambur and then we have other customers here.", "Now we can also use the descending argument anywhere here.", "For example, we can sort these customers by their state in descending order.", "And then sort them by their first name in ascending order or once, again in descending order.", "So there are various ways we can sort data.", "Now one of the differences between MySQL, and other database management systems, is that in MySQL you can sort data by any columns whether that column is in the select clause or not.", "For example, let's say you only want to select the first and last name for each customer.", "Now we can sort the result by any columns in this table, they don't have to be first name and last names For example, we can sort them by their birthdate, take a look, so this is a valid query in MySQL, but other databases management sometimes yell at you when you update a query like this.", "Now we can also sort data by an alias for example, here in out select clause let's add the number ten and give it a alias.", "As let's say points, so points is not a valid column in this table, it's simply an alias or expression, in this case a simple number.", "And here we could have a complex mathematical expression, it doesn't really matter, we can still sort data by Alias, so we can order by points and then first name.", "Once again this is a valid, query from MySQL's point of view.", "Now one last thing before we finish this tutorial, I've seen some tutorials that teach you how to sort data by calling positions, for example, here we can order it by 1, 2, and that basically means sort the data by the first name, and then, the last name.", "So these are the orders of these columns, if you execute this query, you can see that our customers are sorted by their first name and then last name.", "Why this approach works, it's something that you should avoid.", "Because if in the future you come back here and add a new column, in front of the first name column, let's say first, date.", "Now our customers are no longer sorted in this order.", "So sorting data by calling positions produces unexpected results and is something you should avoid.", "always sort by column names like first, Alright, here's your exercise for this tutorial.", "In this database, we have this table, called order items, where we find the items for each order.", "Now, I've written the query that you cannot see here, because that's the solution to the exercise I'm going to give you, that query produces this results.", "So we only have the items for the order with ID 2, and we have sorted these items based on the total price for each item.", "So the total price for each item equals quantity times unit price.", "In this case the total price of product 1 is just over 18 dollars.", "So go ahead and write a query to select all the items for order with ID2.", "And sort them by their total price in descending order.", "Alright, let's select everything from order items, where order id equals 2. that returns all the items for this order.", "Now we want to make sure to sort them by their total price, so, here in order by clause, we write an expression.", "Quantity times unit price, this returns the total price for each item.", "And then we add the descending argument here.", "So, once again the expression that we use in the order by clause doesn't have to be column name, it can be an alias or an arithmetic expression like this.", "Let's go ahead and execute this query.", "This is what we get now for clarity, I would like to add another column in the result So, let's say quantity times unit _price.", "We give it an alias like total price.", "Let's execute the query, you can clearly see, that this data ia sorted by the total rice in descending order.", "However, there is a bit of duplication in our query, you have to repeated this expression in two places.", "So now we can simplify our by clause, by using an alias that is total price.", "And we gwet the exact same result.", "Net I'm going to show you how to mimic the number of records returned form your queries.", "In this tutorial, I'm going to show you how to limit the records returned from the query.", "For example, when we return this query we get all the customers in the customer, table, so we have to ten customers here.", "Now what if we only want to get, the first 3 customers.", "That's where we use the limit clause.", "Let me show you.", "So, after from, you type out limit 3, and this will return only the first 3 customers.", "Now if the argument that we pass here is greater than the number of records that our query produces, we'll get the records in the query result.", "For example, if I pass 300 here, obviously we don't have 300 customers in this table, so when we execute this query.", "We get all the ten customers in this table.", "So this is how the limit clause works.", "Now here we can optionally supply an offset, and this is very useful in situations where you want to paginate the data.", "For example, let's say we have a website, and on this website we have a web page for the user to see all the customers int he database.", "Now for simplicity let's imagine, we want to show only there customers per page.", "So, what are the customer's you're going to have on page 1?", "We're going to have customers 123.", "On page 2 we're going to have customers 456 and on page 3 we're going to have customers 789.", "Now, let's say we want to write a query to retrieve the customers on page 3.", "How can we do that?", "Well, you want to skip the first 6 records and then pick 3 records.", "So, we change our limit clause to something like this.", "6 and 3.", "So 6 is what we call an offset.", "And that basically tells MySQL to skip the first records and then take 3 records.", "Let's execute this query.", "Alright, now we get customers 789.", "Now, for your exercise, I want you to get the top 3 loyal customers.", "These are the customers that have more points then everyone else.", "Alright, first we select everything from the customers table, now we need to order these customers by their points, in descending order.", "So if you look at the query result you can see that customers are sorted by their loyalty.", "So, the most loyal customers come first, now we want to pick only the first three customers, and that's where we sue the limit clause, so limit, let's execute this query.", "And these are the most loyal customers, customers with id's 56 and 3.", "Now, here's one thing I want you to remember and that is the order of the limit clause.", "The limit clause should always come at the end.", "So first we have the select clause and then we have from optionally you can have where followed by order by and finally limit.", "Order of these clauses matter If you change the order MySQL is going to yell at you.", "So pay attention to the order when writing your queries.", "So far you have only selected columns from a single but in a real world, we quite often select columns from multiple tables.", "And that's what I'm going to show you over the next few tutorials, so on the left side if you put our orders table.", "Let's select all the data here, in this table we're using the customer id column to identify the customer that has placed each order.", "Now as I have told you before we don't store customers information here like their phone number, their email their address, because this information can change in the future.", "And if even a customer has placed multiple orders then we have to change multiple records, you don't want to do that.", "That's why we have separate tables for customers and orders.", "Now in this tutorial I'm going to show you how to select the orders in the orders table, but instead of showing the customer id, we showed full name for each customer.", "So lets go back to our query window.", "Okay, so, we want to select everything from the orders table.", "Now we should combine the columns in this table with he columns in the customers table.", "That is where we use the join keyword.", "And here we can optionally type inner join, because we in SQL we have two types of join inner join and over join.", "You'll look at outer joins later in this section, so for now we are only using inner join and these inner keyword, is actually optional, so we don't have to type it.", "So, you want to join the orders table with the customer table.", "Now, on what basis do we want to join these tables?", "Well, here in the customers table, we have this customer id column.", "So if you put these two tables next to each other you want to line up the records such that the customer ID's are equal.", "That is where we use the on phrase.", "So after we type out a condition, here's a condition we need to type out, orders.customer_id.", "Should be equal to customers.customer id.", "Now, this is getting outside of the screen, so let's break up the line, that's better, so with this query, we're telling MySQl that hey, whenever you're going the orders table with the customers table, make sure that the customer ID column, in the orders table, equals the customer ID column, in the customers table.", "Now let's execute this query, look at the result, since we are selecting everything here, the first few columns are from the orders table, because we have listed that first now after all the columns in the customer table.", "So customer ID first name, last name and so on.", "Now let's simplify the result set and select only border id, first name, and last name, so query we select order ID, first name, and last name.", "Now let's execute the query that is better.", "So next to each order ID, you can see the name of the customer that placed that order.", "Now what if you want to display the customer ID here as well.", "Well, let's put that here and see what happens.", "Customer ID, execute the query we get an error, so if you look at the output window, down at the bottom, we should see an error saying column, customer id, field this is ambiguous.", "Now unfortunately I cannot show you this error, because the size of my recording window is smaller then MySQL workbench.", "But that aside, let me explain why we're getting this error.", "Because we have this customer ID column in both the orders and the customers table, so MySQL is not sure which table we want to select this column from.", "That is why it's saying this column is ambiguous so we need to qualify this column by prefixing it with a table name.", "We can either pick it from order table or the customers table, it doesn't really matter, because the values are equal, right?", "So, in situations where you have the same column in multiple tables, you need to qualify them, by prefixing them with the name of the table, okay, now, we say tot he query one more time, there you go, you have order ID, customer ID and the full name.", "Now one more thing before we finish this tutorial, if you pay close attention we have repeated the word orders in multipel places, you have it here, as well as in the join condition, the same is true about he customers table, you have repeated that here.", "We can get rid of this repetition and make our code simpler by using an alias.", "So write after each table you can do it in alias, as a short for orders, so by convention we abbreviate the table's name.", "Now, wherever we have orders you should replace that with o.", "So here in the join condition, we're going to replace orders with o, and also one more time, in the select clause.", "There you go.", "You can also apply an alias for a customer's table, call it c, and then simplify our join condition like this.", "So this is how we can join columns for multiple tables.", "Now for your exercise, I want you to look at the order items table.", "So, in this table we have these columns, order ID, column ID, product id, quantity, and unit price.", "Now I want you to write a query and join this table with the products table so for each order return both the product id as well as this name, followed by the quantity, and the unit price form the order items table.", "And by the way make sure to use an alias to simplify your code, Alright, first let's select everything from the order items table, and then join it with the products table.", "How are we going to join this table.", "On order_items.", "Well actually let's just keep this on Alias right away, so we use oi, as an abbreviation for order items.", "And p as a short for products.", "So oi.product id, should be equal to p or products.", "product id.", "And by the way, remember that alias for table, you have to use that alias everywhere.", "So here I cannot type out product, MySQL is going to yell at me.", "So let's use the abbreviation.", "Alright, this is how we join these tables, let's execute this query up to this point.", "Alright, so we see all the items form the order items table, followed by from the products table.", "Now, you want to explicit select a few column here.", "So, to order items table you want to select order_id.", "We take it then we don't have to prefix it with a table name because this calumnies not repeated in multiple places, so it's not ambiguous.", "So, let's make the code shorter, that's better, now we want to select the product ID column, but because this column exists in both tables, you have to both prefix it with a column name.", "Either oi or p it doesn't really matter.", "So, next, we want to select quantity, and finally you want price.", "Now actually here, you have this unit price column.", "In both tables, so this is the unit price in order items table and this is the unit price in the products table, now you might be curious why we have this column in 2 places, is that the price of product can change, so for each order item, you want to have the price at the time the user placed the order.", "So this is a snapshot of the price at a given point in time.", "The unit price that we have for the products table is the current price right now.", "This is very important for the recording, otherwise we cannot calculate the sales properly.", "So, because we have the unit price column in two places, in this case we should pick it from the quarter items table because this is the price at the time of now, let's execute query.", "So here's the final result.", "In the real world, when you work as a developer or a data base administrator quite often you will have to work with multiple databases.", "In this tutorial I'm going to show you how to combine columns from tables in multiple places.", "That's pretty easy.", "So, in the SQL store database, you have this tables that you're fairly familiar with.", "Now imagine this products table was not here.", "Now, if you look at the database, you can see here another products table, this products table is exactly the same as the products table that we have in a SQL store database, so it has the same columns and the same data.", "Now technically this is not a good design, you don't want to have the same table repeated in multiple places.", "But for this demo, let's just imagine that we don't have the products table here, so we want to join the order items table, with the products table in the SQL inventory database.", "Let's get started.", "So select everything from the order items table, let's give it an alias straight away, you want to join this with the products table.", "This products table is part of the products inventory database.", "So we'll have to prefix this with the name of it's database.", "So, we type out SQL inventory.", "Now once again we can give this an alias like p, then type out our joint condition, so oi.product id should be the same as p.product id.", "Let's run the query there you go, so we successfully joined tables across multiple databases.", "Now note that we're prefixing the products table with the name of the database because the current database that we're writing this query with is the SQL stored database.", "Take a look, in the navigator panel, in the SQL store database is displayed in full.", "Because earlier, the root we use statement to select a database, that will SQL store.", "Now what if we select the SQL inventory database.", "So, let's see what happens SQL inventory, now because we have multiple statements we have to terminate this with a semi colon.", "Now we want to select everything with a order items table.", "But we don't have this table inside of this database.", "So now we'll have to prefix this table with the name of it's database, that is SQL underline story.", "Let's execute the query, okay, everything works, beautifully.", "So here's the lesson.", "You only have to prefix the tables that are not part of the current database.", "In other words the query will be different depending on the database.", "In SQL we can also join a table with itself.", "Let me show you an example.", "Take a look at this database.", "SQL hr, in this database we have these two tables, employees and offices.", "Let's take a look at the data int he employees table.", "There you go.", "So here we have these columns, employee id, first name, last name, salary and reports 2.", "This is the id of the manager for this person or this employee.", "Now once again, you don't want to repeat the managers information here, like the phone number, the address because this information can change in the future, so we are only using your identifier or their id to refer to them in this table, now where can we find information about this This manager is actually an employee of the same organization, so, look at this example, the manager ID is 37 370.", "Now if you look on the website, here is the ID of that manager which is another employee.", "That was the manager for this employee.", "We don't have any values here so the value for the sale is null.", "So this employee doesn't have a manager and that means they are the CEO.", "So let's go ahead and write a query to join this table with itself so we can select the name of each employee and their manager.", "Back to our query window, first we need to select the SQL hr database.", "Next, we select everything from the employees table, we give an alias like b now we need to join this table with itself.", "So once again we type out the employees, but we need a different alias.", "What should we call this alias.", "Well you want to join this table with itself so we can find the managers right?", "So we can use m as a shortcut for managers.", "Now, let's type our our joint condition.", "So from the employees table, we need to join the reports_2 column.", "To the manager table which is basically an employees table itself, and that is employee_ id.", "Now let's execute this query and see what we get.", "So, we see all the columns from the employees table repeated the first set of columns, represent the information about the employees, and after that, we have the information about the managers in this case we have only one manager in this table.", "But with this technique we can easily create an organization trial.", "We can have a hierarchy of managers.", "Now let's only the name of the employee and the manager.", "So, right here, since every column in the employees table is repeated twice we need to prefix each column with a table name.", "For example, from the employee's table you want to get employee ID, as well as the first name, and then for the managers table, we want to select the first name as well.", "So every column should be prefixed with a table name or more accurately the alias because all these columns exist in two tables, right?", "Let's go ahead and execute this query, so, this is what we get, employee id, and here's the managers first name.", "We can improve this query by giving an alias to this column.", "Because it doesn't make sense to have two first name columns.", "So, let's give an alias to the third column, manager.", "Now, let's execute it one more time.", "And, here's the end result.", "So, we have the empty ID first name, and object.", "So, joining a table with itself is pretty much the same as joining a table with another table.", "The only difference is that we have to use different alias's.", "And we have to prefix each column with an alias.", "This is what we call a self join.", "Next, I'm going to show you how to join more then two tables.", "In this tutorial, I'm going to show you how to join more then two tables in writing a query.", "For example, back to our SQL database, look at the orders table, now you know how to write a query to join this table with the customers table to return information about the customer to place each order.", "But here we also have another column, status, which is similar to the customer ID status.", "So the name of the status's are not stored in this table, they are somewhere else in the order status's table.", "Let's have a quick look here.", "Our orders can be either processed, shipped or delivered.", "And these are the identifiers for each of these status's.", "Now back to our orders table.", "In the status column you store status id.", "So now we should write a query to join the orders table, be two tables.", "The customers table and orders status's table.", "The result of this query is going to look like this.", "So for each order we see the order id, the date, the first and last name of the customer, and finally the status of the order.", "This is a beautiful report we can create for our users.", "So let me show you how to write this query.", "Back to our query editor, first we need to select the SQL store database, now, we need to select everything from the orders table, that's going to be the alias, next we need to join this with the customers table.", "On, that customer id should be equal to see the customer id.", "Nothing new so far.", "Exactly like before.", "Now here we can write another joint keyword.", "To join the others keyword order status's table.", "So we type out order status's.", "And also give it an alias, OS, what is our join condition?", "Well, back in the orders table, here we have the status column.", "So the value in this column should be equal to the order status ID, column in order status's table.", "Right?", "So back to the query, so orders table.status should be equal to order status's.order status ID.", "Make sure to get the name right, otherwise you're going to get an error So this is how we can join three tables.", "Now in the real world as you work on more complex problems, you'll end up joining even ten tables.", "So this is not uncommon in the SQL world.", "Now let's go ahead and execute this query.", "First we get the column from the orders table, followed by the orders from the customers table, and so on.", "This result is so complex and hard to extract information.", "from.", "So, let's explicitly select a few columns here.", "From the orders table, you want to select the order iD column, as well as the order date.", "Then, from the customers table, we want to select the first name, and last name.", "And finally form the order status's, we select the name column.", "So we can give this an alias like status that's better.", "Let's execute the query one more time.", "So, here's the end result, we have order ID, order date, the name of the customer, followed by the status of the order.", "Alright, for exercise, take a look at the SQL invoicing database.", "Here we have this table, payments, and these are the payments that each client has made towards either invoice Let's take a look at the data, so we have these columns, like client id, that identifies the client, so we can join this table with the client's table to see the name of the clients.", "Next we have invoice ID, we also have date, payment method.", "So similarly we can join this table with the payment method table here, let's have a look at the data in this table, these are the payment methods, credit card, cash, PayPal, wire transfer.", "So, back to the payments table, I want you to write a query and join this table with the payment methods table as well as the client's table.", "Produce a report that shows the payments, with more details, such as the name of the client, and the payment method.", "Alright, first we need to use, the SQL invoicing database, now we can select everything from the payments table which we call e, next we need to join this with the client's table which we call c, on p.clientid should eb equal to c.client id.", "Let me double check the column name to make sure I got it right, so back to the payments table the column is called client item.", "You also have a column called payment method, that we should join to the payment method ID column of the payment methods table.", "So, back to the query, once again we use a joint statement here, join with payment methods, we give it an alias pm, on p. payment _method should be equal to pm.", "payment method id.", "Make sure to type it out correctly otherwise you're going to get an error.", "So let's go ahead and execute the query up to this point, finally let's hand pick the columns that make the most sense.", "So, from the payments table, let's select the date, followed by invoice id, what else do we have here.", "So we have client id, invoice id, date, and now the payment method, I'm going to pick the amount column from here as well, so back to the query, p .amount.", "Now we need to add information about the client.", "Let's take a look at this table, clients, so here we have columns like name, address, city and so on.", "All we need here is the name column.", "So back to the query, of the client's table let's select the name column and finally form the payment method table, let's select, what is that column called it's called name.", "So back to the query pm.name.", "So here's the end result.", "Now we can put this column in any order that we want, it doesn't really matter, let's execute the query, and make sure everything works.", "So, on this date, on this invoice, we have a payment for this amount by this client using a credit card.", "Ina let he examples you have seen so far, we use a single column to uniquely identify the rows in a given table.", "For example, for example, in the customers table, we have this customer ID column which uniquely identifies the rows in this table.", "But there are times where we cannot use a single column to uniquely identify columns in a given table.", "For example, look at the order items table.", "In this table, we have columns like order id, product id, and so on.", "Now if you look at the data, you can see that the values in the order id column are repeated.", "They are duplicated.", "You have 2226 and so on.", "So we cannot use this column on it's own to uniquely identify each record.", "The same is true for the product id.", "The values for this column are also duplicated.", "So in this table we use the combination of the values in both these columns to uniquely identify each oder item.", "As an example, in this order we have 3 items, for products, 1, 4, and 6, and for each product, we have a quantity and unit price.", "So if we use the combination of the values in both these values, we can uniquely identify each order item, in other words, we don't have two records for order ID 2, and product ID 1, we only have a single record for that item, now let's open this table in the design mode.", "So over here we find this middle icon that looks like a tool.", "Note that this yellow key that represents the primary key exists on both these columns.", "This is what we call a composite primary key.", "The composite primary key contains more then one column.", "Now why does this matter?", "Well, when you have a table with a composite primary key.", "You need to learn how to join that table with other tables.", "For example, here we have this table, order item notes, that we use to keep notes in each order item.", "Let's look at the data here.", "So we have this column note id, right?", "Which uniquely identifies the records in this table, next to that we have order ID and product ID.", "you learn that the combination of these two columns uniquely represents and order ID.", "So here for order number 2, for product number 1, we have two notes.", "Now let me show you how join this table with the order items table.", "So, back to our query, you can see that I have already selected the SQL store database, so I'm not going to type out a U statement.", "Alright, let's select like everything from the order items table.", "Give it an alias, now we need to join this with order item notes, also we give it an alias.", "How are we going to join these tables?", "Based on two columns, back to the order items table these are the columns that we need to use in our joint condition.", "So, in the order items table we have this order ID column, these should be equal to the same column in order item notes table.", "So, in.order id.", "But this is not enough, we should also join these tables based on the product ID number.", "So, we type out and, and then type out the second condition, so order items.", "product ID should be equal to order item notes.product id.", "This is what we call a compound joint condition.", "So we have multiple conditions to join these two tables.", "In this tutorial I'm going to talk about the implicit joint syntax in MySQL.", "So here we have a basic inner join, we're selecting everything from the orders table, joining it with customers table on, orders.customer id.", "Equal to customers.customerid.", "Pretty basic.", "There is another way to write this query using implicit join syntax.", "Let me show you how this works.", "So, we select everything from now here we can type out multiple table names.", "so, orders, customers.", "And we can also give them an alias, so c and o.", "And then we move this join condition, to the where clause, so I'm going to copy this from here, type out the where clause, and paste the condition.", "These two queries, are equivalent.", "What we have here is called implicit joint syntax.", "Now even though MySQL supports the syntax it's something that I suggest you not to use, because if you accidentally forget to type out the where clause, you will get a cross join.", "Let me show you what I mean.", "So first I'm going to delete the first query.", "And execute this so we get ten records because we have 10 orders in this database.", "So far so good.", "What happens if you accidentally type out the where clause.", "Instead of 10 records we're going to get probably 100 records.", "Because every record in the order table, is now joined with every record in the customers table.", "This is what we call a cross turn.", "Now later in this section I'm going to talk about cross joins in more detail, but what I want to talk about in this tutorial, is that it's better to use an explicit joint syntax, so, we use, join because this syntax forces you to type out the joint condition, if you simply join orders with customers, without typing the join condition, you're going to get a syntax error.", "So to recap, be aware of the implicit join syntax, but write all of your joints using the explicit syntax.", "Earlier in this section I told you that in SQL we have two types of forms.", "Inner joins and outer joins.", "And so far you have only seen examples of inner joins.", "And I also told you that this inner keyword is optional, so whenever you type out a join, you're using an inner join.", "In this tutorial, we're going to look at outer joins and the problems they solve.", "So, let's start by writing a query that uses an inner join, and then we'll convert hat inner join and outer join.", "So, select everything from the customers table join it in the orders table, on c.customer id should be equal to o.customer ID.", "Pretty basic right?", "Now for clarity, let's pick a few columns from these two tables .So for the customers table I want to pick customer id.", "And first name, and from the orders table, I want to pick order id.", "Now finally, let's sort the results so we can clearly see what we get.", "So order by c.customer id.", "Let's execute that query and see what we get.", "So, here' the result.", "For customer number 2 called inis or inis whatever, you have 2 orders, order 4, and order 7.", "Similarly for customer number 5, we have 2 orders and so on.", "Now there is something missing in this result.", "We only see customers who have an order in our system, these are customers 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10.", "But if you look at the customers table, you can see that you have other customers like customer number 10, customers number 3, and so on.", "Currently we don't have any orders for these customers, and that's the reason we don't see them in this results set.", "But what if you want to see all the customers whether they have an order or not?", "That's when we use an outer join.", "Let me show you how that works.", "So back to our query the reason we only saw customers who have an order was because of this join condition, When joining these two tables, you are only returning records that match his condition.", "So for a given customer, if we do have an order, that record is returned.", "But as you saw a second ago, some customers don't have an order.", "So for those customers this condition is not valid.", "And that is the reason they are not returned in the result set.", "To solve this problem we use an outer join.", "Now in SQL we have two types of outer joins.", "We have left joins and right joins.", "When we use a left join, all the records from the left table, in this case customers are returned whether this condition is true or not.", "So we get all the customers, and if they do have an order, we'll see the order id as well.", "Let's execute this query and see what we get.", "So, there you go.", "Customer number 1, doesn't have an order and that's why we get null in this cell.", "Customer number 2 has two orders, 4, and 7, customer number 3 also doesn't have an order so we get null for order id.", "This is the result of a left join.", "So back to our query when we use a left join, all the records from the left table are returned whether this condition is true or not.", "Now what if we use a right join.", "In this case, all the records from the orders table are returned whether this condition is true or not.", "Let's execute this query and see what we get.", "So, we get he same result as before.", "when we use an inner join, because we are selecting all the records from the right table which is the orders table, so we don't see all the customers we see all the orders.", "Now if you want to use a right join, and still see all the customers, you need to swap the order of these tables.", "So, we put the orders table first that's going to be our left table.", "And then, we put the customers on the right side, so now with this query we'll return all the records from the right table which is the customers table.", "We execute this we get all the customers whether they have an order or not.", "Beautiful.", "Now one last thing before we finish this tutorial, I've seen developers use the outer keyword here.", "So either right outer join or left outer join.", "But technically the outer keyword is optional just like the inner keyword, so you don't have to type it out.", "So I'm going to remove this to make this code shorter and easier to understand.", "So to recap, if you have the join keyword directly, and if you do a left or right join you're doing a inner outer join.", "Here's your exercise for this tutorial.", "I want you to write a query that produces this result.", "So we should have three columns here.", "Product ID, name, and quantity that I picked from the order items table, so here we need to join the products table.", "With order items table.", "So we can see how many times each product is ordered.", "However, in an inner join we will only see the products that have an order, but here I'm doing an outer join, so, product number 7, has never been ordered, but still exists in the result.", "Is it null, or the quantity?", "So go ahead and write an outer join, or use this result.", "Alright, first we select everything from the products table and then to a left join with the order items table.", "Our join condition is p.product id equals oi.product id.", "So because we'll get all the products in the products table whether this condition is true or not.", "If you have never been ordered, you still see them in the result.", "Now, let's pick a few columns for clarity.", "So p.productid p.name and oi.", "quantity.", "That's it.", "Let's execute the query.", "We get the same result as before.", "So all the products are here.", "And product number 7 has never been ordered so we see null for the quantity.", "Similar to inner joins, we can use outer joins between multiple tables.", "Let me show you.", "So here's the query that we wrote in the last tutorial, you are doing a left join between customers and orders tables.", "So when we execute this query, you get all the customer whether they have an order or not.", "If you have an order you see the order id.", "Beautiful.", "Now if you look at the orders table, you can see that some of our orders have a shipper id.", "These are the orders that have been shipped.", "So now let's join orders table with the shippers table to display the name of the shipper in the result.", "So back to our query, after this left join, let's write another join, here I'm doing an inner join.", "So let's inner join the orders table with the shippers table.", "Join shippers, we call it sh, on what is the join condition.", "Well, oh.shipper id, should be equal to sh.shipper id.", "Alright?", "So in this query we have a left outer join and inner join.", "Let's see what we get, alright, we only see 5 records.", "But you have more orders.", "So here you have the same problem we have before.", "Some of our orders don't have a shipper, and that is why they are not returned here.", "In other words, this join condition is not true, for some of our orders.", "So back to the orders table, a an example, this first order doesn't have a shipper shipper id is null, and that is why it is not returned with a query result.", "So to solve this problem, you should use a left join, you want to make sure that all orders are returned whether they have a shipper or not.", "So back to the query, you need to replace this inner join with the left join, so let's execute the query and see what happens.", "Now we should have quite a few more orders, there you go, now to make this example more interesting, I'm going to add the ship -per name here.", "So back to our select boss, let's add a new column, shipper.name.", "Now we can give it an alias like shipper let's execute the query and here's the result.", "So we get all the customers whether they have an order or not.", "And for those who do have an order, we get all the orders whether we have a shipper or not.", "This is the power of outer joins.", "Now in the last tutorial, you learned that you can get the same result, in both the left join or the right join, you just have to swap the order of the tables.", "However, as a best practice of what to avoid using right joins, because when you're joining multiple tables and you have left and right and inner join, things get really complex.", "So, someone else reading your code, will have difficulty visualizing how you're joining these tables.", "As an example, if you have a right join here and then a left join after, it will be harder to visualize how these tables are getting joined.", "So, as a best practice, avoid right joins, and use left joins instead.", "And, here is your exercise for this tutorial.", "I want you to write a query that produces this result.", "So here you have these columns order date, order id, the first name of the customer the shipper and we can see that some of our orders are not shipped yet.", "So here we have null, and here finally, we have the status.", "So go ahead, spend 2-3 minutes on this exercise, when you're done continue watching.", "Alright, let's select everything from the orders table, now you should join this with customers, on, hold.customerid.", "Should be equal to c.customer id.", "Here I'm using an inner join, because every order does have a customer.", "So, this condition is always valid, it doesn't matter if we use a left join or a inner join here, now, okay?", "Now before going any further let's take our columns.", "So from the orders table, I'm going to pick order id.", "Followed by order date.", "And then, customer.firstname.", "Which we can optionally rename to customer.", "Alright, next we need to select the shipper.", "So, we join the result with the shippers table, on order.shipperid equal to shipper.shipperid.", "However, if we use an inner join here, because some of our orders don't have a shipper, we are only going to see the orders that have been shipped.", "Let me show you.", "So, for clarity, I'm going to add the shippers name here, so shipper .name as shipper.", "Let's execute the query there you go, we only see the orders that have been shipped.", "But we want to see all the orders, right?", "So, we need to change the second joint to a left join.", "So all orders are returned whether they have a shipper or not.", "Let's execute the query one more time, there you go.", "Now we see all the orders from number 1-10.", "Beautiful.", "Finally, we need to add the status comment here.", "So, we need to do another join here, join with order status's, which we aggregate as os, on oh.status equals to os.orderstatusid.", "We can see that I have designed our database such that sometimes our column names are exactly identical, but in other cases they don't match.", "So in order table we call this column, status, as opposed to order status id, and this is deliberate because a lot of real databases are like that.", "Alright, now let's add the status name here, so order, status.name as status.", "Execute the query, and we can see all the orders here, for each order we have the data, the customer, the supper and the status.", "Earlier, we talked about self joins in SQL.", "So here in the SQLhr database, we have this employees table, we rote a query to get all the employees and their manager.", "So here we have this column, reports to that specifies the manager for each employee.", "So let's go back and rewrite this query to get all the employees and their manager.", "Back to our query editor window, first let's use a SQL hr database.", "Then select everything from the employees table, we give it an alias and then join it with itself.", "So this is what we call a self join.", "Now we're going to use a different alias like m for managers.", "Now, what is the joint condition e.reports to, should be equal to m.employee ID, right?", "Now for clarity, let's pick only three columns, so either the id employee.first name.", "And m.firstname which we rename to manager.", "Alright, let's execute this query and see what we get.", "So, here's the result as you can see all these employees have the same manager.", "However, there is something missing here.", "We don't have a record for this person, this manager himself.", "So what is missing is a record where we can see the employee id for this person, their name and their manager which should be null because this person is the CEO or the head of the company.", "But why is this happening?", "The reason is, our inner join, because this condition we have here will only return people who have manager.", "We can solve this problem by using a left join.", "So, we do a left join, because we want to get every employee in this table whether they have a manager or not.", "Okay, now let's execute the query one more time.", "There you go.", "Now we have a record for this person the manager, as you can see this person does not have a manger, that's why we have null here.", "Back to our SQL store database here we have a simple query that joins the orders table, with a customers table.", "And here's our join condition.", "We have several examples of this before.", "Now as our queries get more complex these joint conditions get in the way, they make our queries hard to read, but the good news is that in MySQL, we have a powerful feature for simplifying these queries.", "If the column name is exactly the same across these two tables, we can replace the on clause.", "With a using clause which is simpler and shorter.", "So I'm going to comment out this line and instead type out using in parenthesis, we type out the column name, that is custom.", "customer id.", "What we have in line 7 is exactly identical to what we have on line 6.", "That is shorter and easier to read.", "So, let me delete this line.", "We can add another join statement here to join the orders for the shippers here, so join with shippers using shipper id.", "In both these tables we have a column with the exact same name.", "Alright, now let's execute this query this is what we get, you have the order id followed by the first name of the customer.", "Let's add a new column here, so, I'm going to add sh .name that is the name of the shipper, now obviously because some of our orders are not shipped, we have to replace this inner join to the left join.", "So we can use the using keyword with both inner and outer joins.", "Let's execute the query one more time.", "There you go.", "Now, we have the name of the shipper next to each order, beautiful, however, we cannot use this technique to join the result with the order status's table.", "Because in the orders table we have this column called status, but in order status's table, this column has a different name.", "It's order status id.", "Let me show you.", "So, order status's.", "columns, there you go, order status id.", "So the using keyword only works if the column name is exactly the same across different tables.", "Now what if we have multiple columns in our join condition.", "For example, earlier we talked about tis order items table, I told you that in this table we have a composite primary key, which basically means a primary key that consists of multiple columns.", "So the combination of these two columns uniquely identifies each record in this table.", "Now if I join this table, with order item notes table.", "In our join join condition, we should compare both these columns with their corresponding columns in the order item notes table.", "So let's quickly write that query and then simplify it with the using keyword.", "So, select everything from order items, now, join it with order item notes on so here we need to compare oi.order id with yn.orderid, and oi.productid= to oin.productid.", "This join condition is kind of messy, it's hard to read this query.", "Now let's simplify this query with the using keyword.", "So we type out using.", "In parenthesis we add both columns and then separate them using a comma.", "So, ordered and product id.", "Isn't that better?", "Now, for our exercise, back to our SQL invoicing database write a query to select the payment from the payments table and produce something like this.", "So in this table we have the date the client, the amount and the payment method, we can see.", "On what date who has paid how much using what payment method.", "Alright, I'm going to use the SQL invoicing database, and then select everything from the payments table, join it with the clients table.", "Using client id because in both these tables, you have the client id table.", "Next we need to join this with payment methods, however, they column name between these two tables is different, so in the payment table we have a column called payment method.", "But in payment methods table, our column is called payment method ID.", "So here we cannot use the using keyword, and we'll have to use the on clause.", "So on p.payment underline method equals pm.", "paymentmethodid.", "Now let's pick our columns.", "So, payment.date client.name.", "And we rename this as client, next we pick m out, and finally, the payment method, so, let's rename that to payment_method and execute the query, there we go, this is what we get.", "The date, the client, the amount, and the payment method.", "In MySQL, we also have another simpler way, to join two tales, it's called a natural join, and it's easier to code, but it's not something to recommend, because sometimes it produces unexpected results.", "But let me quickly show you how it works in case you see it somewhere so at least you're familiar with it.", "So back to the previous example, let's select everything from the orders table, that we should do a natural join with the customer's table.", "Now with this natural join, we don't exactly specify the column name.", "So the database engine will look at these two tables and it will join them based on the common columns.", "The columns don't have the same name.", "And that is the reason this query is shorted right.", "So, for clarity, let's pick a couple of columns here, o.order id and c. let's say first name.", "Let's execute the query, there you go.", "so we see all the orders and the customers replace them.", "So natural joins are really easy to code but they can be a little bit dangerous, because we're letting the database engine guess the join, you don't have control over it.", "For this very reason, natural joins can produce unexpected results, and that's why I discourage you to use them.", "In this tutorial, were going to look at cross joins in SQL.", "We use cross joins to mine or join every record from the first table, with every record, in a second table.", "Here is an example, let's select everything from the customers table to now here we do a cross join with the products table.", "So every record in the customers table, will be combined with every record in the products table.", "And that is why we don't have a condition here.", "Okay?", "So this is what we call a cross join now for clarity let's pick a couple of columns like see that first name we rename it as customer and then product.name which we rename to product.", "Also, let's sort the result by customer.", "first name.", "Now, let's execute the query, here's the result of the cross join, so first we have amber as the customer, and here are all combinations of amber with different products.", "Next we have Barbara or whatever it is, and again we have the combination of this custom with all the products.", "Now in this particular example, it doesn't really make sense to use a cross join, a real example for using cross join is where you have a table of sizes like small, medium, large, and a table of colors, like red, blue, green whatever.", "And then you want to combine all the sizes with all the colors.", "That is when you use a cross join.", "Wha we have here is called the explicit syntax for cross join, you also have the implicit syntax which looks like this.", "Instead of typing out the cross join, you type out multiple tables in the from clause.", "So customers and orders.", "Both these queries produce the same result.", "But I personally prefer to use the explicit syntax because it's more clear.", "And here's a simple exercise for you.", "Do a cross join between shippers and products.", "First do it using the implicit syntax, and then using the explicit syntax.", "It's pretty straight forward, I just want you to get your hands dirty in the code and get used to this syntax.", "Alright, first I'm going to use the explicit syntax, and then I'm going to place the syntax.", "So let's start by selecting everything from 2 tables, shippers and products, now for clarity I'm going to pick two columns, shipper.", "name which we rename to the shipper.", "And product.name which we order everything by shipper Let's execute the query, this is what we get.", "So the combination of all shippers and all products beautiful, now let's use the explicit syntax, so we select everything from the base table, in this case shippers and then do a cross join with products.", "That produces the same exact result.", "We covered everything about joins, you learned that with joins we can combine columns with multiple tables, but in SQL we can also combine rows with multiple tables, and this is extremely powerful.", "And let me show you how this works.", "First we have a quick look at our orders table, and select everything from the order table.", "Now if you look at the data, we can see that the first order was placed in the current year, 2019, all the other orders were placed in previous years.", "Now let's say you want to create a report, get all the orders, and next to each order, add a label.", "If the order is placed in the current year, the table is going to be active, and if the order is placed in previous years, you want to label it as archives.", "So, let's change our query and change our condition here.", "First you want to get all the orders in the current year.", "So where order date is greater than or equal to 2019, 0101.", "Now I just want to highlight that this is not the ideal way to get the orders in the current year, because here we have hard coded 2019.", "So if you execute this query next year, we are not going to get the right result.", "But don't worry about this for now.", "Later in the course I will show you how to get the orders in the current year, without hard coding a date here.", "So, let's execute this query, now we get only one order.", "Let's hand pick a couple of columns here.", "So, order id, and order date.", "And also I want to add a string, literal here, like active.", "Right?", "Let's execute this query, this is what we get.", "We get 3 columns, order id, order date, and active, and in this column, argument we have this string value.", "Active.", "Now let's rename this column to status, alright?", "And execute the query, that is better, now we want to write another query similar to this that will return the order in the previous year, but with a different label, archive.", "So, to save time, I'm going to copy this few lines and paste them right after our first select statement.", "Now note that here we have a syntax error, because we didn't terminate the first select statement with a semi colon, but don't worry about it, we're going to get back to this in a second so for the second query, we want to return a different a different label, archive, and we want to change our condition to less then 2019.", "Now, select only these few lines.", "And execute this query, either by clicking on this icon here, or using the keyword shortcut you learned earlier in the course.", "There you go, here are all the orders from the previous year, with the label archive.", "This query returns 9 records.", "The previous query returned 1 record.", "now using the union operator we can combine data from these two queries, so, in between our select statement we type out union now let's execute the query one more time, so here's our first order in the current year that is active and below that we have the orders in the previous years.", "So using the union operator we can combine records for multiple queries.", "Now in this example, both our queries are against the same table, but we can also have queries against different tables and then combine the result into one result set.", "Let me show you another example.", "So I'm going to delete everything here.", "Let's select the first name, from the customers table, and then we can union that with select the name from the shippers table.", "Let's execute the query's in one result set we can see all the customers and the shippers.", "Now as far as I know, there is no real world care for this particular query.", "But what I Want to point out is that with union we can combine results from multiple query's.", "These query's can be against the same table or different tables.", "In your database, you can have a table like archive orders, and another table like order and then you could combine all the archive and active orders into one result set.", "Just remember, that the number of columns that the query returns should be equal, otherwise you're going to get an error.", "For example, let's select the first name and last name from customers and then union that with the name of shippers.", "When we execute this query, we get an error, because the first part of this query returns two columns, but the second part returns one column.", "So MySQL doesn't know how to combine these records.", "And one last thing before we finish this tutorial.", "If you look at the result here, the name of this column is based on this first query, so the first query returns first name, and that's why this column is called first name.", "If you change the order of these queries, and move this union up here, now let's run this query as you can see our column is called name.", "So whatever we have in this first query is used to determine the name of columns.", "Here we can also rename the column to full name.", "There you go.", "Here's your exercise for this tutorial.", "Write a query for this report.", "So here we have four columns, customer ID, points, and title.", "Now as you know we don't have this column in the customers table, so we have calculated the values of this column, based on the points each customer had.", "If they have less then 2,000 points, their type is bronze.", "If they have between 2,000 and 3,000 points they are silver customers, and if they have more then 3,000 points, they are gold customers.", "Also note that here we have sort the result by the first name.", "So go ahead and spend two minutes to write this query.", "Alright, first let's get the bronze customers, so select everything from customers where points is less then 2,000.", "Now here we want to pick 3 columns, customer id, first name, end points.", "And finally we add a new column to a string literal, bronze let's run this query and see what we get.", "So these are all the bronze customers, but the name of this column in bronze, we don't want that.", "So, let's rename this to type.", "Now this is off the screen so I'm going to break this up into multiple lines that makers our query bigger and easier to read.", "There you go, let's run the query one more time, now the column is called type.", "Beautiful.", "Now we should do union and repeat this query, but extract the silver customers.", "So I'm going to paste this query here and then make a couple of changes here, I'm going to replace bronze with silver, and change the condition to between 2,000 and 3,000 let's run our query, see what we get so, we have all the bronze customers first, followed by all the silver customers.", "So the order of these records is based on our queries.", "In our first query we got the bronze customers, which is why they are listed first.", "But this is not what we want.", "You want to order the result by the first name of our customers.", "So, let's apply an order by at the end so order by first name.", "Now there is one more piece remaining.", "You should do a union one more time and write a query to get the gold customers.", "SO I'm going to select these few lines.", "And paste them here.", "Now let's change silver to gold, and the condition to (?)", "greater then 3000.", "And finally we do an imported by.", "Let's run the query one more time.", "And here's the end result, our customers are sorted by first name, bronze, silver and gold customers.", "In this section I'm going to teach you how to insert, update, and delete data.", "Before we get started let's have a closer look at our customers table.", "So click on this middle icon to open this table in the design mode.", "What you see here might look a little bit intimidating at first, but trust me it's so easy, and in this tutorial, I'm going to explain exactly what we have in these columns.", "So on the left side, you can see the column next to that you can see the data type for each column, so our customer id column can only accept integer value.", "Integers are whole numbers like 1234 and so on.", "You don't have decimal points, etc.", "First thing is a var chart which is short for variable character.", "And in parenthesis, you can see 50, that basically means in this column you can have a maximum of characters now if the name of a customer is only 5 characters long the only store those 5 characters.", "So even though the max length for this column is 50, you're not going to waste the space if this customer name is less then 50 characters.", "That is why here we have 4char which is short for variable.", "In contrast we have another data type that is character.", "If you had character 50 here, and the name of the customer was only 5 characters long, MySQL will insert additional 45 spaces to fill this column.", "So this is a waste of space.", "So as a best practice, Most oft he type we use var char to store strings or textural values.", "Now here on the right side we have this column pk, which is short for primary key.", "So customer id is marked as the primary key, and that is why we have this yellow key here, so the values in this column uniquely identify each customer.", "Next to that we have nn which is short for not null and that determines if this column can except null values or not.", "In this case, every customer record, must have the customer id.", "First name, last name, as well as these other attributes.", "But birthdays and phone are optional.", "So in these columns we can have null values, Now we have another calling here, ai, which is short for auto increment and this is often used with primary key columns, so every time we insert a new record in this table, we let MySQL or our database engine insert a value in this column, so essentially it gets the customer id for the last row, and it will increment it by 1, by the time you serve a new record.", "So if you look at the data you can see that currently we only have 10 customers here.", "So if you have a new customer here, MySQL will sign 11 to the new customer, okay?", "And finally here we have another column that specifies the default value for each column.", "For example, for birthday and phone columns, the default values or null, So if you don't supply a value MySQL will supply the null values for these columns.", "Similarly we have another null value, for the points column, so if we don't supply the points for a customer, MySQL will use 0, now we have a few other columns here which are not important at this stage, you will learn about them later in this course.", "So now you understand the attribute of each column, let's go ahead and insert data into this table.", "In this tutorial, you're going to learn how to insert a row into a table.", "For that we're going to use the insert into statement.", "Where are we going to insert this row?", "Into the customers table, so we type out the name of the table here followed by the values clause.", "And here in parenthesis we supply the values for every column in this table, so back to our table definition, these are all the columns, first we need to supply a value for the customer id column.", "However, in this column, the auto increment attribute is enabled, and as I told you before, if we don't supply a value, MySQL will generate a unique value for us.", "So we can go back to our statement and either assign an explicit value or use default to let MySQL take care of generating this value.", "This is the preferred approach.", "Because if we use this value an explicit value like 200 it is possible that you might have another customer with the same id.", "So when you execute the statement, you're going to get an error.", "Because you cannot have duplicate values in this column.", "Every value should be unique, so here we're going to use the default keyword to let you generate a unique value for the customer id, and after that we need to supply a value or the first name and last name columns.", "So, let's say Jon Smith.", "Note that I have enclosed these values with quotes, because as I have told you, string and for in SQL, we should always enclose string and values with quotes.", "Either single or double quotes, okay?", "Now, what else?", "Back to our customer table, after the last name you have birthdate, however, as we can see, this column is optional because this check box is not checked.", "So here we can use null or an explicit value.", "Null means the absence of a value.", "So back t our statement, you can type out the birthdate, like 1990 January 1st or you can use the null keyword to leave out this value.", "Now in this demo, I'm going to use a value date, now to make this code cleaner and more readable, I'm going to break it up into multiple lines.", "That's better, now back to our table, next we have phone and phone is also optional, because this checkboxes not checked, and null is the default value for this column.", "So here we can explicitly pass null, or use the default keyword and then put null into this column.", "It's exactly the same.", "So, back to our statement, you can pass null or default.", "Both these keywords will have the same result.", "In this case I'm going to use the null keyword.", "Alright, let's have one more look at our table, next we have 4 more columns that are required, so address, city, state, and points.", "And note that points has the default value of 0, so we can either use an explicit value like total value like 200, or use the default keyword and let MySQL generate 0.", "So, back to our statement, let's type out an address, it doesn't really matter.", "Followed by a city, and a state, let's say california, and finally points, again we use explicit value or default, so this is how we can insert a row into a table.", "However, in this example, you're only supplying values for first name, last name, birthdate and these address fields.", "So you're leaving out phone number the customer id and the points.", "So there's another way to write the statement.", "Let me show you.", "So after the table name you can optionally supply the stuff columns that you want to insert values into.", "In this case first name, last name, birthdate and once again I'm going to break up this statement into multiple lines So 3 more columns, address, city, and state, so these are the 6 columns that we're going to supply values for.", "With this change, we don't have to use these default or null values, we only supply values for these columns.", "So I'm going to remove default from here, and null, and finally this last default keyword.", "So, the 6 values that you supplied here are used for the 6th column.", "Now with this change, you can also reorder the columns.", "We don't have to list them in the same order, they were defined in the customers table, for example you can put the last name first, and then obviously we should also swap the order of these values, so we can list them in any orders.", "Now we can execute the statement, now if you look at the output window down on the bottom you should see the statement followed by one rows unfortunately I cannot resize this window to show you this message, but if you look down below you can see that one word was affected, which basically means one record was inserted into this table.", "Now, let's look at the data in the customers table so the last row is the one that we inserted, we can see that the MySQL automatically generated the value 11, this is the effect of auto increment attribute.", "So it takes the value of the last row, and incrememnts it by 1.", "So here we have the first name.", "Last name, birthdate, you didn't supply a value for the phone attribute, so, that's why we have null here, we also have address, city state, and the default value of 0 for the points.", "In this tutorial, you're going to learn how to insert multiple rows in one go.", "For this we're going to use the shippers table, let's have a quick look at the table definition so here we have 2 columns, shipper id and name.", "Shipper id is primary key, it's not nullable, and it's an auto incremented column.", "So we're going to let MySQL generate values for this column.", "Easy.", "You only need to supply a value for the name column.", "So back to our query editor window, we type out insert into shippers in parenthesis we specify the name of the column we want to insert values into, in this case name followed by the values clause.", "Here we add a pair of parenthesis with a value like shipper one.", "Now insert multiple rows all you have to do is insert a comma followed by another pair of parenthesis.", "So, shipper 2, one more time, comma, shipper 3, this is how you can insert multiple rows in 1 row, now let's execute this statement, alright, and then inspect the data in the shippers data.", "There you go.", "So initially we only had 5 shippers and here are the 3 new shippers that we inserted.", "Note that MySQL automatically generated the values for the shipper id column.", "So we have 67 and 8.", "Alright, here's your exercise for this tutorial.", "Write a statement to insert three rows in the products table, it's really easy you can knock it out in a minute, So here's our products table, we only have 4 columns, we're going to leave out the first column because it's an auto increments column so we only have to supply values for name, quality, unit price.", "Back to our query editor window, let's insert into products the columns are name, quanitty in stock, and unit price.", "And the values are going to be let's say product 1, stock is going to be 10 and the unit price is going to be 1, .95.", "Now I'm going to select these values.", "copy, paste it, like this, change the values accordingly, and finally the last row for the 3 there you go, let's execute this statement, alright and then verify the result so in the products table, now we should have 3 new records, now the id's you see here are 15, 16, and 17.", "Because before recording this video I actually inserted a few records in this table and then deleted them.", "So I had product ID's 11, 12 13, and 14.", "And even though they're actually deleted from this table, MySQL remembers their id's so instead of incrementing 10 x 11, it incremented 14 which is the last record from before.", "And that's why you generated 15.", "On your computer, the items are going to be 11, 12, 13.", "So far you have only learned how to insert data into a singular table.", "In this tutorial, I'm going to show you how to insert data into multiple tables.", "Here's a really good example, look at the orders table, what columns do we have?", "We have the order id, we have the customer id, so we know who has placed the order, we know the date of the order, you know the status, comments, as well as shipping information, but the actual items for this order are not in this table, they are in the order items table.", "So in this table, we have 4 columns we have the order id, so we know what order these items for.", "We have the product id, so we know what product order, in what quantity, and in what price.", "So an actual order can have 1 or more order items.", "This is what we call a parent child relationship.", "So this relationship the orders table is the parent, and the order items table is the child.", "So one row in the orders table can have 1 or more children inside the order items table.", "Now in this tutorial, I'm going to show you how to insert an order and all it's items.", "So you will learn how to insert data into multiple cables.", "alright, back to our query editor window.", "First we need to insert the order, so insert, into, let me close the navigator panel, we want to insert a record into the order table, now what columns do we have here?", "So we have these columns but only the first four are the and actually the first one, we don't want to worry about, because that's an auto increment column.", "So we only want to supply values for customer id, order date, and status.", "So back to our query, specifying those columns here, customer id, order date, and status, now let's supply the value.", "In the customer id column, we need to add a valid customer id.", "So let's have a quick look at our customers table, there you go.", "In this table, we have 11 records.", "So these are the valid customer id's.", "Now back to our query, let's use 1 for customer query and then 2019, January the 2nd for the order date, and one for the order status, once again in this column, we need to insert a valid order status id.", "If you don't supply a valid id, MySQL is going to get ahead of us.", "So we insert an order here, the items, now back to our order items table, in this table, we have this order id column, so here's the as soon as we insert an order, MySQL is going to generate an id for our new order now we need to access that id in order to insert the items in this table.", "How can we do that?", "Well, back to our query editor window, in MySQL, we have a bunch of built in functions, and a function is basically a piece of code that we use ourself.", "Just like a function is a feature in your tv.", "Every tv comes with a bunch of functions like power on, power off, change the volume, change the channel so on.", "So MySQL and other database engines come with a bunch of built in functions that we can use in our programs.", "One of these funcitons is last insert id.", "We can call or execute this function, by adding parenthesis here, and this will return the ID that MySQL generates when we insert a new row.", "So, before going any further, let's just select these, and make sure you get the right result.", "Now we have a syntax error here because we didn't terminate the first statement with a semi colon, alright, now let's execute this query, alright, so the id of the new order is 12.", "Let's verify that.", "So back to the orders table let's look at the data.", "On my machine I have 12 records here, I actually created 1 just before recording this video, so on your machine you're going to have 11 orders.", "Now back to our query window now that we know how to get the id of the newly inserted record, we can use that id to insert the child records.", "So, we're going to write another insert statement, insert into order items, let's have another look at the columns in this table.", "So we have 4 columns on all of them are required, so there's really no need to specify the column name in our insert statement, you simply supply values or order id, product id, quantity and unit price.", "So, here in the values clause, we add parenthesis, what is our order id?", "That is the value returned from calling this function.", "So I'm going to cut this from here and next we need to supply a valid photo id, but let's say product 1, quantity, let's say 1.", "And the unit price 2.95 dollars.", "Now let's delete this select we don't really need it anymore let's add another set of values, so once again, we're going to call last insert id, to get the id of a new order, we're going to change the product to product number 2, and add a different price.", "That's it.", "Now let's execute this statement and see what we get.", "Alright, so, back to our orders table, let's refresh the records here, alright so we have a new order, order number 13, beautiful, now let's look at the orders items table, here's the order items, let's open the table.", "So we should have 2 items, or order number 13.", "Beautiful.", "So this is how you insert hierarchical data in SQL.", "In this tutorial, I'm going to show you how to copy data from one table to another.", "For example, in our orders table, currently we have about a dozen records.", "Now let's say we want to create a copy of this table called orders archive and you want to insert every row that we have in this table into that new table.", "If you have 10 orders, we don't want to quote an insert statement with a ten set of values, that is very time consuming, so I want to show you a powerful technique to uniquely copy data from one table to another.", "First we need to create this new table, order archive.", "For that we're going to use the create table as statement.", "So create table orders archive as.", "Now right after that we write a select statement to get everything from the orders table.", "Now let's see what happens when we execute this query, there you go.", "So back in the navigator panel, we have to refresh this view by clicking on this icon over here, now we have a new table, orders archive, let's look at the data, so you can see all the orders are here and we have the exact same column as the orders table.", "However, if you open this table in the design mode, you cans ee that in this table, we don't have a primary key.", "So the order id column is not marked as a primary key.", "And also it's not marked as an auto increment column, so when we create a table using this technique MySQl will ignore these attributes, and that means if you want to explicitly insert the record into this new table, you have to supply a value for order id, because this column is no longer an auto increment column.", "So, using create table as statement you can quickly create a copy of a table, now we refer to this select statement as a sub query, so a subquery is a select statement that is part of another SQL statement.", "Now we can also use a sub query and an insert statement and that is a very powerful technique.", "It allows us to do really cool things.", "Let me show you.", "So first, let's right click the orders archive table, and click on truncate table, because we want to delete all the data in this table.", "Alright, it's asking for confirmation let's truncate the table, so now back to this table.", "Let's refresh the table, we don't have any records here, alright?", "Now back to our query editor, let's say you want to copy only a subset of records from the orders table into this table, like all the orders placed before 2019.", "So first let's select everything from the orders table where order date is less then 2019, January 1st.", "So, these are all the orders, order s copy these orders into he orders archive table.", "So we can use this select statement as a subquery in an insert statement, we write insert into orders archive now we don't need to supply the column names, because we're going to play values for every column that we have in this query.", "So, we did that, and this is ane xample of using a select statement as a subquery in an insert statement.", "Let's execute this, alright, now back to the table, let's refresh the records we only have the orders placed before 2019.", "Alright, here's a really, really, really coo exercise back to our SQL invoicing database.", "Look at the invoices table.", "So in this table, we have these columns, (?)", "id number, client id number which is associated or related to the client id column, in the clients table, followed by a few other columns, now let's say you want to create a copy of the record in this table, and put them in a new table called invoices archive.", "However in that table, instead of the client id column, we want to have the client name column, so you want to join table with the clients table, and then use that query as a sub query in a create table statement.", "Also, to mae the exercise more interesting, I want you to copy only the invoices that do have a payment.", "So if you look over here, this payment data column here, determines if a payment has been made, towards this invoice or not.", "So select only the invoices that do have a payment date, it's a really really good exercise, spend two to three minutes on this and then come back and continue watching.", "Alright, first I'm going to use the SQL invoicing data, base, now let's select everything from the invoices table and join it to the clients table.", "here I'm going to use the using statement to simplify my join.", "What column are we going to use for joining?", "The client id column.", "Let's execute this query up to this point.", "Alright, so first we see client id column is used for joining these tables, after that we have the columns from the invoices table like invoice id number and so on.", "Followed by the columns from the clients table.", "Name address and so on.", "Obviously we don't want all these columns, we only want the columns from the invoices table but we should replace the client id column with he client name column.", "So let's have a quick look at the design of the invoices table here we have invoices id, number, client id, we want to replace this column with the client name.", "Back to our query, I'm going to pick, invoice id, number and then client.name, let's rename it to client what other columns do we have here?", "We have invoice total and payment total so let's add those as well, invoice total as well as payment total, we also have three columns, for dates, invoice date, due date, and payment date, so, let me close the navigator panel.", "Invoice date payment date and due date.", "Now technically because these columns only exist in the invoices table, we don't have to prefix them with the table alias.", "So we can simplify the code like this, however, I personally prefer to prefix them, because that gives me a clear picture of how I'm joining these tables.", "It's just a personal preference another developer might disagree and that's fine, so whatever you prefer.", "That's perfectly fine, let's execute the query and make sure we get the right result, so we have the invoice ID number client beautiful, followed by these other columns, now I want to filter the result, and return only the invoices that do have a payment.", "So we can either return records that have a payment date, or the records that have a payment total of greater then 0.", "Both are perfectly fine, so back to our query, down at the bottom, let's add the where clause, where payment date is not null.", "That's better.", "Let's execute the query one more time, now we get only these handful of invoices, beautiful, finally let's use our query, as a subquery in a create table as statement.", "So right before select we type create table, invoices, archive, as there you go, let's execute the query beautiful, now back to the navigator panel, let's refresh the view, so here's our new table, invoice and archive, let's look at the data, there you go.", "You only have the invoices page and here's the name of the client for each invoice.", "Beautiful.", "Now just note that if you execute this query one more time, you're going to get an error because we already have a table called invoices archive.", "Later in the course I will show you how to draw tables, that's pretty easy, but for now you can just right click and go to draw table and then confirm alright, and then you can run the query one more time.", "In this tutorial I'm going to show you how to update data in SQL.", "So back to our invoices table, look at the first record here.", "The payment total for this record is 0, and obviously there is no payment date.", "Now let's imagine that there was a problem int he system that recorded this information.", "Let's say the client paid ten dollars for the invoice.", "So we should update this record in this table.", "That is very easy, back ti our query editor, window, we use the update statement to update one or more records in a table.", "What table?", "In this case invoices.", "Next we add a seth clause and this is where we specify a new value for one more or columns.", "In this case we want to update payment total.", "Let's say to ten dollars.", "We should also update payment date.", "So here's a column to add more columns we set this to date value, let's say 2019, March 1st, and then we type out a condition, with this condition we identify the record or the records that need to be updated.", "In this case we want to update the invoice number 1.", "So, back to our query, we type out invoice id equal to 1.", "Let's execute this.", "Beautiful, Now back to our table, let's refresh the data by clicking on this icon.", "Alright, we can see that payment total is updated to ten.", "And we also have a payment date.", "Beautiful.", "Now lets say we actually updated the wrong record, maybe we should have updated invoice number 3, so we should update this table one more time, and restore the original values in this column, back to our query we can set the payment total to 0, and the payment date to null.", "So we can use the null keyword to insert the null value in a column that accepts null values.", "Now back to the navigator panel, let's open the table in the design mode.", "We can see that the payment total column has a default value of 0, and the payment date column has the default value of null.", "So back in our query we can also set payment total tod default and MySQL will use the default value for this column, which is in this case 0.", "So, let's execute this statement one more time, beautiful.", "Now, back to the table, let's refresh the data, so payment total is set to 0.", "And payment date is null.", "Beautiful.", "Now let's go ahead and update the third payment.", "Look at the invoice total.", "That is $147.", "For this example let's imagine that the client made 50% of the total amount on the due date.", "So, back to our query editor window, instead of using a literal value window here like $70 we can write an expression, we want to calculate 50% of invoice total.", "So invoice total, x 0.5.", "Now let me break this code into multiple lines so we can see clearly, now we should set the payment date, as I told you this client made the payment on the due date, so we can set this to due date.", "Whatever value we have in this column will be used to set the payment date.", "Now obviously we need to update the invoice id, number 3, now back in the table, let's refresh the data.", "Alright look, payment total is updated, and it's set to almost 50% of he invoice total.", "However, this number is truncated so we don't have the digits after the decimal point.", "Don't worry about it for now, we'll come back to this when we talk about data points later in the course.", "Also we can see that payment date is set to the same value we have in the due date column.", "In the last tutorial we learned how to update a single record using the updates statement.", "Now if you want to update multiple records, the syntax is exactly the same, but the condition you type out here, has to be more general.", "For example, back to the invoices table, you can see that we have multiple invoices for client number 3.", "You can write a statement to update all the invoices for this client.", "So back to our query editor window, we change our condition to, where client id equals 3.", "However, if you execute this statement with MySQL workbench which is the software we've been using in this course, you're going to get an error, because by default, MySQL workbench runs in the safe update mode.", "So it allows you to update only a single record.", "You're not going to have this problem if you use another client for MySQL or if you write this statement in your application code this is only specific for MySQL workbench.", "Now let me show you how to get around this.", "On the top we go to MySQl workbench menu and then preface this.", "On this dial up box, on the left side, click on SQL editor and then down on the bottom, untick this checkbox, save updates, so this prevents you from accidentally updating or deleting a bunch of records in a table, so let's goa head with this, now we need to reconnect to this instance of MySQL.", "So, let's copy all the code here, and close this local instance window.", "Alright?", "Now, on the home page, double click this connection to reconnect, there you go, and then paste all that Sql code.", "Now let's execute this, beautiful, all the invoices for client number 3 are updated.", "Here we can also use the in operator, let's say we want to update all the invoices for clients number 3 and number 4.", "So all the operators you learned to use in the where clause also apply here.", "Now technically this where clause is optional, so if you want to update all the records in a table, you simply leave it out.", "Alright here's your exercise for this tutorial.", "Back to our SQL store database, write a SQL statement to give any customers, born before 1990, 15 extra points.", "Alright first we're going to use SQL store, then, write an update statement.", "To update the customers table, set the points to point plus 15, so here we're using the expression to update the points column, for anyone born before 1990.", "So where birth date is less then 1990, January 1st.", "Alright, let's execute this query, alright, now let's open up the customers table one more time, so anyone who was born before 1990 now has an extra 50 points.", "In this tutorial we're going to learn how to use subqueries in an update statement, it's extemely powerful, so we're going to continue with the example from the last tutorial, but we're going to make it more interesting.", "Here we're updating all the invoices for client number 3, but what if we don't have the id of the client?", "We only have the name?", "For example, you might even have an application, and in that application the user types in the name of the client, so first we should find the id for that client, and then use that id to update all the invoices.", "How do we do that?", "Well, let's have a quick look at our clients table, so here we have this client my words, let's say you have the name, you want to find the id.", "So back to our query window.", "After our update statement I'm going to write the select statement to select the client id column, from the clients table, where name equals my works.", "Now here we have a syntax error, because we didn't terminate the last don't worry about that, we're going to get back to that in a second.", "Let's just select these few lines and execute this query.", "The idea of this client is 2.", "Beautiful.", "Now we can use this select statement as a subquery in a update statement.", "So as I told you before, a subquery is a select statement that is within another SQL statement.", "So, instead of hard coding 3 here, we're going to use this select statement as a subquery, but we need to put it in parenthesis, so MySQL will execute this query first, it will return the client ID and then use it in this condition.", "So for clarity let's remove the line break and indent these few lines.", "So this is the end result.", "Now we execute this query, and this updated all the invoices for this client.", "Now, what if this query returns multiple clients?", "For example, back to the clients table, let's imagine you want to update the invoices for all clients located in New York or California.", "So, we need to update our subquery, like this, where state in California, and New York.", "Now before executing the entire statement, let's just select our subquery and execute it to see what we get.", "So we get two client ID's, one and three, beautiful, now because this query, this subquery returns mutliple records, we cannot use an equal sign here anymore, so we need to replace this with an in operator.", "And now this statement updates the invoices for all the clients located in these two statements.", "Let's execute it, beautiful, everything worked.", "So as a best practice, before executing your update statement, run your query to see what records you're going to update.", "So you don't accidentally update the records that shouldn't be updated.", "Now here we have a subquery but even if we didn't have a subquery, you could still query the records that we're going to update.", "Let me show you.", "So let's imagine we're going to update all the invoices where payment date is null.", "Before executing this entire update statement, I would run a query like this.", "Select, start I would start from invoices where payment date is null.", "Now let's execute this query, these are the two records that don't have payment date, so once we're confident that we're updating the right records, then, we come back here, and get rid of this select statement, and just attach the where clause to our update statement.", "Alright, here's your exercise for this tutorial, back to our SQL store database, look at the orders table, as you can see, several orders don't have a comment, I want you to write a SQL statement to update the comments or orders for customers who have more then 3000 points.", "So customers who have more then 3000 points, regard them as gold customers.", "Find their orders, if they have placed an order update the comments column and set it to gold customer.", "That's a really good exercise.", "Alright, first we need to find the gold customers, so select everything from the customers table, where points is greater then 3000.", "And by the way, because current database is SQL invoice we either have to type out a use statement on the top, or double click this database before executing this query.", "So, there you go.", "We have three gold customers now we need to get the ID of these customers to use them in an update statement.", "So, we only select customers Id here and then select this statement as a subquery in an update statement.", "So, update, orders, set comments to gold customer, where customer id because we're dealing with multiple customer id's we need to use the in operator and then to use it, as a subquery, we need to enclose it in parenthesis.", "Let's indent the code, that's better, so here is the final solution.", "So you have learned how to insert and update data, in this lecture, we're going to finish this section by learning how to delete data.", "That is very easy.", "We use the delete from statement to delete records from a table.", "Let's say the invoices table.", "Now optionally we can add a search condition to identify the records we want to delete.", "If you don't write this where clause with this statement, we delete all the records in this table.", "And obviously, that's very dangerous, so be very careful when executing this statement.", "Now here let's say we want to delete the invoice with the id 1, so where invoice id goes to 1.", "Now here we can also use subqueries, let's say we want to delete all the invoices for the client called my works.", "First let's find this client, so select everything from the client's table where name equals to my works.", "Let's execute the second query, so here's our client, now we can get this client id and use it in our search condition.", "So where client id equals 2, this is where we add our subquery, there you go, just like before, beautiful.", "So this is how we can delete data, in SQL.", "Alright, we're done with this section, but before going to the next section, I want you to restore all these databases to their original state.", "Because in this section we added some data, we updated some data, we deleted some records, so if you don't restore these databases you may see different results going forward.", "So, restoring these databases is pretty easy.", "Here in My SQL workbench, on the top go to the file menu and open SQL script.", "Then navigate to the directory where you stored the SQL scripts for this course, in case you lost that directory, go back to the first section, you have a lecture for downloading the supplementary materials.", "So in this directory open create databases.SQL.", "Now execute this script to recreate all of our databases.", "Alright, beautiful, now let's open up the navigator panel, you can see the databases disappear from here, simply click on this refresh icon.", "Beautiful.", "Alright, we're done with this section, I will see you in the next section.", "Hey guys, Mosh here, in case you haven't seen my website yet, head over to codewithmosh .com.", "This is my coding school where you can find plenty of courses on web and mobile application development.", "In fact recently I published a complete SQL course that is about 10 hours long, and it teaches you everything you need to know from the basic to advanced topics such as database design, security, writing complex queries, transactions, events and much, much more.", "These are the topics that every software engineer must master.", "This Youtube course you've been watching is the first three hours of my complete SQL course that is about 10 hours long.", "So if you want to master SQL and get job ready, I highly encourage you to get involved in my complete SQL course.", "You can watch it anytime, anywhere, as many times as you want, you can watch it online or download the videos.", "The course comes with a 30 day money back guarantee and a certificate of completion that you can add to your resume.", "The price for this course is $149 but the first 200 students can get it for just over $100.", "So if you're interseted, the link is below this video." ]

[ "Introduction", "What is SQL?", "Cheat Sheet", "Installing MySQL on Mac", "Installing MySQL on Windows", "Creating the Databases for this Course", "The SELECT Statement", "The SELECT Clause", "The WHERE Clause", "The AND, OR, and NOT Operators", "The IN Operator", "The BETWEEN Operator", "The LIKE Operator", "The REGEXP Operator", "The IS NULL Operator", "The ORDER BY Operator", "The LIMIT Operator", "Inner Joins", "Joining Across Databases", "Self Joins", "Joining Multiple Tables", "Compound Join Conditions", "Implicit Join Syntax", "Outer Joins", "Outer Join Between Multiple Tables", "Self Outer Joins", "The USING Clause", "Natural Joins", "Cross Joins", "Unions", "Column Attributes", "Inserting a Single Row", "Inserting Multiple Rows", "Inserting Hierarchical Rows", "Creating a Copy of a Table", "Updating a Single Row", "Updating Multiple Rows", "Using Subqueries in Updates", "Deleting Rows", "Restoring Course Databases" ]

[ "Moving beyond acting, multiple romances, and a family reconciliation... with boundaries.", "Drew Barrymore has had no shortage of drama in her life.", "Has she finally moved beyond it, or is she still getting caught up in controversy?", "Keep watching to find out.", "Drew Barrymore is one talented branch of a famous showbiz family tree, beginning with her great-grandfather, Maurice, who began acting 100 years before Barrymore was born.", "Barrymore never met her grandfather John, the notable Shakespearean actor, nor great aunt Ethel and uncle Lionel, who was most famous for his role as Mr. Potter in It's A Wonderful Life.", "Barrymore's own father, John Drew, was also an actor, though his alcoholism got in the way of a successful career.", "Her mother was also an aspiring actress, though she came from more humble roots.", "Named Ildiko Jaid, she was born in West Germany in a displaced persons camp for Hungarian refugees during World War II.", "She came to America and tried to start her acting career, but met John Drew at 21.", "They were together for five years and divorced while Jaid was pregnant with Drew.", "Though the two parents hailed from very different backgrounds, they brought a similar chaos into their child's life.", "Though Drew Barrymore holds the illustrious family name, she had little contact with her father.", "Her parents divorced before she was born, so the future actress didn't meet her dad until she was 3 years old.", "In 2001, she revealed to 60 Minutes Australia: \"Did I do something wrong that my dad doesn't want to be around me, am I such a repellent person?\"", "And the meeting wasn't filled with hugs.", "Instead, her drunken father stormed into their apartment only to grab a bottle of tequila.", "Barrymore always wanted the love and support of her father, but he reportedly wasn't capable of it.", "Once when John was babysitting, he allegedly decided to show Barrymore his new karate moves and was said to have punched her until she cried out: \"Why do you always cause so much pain?\"", "John reportedly retorted that she didn't really know pain and held her hand over a burning candle until she started to cry.", "Drew cut off all contact with her father for a number of years.", "But as she grew into an adult, she would visit him on occasion while giving up any hope of having a real relationship.", "In 2001, John was diagnosed with cancer and Barrymore reconciled with him.", "She even took responsibility for his hospice care.", "Though he remained the difficult person he always was, according to Drew's memoir, Wildflower, he took a moment while visiting at Joshua Tree to tell her: \"You were born perfect.\"", "He died in 2004.", "By the time Drew Barrymore auditioned for Steven Spielberg at age 6, she was already a pro.", "Her mother took her to audition for a puppy food commercial, and Drew landed the role at only 11 months old.", "\"A friend suggested that she take me on this audition when I was eleven months for a puppy chow commercial.\"", "She consistently got roles and was called in to audition for Poltergeist.", "As Spielberg looked on, Barrymore charmed everyone with her adorable personality and various stories.", "She admits that in the audition, she told Spielberg she was a drummer in a rock band and a burgeoning chef.", "Barrymore revealed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show: \"I lied my face off.", "I told him I was in a rock 'n roll band.", "I was a drummer, of course, because drummers are the coolest, and that I was a cook.\"", "Spielberg knew Barrymore was something special, but didn't think she was the right fit for Poltergeist.", "He promised he'd call her in for another film, but jaded at age 6, Barrymore guessed it was probably just a Hollywood brush-off.", "But Spielberg stuck to his word and after many callbacks, Barrymore landed the role of Gertie in the now iconic movie E.T.", "After the success of E.T., Drew Barrymore's mother, Jaid, quit her job and became her daughter's full-time manager.", "Jaid seemed to like the spotlight just as much — if not more — than Drew.", "She wanted to take advantage of the new found fame, so Jaid took Barrymore to the infamous Studio 54 nightclub when she was only 9 years old.", "\"I didn't realize that until I was nine and I started casually drinking, and realized\" \"Where would you get alcohol from at nine?\"", "\"Oh parties, friends.\"", "Jaid and her daughter hit the club scene hard.", "Drew loved being the youngest at the party.", "She described clubs as being: \"Disneyland for adults, only I got to be a part of it.\"", "At Rob Lowe's 20th birthday party, Jaid abandoned her daughter at the nightclub, which is where Drew had her first beer and make-out session.", "The underage party girl regularly drank and smoked— and by age 12, she was addicted to cocaine.", "Jaid once said: \"When we went out, it was always the two of us together.", "It wasn't ever Drew going off to a party while I stayed home and knitted.", "[...] This was still a period where I considered us an inseparable team.\"", "Drew's problems were quickly spinning out of control, and it took a drastic event to get her life on the right track.", "After becoming a drug addict as a young teen, Drew Barrymore hit a low point and attempted to take her own life at 13.", "While Barrymore's mother claimed that she did it for attention, it was an obvious cry for help from a struggling child.", "Jaid sent her daughter off for 18 months to a mental hospital to get clean and clear her head.", "Barrymore said she hated it then but now is grateful for the care.", "Speaking about her time in recovery, Barrymore revealed: \"It did give an amazing discipline.", "It was like serious recruitment training and boot camp, and it was horrible and dark and very long-lived, a year and a half, but I needed it.", "I needed that whole insane discipline.", "My life was not normal.\"", "According to her book, Barrymore finally had a little structure in her life and she didn't want to go back to her addictive ways.", "\"You know 'cause I want to stay sober so bad.", "And you know, there is a possibility that I could slip again.\"", "When her hospitalization came to an end, doctors suggested that Drew Barrymore make a big change to stay clean by becoming an emancipated minor.", "Jaid's guardianship was so unstable that experts thought the 14-year-old would have a better chance on her own.", "\"And she did have coke when she was about 11 or 12 and she did have some drinks, uh, with the people at her school, because they were all doing it, the whole school was doing it.\"", "So Barrymore filed for a divorce from her mom.", "And Jaid was completely supportive of the action.", "The teenage Barrymore stood in the court asking to be legally considered an adult, and the emancipation was granted.", "Barrymore and Jaid hugged in the courtroom, then went their separate ways.", "Barrymore was grief stricken knowing that she had to leave her mother but knew it was inevitable.", "While officially an adult, Barrymore quickly realized she didn't know how to clean, cook, or even do laundry.", "She hadn't even finished school.", "But Barrymore taught herself.", "She devoured books on every subject, learned how to take care of herself, and even worked in a coffee shop since the industry was reluctant to work with her after the drug addiction scandal.", "Even though she was thrown into the world so young and so unprepared, she slowly found a steady life for herself.", "Drew Barrymore eventually started getting work again, returning to the public eye at 18 with the film Poison Ivy, where she played a seductive, evil teenager.", "She took risqué roles and adopted a kind of \"wild child\" persona in the press in order to get past her child acting days.", "And Barrymore's real love life did nothing to temper that.", "At 19, Barrymore married Jeremy Thomas after a very brief courtship in 1994.", "The marriage was a surprise to the media, and it didn't help that Thomas was a 31-year-old bartender.", "But after only two months, the couple split up.", "In 1998, she dated Luke Wilson for a year after starring in Home Fries together.", "Shortly after their breakup, the actor began an unusual courtship with comedian Tom Green.", "Though it seemed an unlikely couple, they were married for two years before an amicable divorce in 2001.", "After her second divorce, Drew had her longest relationship yet, with The Strokes drummer Fabrizio Moretti.", "They were together for five years and though they never married, it was obvious their relationship was incredibly close and full of love.", "Drew Barrymore has always made a splash on screen — whether in character, or as herself.", "She still holds the record for youngest star to ever host Saturday Night Live, which she accomplished at age 7.", "That's four years younger than the next youngest host, Macaulay Culkin, who made his debut at the ripe old age of 11.", "But her most memorable late-night moment was in 1995, when she was a guest on Late Show with David Letterman.", "Barrymore dished that the week before Letterman, she did a performance art character named Lolita at a club on the Lower East Side, which involved strip teasing on stage.", "When Letterman asked about her escapades, Barrymore decided to show rather than tell.", "She jumped up on the desk and started dancing.", "The crowd went crazy as she turned towards Dave, lifted up her shirt, and flashed him.", "Though the backlash wasn't severe, she realized she had gone too far.", "In her book Wildflower, Barrymore discusses the Letterman moment and how she was through with her bad girl years.", "She wrote: \"I wanted to be a good girl, and I wanted goodness to be the theme of my life and my work.\"", "In 2021, Letterman reunited with Barrymore on her own talk show, The Drew Barrymore Show, and the two chatted about the late night moment.", "Barrymore said that her friend, Dave, could have asked her \"what's wrong with you?\"", "but instead: \"You had that smile and you said to everyone, 'this moment is ok.'\" After she left her party life behind, Drew Barrymore had trouble getting roles.", "Though she had some small parts in movies such as Everyone Says I Love You and Scream, Barrymore wasn't exactly where she wanted to be.", "In 1997, Barrymore was desperate to have a meeting with Adam Sandler after seeing him on SNL.", "Somehow she knew that they would be a perfect onscreen duo — she loved his goofy style in Billy Madison and Happy Gilmore.", "Sandler finally agreed to a meeting, but at first glance, it seemed like the pair would never work.", "Barrymore recalled: \"We looked like the worst blind date you've ever seen.", "I showed up with purple hair and a leopard coat and he was in his classic cargo pants.\"", "Despite mismatched attire, the two got along well and Barrymore made it very clear she wanted to work with him whenever they found the right project.", "And Sandler thought Barrymore would be perfect in The Wedding Singer.", "Critics and audiences fell in love again with Barrymore's irresistible charm and she was back in the spotlight.", "In 2004, the two co-starred in another rom-com, 50 First Dates.", "And while fans may have thought they saw sparks flying between the two in real life, Barrymore has clarified that they never dated.", "With no shortage of acting credits to her name, Drew Barrymore has shown off her skills behind the camera, too.", "In 2009, she made her movie directorial debut with the coming-of-age drama Whip It.", "In addition to directing, Barrymore also starred as Smashley Simpson in the film.", "Barrymore told Reuters that directing was something she'd always wanted to do, stating: \"It was just a natural progression of taking everything I learned and putting it into something different.\"", "Barrymore revealed that she's no stranger to seeking advice from other filmmakers, adding: \"I also think at the end of the day, you have to trust your own instincts.\"", "\"It's about getting out there, and going and having fun and finding a tribe.\"", "The star added that outside opinions can also help ideas become clearer.", "For Barrymore, she wanted to present themes of hope and empowerment and believing you can create something special with your life.", "But fighting to keep the movie true to its initial intentions wasn't easy, according to the star.", "But Barrymore managed to stick to her vision.", "When asked if she saw other directing credits in her future, Barrymore stated: \"I must've been training for this my whole life.", "I can't imagine it would be just a one off.\"", "Drew Barrymore can't stop and won't stop, in the best possible way.", "Though she's still acting, the star is slightly less interested in films, which take her away from home for long periods of time, now that she has children.", "She's been branching out, growing interest in cosmetics after modeling and co-creative directing for CoverGirl.", "She's now running Flower Beauty and Flower Eyewear.", "Barrymore said: \"I'm not good at just showing up to things.", "I like to be involved in the creative process, learning how things function.\"", "And the multi-talented entrepreneur dipped her toe into the wine industry, crafting Barrymore Wines, working with Carmel Road winery to create her signature blend.", "But that's still not all!", "Barrymore is also directing, producing, running her own production company, Flower Films.", "Never wanting to sit around and wait for the next role, Barrymore wanted to create more films for and about women.", "With her good friend Nancy Juvonen, she formed Flower Films in 1995, and produced their very first movie in 1999.", "They've gone on to produce Never Been Kissed, Charlie's Angels, and the Jake Gyllenhaal breakout, Donnie Darko.", "Now involved in a wide range of film and TV projects, Flower Films is still going strong.", "With her career flourishing and businesses taking off, Drew Barrymore thought she finally found a healthy, steady relationship when she married Will Kopelman in 2012.", "Barrymore said: \"Will struck a lot of my pragmatic sides.", "He was someone who was always reachable on the phone, someone who was a classy human being, someone who has this incredible blueprint of a family that I don't have.\"", "Barrymore knew they were total opposites, but she wanted it to work out.", "They divorced after four years of marriage and Barrymore was devastated.", "She revealed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show: \"When you get divorced you're like, 'I'm the biggest failure.", "This is the biggest failure.'", "It's so shameful and hard to actually go through that, even privately.", "[...] I so wanted to raise kids in this ultra-traditional way and do everything so the polar opposite of my experience.\"", "Though it might not be the perfect family she always dreamed of, Barrymore and Kopelman are working well together on co-parenting their two children, Olive and Frankie.", "And despite her divorce from Kopelman, Barrymore is the happiest she's ever been with her kids.", "Giving birth in 2012 and 2014, she's thrilled to give herself completely to being a mom and happy she didn't have children when she was younger.", "\"'Oh what are you gonna tell your daughters?'", "You're like, 'You're insinuating that I should get in a time machine and erase my life.'\"", "She told Today: \"They're not gonna have my life, you know.", "Not going to Studio 54 at 7 years old will probably make them a lot more normal than I was.\"", "During an exclusive interview with People, Drew Barrymore revealed that despite the positives of her perfect and totally imperfect personal life, she'd still experienced one common health struggle that can come with childbirth, postpartum depression.", "According to the star, despite feeling fine after the birth of her first child, Olive, Barrymore experienced postpartum depression after her second daughter, Frankie, was born.", "The Ever After star stated that she could tell that something was different after Frankie's birth.", "She told People: \"I was like, 'Oh, whoa, I see what people talk about now.", "I understand.'\"", "Barrymore added that the combined pressure of her busy work schedule and her private life left her feeling stressed and searching for balance.", "She revealed: \"It was just really challenging and I felt overwhelmed.", "I made a lot of decisions and I definitely changed my work life to suit my parenthood.\"", "While the actor stated that her postpartum depression was short-lived, Barrymore said that the experience positively impacted her and taught her to not let the little things overwhelm her.", "She wants to set a positive example for her daughters and show them that working and having a pleasurable personal life is entirely possible.", "Drew Barrymore is still looking to challenge herself despite her many great successes and her full plate.", "In 2017, she debuted Santa Clarita Diet, a dark comedy on Netflix.", "It received good reviews and it seemed people were excited to watch the gory comedy.", "Though she produced and starred in the show, when Barrymore was first approached with the idea for it, she was hesitant.", "She had been more focused on her girls and healing from a divorce instead of being in front of a camera.", "\"I can't feel my heartbeat.\"", "\"What?\"", "\"My heart, I can't feel it.\"", "But the amazing script eventually won her over.The female-centered, zombie comedy that crosses all genres is nothing like her previous work.", "The show has been a delight for Barrymore to work on and helped her through the darker moments of divorce.", "According to The New York Times, Barrymore said: \"It goes to show you: sometimes when you think something is the worst timing and there's no way you're going to be able to do it, it can become the thing that ultimately pulls you out of the darkness and brings you into the light.\"", "Santa Clarita Diet was canceled in 2019, though fans were lucky enough to enjoy three whole seasons of the show.", "Drew Barrymore's atypical childhood ultimately led the young actor to become emancipated from her mother, Jaid Barrymore, when she was just 14 years old.", "But Barrymore recently revealed to Howard Stern that she's currently in contact with her mother again, saying they have a much healthier relationship now.", "Despite the struggles with their relationship, Barrymore told Stern that she now tries to view her mother's choices in an unbiased way.", "She stated regarding Jaid's choice to have her placed in a psychiatric ward: \"And I forgive her for making this choice.", "She probably felt she had nowhere to turn.\"", "The Charlie's Angels star said that looking at her parents' past and her father's absence played a role in her own decision to reconnect with Jaid.", "The star also disclosed that she'd invited Jaid to be a part of her granddaughters' lives.", "She told Stern: \"She's met my kids.", "But there's real boundaries and distance and a lot of respect.\"", "In addition to her other ventures in the entertainment industry, Drew Barrymore also hosts her own series, The Drew Barrymore Show.", "First premiering in 2020, Barrymore's talk show consists of the beloved actor chatting with celebrity guests and exploring human interest pieces, as well as other news and pop culture stories.", "And the star also made the series her own by bringing plenty of her signature charm and style.", "She's even shown some of the casual wear that she sports when she's headed to the set.", "Showing off an image of herself wearing bright tie-dye leggings and a colorful coat on Instagram, the star said: \"Yes, this is how I show up to work.\"", "People recently reported that Barrymore's well-received talk show was renewed for the 2022-2023 season.", "The president of CBS Media Ventures stated that they could not be happier to continue their partnership with Barrymore.", "The Wedding Singer star offered up her statement regarding the news, saying she was \"honored and grateful,\" before adding that she wants to continue pushing boundaries and offering her viewers new experiences.", "She continued: \"Our show wants to be a bright spot not a blind spot and we just want to make people feel good.", "And I thank all the people who helped us get here.\"", "In addition to her other roles as a young actor, Drew Barrymore also starred as Charlie McGee in 1984's Firestarter, a horror film adapted from Stephen King's popular novel.", "And the king of horror appeared on Barrymore's talk show to discuss the adaptations of some of his famous books.", "While reminiscing on stories like Carrie and The Shining, the writer had some pretty strong feelings about Barrymore's portrayal of the young pyrokinetic in Firestarter.", "King stated: \"I thought that you were terrific in that part, that was very, very difficult and you were great.", "Every time you got ready to light a fire, your beautiful blonde hair would blow back.", "It was great.\"", "Barrymore appeared to have fond memories, too, revealing: \"When you're seven and you think you can blow people away with a fireball it's really empowering.\"", "Barrymore also thanked the iconic author for her experience with him and his family.", "\"And made important lifelong impressions that I hold so dearly in my heart.\"", "While People stated that Drew Barrymore is a self-admitted \"hopeless romantic,\" the star said that there wouldn't be any wedding bells in her future.", "Barrymore has previously been married three times, so her choice definitely has the personal experience to back up her decision.", "The former child star declared: \"Never.", "Never, never, never.", "I will never get married again!\"", "And according to her, that statement isn't something she says lightly.", "But despite her negative experiences, the actor isn't giving up on romance.", "The star revealed regarding online dating: \"I've tried it.", "I went on a couple of dates.\"", "Barrymore disclosed that she'd even been ghosted and told the entertainment source that one person canceled on her at the last minute.", "She said: \"I was waiting to go on a date, and at the time we were supposed to meet he just wrote, 'Yeah, I can't.'", "But I'd rather hang out with my friends.\"", "But Barrymore is open to finding and experiencing love, whether it's tomorrow or ten years away.", "The talk show star spoke to CBS about dating and reaffirmed that her feelings on marriage hadn't changed.", "After noting that the dating world is seriously different for a single parent, Barrymore said she wanted to find someone who wasn't looking for a traditional relationship: \"I would maybe live with someone again maybe, but I've had kids, and there's no way.\"", "During a recent episode of The Drew Barrymore Show, Barrymore addressed the legal battle between Johnny Depp and Amber Heard.", "While chatting with her guest, Anthony Anderson, the pair discussed some of the publicly released texts, mentioning one specific message from Depp, with Barrymore questioning: \"How about the burnt body, and why a Honda Civic?\"", "The talk show host said that she understood the actors were essentially exposing tons of information about their personal life to the public.", "But Barrymore declared that she didn't understand why they were revealing so much, saying, \"This is crazy!\"", "\"It's a seven-layer dip of insanity.\"", "As a result of the interview, many viewers felt that the actor had taken things too far and had made light of domestic violence allegations.", "In response to the backlash, Barrymore issued an apology on Instagram with a video message, stating that she was sorry if her comments on the trial had seemed insensitive.", "\"I just want to deeply apologize and appreciate everyone who spoke out.\"", "She added, \"This can be a teachable moment for me and how I move forward and how I conduct myself.\"", "Barrymore also expressed that she hoped to show more consideration moving forward because she genuinely wants to be her best self.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more List videos about your favorite celebrities are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Family of actors", "An absent dad", "Auditioning for Spielberg", "Troubled adolescence", "Hospitalization at 13", "Emancipated minor", "Dating history", "Groundbreaking late-night moments", "Adam Sandler helped her career", "Directorial debut", "Building her empire", "Love, kids and marriage", "Postpartum depression", "Santa Clarita Diet", "Reconnection with her mom", "Daytime talk show", "Early roles with famed author", "No more marriage", "Controversial remarks" ]

[ "Captions are on!", "To turn off, click CC at bottom right.", "I’ve daydreamed before about what it’d be like to have a special ability that other organisms can do.", "Something that humans - or amoebas - cannot.", "For example, to be able to fly like a peregrine falcon.", "Or to be able to walk up walls without any gear – like a Texas banded gecko.", "But if I told you I really wish I could have a special ability of a plant – you’d probably be confused.", "What can a plant do that’s so amazing?", "There’s a lot of cool things about plants actually.", "But, in particular, I really wish I could do photosynthesis.", "And it’s not just plants that can do this process.", "For example, some protists and some bacteria can too.", "But plants will be our focus for this video clip.", "Animals and amoebas may have missed out on this ability, but we benefit from it greatly as this process also produces oxygen.", "A gas that we need.", "Any process that plants themselves need to survive is important to us – because plants in general are major producers making them indispensable in food webs.", "Many of our medications and foods come from plants.", "We need plants.", "So understanding the nature of the process that plants use to make their own food is paramount.", "So when I say make their own food, I’m talking about making a sugar that they need.", "Specifically, glucose.", "You need glucose too, but you get it from what you eat.", "Plants, however, get to make their own glucose in photosynthesis.", "Here is the balanced overall equation for photosynthesis, similar to what you’ll find in many introductory biology textbooks.", "As you will notice, it has some similarities to aerobic cellular respiration.", "Recall that cellular respiration is used to make ATP, which is an energy currency, and it’s done by plants as well as animals and a lot of other organisms too.", "You can see how these reactants (inputs) of photosynthesis are included in the products (outputs) in cellular respiration.", "And the products (outputs) of photosynthesis are included in the reactants (inputs) of cellular respiration.", "While this doesn’t mean that they’re simply reversed, it is interesting to see what they have in common.", "So while both plants and animals need glucose for cellular respiration, plants don’t have to be in search of glucose.", "Because they make it.", "Plants have adaptations to carry out photosynthesis in a variety of environments.", "One thing plants have to do is capture light.", "Plants can use light capturing molecules called pigments.", "Recall that visible light has different wavelengths and those different wavelengths of light have different colors.", "If you’ve ever played with a prism before, you can see how light can be separated into a rainbow of colors due to different wavelengths.", "So, a pigment that plants commonly use to capture light is chlorophyll.", "Chlorophyll does a great job at absorbing red and blue light – but not so much green light.", "Chlorophyll reflects green light and this is one reason why many plants appear green to our eyes.", "There are pigments besides chlorophyll that work with different wavelengths of light, and this can explain why green is not the only color you see in plants.", "Chlorophyll is a pigment that can be found in the chloroplasts of plants cells.", "There are two major reactions that occur in the chloroplast that, together, make up photosynthesis.", "They are: the light dependent reactions and the light independent reactions.", "The light independent reactions can also be called the Calvin Cycle or even...less commonly...the dark reaction.", "Sounds intriguing.", "We’re going to talk about both of these briefly and please remember, like most of our videos, this is pretty general.", "We’ve got some further reading links in the video description where you can explore a lot more detail.", "So light dependent reactions: happen in the thylakoids.", "Little compartments in the chloroplasts that contain pigment.", "A collective stack would be a granum...multiple stacks would be grana.", "In the light dependent reactions, light is captured and water (which is a reactant in the photosynthesis equation) is “split.” That means if you think of the chemical formula for water which is H20---it is split so that you get electrons, protons, and oxygen.", "So, oxygen is also a product of the light dependent reactions.", "The light dependent reactions also produce ATP and NADPH, which we’ll get to in a little bit.", "Both the ATP and the NADPH will be needed for the next process: the light independent reactions.", "Also known as the Calvin Cycle or Dark Reaction.", "The name is bit misleading.", "While, yes, this process isn’t directly capturing light, it doesn’t require darkness either.", "And, again, it will need items from the light dependent reactions like the ATP and NADPH.", "The light independent reactions still happen in the chloroplast.", "But specifically, the light independent reactions happen in the stroma.", "The stroma is a fluid outside of the thylakoids.", "In the Light Independent Reactions -or Calvin Cycle- carbon dioxide enters.", "It is taken in through pores – that are often but not always on the bottom of leaves – and those pores are called stomata.", "Plants have the ability to open and close their stomata.", "The carbon dioxide gas enters the stomata and will be fixed.", "By fixed, I mean that, with the additional help of a major enzyme, the inorganic carbon dioxide is changed to a more usable organic form.", "The ATP that had come from the light dependent reactions will act as an energy currency for the Calvin Cycle.", "The NADPH that had come from the light dependent reactions will supply reducing power----by that, I mean that it helps add high energy electrons to this process.", "So, in a very complex series of pathways, the fixed carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH are used to make a product that- ultimately - can be converted into glucose.", "A sugar.", "Phew.", "So, let’s take a look at this equation.", "Last time, I promise.", "So, we have here the circled items from the light dependent reactions.", "And now, notice the other items----the CO2 on the reactant side and the glucose on the product side---those were from the Calvin Cycle.", "Remember, there is so much more detail to explore in this amazing process.", "You can learn about the photosystems that are in the light dependent reactions or the detail of all the steps in the Calvin Cycle and how ATP and NADPH will be converted to ADP and NADP+ which can then be used again by the light dependent reactions.", "But before we end our short video, we do want to mention that plants have some amazing adaptations that help them perform photosynthesis efficiently in different environments.", "Many of these adaptations can involve the diversity of leaf shapes, coverings, and pigments.", "This is definitely worthy of a completely separate video topic, but to give a neat example of an adaptation involving photosynthesis: consider the cactus.", "Cacti have a potential problem.", "They often live in a hot desert, and so if they open their stomata during the hot day to get their carbon dioxide, they can easily lose more water than would be ideal.", "The precious water can escape through the stomata if the stomata are open, and that will happen at a faster rate in the hot desert sun.", "But cacti, and some other plants too, can do something called CAM photosynthesis.", "In CAM photosynthesis, plants can open their stomata at night – when it’s not so hot -and they can capture carbon dioxide and chemically store it.", "They can then use this carbon dioxide the next day when the sun is shining and yet have their stomata closed, allowing them to avoid having to open their stomata in the heat of the day.", "Well, that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters, and we remind you to stay curious." ]

[ "Intro", "Why does photosynthesis matter?", "Photosyn vs Cellular Resp Equations", "Chlorophyll and other pigments", "Light dependent reactions", "Light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)", "Big picture overview", "Examples of adaptations for photosyn" ]

[ "I’d say that my channel is related to Simple, Concise, Educational and Objective News.", "Simple as in it's so simple that even a 10-year-old can understand from the video about what is happening.", "Concise so that I can explain all the relevant things within a short time.", "You can explain an issue for over an hour or within 10 minutes.", "I try to summarise them as much as possible.", "Educational; I try that every video is educational so that people can learn something from each video.", "For example, in the video on the Indian Parliament, where I talked about the controversy of the new Indian Parliament that's being built.", "It explains the concept of delimitation.", "In the video on the new strain of coronavirus, I explained the concept of mutation, its working and evolution.", "And finally objective.", "It is a very controversial part.", "Some people confuse objectivity with unbiasedness.", "Saying that the person is very biased.", "The truth is that whenever there is an opinion it is always biased.", "If you talk about something, you are biased.", "Whether you are in favour of something or against it, Whenever you speak out, you’re biased!", "Even if you don't speak out you’re biased.", "For example, if a forest near your house is about to be cut down, and people ask you to speak up against it because they don't the forest to be cut, but you said that you do not have any opinion and will not speak about it.", "But not speaking up against it is also biasedness You're biased in favour of cutting down the forest if you don't speak up.", "Because if you don't speak up, the forest will continue to be cut down.", "Speaking out your opinions is inherently biased.", "I try to remain objective in my videos by laying down the facts and arguments of both sides.", "And in the last 20% of the video, I talk about my opinions.", "But overall I want people to think about these issues after watching my video.", "They understand the facts and form their own opinions on them.", "You started the channel when you were in the 2nd year and then 3rd year and 4th year and then you did your Masters.", "At which point did you think that ok I can focus 100% on the YouTube videos.", "and stop focusing on engineering.", "Until I completed my Masters I said that I would not leave without a degree.", "Everyone said the same thing that it's ok that YouTube is working for you, It’s successful but no one knew the long-term scope of it.", "So it's better that you achieve your degree as a backup option.", "It would always be there that I have a master's degree in renewable energy, and whenever I want to work in the field I can.", "if YouTube doesn't work out.", "So that was always on my mind.", "Once I achieved this I thought that I can focus full time on YouTube and I started another course of studies.", "which is related to the topics I make videos on.", "Economics and political science.", "Did you take these subjects as optional or how did it work out?", "No, I started a new Bachelors after completing my Masters.", "The discussion with the family about you coming here to study engineering and then starting to focus on something else too, How did this conversation go?", "Was it smooth?", "Or did you have to prepare your parents slowly over a long time?", "My parents did not have a problem with me doing this.", "They just said that it's ok what are you doing but that you need to focus on your main career.", "Once I completed my Masters, my mother wanted me to do a PhD.", "She said that she does not want my focus to be diverted from the main career.", "But at that point, I felt that the YouTube channel was quite established and by not focusing on it I would be compromising.", "What was the one point in your life that changed the whole trajectory?", "A certain day that you thought a certain way and you did something that if you remove from your life the trajectory would have been different.", "I think this happens in stories only.", "In real life, the trajectory does not change at once.", "You push it little by little every day to change.", "You have to push it yourself if you want to get somewhere.", "And you have to push it every day.", "The other thing that you said was you continue doing something without getting a result.", "So you need to change your way of trying.", "You have to be introspective about what you want to achieve and how you are working on it and the lack of result Then you have to find a new way that works.", "If that doesn't work, find another.", "The story about Thomas Edison about the many times he tried to invent the light bulb .", "and a tried with so many elements.", "I think 1,000 though I am not sure what the reality is.", "He resolved that he wanted to do a certain thing and he couldn't get it done in a certain way so he tried with another way and another way and soon and there were a thousand different ways of doing it And now in the era of the internet, there’s the possibility of everything.", "You explore every domain and the prerequisites you need.", "You can follow people on LinkedIn, you can ask people in your neighbourhood.", "Nowadays, I think if a person wants to do something he can.", "I agree, though there are some limitations; but more or less, it can be done.", "Multitasking is the concept of working on 3-4 things at once.", "Like you said in that chapter that once you understand something... And then there's that which our mothers can do.", "This is one such thing that I feel that women are better at as compared to men.", "Personally, I can't ever multitask.", "If there is one hour to do two things, I will dedicate half an hour to each of them.", "Rather than trying to do them together, I can't do it.", "But each person is different.", "I think this is over-hyped with many students emailing me to ask how to multitask.", "In my opinion, you should focus on one thing and give your 100% to it and then once you end it, you start the second thing.", "I can't even study while listening to music.", "Some people are used to it but I am like, my attention is on the music so how do I study?", "Is any last message that you want to share with kids?", "or any random thing that you want to say?", "I would like to say this to students that don’t follow the crowd.", "When everyone is trying to achieve one thing, it would be equally difficult to achieve it.", "For example the JEE exam or UPSC.", "These are something that you see regularly and there are so many people who attempt these exams, when they know that the rate of success is very low.", "I would never recommend anyone to tread those paths.", "You should find the paths which are different On which many people are not going to be.", "It's not difficult to find them.", "It just takes a little courage to find something that others are not doing and some level of consistency.", "It would be easier than passing an exam where the chances of passing would be one in a million.", "You said something very simple and strong.", "We had a poem like this in 9th or 10th grade, you might recall, The Road Not Taken.", "The Road Not Taken, yeah, I remember that.", "What happens in India is people say that if you don't know what you want to do, you should take science in 11th grade.", "So I took PCMB in 11th.", "(Phy, Chem, Math, Bio) They say that if you don't know what to do after 12th grade, you should go for engineering.", "So I started doing engineering after that.", "After that, you figure out what you want to do with your life and how you can do it and then I changed the direction of my life.", "Because when I started engineering I was 17 years old How much would a 17-year-old know about what he wants to do in his life?", "It was a very difficult choice, so I chose what I had in front of me and what people were suggesting that I do." ]

[ "Biasness", "Educational Qualifications", "The Turning Point", "Failure", "Multi-Tasking", "A Message to Youth" ]

[ "- Controllers break, and for some people, they break often.", "But just buy a new one, right?", "Wrong!", "Even without getting all preachy about e-waste, and toxic chemicals, landfills, yada, yada, yada, controllers can be expensive, difficult to replace, or both.", "So repairing broken ones makes a ton of sense.", "Microsoft recently confirmed the alleged shortage of current generation Xbox wireless controllers that's been driving up prices, and the ongoing retro gaming craze has resulted in skyrocketing demand for older controllers that simply aren't being manufactured at all anymore with more and more of them dying each year.", "The good news is that we have the solution.", "That's right, it's good old right to repair, back to save the day once again.", "In most parts of the world, replacement components for popular game controllers are pretty easy to come by.", "So we asked our staff to bring in their precious broken hardware for us to take a look at.", "That's right.", "Whoop, here it is.", "The doctor is in.", "So let's get started.", "Oh my God!", "I'm gonna need some help from our sponsor, AMD.", "If you're looking to upgrade or build a new gaming PC, the Game On AMD sales event is on now until August 5th, where you can get the best deals on AMD Ryzen and Radeon products.", "Learn more today at the link down below.", "Depending on the model of the controller and the particular problem, a repair job can be anywhere from dead simple, to absolutely nightmarish.", "And while I suspect that everything we look at today is gonna be on the easier end of the spectrum, you never know when you're gonna crack open a WiiMote and find that many of the PCB traces have been corroded away by battery schmoo.", "This has no internal battery, meaning it should be a relatively easy one.", "We're gonna start here.", "The Super Nintendo was my childhood so it would warm my heart to keep David's busted controller out of the landfill.", "His problem is apparently both a broken Start and Select button.", "Let's get this baby cracked open.", "(upbeat funky music) Wow, that's some 1990s PCB right there.", "David didn't even say that he had a broken right shoulder button.", "Well, if it's not bothering him, guess it doesn't bother me.", "Whoo, cable replacement seems to be a relatively simple operation.", "This gives us a really good look at the internals of the controller.", "It's very simple.", "All membranes, just like with the cheap keyboard.", "So it works with this rubber nipple here that has a conductive material on the bottom of it that just connects to traces, closing a circuit, sending a signal to the connected device.", "There are no joysticks, which means we have none of the cost or complexity that accompany those.", "The main points of failure then are either cracked nipples, which these all seem to be fine, or dirty contact points, or dirty nipples, which prevent the circuit from being closed.", "So it's actually likely that a controller of this style can be repaired simply by cleaning it.", "Why don't we start with that?", "Obviously, the Start and Select are the problem, and wow, this is dirty.", "I don't know.", "Oh, ho, ho, ho, ho.", "I'm getting bit of a spill vibe here.", "You can see whatever it was, seeped through the Start and Select, through the membrane here, through the hole and around it, and oh, it's kinda oily.", "Yeah, it's all over the board.", "This is, as gross as it is, it's actually good news 'cause it means it's very likely that this fix is as simple as just, grabbing a Q-tip, spraying some alcohol on it, and giving this a wipe down.", "Bleh, bleh, bleh.", "Fumigate this thing.", "Since we're already in here, we're gonna use a smooth motion to clean off the bottoms of these other contact pads.", "We're pretty lucky the originals are in good condition because while we did prepare by picking up a whole set of replacement membranes off of Mortoff Games, honestly, they just do not feel as good as the originals even though the originals are over 25 years old at this point.", "And it gets a lot worse than these.", "Like, if you pick up random ones on Amazon, there's a good chance they're gonna feel pretty awful compared to the originals.", "Let's go ahead and put this back on then.", "If this shoulder's not bothering David, I guess it's not really my place to say that it's a problem, right?", "Can I steal one from another controller?", "- [Writer X] Yeah, absolutely.", "- All right, cool.", "Okay, perfect.", "So we're in pretty okay shape.", "It's test time.", "Well, it still works.", "Well, Start works.", "All buttons are working.", "David, you're welcome.", "Your controller is saved.", "Our next victim, this Game Cube controller comes courtesy of our former editor Taran in it.", "Presumably thanks to his Spider-Man 2 speed run hobby has a banged up C-Stick knob, and a flacid joystick that we need to get returned to its proper erect state.", "Unfortunately, while the Game Cube has great joysticks, it's nearly impossible to repair the internals of the stick box.", "So when they break, they must be replaced.", "There are three main types of stick boxes that you might find in your controller.", "And depending on the version you have, the job of de-soldering them could be a little more difficult.", "This metal cover here means that ours is either a first or second generation unit.", "So it means that heat will spread away faster from the soldering iron.", "The good news is that generations one and two are interoperable.", "So that gives us a few more options for sourcing a replacement.", "The bad news is that while there are lots of new stick boxes available on Amazon, Ali Express, and eBay, they will likely make your precious first party controller feel like an off brand like circa or old school, and those can be had for about $10 brand new.", "So the easiest way to obtain a good replacement is by salvaging one from another Game Cube controller, or a Wii accessory like the nunchuck.", "Though it should be noted I'm using the term easiest rather loosely here.", "The Game Cube controller is a much more involved tear down than the SNES controller.", "Starting with Nintendo's trademark tri-wing screws, you will need an iFixit kit or similar in order to get these puppies out.", "And ending with the de-soldering that we're going to have to do to get our donor joystick and C-stick out of this bad boy.", "(upbeat funky music) Off comes the joystick cover on the C-stick.", "We're gonna hold onto that for Taran's controller for later.", "Now to get the C-stick out.", "In some versions, this is soldered, but conveniently, on ours, it's a socketed plug so we can just pop this off, and out comes the soldering iron.", "(upbeat funky music) That's it for our donor controller for now, but we're gonna hold onto it for when we inevitably need that second joystick down the road.", "Our second operation here is to replace the stick covers.", "And here again, we could just purchase new ones online.", "But again, many of the cheap options online don't quite measure up to the originals, and our customer is particular.", "Thankfully, our broken controller happens to have all the right working parts to fill in the less working parts of Taran's.", "Now to open up Taran's controller.", "And this time we need to go deeper into our disassembly of the rumble pack by fully de-soldering it.", "This is going to give us the access we need to the back of the stick box.", "And once again, it looks like this controller has been spilled down.", "Check this out, we've got the stick box out and this thing looks freaking rusty.", "What is even going on here?", "Ultimately, that's probably not what made it loose like this, but it certainly didn't help.", "(upbeat funky music) Taran's C-Stick box is in acceptable condition so all we need to do is put the new cover on top of it, reassemble, and it's time to test.", "And whoo hoo!", "It's not brand new tight, but hey, it didn't come from brand new controller.", "So what do you want?", "Game Cube controllers, particularly the joysticks, are a rabbit hole and a half to go down.", "So in the interest of time, I would suggest that instead of listening to me talk about it, you check out places like SSB Wiki, GC controller library, or pretty much anywhere that Smash Bros players tend to congregate.", "Let's do something a little easier next.", "Where'd it go?", "Ah, here it is.", "This PlayStation 3 controller is from our cameraman, Andy.", "Hi, Andy.", "- Hello.", "Hi.", "It still works perfectly fine, except whoops.", "The built in lithium battery is toast.", "One solution that I pitched to him would be to switch over to Xbox like a proper Chad.", "- [Andy] No.", "- But Andy didn't have any of that so I guess we'll replace this battery for him.", "Replacing a battery is mostly painless when the controller's easy to open, and this one is.", "Just unscrew the back.", "Philips head screws.", "Huh, thank you, Sony.", "And lift forward toward the trigger buttons.", "If your L2 and R2 fall out, put them back on right away and make sure the little spring is on the inside of the trigger.", "Otherwise, you're gonna have a pretty sloppy trigger.", "Now it's time to unplug the battery.", "It might be a little tight, but if you use a pointy plastic tool like this, you'll be able to get a little bit more leverage, and you should be able to push it out if you keep trying.", "Now one of the challenges when it comes to replacing batteries in any device, not just a PS3 controller, is that due to a lack of right to repair legislation, official first party replacements either do not exist, or they're not sold for very long.", "And it's a long way down the road that usually is when we need these things.", "Purchasing third party batteries is absolutely an option, but it can be a gamble since shady sellers can claim that a battery holds far more charge than it actually does.", "And in an even worse case, they might make mistakes in the production of the product.", "For example, it's pretty common with the PS3 to have the polarity flipped on the battery.", "So make sure that the black wire is actually going to ground to avoid frying your controller, or potentially turning the battery pack into a pretty spicy pillow.", "When you insert the battery, make sure the black and red wires are on the same side of the connector groove.", "We'd recommend taping down the battery at this stage.", "Then once you've got the shell back together, you're gonna wanna make sure that your triggers and your shoulder buttons are working correctly before you screw it back together.", "So Andy, your controller is restored to battery life.", "- [Andy] Wow, I can play GTA5.", "- Here you go.", "Whoa!", "Next up, we've got what I'm gonna call the little brother special.", "It's a Rock Candy controller from PDP for the Xbox 360.", "I have no idea why this holds such a special place in Alex's heart, but it does.", "And given that Xbox 360 controllers have been getting much more difficult to come by lately, I feel it would be a service to the gaming community overall to fix this one up for him so that he doesn't have to go buy up one of the proper first party ones that the rest of us would rather use.", "From talking to Alex, we know that the problem with this controller is that it will intermittently disconnect, which can be anything from corrosion on the contacts inside the USBA connector, to a partial break in the cable, to some kind of loosening of the connection even here inside the controller.", "Now because it would take us a long time to diagnose which of those particular problems this is, what we're going to do is we're just gonna strip down the controller and solder on a completely fresh USB cable.", "We start by unscrewing the shell, and lifting up the back avoiding the triggers just like the PS3.", "Then looking closer at the PCB, there's what seems to be an oscillator here that's either glued down, which would be fine, or has some kind of schmoo leaking thing coming out of it, which could be causing our connectivity problem.", "We think it's more likely to be the USB cable so we're gonna go straight to that fix.", "We'll need to take the board out and remove the joystick covers just like we did on the Game Cube.", "And at this stage, we need to note the order of our USB wires.", "If the board is labeled, black is ground, red is voltage, green is negative data, white is positive data, and this will all be relevant later.", "We can de-solder the wires from the board with a soldering iron or heat gun, however it works for you.", "Then it's time to put the controller aside for a minute and find a donor cable.", "I'm feeling more like a classic black.", "Yeah, now we strip it, tin it, and solder it.", "Remembering the order.", "What you're looking at now is us doing it backwards.", "Whoops, so we'll need to do that again.", "(upbeat funky music) If your original cable had some kind of strain reliever or rubber grommet to hold it in place, make sure you dissect that, wrap it around your new cable, and reinstall it.", "It can be the difference between years of trouble free operation, or it just immediately breaking again.", "If you had better foresight than us, by the way, you could put some heat shrink around your cable and that would probably help it stay in place a bit better.", "Now we reassemble and return.", "Perfect.", "- And no dropping in and out.", "- [Writer X] Hey, Alex, your crappy controller back.", "- Thank you.", "I can finally play Rocket League well again.", "- We got pretty lucky on that one.", "Not every third party controller is easy to fix.", "They often use different PCB layouts, and or components that make finding replacement parts much more difficult.", "Also, because they're less common, the online resources for repairing them can be few and far between.", "This PS2 controller from David is a perfect example.", "We honestly had a hard time even getting the thing open, let alone working on it without risking any additional damage.", "So his makeshift solution to the dead spring in the right trigger might be the best that he can do for now.", "Bringing us finally to something a little bit more modern.", "I've actually got a couple of broken Xbox one controllers.", "So let's see, I'd say the broken micro USB charging part on this one is pretty minor, and too similar to something that we've already done.", "So why don't we do the one that doesn't power on at all?", "I think this one ended up with some kind of coating all over the PCB as part of a previous video.", "I actually don't remember all the details though.", "Step one is to pry up the handles hard.", "Gotta get those off to get at the screw holes.", "Then there are five screws.", "Two on either side, and one under the battery cover.", "Now pop off the front plate, and it's time to unscrew all these tiny screws.", "There's not actually a ton of them, but don't miss any.", "The rumble got disconnected at some point.", "We're not sure what happened there, and this conformal coating.", "Ah, yes, this was from Bathtub gaming.", "It's clearly coming off, but the weird thing is we're getting continuity on it, and yet it simply doesn't work.", "I don't know how much additional time we're gonna be investing into this one, especially when we've got more important things to talk about.", "We actually didn't get any modern controllers with dead joysticks.", "But given how common stick drift is, I feel like it's at least worth talking about.", "There are a handful of joystick technologies that have made their way into consumer controllers.", "The Sega Dream Cast used hall effect sensors, essentially magnetic joysticks.", "And the notorious N64 joystick actually used an optical sensor.", "So despite flopping around due to a defect in the mechanical design, the accuracy almost never degraded.", "It's one of the few stick boxes by the way that can actually be repaired by disassembling and refurbishing it.", "The writer for this video is on probation so he didn't make it into the YouTube video.", "This is his controller that he wanted to get fixed.", "But maybe we'll have him do it as a Float Plane exclusive when we're done.", "Sign up on floatplane.com.", "Unfortunately, no modern joystick uses either an optical or hall effect sensor.", "Nintendo, Sony, Microsoft, and even media darling, Valve, all use Potentiometer joysticks, which, well, are inherently fragile.", "A Potentiometer is a variable resistor that restricts the flow of electricity.", "Each joystick then has two Potentiometers.", "One for up and down, one for left and right.", "So moving it around changes the voltage values that are being reported to the console on both of those axis.", "A spring returns the stick to center.", "The issue with potentiometers is that they involve two pieces of conductive material rubbing together.", "If those two pieces start to wear out, warp, or they get dirty, well, it's possible that they will output a value that corresponds to this, rather than to this.", "Causing the input from the stick to drift a little even if physically it's in the right position.", "Potentiometers are used because they are cheap, and really for very few other reasons.", "It's kinda wild that in 2022*, we have more expensive controllers that use worse technology than what we had back in 1999.", "Some companies though, like Gulikit, are working on aftermarket hall effect sensors for the Steam Deck, and Switch, and maybe other controllers in the future to finally solve a problem that shouldn't have existed in the first place.", "The script says until we have hands on, we can't speak to the quality of their solution, but I actually tried the Steam Deck one today right before I came over here, and it is better.", "Especially with the Steam Deck where you can configure the dead zones, no dead zones.", "So fine.", "Anyway, this was a lot of fun.", "So if you're looking to get more mileage out of a controller you already own, or if you wanna score a deal on a controller by fixing it up yourself, or maybe you even wanna start a new hobby or side business fixing and flipping old controllers, I'd say it's worth giving it a try.", "Just be careful where you get your controllers from.", "Japan is a good source, and is actually where this pile of Super Famicom controllers came from.", "They belong to the writer who worked on this project.", "If you run into export woes though, there are lots of as is controllers on sites like eBay.", "Just be careful because if they're coming from other refurbishers, as this one likely is; I mean, who else would strip off the battery covers, then you have no way of knowing if earnest efforts have already been made to fix them.", "They could be just irreparably broken.", "This one, on the other hand, looks a lot more like someone decluttering their garage, and could be a prime candidate for some fixing.", "Do you know who's a prime candidate to sponsor this video though?", "- FreshBooks.", "When you're building a business you're passionate about, it's easy to feel like there aren't enough hours in the day.", "And if you're doing all the invoicing and accounting on your own, you're probably spending time on work you don't love.", "FreshBooks is built for business owners like you.", "It's the all in one accounting software that saves entrepreneurs and freelancers up to 11 hours a week.", "That's 11 hours you can spend nailing a client pitch, serving your customers, or honing your craft.", "From building, sending, and following up on invoices to tracking and managing expenses, to processing online payments.", "FreshBooks automates and simplifies all the tough and annoying parts of running your own business.", "It's also super easy to get up and running, and the award-winning FreshBooks support team is always available to answer questions.", "So try FreshBooks free for 30 days no credit card required by going to freshbooks.com/linus.", "And get more time back to build the business you love.", "- If you guys wanna see us do more videos like this, let us know down below.", "And these controllers pair great with a MiSTer Multisystem.", "So go check out Anthony's video on Short Circuit about that." ]

[ "Intro", "Super Nintendo", "Gamecube", "Playstation 3", "Rock Candy Xbox 360", "360 Controllers", "Joystick Drift", "Conclusion" ]

[ "Making a big Hollywood blockbuster ain’t cheap — but how expensive is too expensive?", "Which popular superhero just couldn’t save the day — or, rather, the opening weekend?", "Keep watching to find out!", "Sony has been trying to turn \"Ghostbusters\" into a franchise for three decades, with little success thanks in part to inflated expectations.", "The original \"Ghostbusters\" made $295 million worldwide in 1984, about $789 million worldwide in today's dollars.", "Five years later, \"Ghostbusters II\" made $215 million worldwide, over $480 million worldwide today.", "So when Sony finally made a new \"Ghostbusters\" after the series spent nearly 30 years in development hell, they apparently figured the new version would land in that $500-800 million range.", "That may explain why they spent a bloated $144 million on 2016's \"Ghostbusters: Answer the Call.\"", "The big problem is that it wasn't a sequel featuring characters we knew and loved but a reboot with a whole new cast.", "That typically doesn't work out, and \"Answer the Call\" was no exception.", "The film finished with $229 million worldwide — not bad for a comedy in modern Hollywood, but not nearly enough to warrant a sequel.", "Instead, Sony apparently learned their financial lessons and made 2021's \"Ghostbusters: Afterlife\" for only half the budget of \"Answer the Call,\" allowing it to turn a profit.", "\"You are a genius, Patty.\"", "\"I am a Ghostbuster.\"", "\"Battleship\" is considered one of the biggest box office bombs of the past decade, and not even Rihanna's legion of fans would argue that.", "But it's not for the reason you might think.", "\"Battleship\" wasn't a bomb because it didn't make money; it bombed because it didn't make enough money.", "\"Battleship\" scored $313 million worldwide in 2012, not bad for an insanely bad sci-fi film based on a board game.", "That was mostly due to its $248 million international gross.", "But it had the misfortune of debuting just after Marvel's \"The Avengers,\" which went on to become one of the highest grossing films of all time.", "The crazy part?", "\"Battleship\" and \"The Avengers\" had almost the same budget!", "\"The Avengers\" cost $225 million, only about $5 million more than \"Battleship's\" $220 million.", "Yep, Universal almost spent the same amount on friggin' \"Battleship\" as Marvel did on \"The Avengers.\"", "According to The New Yorker, \"Battleship\" was greenlit with a $150 million budget, which would have allowed it to turn a profit.", "But after the production ran into issues, the studio had to throw tens of millions of dollars down the drain to try and fix it.", "Whoops.", "\"J-10.\"", "\"Earl, you sunk my battleship!\"", "Just because a character is a household name doesn't mean he's a box office draw.", "Thus, while Superman is probably the most famous superhero of all time, he's no longer the most bankable at the box office.", "Though he once was.", "In 1978, \"Superman: The Movie\" made moviegoers believe a man could fly and made a lot of money doing it, earning $300 million worldwide, about $1.2 billion today, mighty impressive for the Man of Steel.", "After the original franchise ended with a whimper with 1987's \"Superman IV: The Quest for Peace,\" Warner Bros. spent almost two decades trying to figure out what to do next.", "The rest was 2006's \"Superman Returns,\" which at $232 million cost a lot more than other superhero origin stories at the time.", "2002's \"Spider-Man,\" for instance, only cost $139 million to make, while 2005's \"Batman Begins\" cost $150 million.", "\"Superman Returns\" ended up earning $391 million worldwide.", "With \"Spider-Man\" or \"Batman Begins\" budgets, it would've made money, and likely would have spawned a whole new trilogy, just as those two films did.", "Thanks to its inflated budget, though, it has been considered a failure, and signaled the final end of the classic Superman franchise.", "By 2012, the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" franchise had earned about $3.5 billion across four films.", "Pride comes before the fall, so Disney, Johnny Depp, director Gore Verbinski, and producer Jerry Bruckheimer thought their relationship was a license to print gold and could do no wrong.", "But \"The Lone Ranger\" went wrong.", "Very, very wrong, beginning with the whole idea of reviving an outdated radio western that hadn't been popular for decades.", "In Disney's defense, they realized the film's budget was getting out of control and even shut down production to contain it.", "It didn't work.", "Sources vary, with the final budget estimated to have been between $225 million and $250 million.", "Wherever it landed, \"The Lone Ranger\" would've had to break records to break even.", "For context, \"The Lone Ranger\" cost about $100 million more than the first \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film despite starring Armie Hammer, who has since been accused of cannibalism - and worse.", "The film still made $260 million worldwide, so with a smaller budget, it could have been a success.", "But with those costs, making a \"Lone Ranger 2\" would've been a true trainwreck.", "Thanks to \"Star Wars,\" Marvel, Pixar, and Disney +, it may seem like the house that Walt built is indestructible.", "This conveniently ignores the fact that Disney's original live-action output has mostly been a wasteland of box office bombs, including some of the biggest disappointments of all time.", "In fact, Disney's desperation for live-action movies is probably why they purchased Marvel and Lucasfilm in the first place.", "One Disney film that did so-so, and would've been a big hit if not for the even bigger budget, was \"Tron: Legacy.\"", "\"Tron\" bombed in 1982, and while it built a cult following, making a legacy sequel 28 years later to a movie nobody saw in theaters was a bit of a head-scatcher.", "Couple that with the $200 million price tag and you'd have to wonder whether Mickey lost his marbles.", "Smartly, though, Disney positioned \"Tron: Legacy\" as the must-see holiday blockbuster of 2010, and it mostly worked, as the film earned $399 million worldwide.", "Had Disney spent just a little bit less, there's no question we would have seen more sequels.", "As it is, though, the legacy of \"Tron\" is failure.", "Speaking of waiting three decades to make an overpriced sequel of a movie that was a flop to begin with, say hello to 2017's \"Blade Runner 2049.\"", "The original \"Blade Runner\" made $39 million on a $28 million budget back in 1982, meaning it wasn't a disaster but was far from a hit.", "Still, it has been hailed as a masterpiece by critics, so surely that would translate into ticket sales 35 years later, right?", "Warner Bros. bet $185 million that it would.", "It didn't.", "With $258 million worldwide, the sequel far exceeded the original's take but didn't come close to becoming a hit.", "We can argue all day whether Deckard was a replicant, but there's no debate on this — \"Blade Runner\" should not have been replicated at $185 million.", "What do you do when your movie's in production, isn't working, and you've already spent a ton of money on it?", "Option A is finishing the film and hoping for the best.", "Option B is dropping another several million in the hopes of fixing it.", "Warner Bros. opted for Option B with \"Justice League,\" and the result was a mixed bag at the box office.", "After spending $275 million on 2017's \"Justice League,\" Warner Bros. removed director Zack Snyder, replaced him with problematic \"Avengers\" director Joss Whedon, and dumped another $25 million into reshoots, bloating the budget to an incredible $300 million.", "They still hoped to turn a profit, as \"Batman v Superman\" had made $872 million worldwide, and \"Justice League\" was adding Wonder Woman, Flash, and Aquaman to the film.", "It should have been a surefire recipe for success.", "Instead, fans and critics alike hated the film.", "Bad word of mouth tanked it at the box office, and it limped to a $655 million worldwide gross.", "Though it made a small profit, it destroyed the franchise, and earned less than half of what Marvel's \"The Avengers\" had brought in five years earlier.", "All in all, \"Justice League\" was more trainwreck than tentpole.", "\"What was it like?", "Coming back?\"", "\"Itchy.\"", "Conventional wisdom says \"The Mummy\" franchise was going strong until \"The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor\" bombed.", "As with most things, the conventional wisdom isn't wrong, it's just missing part of the story.", "Yes, \"Tomb of the Dragon Emperor\" was also really, really bad, even for a franchise that never got much love from critics.", "However, \"The Mummy\" franchise made money with every movie.", "The problem is that the budget on \"Tomb of the Dragon Emperor\" was so much bigger than its predecessors.", "1999's \"The Mummy\" cost $80 million to make, while 2001's \"The Mummy Returns\" cost $98 million.", "But when \"Tomb of the Dragon Emperor\" came out in 2008, it cost a whopping $175 million.", "\"Tomb of the Dragon Emperor\" actually earned $405 million worldwide, almost the same amount as each of the previous films.", "But with a budget twice as high, it didn't make nearly as much money, killing the franchise deader than Imhotep.", "Harrison Ford is one of the 10 highest-grossing movie stars of all time, with career earnings $10 billion worldwide — and that's unadjusted for inflation.", "However, outside of \"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull\" and \"Star Wars: The Force Awakens,\" Ford hasn't had an above-the-title hit since 2000's \"What Lies Beneath.\"", "That should have changed in 2020 with \"The Call of the Wild.\"", "Key word: should.", "\"The Call of the Wild\" made $62 million domestically and $107 million worldwide.", "Fairly modest amounts, but for a film about a guy and his dog, it did quite well.", "One massive problem, though: 20th Century Fox spent an incredible $125 to make it!", "Blame \"budget-itis,\" a term for Hollywood's inexplicable inability to make mid-budget movies.", "The big issue was their decision to use CGI to create Buck the dog, which turned what could have been a modest hit into a $50 million loser.", "Some box office observers argue that Robert Downey Jr. isn't a movie star outside his signature Tony Stark role.", "While there's no denying most of his $15.7 billion worldwide career earnings come from playing the man in the iron suit, he has proven to be a reliable draw in films like \"Tropic Thunder\" and the \"Sherlock Holmes\" movies.", "No, his \"butts-in-seats\" bankability isn't on par with Leonardo DiCaprio or Dwayne \"The Rock\" Johnson, but no other movie stars have that drawing power either.", "It seemed like Downey Jr. would add to his bankable resume with 2020's \"Dolittle,\" but instead, that movie turned out to be a titanic turkey ... and not a talking one either.", "Yet \"Dolittle\" actually made $251 million worldwide, about on par with other live-action kids' movies released in the past 15 years, as the sub-genre has been dominated for more than a decade by animation.", "The problem?", "Somebody at Universal thought it was a good idea to spend $175 million on \"Dolittle,\" which is actually more than \"Iron Man 2\" cost to make.", "Expecting Downey Jr. to pull MCU numbers in a non-Iron Man role was dumb.", "Still, he might have been one of the only humans popular enough to save \"Dolittle\" from utter destruction.", "\"It's no good!", "As far as I'm concerned, I'm the only human here!\"", "Comedies hit or miss at the box office, as humor doesn't always translate overseas.", "What's a movie studio to do?", "You don't spend millions on pricey VFX like you're making a Marvel movie.", "Instead, you spend most of its money on the movie star and hope he can put butts in seats.", "Unless you're Universal, that is.", "\"Bruce Almighty,\" with Jim Carrey's mug plastered on the poster, made $484 million on a $81 million budget in 2003, making it not only Carrey's biggest hit but one of the highest-grossing comedies ever.", "But \"Bruce Almighty\" worked because of the \"Jim Carrey as God\" concept, not the brand.", "There was no indication audiences would show up to \"Steve Carell as Noah\" just because Universal slapped \"Almighty\" on it.", "Welp, Universal felt otherwise and spent $175 million on the film, more than twice \"Bruce's\" budget, making it the most expensive comedy ever made to that point.", "The budget was supposed to be \"just\" $140 million, but costs ran up thanks to CGI and live animals.", "Ultimately, the film made $174 million worldwide, which wasn't wasn't bad for a comedy sequel that didn't even star the original actor, but was a disaster of Biblical proportions based on the budget.", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more Looper videos about your favorite movies are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "Ghostbusters: Answer the Call", "Battleship", "Superman Returns", "The Lone Ranger", "Tron: Legacy", "Blade Runner 2049", "Justice League", "The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor", "The Call of the Wild", "Dolittle", "Evan Almighty" ]

[ "[MUSIC PLAYING] MAX SALTONSTALL: Hi.", "I'm Max Saltonstall.", "Welcome to Architecting with Google Cloud.", "Have you ever wanted to know how those ads end up inside your mobile apps, inviting you to install something else?", "How does machine learning work to figure out which ones are the right ones to show?", "I was pretty curious, so I invited Chang, VP of Engineering at MOLOCO to join us.", "Hi, Chang.", "Welcome to the show.", "CHANG KIM: Hi, Max.", "Thank you.", "I'm happy to be here.", "MAX SALTONSTALL: Can you tell me a little bit about MOLOCO and what your role is?", "CHANG KIM: MOLOCO is a startup and then we want to build and deliver the world's best vertical Cloud service for online advertisement and marketing businesses by helping them unleash their data or the power of their data using our AI and big data processing technologies.", "MAX SALTONSTALL: So I'm using an app on my phone, I see an ad inviting me to install something else.", "Can you walk me through the lifecycle of how that ad gets through all of these systems and ends up on my screen?", "CHANG KIM: We start working with our customers, who are typically mobile app development companies, and then their marketing teams come to us and then commission their advertisement campaigns because they wanted to sell their apps or have more people use their apps, install their apps, engage with their apps, and so on.", "So that's their key goal that they achieve through MOLOCO.", "And when we receive these ad campaigns, on the other hand, we have lots of mobile users out there around the world, billions of users using phones or typically similar kind of form factors, tablets and so on.", "So whenever they use their devices, some apps are running and then these apps keep creating the advertisement slots.", "So these are called ad spaces or ad inventories, and then we basically want to field these ad inventories by showing them the most relevant and helpful advertisement contents to them.", "And to do that, we need some matchmaking and then this matchmaking is done through what we call the advertisement exchanges or ad exchanges.", "These are similar to the stock exchanges like NYSE and NASDAQ where supply and demand meet together and then arrive at the right outcomes through online bidding.", "We receive these ad inventories not directly, but through ad exchanges.", "And then whenever we receive this bid request, we quickly evaluate the value of this ad space relative to our advertisement customers campaigns and then we use a lot of big data and machine learning technologies to make a decision on whether we should participate in that bidding or we should not.", "And then if we're going to participate, at what price should we bid for?", "Right?", "So we make these quick computations and decisions and then when we respond, again, back to the ad exchanges, the exchanges collect this information and then run the auction, online auction.", "And then if we happen to win, then we own that particular ad space that is created at that point and then we show our customers ads through that space.", "So the unique thing about this industry and using ML for this industry is that we have to come up with quality inference result, but very timely as well because think about the stock exchange, right?", "When you announce that there is this supply, the demand has to make a bid very quickly.", "In online ad, the strictness of the time is actually even harsher because when you open a publishing app, that ad slot doesn't wait for you forever.", "It's usually going to wait for, say, about 100 milliseconds or 150 milliseconds.", "Within that or after that, the proper ads need to show up otherwise it's considered a failure.", "So when we receive these bid requests through the ad exchanges we have to make that decision very quickly, typically within 100 milliseconds.", "And then that 100 milliseconds includes networking latency and our other infrastructure latencies as well.", "So the actual amount of time that is left for ML inference is actually even smaller.", "It's typically about 20 milliseconds or even less sometimes, but still we have to make a very relevant prediction about this particular user and the content and also we have to use many ML models, not just one because we have to guess the, say, the user's interest level about these campaigns, many campaigns.", "And then we have to predict how likely the user is going to use this app or they respond to the advertisement and then use the new app over time and then create even more lifetime value.", "We also have to predict the market conditions at that point in time because everything keeps changing so that we can derive the right bid price as well.", "So all these models need to work together sometimes in tandem and then we still have to meet the 20 millisecond latency.", "So that's the crux of technical challenge that we're dealing with.", "And so we use a few-- we learned a few lessons by working in this industry long enough and then creating values.", "So for example, we are using a relatively shallow DNN model, so it's not that deep.", "And we realize that unlike natural language processing or image processing, these inferences that we make for this advertisement businesses doesn't need to be that deep, but we still use a lot of features.", "So it's shallow, but very, very wide models that we use.", "And it's OK for us to spend a lot more time and resources for training these big but shallow models, but the inference needs to be done very quickly.", "That's why we're using shallow models.", "We're using a lot of other big data processing technologies to reduce our response time as much as possible, but I guess that probably requires another session.", "MAX SALTONSTALL: Wow.", "Those are some impressive numbers-- at least, I think they are.", "Was it a challenge building something to handle all that?", "How did you scale up?", "CHANG KIM: Yeah.", "So the scale is indeed a big challenge here as well.", "So the number of bid requests that we receive from the ad exchanges, that's already astounding because we're receiving multimillion requests every second, which leads up to about 300 billion requests every single day.", "Compared to what NYSE deals with, for example, they handle about 2.4 transactions every single day.", "We're already two orders of magnitude larger than that, so you can imagine how big and large this infrastructure is in general, and that's because the phones are just pervasive.", "It's just so ingrained with our lives and then there are so many people using these all the time, so we're really handling huge scale, for example, more than 10 billion devices reached through our system every month.", "We're actually serving the ad inventories coming out of about three million unique publishing apps.", "We're doing our ad campaigns over 250 countries around the world.", "And then the number of ad impressions, the actual advertisement shown to the end users, that's more than 20 billion impressions every month.", "And then every single second we're actually running more than 15 million model inferences.", "So this scale is the biggest challenge along with the strict time latency that we have to abide by as well.", "MAX SALTONSTALL: So two really big challenges.", "You've got a latency challenge; you have to make a lot of responses very, very quickly.", "And you have a big data challenge; creating and processing all of that data every day for your data science and machine learning pipelines.", "Wow.", "I am really excited to dive into the architecture of all of this.", "How did you make the magic of ad serving happen with all of that data on top of Google Cloud?", "CHANG KIM: We see advertisement campaign commissions from our advertisers directly through the front end or through API.", "We receive their request and then we create the internally this thing called campaign data structures, along with the actual creatives that the customer has created to show their end customers or the device users.", "And creatives are really the image files or video files or the texts that are shown as part of the advertisement, right?", "So this builds the core campaign structure.", "Then these are stored on Datastore, Google managed Datastore system because this requires SQLite access as well.", "And then on the other end, we keep receiving these bid requests, huge number of bid requests, through the ad exchanges so we have a dedicated system called the bid processor.", "It's running on top of GKE and then at the peak we run, I don't know, thousands of containers per region to keep sustaining this input rate.", "So when we receive this bid processor, each bid we then need to choose a few campaigns or a large number of campaigns that we need to evaluate against.", "Basically we need to make a decision, OK, for this bid request, basically for this particular user using this device at this point in time with this kind of content and context, which of our campaigns are good matches?", "So we have to do that prediction using machine learning technologies.", "So that's done through our custom TensorFlow serving infrastructure running on top of the GKE containers as well.", "Then when you run this model inference, of course you need to extract a lot of data about the user and then the current status of the user, which we call context information.", "And the user's profile, that's all public information collected through various channels.", "And then our previous bid history-- because the chances that we might have served this user for our campaigns many, many, many times before, so we wanted to learn from our previous bidding histories as well.", "So we collect all this data stored in BigTable and BigQuery.", "So we read these things out from BigTable and BigQuery very fast and then handle some of these things, process them, and then turn them into the right feature set for machine learning models and then feed them into the TensorFlow serving.", "OK?", "So that's what's happening at the bid time.", "And then when we decide to respond to the bid request, we generate a bid response and then send it back to the ad exchanges.", "Now when we win this, the exchanges let us know that, OK, now you won this ad spot.", "Why don't you actually show the result?", "So the result is shown through the CDN service.", "And then when the user, the mobile phone user actually responds to this, the response signals also come directly sometimes to us or sometimes through these umpires, as I mentioned, the MMPs.", "So these impression signals, click signals, and further engagement signals are collected and then come back to us and then we collect all these signals through our notification processors and event processors.", "These are important not just because we need to properly generate our billing record for our customers, but also to collect the data so that we can keep training our models.", "All these transactions that we do are just great training examples for our models, so that's really, really critical infrastructure, again, collecting this feedback, then we have to keep these things in the same place so we use BigTable again a lot and then BigQuery a lot for that.", "MAX SALTONSTALL: So it seems like that bit processor is sure doing a lot of work.", "How big is the Kubernetes cluster that you need to run and how do you make it scale?", "CHANG KIM: Good question.", "The short answer is we're relying-- finally now just relying on purely just GKE scaling feature set.", "Our bid processor is the biggest set of containers.", "Of course, we have many others, but let's just talk about the bid processor alone.", "It is using about two and a half K nodes at the peak time for processing incoming bid requests and it keeps increasing our business grows.", "Then initially we started off with our in-house scalar system to manage the cluster for a while, but then recently we evaluated GKEs native scalars, a few of them, and then realize that just relying on strictly those is actually better now.", "So we're using just horizontal pod scalar and cluster autoscaler offered by GCP now.", "MAX SALTONSTALL: OK, let's talk about the data little bit.", "You said 170 terabytes being generated every day.", "How do you store that, process that, use it for your training and analysis?", "CHANG KIM: So as I said, we keep receiving these bid requests and then all the follow up signals from the ad exchanges about our bid results and also directly from the mobile devices about the impressions and so on.", "So all this huge amount of data arrived, again, at our infrastructure through GCPs load balancer and then we store them in BigTable, sometimes the raw data and GCS because sometimes we have to replay them.", "And then if it's very structured and then if it needs to be handled by our data scientists, we also store some of them in BigQuery as well.", "So we're probably one of the biggest BigTable users of GCP right now and all these raw data are stored here scattered at various platforms, and then we read them out for two purposes.", "One for training and second for analysis by human.", "OK?", "So for training, we actually created a huge number of data flow jobs so that we can read these things out and then turn them into the machine learning feature sets, which we then feed into our Kubeflow running on our VMs.", "And then these are actually finally getting into-- when we finish training our models, some models are trained hourly, some models daily, some models a little less frequently, but whenever we end up finishing our models properly, then we load them onto our custom TensorFlow serving infrastructure which is integrated into our online bidding infrastructure, which I already explained.", "So that's one data flow part.", "And then the other part, our engineers and data scientists continuously need to look up this data to see whether we're heading in the right direction, whether we can improve something, or whether the market situation-- the macro situation have changed significantly that warrants our model update or significant model redesigns or insertion of new models and so on.", "So that pipeline is typically done through the online analysis tools.", "We're a big user of the Looker system as well.", "So Looker running on top of BigQuery is a big data processing pipeline for us as well.", "MAX SALTONSTALL: And tell me more, how is data flow helping you move all of this data around given the immense scale of your platform?", "CHANG KIM: Yeah.", "Data flow really reads data out of BigTable, BigQuery, and Google Cloud Storage, and then transforms them into feature sets.", "The easy integration with BigTable and BigQuery was both in terms of region, right?", "That was a big motivator for us to try this out.", "We run over 1,300 data flow jobs every day and then process, as I said, more than 170 terabyte every single day.", "And the largest data flow job that we have currently uses up to about 7,000 virtual CPU hour per job, and so that's very CPU intensive.", "We also use data flow service space shuffling a lot for performance gains these days too.", "MAX SALTONSTALL: What led you to choose BigTable for storage?", "CHANG KIM: It gives a very good latency and throughput at the same time.", "The key value region writes over 10,000 QPS at less than-- I didn't know, or 6 or 7 millisecond when we use, especially SSD nodes.", "That's just so fast and scalable as well.", "We're handling about 220 megabytes per second.", "The throughput is also great and then the embedded garbage collection system or capability is also quite helpful because we can just automatically forget all data without worrying about or purging any of those things.", "MAX SALTONSTALL: That is definitely a lot of data processing and a large number of requests.", "So how do you optimize all of this so that you can keep costs under control?", "CHANG KIM: The challenge is that our scale keeps growing significantly and yet, your OPEX needs to be contained.", "So for example, last two years our scale has grown more than 3x.", "So in terms of number of bid requests that we receive as well as the number of bid responses that we generate, both more than 3x.", "So in terms of bid responses we're now handling or generating more than 700 billion responses every single month.", "But we track, for example, our unit cost.", "So for example, with one unit dollar, how many bid responses are we able to generate?", "That's, for example, one metric that we use to measure our efficiency.", "So that cost efficiency has been slightly going up last year, but then we realized that, well, we had to contain that.", "So we actually decide to spend a lot of engineering resources, optimization resources by taking advantage of a lot of GCP capabilities as well.", "So it has started to come down and it looks a little more stable now.", "And then some of the key technologies, GKE native scalars are helping us a lot because we can scale in and out very easily.", "And then we also now use more diverse types of nodes, even including preemptible VMs.", "So those things are all very helpful.", "MAX SALTONSTALL: That's great.", "So why did you end up choosing Google Cloud for this platform that you built?", "CHANG KIM: Pay as you go pricing helped us bootstrap our business.", "Even when we were very, very small, we were able to start growing our business very easily by just simply writing on top of very big and reliable general purpose cloud.", "Operationally we also couldn't afford to have a big ops team.", "Our dev team had to just focus on delivering the right infrastructure code and then the right ML models and serving improv, training improv, so we started off with very lean operations team.", "Now we are a little bigger, but I would say that more than 80%, 70% of our operations are offloaded to the GCP team thanks to their capabilities and responsiveness, so that's always a big help.", "Stack Overflow is very helpful as well because GCP engineers regularly monitor it.", "And then there are a few other specific things that we really enjoyed on top of GCP, like data flow service space shuffling and BigTable's latency optimization using SSDs, and then BigQuery SQL performance improvement over time, then integration with Looker and BI.", "Those things have been super helpful as well.", "MAX SALTONSTALL: Thank you, Chang, very much for joining us and sharing a lot of insight into how and why you built this ad serving platform on top of Google Cloud.", "That is so cool.", "I now understand a lot better how those ads show up on my screen, what it takes to build a very latency sensitive, high performance ads platform on Google Cloud, and maybe a little bit more about the immense power of some of these tools.", "If you liked what you saw, please like and subscribe, and check out the playlist Architecting with Google Cloud for more videos like these.", "Thanks for joining us." ]

[ "Intro", "Who is Moloco?", "How does a mobile ad get to my phone?", "Neural Network models in use", "Getting the system to scale up for high demand", "Building the ad serving pipeline on Google Cloud", "Online service architecture", "Running the bid processor on Kubernetes", "Storing and using ad data for training and analysis", "Data architecture diagram", "Using Dataflow to handle moving data around", "Reasons for using BigTable", "Optimizing for cost control", "Why Moloco choose Google Cloud" ]

[ "- Wanna hear something nuts?", "There are over 90 million people right now that shop on Etsy.", "Etsy is one of the biggest marketplaces in the world where people sell jewelry, handcrafted goods, furniture, you name it.", "And the reason why sellers love Etsy so much is because you can either do it as a side hustle, or it can be your main gig.", "So, if you wanna get in on this action and you need a step by step guide on how to sell your products on your own Etsy store, then this video is gonna be for you.", "If you guys are new here, welcome.", "My name is Michelle Bali, I'm gonna be your host for today.", "And this channel is all about learning how to become an online entrepreneur.", "We have all the tips, we have all the tricks on starting, running, and growing your online business.", "So if you think that you would benefit, make sure that you're hitting subscribe, because we literally have any and every resource that you could ever need whether that's, like, running Facebook ads, or growing an Instagram account, or a TikTok following, we got you covered.", "Is Etsy right for you?", "So, first let me give you a bit of background on Etsy so that you can decide whether Etsy makes sense for you and your business.", "So, you know how there's a whole strategy behind, like, selling on Amazon and eBay?", "It's very similar with Etsy.", "There are certain products that are gonna sell faster than others.", "And the items that sell fast on Etsy, if you're wondering, are gonna be handmade goods, home and living products, art, and jewelry, and those are just the top ones but I'll also link you guys a list of all of them so that you guys can know for your own businesses, and I'll put that in the description box.", "So, if you're on that list then you've got the green light to go onto the next step which is seeing if your audience is in the right regions.", "So, the United States, Canada, and some European countries like France and Germany are gonna be making that list.", "There's more, again, I'll just link that in the description box.", "And if your audience is on that list, then again, you've got the green light and you're good to move on to the next step.", "Opening up your store.", "Okay, cool.", "So we've decided that you have the right products, you have the right audience, now it's time to actually make your store.", "So what you're gonna do is you're gonna go onto etsy.com and then you're gonna click create your store, enter some basic personal information and then that's it (laughs).", "That's literally it, you've made your store.", "So now we have our account, we can make our shop.", "So let's take a bit of time to enter our shop preferences, like this here, and then you're gonna wanna enter your shop name.", "If you're stuck on a name, you don't know what to call it, Shopify has a really cool name generator, it's definitely gonna give you some cool ideas just to get the ball rolling, so, this is a really good tool if you're not sure what to name your store.", "Now we're gonna upload our products.", "And at this point, one of the most important parts is uploading images that are gonna slap, okay?", "Because if you think about it, customers can't actually see your products in person, so you're gonna wanna make sure that these images are professional, that they're showing all the angles, and guys, you have 10 slots, so if you can fill all 10 slots, the more the merrier.", "You can do product images, you can do lifestyle images, you can do up close images, wide shots, you wanna make sure that you're, you know, creating a bit of a mix.", "Basically, do what you gotta do to sell that piece of jewelry or sell whatever it is you're selling because your pictures are gonna be key in getting your products flying off the shelves.", "The next most important part is search engine optimization.", "So, you're gonna wanna make sure that you're using search engine optimization when you're titling your products and writing your descriptions.", "Guys, if you're not sure what search engine optimization is, it's basically just using words that you think people will be typing into Etsy and Google.", "So, like, for example, you may wanna call your product ceramic blue vase, instead of dreamy night sky modular flower piece, you know what I mean?", "Because no one's gonna be typing whatever I just said into Google.", "Ugh, and it's always gonna be a struggle between trying to come up with a fancy marketing name that's, like, on brand and clickable, but, like, also trying to balance that search engine optimization.", "So, you know, you could do a little bit of both, you can do some fun enticing marketing names while still being functional at the same time.", "And if you're not sure how to find keywords for Etsy, check out a tool called Key Search.", "This is a keyword and tag generator that is specific for Etsy, so that's a really cool tool.", "I actually just found out about that tool through Claire Westbrook, she's the founder of Etsy shop called Trendy Journals, so appreciate you for that little tip.", "So yeah, that's that on keywords, but now let's start plugging in our prices.", "Okay, cool, that's done, and now here we're gonna set how many items we have on hand.", "Guys, make sure that this is accurate because you don't wanna oversell, although that does sound like a pretty good problem to have.", "Okay, then you can enter your skew.", "Now, if you don't use skews, don't worry about this you can just leave this blank.", "And now here you can add variations like colors and sizes, and then, yeah, you're gonna wanna upload the shipping details that customers are gonna wanna know before they make a purchase with you.", "So, like, how long does it take to ship, and the cost of shipping, and all of that.", "One quick thing that I wanna mention is that it helps to make your shipping free if you're trying to make more sales on Etsy, and, like, honestly, who isn't trying to make the most sales possible.", "The reason being is because this is gonna help you do well on Organic Etsy Search.", "Just wanted to share that little, you know, piece of advice with you.", "I got that from Gail Oliver.", "Gail Oliver is the founder of Attention Getting Marketing, so, appreciate you Gail Oliver for that hot little tip.", "Movin' on.", "Inventory is done, so now we have to decide how we're gonna get paid.", "This is the fun part where we get to picture ourselves as multi-millionaires and all the cash that we'll be raking in.", "So, first you're gonna go select whether you are an individual seller or an incorporated business.", "Once you're done that then you're gonna enter your personal information over here.", "And then finally you're gonna enter the details of your bank account to be able to get those dollars in your bank.", "All right, so now we have to set up a payment method.", "It's free to make an Etsy account but you have to pay to make sales, if that makes any sense.", "So you'll just choose a payment method just like this over here.", "But if you are wondering how much it actually costs to sell on Etsy, I personally think that one of the biggest downsides to selling on Etsy is how many fees there actually are, there's a lot of fees.", "Etsy, I think, is an amazing tool for getting discovered, and getting exposure, but it can get a little pricey.", "I guess that's just the price that you pay for exposure.", "But anyways, let's go over all the fees.", "Okay, so there's gonna be a listing fee, listing fees are gonna be 20 cents per listing, it's gonna throw us over the edge here.", "No, but for real, there's a 6.5% transaction fee on every single purchase.", "And then depending on where you're at in the world there's also gonna be a regulatory operating fee, and that can range anywhere from 0.25% to 1.1%.", "So it's all kind of like adding up.", "And then, don't forget, if you opt into Etsy payments, which will allow you to take Apple payments, and Google payments, and all that kind of stuff, there's also a fee on that, that'll be 4% of your sales.", "You know?", "It's a lot.", "Honestly, it's making me sweat just thinking about this.", "Sweating even harder because there's more fees.", "All Etsy transactions are processed in US dollars.", "So, if you're selling in Europe, for example, you'll get the rate that Etsy converts it to but that might not be market rate, you might be losing money on there as well.", "It is what it is, I guess.", "And, oh, one more thing, you might also get charged a 2.5% conversion fee.", "So, yeah, it can get pricey.", "There are also some other optional fees like Etsy Plus and running ads through Etsy.", "So, those are optional, but if you are growing your business on Etsy those can be some good tools, but they will come at a cost.", "Okay, now that I accidentally just bashed Etsy, even though, in all honesty, I actually do think they're an amazing platform and I love them.", "We're gonna move on, we're gonna customize our storefront.", "So, let's choose a profile picture.", "This could be your logo, this could be yourself, this could be a cute dog in your jewelry, I don't know, get creative, and then you're also gonna wanna choose a banner photo.", "Once you're done with the photos then you're gonna create a little blurb about yourself and what your business is all about.", "And, I think, in this section, try to be as personal as possible because you don't wanna seem like a sketchy company that's just, like, selling stuff hot from the manufacturers, you know what I mean?", "If you're making the jewelry yourself, say that you're making the jewelry yourself, people love that.", "If you're painting your watercolors in your basement, introduce yourself as an artist.", "So, I really do think that this is the opportunity to be very cute and very personal, so take that opportunity.", "And also you can use this place to state your policies, like your return policy, and your privacy policy, and all that kind of stuff.", "All right, so at this point, I would be fool not to mention the fact that if you're selling on Etsy you should probably also be selling on Shopify too.", "I would recommend that you start on Etsy because you can grow your customer base really easily, and then transfer those customers over to Shopify.", "The reason why I say this is because Etsy can help you get a kickstart, like I said, it can help you get a lot of exposure, but Shopify is just gonna have less transactional fees.", "So, like I mentioned, Etsy's fees are gonna be 6.5% minimum but then when using Shopify, you do not pay transaction fees at all.", "You would just pay the external payment gateway that you choose to go with, and that would be anywhere from 0.5 to 2% fees, so it's a lot less.", "And if you are selling a lot of products then make sure that you are checking out Shopify because you can get a plan that's gonna be $29 a month for the basic subscription, and, yeah, that just might make more financial sense.", "Plus it has a lot fewer restrictions, like, you're gonna get more flexibility in your store design, built in marketing tools, all that fun stuff, and you can really, truly build your own brand.", "So, in every video, I always leave a link for you guys for that free 14 day trial.", "So I leave that for you guys in the description box so that you can play around, see if it's right for you, no strings attached.", "So, love that for you guys.", "(laughs) Check that out in the description box.", "All right, that is it.", "Thank you guys so much for joining me today.", "My name is Michelle Bali, I have been your host for today's video, and I will see you guys in the next video, bye." ]

[ "Intro", "Is Etsy Right For You?", "Finding Your Audience", "Opening Up Your Store", "Etsy Search Engine Optimization (SEO)", "Etsy Payments", "Etsy Fees", "Etsy & Shopify", "Shopify Free Trial" ]

[ "[MUSIC] ♪ Test.", "Test.", "Test.", "Test.", "Test.", "This is a Closed Captioning test.", "Test.", "Test.", "Test.", "Test.", "Test.", "This is a Closed Captioning test.", "Test.", "Test.", "Test.", "Test.", "Test.", "This is a Closed Captioning test.", "Test.", "Test.", "Test.", "Test.", "Test.", "♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ [ Birds chirping ] >> Rami Alhamad: You ever traveled somewhere and saw kids playing soccer?", "There's something really fascinating about how sport transcends all cultures, languages, history.", "Over the years, I've dabbled in every sport imaginable.", "[ Sound of camera shutter ] I think that's part of the reason when I launched PUSH that I was absolutely inspired by how we can help athletes across all sports.", ">> Robyn Birch: I've represented the British Diving Team since 2015, competing at European and World level.", "This is really where fine margins make all the difference, which is why I started using PUSH.", ">> Rami Alhamad: PUSH is an advanced strength training wearable.", "Part of our mission is to optimize athletic training, making sure that when an athlete is walking into the gym, they're actually getting the most that their body can afford to give that day.", ">> Robyn Birch: PUSH gives me rep by rep feedback in real time, so my lifting becomes more flexible and efficient, which helps me improve my strengths as A diver.", ">> Rami Alhamad: We were constantly getting requests for Android support, and one of our challenges is that we're a small team and we knew that trying to support two different code bases was going to be super difficult.", "With Flutter, we are able to save roughly a day a week in just syncing two different code bases.", "It's really enabled us to push out a lot more features a lot faster.", "Being a wearable, we really needed to make sure that the Bluetooth connection was going to be robust and reliable, that it can handle any type of data transfer that we need, and we were blown away by just how performant Flutter was.", "We really wanted to make sure that our technology can scale, like, can help impact athletes' lives at various levels of development, and that's something that I'm really proud of.", ">> Robyn Birch: PUSH gives me motivation to see how far I can go and what I can achieve.", "That ultimately means the Olympics.", "[ Cheerful music ] [ Cheerful music ] >> Three, two, one.", "[ Upbeat music ] [ Upbeat music ] [ Birds chirping ] >> Tim Sneath: Welcome to Flutter Engage.", "We're so glad to have you join us virtually wherever you are.", "It's been a tough year for many, and so we're thrilled to share some good news as we show you some of what we've been working on and announce some new things that we think you'll like.", "Our theme for this year's event is to highlight the flexibility and portability of Flutter as a complete UI toolkit for building beautiful apps for any platform, and today is a key milestone for Flutter with the launch of Flutter 2, a major upgrade to Flutter that builds on the momentum and foundation of previous releases and opens up a broad range of new target platforms for production use.", "Over the next hour, you're going to hear us talk about Flutter on Android and iOS, as well as Web and Desktop.", "You're going to hear from companies like Microsoft, Canonical, and Toyota, and you can learn more about how our work on Dart provides a unique technical envelope for your code, providing a portable, productive, and robust combination of capabilities for building apps.", "Flutter is the first UI platform that is designed for an ambient computing world, and this vision is unique to Flutter.", "A portable toolkit for building beautiful, Native, fast experiences wherever you might want to paint pixels on the screen.", "Our goal is to shift you from having to start with the platform you're targeting and focus instead on what you want to create.", "Some UI toolkits impose tight constraints on what you can build, they limit your creative expression to what fits within the toolkit, but Flutter allows you to handcraft beautiful experiences where your brand and design comes to the forefront.", "Flutter is fast, it compiles your source to machine code, but thanks to features like Stateful hot reload, you still get the productivity of interpreted environments, allowing you to make changes while your app is running and see the results immediately.", "And, of course, Flutter is open with thousands of contributors adding to the core framework and extending it with an ecosystem of packages.", "So, the big news in Flutter 2 is that we broadened Flutter from a mobile framework to a portable framework, unleashing your apps to run on a wide variety of different platforms with little or no change.", "As of right now, there are already over 150,000 Flutter apps out there, and that number has doubled just since last summer.", "These apps come from big teams at big companies as well as entrepreneurs and start-ups who simply want to share their idea with the world.", "And we thought we'd show you some of our favorites.", "[ Upbeat electronic music ] ♪ [ Rhythmic drumming ] [ Techno sounds ] [ Rhythmic whistles ] ♪ [ Upbeat electronic music continues ] So let's talk about what's in Flutter 2.", "You can think of Flutter 2 as a free upgrade for your app.", "We've shipped about ten updates to Flutter since our original launch, but in this release, we add support for something worthy of a major version upgrade, a major increase in the number of users you can reach.", "If you've built a Flutter app so far, you've probably been thinking primarily about iOS and Android.", "But with Flutter 2, your app can target four additional platforms, Windows, macOS, Linux, and the Web.", "And when you add iOS and Android to that list, you can see how uniquely flexible Flutter is.", "With Native support for six different platforms and the ability to tailor the experience for each platform without compromising performance, Flutter is perfectly suited to both rapid iteration and high-quality results.", "So, to demonstrate Flutter's versatility in action, we asked our friends at gskinner to create a demo app that spans all these platforms.", "Let's show you what they've created.", ">> Hi, everyone.", "Here at gskinner, we've created a variety of Flutter apps that compiled to and ran on multiple platforms, but for this project, we wanted to go beyond that and build something that purposefully considered the norms, user expectations, input devices and idioms for each platform to create an app that truly felt at home on every device.", "We also wanted to leverage the unique strengths of each platform to power a creative workflow.", "After some brainstorming, we decided to build a scrapbooking app called flutter folio.", "[ Upbeat funk music ] ♪ Let's take a closer look at how the app works on different devices.", "Mobile devices are great because they're portable, follow us everywhere, and they usually have a camera built in.", "Given that, we focused the small screen experience around capturing content.", "Let's say you were on a walk and you bumped into Tim and his rabbit Carl, you could use the mobile-friendly UI to quickly navigate to an existing scrapbook and reminisce about shared experiences.", "Or navigate to your furry friends folio and snap a few pictures of Carl to add in later.", "Of course, larger screens provide a lot more space and improved precision, which makes them ideal for creative work like editing a scrapbook.", "So when you get back from your walk super excited to add in your new photos of Carl, you can fire up the app, maximize it via the Native controls and the custom title bar, and use your scroll wheel or arrow keys to navigate to a scrapbook you're looking for.", "While editing, you can use Desktop-specific idioms like multi-select, Native menus, keyboard shortcuts, context menus, and scroll wheel zoom.", "But, of course, not all large screens are the same.", "When working on a touch device, the UI adapts in a variety of ways, such as providing larger hit areas and exposing functionality through contextual buttons instead of right click menus.", "Last but not least, we wanted to target the web.", "These days, browsers are capable of almost everything you can do in a Native app, so the full app runs there as well, but the web is unique in the ease with which content can be shared.", "We leverage that strength to let you share a read-only version of your scrapbook.", "For example, to share your amazing new page with Tim and Carl so they can follow along in real time as you make new updates.", "This URL is actually live right now, if you want to go check out Carl.", "Of course, we barely skimmed the surface today, so I'd like to invite you to visit flutter.gskinner.com where you'll find more info, source code, and links to the app.", "We also learned a ton building this, and we're excited to share that knowledge on our blog and via Twitter.", "Ultimately, we were able to build an app that runs great and feels at home on three form factors, five OSs, and the web while reusing over 95% of our code.", "We built flutter folio with best practices in mind.", "You can check out the source code to start making your apps platform adaptive today.", ">> Tim Sneath: If you want to experiment with this app further, the source code is available at flutter.gskinner.com.", "And for more on great design practices with Flutter, check out the separate talk with Filip Hracek that we're posting live today.", "Of course, there are hundreds of other new features in Flutter 2.", "We continue to make progress on foundational areas that you and your customers care about, improving performance and stability, supporting the latest UI trends and widgets, and increasing accessibility.", "We've completed our work on a new State restoration API with support for running on Apple Silicon.", "We've added multi-line text editing and keyboard shortcuts, we've added interactive scroll bars, we've implemented Null Safety throughout the framework, and we've closed nearly 6,000 issues.", "The full list of pull requests merged is a 200-page document, to give you a sense of the size of this upgrade, and we have a blog post with a lot more details.", "Flutter isn't just being used outside Google.", "Over 1,000 engineers inside the company are using Dart and Flutter to develop apps today, representing over 30 different teams, and the apps that you see on this list here are already shipping using Flutter.", "One of the largest apps from Google using Flutter is Google Pay.", "And Timothy Jordan recently sat down with Peeyush Ranjan, who is the Vice President of Engineering for Google Pay, to ask him about their experiences with Flutter.", "Let's hear what they had to say.", ">> Timothy Jordan: Hey, Peeyush, Timothy here.", "Every since Google Pay moved to Flutter, we've been getting some questions from our developers, was it an effective move for you, and would you recommend it to other teams?", ">> Peeyush Ranjan: Hi, Timothy.", "Thanks for asking.", "In a nutshell, I'll say, yes, it was absolutely effective.", "You might have heard of Google Pay, but let me first tell you the scale of the problem.", "You know, we are trying to launch in 30 countries on two platforms, Android and iOS, and serve users in all these countries.", "We have 150 million-plus users.", "Now, as a result, we have two code bases, right, iOS and Android, and those total 1.7 million lines.", "We also had feature disparity.", "The feature being implemented in each was happening at a different rate.", "Also, tech debt was building up and we needed more and more engineers to keep up development on these code bases, so we started looking at Flutter, and after weighing the pros and cons of a rewrite and a migration, we decided to rewrite everything.", "The good thing was we ended up with 35% smaller code base, 1.1 million lines compared to 1.7 million lines, and at the same time, our tech debt went down by 90% on a per engineer basis.", "Now, once the rewrite was done, we also found that our engineers were 20% more productive in terms of features implemented because of the rewrite.", "We were also able to merge all the duplicate release process experimentation, the launch process, security reviews because now everything was done on the Flutter code base.", "Plus, the best part was with every engineer working on the same code base, we were able to take the iOS engineers and Android engineers and get 50% engineering efficiency immediately because they were all working on the same thing.", "Now, if I had to go back, I would absolutely make this decision all over again, and to answer your question, yes, I would recommend to any team that builds on multiple platforms.", ">> Timothy Jordan: Okay.", "Thanks for joining us today, Peeyush.", ">> Tim Sneath: So, one of the most interesting things about mobile development is that phones come in so many different shapes and sizes.", "And one of the latest trends is foldable phones.", "One great example of this form factor is the Surface Duo from Microsoft, which combines the best of Android with the Surface team's hardware engineering expertise, and we're happy to announce that Microsoft has been contributing code to Flutter over the recent months.", "Here to tell us more is Guy Merin, who leads Surface Developer Experience Engineering.", ">> Guy Merin: In the last year, we've seen new device form factors emerge, the foldable and dual screen devices.", "This new form factor is great for productivity when you're in your home office or when you're on the go.", "The device adapts to you.", "When you're creating content, playing a game, watching a video, typing, or just reading and browsing the web.", "For us, the mobile developers, it means new scenarios and user experience to explore in our apps.", "First, your app can now run on two screens and not just one.", "You have more screen real estate to show content and interact with our users.", "When thinking about two screens, you can also utilize various dual screen design patterns, such as the List-Detail view, the Companion Pane, and other ways to organize your application UI.", "The foldable form factor also provides opportunities for your app to share content with another app.", "For example, when two apps are running side by side and by adding drag and drop functionality to your code.", "We want developers to take advantage of foldables and dual screen devices regardless of the platform or app that they're building on.", "Today we are happy to announce that we are collaborating with Google and bringing foldable support to Flutter.", "We're contributing code to enable Flutter apps to take advantage of these new opportunities with devices like the Surface Duo, but also enable it on other devices like from manufacturers like Samsung and others.", "Let's see a demo now.", "The best way to demo anything Flutter is by using the Flutter Gallery app that we are all familiar with.", "This is the Surface Duo Emulator, which you can download today.", "Let's run the Flutter Gallery app and look at the widget.", "The app is started on a single screen, so let's span it across both screens now.", "As you can see, the app reacts natively to dual screens and repositions the assets across both panes.", "This is typically the first step that you will take in your app.", "Start thinking today of the new layouts that you may want to show now that you have two screens, but Flutter is all about widgets, so let's see those in action.", "We've added foldable support for the existing Flutter widgets.", "For example, when you use the dialogue, it will now be hinge aware and will display according to your choice on the right or left pane.", "We've also modified other model routes, pop-up menus and other widgets.", "Let's move on.", "We've added the new widget to help you position assets on two screens.", "We call it the two-pane widget.", "You can use it to place assets on the right pane or on the left pane.", "It will also display correctly on a single-screen phone or a tablet-like device.", "The two-pane widgets makes it easy to support all these new form factors.", "But enough with demos.", "Let's dig into some code now.", "We've added displayFeatures to MediaQuery.", "You can use it to query the type of displays you have and the position of the hinge.", "When you're using the two-pane widget, add your own widget and content to either the left or right pane.", "Let's summarize what's new.", "Foldable and dual screen devices are available now and ready for you to try them with your app.", "You can use a dual screen device or a dual screen foldable emulator.", "The code and widgets we've previewed here are ready for your review and your feedback.", "We want to meet developers where they're at, and today we're super excited to share this news with you, the great Flutter community.", "All the samples and widgets are open source and ready for your contribution.", "We're excited to see what you build with them in your app.", "Thank you, and back to you, Tim.", ">> Tim Sneath: So, let's talk about portability.", "Last year, we gave you an early preview of Web Support, so today we're delighted to announce that Flutter's support for the Web platform has hit the stable milestone.", "This is a huge leap forward for Flutter, building on the portability of Dart, the power of the Web platform, and the flexibility of the Flutter framework to deliver the same experiences on the web as on mobile, and it's exactly the same Flutter framework.", "It's not a fork, it's not a different edition.", "The web is just another device target for your app.", "So, not every web page makes sense in Flutter, but we think that Flutter is particularly suited for app-centric experiences, things like Progressive Web Apps that integrate with a user's environment, including installation, offline support, and tailored user experiences.", "Single page apps that deliver a client-rendered experience, and existing Flutter mobile apps that want a fast path to the browser.", "So I thought it would be fun to chat with Dion Almaer, who is responsible for the web developer ecosystem here at Google, including, of course, the Chrome browser, and get his take on how Flutter fits more broadly to the web platform as a whole.", "Dion, thank you for joining me today.", ">> Dion Almaer: Thanks a lot, Tim.", "Thanks so much for inviting me to share my excitement, really, about Flutter 2 and the availability of Web Support.", "You know, we think the web is an incredibly broad tent.", "It was born as a content platform and enables richer capabilities for publishers than ever, but we've seen this open platform evolve into a great one for use cases such as commerce and, of course, apps.", "Now, the broad tent has allowed for many web frameworks and approaches to innovate, offering you, the developer, choice, and there's plenty of room for Flutter to join the fun.", "Now, the web has many strengths, including ubiquity and reach, so if you're building a Flutter app, you now get to reach users outside of app stores, and with the power of URLs, users across operating systems or device types can be directed to any part of your app from links that are shared by friends, clicked on in search, from an email, from anywhere.", "So, remember when Spotify came into CDS one year and shared their story of their first progressive web app and how to drove so much engagement because many users were simply looking to listen to a song and were now able to go straight to that action versus facing any install friction.", "High-quality PWAs like these are now possible due to the web pushing on two areas.", "First, platform improvements.", "These enable fast performant rendering, and we know this is really important to the Flutter community.", "Second, bringing capability gaps to the web in a soft, trusted manner.", "Project Fugu is our main umbrella for this effort.", "And PWAs are just a great fit for Flutter because of the marriage between on the one hand a world-class developer experience for app development, and with the other, the web platform ingredients that can be incorporated by the Flutter engine, so you get improvements for free as both Flutter and the web evolve.", "We've seen this at work.", "As Flutter's Web Support has transitioned from tech preview to beta to now production.", "The Flutter team were able to try different rendering approaches, you know, starting with the DOM, but then CanvasKit, taking advantage of new APIs to help with ergonomics and speed up performance.", "This is where WebAssembly and WebGL opened the door for massive optimizations, which the Flutter team has done wonders with.", "We're collaborating in many other areas, such as improving text metrics, new accessibility APIs, and more.", "So, I hope that you and the Flutter team collectively keep pushing us further to enable the next generation of experiences because we really do know that we've only just begun.", "So with the Flutter and Chrome team working well together, we can iterate on web platform features that Flutter can abstract and make easy for you to use so you can just focus on your app.", "Now, also, users are clamoring for high-quality PWAs.", "So, Flutter gives you a great way to ship them, and I can't wait to see what you, the developer, do here, because I've seen how the Flutter community always delivers on high-quality, creative experiences.", ">> Tim Sneath: Dion, thank you so much.", "It's great to have you join us.", ">> Dion Almaer: Thanks again, Tim.", "Appreciate it.", ">> Tim Sneath: So, since we announced Beta Support for the web, we've been focusing on some major architectural improvements that extend and optimize the core Flutter framework for the web.", "Perhaps the biggest thing that we've been working on since the preview, as Dion mentioned, is performance, and we've been making a ton of progress.", "We recently switched our defaults for the Desktop browser over to a new CanvasKit renderer that combines Skia and WASM to couple a lightning-fast web graphics engine with the productivity and ease of use of Flutter, and we're seeing huge performance gains as a result.", "So, I want to show you an example of this with a demo from Felix Blashchke, who is a developer in Germany who has been experimenting with Flutter graphics on the web.", "[ Glass shattering ] ♪ [ Upbeat music ] [ Birds chirping ] Even more fun, I can take the same demo and run it multiple times simultaneously on the same machine thanks to the power of Flutter.", "[ Glass shattering ] ♪ [ Upbeat music ] So, performance is important, but it's not the only thing that we need.", "A Flutter app that's running in the browser should feel like a web app.", "So we've been adding features to Flutter that help you use the best of the web.", "For example, hyperlink widgets, text auto fill, control over address bar URLs and routing, and PWA manifests.", "And thirdly, we want to make Flutter web experiences feel right, whether you're using a mobile phone or a laptop with a keyboard and mouse, and regardless of what shape and size your browser window is, so we've added interactive scroll bars and keyboard shortcuts.", "We've increased the default content density in Desktop modes, and we've added screen reader support for accessibility on Windows, Mac, and Chrome OS.", "I want to show you one example of the kind of app that shines really well on the web.", "iRobot is the company behind the popular Roomba robot vacuums, but they also have coding robots that empower the next generation of innovators.", "Let's take a look at their Root robots.", ">> Your child may have what it takes to become the next great digital visionary, you just have to allow it to take root.", "Coding shouldn't be something just computer scientists do, it should be something everyone can do, and Root makes that possible.", "It's easy for coding to feel abstract, but Root teaches computer programming in a new way.", "It starts with a language so simple that a young child can use it, even before they know how to read.", ">> Tim Sneath: iRobot built their app with Flutter, and today they're launching the web version of their experience.", "So, here, you can see the app running in the browser using the same code as their tablet app.", "On the left side, you can see their visual code editor, which lets you drag and drop commands and flow structures that will run on the robots, and on the right-hand side of the screen, you can see a simulator that shows a virtual robot and lets you test out your app before running it on the real thing.", "They have a whole library filled with different project ideas and three different coding levels within the project aimed at different age levels, and, of course, everything you see here is built with Flutter, including the simulator, with the same code shared between iOS, Android and web browser.", "It's really cool to see iRobot using Flutter for educational purposes, and I hope you'll check it out yourself at code.irobot.com.", "Of course, we're using Flutter's Web Support ourselves.", "One example that will be familiar to most of you is DartPad, our web-based scratch pad for exploring Flutter and Dart code.", "We also use it throughout our documentation so you can see how to work with a widget in line in your browser without first having to copy it into your app.", "There's so much more to say about running Flutter on the web, and so we have a breakout session dedicated to this topic where Mariam Hasnany and John Ryan walk through building and deploying a web app with Flutter.", "So, you've already seen how portable Flutter is with the ability to go from mobile to web, and the great thing about building on open-source foundations like Skia is that we can take this work further still, including three platforms that together reach well in excess of a billion users, Windows, Mac and Linux.", "Today, we're delighted to announce that we are also opening up Desktop to the stable channel of flutter enabled with an early release flag.", "This release lets you produce standalone executables for each platform, macOS, Linux and Windows, and you can even use the developer tooling provided on each platform to submit apps into the store.", "We're excited that now everyone can run Flutter natively on their developer work station.", "This isn't just our work, it's been a community partnership.", "Microsoft has contributed a number of pull requests to the Flutter engine to use the latest Windows runtime APIs when running on Windows 10.", "On Linux, Canonical has been a fantastic partner, and I'd like to have them tell you about some of their contributions to Flutter.", ">> Ken VanDine, Engineering Manager for Ubuntu Desktop at Canonical.", "When Desktop Application Support in Flutter was announced, we saw an exciting opportunity to make Linux distributions, including Ubuntu, an attractive target platform for Flutter app developers.", "Flutter's Native multi-platform story is growing rapidly, and we wanted to be at the vanguard.", "We worked with the Flutter team to bring Desktop Linux support to Flutter, making it easy for app developers to publish their apps for Linux.", "By making Linux a first-class platform in Flutter, we are inviting application developers to publish their apps to millions of Linux users and broaden the availability of high-quality applications available to them.", "We not only enabled Flutter for Linux, we also worked with the Flutter team to publish the Flutter STK as a snap in the Snap Store, the app store for Linux.", "By publishing the Flutter STK as a Snap, we've made it very easy to install and set up your development environment to build mobile, web, and Desktop apps with Flutter on Ubuntu.", "Even with just these basics in place, we're at a very exciting point in our Flutter journey.", "Linux support for Desktop apps is rich enough that we can recommend it for developers to use today.", "We continue to support Flutter for Linux, keeping in sync with other Desktop platforms, but that's just the start.", "We also want to give developers a rich toolbox of window types to create effective user interfaces across platforms.", "To do so, we will work to bring full multi-window support to Flutter for Desktop across all the Desktop platforms that Flutter supports.", "We are working with the Flutter team at Google on the specification now, and we will start the engineering work very soon.", "Of course plug-ins are an essential part of the Flutter app ecosystem as well.", "We are working on enabling popular Flutter plug-ins for Linux, including Flutter support for Firebase, Bluetooth, network connectivity, Desktop notifications, and more.", "Furthermore, while enabling app developers to bring their apps to the Linux Desktop, we thought it would be nice to bring along the Ubuntu style as well.", "Ubuntu has a very distinct style, which we are proud of.", "We call this style yaru, which is a community-led effort within Ubuntu.", "We have worked with the yaru team to bring yaru to Flutter, which takes material as the base and applies the Ubuntu style, colors and fonts.", "This enables app developers targeting Ubuntu to match the distinct Ubuntu style with ease.", "Now that we have enabled Flutter for Linux, for other app developers, it's time to further our commitment by building our own Linux apps with Flutter.", "As we've already announced, we are developing our next-generation Ubuntu Desktop Installer in Flutter.", "Soon every user who installs Ubuntu Desktop will be doing so with our new installer built in Flutter using the yaru style.", "Along with the new installer, the out of the box experience for devices preloaded with Ubuntu will also be powered by Flutter.", "Choosing the installer as our first app written in Flutter is a bold move, to say the least.", "It's the first thing our users see, and as everyone knows, that first impression is critical.", "It not only has to be beautiful, it has to be robust and reliable.", "It has to run on a wide range of hardware, ranging from old PCs or laptops to the latest hardware on the market.", "The user experience can also be very complex, with advanced dialogues for dispartitioning supporting a huge variety of possible configurations.", "We feel Flutter is up for the task, and choosing it for the installer is telling the world that choosing Flutter for Linux apps is a great choice.", "The Desktop team not only worked to make Linux a first-class citizen in Flutter, Flutter is the default choice for future Desktop and mobile apps created by Canonical.", "We look forward to working with you.", "Thanks.", ">> Tim Sneath: Thanks so much, Ken.", "It's a really big deal for us that you picked Flutter for the very first experience users have of Ubuntu, and we're looking forward to continuing to work with Canonical.", "So, we've talked about how the key theme for the Flutter 2 release is portability, upgrading your code to be able to run on six different platforms, iOS, Android, Web, Windows, macOS and Linux, but there are even more screens out there beyond the kind of operating system that you might have on your phone or your PC.", "So, I'm delighted to introduce another customer who is using Flutter to bring beautiful user interfaces to light in a critical part of their own product.", "Toyota is the world's biggest selling automaker with over 9.5 million vehicles sold in 2020.", "And with cars, beautiful, tailored user experiences matter.", "Toyota are building Flutter right into the heart of their core product, so I want to hand over to Daniel Hall to share more about their plans with Flutter.", ">> Daniel Hall: Hello.", "I'm Daniel Hall, Chief Engineer at Toyota Motor North America as well as Global Chief UX Designer at Toyota Connected.", "Basically what that means is I'm responsible for leading design and development for our next generation in-vehicle infotainment systems.", "Today we're excited to announce that Toyota's partnering with Flutter to bring a best in market digital experience to vehicles by building infotainment systems powered by Flutter.", "Using Flutter marks a large departure and approach from how in-vehicle software has been developed in the past.", "While we're not ready to share our final product just yet, we'll take a little bit of time to talk about why we chose Flutter and how we're using it at Toyota.", "So, why did we pick Flutter?", "At Toyota, we continually evaluate options for bringing the best possible user experiences to our customers.", "Flutter immediately caught our eye for a number of reasons.", "Foremost, Toyota customers expect a consistent and high performance in-vehicle user experience to match the overall quality of Toyota vehicles.", "Flutter's rendering engine provides good performance in a constrained environment, and features like AOT compilation give us the consistency we're looking for in an in-vehicle technology.", "Flutter also allows us to provide an in-vehicle user experience on par with what customers have come to expect from their Smartphones.", "Everyone can probably think of a bad experience they've had interacting with touch screen apps outside of their mobile phones.", "These apps are often sluggish or just don't feel quite right.", "What we're doing with Flutter at Toyota directly addresses that problem by leveraging Flutter's cross-platform mechanics.", "Flutter's done a great job of packaging touch mechanics that just feel right, no matter where they run.", "Finally, after noting Flutter's performance traits, we were really sold on Flutter's developer experience.", "Despite releasing our apps on a single-target platform, we leveraged all the multi-platform tools that Flutter provides for the pipeline from design all the way to release.", "Even as an alpha feature, Desktop Support combined with hot reload provides a fast development workflow.", "The variety of different release targets that Flutter supports, such as iOS and Android tablets, are useful for all sorts of physical and digital user testing.", "We can even leverage Web Support as an integration into design tools to improve our feedback cycle with product designers.", "Of course this developer-friendly workflow isn't just for our own benefit as we create software.", "Our ultimate goal in using Flutter is to streamline in-vehicle software development, resulting in a better customer experience.", "A technology that enables high productivity with a relatively low barrier to entry allows us to create a tighter overall feedback loop in our design and engineering processes.", "These faster iteration cycles allow us to collect and integrate feedback from our customers earlier and more often, which helps us create the best experience for our customers.", "We talked a little bit about why we chose Flutter, but what are we doing with it that is unique to Toyota?", "Well, to start with, we're using Flutter's Embedder API to leverage the technology in our infotainment systems powered by automotive-grade Linux.", "The Flutter engine's architecture makes it relatively easy to support embedding in our target environment, it's just a matter of cross-compiling the engine and wrapping it in an embedder.", "The Embedder API is fairly easy to use and allows us to integrate our Flutter apps with in-vehicle systems.", "Additionally, we've created several in-house tools that enhance Flutter's developer ergonomics by extending them to include our design process all under the same umbrella.", "Our overall goal is to support a workflow that enables design tools to generate code so that validation and running software is immediate.", "Both Dart's language design and the Flutter STK software design have enabled us to support such tooling.", "For example, Flutter's approach to declarative UI and code as configuration allows to us very easily perform code generation based on designs without any complicated or confusing middle tiers of configuration.", "Most importantly, while developing these Toyota-specific tools, Flutter's open-source principles and high-growth developer community have been critical to our success.", "Without the support of the large and open ecosystem, we couldn't extend Flutter to enable our in-vehicle use cases.", "At Toyota, we see working with open-source software as a point Positive investment towards our in-vehicle user experiences, and we look forward to playing a role in the open-source Flutter community.", "We can't wait to share more details of Toyota's partnership with Flutter in the near future.", ">> Tim Sneath: So, from cars to web browsers to laptops to phones and tablets, Flutter truly is unique as a UI toolkit in its flexibility.", "By bringing together beautiful, fast user experiences with a productive development environment that lends itself to exploration and iteration, all delivered as free open source from Google, there's nothing quite like it.", "Let's now go one level deeper and talk about Dart, our client-optimized language for fast apps on any platform.", "Why does Dart matter?", "Well, Dart combines a unique set Of capabilities for building apps.", "For starters, as you've seen already, Dart is portable with compilers that generate highly performant Intel and ARM machine code for mobile and Desktop as well as highly optimized JavaScript output from the web.", "The same Flutter framework source code compiles to all these targets.", "Secondly, Dart enables true iterative development with Stateful hot reload on Desktop and mobile as well as language constructs designed for the asynchronous concurrent patterns of the web.", "And thirdly, Dart offers Google-class performance across all of these platforms with sound Null Safety, guaranteeing Null constraints at run time as well as development.", "There really is no other language that combines all three of these capabilities together, and it's the reason why we often talk Dart as the secret sauce behind Flutter.", "Now, we've not been standing still with Dart, so Bob Nystrom is going to tell you about some of the work we've been doing in Dart to upgrade your app.", ">> Bob Nystrom: Thanks, Tim.", "I'm very happy to tell you that we have shipped Null Safety for Dart, so now the type system helps you eliminate Null Reference bugs.", "This is the biggest change to Dart since we added sound static types in Dart 2.", "With Null Safety, we didn't just add non-nullable types to the type system, we also added a slew of features like smarter flow analysis, late variables and required named parameters so that your Dart code isn't just safe but easy to write.", "These changes are so big, in fact, that the only reason we aren't calling this release Dart 3 is we managed to ship Null Safety without breaking your code.", "Instead, we allow Null-safe code to co-exist with Null-unsafe code.", "This lets you migrate to Null Safety incrementally when you want, and we provide automated tooling to help you.", "When you migrate and return, Dart gives you more than most other languages with non-Nullable types too.", "Null Safety in Dart is sound.", "That means that when your program is fully migrated, the type system guarantees like a mathematical proof that no non-nullable expression can ever evaluate to Null.", "This guarantees great for confidence in your code, but it's even more valuable for the compiler.", "Chips are so complex today that we need sophisticated compilers to make the most of the hardware.", "Compiler optimization is often about detecting that some operation isn't needed and eliminating it, but that optimization's only safe to perform if the compiler can prove that the operation is never needed.", "Sound Null Safety gives the compiler that proof when it comes to Null checks.", "Here is some Dart code.", "The getAge function simply returns the value of a field on a given instance.", "Here is the assembly code our compiler generated before Null Safety.", "Since the parameter to getAge could be Null, the compiler has to emit a Null check before the field access.", "Here's what you get today with Null Safety.", "Since the field's type is non-nullable, there's no need to check for Null.", "The generated code simply accesses the field.", "Our 10 instruction function is now only 3.", "That's a small change, but real programs contain thousands of these checks, so eliminating them means less code to download at install time and less to execute at run time.", "Of course working on Dart isn't just about new features, we are constantly improving the performance of existing features, too.", "The quote I love from an algorithms book is, \"efficiency determines the boundary of what is possible.\"", "When we make something twice as fast, your app can be twice as rich and interactive.", "Here are a couple of other improvements we've made.", "The Google Pay team recently rewrote their flagship app using Flutter.", "They ramped up fast and wrote a ton of Dart code.", "So much that they started hitting the wall where the size of their application was going to harm adoption, so we worked to unblock them so that they could use Flutter's compile sized optimizations which got their app 14% smaller than it was with the default compilation settings.", "Servers often speak UTF-8, but Dart's internal string representation is UTF-16.", "We found out that UTF-8 decoding was a bottleneck for the assistant team, so Aska on the VM team rewrote our decoder, hand authoring some parts in X64 and ARM Assembly to take advantage of Vector instructions.", "The result is anywhere from 2 to 20 times faster than before.", "When you want to access features unique to a hardware platform, you need some kind of inter-op system which Flutter has long had using asynchronous platform channels.", "Recently, we've been working on a new lower-level synchronous way to call Native code called Dart FFI.", "That system is now out of beta and ready for production use.", "With Null Safety out the door, we get to turn towards the next batch of language features.", "I want to talk about one area we're exploring to give you a feel for how we look at language design.", "Whenever I talk to developers coming to Dart from Kotlin, the top three requests they have are non-Nullable types, extension methods and data classes.", "So we have the first two now, so let's talk about the last one.", "With the data class, you define a type of the set of fields, and then the language gives you a constructer, a quality, hashCode and copying operations for free.", "It's essentially baked-in behavorial policy.", "The problem is that methodologies change faster than programming languages.", "If a few years from now, users decide that persistent data structures are better than immutable value types, we can end up with dead weight language features.", "So what would it take to be able to define policy at the library level?", "How could we enable a Dart user to essentially add data classes to the language themselves?", "What I'm talking about here is metaprogramming, code that produces other code.", "Metaprogramming is already common in Dart using code generation.", "If you've used Angular Dart or the built_value package, you've already run Dart code that generated other Dart into your app.", "But code generators can feel Heavyweight and opaque and kind of bolted on, so we're exploring adding static metaprogramming features directly to the language.", "Our goal is to enable frameworks like Flutter to eliminate some of the verbose code you have to write today.", "I'd love a metaprogramming feature expressive enough that you could use it to define a data class system that feels as natural as data classes do in Kotlin.", "Now, we don't know what the solution will look like yet, but we're actively exploring the design space.", "Okay, that's a lot to absorb about the language, but a fast language is no use if you can't productively write code in it, so next, Kenzie's going to talk about developer tools.", ">> Kenzie Schmoll: Thanks, Bob.", "Hi, everyone.", "I'm Kenzie from the Flutter team, and today I'll be showing off four new tooling highlights available with Flutter 2.", "The first new feature we'll look at is one we call Flutter Fix.", "As part of Flutter 2, we've done a lot of work on consistency and tidying up the framework to make our APIs more approachable and to make your code cleaner.", "Now, I know what you're thinking, framework improvements are great and bring all sorts of new and improved functionality to you, but usually they also come with some breaking changes to your code.", "Well, fear not, because what we've also done as part of Flutter 2 is created a tool called Flutter Fix that does all the heavy lifting for you to migrate deprecated APIs in your code base.", "For example, I have the BudgetTracker project open in IntelliJ.", "And this is a sample app that hasn't been updated in a couple years now, so now that I updated to Flutter 2, there is some analysis errors to address.", "You can see that it's use a couple deprecated APIs, so let's click on one of these warnings and see how we can solve the problem.", "I can see the deprecated member here as well as the quick fix icon.", "And the quick fix option allows me to automatically migrate my code to the new API.", "So now I can see my code has been updated, and the warnings have gone away.", "We've added quick fix rules just like this one all throughout Flutter, and as we move forward with new breaking changes in future versions, we'll add new quick fixes to help you migrate your code.", "Flutter Fix helps us keep the API fresh without breaking your code, so give it a try.", "And now that we've moved our BudgetTracker to Flutter 2, let's move on to the second feature I'll be showing off today, Null Safety in Dart.", "To do this, we'll fire up the Null Safety migration tool with the Dart migrate command.", "Right now my code is in a state where Null Safety is not enabled, but the migration tool will enable Dart Null Safety and help me migrate my code so that it's compatible with the Null Safe run time.", "So, I'll open the tool, and this tool analyzes our code to determine what can be non-Null and what should be Nullable.", "And from this, the analysis tool displays suggested changes with the explanations for those changes.", "So, for our case, all looks good to me, and I'm just going to go ahead and accept the changes and apply this migration.", "So if I come back into my code, I can see that my code has been updated to Null Safe Dart.", "And now have we've migrated our code to Null Safety, we can still use Nullable types, but by default our object references will not be Nullable, eliminating a whole class of bugs from our app, making our app smaller, faster and more robust, and that's just the tip of the iceberg on Null Safety in Dart and on the migration tool, so check out the Null Safety deep dive to learn more.", "For the third tooling highlight of the day, I'm going show you some new Flutter debugging tools, so let's do a little bit of work on the BudgetTracker app.", "I'll get it running here next to IntelliJ, and if I play with the app a little bit, everything looks good, but I want to make sure that everything looks good also in landscape mode.", "Oh, and it does not, so it looks like we have an exception here in the run console, and I can see that a RenderFlex overflowed by 282 pixels on the bottom.", "Now, looking at this error output, I can actually directly navigate to the error-causing widget in my code, but that's not as helpful as we'd like, because what I'd really like to be able to do is go directly from an error message to inspecting that widget in Flutter DevTools, but luckily we have created a new feature that allows me to do Exactly this.", "So when an overflow error occurs, your IDE will show you a message in the bottom-right window of your screen, and this message describes the error that occurred, as well as gives you the option to inspect the error-causing widget in the Flutter DevTools Inspector, so let's do that.", "This opens up the Flutter Inspector directly selected to the error-causing widget, and moreover, we can see this directly in our IDE.", "Using the Inspector in the past would have required you to open DevTools in your browser, but now we've actually embedded DevTools directly in your IDE.", "So whether you're using VS Code, IntelliJ or Android Studio, you will always have access to this powerful tool that gives you insights into your running Flutter app.", "So, let's get back to the problem at hand and use the Layout Explorer to solve this issue.", "I can see that I have some unconstrained heights here, so let's fiddle with the flex values in the Layout Explorer to see if I can fix the problem.", "And there we go.", "Problem solved.", "The overflow error went away, and now I know that the SingleChildScroolView was just missing a flex value of 1, and that means it needs to be wrapped in a flexible widget, so what I will do is come over here and wrap this SingleChildScroolView in a flexible widget.", "So now it has the flex value of 1 that it needs.", "And if I come into the run console here, do a hot reload, I can see there are no more exceptions and the issue has been resolved in the app.", "Over time, we'll be adding similar functionality for other common errors to make it easier for you to go from problem to solution using Flutter DevTools all without leaving your IDE.", "And last but not least of our tooling highlights, I'm going show you some new features in Flutter DevTools.", "I've already shown you how the Inspector can be embedded in the IDE, but you can also open DevTools in the browser where you'll not only have access to the Inspector, but also more sophisticated debugging tools for things like performance, network, memory and more.", "Some of this new functionality is available in the Layout Explorer itself.", "By popular demand, we have added the ability to show a visual representation of fixed layout details in the Layout Explorer, in addition to the flex layouts we already support.", "So now you can debug layout issues for all kinds of layouts.", "We have also added an app-sized debugging tool to DevTools, so let's see this in action with the BudgetTracker app.", "I have already created the size analysis file for my app, so I'll go ahead and import that and analyze the size.", "We can use this tree map in the tree table below to explore our app size and visualize the space occupied by different classes and libraries.", "Looking at the overview of my app, the assets are a little concerning.", "I only used one image in this application called headshot and it's rendered as a really small Avatar in the app, but I can see here it's taking up 1.6 megabytes of space, which seems like way too much for such a small image.", "So now I can revisit my assets and optimize the image or use a smaller version, and then I can verify the improvement using the Diff Viewer in the app-sized tool.", "But, unfortunately, that is all the time we have, so be sure to check out the Flutter 2 announcement posts to see all the highlights and new features.", "To get these tools, all you have to do is run Flutter upgrade to get the latest Flutter 2 build.", "Thanks for tuning in.", "Back to you, Tim.", ">> Tim Sneath: Thanks, Kenzie.", "Our developer tools are another example of the unique flexible of Flutter, built with Flutter for Flutter and integrated into whatever tool you're running.", "And for those of you who want to hear more about how Dart Null Safety works and how to migrate your apps to Null Safety, check out the Breakout Session from Leif Peterson.", "Okay.", "So, we've seen how Flutter 2 expands Flutter from mobile to web, Desktop and embedded devices.", "We've talked about Dart as the secret sauce that provides Flutter with a portable, productive language run time with new features such as sound Null Safety that offer increased robustness and performance.", "But the Flutter ecosystem is much broader than just what we provide.", "In fact, there are over 15,000 packages now for Flutter and Dart from big companies like Amazon, Microsoft, Adobe, Huawei, Alibaba, eBay and Square.", "To packages like Lottie, SQLite and SVG.", "As well as individual developers like you and me who are packaging up useful functionality for others to use.", "One great example of a useful package is from Sentry, who are publishing a major update to their Flutter STK for their popular crash management and release tooling.", "This package provides tools to help developers ensure their app is healthy on all their target platforms, offering deep insights into exceptions and crashes whether they occur in Flutter or in underlying components.", "We're also today announcing a major update to our Flutter plug-ins for several core Firebase Services.", "Authentication, Cloud Firestore, Cloud Functions, Cloud Messaging, Cloud Storage, and Crashlytics.", "We've updated all these packages to support sound Null Safety, and we've overhauled the Cloud Messaging package in particular.", "But there is another major package we're releasing today, and I want to hand it over to Zoey Fan to tell you all about it.", ">> Zoey Fan: Thanks, Tim.", "Hello, everyone.", "My name is Zoey.", "I am a Product Manager on the Flutter team.", "There are many ways that mobile developers get paid for their work.", "Monetizing apps via ads is probably one of the most popular paths for many mobile developers.", "Today we support ad formats such as overlay banner, interstitial, and rewarded video ads.", "However, many developers have been asking us, where is inline banner, where is Native ad?", "Because in order to create a beautiful and seamless user experience, developers want to display ads as part of their content in existing Flutter View and customize it to match the look and feel of the app.", "Therefore, today, we're excited to announce an open beta for the Google Mobile Ads SDK for Flutter.", "This is a brand-new plug-in that provides inline banner and Native ads in addition to existing overlay formats.", "Also, in this plug-in, we're unifying the support for Ad Manager an AdMob, so no matter what size publisher you are, this plug-in is able to tailor to your scenarios.", "We've been piloting this plug-in with some of our early customers in a private beta program, and many of them have successfully launched their apps with these new formats.", "Sua Música is one of them.", "Today it is our great pleasure to have Alan, the CTO of Sua Música, to share his experience with us all.", "Let's welcome Alan.", ">> Alan Trope: Hi, I'm Alan, and as Zoey told you, I'm the CTO of Sua Música.", "Sua Música is the biggest Latin American music platform for independent artists in the world.", "We support more than 16,000 verified artists in publishing and distributing their music on the platform to more than 10 million monthly active users.", "Our content is 100% user generated, meaning anyone is invited to upload music they've created.", "In 2020, we rewrote our Android and iOS apps in Flutter and started testing the Google Ads beta plug-in.", "[ Upbeat keyboard solo ] ♪ Since we are a free platform and we need monetize each user the best way possible, we must have a great UX UI, but how it's done today with overlay banners, we can hardly call it an okay experience.", "Because of that, we were excited to be invited to participate in the private beta of the ads plug-in where we could implement those banners in widget tree at last, just like a normal widget, simple and clean.", "This made it possible for us to create the best experience possible for our users while still monetizing from advertising.", "Okay, let me show you how it works.", "We want to put our banner right here on this part of the album page so when we scroll it will scroll together.", "We start by created a Stateless widget that receives a unit name and a list of sizes.", "Then we will define our banner as the PublisherBannerAd that receives our sizes and unit listeners and the PublisherAdRequest.", "We can never forget to load the banner.", "On our listeners, we are going to listen for the loaded and the failed events, and print on screen if needed.", "Or our Container Now, we just need to put our width and height, and the magic widget that will do the trick, the AdWidget that received our defining banner.", "Now we just need to add our newly created widget to that part of the page.", "The SMBanner.", "AdUnit, I'm going to put the AdUnit defined before.", "It's the admobBannerApp.", "With the sizes, I will put the large banner.", "It's 220 by 100.", "I just need to save.", "Now it reloads, and it should appear right now.", "Ah, okay, we forgot to save the widget.", "Okay, hot reloading.", "And there is the banner.", "It should also appear in every page.", "As you can see it scrolls together with all the widgets, as we wanted.", "That's it.", "You don't have to only take my word.", "We've had amazing metrics showing an increase of performance since we made the change.", "When we launched the new app with the Google Mobile Ad for Flutter, we saw 350% increase on impressions with a 43% increase on CTR and a 13% increase on our eCPM.", "That's it.", "Hope you guys liked and saw how easy it is to insert ads in our apps with the new ads plug-in.", ">> Zoey Fan: Thank you, Alan, for sharing your experience, and also, huge thanks to many, many other developers who helped to beta test this new plug-in and make our mobile ad solution more robust.", "The Google Mobile Ad STK for Flutter, it's available today for you to develop from pub.dev.", "We hope this new plug-in helps you unlock more revenue growth for your Flutter apps.", "If you're interested to learn more about how to monetize your apps via ads, we have a breakout session later, and we look forward to seeing you there.", "Back to you, Tim.", ">> Tim Sneath: Thank you, Zoey.", "You know, community is at the heart of what we do as an open-source project.", "We have over 750 contributors to the core Flutter framework alone.", "To say nothing of the tens of thousands of you from around the world who organize and attend meet-ups, write blogs and samples, create packages, and file issues and feature requests.", "Flutter is an attempt to raise the bar for UI development everywhere, and so it's not just a Google product, it belongs to all of us.", "As someone who has been privileged to be able to travel around the world and meet with people using Flutter, I'm particularly excited by the impact Flutter has made in Africa, where there are some of the most creative and entrepreneurial developers I know drawing attention to an often overlooked part of the world, so I wanted to introduce you to a few friends now.", "[ Upbeat Music ] >> I'm a Flutter developer from Lagos, Nigeria.", ">> A Software engineer from Ghana.", ">> Mombassa, Kenya.", ">> Nigeria.", ">> Angola.", ">> I'm a Flutter Dev from Ghana.", ">> It was the end of 2017.", "I just saw that Flutter is released and it's by Google.", ">> I discovered Flutter in 2018.", ">> I discovered Flutter from community.", ">> From a friend of mine.", ">> A friend of mine introduced me to Flutter.", ">> Turning my designs into a full-fledged applications was always a painful process until I stumbled upon the Flutter website early last year.", "I spent a while building a few CSS-inspired effects for Web using Flutter.", "What I love the most is the creative freedom it gives you.", "It's been fun.", ">> So, I've built a couple of apps for clients.", "I have built a couple of user interfaces and shared them on GitHub.", "You have the freedom to arrange code the way you like.", "That is really important to me, and it fascinates me.", ">> You can basically sit side by side with a designer and change themes, colors, designs, and preview it as you're doing it, and I've worked on five different real life applications using Flutter.", ">> Flutter gives me complete control over my interface.", "There are no limits to what we can do with Flutter.", ">> I got a couple of my inspirations from my own designs, designs from other people, and looking at existing Native applications I can say, okay, what if I tried to do this in Flutter?", ">> I love design, and it's always exciting to bring designs to life.", "I love how I'm able to build consistent UIs across platforms, and I love how my apps run very fast.", ">> So, Flutter's opened doors for me.", ">> I have gotten a couple of jobs from Flutter.", ">> I get the opportunity to earn a living for myself doing something I really enjoy.", ">> It has enabled me to work with companies in India, in the UK, and in the U.S. this is my Flutter story.", ">> That's my story.", "♪ >> Tim Sneath: So, we've got lots of other great content for you today.", "There are four breakout sessions.", "There are some community sessions, there's a Leadership Roundtable AMA with representatives from Flutter and Firebase, and new code labs and demos to explore.", "We hope you'll join us for some of these, but before we're done, one last video of a new Flutter app that we think you'll love.", "The first Wallace & Gromit feature-length story in over a decade is coming out, and it's delivered through an app built using Flutter.", "Let's see what the team has created.", ">> The Big Fix Up needs your help.", "We're using the latest technology to invite everyone to come and help us.", ">> Hi, I'm Beth, Product Manager at Fictioneers, and I'm here with my colleague Rex to talk about a brand-new project we've been working on for the last 18 months.", "It's a new storytelling experience featuring the loveable Wallace & Gromit, and it's called \"Wallace & Gromit: The Big Fix Up.\"", "Our goal with The Big Fix Up was to create an innovative app that delivered meaningful content to your Smartphone, spanning a variety of different types of media in real time.", "For us, harnessing Flutter was an obvious choice.", "It was a great fit for the breadth of media we wanted to share, as well as for the realtime storytelling components.", "Firstly, Flutter and its plug-in community enabled us to quickly navigate a complex Native integration.", "I'm now going to hand it over to my colleague, Rex Rafael, our Senior Software Engineer.", "Rex developed an open-source unitu integration specifically for our project, which is available for developers now.", ">> In just one week, we were able to ensure compatibility of our tech stacks such as foundation and libraries, and we were quickly able to evaluate and establish the value of presenting the casual game play in media in Flutter using less resources while having rich but shorter AI interactions provided by Unity.", "Moving forward, Flutter plug-in API made it easy to maintain interaction, easier to understand, and allowed us to make bidirectional communications between Flutter And Unity while retaining that beautiful and high-performance Flutter rendering agent that just makes our app look and feel great.", ">> Thanks to Flutter's Animation Support, we were able to quickly create a unique look and feel for our Wallace & Gromit app through animations and user interface.", "In particular, the pre-designed behavior made it easier for us to achieve our goals.", "From that, we then customized the effects to suit our Wallace & Gromit style.", "We were also able to implement drawing-based animations using Adobe After Effects, Bodymovin and Lottie.", "Something that really helped in terms of efficiency was that we were able to validate our approach to the UI through Wireframing.", "Thanks to the existing material component library, we were able to quickly bring together components that built the backbone of our application.", "Iterating on our Wireframe app to bring in custom, higher fidelity design components was helped greatly by the component-based architecture.", "Overall, Flutter helped us to achieve our ambitious vision of storytelling, and we're really excited to see where we can take it in the future.", "If you want to check out how we've used Flutter and play The Big Fix Up yourself, you can download the app now for free on the App Store or Google Pay.", "[ Outro music ] ♪ >> Andrew Brogdon: Hey, everybody.", "I'm Andrew Brogdon, and welcome to the Ask Flutter Lead Roundtable live at Flutter Engage.", "How live are we, you might ask, let's just say there's a decent chance my daughter might wander in here at some point, so if you see a 4-foot-tall version of me wander into the shot, don't worry.", "It's all part of the fun.", "Speaking of guests, though, we have a bunch of leaders from Firebase and Flutter that have sat down to answer your questions.", "First up, how about Eric Seidel, Flutter's Director of Engineering.", ">> Eric Seidel: Good morning, end Andrew.", "Nice to see you.", "Nice to be here.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: You started with Flutter from the beginning.", "You started with Flutter back before it was called Flutter, right?", ">> Eric Seidel: Yeah, we started this project 6 1/2 years ago now, Ian, myself and a couple of other folks.", "It has been a wild ride.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Awesome.", "Thanks for being with us here today.", "Speaking of Ian, Flutter's Tech Lead, Andrew Hickson.", ">> Ian Hickson: How are you doing?", ">> Andrew Brogdon: You were telling me you got started on the project when somebody passed you in a hallway, is that right?", ">> Ian Hickson: THAEhat's righ He asked me to write some documentation for us, write some specs for what the project was called at the time, Sky I believe.", "I started writing code and never looked back.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: That sounds like my story.", "I started coding and didn't want to do anything else after that.", "Also with us is Mariam Hasnany.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Hi, everyone, how are you doing?", ">> Andrew Brogdon: You're responsible for defining how Flutter works on the web?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yeah, we've been had artw-- hard at work.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Last but not least, frank van Puffelen, better known at Puff.", ">> Frank van Fuffelen: Hey, Andrew, and thanks to the developers.", "I'm so happy to answer the questions.", "I brought help.", "Sparky is going to answer the questions.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Awesome.", "We have questions that have come in on Twitter already and YouTube comments.", "Back a week or so ago.", "But we are taking live questions behind the scenes Andrew fits beginen from the DevRel team is mon terrifying the YouTube chat and Twitter.", "Type it into the chat.", "He'll be pulling those and we'll get to as many as we can.", "That said, let's get going.", "First question up, looks like we have a fun one to start off with.", "What is the coolest Dashatar you've created or seen?", "Eric, do you want to start off with this?", ">> Eric Seidel: Sure.", "So, full disclosure, my Dashatar was the wizard with a very pointy hat, maybe to match my pointy hair as a manager these days, but I think the coolest one I've seen is the knight with, like, the helmet and the sword.", "I didn't get that one, but I really like it.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Ian, how about you?", ">> Ian Hickson: I got the -- I got a Dash who is holding a tablet with computer code on it.", "When I look very closely at the tablet, I noticed it was JavaScript not Dart, so I suspect she's been moonlighting on our Flutter Web Team there you go.", "Speaking of web, MAFari, did you get the same Dashatar?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: No, I didn't.", "I think I got the superhero one.", "The coolest one I've seen on Twitter is the one that looks like Tim, Tim Sneath.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Mm-hmm.", "Frank, what about you?", ">> Frank van Fuffelen: Yeah, I did not see that one.", "I've been trying to create a mash-up of Dash and Sparky.", "I've been mashing them together quite a bit, didn't get it fully right.", "The Flutter team came to the rescue.", "If you check Firebase on Twitter, we have an awesome Dashatar for us right now.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: That's the pull you have with our team right there.", "All right.", "Awesome.", "Let go into another question.", "This one came in on Twitter.", "When will Flutter Web be ready for production?", "Eagerly waiting for it.", "Mariam, you're the PM for Flutter on the web.", "What do you think?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: So, great news, as of today, Flutter's Web Support is now available on the stable channel.", "So now you should be able to use web as a target device for your Flutter apps without having to enable any flags, which means for those of you who already have existing Flutter Web apps, you can now build your app in the stable channel, and if you're new to building Flutter web apps, check out -- >> Andrew Brogdon: We just updated our user guides.", "A lot of good resources there.", "We have a follow-on question, also on Twitter for you, Mariam.", "What San ideal use case for Flutter Web?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Thanks.", "That's a really good question.", "So, with the signature release, we really focused on building a foundation for rich, interactive web applications.", "So think of things like if you have an existing Flutter mobile app, you can use the same code to build a web version, and then expand your user base so that now you are reaching web users as well.", "I think we're also additionally a good fit for building Progressive Web Apps or PWAs or single page applications.", "Those applications usually have a lot of dynamic content, a lot of interactive UI, and so the reason we really believe those three are the best fit is that we still have some work to do around really supporting those document-centric-type pages that you see on, like, traditional HTML with a lot of rich text static content.", "And so I think right now we're really, really good for web applications.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Yeah.", "That is sort of Flutter's bread and butter, right?", "Application UI, right?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yep.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Mm-hmm.", "Awesome.", "Well, thank you.", "Chimon1984, that's a great question.", "Moving on, this one's from YouTube.", "I'm sad I did not get this person's YouTube came.", "This comes to us from thepoignancy.", "Which is an awesome name for an account.", "Will Flutter fire ever become an official Firebase STK?", "And if so, when?", "Puff, I think this is your apartment.", ">> Frank van Fuffelen: I think so, too.", "It's a great question.", "So, thank you to poignancy.", "We at Firebase love Flutter.", "There might be a few Flutter developers out there.", "It allows your Flutter application code to talk directly to our functionality.", "So with Firebase, you can add sign-in by just writing Flutter code instead of having to spin up your own.", "Or directly talking to a database, right, without having to set up your own REST API.", "Our team loves Flutter, right, because we love being cross-platform, but we're a cross-platform development platform.", "Yeah, Flutter is also cross-platform, so they go together like peanut butter and jelly or like Sparky and Dash.", "It's a bit of a long answer.", "I think I have three Postma Postmasters .", "Parts for you.", "One of them is the STKs.", "Firebase has a lot of applications we support, but our primaries are Firebase and web.", "What we've done to make those available to your Flutter app is that we sort of take the official application -- STK, sorry, and we wrap that in some Flutter code for you.", "So those wrappers we call Flutter fire, but as soon as you're using Firebase in your Flutter applications, you're already using the official STKs because they are right under there.", "Now, that leaves the Flutter fire library itself, and that library is, indeed, has been going through some changes.", "As Flutter has been adding functionality platforms mostly, that we also had to update that, so we've been seeing some breaking changes there.", "So, those have taken some iterations to get through, but I think we're now slowly stabilizing those, so we see more stable API releases coming there.", "If you find any issues, by the way or you see something that doesn't work the way you expect it to work, always report it on the open-source repo and GitHub.", "We might not know if you don't tell us.", "That's one.", "Second one is documentation.", "We have a getting started guide for Flutter and Firebase in the Firebase documentation on Firebase.Google.com, but after that, the best documentation lives at -- and I need to always check because I have this tab open all the time.", "It lives on Firebase.Flutter.Dev.", "I never have to type that one.", "That's where you find really great documentation tailored to Flutter usage.", "Highly recommend checking that out.", "One of the great things about that documentation is that it's also open source.", "If you find a mistake or think we could explain something better, that's great.", "We're looking for an issue report or a pull request.", "Third one is other things, other materials that we create like video content.", "And last year you might have seen that we've been doing from the Firebase side more Firebase Flutter content.", "We've done a few code labs.", "I've done a live coding talk at the Firebase summit.", "And then let's see.", "One of our developer advocates.", "He's about to teach a series on Flutter application.", "I realized that might not be announced yet, so let's just keep it a secret between us, right?", "But, yeah, so clearly, right, we are working hard to support more of Flutter.", "Many Firebase team members love Flutter.", "Probably as much as many developers out there.", "We're great fans and we can't wait to bring more of Firebase to more of Flutter >> Andrew Brogdon: Awesome.", "Well, thank you, Puff.", "Much like Flutter is open source pretty much completely, same is true for a lot of Firebase stuff.", "Like these plug-ins for Flutter Fire, people can get involved in they want to, right?", ">> Frank van Fuffelen: Exactly, yeah.", "Most STKs are developed in the open, so we're always looking for people to either contribute there or just tell us if something doesn't work.", "We test a lot, but we might not catch all bugs that you encounter.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: A great bug report can make a world of change.", "Awesome.", "Well, thank you.", "And thank you again to poignancy, hopefully that was a poignant answer.", "Next question comes from Netlinx.", "This looks like it might be one from Ian.", "With more than 8,200 open issues on GitHub, Flutter seems a bit understaffed.", "Are there any plans to improve the situation or what are your priorities?", "Ian, as Tech Lead, you're in charge of our processes.", "Do you want to talk about issues and how they're managed?", ">> Ian Hickson: Yeah, sure, so we have, as Netlinx says, we have 8,000 or so open issues, but the important thing is that we are resolving issues about as fast as we're getting them.", "So, for example, last year, we had about 15,000 issues filed in our GitHub RCrepo and closed about 15,000 issues.", "We're happy with the rate we're fixing bugs and solving bugs.", "The number of issues is more a marker of how many users we have.", "Because the more users we have, the more bugs get filed.", "And the number of issues we're resolving is more a marker of how many people are contributing, and we have quite a few contributors.", "We have over 200 people who are officially part of the Flutter hackers group on GitHub.", "More than half of though are part of the Google team.", "Most people contributed to Google are not, in fact, part of the Google Flutter team but the open-source project, they might be from Microsoft or Canonical or volunteers working on their own time.", "Different people have different amounts of time they're spending, contributing to the project, but hopefully we'll be able to get more issues resolved to make Netlinx happier.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Well, there you go.", "All right.", "Again, thank you for that question, Netlinx.", "Looks like we have one for Mariam coming up.", "This came out on Twitter as well.", "When will Flutter Web drop the hash in the URL and why does it exist?", "That pound sign you see at the end of the URLs.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: That is an excellent question.", "Okay.", "So let's start with the why does it exist.", "So, today, we use something called the hash URL strategy, and that is something we initialized when we are initializing the web engine.", "So what that means is that when you have Flutter named routes, we're basically initializing those as part of the hash that's attached to the URL.", "But now, today, with the stable release, we have a way for you to customize that URL and drop the hash from the URL, that way you can make your URL any way that you want, configure it with any other sub-URLs you need to be able to deep link or share the URL with friends and family.", "And users.", "But then also, we have a plug-in that somebody in the community has created, so thank you.", "It's called URL Strategy and it basically does what the instructions we also have in our documentation do, but just in a very easier way.", "You just put in your pub.dev and you're able to configure your URL and drop the hash.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Awesome.", "Thank you, Mariam.", "Yeah, I know we've gotten some questions on that before, so I'm glad it came up today.", "Let's see what else we've got.", "This one comes in from @Silvioplas.", "Flutter is still having lots of compatibility issues with the new Macs M1 architecture.", "Are you working on some solution or should I buy an old Intel Mac?", "Eric, maybe this is a good one for you.", ">> Eric Seidel: I guess I would start by maybe saying you don't need to buy a new computer.", "So I would encourage you to try again today.", "There's been a whole lot of improvements to the M1 support as part of the Flutter 2 release.", "And also I'd start by saying that advancements to platforms like M1 on the Apple side or things that come down from Android or other vendors are things we address immediately.", "We learn about the M1 the same time you did.", "We ordered an M1 dev box the same day they were available and have been working on them since.", "We broke it down into three buckets.", "Which is do apps run well, do the tools run well on the M1, and the third bucket being, you know, can we develop our own tools on the M1?", "And the first two buckets, as far as I know, everything should pretty much work.", "Certainly with the Flutter 2 that came out today, certainly if you are hitting issues with the M1 or otherwise, we want to hear about.", "As Ian alluded to, we get a lot of issues every day, we triage them, and we want to address them as soon as possible.", "So, yeah, try again with Flutter 2, but I also would expect it to work well, and it's going to continue to get better as we make more, you know, code changes.", ">> Ian Hickson: What was interesting with the M1 is it was almost a whole new platform for us because we'd never done ARM as a host before.", "We announced today Web and desktop, but, really, Apple Silicon was its own platform that we had to support, which is harder to get big banner messages for, you know, we now have support for the current macOS release, but it is still a significant amount of work.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Yeah, you sort of have to build that up from the ground level up, right?", "Make sure the Dart and the VM and all of that's working and then the embedder's working and go up through the layers of Flutter from there, right?", ">> Ian Hickson: Exactly.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Very much like you would end up doing for a new platform.", "Thanks, Silvio, hope that gives you confidence about the M1 architecture.", "Thanks for the question.", "All right.", "Next up.", "Do the Flutter Dart teams ever plan to add official guidance for app architecture?", "Similar to Jetpack in Android.", "Ian, you might want to talk about this, and also sort of how we -- where we decide to offer guidance and where we don't.", "That's an interesting question, too.", ">> Ian Hickson: I'm laughing because you're throwing this to me as if you don't know the answer, but you and I have been talking about this for several weeks.", "Yeah, we have, in fact, just I think either today or very soon we'll be land a new template into the Flutter master branch.", "And that template with be basically an answer to this question.", "It's, you know, how do you create an app with all the best practices, you know, State restoration, how do you have your app State and so on?", "It's not the only answer to the question.", "The whole point of programming is there are many answers to these questions and different apps have different need, but we hope this particular template will really help here, and we might create other templates in the future for different types of architectures.", "Maybe you'd rather use redux instead of what we have in this template.", "This didn't land today for Flutter 2, but hopefully will be in the next stable release in the next few months.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Awesome.", "These concerns show up for developer Relations, my team, all the time.", "Where are we really being useful by saying to people this is the well-lit path and we recommend it, and where would we be cutting off people from their own ideas that might, in fact, be better in the long run, right?", "We took a long time before we ever sort of anointed a State management approach as a good one for beginners.", "We settled on Provider which is a great package from Remi.", "We didn't want to solve that problem in a way that would stop others from solving it in ways that might be better.", "Awesome.", "Okay.", "Let's see what we've got coming in on the chat.", "This is from Khalid.", "Well Null Safety break existing apps?", "Is there some stuff that needs to be migrated?", "Who might want to take that one?", "Eric, do you want to take a stab at it and you certainly know a lot about Null Safety.", ">> Eric Seidel: The issue is you should be able to migrate.", "There is even a tool that you can use.", "I believe it's called Dart Fix and you can run it on your code base and it will help you go through changing your mode to make it Null aware.", "Ian might have more to say.", ">> Ian Hickson: Dart Migrate I believe is the tool.", "It will run.", "It will give you suggestions.", "If you look earlier in the Keynote, we have a whole section about how it works.", "The idea is it should not be breaking.", "You really would like your dependencies to be migrated first.", "Your life will be hard if you migrate before your dependencies migrate.", "It's possible, but it will be less effective.", "So, you know, if you have a package that you're using that isn't migrated yet, go ask the developer of that package to migrate.", "But otherwise you should be good to go, and, yeah, it should not be particularly break.", "As was mentioned in the Keynote, this is why we're not calling this release Dart 3.", "It's backward compatible with Null Safe Dart s like any other language, you decide which language version you want to roll with, Dart 2.0 or higher, you're in.", "We went through this in the Flutter samples repo, as Ian was describing.", "We looked at our samples and how many had a dozen dependencies and how many had zero dependencies?", "We sorted them in the spreadsheet by that and started at the top and went down from there.", "So we're actually literally right now landing those in the Flutter sample repo now that the release has gone out.", ">> Ian Hickson: The other good thing about the way we deployed Null Safety, is you can literally compile an app with non-null safe code and safe code simultaneously, and the compiler will use Null Safety optimizations and the ability to know what the types are when it's compiling the null-safe code.", "When it has a boundary to non-null safe code, it will add Null checks for you.", "We call this non-sound Null Safety, if I remember correctly.", "And so you can -- you can run your app in mixed mode, essentially, with both types of code in there, and that should work fine.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Awesome.", "Yeah, I know the Dart team is very specific about the sound Null Safety is the particular type that Dart offers.", "Which has some advantages.", "Once you have that for your code, there are a lot of checks you don't have to make anymore and can make your code faster and tighter.", "I imagine there will be much more detail in Leaf's talk later today.", "Those interested in Null Safety or going to want to stay on the line for that.", "Thanks.", "We've got another question.", "Is Flutter good for 3D rendering?", "That's an interesting question.", "Puff looks like he's interested in.", "I don't know, Eric or Mariam or Ian, who would be interested in that one?", ">> Eric Seidel: I can take it.", "We've built Flutter as a 2D system.", "That said, lots of people have done 3D with it.", "The APIs we provide are for drawing 2D objects on a screen for a typical mobile app.", "The transfers do support 3D.", "People have done 2 1/2D or 3D setups.", "Also, Flutter -- the Flutter content itself can embed other textures, other open GL textures.", "Embed into the rest of your phone app.", "We've seen folks do that.", "In fact, in the Keynote, I think there was this mention of the Wallace & Gromit app at the end.", "It has 2D and 3D in it.", "Mashing the two together is possible, but, again, the bulk of Flutter is designed to run a 2D experience.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: I believe Grant Skinner who everybody saw in the Keynote doing wonderful things with flutter folio did some vignettes.", "Some of them had 3D elements, just spicing up and adding interesting design aspects to what otherwise would be 2D app UI.", "I believe you can find those on gskinner's site.", "Awesome.", "Let's try another live question.", "What about Flutter for Desktop?", "Ian, maybe, do you want to talk about where we are on Desktop.", ">> Ian Hickson: Yeah, Flutter for Desktop is available now in the stable channel, although we don't consider it to be fully stable yet.", "We support macOS, we support Windows and we support Linux currently.", "What more is there to say?", "We don't support necessarily all the features you might want.", "For example, we don't yet have support for multi-window, although that is come.", "We have some efforts coming there.", "Support for your basic one-window app is pretty solid.", "There is an app I wrote for solving Sodukus that I run regularly on my Mac and it works great.", ">> Eric Seidel: Yeah, I would say a little more.", "One of the things I love about Flutter Desktop and it being available in the stable channel, it's just so nice for development.", "You just turn it on and Flutter run and, boom, it's right there.", "And it's great for that sort of workflow.", "So, yeah, try it, check it out, and send some feedback.", "Oh, I guess one other thing I'd say, it's been amazing to me the overlap between Flutter Web and Flutter Desktop.", "We think about the Desktop work splitting it into two camps.", "How teach Flutter what a mouse and a keyboard are.", "But then there is also the other part, like, how do you teach the Flutter engine to run a really big phone that is plugged into the wall?", "And, you know, that comes in Mac, Linux and Windows flavors.", "And that sort of engine-level work is sort of what Ian was alluding to.", "Like, we have an engine for Mac.", "We have an engine compiled to Linux.", "That's maybe less far along than the, like, can you use a mouse and keyboard with Flutter, which you can, because we've put it on the web now.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yeah, I would add to Eric exactly what you said.", "A lot of what we needed to do to make web stable was to have those Desktop form factors supported.", "Be able to use your track pad, your scroll wheel, your keyboard to interact with your web app on Desktop browsers, but I'd also look at gskinner flutter folio, and you can see how you can build mobile, web and Desktop apps across the board and how those features go across those three different platforms and where to use each of them.", ">> Ian Hickson: It's actually interesting to look at why we haven't yet labelled Desktop as stable, and two of the big reasons are we don't have good testing on our own side to make sure that we don't regress Desktop when we add new features.", "And that might not matter so much to someone writing a Desktop app, but it matters to us because we want to make sure when we write new code for Desktop we don't break things that already working.", "The other big thing we don't have support yet is accessiblity.", "We are working on that.", "We have code for that it wasn't available today, so that's why we don't see it as a stable product.", "It's still a beta-level product.", "But, again, if you have an app that you don't need accessibility support for, maybe running it on some sort of kiosk or something like that, that may be less important to you, but we consider those two features in particular to be really critical before we're willing to put the label \"stable\" on anything.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: It's a lot of responsibility to make sure you're not breaking six platforms as opposed to not breaking three platforms, right?", ">> Ian Hickson: Yep.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: One thing I wanted to make sure folks are clear on.", "You mentioned that the Desktop Support, the beta snapshot of Desktop is currently available in the Flutter 2 stable channel release, is that right?", ">> Ian Hickson: I believe that is accurate.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Okay.", "And so that's so people can just have an easier time trying out Desktop Support as it exists now right from the same version of the STK they currently have installed, right?", ">> Ian Hickson: Right.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Awesome.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yeah, so if you want the latest of Desktop, it's better to use it on beta, because that's where the updates will be, but you're just going to get a snapshot of what it is today on stable.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: So if you have an existing app or just kind of want to see what it looks like on Desktop, sounds like you can do that right from the stable channel, but the latest and greatest would either be on Dev or on beta.", ">> Eric Seidel: There is something really magical having written an app for, say, Android and running it on your Mac and it just works, and it's a very weird experience to have done that.", "I haven't experienced that before.", "You know, with the web, you kind of have that when you write your web app and works in one browser and works on a different browser in your laptop and on your phone.", "It's really kind of a magical experience to have that with a Native app.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Absolutely.", "Awesome.", "Thanks.", "Well, hopefully that was a lot of detail for you about Flutter on Desktop.", "Let's take another live question.", "What is the best way to learn State management packages like river pod?", "This is sort of an interesting question about how to approach -- maybe that's a Dev -- would anyone be offended if I took that one, even though I'm the host?", "I'm not really supposed to answer questions.", "Is that okay.", ">> Eric Seidel: Please, I was hoping you would take this one.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Fire away.", "This is my jam.", "One of the -- I would say the best way to learn anything with Flutter is to just start coding.", "That's how I've done most of my learning with Flutter.", "One of the nice things about Flutter being entirely open source is when you do run into a crash or something like that, you can go really far down into open-source code before anything would stop you.", "This is how I learned most of the Flutter STK, and river pod, which is made by Remy, also very good about documenting his code.", "If you ever run into any issues while you're playing around with it or just having some fun, you can go straight into the source and see his Dart.comments and see how everything works.", "Also, one of the wonderful things about Flutter is we have a global developer community who are fun and energetic and welcoming.", "Not only are they happy to answer questions generally on sites like Stack overflow and things like that, but a lot of them are on YouTube putting out video, putting out blog posts and stuff like that.", "River pod has attracted a bunch of users.", "You can find a bunch of resources from people who are a few steps further down the road on their learning journey with that particular package than you are, and they've turned around and offered help to you along your way.", "So, you know, the best way to do a search on YouTube, do a search on a vlogging platform of your choice and odds are you're going to find some folks who have already tried whatever it is you're interested in learning and have left some bread crumbs for you on your own journey.", "Yeah.", "All right.", "Let's see.", "I think we got -- let's go back to some of the questions we got earlier on Twitter and YouTube.", "This is one -- this is clearly a Mariam question.", "What about SEO in Flutter Web?", "Is it supported?", "If yes, let us know.", "Thanks.", "What do you think, Mariam?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: I had a feeling this question was coming.", "So, Flutter started as a fork of Chrome, and so indexability has, like, always been on our mind.", "It's just with this release specifically, we really optimized for web applications and focused on customers our early adopters that were already building applications with the web.", "That being said, although indexability is something we're looking into, it is a lot of work to get supported, and so if you are looking for building very document-centric, very text heavy and just websites that need that SEO support, Flutter might not be the right choice for you currently.", "We do have ways that you can access the browser in DOM because we do use the web platform, and that is what Flutter Web is built on.", "So there might be ways that you can find to embed those APIs in the meta tags that you might need for SEO using things like platform views, but as of now, we are looking into it, and we would love to understand what exactly your use cases are, how you use SEO today.", "So file issues on GitHub so we can learn more.", "But it is -- it is on our roadmap.", "It is something we'll look into.", "But as of today, we're best for web applications.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Awesome.", "Thank you, Mariam.", "And just to echo what you said there at the end.", "Filing issues, uploading issues and adding comments and context to issues, that's one of the best ways for developers to sort of steer the STK and provide their input.", "Do I have that right?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Exactly.", "A lot of -- oh, sorry, Ian.", ">> Ian Hickson: Oh, go ahead.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: I mean, a lot of what we built for Flutter Web is from hearing what our customers needed at the time that they were building the beta and the tech preview.", "So the best way to shape our future stable releases is to tell us what we can work on.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Awesome.", "Ian, did you have anything to add there or does Mariam pretty much got it?", ">> Ian Hickson: No, that was pretty much is.", "We very much use the issues as a way to prioritize.", "We look specifically around thumbs up on issues because GitHub makes it really easy to sort by thumbs up on the first comment and issue.", "So, yeah, definitely thumb up issues that you like, file issues if you can't find one.", "That is the best way to help us.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Awesome.", ">> Eric Seidel: I don't know that it's -- I was just going to say, I don't know that it's commonly understood how open Flutter is because I just don't -- not all projects are run this way.", "All our design docs are public.", "All of our issues are public.", "Basically when we do anything, we do it in the public.", "Yes, there may be a lot of issues to look through and, you know, to find the issue that you want, but it's all done in the public, and so, you know, you can watch us do it or you can contribute and, you know, join forces and help us make it better.", ">> Ian Hickson: Yeah, I come from a long history of open source and open standards, so I've been trying really hard to push that culture in the Flutter project, and I think pretty successfully.", "We have an open Discord where all our conversations happen.", "An open GitHub where all our issues happen.", "Our project planning happens in GitHub Projects.", "Design docs are in public Google Docs.", "So, yeah, we are very much an open project, and if you're interested in contributing, we have a contributing guide on GitHub.", "Check it out.", "Follow the links.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Awesome.", "Thank you.", "So, hopefully that gets a good answer for search engine optimization there and a little bit on contributing.", "Let's take another one from YouTube.", "When will the problem of janky animations on the first opening of an app be resolved?", "Eric, on GitHub issues, I think I've seen you doing some stuff on this.", "Do you want to take this one?", ">> Eric Seidel: This has been a popular topic, particularly the past few weeks.", "I wrote a long post on Reddit.", "I'm working on a longer blog post.", "I would open by saying performance is something like a grounding principle of Flutter.", "When we first talked about the project five-plus years ago, you heard us talk first about performance.", "When you hear us talk about the pillars we're trying to accomplish, performance is, you know, the number one.", "That's not just, you know, that's not just words, like, we back that up by, you know, every commit that's ever checked in is compared against all sorts of performance tests across the board, across all the platforms.", "Performance is something that we strive for.", "We drive towards every day.", "Specifically regarding to Jank and first-run animations, that's an issue that we have been aware of for a while, and particularly on iOS, it did get worse in some scenarios within the last year.", "With the migration from OpenGL to Metal where we're no longer able to Cache the programs you have to run on the GPU to produce the pixels.", "We're no longer able to Cache the shaders between runs like we were before.", "So the short and the long of it is that we are aware there are issues here, and we're hard at work on it.", "Lots of people working on this problem.", "Ian's working on this problem.", "By this problem, I mean the general problem of performance and how do we make it better all the time?", "We think we're doing pretty well, and we can always do better.", ">> Ian Hickson: Yeah, around what I've been calling the early onset Jank issues, it's very much something I'm focused on right now.", "You look at GitHub project 188, I remember the number by heart because I open it up so often.", "That's where I've been tracking all the bugs about this.", "The best thing you can do, to echo what we just said in the last question, the best thing you can do to help us here if you are seeing Jank at the start of your application, please file a bug with code that reproduces the problem, include a video showing the Jank and include a timeline trace showing what your app is actually doing during that video.", "That is by far the most helpful thing you can do because we can study that particular case of Jank.", "They're not all caused by the same problem.", "Even if they're caused by shaders they're not necessarily caused by the same shaders.", "We have examples of early onset Jank caused by one particularly pathological shader case.", "We haven't specified the shader based on the rounded radius, so every frame during animation, we have to compile a new shader.", "So those different bugs will be solved with different problems.", "One of them presumably by not specializing the shaded base and the other one might be solved by fixing the code we're writing for that particular shader.", "But we won't know what your specific Jank problem is unless you file a bug that we can look at >> Andrew Brogdon: Yeah, I mean, performance is sort of -- I would say it's a multi-variable equation, but that's not giving it justice, right?", "There are so many variables that go into that and so many special cases so, again, this is absolutely an area where we can use some great help from our community.", "Awesome.", "Let's see.", "I think we have another question relating to Flutter Web.", "How does Google plan to use Flutter Web internally?", "Eric, you speak to the team a lot internally, talk to other groups.", "Do you want to take this one?", ">> Eric Seidel: So I can't, you know, speak to other teams' plans, per se, but I can say there are a number of teams that are experimenting with Flutter Web today.", "Flutter Web just came to the stable channel today, and similarly, we've been giving similar guidance to internal teams that, you know, we're still working on things.", "So, there's nothing to announce today, but I do expect to see more usage of Flutter Web.", "I mean, Google engineers have similar constraints to any engineers listening.", "We have to write to lots of screens.", "I'm working on this project because I believe it's a better way to develop when we write our code once and then we get to deploy it lots of places.", "And so I suspect that we have seen -- we have seen a lot of Google teams adopt that strategy already with Flutter, and I suspect we will see even more as Flutter continues to go to more places.", ">> Ian Hickson: We've also seen for Flutter for Web being used for internal tools.", "Where there isn't necessarily a big team behind the tool and they need to create something that is useful and productive quickly.", "And so, for example, just on the Flutter team, for example, we use Flutter Web for some of our internal tools for migrating the public Flutter code into our internal repository for teams like G Pay and other teams to use.", "The tool that does that itself is written in Flutter.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: We also -- to add to Ian, we also use Dart DevTools is built in Flutter Web.", "We hope to showcase using Google technology both internally and externally, because that same tool is available internally as well.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: I actually used Flutter for Web to build an internal tool myself.", "Now that I'm a manager, I was -- I made a little tool to help people get GitHub searchs to see what pull requests they've done over the course of six months or so.", "And Puff, this may be interesting to you, I actually deployed it to Firebase Hosting and the new thing y'all have that puts, like, automatic GitHub actions into your project.", "Took, like, five minutes for me to get, like, from my laptop up online at web.appdomain.", "So I don't know who works on that, but give them two thumbs up.", "It was awesome.", ">> Frank van Fuffelen: Definitely one of the popular features we released last year, right?", "You can form a GitHub action, automatically create a URL in Firebase Hosting, a preview URL or a live URL.", "That's really awesome.", "We see lots of that, yeah.", "It merges really well with Flutter Web, of course.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Mm-hmm.", "Awesome.", "Okay.", "Let's take another question.", "This is from FluDev.", "Can we do mediation with AdMob in Flutter?", "If yes, then how will it be implemented?", "I think I just talked myself into answering a question again.", "Does anybody else want to answer this?", "I'm the weird oddball former ads person on the call.", "Maybe.", "Yeah, sure.", "A little bit of personal history, I came from Mobile Ads DevRel.", "How I ended up on the Flutter team.", "I work on the AdMob plug-in for Flutter.", "That's how I got hooked on it.", "As you saw, we had a wonderful announcement about the Google Ads plug-in today.", "Mediation is not listed as one of its features.", "I want to be clear about that.", "Because the plug-in uses the same Native STKs under the hood as you would on any other Flutter or Android or iOS app, mediation, it is in there, and you could in theory set up an ad unit and try to take advantage of it by bundling in the right Native STK and adapter.", "I should mention, by the way, for those of you unfamiliar with mediation, it's a feature that Google Mobile Ads STK can load and display ads from the Audience Network or Mopub or another one.", "It's not officially supported.", "The reason it's not officially supported has to do with testing.", "One of the reasons that the -- we're being -- taking so much care in putting out the Google Mobile Ads plug-in, if you're going to put out something in regards to monetization, it has to be right, tested and 100% you're completely confident it's right.", "It's really somebody's livelihood, right?", "If I have a bug in one of my apps, it crashes, somebody's sad for a minute.", "If you have a bug in your ads STK, it could mean that somebody's business is threatened or somebody can't keep the lights on in their office.", "That's a very big responsibility, and that's why so much testing and so much cooperation with the ads team has gone into the current release of the mobile ads plug-in, and that's the -- they're going to do with mediation before saying that it, too, is fully supported and ready for production.", "So it is on the roadmap, but I wouldn't try it just yet.", "That's my answer there.", "All right.", "Let's take another one.", "This one -- when will Dart support WebAssembly?", "Ian, I'm thinking this could be a good one for you.", ">> Ian Hickson: This could mean a number of things.", "We actually use WebAssembly today as part of Flutter for Web.", "Maybe Mariam can talk more about this in a minute.", "Basically, we have two other parts of WebAssembly that could be relevant for Dart.", "One of them is whether you could compile Dart itself to WebAssembly and the other one is if you can take code already compiled to WebAssembly and link to it from Dart.", "So for the second one, linking to WebAssembly code from Dart, I believe there is a package that already exists to load up a WASM Runway -- runtime and therefore let you connect to WASM code.", "It's not the most convenient way of doing it, but it works.", "The other way of using WebAssembly with Dart is compile it.", "That's not possible today.", "That's going to require features in WebAssembly that aren't mature yet, WebAssembly garbage collection, threading and so forth.", "These are things we're very interested in.", "I think WebAssembly has the potential to become really a uniform large interop technology in a few years, so I'm really hoping we can adopt that in Dart as well, but we're not there yet.", "And until will take some time, I think, to gather.", "Mariam, do you want to add something how we do WebAssembly with CanvasKit?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yeah, so we have two renderers for Flutter Web.", "We have our default, what used to be our default, HTML renderers.", "HTML and DOM back end in our web engine to render your application on the web.", "But we have been experimenting with CanvasKit, and today we have stabilized it so that you can use CanvasKit, which uses WebAssembly and WebGL to render your app as a Skia in the browser.", "And so with those two different renderers, we also have something called auto, and that's what we've set your -- all Flutter web apps to run by default.", "And auto basically means that we use CanvasKit on Desktop browsers, and we use HTML Renderer on mobile browsers, just to optimize for the benefits and the strengths of both.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Awesome.", "Well, thank you, Mariam.", "Let's see.", "Let's take some live questions.", "We have about 15 minutes left, I think, in our block.", "We are still taking live questions from the chat and on Twitter using the #askFlutter.", "If we don't get to your question here, hopefully we'll have time to answer it after the fact.", "Let's take a live question.", "One word about Flutter Web in comparison to React and Angular.", "Let's see, Mariam or Ian, what do you think about that?", "What are some of the differences between those three things?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Okay.", "Ian, did you want to take it or Eric?", "I feel like Eric has something to say.", ">> Eric Seidel: I think the first thing that comes to my mind, like, Flutter Web, we just draw it in canvas.", "We treat it like we have access to the GPU or CPU, which is I think different than how I see Angular and React working.", "That's the first thing that jumps out to me.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: I would agree with you.", ">> Ian Hickson: Sorry, go ahead.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: No, go ahead.", "You got it.", ">> Ian Hickson: I always feel reluctant to compare Flutter to other technologies because we all have valid use cases.", "Other technologies have valid use cases.", "I don't want to speak for React and say, oh, React is good at this but not good at that.", "That's really up to React.", "We are very happy to co-exist with these other technologies, and we hope that the community as a whole can write guides that say, you know, here is when Flutter is good.", "Here is when Flutter For Web is good, here is when React is good and so on.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yeah, I was going to answer the same way as you, Ian.", "I don't know if anyone caught Dion at the Keynote, but I think he put it really well, the web platform has opened it up to so many frameworks, and Flutter is just another one is taking advantage of all the web has to offer, and so we just want to see what you build with it, and we're going to try to suit it best for the things that you want to build with it.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Mm-hmm.", "Awesome.", "Well, thank you, Ian and Mariam.", "Let's go to another live question.", "This -- I am on the beta channel right now.", "Should I go to stable channel?", "I think the gag here is that the beta channel just became the stable channel earlier this morning.", "Do I have that correct?", ">> Ian Hickson: That is right.", "It's really hard for me to answer that question because I usually spend most of my time on tip of tree on the projects I use.", "Which, of course, means half the time I'm broken, and the other half I use the absolute latest features.", "I'm really the wrong person to answer this.", "Eric, do you have opinions about what channel people should use?", ">> Frank van Fuffelen: I think it really comes down to your interest in update frequency and sort of how much testing is received.", "So say stable only updates about once a quarter, and many, many apps and many, many tests have run before that code is ever pushed to stable.", "Beta is updated about once a month.", "Also has a lot of testing.", "You know, both in terms of apps and tests.", "But less than stable.", "In part because as Ian says, right, we promote the best beta of the last while to be the stable.", "And similarly Dev, Dev is updated I want to say anywhere between about every day to at least once a week.", "And there, again, we go through a promotion process of, you know, picking the best recent Dev and making that the beta.", "So I think it's a trade-off, but I think most individuals probably want to be on stable or maybe beta.", ">> Eric Seidel: The big difference between -- >> Ian Hickson: The other big difference between stage and the -- stable and the other big channels, we'll cherry pick fixes if there is something egregiously bad.", "Ooh, we didn't catch that.", "We should have caught that.", "We will go and cherry pick a fix on to that stable release.", "So you'll see over the quarter the stable release gets updates, very minor updates, but updates for issues that we think are serious enough that they warrant an out of hand fix.", "That will not happen on Dev.", "We just don't -- we don't check on Dev.", "If something is broken on Dev, it will be fixed on the trunk and we'll do another Dev in a few days' time.", "And obviously that can't happen on the main line because that's where we're developing.", "So there's always a risk.", "The more recent the code, the higher the risk that something is wrong that we haven't caught.", "But, of course, there is always going to be new fixes there, so it's a trade-off.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Mm-hmm.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: I've seen previously people were using the beta channel because Web was not available.", "So that could be a reason that you could switch to stable now because we do have Web and Desktop that you could run your app with.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Yeah.", ">> Frank van Fuffelen: That very much applies to me, Mariam, indeed.", "I'm switching back to stable.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: In our samples repo, we had a whole bunch of samples for the Web we don't have to put a special notice on.", "By the way, if you're going to run this, you have to switch channels, because they're running in stable.", "Awesome.", "Thank you.", "Let's go to another live question here.", "When will you add data classes to Dart?", "Check issue 314 of Dart lag, which has a lot of thumbs up.", "This makes me wish Bob were here, but Ian or Eric, you might have a take on this.", "Mariam as well.", ">> Ian Hickson: So Bob really covered it in the Keynote.", "We are actively trying to find a good way to do this.", "We want to be really careful in how we do this.", "We don't want to add a syntax that works today but doesn't work in six months' time, doesn't work in two years, and we don't want to keep adding new syntaxes every few months or every few years just to end up with a lot of kind of obsolete language features that aren't used by anyone.", "So we're looking at meta programming.", "We're looking at ways that we can really handle a large number of use cases that exist today, and hopefully in an extensionable fact.", "We have no idea when this will be done.", "It really depends on what ideas we manage to come up with and how they work.", "We'll be doing a lot of testing for this.", "I'm sure if you follow the bugs, for example, the one that is listed here, which I'm sure I'll go and check out after this talk, I'm sure you'll see our progress there.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: This is -- this is another area where the fact that the Dart language team hasn't yet found the right way to step in and implement something, has also allowed other people to explore their own ideas, right?", "Like value, for example, can create -- a lot of classes like immutable and serialization.", "There are options out there for folks right now.", "Even though the Dart language team hasn't settled on what they feel the correct approach is for what they're going to implement.", ">> Ian Hickson: Yeah, and we have a relatively mature code generation mechanism in Flutter, but it's code generation, so it has all the downsides of generation, which is why we don't think that's the final solution to this problem.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: All right.", "Thank you for that.", "Let's see.", "Another one.", "What would be the best way to develop a Flutter app that needs to work online and completely offline?", "I'm guessing that's about data, accessing network data and maybe storing it locally and dealing with connection status.", "Puff, do you want to talk about this?", "This is kind of up your alley.", ">> Frank van Fuffelen: I think I saw it coming in.", "It's a great question.", "It's a bit more.", "Gathering data in an offline scenario.", "When you don't have a network connection and synchronize between the database when you're back online.", "There are many ways to do this.", "Some of them involve in Firebase, but also some that don't involve Firebase.", "I'll focus on the Firebase ones, but the same type of model works for many approaches.", "What's key here is that essentially when you use one of our Firebase databases, we have the so-called cloud fire store, they work in a very similar way.", "They keep a local Cache of any data that you've recently read from the database into your application.", "Keep in mind, these are cloud-hosted databases, right?", "Any data you've read from the distaatabas kept in a local Cache.", "We can access the data if you restart while you're offline.", "That's one thing both of them do.", "That's what you want, right?", "You want that local Cache.", "You get to dealing with local right operations.", "Gathering local data and want to write into the database.", "In both cases, what both databases do is they keep a queue of pending writes.", "We essentially keep track of what have you written that we haven't synchronized to the server yet?", "And this doesn't affect your application.", "You still see the data as if it's been modified already on the server, but we then in the background actually check, hey, do we a network connection?", "Once we have a network connection, we start synchronizing all the changes to the server.", "That could lead to, for example, the server rejecting a change if the user is trying to write something they don't have permission to.", "We locally reconcile those rejections also.", "We fire events that you like and reflect the database state.", "That's actually one of my favorite things I always notice about using something like Firebase with a Flutter application, right, is the redactive -- reactive nature of this.", "I always love when you are connecting to a database.", "If I then make a change to the database, it also, snap, updates on the Flutter application.", "I really love that dealing with a database in a reactive way.", "So, great question.", "Thank you.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: I imagine your favorite widget is Stream Builder, right, Puff?", ">> Frank van Fuffelen: Very much between Stream Builder and Fut FutureBuilder.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: What is the difference between legacy version and Null Safety version while collaborating Flutterfire plug-in with Flutter?", "The existing version and the new safety versions, do you want to talk about the migration of those plug-ins maybe and where we are with that?", ">> Frank van Fuffelen: I'll completely admit I haven't check yet what's in the latest version.", "I know the team has been working on safety for sure.", "I don't know what you need to do yet.", "This is one I might have to come back to it on Twitter.", "I'm not sure.", "Ian, I saw that you also commented on this, so I'm not sure if you have any more information, or if not, I will get back on Twitter, for sure.", ">> Ian Hickson: I believe the Flutterfire plug-ins are -- I'm not 100% sure.", "We've been tracking all the different plug-ins we release and make sure they're all updated.", "There's a lot.", "I've lost track which ones we've migrated and which ones we haven't.", ">> Frank van Fuffelen: I saw a lot of releases, I just didn't have time to check as a developer what you need to do for them.", "I think those also went out today.", ">> Ian Hickson: If they're not out today, they'll be out very soon.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Cool.", "Well, there you go.", "Let's do one more live question.", "What is a good IDE for Flutter?", "That's going to have about as many answers as there are people on this stream, I think.", "This could be -- this could be fun.", "I use IntelliJ Idea.", "That is my preferred one.", "Eric, what do you use?", ">> Eric Seidel: Mostly I use VS code.", "I've used Android Studio some, too.", "But the coding I tend to do tends to be more VS Code Eric, you have a favorite, I presume.", ">> Eric Seidel: I Use Emax and you'll pull it out of my cold, dead hands.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Mariam, what about you?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Okay.", "So, as a PM, I use all possible just to make sure things work.", "But I did, when I joined the Flutter team, I did start with Android Studio.", "A lot of tutorials set you up that way.", "Then I moved on to VS Code because that's what I'm used to.", "Recently I've been testing out IntelliJ making sure our core new Inspector widgets and stuff like that work with it.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Awesome.", "And Puff, any preferences in the Firebase team?", ">> Frank van Fuffelen: I mostly use Studio Code, but I have a soft spot for DartPad also.", "Tinkering widgets without having to open any IDE, it's one of my favorite things.", ">> Ian Hickson: A more serious answer to this question is we really try to make sure that all of the IDEs can work with Flutter.", "We have an open kind of API that you can talk to if you're an IDE, and that's how all of our plug-ins talk to the Flutter tool.", "So there is very little be spspoke code in the I about running Flutter and so forth.", "This means if you have an IDE that doesn't yet have a plug-in, it's possible you can write a plug-in for that IDE using the Flutter tool.", "It also means that if you have an IDE that you want to use that doesn't really have strong Flutter Support, you can use it from the command line.", "All the same things the IDEs use are possible from the command line.", "Fixes and refactorings.", "But even, for example, our analyzer tool has a mode in which it operates at the command line live, so it's just running the analyzer continually in the background.", "That's actually what I use with Emax for example.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: I know there are some dedicated users.", "I first learned that talking to Hans on our Design Framework team.", "I referred to it as VI.", "He very quickly corrected me.", "In a nice way.", "Hans is a nice guy.", "Not a -- it was a learning moment for me.", "And speaking of learning moments, we have had one over the past hour.", "And now it's the end of our time.", "So, first, let me say thank you to our four panelists here.", "Thank you so much for being with us here today.", ">> Eric Seidel: Pleasure, Andrew.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: I want to say thank you to all of our stream viewers here.", "Hopefully you enjoyed what you just saw.", "We have a lot more coming for you.", "This is the end of our Q&A.", "If you stay on the stream, we have four tech talks from the Flutter team coming to you.", "These will provide more technical detail on some of the exciting features and announcements you saw during our Keynote, and then after those, we have 11 more talks from Flutter's global developer community.", "These are Flutter coders who have put together tech talks going into all sorts of things from navigation to animations, deep dives into all sort of Flutter tech.", "Those will be up on the website as well.", "There will be a content drop for those.", "So, but first up, we'll be having Mariam Hasnany back with us again along with John Ryan to present from mobile app to Progressive Web App.", "They're going to go through the process of taking a Flutter app that works on mobile and deploying it to the web.", "So stay right here.", "We have a lot more Flutter to show you.", "[ Upbeat music ] ♪ >> John Ryan: Hi, I'm John, a Developer Relations Engineer on Flutter team, and joining me today is someone who also works on Flutter, Mariam.", "Hi, Mariam.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Hi, John.", "Hi, everyone.", "I'm Mariam, a Product Manager for Flutter.", ">> John Ryan: So, Mariam, you're actually the Product Manager for Flutter on the Web, which is what we're going to talk about today.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yeah, I'm so excited to be here and work with you, John, to get a Flutter app running in a web browser and deploy as a Progressive Web App.", ">> John Ryan: Me too.", "Actually, before we dive in, Mariam, can you explain why we added Web Support to Flutter?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Sure.", "As some of you may know, Flutter started as a UI framework for building beautiful iOS and Android mobile apps, like the ones you see here, but our vision is to provide a portable framework that helps developers build beautiful, Natively compiled applications for any platform.", "And since the web already runs on any device, targeting the web felt like a natural next step for Flutter to achieve our goal, enabling you to build high-quality, high-performance experiences across multiple platforms.", "So, with today's release of Flutter 2.0, we now have production-quality support for the web on the Stable channel, which means you can build apps for iOS, Android, and the browser with the same code base.", ">> John Ryan: That's super excited.", "So now I can run Flutter apps Natively on my phone and now in a browser?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yes, and emphasis on apps.", "While you can do a lot on the web, Flutter's initial stable release is best fit for building web applications, not static content websites.", ">> John Ryan: Okay.", "So maybe I should keep my landing page for my site in HTML for I want that to play nicely with search engines, for example?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Exactly.", "We see Flutter being a great fit for apps that can be installable Progressive Web Apps, a rich, interactive single page app or even an existing Flutter Mobile app.", "So, John, what web app should we build today?", ">> John Ryan: I've been updating the DashCast app, which is a podcast app.", "So, first, let's walk through some of the features on the iPhone.", "So this page loads podcasts using HTTP and JSON.", "It also uses this custom font here using the Google Fonts package.", "As you can see, it uses material design components like ink splashes right here, animations, and if I go to a podcast, say this one, you can see I'm using the URL launcher plug-in to open links using plug-ins which operate on the host platform, either Android or iOS.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: That's pretty cool.", "And I'm not just saying that because I like the name of it.", "It would be awesome if I could use that on my laptop.", "I think having it run in the browser would actually let me use it on any device.", ">> John Ryan: Yeah, that sounds great.", "So what do I need to do?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: So, with the stable release, the web is just another device target now for Flutter, so like you see iPhone or Android listed as devices in our IDE, you should also now see Chrome or Edge if you're on Windows, so all you have to do is run Flutter Create, and that's going to generate the web directory, then select Chrome as the device and then hit run.", ">> John Ryan: Okay.", "So let's see if we can do that.", "So I'll open my terminal here, and I'll run Flutter Create and I'll pass at the current directory to recreate this project, and once that's done, I should see a web directory with an index HTML file, and I can see that right here.", "So, now I'll select the Chrome device and hit run.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: All right.", "So running the app for the first time takes a while to load because Flutter is launching the application using the Dev Compiler Dart Dev C to run in debug mode.", "The first compilation takes the longest because it needs to compile the entire app.", ">> John Ryan: Cool.", "So on the web, Dart uses different compilers, right?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yeah, for our mobile apps, we have a GIT compiler and an AOT compiler that converts your app into machine code or ARM.", "Similarly, on the web, Dart uses the Dart Dev C and dart2js compilers which convert your app into JavaScript.", "So having separate compilers for development and deployment will give you a fast dev cycle and also make sure your production app runs as fast as possible.", ">> John Ryan: So since the Flutter framework is written in Dart, the entire framework can be compiled into JavaScript, right?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yeah, just like you said, the Flutter framework is built using Dart, and so your app that sits on top of the framework.", "So all we had to do to add Web Support was replace the low-level C++ rendering engine that's used by mobile apps, and instead map to browser APIs DOM or WebAssembly to render your web app either using HTML or CanvasKit.", ">> John Ryan: So, the only really different between Flutter mobile apps and web apps is that underlying engine that they use?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yeah, our motto for the web is not two separate frameworks that look the same and use the same language, but actually a shared framework across platforms, mobile, web, Desktop, et cetera.", "So when we improve features on the Flutter framework, all platforms get the benefits.", ">> John Ryan: Okay.", "So that's why I don't have to change any of my apps' code.", "The framework APIs are the same.", "So I've got the app running now.", "Are we done?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Well, there are a few things I like to consider when building a Flutter web app.", "So, first, especially when you're bringing an existing Flutter app to the web, you want to check if the plug-ins are supported for the web.", "Flutter plug-ins allow you to talk to Native libraries for the platform you're running on.", "So when you're running your Flutter app on the web, you can get access to existing JavaScript libraries through these plug-ins.", ">> John Ryan: Okay.", "So I'm using URL Launcher, so let's check if URL Launcher is supported.", "I'll go to pub.dev and I'll just search for the plug-in or package I'm interested in.", "And I can see here this label at the bottom.", "It's got the different platforms that are supported.", "So it's got Android, iOS, and it is supported on the web, but what do I do if my plug-in isn't supported yet?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: So, you'll actually want to add Web Support for that plug-in, and you can find instructions for upgrading your plug-in to include Web Support on our blog site.", ">> John Ryan: Great.", "So since URL Launcher already has Web Support and I already have it in my pub spec for my mobile app, I don't actually have to change anything?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: That's right.", "For most Google plug-ins, we do all the work behind the scenes, such as wiring up To JavaScript libraries so the plug-in works as you'd expect on both mobile and web.", ">> John Ryan: Right.", "And sometimes a plug-in will require some JavaScript to work.", "If I open up Index HTML here, you can see that I imported some JavaScript to make it work.", "So I have all the plug-ins working for both mobile and on the web.", "What's next?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: So, now I like to think about layout.", "Web apps can run on many different form factors and it's important for our app to adjust the UI accordingly.", ">> John Ryan: So I need to think about layout for different screen sizes?", "Cool.", "So, the homepage needs some work.", "Let's change the bottom section to use a twoColumn layout here.", "For this, I'm going to use a layout builder, and I'm going to check the constraints, so I'm going to go to this podcast column here, and I'm going to change this PodcastList to a LayoutBuilder.", "So I'm going to type in LayoutBuilder, and that takes a Builder parameter, which is a call back, and that call back takes two parameters.", "One of the parameters is the build context, and interestingly we get the constraints here, and the constraints are the incoming constraints that the layout system passes to this portion of the widget tree.", "So I can actually check the constraints.", "I've already kind of set up the twoColumn layout with my podcast list, so what I'm going to do is I'm going to just add this back in, return this PodcastList and I'm going to use the constraints to set this twoColumn parameter here.", "So I'm going to set it to a twoColumn layout if the constraints maxWidth is greater than 700.", "So I'm going to reformat, and now that I've made that change, how do I restart the app and see the change?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Great question.", "So you can trigger a hot restart for web apps, which basically means that you don't have to restart your app and wait for it to recompile everything and load again.", "It's just a fast way for you to see changes.", "So if you make a small change, the Dev Compiler is smart and only recompiles the JavaScript that was affected and then pushes only the deltas to the browser.", "So, this works similarly to the hot reload feature for mobile development.", "The only difference is that hot reload remembers your State and hot restart does not.", ">> John Ryan: Cool.", "So if I restart my app here and open up the browser, I can see that the changes show right away, and I can resize the window here manually or I can open up the Chrome DevTools and click on this toggle device tool bar button, and what that allows me to do is demo this app on different device types.", "In this case, it's A Pixel 2.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Wow, that looks so much better on every screen.", "By the way, there is more info on building responsive UI on flutter.dev/docs.", "So, John, the next thing to think about is navigation.", ">> John Ryan: Sure.", "I've actually set up deep linking in my app using Navigator 2, so on the web, if I navigate to a specific page, the URL and the URL bar updates.", "I can also navigate to specific pages by updating the path and the URL, or if I were to click on a link, it would update the page.", "This would also work if I were using named routes, but I'm using Navigator 2 here, and if I click the back button, it takes me back to the previous page that I visited.", "So I changed the podcast from 1 to 2 here.", "If I click the back button, it's going to take me back to the first podcast.", "If I click the back button again, it takes me back to the home screen, and if I were to click on a podcast like this, click the back button in the app, and then click the back button in the browser, it takes me back to the previous page I visited.", "So this looks better already.", "What other things can I do to make my app feel right in a browser?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Well, since our app can run on Desktop browsers as well as mobile browsers, we should also consider adding scroll bars and mouse or keyboard interactions for the Desktop.", ">> John Ryan: Sure.", "Let's add a scroll bar to our list view in this page, for example.", "So if I go to the widget for that page, the episode list, and I wrap this ListView in a Scrollbar by typing wrap with widget, Scrollbar, and hot restart the app, I should be able to see this page reload, and now I get this nice Desktop-style scroll bar on the right-hand side.", "And you can also see that my curser changes from a normal pointer to this clickable pointer, this click pointer, and that's a piece of the framework that uses the mouse curser widget.", "So if you want to do this yourself, you can use the mouse region widget and provide the mouse curser that you want to display when you hover over that widget.", "So, to add keyboard shortcuts, I also used the shortcuts widget here.", "So I can actually play and pause this podcast using the space bar.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: All right.", "That's looking good.", "So, finally, you'll need to think about what rendering mode will be best for your app.", "Unlike Flutter mobile apps that just use Skia to render, there is actually two renderers for web.", "There is one HTML which uses DOM Canvas APIs, and another one, CanvasKit, which uses WebAssembly and WebGL to render Skia paint commands.", ">> John Ryan: So how do I know which one of those two renderers I should use?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Well, by default, the render mode is set to auto, so this means that your app runs with the HTML renderer on mobile browsers and CanvasKit on Desktop browsers.", "This is our recommended combination to optimize for the characteristics of each platform.", ">> John Ryan: That's really cool.", "So what if I set the renderer mode to either HTML or CanvasKit.", "How do I know what the difference is between those two?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: So, HTML allows you to optimize for download size and uses less bandwidth.", "That's why we think it's better for mobile browsers.", "On the other hand, CanvasKit is faster.", "So if you have larger screens with a higher number of widgets showing per frame, that's what it's better for.", ">> John Ryan: Gotcha.", "So I think it makes sense to use auto in this case, since I'm rendering quite a few widgets on Desktop screens, and on mobile browsers, if I were to load this in iOS Safari, I would want it to load fast.", "So if I'm debugging, how do I know which one of these is running?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: So, if you inspect the body tag in Chrome inspect source code, you'll see a class, FLT-renderer, that's going to either show you CanvasKit or HTML, and then let you know if it was set automatically or not.", ">> John Ryan: It looks like something is wrong with my app here.", "One of the dates is not showing up.", "It's showing Null.", "Can I set breakpoints while my app is running in the browser?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yeah, you can.", "We connect to Chrome's JavaScript debugger which allows you to set breakpoints, evaluate expressions and also use Chrome DevTools.", ">> John Ryan: Cool.", "Let's set a breakpoint after we load this JSON.", "So I'm going to make sure I'm running in debug mode here, and I can see I've got my debugger open, and I'm going to set a breakpoint after I load the details for this podcast, and I'm going to reload this page by just navigating back and opening it again.", "And you can see that once I'm stopped at a breakpoint, I can do all the normal things like evaluate expressions.", "For example, I can just type response.body and see the response body.", "So it looks like I'm parsing the JSON correctly.", "If I scroll through this, I just want to check that the episode URL here, publish date here is the value I would expect, and I can see that it's Null, so I can see the that the value is coming from the server as Null, but let's verify that by opening up the Chrome DevTools.", "So if I go back to my app here, continue, and pop open the Chrome DevTools, I can see network requests here, just like any other web app.", "So if I navigate back to this page, I'm still stopped at this breakpoint, but I can see the network request here and I can also verify that the value is Null if I wanted to.", "So, let's work around this issue for now by fixing this widget so it doesn't display the word \"Null.\"", "I can open up the Inspector here, disable this breakpoint and enter select widget mode.", "I'm just going to select this widget.", "Once I have that selected, I can navigate directly to that widget by double clicking on it in the Flutter Inspector, and I can see that I'm just putting the raw value of toString into the next -- text widget.", "So if timeAgoDate Null, it's going to put the string Null into that widget.", "So I can just fix this quickly by doing a quick Null check.", "So if the episode timeAgoDate equals Null, I'm just going to give it a null widget here, otherwise I'll give it the text widget that I was giving it before.", "And I can perform a hot restart and go back to my app.", "And you can see that the null widget is gone now >> Mariam Hasnany: Fun fact, just like Flutter DevTools, the Inspector is also built using Flutter.", "All right.", "I think the app feels ready to me.", "Let's ship it.", ">> John Ryan: Let's ship it.", "So in addition to the Flutter Build iOS and Flutter Build Android commands, there is now a Flutter Build Web command.", "So if I go to my terminal and I run this command, flutter build web, that's going to do a release build of my app, and it's going to put the output assets in this build/web directory, and I've already run a build here, so I've already got the build web directory filled out with my index HTML and my Dart.JS file.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yeah, and, John, when you use that build command, you can choose which renderer to use, just like you did earlier with the run command, but since you didn't specify one, it's just going to use the auto option.", ">> John Ryan: Cool.", "That makes sense.", "So it looks like it's done now.", "Now that the release bundle is ready to go, what are my options to host this app?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Well, there's a lot of options.", "There is Firebase hosting, Google Cloud, GitHub Pages or other similar hosting services.", ">> John Ryan: Okay.", "So I'm familiar with Firebase, so let's go with that.", "I've actually already installed the Firebase CLI, so I'll just run from my project directory Firebase init hosting, and that's going to ask me a few questions here.", "So it's going to ask me what to use as my public directory, and we'll use build/web, since that's where the output assets go, and I'm going to configure it as a single-page app since Flutter apps are single page, and I'm not going to overwrite the HTML file.", "And once that's done, it writes a Firebase configuration file, and I can run firebase deploy --only hosting for my current project, which will upload the assets, and it should just take a second here.", "And once that's done, I can actually click on this link to load the final version of the app running in release mode.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Wow, that was really fast.", "It looks just like we expected.", ">> John Ryan: Yeah, it does.", "So now that it's hosted, how do I turn it into a PWA?", "I want my users to be able to install it when they visit the page.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: So it's already a PWA.", "If you look at that icon in the URL bar, it's a plus icon.", "If you click on it, you'll get an option to install it as a Progressive Web App.", "So when you build your Flutter web apps, we create a web manifest file for you so that by default your app can use PWA features like installation, offline support or notifications.", ">> John Ryan: Great.", "And now that it's installed, I can access it without opening my browser.", "So are we done?", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yeah, yeah we're done.", "Let's recap all the steps we took.", ">> John Ryan: Sure.", "So we started with our mobile app.", "We ran it in the browser and we changed some things to keep the web platform in mind.", "So we looked at plug-in support for our app, we tweaked some things for responsive design for Desktop screens, we looked at navigation and how that works on the browser, and we looked at Desktop idioms like scroll bars, mouse cursers and keyboard shortcuts, and we also looked at the different web renderers like auto and CanvasKit and HTML.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yep.", "And we also used hot restart to iterate quickly and debug the code using breakpoints, evaluation expression, Inspector and Chrome DevTools.", "Then we deployed it using Firebase and installed it as a PWA.", ">> John Ryan: Yeah, it's all available now in the Stable channel.", "So thanks again for joining me today, Mariam.", ">> Mariam Hasnany: Yeah, thank you for having me.", "I had so much fun, and I encourage everyone trying to build their own Flutter web apps on the Stable channel now.", ">> John Ryan: Thank you all for watching and check out flutter.dev/web to learn more.", "[ Birds chirping ] [ Upbeat music ] >> Leaf Petersen: So here's an interesting question.", "Does this switch need to have a case to handle Null?", "Well, if theme mode can return Null, then it does and the switch is broken.", "Can it?", "Wouldn't it be nice if the compiler could just tell me whether I need to worry about theme mode being null or not?", "Well, the new Null Safety feature that we are releasing as part of Flutter 2.0 is designed to solve just this kind of problem for our developers.", "Null Safety lets the tooling keep track of what things can be null for you, making development in Flutter easier, faster, and more reliable.", "So today I'm going to show you what it's like to migrate an app to Null Safety.", "This isn't an intro to Null Safety, so if you're not familiar with the feature, some things will be new to you, but don't worry, you'll get the basic idea.", "So the app I'm going to migrate is the Rally app from the Flutter Gallery demo app.", "It's a pretty full-featured app.", "We can take a look in here.", "We can click around.", "We see it has a bunch of animations, it has a bunch of charts, so, you know, nontrivial app.", "There's about 9,000 lines of code in this as I have it currently running.", "The thing I want to point out here is this little message down in the terminal window that says that we are running with unsound Null Safety.", "So what's that about?", "Well, basically this app is running a version of the Flutter framework that has been ported over to Null Safety, but the app itself is not yet Null Safe, so we're running a mix of Null Safe and non-Null Safe code.", "That's fine.", "We built technology into Dart to make this work, but it means the app doesn't get the full benefits of Null Safety, and the framework can't rely on the app not to pass Null where it's not allowed to.", "That's what we mean by unsound Null Safety, we can't quite trust it.", "So what we need to do today is to get this app running with full sound Null Safety.", "And to do this, we're going to use a migration tool that the Dart team has built to make this easier.", "So let's give it a try.", "So if we go over here to our terminal window, we can run the migration tool directly from our terminal.", "So if we run Dart Migrate, it's going to give us a little printout here which tells us some helpful documentation, which is very useful to read.", "It will tell you lots of powerful ways to use the tool and tell you more about how to use Null Safety as well.", "The tool is going on and it is looking at your code and it is analyzing it to figure out a bunch of things that it needs to know about it in order to migrate it to Null Safety.", "So it's looking at the code.", "Oh, and it's giving us an error.", "So something went wrong.", "What did we do here?", "Okay.", "So we're getting a bad state.", "We're getting an error that says that the package has un-migtated dependencies.", "So what's going on with that?", "Well, this is the first thing that the migration tool is going to do for you.", "We really encourage our developers not to migrate their code before all of their dependencies have been migrated.", "Waiting for your deps to be migrated makes your migration experience much more reliable and helps you have a good experience with it.", "The migration tool is trying to keep you on the rails by checking this for you.", "So, we need to fix this before we get started.", "So how do we fix this?", "Well, we need to update all of our dependencies.", "We need to change the packages that we depend on to be Null Safe versions, and the tool that we use for this is the tool that understands packages, which is pub, okay?", "So we have built into pub a new mode for the pub outdated command.", "So if we run flutter pub outdated with --mode=null-safety, we will get a bunch of information that is very useful for knowing whether or not we are ready to migrant to Null Safety, okay?", "So, we're running pub outdated, and we get some information that tells us a whole bunch of stuff about the status of our dependencies of the packages.", "So what are we looking at here?", "Well, on the left side, we have a column that says the name of all of the packages that we are currently using for which the current version is not Null Safe, and you can tell that because if you look under \"current,\" that column shows us the current version that we are using, and there's a little \"X\" next to the version that means that it is not yet Null Safe, it has not been migrated, that package has not been migrated, and you shouldn't be migrating your app unless all of the packages you depend on are Null safe.", "Well, maybe there's a new version of the package that is Null Safe because the Dart team has been out migrating lots of stuff to get it ready.", "And, in fact, if we looked at this, if we looked under the resolvable column, we see that both of these packages have a version listed with a checkmark next to it, and that little checkmark is telling us that this version that is listed here is Null Safe.", "The resolvable column is telling us the latest versions that we can get that are mutually compatible that we will actually be able to get a pub solve for.", "There may be a more recent version listed under \"latest,\" but for some reason, it is not compatible with something else that we have in there, okay?", "So, resolvable's what we're going to focus on.", "And if we want to migrate, because we are apparently able to migrate, what we need to do is we need to copy over these latest resolvable versions into our pub spec and update the dependencies on the packages, okay?", "So we're starting here with shrine images, and we're going to go to shrine images and update it to point to this latest Null Safe version.", "And we will do the same for URL Launcher here.", "It has -nullsafety in its name because it's a Null Safety prerelease.", "It hasn't been published in stable yet, but it is available as a pre-release, okay?", "So I've updated my pub spec here, and now if I run flutter pub get, that will go off and it will get me these new versions of these packages, download them, and it will -- and it will get it ready to run again.", "And if we run our outdated command again just to check, what we should see is that there is nothing listed anymore among the packages that are not yet available.", "So we can see here that all of our dependencies, both direct dependencies and dev dependencies, all of them support Null Safety.", "So that tells us that we are now ready to migrate.", "So now we can go back and try it again.", "Okay.", "So this is going off and doing some analysis.", "So what is it going to do?", "So the first thing I'm going to tell you that it's going to do or not going to do is it's not going to change the code that we have on our disk.", "So the migration tool is designed to make essentially its own virtual copy of your code, pretend to migrate it, and then it's going to give us a preview of what it will do once we choose to apply the migration.", "So this allows us to look at the choices that it's making and possibly reconsider if we want to accept those choices directly or do something to change what choices it's making.", "We'll get into that in a little more detail in a minute, okay?", "So we've made it a little further here.", "We're not getting our error anymore about seeing missing migrated dependencies.", "It's generating a bunch of suggestions.", "It's generating the modified code and then it's spinning up a little web server and giving us locally on our disk here on our own machine, and then it's giving us an address that we can hit to actually get a preview of the code the way it will look once we migrate it, okay?", "So this is the migration tool.", "So, let's take a little look around the migration tool.", "If we look over on the left, what we see here is a skeleton view of our code layout of our app.", "This is the app code over here.", "And there are little check boxes showing which files we're choosing to migrate now.", "By default, you're going to migrate everything, but if for whatever reason you want to only migrate part of your app, so, for example, you want to split part of it off so you can send it off in bite-sized chunks to your reviewers and be nice to your reviewers, you can choose to deselect certain parts and select other parts.", "Again, as with packages, we recommend that you choose to migrate the sort of roots of your package first and then move in a waterfall fashion through the dependencies, even with your app, if you don't migrate it all at once, but the migration tool, the preview pane here allows you to choose which things you're going to migrate, okay?", "And if you click on any one of these files, in the middle here, in this middle pane, we will see a preview of what the code will look like after we run the migration, and then there is a little bit more information over on the right that I'm going to get to in a minute.", "So the first time through this tool -- I'm going to do a couple of things with this, but the first time through, I want to see what happens if we just accept the changes as the migration tool proposes them with no modifications.", "And so to do that -- or at any point if I want to accept the code in its current state, I can push the \"apply migration\" button, okay?", "Applying a migration is actually going to edit the code that is on my disk.", "The tool is going to go off.", "If I click that, it's going to say \"do you really want to do this?\"", "And if you say okay, then you will see down here in your terminal window that it has applied the migrations.", "It has migrated 48 files.", "And if we do a quick git diff, we'll see now that there's a whole bunch of changes that have been made to our code.", "And if we go over to our IDE, we can actually see, if we go up and we click on one of these files here, we might see some changes.", "So, for example, some app required things became required and so on.", "We actually also see, though, that we have a static error.", "Okay.", "So this is the first thing I want to point out about this.", "The migration tool is not perfect.", "It's not putting us out of business yet.", "It does a lot of the mechanical work for you, but it will sometimes get things wrong or it will sometimes make choices that are not exactly what you would have made if you were migrating the code by hand.", "The real strength of the tool is doing sort of the mechanical data flow work for you where you have something which is nullable assigned to something else which is nullable and chasing that down.", "And here it's gone a little off the rails.", "So let's see.", "We only have one error, so let's see how much work is left for us to do if we were running the migration this way.", "If we go in here, we can see that what it's complaining about is that we have a variable match, and the inferred type of match is string question, and it's being assigned to the parameter of this demo page constructer.", "And we can see that this demo page constructer, it's a field formal, it has been migrated to be non-nullable, and yet we are passing a string question is a nullable string.", "We're passing a nullable value and that's not allowed, okay?", "So this is somewhere where the tool went a little bit off the rails.", "Basically, this was already marked as at required, and usually the tool assumes things which are required are not nullable, because that's what they usually are.", "If we change our mind and make this nullable, that's fine.", "This is good so far.", "That fixes the original error that we had, but it introduces a new error because there are other places that this thing is assigned, and now we have to chase through and mark all of the places that this data flows through as also being nullable.", "And this is the work that the migration tool would otherwise be doing for you, right?", "It would be doing the work of chasing through all of these places that that nullable value reaches and marking them nullable for you.", "So that's why using the migration tool in general is going to save you a lot of work, because it does a lot of this mechanical stuff.", "And we can see now that we have actually -- that we now have no errors.", "So we can go over to our app here and we can quit out of it and we can restart it.", "That's going to take a minute to start up, so let me just point out here a couple more things around here.", "We have a bunch of informationals now that weren't there before.", "So what's going on with that?", "Well, one thing we can see is that there are a whole bunch of assertions which are now not necessary, right?", "These were assertions that were previously asserting that things that should not be null, that are not allowed to be null, were not actually passed a null value.", "Well, now that we've migrated this to Null Safety, the static analysis, the tooling is sufficient to prevent this from happening.", "So the system is telling us that these assertions are essentially dead.", "When we were running in unsound mode, we might have wanted to keep these assertions around because un-migtated code could violate the guarantees of Null Safety and still flow Null through here, but now that we've migrated this fully to Null Safety, we don't need these assertions anymore.", "Another cool thing if we look in here, if you remember when I started out, I asked the question of whether this case, this switch statement here needed to handle Null.", "And we can see actually now that the migration tool has figured out for us that we do.", "In fact, theme mode can be nullable.", "It has been migrated to be nullable, and I looked through this code and I actually found that, yes, Null can flow to this location.", "It turns out that won't crash the app because there is some default logic here, but it's a latent bug in this code that was found with Null Safety.", "If I was editing with this code, I would have been told that right up front, so that's one of the really nice things Null Safe code that I hope you find valuable.", "Okay.", "So, we're loading up the app here.", "It's taking a little bit of time.", "We have to do a full rebuild, but if we give it a minute -- okay, and we are up and running.", "So the first thing I want to point out is that we are, in fact, running with full sound Null Safety.", "We've got this little message to tell us here.", "It says that we have been successful.", "And now all of the code in our app is soundly Null Safe and the compiler and ourselves can trust that no Null values flow to places where they shouldn't, okay?", "And if we click around in the app here, we actually can see it's running quite fine.", "That's not always the case.", "It's possible that you will get new run time errors.", "Maybe you added a Null assertion operator in a place that it wasn't supposed to or any of a various number of small things, but in this case, we seem to have ended up in a pretty good spot and the code is running just fine.", "So, that's pretty cool, right?", "We basically just -- we basically just took a nap, and with one push of a button plus three small edits, we got this entire 9,000 lines of Dart code up and migrated and up and running with full Null Safety.", "And it took us, you know, maybe 10, 15 minutes here.", "And I'm not cheating, by the way.", "I didn't pull this app down and do a whole bunch of work beforehand to make this easy.", "I cut out some of the other pieces of the app that I didn't want to work on to get it down to 9,000 lines, but other than that, I just ran this and we're running.", "So this is really a legitimate example of what it can be like to migrate your code.", "But we also saw that it didn't necessarily do everything right, and I also will say that the tool is going to be more conservative than you might choose to be.", "It is trying to get things up and running and it is trying to minimize the number of things that it makes nullable, but where it has to make a choice, it will sometimes make a choice to make something nullable that you because you know a little bit more about your app would be able to make non-nullable.", "So if you want to do a careful migration of your code up front, right, you might want to audit the changes that the tool is going to make and guide it to a better result.", "Fortunately, the tool supports an interactive workflow for doing this, which allows you to tune the output, and this is one of the -- I think the more powerful ways of using the tool.", "So we're going to go back and try this again using that interactive -- interactive workflow, okay?", "So let's give it a try.", "Okay.", "So if we go back over here to our terminal, we can reset ourselves back to clean state so we can try this again using the interactive workflow.", "We tried it once just sort of accepting everything that the migration tool suggested to us and then fixing up anything.", "Now we want to walk through it again, taking a careful look at the choices that it's going to make.", "So what I'm going to do is I'm going to go ahead and run that tool again, okay?", "And if you recall, again, this tool is not going to directly change the code that we have on the disk.", "It's going to go off and develop its own little view of the world and propose it to us in a preview package.", "When we use an interactive workflow, we're going to spend time using the tool in our IDE to understand the choices that it's making and to guide the choices that it's making.", "So how do we guide the choices?", "Well, there's two ways we can do that.", "One is we can actually refactor our code so that it's more compatible with Null Safety, and the other is that we can add explicit hints, in a way that I'll show you in a minute, to the code to guide the tool to a better result.", "And that's the one I'm gonna focus on here, okay?", "Using hints to guide the output of the tool to get it to produce exactly what we want.", "So let's take a look at that, okay?", "So we're -- it's getting its stuff spun up here, and if we take, again, remember, it's got a little web server and we take our -- take the URL it gives us.", "Just open it up in our browser.", "And we're once again back into this preview tool and we can look -- we can -- we can start poking around in here.", "So this time I want to focus a little more on using the tool and all of the powerful things that the tool provides for us.", "So I talked about how in the center here, we have our preview pane.", "And this preview pane is, again, showing us the way the code is going to look after its migrated.", "On the disk is the code that currently exists un-migtated, and in this preview pane is the code as it will exist once we migrate.", "You can see that because actually it's highlighted here the changes that it's proposing to make in the preview pane.", "So if we look at each of these, it's adding questions to these type, meaning this is becoming a nullable type.", "This is a field that it thinks is potentially going to be -- is going to be nullable.", "And it's also listing over here in this upper right-hand corner, it's listing by category each of the changes it's gonna make.", "So we can see in this file here it's making quite a few changes.", "It's proposing to add a lot of non-Null assertion operators.", "We can click on them over here and it will take us there.", "These non-Null assertion operators are places where we have a nullable thing that we know by invariant is now not null and we want to extract out the non-Null value with a non-Null assertion operator, a Null check operator.", "So there's a whole bunch of those in there.", "I don't want for focus on them right now.", "So what I suggest when you're using the interactive workflow is that you focus on the types that have been made nullable.", "So down here there's a list of just four types, four places where it has taken a type and made it nullable.", "The reason I recommend focusing on this is that the choice of nullability in the types is what drives all of the other changes that it makes.", "All of those Null check operators that it's adding, it's adding because of the choices it made about nullability.", "So once you've figured out what the right nullability is for the types, all of those Null check operators, you know, you might want to check them, but they basically are mechanically added, they're mechanical.", "And this is, you know, the power of the tool is that it will do that mechanical work for you.", "So let's take a look at it.", "So if we look here, we've got these four fields.", "It is proposing to make them nullable.", "So, is that the right choice?", "Maybe I know a lot about this code so I can just say right off the hand yes or no.", "That's great.", "In this case, I'm actually not that familiar with this code.", "I just pulled this down off of GitHub, so I'm using the tool and using my IDE to explore this.", "And the tool gives us some very powerful tools.", "It gives us some very powerful techniques for figuring out why it is making the choices that it's making.", "So if we click on one of these, we can see down in this right-hand pane down in the bottom-right a stack of the reasoning that led the tool to make the decision that it made.", "It's essentially telling you what flow of control and data through the program led it to decide that this should be a nullable variable.", "And if we walk back through that flow, we can reconstruct very quickly and without having to do a lot of exploring in the code or debugging why it's made it nullable and whether we agree with its reasoning.", "So let's do that.", "If we go over here to this little pane here and we start clicking on the points in the file, well, the top of it is just pointing to the actual field, and then the second thing is saying, well, this field is set in the constructer as a field formal parameter.", "And this is the constructer that it is set in.", "Then if we walk back one level, we get to the call to the constructer that is causing it to believe that this should be nullable, okay?", "So it's looking here and it's saying \"open controller is set by being a parameter to the animations constructer here in this other file,\" and if we walk back one step, we can see that it has decided that in this other state file, open controller is going to be a nullable parameter.", "Okay.", "That seems very reasonable, except if we look in this init -- this is part of the initState.", "It's an initState sub-method.", "Once we get here to this point, the assertions tell us that these four fields will always be non-null.", "So, in fact, the animations constructer, even though it looks like it is accepting a nullable value will never get null.", "So here is a place where we would like to change the output of the tool by overriding its behavior.", "We'd like to come in mere and say, no, we don't want you to make this nullable, we want you to make this non-nullable, okay?", "And the way we can do that, one of the simplest ways, is we can actually use these two buttons that the tool gives to us to add a question mark hint, which means make it nullable.", "Well, we don't need that one because this is already nullable.", "Or the exclamation point hint which means, no, make this non-nullable, which is what we want because we want to change it, we want to override it.", "So we hit that button, and what we see is we see a little comment with a bang in it showing up here on the code.", "Key point here.", "This is the one point up until the point that we apply the migration that the tool is actually editing the code on the disk.", "So if we go over to our IDE, we can see that this IDE, which is looking at the code on the disk, is showing us that this comment has actually been added into the code.", "And, in fact, if we want to, we can add the comments out here.", "I want all four of these to be non-nullable, so I can just go ahead and edit it directly in my IDE, and if I wanted to, I could check this code into GitHub.", "I could spread out this migration over the -- over a long time period by just adding annotations and incrementally working on it, and all of these have know effect on the existing have no effect on the existing code, but they guide the migration tool to a better result, okay?", "So if we go back to the tool now, we can re-run the tool.", "There is this re-run with changes button we're going to hit, and when we hit that, it's going to look at the comments that have been added, look at any changes to the code, any refactoring you did, and it's going to recompute the set of suggested changes that it's going to make to your code.", "So it is doing exactly the same work, and our hope here by adding these non-nullability assertions is that we're going to make the rest of this code cleaner, right?", "Okay.", "So, this is the outcome.", "If you recall, when we first came into this file, there were a whole bunch of Null check operators proposed to be out of this, and those were all driven by the fact that these four fields were nullable.", "Now that we've made them nullable, now that we've overridden the choices of the tool, it is not suggesting to add those because they're not needed anymore.", "So by auditing this and making a few small changes to its choices of non-nullability, we've ended up in a point where the final emitted code is much cleaner.", "That's what I mean by interactive work with the tool.", "We work with the tool to help get it to a better point.", "It does all the mechanical work of figuring out what flows from these decisions that we make about what things are nullable, okay?", "One more example here I want to show of a different kind of tool we can use.", "So if we go to featurediscovery.dart here, we go into a little bit, we'll see another example of a code pattern which is very common in Flutter.", "Which is a State.", "This accompanies a Stateful widget, and it's a State class.", "There is a very common pattern here where State classes tend to have fields which are not set in the constructers, but they are set in the initState method.", "Often but not always, those fields are never actually intended to be used as null.", "They just happen to be set a little bit late.", "Well, Dart Null Safety has a new feature called Late Fields, which is exactly intended to support this kind of pattern where you set something later -- you don't set it initially to a non-null value, but once you set it, you never reset it to Null.", "So, often we want to look at our State classes to see, is this a good place to use a late variable, okay?", "So how do we figure that out?", "Well, I'm going to look at these animations and these overlay fields here, both of which the tool is choosing to mark as nullable.", "If we look at the reasoning stack here, it's actually not that helpful this time.", "Because basically it's just telling us this field is not initialized, so I don't know what to do with it.", "Sometimes that means we may want to refactor the code to initialize the code in the constructer, but in this case, in the State pattern, we don't get to do that.", "But what we can do is we can go over here to our IDE and we can actually start looking around a little bit to figure out whether it is necessary to make these things nullable.", "There is nothing wrong with making them nullable, but let's see.", "So if we look at overlay first and we look at all the uses of overlay, okay?", "So we use our IDE here to see all the uses.", "We can see here that actually overlay is almost certainly going to be -- should be nullable.", "It is set to null in a place.", "It uses Null aware operators on it.", "It's checked for Null.", "So something about the logic of this program is requiring overlay to be nullable.", "So we're not going to change anything about that.", "Animations, though, if we look at the uses of animations, we can see in one place it is set to a non-null value.", "The result of the constructer is definite of the constructer is definitely non-null, and all of the other places that it's used, it's passing it into places that have required parameters that are definitely non-null.", "So that's a good sign to this -- for us, that this field is never actually really intended to be null, and therefore it's a great candidate to make late, okay?", "So how do we make it late?", "Well, again, we use hints, and here we can just add it directly.", "We don't have a button in the tool for this, but this is one of these sort of power user hints that you can actually add directly in your code to, again, continue guiding the tool.", "I'd add a late hint that's going to come back here and tell the tool that when we rerun this code, it should treat animations as a late non-nullable variable and propagate all of the changes that follow through from that.", "So we'll get rid of a few more of these none-null assertion operators.", "So that's the basic workflow that we're talking about here.", "When we talk about using the tool in an interactive mode.", "We look at the changes that the tool is proposing, we think about either using the preview pane, which gives us information about the reasoning that the tool is made or we look in our IDE to try and understand whether it's making the choices we want it to make, and we override any choices that we don't like and then we rerun it until we finally get something that we like.", "And then if we want to, we can take all or, again, some of the code and apply the migration to it.", "So let's go ahead and do that.", "We can say, well, we just ported this feature discovery directory.", "We haven't looked at any of this other code yet.", "I want to send this out for review, so I'll uncheck everything else, okay?", "And then I can go ahead and apply the migration.", "It's going to ask me if I really want to do this.", "I say yes.", "It's going to go ahead and rewrite just the code that we just audited here on disk.", "So we can see here it said it migrated a few files, it updated our pub spec to say that the whole project has opted in, and then it has marked a whole bunch of files as explicitly opted out because we haven't migrated them yet.", "If we start the tool up again it will tell us, hey, these are the files that aren't migrated, these are the files that are migrated, what do you want to do with these, okay?", "So, Okay.", "So, that's the workflow.", "If I wanted to, I could now send feature discovery off for review.", "I could start in the next part.", "I could the whole thing in one go.", "With a bit of help from the migration tool, we could have this app up and running just without a lot of fuss.", "It might take us an hour or two to get something really tuned and fine.", "Okay.", "So, a few things that I'd like you to take away from this.", "First, remember that you should only migrate when all of your dependencies are ready.", "We really strongly encourage this, and pub outdated -- mode=null-safety will help you figure out if you're ready or not.", "When pub says you're ready, go for it.", "If not, you need to wait.", "Maybe you can help migrate some of those other packages you depend on while you're waiting and get familiar with Null Safety.", "Second, when you are ready to migrate, I hope I've convinced you that the migration tool is a great option for speeding up the process.", "You can try using it in a one-off fashion the way I did at the start, but we think you'll probably get a better outcome if you work with it interactively the way we did here at the end.", "Finally, whether you choose to use the tool or not, I hope it's clear that migrating to Null Safety isn't a terrifying ordeal.", "Our experience is that most code is pretty straightforward to migrate, whether you're using the migration tool or just using the IDE, and we've been really quite happy with the result.", "So, thanks for listening.", "Thanks for being part of the Dart and Flutter community and happy coding.", "[ Birds chirping ] [ Upbeat music ] >> Filip Hracek: When you close a door of a modern car, [ Car door shuts ] Chances are that the sound you hear is engineered.", "The latch mechanism is made in a way that makes it sound a little bit more deeper and more vault-like and satisfying.", "Old cars didn't have that.", "[ Car door shuts ] In this talk, I want to show you how you can make your Flutter apps more satisfying to use.", "[ Car door shuts ] If you want to expand your expertise with some design shops, this talk might be for you.", "There's an important concept called perceived value.", "This is the value of something as it is perceived by the user.", "A car, for example, is inherently valuable because it can take you from point A to point B in relative comfort.", "But that's not the whole story, is it?", "Two cars can both take you from point A to point B in relative comfort, but they don't have the same perceived value.", "All it takes is something like the sound that a car makes when you close the door.", "You'll find that the perceived value of a car is often as important as the functional one.", "Similarly, your app can be functionally amazing, but it could still be -- if it feels too bland or flimsy, then people will just not use it as much.", "The perceived value will be low.", "Some people will still use it, of course, but others will be put off.", "On the other hand, just to be clear, if your app or if any app is not valuable at all, if it doesn't have any functional value, then no amount of additional perceived design polish is going to save it.", "So, in this talk, we are assuming that the app has some functional actual value, it's useful.", "It just needs a little bit of polish.", "You may be thinking, well, I'm not a designer.", "How is this relevant?", "I'm a developer.", "Like, I don't do this kind of thing.", "And you're right, you can have a perfectly valuable, good career in software engineering without ever really thinking too much about design.", "You can just implement whatever the designer tells you to implement and that's fine, and there's nothing wrong about that.", "This talk is for people who would like to meet the designer halfway or people who would like to even bridge the gap between development and design.", "Or maybe people who want to become the mythical designer-developer.", "Some people call these developers unicorn developers because they are rare and valuable.", "Okay.", "So what are some of the things that you can do in Flutter to make your app more polished?", "This app, for example, is not polished.", "It shows the agenda of my talk, starting with car doors and ending with animations, and it even, like, tracks my progress and shows a little congrats card at the end.", "So let's pretend it's valuable, but its perceived value is pretty low.", "Let's try to fix that.", "We'll start with white space.", "White space is the blank space around elements of your app that make those elements stand out.", "White space is something that's perceived by product makers as wasted.", "It's like, oh, all these precious fix pixels used just for background?", "What?", "But white space is actually really important and it communicates meaning, hierarchy and relatedness between elements of your app.", "So, do we have a widget in Flutter for white space?", "Yes.", "It's called Padding.", "That's right.", "Sometimes just playing around with Padding in your app will make a big difference in the perceived value of your app.", "And this is something that you can do very early on, even if you're just playing with a prototype.", "It's easy to play with using hot reload, so you can see immediately what the fact is.", "And, again, hot reload will just make it happen.", "You don't need to do anything more.", "A related simple thing to white space is alignment, right?", "This is nothing more than making sure that elements on your screen are lining up nicely.", "For example, these paragraphs might look nicer if they line up with the title.", "Again, this is just padding most of the time, and sometimes using the align widget.", "For example, if you want to line up to the right.", "Aligned elements aren't just nice to look at, the alignment also communicates some meaning.", "The paragraphs belong to the title because visually they're in the same group.", "Next up, typography.", "In most apps, text is a big part of the screen.", "Some apps are basically a vehicle for a lot of text, right?", "So it's important.", "So how do we improve typography in our apps?", "How do we improve the way text looks like?", "You're looking for consistency and delight.", "Consistency means that you have only one text theme and then you're using that one text theme throughout the app.", "You try to keep the fonts, the styles, the sizes to the absolute minimum that still communicates meaning.", "If you find yourself overwriting the text style too often, then that's a good indication that you might not be consistent enough.", "Just extract the styles into text theme and then use that instead.", "[ Upbeat futuristic music ] ♪ How do you delight with text, though?", "Well, that depends on the kind of audience that your app is for.", "Some apps can delight by being minimalist.", "Others might go for absolute mayhem, just crazy things.", "Still others, and I think the majority of them, might delight with just the more classical approach of having a good display font for the headlines and then something subtle but interesting for the body text.", "Don't forget about letter spacing and other typographical measurements.", "They are there for you to play with, right?", "For example, the letter spacing of bigger headlines can be much tighter because the increased size of the letters makes up for the decreased readability of the squeezed characters, and the squeezed characters may look much nicer.", "Line heights, similarly, can be pretty tight in titles, but for body text they need to be more spaced out so that it's easier to read.", "Again, hot reload is your friend.", "You won't get to the right combination on your first try.", "Trust me.", "At least I can't.", "This stuff needs iteration.", "Next, let's look at colors.", "Once again, there's a lot you can achieve just by being consistent.", "So find a palette and stick to it.", "Finding a good color palette is actually pretty hard.", "Again, especially for me, it's super hard, but there are online resources, there are actually online tools that can help you, and there are tutorials and articles.", "You can also get inspired by art and fashion and architecture and what have you.", "When you have a palette, just use it in your material themes ThemeData and then use it around your app.", "So you can specify each color in that material theme themes data, or you can just specify some of the basic colors and let material theme guess the good complimentary colors from that.", "I recommend using material color swatch, which is just a fancy way of saying it's a color and nine of its other shades.", "From a primary color, material theme then can guess some of the other little things.", "Like, for example, the color of text selection in your app.", "But, of course, you can always override to your heart's content and you can make the text selection whatever color you want.", "Material theme has also the concept of accent color.", "This is the kind of color that you want to use sparingly, but that adds a lot more life to your design.", "If you don't have that, then the app could look a little too bland, but, again, use it sparingly.", "Like with red roses in a room, that looks great, but if you have a room that is completely red, that may not be such a good idea.", "If you have a brand or visual to work with, then of course use that.", "That's the best.", "Anyway, there is a lot to be learned about color, of course, but you'll get a long way by just being consistent.", "Next, iconography.", "A nice well-placed image makes a huge difference in the perceived value of your app.", "These can be photographs, illustrations, splats of color, what have you.", "Don't underestimate the power of adding a single image to your app and placing it prominently on the screen.", "[ Upbeat music ] ♪ Also, don't forget to make the image match the rest of the design or vice versa, match the rest of the design to the image.", "Like here, I noticed that there is a subtle gradient on the image, and so I copied it to the background of my app, so, first of all, there is no discontinuity and it also just looks nicer.", "So, so far we looked at white space, typography, color, and iconography.", "So basically Padding, text, color and image, right?", "Even with just these very basic, simple elements, you can make your app look much nicer.", "But let's not stop there.", "One of the coolest things you can do with an app is make it move.", "Let's talk about animations.", "Well, actually, first, let's talk about the basics of motion.", "You want a car to fly from the top to the center of the screen.", "What do you do?", "Well, you use something like slide transition or animated position and you're done, right?", "Wrong.", "You see, by default in Flutter, these kinds of widgets that move around things default to Curves.linear.", "This is an obvious default because Flutter can't know what you want, but it's also a pretty bad default to keep as is because you almost never want Curves.linear to move things around.", "Once again, you should use hot reload and experimentation to find out what's best for you, but most of the time, a good subtle ease out or ease in curve will work.", "In our case, you can see how Curves.easeoutcubic made a huge difference.", "And you can now see how the linear curve looks really weird and unnatural.", "People when they see movement like that in apps, they can't put their finger on what exactly is wrong, they just know it's wrong.", "Well, what's wrong in this case is that we're using the linear curve.", "There is no acceleration.", "It just starts moving in constant speed and then stops immediately, and nothing in the real world moves like that so it feels unnatural.", "Okay.", "So now we have this animation that where the card comes from the top and it's not linearly animated, which is great.", "Can we make it a little cooler?", "A little more satisfying?", "So, just sliding is fine, but we can also animate in the other stuff.", "Like, for example, we can make the confetti icon show up and then we can trick out the text below.", "If we try that and animate everything at once, the result is actually terrible, I think.", "Instead of making the animation look cooler, it's just all muddled and confusing.", "There's a concept called staggered introduction.", "When you're introducing new elements to the UI, you don't want to show everything at once.", "You stagger their animations.", "You space them out.", "So, how do you do this in Flutter?", "Well, there's a great article on flutter.dev called \"Staggered Animations,\" and you should just go check it out.", "It's really good and it has code in it that you can immediately use.", "In short, this is done using Interval.", "Interval is a class that you can use in combination with animation controller, and so for the whole introduction, using all these elements, like, for example, our sliding card and the icon and the text, you use a single animation controller that runs for the whole duration.", "And then for each of the sub-animations, you use Interval.", "For example, an Interval like this will do nothing for the first 50% of the whole animation controller's duration, and then between the 50% mark and the 60% mark, it will do the whole thing and then it will be at rest for the rest of the animation.", "You can combine this with another sub-animation and another part of the thing will use a different interval that can be overlapping with the first one, and in this way, you can orchestrate this ballet of animations.", "In the end, you will have this app that comes to life, like, pow, pow, pow.", "Like, things are starting to come up to life.", "So, is this great design?", "Probably not.", "I don't think so.", "I'm not a designer.", "But it's better than this, right?", "And I spent about three hours doing this.", "Including lunch.", "Instead of days of back and forth with designer.", "Now I can ask an actual designer about ways to improve what I already have, and I have the vocabulary to talk to them about these things.", "By the way, I want to say that the code for this app both before and after will be available on GitHub, and I'll make sure it's accessible so you can play around with it and ideally make it even nicer, because I would really like that.", "In conclusion, here's what you learned today.", "Even without being a full-blown designer, you can still make your apps more [ Car door shuts ] Satisfying to use.", "This will increase the perceived value of your app.", "More people will be installing it, more people will be keeping using it, and research shows people will even think it's more user friendly just by looking at it.", "As I said before, if your app doesn't have any actual value, then no amount of design polish will save it.", "But on the other hand, don't let a perfectly functional, valuable app be overlooked by the users just because it doesn't have that [ Car door shuts ] You know, satisfying element.", "This additional perceived value of your app will, in turn, make you more valuable.", "If you're able to build apps that people value more, then that's going to be good for your career.", "So, learn about the basics of design, color theory, typography, psychology, sociology, and use all that in your Flutter development.", "Think of yourself as a maker, not just a coder.", "A designer-developer.", "Thanks for watching.", "[ Birds chirping ] [ Upbeat music ] ♪ >> Zoey Fan: Hello, everyone, my name is Zoey.", "I am a Product Manager on the Flutter team.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: And I'm Andrew from Flutter's Developer Relations team.", ">> Zoey Fan: Thank you for joining our breakout session.", "We're here today to show you how you can monetize your Flutter apps.", "If you watch the Keynote earlier, you probably already knew that we announced open beta for the Google Mobile Ads STK for Flutter, and that's what we're going to focus on today, but I just wanted to quickly mention that in addition to ads, there are two other ways to monetize your mobile apps.", "For example, you can always charge for your app in the App Store.", "Another option will be in-app purchase.", "You can allow your user to buy extra content or features such as game currency through in-app purchase.", "We also have a plug-in for that on pub.dev.", "Today, we're going to be focusing on ads because we have this new ad integration that we're excited to tell you about.", "During the Keynote today, we announced the Google Mobile Ads SDK for Flutter is now open for beta, and this brand-new plug-in will now support a wide variety of ad formats.", "For example, an overlay banner, which is usually a rectangle ad at the top and bottom of the device screen.", "Second, an inline banner.", "Actually, it's just another variation of the banner ads, but the main difference here is that the overlay banner is floating on top of a Flutter view, but the inline banner allows you to integrate it into the widget tree so the ads can appear in line with ad content.", "Next is interstitial.", "These are full-screen adds that cover the whole screen of your app.", "These ads work great when you place them at natural breaks and transitions in your app.", "For example, you can place them after the user completes a level in a game.", "We also support rewarded video.", "These are ads that reward users for watching short videos.", "Last but not least, we're also supporting Native ads.", "Native ads are highly customizable, so you can design them to match the look and feel of your ad content.", "This allows you to provide a seamless ad experience with minimal interruptions to the app.", "Moreover, another highlight of this new plug-in is that we're now unifying support for both Ad Manager and AdMob.", "For those of you who are not familiar, AdMob and Ad Manager are two different ad services.", "Generally speaking, small to medium-sized publishers prefer AdMob because it's an easy to use solution.", "Google Ad Manager is an ad management platform for large publishers who have significant direct sales and need more advanced features.", "That being said, no matter what size publisher you are, our new plug-in is able to tailor to your scenarios.", "When it comes to mobile code, AdMob and Ad Manager are very similar in terms of implementation.", "So for today's demo, we will use an AdMob ad as an example.", "Before we get started, here's some ad terminology I would like to clarify.", "First, ad unit.", "Ad unit represents a single place in your app where you want to show an ad.", "If you have an app with three screens and you want to show a banner on each screen, then you need to create three ad units so you can control them independently.", "Next, ad format.", "We already talked about it earlier.", "You can choose between a banner ad, an interstitial, rewarded video or a Native ad.", "Ad request.", "When your app loads an ad, it sends an ad request to the server.", "You can use this object to provide additional information that can be used when selected.", "Last but not least, test ad.", "Once you implement an ad, you definitely want to test it, but it's important to enable test ads during development so you can click on them as much as you want without the clicks actually being recorded.", "Because if you click on too many ads without being in test mode, there is a risk your account might be flagged for invalid activity, and you don't want that to happen.", "The good thing is that Google does provide test ad units.", "These ad units are not associated with your account at all, so there's no risk of your account generating invalid traffic when using them.", "Okay, now you have enough of ads terminology, we can get started.", "For today's demo, Andrew and I are going to show you an app we created in our spare time.", "Let me tell you more about it.", "Both Andrew and I are parents, so we created this app called The Big List of Parenting Jokes.", "It was so much fun that we wanted to share it with the entire world, but we soon realized that we have to pay for the maintenance cost, the servers, et cetera, so we'd like to monetize the app via ads.", "That way the app can be free to download.", "In order to load an ad in your app, the first step is to create an ad unit.", "Actually, in order to do so, you will first need to create an AdMob account.", "You can follow the link below to create an AdMob account.", "To save some time, I have already created an AdMob account.", "After you log in, you will navigate to the left and click apps in the sidebar.", "Here, we want to create a brand-new app, so you will now click \"add app.\"", "Let's first create an Android version of our app.", "Select Android as the platform.", "Select \"no\" because we haven't published it yet.", "Let's fill in a name.", "The Big List of Parenting Jokes.", "Select \"add app.\"", "Okay, now you see there are two tasks for you to complete.", "The first one is to set up an app-ads.txt for the app.", "That's a mechanism that lets you leverage your business website for some extra security.", "It's a good thing to use, but since we're focused on mobile app right now, I'm going to skip past it.", "Now let's move on to create an ad unit.", "For the ad format, I'm going to pick banner because banner is probably the easiest one to start with.", "Later Andrew can show you how to display an overlay banner versus an inline banner in the code.", "Now let's enter a name for this ad unit.", "Let's call it a demo ad.", "Well, you know what?", "The name is kind of boring.", "I'm just going to call it \"a fun ad.\"", "Here we go.", "Click \"create ad unit.\"", "Hooray, now you have your first ad unit.", "But don't forget, you only created an Android version at this point.", "Let's repeat the same step to create an iOS one.", "Let's hit \"done.\"", "Go to apps in the sidebar, \"add app,\" select iOS this time, click \"no,\" hit \"continue,\" put the app name there, click \"add app,\" create an ad unit, select a banner again, give it a name, click \"create ad unit.\"", "Cool.", "Now we have two ad units.", "One for each platform.", "Now, Andrew is going to show us how we can load them in our Flutter app.", "Over to you, Andrew.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Thanks, Zoey.", "All right.", "So here I am with my running app.", "It displays a list of jokes that I like to tell my daughter.", "As you can see, my design skills aren't that sophisticated, but my comedy's pure gold, right?", "So, that's why Filip did the talk on design touches, and I'm doing this one.", "Let's take a quick look at the code.", "I have a hard coded list of joke data here in a file called data.dart.", "In main.dart, I have a StatelessWidget that represents my app and another and another widget for the screen itself, which uses a scaffold and ListView to display a row for each joke in the list.", "So, I've got my app.", "Zoey and I made the decision that these jokes need to be brought to the whole world, so I'm going to use ad-based monetization from AdMob to make that possible.", "The first step is to get the ads STK integrated into my project.", "I can do that by adding a line to my pub spec from the Google Mobile Ads plug-in.", "This plug-in has support for iOS and Android.", "While I'm in here, I'm also going to throw in a line for provider, which is a package you may already know.", "It makes distributing data down the tree inherited widgets a little cleaner and easier.", "Now, I just need to do a pub get and a full rebuild of my app, and I'll have those packages and the Native code that comes with the plug-in.", "Now, once that Native code is initialized, some of it's going to look around for an AdMob application ID.", ">> Zoey Fan: I just registered two of those.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Yep.", "And I need to add them to my underlying Android and iOS projects.", "First, let me open the manifest for my Android project.", "I just need to add a little XML element within the application tag to hold that ID as metadata.", "You'll see there's a particular name for the metadata, and don't worry about memorizing that because it's included in the plug-in instructions.", "Okay, so that's Android.", "Now for iOS.", "I need to update the info.plist file that's part of my app's iOS runner subproject.", "The Flutter plug-in for IntelliJ has this handy shortcut for opening XCode, which I will now use.", "Then I add a new row to the plist file called GAD Application Identifier.", "And, again, don't memorize that because it's in the instructions.", "And then I give it a string value and I paste in my iOS application ID.", "Cool.", "So now no matter which platform I'm building for, Android or iOS, the SDK will know right where to find the correct ID.", "Speaking of SDKs, now's a good moment to point out that the Google Mobile Ads plug-in references the same Native mobile ads SDKs that you use for any other iOS or Android app, so the two places you just saw me adding ID values are the same as you would use for any other iOS or Android app, whether it's built with Flutter or not.", "Okay.", "So now I need to update my app's Dart code to take advantage of these new capabilities.", "Let's start right up here in main.", "Before I do anything ads related, I need to initialize the mobile ads SDK.", "For simplicity's sake, I'd like to do that right when my app starts running.", "Because that initialization involves Dart talking to Native code, I need to make sure Flutter's method channel service is running, and the way to do that is by calling WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensure Initialized.", "Now, you may be looking at that line and thinking, I've used plug-ins before, and never in my life had I had to do anything with whatever the heck that method is, and you'd be right.", "Run app will actually call this for you when it executes, but because I want to use a plug-in before calling run app, I need to do it myself to avoid a runtime error.", "Okay, so here's the initialization call, which returns a future.", "It's important to wait for that future to complete before doing anything that involves ads.", "Sitting and waiting before calling run app isn't a great idea, though, so, instead, I'll create a little class to hold data about my ads integration and use Provider to make it available to the widgets further down the tree.", "So, I'll make a new file called AdState.dart, and inside I'll create a little model class.", "First thing it will need is a property for the future, and I can take that in via the constructer.", "Also, I can stick my ad unit IDs in this class.", ">> Zoey Fan: I registered two of those as well.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Right.", "As we saw earlier, Zoey created one banner ad unit for an destroyed -- Android and one for iOS.", "right now, though, and you should always, always, always use test ads when you're working on your app, I'm going to use the dedicated test ad units for banners on iOS and Android.", "There is actually a page in the AdMob documentation that lists these ad units for each platform and format, and they always serve test ads, which makes them great when you're coding.", "So, I'll add a little Platform check here, and return the right ad unit for each one.", "Now, back in my main method, I can create one of these little objects and give it the future from the mobile ads plug-in, then wrap my application widget with a provider and use the value constructer to make my AdState object available to any widget that needs it.", "All right.", "Now, if I do a rebuild of my application, you will see that I have changed absolutely nothing that's visually discernible, but that's okay.", "It's up and running with the SDK, and now I can load and display an ad.", "There are lots of ways to make room in an apps UI to display a banner.", "However, I am but a humble dad joke author, so I'm going to start with one of the simplest, just a single banner at the bottom of the screen.", "First, I'll wrap my ListView in a column.", "Then I can add a sized box at the bottom.", "I'll give it a height of 50.", "There are a bunch of standard sizes for banner ads, but 320 by 50 is definitely the most common.", "Now, I just need to add an Expanded widget around the ListView to make sure it fills all the remaining space in the column.", "And now I can hot reload again, and you see there's now a little space below my ListView for a banner, and the ListView still scrolls nicely within its view port.", "All right.", "Let's load an ad.", "In order to track the state of an ad as it loads, I need a Stateful widget, so I'll convert JokeListScreen to be Stateful, and the plug-in helps me here.", "And now I can add a field for a banner ad.", "This object represents a single banner ad placement within the application.", "The remaining work for me is about load an ad into this placement and using the aptly named ad widget to integrate it into the widget tree so my users can use it.", "Okay, first up is loading an ad.", "I need to make sure initialization is complete before I do that, so I'll override didChangeDependencies in the State object.", "This method is called any time one of the inherited widgets on which a State object depends gets changed.", "It's also run just after initState the first time a State object is created, but before Build, so it's a good spot for any nontrivial work You need to do that requires a Build context.", "First, I need to call the superclass method.", "Next, I'll grab the adState using Provider, then I can use then to add a function to be executed when that feature completes.", "Inside, I'll call setState, and instantiate a BannerAd object.", "It needs a adUnitId, which I can also get from adState.", "And a size.", "I'll use adSize.banner, which is 320 by 50.", "Next up is an AdRequest, and I'll just need a plain one, but this object allows you to set flags and parameters that are used when the server selects an ad.", "If I were using Google Ad Manager here rather than AdMob, I might want to set keywords to help the server select from several different ad campaigns that I'd set up beforehand.", "The last parameter I need is an ad listener object.", "This is a class that exposes a bunch of call backs that the ads plug-in will call in response to events.", "I could define one here, but a better place would be back in adState.", "I can create a getter for a listener right here, and for the actual instance, you know how we've all seen those cooking shows on YouTube where someone starts a recipe for Like a giant roast turkey?", "This is going to take about three hours to cook, but I just so happen to have one here that I started three hours ago.", "Well, consider the following pasted-in code to be my giant roast turkey because it's large and easy to understand.", "Actually, it's only 15 lines, so maybe a roast chicken, but it is good code.", "This is a simple ad listener that just logs all the events that can take place.", "There is one for ad loading, for instance, and one that's called when someone taps on an ad and leaves the app for a browser.", "You could use that one to stop background work if you happen to be running some.", "Anyway, I provide that listener from my adState object right here, and that's it.", "Now I just need to call load, which I'll do using the cascade operator.", "This is a neat little Dart trick.", "It calls the method, but instead of returning the result, it returns the object on which the method was called.", "Cool.", "So now I've got this closure here that will execute once ads are initialized, and it's going to create a banner ad and call set State.", "All that's left now is to display that ad.", "So let me go back to my build method and change the bit at the bottom to use an if then.", "Ever since Dart 2.5, we've been able to use if else statements and for loops inside lists, so I can put a null check on banner ad here and return the sized box if the ad hasn't been created.", "Or put in a Container with the same height if it is.", "Then inside the Container, I'm going to use an ad widget to display my banner ad.", "Okay.", "Let me go ahead and hot restart, and there's my test ad.", "I can tap on it and opener a browser with the destination URL, come back, and you can see in my log that the listener is receiving and printing out ad events properly.", ">> Zoey Fan: Awesome.", "So I guess we're done now.", "Thanks, everyone.", "I hope you've enjoyed this talk.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Wait, we haven't gotten to the cool part yet.", ">> Zoey Fan: Okay, just kidding.", "Please go ahead and be cool.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Thanks.", "And I wish people would say that to me more.", "As some of you may know, there's been an AdMob plug-in for Flutter for a while.", "I actually worked on it a bit when I was on the ads team.", "That's how I got hooked on Flutter in the first place.", "What's new about this version is that at ads are integrated into the widget tree.", "Previously, they were displayed with Native views that floated on top of what whatever Flutter rendered.", "They were two completely different systems, so you couldn't put a banner in a column like I just did, and you definitely couldn't put them in a scrolling list of widgets.", "Now, though, you can, and I'm going to show you how and turn my dad joke business up a notch.", "First up, I'll need more than one banner.", "So what I'm going to do is remove the BannerAd property, and instead keep track of a list of items, one for each row in the list, and they'll be either a joke or a banner.", "Then in initState, I'll start with a copy of the list of jokes.", "So now I've got a new list, and inside didChangeDependencies, instead of creating one BannerAd, I'll loop through the list back to front and drop in banner ads every so often.", "Let's say to start a few from the end, make sure I stop at 1 so there's no chance to have an ad first in the list, and I'll put in one banner every ten items.", "Now, I just use insert at that index, and I create the same banner at constructer and load method from before.", "So, instead of loading one BannerAd, I'm loading a few at once and keeping track of where they should be displayed in the list.", "Cool.", "So now in my build method, I can remove the column and expand it in the FLs and go back to something much simpler.", "First, I need to change item count to use that new list, and then I change the item builder to check the type of the item.", "And return a JokeRow, if it's a joke, or a Container and AdWidget if it's a BannerAd.", "Okay.", "I made a been of changes to the State object, so let's do a hot restart instead of a hot reload, and there we go.", "I've got an ad on the screen and it scrolls right along with the rest of my list.", "There's some other ads below, and you can see they disappear under the app bar just like any other widgets, but I can still tap on a banner Ad, and just like before, go to the browser, come back, no problem.", "This, to me, is the best feature in this new version of the plug-in.", "Being able to monetize with ads in a way that feels more natural and less obtrusive goes a long way to maintaining a good user experience.", "Also, let me pull up an Android emulator and build my app again.", "This is a Flutter event, which means I'm talking to a multi-platform audience, and I know you're curious.", "So here you can see the same app running on Android with no code changes required.", "I'm monetized on both platforms.", ">> Zoey Fan: Thank you, Andrew.", "In this breakout session, we have shown you how you can implement banner ads in your app, but there are a lot of features we didn't get to cover in this short session, and we strongly encourage you to take a look.", "The Google Mobile Ads SDK for Flutter is available on pub.dev for you to download and try today.", "Please follow the link below for detailed documentation.", "By the way, we also designed a code lab.", "Please give it a try.", "We hope this new plug-in will help you unlock more revenue growth for your Flutter apps.", "Thank you for joining us today.", "Bye-bye now.", ">> Andrew Brogdon: Thanks, everybody.", "[ Upbeat outro music ] [ Birds chirping ]" ]

[ "Countdown", "Keynote", "AskFlutter", "From mobile app to web app", "Let's migrate this app to null safety", "The little things: Becoming the mythical designer-developer", "Monetizing apps with Flutter" ]

[ "Hello, everybody.", "My name is Aurora Peddycord-Liu.", "So you will learn so many machine learning algorithms.", "Which one to pick?", "In this tutorial I'm going to share you my approach to pick machine learning algorithms.", "We're going to discuss the pros and cons of some commonly used machine learning models, and we going to see a demo in SAS Viya model studio where we can assess and compare models in an easy fashion.", "Before I start picking my models, I usually ask a lot of questions.", "My questions usually focus on three main components, data, goal, and metrics.", "I ask question about, how are the data collected?", "If the data contains well-defined features, or the data come in set of signals, like time-series sensors, or image pixels.", "I think about, if I assume any relationship or distribution already exists in the data that I should take advantage of.", "After I know more about the data, I think about the goal of this project.", "Am I doing prediction?", "Or am I just simply describe or explore the data?", "And before I pick models, the last thing I consider is metrics.", "Am I focusing on the accuracy of this model, or I care more about the speed of this model when I apply it on new data during the scoring process, or I care more about interpretability.", "Or my boss require me to make sure the model is easy to implement and low maintenance.", "These are all the things you need to consider and think about before you move to the step of picking models.", "So now I know what are my ingredients.", "I'm going to match the machine learning method to my ingredients.", "In here, we don't have time to explain what are the machine learning models.", "So I assume you already have some basic knowledge on different machine learning algorithms.", "I also include some links to describe them below this tutorial.", "I'm going to focus on the pros and cons of three very popular method, decision tree, neural network, and deep learning.", "Decision tree, in my opinion, is great for messy data.", "Because it's essentially a set of rules to partition the data, as compared to a math formula.", "Being not a math formula, it means you can be relaxed on some of the statistical assumption, and you can be more flexible handling missing value and outliers.", "For example, you don't need to replace missing value in order to use it in the math formula.", "Decision tree is also super interpretable.", "You can show it to other people without data science background and they can still understand what you are saying.", "It's also super actionable.", "Sometimes your data is really messy.", "You don't achieve an overall high accuracy.", "But in decision tree, let's say you try to capture potential customers.", "You can find this one branch that captured 20% of all potential customers.", "And all the data in this branch, 90% of them are potential customers.", "So even though the overall tree is not super accurate, you can just write an SQL to use this one pure branch.", "So it's very actionable The cons of decision tree is that it has unstable topology.", "When your data have a little noise or change a little, the topology of the tree may change.", "So that's why many data scientists use decision tree as a part of ensemble model, like gradient boosting or forest.", "I link an excellent tutorial below explaining how to ensemble trees in SAS software.", "The next commonly used one is neural network.", "This one has received so much attention nowadays.", "The pros is that it's a universal approximator.", "What it means is that given enough neurons, enough time, it can model any non-linear relationship.", "And what's better is, you don't need to specify a formula, say y equals to something x, where x cubic, and blah blah blah.", "You can just use this neural network to model any relationship, without predefined formula.", "It's also more resistant to the curse of dimensionality.", "And once this model is learned, it's really fast to apply it to new data, because it's just a very long mass model.", "So it's fast in scoring, as well.", "However, nothing is perfect.", "The cons of network, is that it has a black box.", "You cannot interpret it.", "So in some domain, for example, you need to explain to your customer why they get rejected credit or not, you can't use neural network, because it's a black box.", "It doesn't offer explainability.", "Because it's a mass formula, you also need to impute missing values.", "So if your data has a lot of missing values, maybe this is not the right approach.", "You also need more training data for a longer time, and you often need a strong signal so there's less noise, so the neural network can perfectly captured the curvy or any non-linear relationship.", "So these are the cons of neural network.", "And every time we talk about neural network, people ask about deep learning.", "Deep learning is also a very popular set of machine learning algorithm, but it's not just neural network.", "It is not better, it is not, this more layers neural network, and it's not suitable for any data.", "It's more complex network structures, designed for a specific task and data, for example, time series data or image data.", "In deep learning methods, the pros is that it usually have really, really, really, really great performance for those specific data and tasks.", "For example, image data.", "Your inputs are pixels.", "And you can't possibly do any feature engineering, because they are pixels, and nobody care about explaining them.", "You need structure to combine pixels into eyes, combine eyes into faces, combine faces into a person or group of people, and combined groups of peoples to a scenario.", "You need those layers and layers of feature creation in order to find the true meaning of the data.", "And that is a perfect example of using deep learning.", "The cons of deep learning is that it's also a black box and it's still a math formula, just really, really, really, really, really, really big.", "You can't explain it.", "It has lots of parameters to learn, so you really need large data, long training time, and super computation power in order to learn that many parameters.", "You also need to understand if your data have clear features defined in them, just don't use deep learning.", "Deep learning is applicable to data where the features are not clearly defined and you need layers of layers of abstraction for feature engineering.", "All right, so in step 1, we learned we need to ask many questions about our project and our task.", "In step 2, we learned the pros and cons of different machine learning algorithms.", "Now it's time to do the match.", "You will still find many algorithms suitable for your project.", "So in this step 3, we are assessing results in a systematic approach.", "I'm going to show you how to do that in a very cool tool called SAS Viya Model Studio.", "So I am now in SAS Viya Model Studio.", "The data I am playing with is from a telecommunication company, and I tried to model this churn, binary variables, which represents whether a customer leave your company or stay in your company.", "If they're going to churn, if this goes to 1, they're leaving, then you can offer them a coupon.", "So in this data, we have 128 variables describing the customer's data usage and also his or her demographics information.", "The features are clearly defined, so I know I don't need deep learning models.", "In SAS Viya Model Studio, we approach data science project in this procedurialized way called Pipeline.", "In here we start with data, then we have this procedures to pre-process the data.", "After that, we can select a set of models of our interest.", "And then build them after we pre-process the data, and then compare them in the end.", "Each model can be customized by choosing these options on the right.", "So I pre-ran this already, so let's see what's the result.", "We can read click on any node to see the result.", "It shows me among all these models, the best one is this order to gradient boosting.", "Which is a gradient boosting model is an ensenble of decision trees.", "In here, it's picked the best algorithm using the KS (Youden), which is similar to a UCROC area under the curve.", "But you can feel free to specify what is your metrics that you care about the most.", "In the Assessment tab, you can see lift plots and ROC plots of all the models, or the selected models.", "There are also other options.", "You can also see all the fit statistics of every model in train and validation data.", "In SAS Model Studio project, you can also compare between pipelines, which means you may have different procedures of pre-processing the data or other things.", "You can compare them as well, and it will show you the best among the best models.", "In these you can see the details of the best models of all pipelines.", "You can also see this inside tabs, which is like a auto write-in report.", "They show you the summary of this project, what is the best model, and then some statistics.", "And you can add your own notes so you can summarize your project as a report.", "Moreover, once you find your best procedure, or the systematic way we described in step 3, you can also save it in the shared spot for others to use.", "You can also deploy it in another tool called SAS Model Manager.", "That is not the focus of today.", "But in the SAS Viya Model Manager, you can monitor the model's performance over time and retrain the model as you need.", "I link a really good tutorial on that SAS Model Manager tool below here.", "To summarize, machine learning algorithms are just tools in the toolbox.", "To use the tools correctly, we need to understand your ingredients, then match the tool, match the methods to the ingredients.", "And finally, assess result in the systematic approach, such as using tools like SAS Viya Model Studio.", "If you want to see more of such tutorials, don't forget to subscribe to SAS users YouTube channel.", "And feel free to comment below this tutorial for questions, and also check out other links and resources.", "Thank you." ]

[ "Overview", "Step 1: Understand your ingredients", "Step 2: Match methods to ingredients", "Pros and cons of decision tree", "Pros and cons of neural network", "What deep learning is and what it is not", "Step 3: Assess results in a systematic approach", "How to assess results in SAS Model Studio" ]

[ "Prof: Good morning everybody.", "Today I am going to--well actually let me step back for a second.", "I have been mentioning to you, in the last several weeks I've been mentioning to you, more than once, the fact that we are-- we have been beginning to see what I've described as the baroque element in Roman architecture, the baroque element in Roman architecture.", "And I want to concentrate on that particular aspect of Roman architecture today, which is why I've called the lecture \"Baroque Extravaganzas.\"", "I want to make--at the beginning, at the outset, I want to make a few points.", "I want to highlight what I see as the three major features of baroque architecture in the Roman period.", "The first of these is that those buildings that are baroque, or at least the architects and patrons who designed buildings that we think of today as Baroque, or we might define as Baroque buildings, they used the traditional vocabulary of architecture; they used the traditional vocabulary of architecture.", "And by that I mean the traditional vocabulary of Greek and Etruscan architecture, for the most part.", "I'm speaking now of columns, I'm speaking of pediments, and I'm also speaking of lintels and entablatures and the like.", "They use all of that traditional vocabulary, but they use it in a very different way.", "That's number one.", "Number two is that ancient Roman baroque buildings tend to be decorated in a very ornate fashion -- almost too ornate.", "In fact, we'll see that these buildings are covered with decoration, so much so that they seem to dematerialize some of the architectural elements, including those ones that make up that traditional vocabulary of architecture.", "The third, and in some respects the most important, is the fact that they use these traditional elements of architecture to-- they use them in a way to enliven the surface, to create motion, to create a sense of undulation.", "And that in and out, the in-and-out projection and recession that I've mentioned on a few occasions, we see that interjected into these works of architecture of the so-called Baroque style.", "So keep those three characteristics in mind, as we look at a host of buildings today.", "I also want to mention that we'll focus primarily today on the eastern part of the Empire, where we see a particularly large number of these baroque buildings, in large part because there was a strong tradition in that part of the world for using that traditional vocabulary of architecture, because of the very strong impact of Greece and of Greek architecture, and of access to high quality marble, from that part of the world, which of course is needed for columns and the like.", "So we'll focus on the eastern part of the Empire.", "I also want to make the point that when one thinks about Baroque architecture, in general, one thinks not of Roman antiquity, but rather of the seventeenth century in Italy.", "One thinks, in particular, of two master architects, two great architectural giants, who were on the world stage at that particular time.", "And that is Bernini, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and also Francesco Borromini, Francesco Borromini; Bernini and Borromini, who were themselves rivals, architectural rivals; put up buildings in fact that are often in dialogue with one another.", "I think in particular of the Piazza Navona, where we have Bernini's Four Rivers Fountain, and Borromini's Church of Sant'Agnese there in Agone, and the way in which they were set up to speak to one another.", "I don't know if any of you--I'm sure many of you know the Four Rivers Fountain, where one of the rivers has his hand up, like this, to protect himself.", "And the implication is he needs to protect himself; he's facing Bernini's building, he's facing--excuse me, he's facing Borromini's church, and he needs to protect himself; that is, Bernini's river needs to protect himself from Borromini's church, the implication being that if he doesn't-- he needs to hold up his hand because Borromini's church is going to collapse, because it's so poorly executed.", "So this very interesting dialogue between the two men.", "And again we think of that primarily when we think of Baroque.", "And just a couple of examples.", "I show here--and I'll show you a number of them in the course of the lecture today, especially Borromini's work--but I wanted to focus right at the moment on St. Peter's, San Pietro.", "You see it here, St. Peter's as designed--the dome is designed, as we've discussed before, by Michelangelo.", "The façade design by Carlo Maderno, also a seventeenth-century architect.", "But most interesting are the embracing oval arms of Bernini's colonnade.", "And you can see that so well in the view on the upper left, the embracing arms of that colonnade, and all the motion and the in-and-out movement that we find both on the façade and in the embracing arms is characteristic of seventeenth-century Baroque architecture.", "But I want to maintain today, as I've maintained in the course of the semester, that the Romans, there wasn't anything that the Romans didn't do first, and that it is Roman baroque architecture, as we're going to define it today, that had a huge impact on architects like Borromini and Bernini.", "And I remind you of a couple of instances of that.", "Think back; the whole idea of using hemicycles, curves in architecture is begun by the Romans, of course, in such buildings as the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia at Palestrina, where you see one of the hemicycles up there.", "And you'll remember that from our discussion of the paper topics, that in Gerasa there was an oval piazza or oval forum, well before the oval colonnade of Bernini.", "So again, what I'm going to try to demonstrate today is how important this baroque architecture in Roman antiquity is, not only in its own right, but also as a model and a spur to the architects of the seventeenth century in Italy.", "We have touched upon the beginnings of Roman baroque architecture-- incipient, we might call it incipient Roman baroque architecture-- in a few instances.", "And I just want to remind you of those today.", "Think back to Second Style Roman wall painting.", "I remind you of the Room of the Masks in the House of Augustus, where you see this theatrical façade, done in paint, that represents columns with projecting elements or lintels on either side, and then a kind of a pediment up above.", "We saw our first explorations of this kind of thing in painting, already in 60 to 50 B.C., and then in this case in the '30s to 20 B.C.", "And we maintained at that point that there was probably a direct relationship between theatrical architecture and these kinds of paintings.", "But we don't have much in the way of preserved, built architecture at that time that partakes of some of these characteristics.", "But we think it's possible that there may have been, as I mentioned then, some wooden, some scaenae frons, with these kinds of effects done in wood, that no longer survive today.", "You'll remember also that we looked at the Forum Transitorium in Rome: the forum first of Domitian and then completed by Nerva.", "And I show you a detail of that again.", "And this is when we really begin to see, in built architecture, this move toward what we're defining today as the baroque in Roman architecture.", "And you can see that what we have here are the traditional, the traditional vocabulary of architecture: columns, in this case Corinthian columns, with projecting entablatures on top, creating a system of receding and progressing bays across the surface, which created a kind of undulating movement across the sides of the forum.", "And then you'll remember also, if you look at the frieze, that the frieze continues along the sides of the columns as well, and then in a relief of Minerva, up on top.", "It's not quite--I wouldn't call it overly ornate quite yet, but it is ornate.", "And you'll remember that during the Flavian period, for example, there was a lot of interest in ornate decoration.", "So we're beginning to see some exploration of this kind of thing.", "And then it comes full-blown, in the early third century A.D., the Septizodium, the façade that was designed for Septimius Severus to add to the Palatine Palace, that had been built by Domitian; this incredible façade that is more show than anything else.", "We think it may also have served as a fountain, as I mentioned, very much looking like a theater set, with three very large niches, columns on the curve, and then a series of columns, placed in three tiers, with wings on either side, and we have a sense that this too was quite decorative.", "So all of those elements: the use of the traditional language of architecture, columns, lintels and so on; an interest in a very decorative surface; and then above all this interjection of motion into the structure-- projecting bay, receding bay, projecting bay, receding bay--all using the traditional language of architecture, the traditional vocabulary of architecture, namely columns and the like.", "Then I also showed you the tomb, the second-century Tomb of the Caetennii, under the Vatican in Rome.", "And we looked at this axonometric view in Ward-Perkins showing the brick-faced concrete façade, with the exposed brick that was popular at that time.", "But we focused in on the interior of the structure, where I mentioned that through architectonic means the architects had embellished this surface and created interesting motion in that surface.", "And you see here this same idea of split-- as we see in the paintings of the Second Style, a triangular pediment has been split apart to reveal another triangular pediment inside, with a niche, as you can see, and the rest of the wall embellished with columns.", "So once again this sense of in-and-out movement, across the sides of that wall--walls.", "And here you see a view of it as it looks today.", "The columns and so on are no longer there, but you can reconstruct them in your mind's eye, underneath these capitals, and get a very good sense of this articulation; what we might call a kind of baroque articulation of the walls.", "I mentioned already that most of our best examples of Roman, ancient Roman baroque architecture can be found in the eastern part of the Empire.", "And I'd like to concentrate on those today; although we'll look--we won't look at those exclusively.", "I do have a couple of examples from the West as well.", "I'm going to actually start in the West, at a place called Santa Maria Capua Vetere.", "And I show it to you on the map here.", "It is close to all the sites in Campania that we've been talking about this semester.", "You see Pompeii and Herculaneum and Oplontis and Baia, for example, and Benevento.", "And over here Naples.", "And you can see the proximity of Santa Maria Capua Vetere, to all of those that we've already covered.", "And in Santa Maria Capua Vetere has been found an extremely well-preserved Roman tomb, and you see it here in the center of the screen -- a Roman tomb that dates to the late first century A.D.", "It is very clear that it is made of concrete construction, and that it is faced with opus incertum work, which you can see here very clearly.", "But you can also see that some brick has been used, around the niches, and as a molding, both for these cylinders and for the tholos above.", "This has confused scholars.", "They don't know when to date this; also because of these so-called baroque characteristics where you see this undulating façade, with the use of--well they're not really columns, they're more like cylinders, and in that sense similar to the cylinders that we saw in the Tomb of the Baker, these cylinders.", "But the undulating façade, the use of architectural elements, the interest in decoration, and the cylinders, have confused scholars, as I said, and they have been betwixt and between when to date this thing.", "And some have said that it dates at the time of such buildings as the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia at Palestrina, because of the opus incertum.", "Others have said because of the use of brick here--which we actually think in this case was stuccoed over--that it might be later second century A.D.", "But this is actually more like the tile brick that we saw in Pompeii, rather than the kind of brick that we see in Ostia.", "So I favor the first-century date, late first-century A.D. date.", "But we have to think of it as very prescient of what is to come, experimenting, as did some of those other buildings that I just showed you-- the Forum Transitorium, for example-- with the sort of thing that is going to become particularly popular in the second and third centuries A.D. Now I juxtapose this tomb--and by the way, this tomb, the nickname of this tomb, as you can see from your Monument List, is \"La Conocchia.\"", "La Conocchia means \"the distaff,\" and a distaff is used in spinning and weaving, a spinning thread primarily.", "And it looks like an ancient distaff.", "So that's how it got its nickname, La Conocchia.", "Whether that means that that was intended by the designers, and that this was a tomb of perhaps a woman who was-- or a man working in a factory who spun thread.", "I think that's very far-fetched, I think it's highly unlikely, but I just throw it out there.", "But that is what its nickname is.", "But you can see by the juxtaposition of it with the Tomb of the Baker on the right, and with the Monument of the Julii in Saint Rémy, in the south of France--which we haven't looked at, but which we will look at in a lecture next week on Roman architecture in the south of France, primarily--you will see that it makes reference to both of these.", "Both of these are earlier.", "This is, as you know, Augustan; the one on the left is from the late--the time of Julius Caesar.", "And you can see that it takes elements-- I'm not saying it looked at these in particular, but just that these kinds of elements were already in the air when this building was built, in the late first century A.D.", "The great cylinders of the Tomb of Eurysaces.", "But it is more similar actually to this one, because the Julii Monument, and also La Conocchia, are examples of what we call the tower-tomb type.", "The tower-tomb type is taller than it is wide.", "It has a series of stories, in this case a plain story, then a central story, with the cylinders, and then the tholos at the top.", "And we see the same sort of thing in the Julii Monument: stepped base, socle here with sculptural decoration, a quadrifrons, and then a tholos at the very apex.", "But it's interesting to see the differences between the two, because what we see in this monument again is much more what we would call baroque, in the sense that we have the undulating façade, we have the use of what looked like, in a general way, the traditional vocabulary of architecture, with these cylinders, with the niches, with the pediments.", "But look at the way the tholos is treated.", "When you look at the tholos in the Julii Monument, you see that it really does look like a shrine, and it has statues inside, like a shrine would.", "This one has blind windows, as you can see.", "You can't see into it; there's nothing inside.", "So they're treating the tholos more as a decorative motif than they are treating it as something that has the purpose of holding some either religious items or statues or honorific statues, as it does in this particular case.", "Another view of La Conocchia, a detail which I think shows you what I mean about motion being introduced into monuments like this.", "In this case we are dealing with concrete, and that is somewhat different, the use of concrete to create undulation, than the use of the traditional vocabulary of architecture.", "But here we see a combination: the concrete wall, faced with the opus incertum, the great cylinders on the edge, and then the aedicula here, with the pediment and the niche below.", "And you can also see very well the cylinders that are located between the blind windows, as well as this combination of opus incertum work, and also the tile brick that is used to represent the moldings and the like.", "I want to compare the central zone of La Conocchia with a seventeenth-century Baroque building in Rome.", "This is Francesco Borromini's Sant'Ivo in Rome, taken from an angle that accentuates the curvature of the façade, and the contrast between the concavity of that curvature and the convexity of the outside of the dome, that you see up above -- the same sort of thing here.", "So once again architects of the seventeenth century very much inspired by these kinds of motifs that survived from Roman antiquity.", "On the left-hand side of the screen--you'll all remember this; this is the elliptical fountain from the Palace of Domitian on the Palatine Hill that was located-- that he could see, through his window, out of the triclinium, when he dined.", "And you'll remember here also in this case made out of concrete construction, designed by Rabirius.", "You see the elliptical wall and the convexity of that elliptical wall; the central element also convex, but with these interesting concavities, scallops, that Rabirius has created, through concrete faced with brick around the structure.", "So in that case--all I'm trying to do here is show you that you can create similar effects, either in concrete or through columnar architecture.", "But what separates revolutionary concrete architecture, as we've discussed it today, and baroque architecture, as I'm going to define it this morning, is that in baroque architecture they're relying on the traditional-- not on concrete--but on the traditional vocabulary of architecture-- namely, of course, columns, pediments and the like-- to create their effects.", "A place where it all comes together you'll recall is at Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli.", "We're looking here at the Piazza d'Oro, a plan of the Piazza d' Oro: the octagonal vestibule, the great open rectangular space that you can see here, and then the aula or the audience hall on the far right.", "And you'll remember the aula had these wonderful undulating walls.", "But what separated the aula from other undulating walls that we had seen earlier is that it was not done with concrete, but was done with columns.", "You'll remember the columns were placed in such a way that they followed the curved shape, and then they supported a concrete dome.", "So this wonderful combination of the use of traditional language of architecture, along an undulating form, and then with concrete at the top.", "So we can see already in the Hadrianic period further exploration of this kind of thing.", "I also want to show you a very interesting painting, painted room, and this is in the House of the Labyrinth at Pompeii.", "It's early in date; it dates to 50 B.C.", "But it's an extraordinary room.", "It's the atrium of the house.", "And we talked about several different kinds of atria.", "We talked about the atrium that had no columns at all, and we talked about the tetrastyle atrium which had four columns around the central basin.", "What you see here are a host of columns surrounding that central basin.", "And when you have a number of columns like this, more than four, we call it a Corinthian atrium -- a Corinthian atrium with lots of columns.", "And what you can see the artist and patron have done here is to orchestrate the relationship of those real columns with the fictive architecture that is painted on the wall, and to play them up in such a way that as you're standing in the room you are looking through the real columns to see this view that lies behind of a tholos which you can view through the broken triangular pediments.", "I show it to you for a couple of reasons: one, just to remind you that we saw this kind of thing in painting very early on: this is again 50 B.C., in the Republic still.", "As we see, the architects taking the traditional vocabulary of architecture and playing with it, breaking it up, opening it and revealing something that lies behind, in this case the tholos.", "But look also at the way in which the tholos looks like it's in the distance.", "You get the sense that you are looking through an opening in the wall, a window in which you can see that tholos.", "It seems to lie behind the broken triangular pediment.", "The pediment has been broken open to allow you to see a vista that lies behind, and you get the sense, as you look at this painting, that the tholos is surrounded by a peristyle, and that there's also some greenery and so on out there.", "And then to accentuate this idea of the view through the wall, they have then added the columns here, so that you're looking through real columns, to fictive columns, to broken triangular pediment, to the tholos that lies behind.", "You'll see the relevance of this when we look at some additional monuments.", "I want to move--I want to now go now east to look at some of the most spectacular examples that survive of what we are calling baroque architecture in Roman antiquity today.", "And I want to begin in a site that is in modern Jordan.", "I'm showing you a map of the Eastern Roman Empire, and we see the site in question, Petra, or some say Petra: you can call it either one, Petra or Petra.", "You see Petra over here, which is in Jordan today.", "And you can see its relationship to the Red Sea, to Egypt, to Alexandria, to Judaea, modern Israel, and to some of these other sites -- one, in fact, a couple of others that we'll look at, Baalbek, today, and the site of Gerasa, which is where that oval pizza or forum comes from.", "Here's another map of Petra, just to show you where it is located today, within Jordan, its relationship to Amman, and to the ancient site of Gerasa -- as you can see up at the bottom, fairly close to the Israeli border, as you can see, as well as to Aqaba down below.", "Just to get you in the mood for Petra, we are walking here.", "There are incredible cliffs here, as well as desert, incredible cliffs, and we're walking here through what is known as the Siq in Petra.", "And I want to mention that this is one of those interesting provinces where in order to understand the architecture that was built during the Roman period, you have to have a sense of the local customs, of what happened here before, the buildings that were built prior to the Roman period.", "And we know that the so-called Nabataeans-- n-a-b-a-t, nabat, n-a-b-a-t, Nabataeans, a-e-a-n-s, Nabataeans--lived here, inhabited this part of the world, before the Romans got there.", "And we know that the Nabataeans built architecture, and that they built architecture primarily out of the stone of the cliffs, and also out of mud.", "And one can imagine the kinds of things that you see here, the rock-cut tombs, already begun during the Nabataean period.", "And it's interesting, if you look very closely at some of the detailed decoration here, you can see something that any of you who wrote your paper on the Temple of Bel at Palmyra remember, the sort of stepped, the stepped motif decoration.", "We see the same sort of thing here.", "But just important for you to know that the Nabataeans were building with stone and with mud before the Roman period, and so when the Romans came in and began to build their own architecture, obviously the impact of what had been built there earlier had made an impression on them.", "They too decided to build their tombs out of the living rock of Petra, and they are among the most spectacular and unusual tombs that survive from the Roman period.", "And I want to show two of them to you today: the so-called Deir, D-e-i-r, and the so-called Khazne, K-h-a-z-n-e. We will look at both of them, with the Deir first.", "And if you look at the Deir, and the way in which it has been created by carving it out of the living rock, you should not only be impressed, but you should say to yourself, \"Wow, this is Roman facadism at its greatest,\" at its most obvious as well.", "This is really Roman facadism, because all there is is the façade, there's nothing else.", "The tomb itself is located inside the rock.", "The tomb chambers are inside the rock.", "They didn't do anything to them except hollow them out -- nothing much else there.", "They've concentrated all of their efforts on the façade, which seems to grow out of the rock, almost as if by nature.", "And if you look at this tomb, the Deir, you should also be struck immediately by the way in which what the Romans have created here is a version in built architecture of what we saw already in 60 to 50 B.C.", "in Second Style Roman wall painting.", "It is exactly the same kind of thing: this idea of breaking a triangular pediment open to reveal a tholos that lies inside, in this case on a second story.", "We see all of the elements that I've already mentioned, or most of the other elements that I've already mentioned.", "We see here, in this façade, the use of the traditional vocabulary of architecture: the columns, the entablature above, and pediments and so on down here, triangular pediments down here.", "We see all of those, but used in a way that the Greeks would never have done.", "And we see less in this one.", "I'll show you better examples of this interest in over ornamentation.", "There is ornamentation here, but it's actually fairly simple.", "So this one doesn't partake of that, as much as others that I can show you.", "But it does definitely, by using the traditional vocabulary of architecture; the surface is enlivened by creating elements that project.", "Look at these columns on either side, with their projecting entablatures, standing alone--or more pilasters than columns in this case-- standing alone, projecting--a receding bay, a projecting bay, a receding bay, a projecting bay-- instilling motion across this surface, by means of the traditional vocabulary of architecture, again in this case on two levels.", "Here's another view of the façade of the Deir, on the left-hand side of the screen, and you can see the material used is obviously the rock itself.", "This has been literally carved out of the living rock, so that it's obviously the same stone and the same color as the rock that still serves as its backdrop.", "And then over here, the House of the Labyrinth again, just to show you again the close resemblance of this sort of thing in the mid-second century A.D., in what is now Jordan, to Second Style Roman wall painting.", "And I show you again the tholos within the broken triangular pediment.", "But the main difference between the two-- and here is where we do get into this whole concept of decoration and even over decoration-- the main difference between the two is when you're standing again in the House of the Labyrinth, looking through the actual columns, toward the painting, and you see that the triangular pediment has been broken to reveal the tholos, as I mentioned before, you still have a sense of space and you still have a sense of reality.", "Even though the pediment has been broken, you seem to be--you are looking at a tholos, and you're meant to think that that tholos lies inside a peristyle court, or a garden, that is outside the house, that you're seeing through a window.", "So you read the tholos, or at least I read the tholos, as further back than the broken triangular pediment.", "That is entirely different here.", "Yes, there's a tholos; yes, there's a broken triangular pediment.", "But the tholos has been turned into a decorative motif, among many.", "It is a tholos, yes, but it doesn't look like a working tholos, so to speak.", "You can see that it has a niche in the center of it, just like the other bays have niches that probably held a statue.", "But you don't have a sense that there is any space in there.", "It is a decoration on the surface, on the façade, of this structure, just like all the other decorations.", "And that is a major difference between the way in which the tholos is used in the Deir and the tholos is used in typical Second Style Roman wall painting.", "You may also have noticed some of the decoration; and I'm going to show you some details now, so that we can look at those together.", "Here you get a very good sense of the color of the stone, of the rocks, of Petra.", "But you also see here a capital that is unlike any capital that we have seen before.", "And this is where we see the influence of the Nabataeans.", "The Nabataeans were building buildings that had capitals that looked this, sort of interesting undulating capitals, but very plain: plain with a concave side and then a kind of knob in the center, as you can see here.", "These are Nabataean capitals, and in this mid-second century A.D. tomb you can see that they are looking, they're clearly looking at models from Rome.", "They are clearly looking at the kinds of paintings that I have already reminded you of, but at the same time--or let's say drawings made from those paintings that are circulated, or the architects may have access to.", "But they are combined with local elements, in this case the Nabataean capitals.", "And then if you look at this detail over here, you will see that they've used a kind of triglyph and metope system, with the panels and then the triple striated bands that we saw was characteristic of Greek Doric architecture; that's used here.", "But look at what's in the metope.", "We don't see anything like this in Greek or Roman architecture; the metopes, in fact, in Greek architecture are usually filled with figural scenes, figural panels.", "But here we see these large disks, and a disk in each one of these square panels.", "These are Nabataean disks.", "They are used in earlier Nabataean architecture.", "So once again this very interesting and very fruitful coming together of Nabataean elements and of Roman elements in this extraordinary tomb of the mid-second century.", "And then I show you, on the left-hand side of the screen, the finial that caps the tholos.", "And a fellow sitting over here, at the base of the finial, is very helpful to us because he gives us a sense of human scale.", "This is this man; he's small compared to the finial.", "So you can imagine how small he is in relationship to the tomb as a whole.", "So once again bigger is better reigns supreme in Jordan, as it did in Rome, where we can see that the Romans are building very large in the second century.", "If we look at this finial here, this decoration at the apex, we see that they have used one of these Nabataean capitals again here, and that that supports a kind of fat vase on the top, with a top on it.", "And that, you see that sort of thing in Roman art; you see it sometimes in Second Style Roman wall paintings.", "It's probably a Greco-Roman motif that has been combined with the Nabataean capital here.", "And you can also see, from looking at this, as well as the tomb as a whole, that the architect is really treating these buildings almost more as sculpture than as architecture, molding them in a way that a sculptor might.", "And that's not so different from what we saw Rabirius, for example, doing in his octagonal room and in the fountain at the Palace on the Palatine Hill.", "Here again Borromini, Francesco Borromini's Sant'Ivo, the uppermost part of that, just to show you again the kind--these are by no means exact; there's no exact relationship between these two at all, and this one has different features than that.", "But just to show you that it's this kind of thing that unquestionably inspires architects like Borromini in the seventeenth century in Italy to create the kind of lanterns and so on that they do for the churches that they design.", "Here's another interesting comparison.", "This is a wonderful view of the Deir in Petra, which shows you I guess best of all the way in which it is carved out of and still embedded into the rock of Petra itself; magnificent.", "And I compare it here too to another Borromini church.", "This is the famous Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, better known as San Carlino, the Little San Carlo, San Carlino, as you see here.", "And you see what Borromini has done.", "He has the undulating façade-- he's using the traditional vocabulary of architecture, just like these architects are, these nameless architects are: the columns and the entablatures and the pediments, and so on and so forth.", "He's using all of those here.", "He even has a tholos in the second--in the upper story, right there.", "And he is also very taken with the whole idea of an actual undulating wall, as you can see also in this view.", "But he is doing the same sort of thing that we see architects doing here, and I don't think there's any question that the sort of building that we see on the right, the Deir, had impact on architects in the seventeenth century.", "We know that some of them traveled to this part of the world.", "We know that drawings were made, that books were made, that these were brought back, these were seen by people in Rome in the seventeenth century-- and of course they had local things to see as well in Italy-- and that they were influenced by what they saw.", "The other rock-cut tomb, the other very impressive--there are many of them in Petra; I'm only showing you two out of a fairly nice variety.", "But I want to show you the other most famous one, the Khazne in Petra.", "It also dates to the mid-second century A.D. Once again carved out of the living rock.", "Once again pure facadism; this is nothing more than a façade.", "You can see how in this case--once again two-storied-- a very similar scheme to what we saw at the Deir-- two-storied, with a temple front down below and a tholos above, that is revealed by the splitting of the triangular pediment, as you can see well.", "Once again the tholos definitely treated as a decorative motif.", "Yes, in this case it has a statue on a base, but a statue on a base that is not a real statue on a base, but a statue on a base that is carved onto the stone.", "So once again we get a sense that this is a decorative motif rather than an actual statue standing in the tholos, and the same for the items on the bases on either side.", "You can see the triangular pediment very well.", "You can see the way it has been split aside to reveal the tholos.", "You can see down below a real temple front, in this case.", "This one is much closer to its Roman prototypes, in the sense that even the decorative motifs are Roman.", "Unlike in the Deir, where we saw the Nabataean capitals and the disks, here we see actual versions of the Corinthian order used; the Corinthian order used here.", "This looks very much like a real temple front, with an actual pediment; sculptural decoration, a frieze as well.", "We're beginning to see, in this one, not only the use of the traditional vocabulary of architecture, and not only the enlivening of the surface using that traditional vocabulary of architecture through these-- in such a way that it creates motion-- projection, recession, projection, recession-- but we also are seeing here, in a way that we did not in the Deir, this interest in excess ornamentation: ornamenting every surface that you possibly can, with sculptural friezes, with pedimental sculpture, with statuary carved into the stone in all of the niches.", "But then again, a much closer relationship to earlier Roman precedence by the temple front, by the use of the Corinthian order.", "But this one too, a very similar finial at the top of the tholos, but using a kind of Corinthian capital, with one of those vases on top; vases, by the way, that we often see in Second Style Roman wall painting.", "Once again, one could come up with a lot of comparisons for the Khazne with monuments, with seventeenth-century Baroque buildings in Rome.", "This may not be the best, but it's one of my favorites and I decided to show it in this context.", "But it's the Church of Santa Maria--it's right near the Piazza Navona--Santa Maria della Pace, designed by Pietro da Cortona.", "Same sort of idea; you know, the temple front down below.", "Yes, this is a different kind of temple front, because it's a round temple and not one with a pediment.", "But the same general idea of having a temple front below, and then a second story above, all of this enlivened with traditional vocabulary of architecture-- columns, columns, pilasters, a window in the niche, right up there a very interesting segmental pediment inside a triangular pediment.", "Just to show you that this kind of experimentation that we see in seventeenth-century Baroque architecture, mostly in church building but also in palaces, is so clearly inspired, let's say, by the baroque architecture of Roman antiquity.", "A couple more details here.", "Here's a wonderful view from down below showing you the tholos of the Khazne at Petra, and comparing it to, once again, some of the confections of baroque architects in Rome, of the seventeenth century, namely Sant'Ivo again, with its curved façade and wonderful eight-sided dome, and some of the interior decoration also of Sant'Ivo above.", "Staying on the--staying in the Eastern Empire, I want to go now to ancient Asia Minor, to two sites on the coast, on the western coast of what is now Turkey, Ephesus and Miletus, Ephesus and Miletus.", "And I want to begin in Ephesus, to show you one building there of considerable interest I think, in terms of its relationships to Rome.", "It is the Temple of Hadrian, so called, that dates to around 120 to 130 A.D. in Ephesus.", "We know Hadrian visited Ephesus.", "We know that those who lived there wanted to honor him by building a temple to him.", "It is actually more a shrine than a temple.", "This is not a bigger is better; this is actually a fairly small structure, as I said, more a shrine than it is a temple.", "It's a kind of street side temple.", "You're walking along the street and then there, all of a sudden, it is.", "But what's interesting about it is the fact that it makes use of the arcuated lintel, as you can see here, straight and curved, just as we saw it used at the Canopus at Hadrian's Villa.", "So a motif that we see in Italy, being used also in Asia Minor for another Hadrianic building -- so it's becoming associated, in the minds of designers, with Hadrian himself.", "So traditional vocabulary of architecture, but used in a different way, by using the straight and arcuated lintel together.", "This is a very good example of this interest in over-ornamentation.", "Every single square inch is used by the architects to decorate: as you can see, the architrave and also the lintel in the back and the pilasters in the back, all of them decorated to the point where the decoration almost dematerializes the architectural members.", "Another detail where I think you can see that particularly well, here on the right, this dematerialization of the architectural members through sculpture.", "And you'll remember this same approach in the Severan Basilica in Leptis Magna.", "This is a detail of the piers that we believe were added during the time of Caracalla -- so around 216 A.D. Obviously much later in date, but we see already here this interest in this sort of thing, that's going to culminate at places like Leptis.", "And also just to make the point that this same use of the straight and arcuated lintel, that we see in Hadrianic architecture, turns up also in seventeenth-century Baroque Rome.", "I show you the interior of San Carlino here, where you can see again the straight and arcuated lintels combined.", "So clearly seventeenth-century Baroque architects looking back at Roman examples.", "I want to show you briefly a gate at Miletus, also, as you saw, in ancient Asia Minor.", "It's the gate to the South Agora or marketplace of Miletus, and it dates to around A.D. 160.", "It is no longer in Miletus.", "It was moved some years ago, as antiquities sometimes are, from its country of origin to Germany.", "It now can be seen in the museum in Berlin.", "They also have a great model in Berlin that shows you the relationship of the gate to the rest of the Roman city; and you can see the gate way up there.", "An incredible showpiece for the city, this gate that allowed one to enter into the South Agora.", "I show it to you as reconstructed in the museum in Berlin.", "It is quite an impressive piece.", "You can see here, it is that, it is a gate, and it shows that you could apply these baroque facades to just about any kind of architecture.", "You see that the gate has a triple opening down below, three blind windows on top.", "It is made entirely out of stone.", "It uses the traditional vocabulary of architecture: columns and capitals.", "You can see the capitals in this case are--seem to be composite capitals.", "And it is very much the theater, the theater scaenae frons idea, with a series of projecting elements on top of two columns, with wings on either side, also projecting.", "Down below, the lintels are straight, but up above they have combined full triangular pediments in the wings, with a broken triangular pediment in the center.", "And the broken triangular pediment in the center is particularly interesting, because you can see the two sides, left and right, up above.", "But you can also see that they've included the center of the pediment, but in a plane that is further back.", "So you get this kind of zigzag motif, where you begin--the pediment begins in the front zone and then zigzags to the back zone, which injects even further, even a greater motion, into the overall scheme.", "Once again we see the projection, the recession, projection, recession, all using the traditional vocabulary of architecture.", "It's interesting to compare this to a much earlier gate in Greece.", "I show you the Propylaia, the gateway to the Athenian Acropolis, fifth century B.C., where you can see it's all function.", "They've used the Doric order here, and the columns support the roof above; triglyphs and metopes.", "The whole idea--it's very beautiful--but the whole idea is to use these columns functionally.", "Very different in this gate in Miletus, in the second century A.D., where you can see that the columns are no longer used for structural purposes, but mainly to decorate and to enliven and to add motion to the structure in a way that is entirely out of keeping with these important Greek precedents.", "Here you see a detail: some tourists looking at this and other things, in the museum in Berlin, which gives you again a sense of the colossal scale of this structure.", "Here you can see also very well the composite capitals, as well as once again this interest in an almost overly decorative surface that is so characteristic of baroque architecture.", "A number of you embarked on the Library of Celsus as your paper topic; so I'm sure you know everything there is to know about that.", "But I want to show it to you quickly, in the context of this lecture, because it's an important monument for all of you to be aware of.", "Lest you think that it has always looked the way it looks now, I show you a view that was taken, well by now twenty-five years ago or so, before the building was re-erected, which it has been since then.", "The building--this is what the Library of Celsus looked like twenty-five or so years ago.", "But fortunately, even though everything had fallen down, it was all there, as you can see.", "There were fragments strewn everywhere: hundreds and hundreds of fragments strewn around the site, and enough fragments so that basically the building was there.", "And what they eventually decided to do was use those fragments to re-erect it, which took a number of years.", "And the results have been truly spectacular.", "I show you a view of Ephesus as it looks today, looking back toward the re-erected Library of Celsus, and then a better view here, where you can see what all of those pieces, the giant jigsaw puzzle that all of those pieces ultimately made.", "You can see here this incredible façade of the Library of Celsus in Ephesus.", "And you can see the scheme is the same as I've just showed you in the South Agora Market Gate at Miletus, in this case two tiers.", "The bottom tier is very similar to what we saw there, just two columns supporting a straight entablature above.", "And then in the second story, the addition of more decorative elements, with segmental, two segmental pediments flanking a rectangular one in the center, with separate individual columns at either end, like we saw in the Deir, with supporting projecting entablature.", "Once again using the traditional vocabulary of architecture to create motion across the surface: projection, recession, projection, recession.", "But here, one very interesting feature is that if you look at the second story and the placement of those second story elements on top of those below, you can see that the ones at the top are not directly above the ones at the bottom, as we saw in the market gate, but they straddle the space below, which is very interesting.", "So instead of having the two columns, with a pediment above, right above this, you can see the columns with the pediment above are right above the space, so they're straddling the spaces.", "Which, if you look at it for awhile, you'll see adds an additional sense of motion to the surface of this structure.", "I think you can also see from this general view the interest in ornamentation.", "You can see that perhaps much better here, in these details.", "Here's a detail of one of the niches.", "Some of the statues are still preserved, with the names of the figures in Greek down below.", "You can see the way in which they have essentially dematerialized the piers by decorating them so extensively.", "And this wonderful view up, where you can see the variegated marble that is used here.", "You can see the coffered ceiling.", "You can see the deep undercutting of the capitals, and the entablature, and how overly ornamental it actually is.", "And you can also see that in the uppermost part actually what they've created here, in this particular building, is something that looks very much, I think, like the architectural cages at the upper tier of the Fourth Style.", "And I remind you of a detail of one of those, from that fragment from Herculaneum that shows the same sort of coffered ceiling and elements, as well as the split triangular pediment, that we see also in built architecture in the second century A.D. in Ephesus.", "The inside of the structure looked like this.", "This is from Ward-Perkins, showing you one main niche; a couple of other tiers with columns, much simpler inside, as you can see.", "The niches had shelves, and this is where the scrolls were kept, in the library.", "And here a niche, beneath which was a place for the last resting place of Celsus.", "I mentioned this to you when we talked about the paper topics, that Celsus wanted--he built this library as a benefaction to his city, to benefit the citizenry obviously of the city, as well as to have a building to put his name on.", "But he liked it so much, and it meant so much to him, that he decided to make it his own tomb.", "He was buried in his library, beneath that central niche; you see it in plan here, the location of that central niche-- so as he could be in the midst of this extraordinary building that he built, in perpetuity.", "Another showpiece done in this same ancient Roman baroque style is the one that you see here, in a restored view, from the Ward-Perkins textbook.", "It dates to the early second century A.D.", "It's a nymphaeum, or a fountain, located at Miletus in Turkey.", "We see it here.", "And it was also an extraordinary structure.", "It was much more ostentatious than it needed to be; it could get the job done with a lot less.", "Its purpose was to serve as a fountain.", "You've got the basin down below.", "You could do this with a single story certainly.", "But they built up three stories in this particular place.", "They've been as ostentatious as they possibly can.", "They've spent as much money as they possibly can.", "Because I think it was a form of one-upsmanship from one city to the next; you know, I have a better fountain than you've got, or I've got a more ornate fountain than you've got, was the whole idea; our city is doing particular well, because you can see what prosperity has wrought by this amazing fountain that we've been able to build for the benefaction of the people of the city of Miletus.", "And you can see that the scheme is the same.", "It looks back certainly to the theatrical architecture, to the Second Style painting and Fourth Style painting that we've talked about here.", "The same general idea, with the first story a series of double columns with straight entablatures above; in the second story the addition of pediments, in this case triangular pediments combined with these interesting scroll motifs over some of the pairs of columns.", "And then in the uppermost story, triangular pediments once again, niches behind them and between them, with statuary, as you can also see, and then pilasters, decorative pilasters on the wall.", "This one also has wings, but you can see that the wings are even more elaborate than the wings we've seen in any of the other structures, and they, in fact, have pediments that face in toward the central part of the structure and toward the fountain proper.", "Ward-Perkins has added a few figures here that give you a sense once again of the enormity of the scale of this amazing fountain in the city of Miletus.", "I mentioned that although I was going to concentrate today on baroque architecture in the eastern part of the Empire, I would show at least one example from the West, and I show that to you here.", "It takes us back to North Africa, to a place called Sabratha, which is located in between Timgad and Leptis Magna, that we looked at last time.", "Here's the site of Sabratha, and you can see that it too is located on the sea.", "An extraordinary theater was built there, and it's another example of the way in which these baroque façades could be used for a whole host of buildings; it could be used for theaters and for temples and for fountains and for libraries and so on and so forth.", "But theater architecture it was particularly appropriate for, because we've seen, from the very beginning of Rome, that these kinds of ornate columnar schemes were used quite frequently in theatrical architecture.", "We are looking at the exterior of the Theater at Sabratha, which you can see from your Monument List dates to around A.D. 200.", "It has been re-erected.", "Much of it had fallen down, but once again there was quite a bit of--the stone was there, and so they re-erected the façade.", "You can see that it, like pretty much everything we've looked at today, was made out of local stone.", "And you can also see two tiers.", "And you can see that although it's made out of local stone, it is very similar to the sort of thing we saw much earlier in Rome itself.", "Think of the Theater of Marcellus.", "Think of the Colosseum: the scheme of arches with pilasters or columns in between them, engaged into the wall, as you can see so well here.", "If you look at the view on the left, you will see however that the stage building of the Theater at Sabratha is particularly well preserved, and I want to show you two views, two spectacular views, this one in particular, which shows you what this structure looked like in antiquity and what it looks like now.", "And it is another one of these extraordinary baroque facades, again so typical for theatrical architecture.", "We see the three great niches, as we often do-- think of the plan of the Augustan Theater at Leptis Magna, for example--three great niches, these columnar elements on either side, in three stories, no straddling here, they are just on top one another, as you can see well, but a series of four instead of the usual two.", "But then within the niches they've also created these elements, in this case with two columns that project; they're inside the niche, they're contained inside the niche, but they project in front of the niche, adding even more enlivenment to the structure.", "Look down below also.", "We rarely have the bottom of the stage preserved, but we have it preserved here, and preserved extremely well.", "The bottom of the stage has been scalloped.", "It has projecting elements, with columns.", "And the whole thing is decorated with sculpture -- so many figures that those figures seem to almost dematerialize the stone.", "A crowd of figures, not just a few figures that you can read very well, but a whole host, crowds of figures, that show again this interest in over-decoration in these baroque buildings.", "Here's another view, not quite as clear, but I think a very good one, that also gives you a very good sense, not only of the stage decoration, but of the scale of the structure, because we've got a few tourists standing here, which show you that once again bigger is better is clearly the rallying call of the day.", "Here's a detail of some of that decoration: gods and goddesses and the like.", "We see the Three Graces here, for example.", "But you can see the way they are crowded in, to give one a sense of a kind of excess ornamentation, which was obviously very popular during this period.", "The last set of buildings that I want to show you are in many respects the most interesting of all, and this is a group of buildings that are part of a complex in what is now Lebanon, the city of Baalbek.", "The so- called Sanctuary of Jupiter Heliopolitanus at Baalbek, which was constructed over a 200-year period, from the mid-first century A.D. to the mid-third century A.D.", "The location of Baalbek is right over here, as I said, in modern Lebanon.", "And the remains are incredible, the remains are incredible.", "Every so often there's, you know, often fighting.", "This is the Bekaa Valley, so there's often fighting that breaks out in this particular part of the world, and one worries about these monuments, but so far they seem to have withstood some of the difficulties that that area has experienced in recent years.", "And you see some of them here in the--it's nicely silhouetted against the landscape.", "But this gives you a better idea of what the complex looked like in antiquity, and I show it to you here.", "Again, it was built over a series of years.", "But let's just talk about it as a whole, and then I'll break down the chronology for you.", "It had a grand entranceway, with a single staircase; façade orientation, with an arcuated lintel here, contained within a pediment.", "Then, interestingly enough, you went from that entranceway into a hexagonal court, open to the sky.", "From the hexagonal court, into this great open rectangular space, surrounded by columns.", "A very large altar right here, to Jupiter, because the main temple in this complex was the Temple to Jupiter, and you see it also in the restored view at the back.", "So the Altar to Jupiter, the Temple to Jupiter.", "If you look at the Temple to Jupiter, you will see it's very similar to the temples that we've been looking at over the course of the semester: very tall podium, single staircase, façade orientation, deep porch, freestanding columns in that porch, and the like.", "And you can also see that there is another temple right outside the walls of this one.", "This is the so-called Temple of Bacchus, which is one of the three that was part of this complex, that also seems to have had its own little courtyard.", "And then down here, out of the picture, a round Temple to Venus that we're also going to look at.", "This is a restored view of the same, showing you the entranceway, the hexagonal court, the large Temple to Jupiter, the smaller Temple to Bacchus, and the forecourt that it too would have had, as well as this much less elaborate entranceway into the Temple of Bacchus.", "This is perhaps the most spectacular view I've shown you all semester of anything; this is really an awesome photograph, I think, taken from the air.", "Needless to say, I can't lay credit to this, since it was taken from the air.", "But you see it here, and it is an amazing, amazing photograph, that really gives you a better sense than anything else might of the current remains, where you can see the entrance gate.", "You can see that the staircase is a shadow of what it once was; it was once much wider.", "You can see the hexagonal court from above.", "You can see the open rectangular space.", "You can see the bare remains of the altar.", "And you can see the Temple of Jupiter, which has its podium, not much of its staircase, and only six columns still surviving.", "But the Temple of Bacchus outside the walls, much better preserved, and gives us a very good sense of these temples as a whole.", "A plan over here, showing the same: the entrance court, the hexagonal entranceway, the open rectangular space, at A the Temple of Jupiter, B, the Temple of Bacchus.", "And here an engraving showing the entranceway, with this arcuated lintel, just as we saw popular in the Hadrianic period, and the pediment.", "Now the chronology is that the Temple of Jupiter was built first, in the mid-first century A.D. That's way back, that's like the time of Claudius and Nero: mid-first century A.D. Then in the second century there were other additions, and it was in the third century that the propylon and the hexagonal court-- the second century actually was the open rectangular space was added in the second century, and then in the third century they added the hexagonal court and the entranceway.", "So moving from the back toward the front.", "These are the six columns that are preserved of the Temple of Jupiter, at Baalbek.", "They are incredibly--the whole structure is incredibly large.", "This is the biggest building we've seen thus far.", "We know there were ten columns in the front, nineteen on the sides.", "They're again made out of honey colored local limestone; I think, as you can see so well in both of these views.", "In this case the podium was 44 feet tall, 44 feet tall.", "The podium at the Temple of the Divi, at the Forum at Leptis Magna, was 19 feet tall, and we thought that was big.", "This is 44 feet tall, and the columns were 65 feet tall.", "And remember those columns that Sulla stole from Greece, 55 feet tall, for the Temple of Jupiter OMC, these are ten--are much taller than that.", "So it gives you some sense of the incredible scale of this structure.", "Here's a plan of the Temple of Bacchus, the second temple that I want to show you, that dates to the mid-second century A.D. We see it here.", "You can get a very good sense of its structure, and you can see the way in which it combines typical Roman with Greek features: single staircase, façade orientation, deep porch, freestanding columns in the porch, single cella.", "But it has a peripteral colonnade, as one finds in Greek architecture.", "But it doesn't have a peripteral staircase, as I'll show in a moment; it has rather a high podium.", "Here you see it.", "It is very well preserved.", "You can see the columns encircling the whole building.", "But you can see there is no staircase circling the whole building, but a very high podium.", "A few people here for scale.", "This is a big building, and this building is much smaller than the Temple of Jupiter.", "These buildings are so big that someone, I guess tongue in cheek, wrote an article at one point suggesting that this could not have been built by human beings, Romans or otherwise, and was definitely built by Martians who came down in a spaceship and built it and then left, but left us with something quite extraordinary, if that was indeed the case.", "Once again overly decorative, overly decorative.", "If you look at--we could look at a whole host of details, but if you look at them you will see extraordinary things.", "We're looking up in one of the vaults, and you can see how it's been nearly pretty much eaten away by this excessive decoration.", "The same here with this wonderful Medusa head in the center.", "No inch is left undecorated by these architects.", "This is one of the best-preserved interiors of a Roman temple that we have, the Temple of Bacchus.", "We are looking through the doorway.", "If you look at the jambs of the doorway, you will see how decorated they are, and again the way in which they have been dematerialized through that ornamentation.", "Looking into the interior--and I can show you a better view here-- you get a very good sense of what this structure looked like in antiquity: the truly colossal Corinthian columns, in this particular case, the niches on two stories, with arcuated pediments and with triangular pediments up above-- the extraordinary scale of this highly decorative interior.", "And I can show you a restored view of what we think this looked like in antiquity.", "At first glance it doesn't look so different from the sort of Basilica Ulpia idea in Rome, with the flat ceiling, the coffered ceiling, the giant columns and so on.", "But, of course, it has no aisles, since it's--I mean, it does, I'm sorry, it does have aisles here.", "But you can see the arcuations; you can see the pediments, with the sculpture inside.", "You can see the Corinthian capitals.", "And you can see no clerestory here.", "But you can see a very interesting feature at the end.", "The focus of everyone who came into this temple was the so-called adyton, a-d-y-t-o-n, adyton, which is a kind of shrine in which the cult statue of Bacchus would have been presented.", "You can see it well here.", "And you can see the use of the broken triangular pediment, but one that is very similar to that market gate in that the central element, with its triangle, still preserved, but preserved in a plane that is further back -- so that kind of zigzag motion that we see here.", "The great archivolt underneath, the paired columns on either side, the shrine in the center.", "A very elaborate motif, done in the style that we have described as baroque for this incredible structure.", "I want to end today by showing you my favorite of all the buildings that I've shown you today, because it's so eccentric, and that is the Temple of Venus at Baalbek.", "It's the small temple that lies outside the complex, to the left of the complex, in the front.", "And it's the latest of the three temples--it probably dates to early--to mid-third century A.D.--and also by far the smallest; it's very small in relationship to the others.", "It is also a round temple, unlike them, which are the traditional rectangular temples, a round temple.", "But a round temple with a difference.", "If we look at the plan, we will see it has a single staircase, a façade orientation, deep porch, freestanding columns in that porch.", "It also is peripteral; it has columns that go all the way around.", "It is a round structure with a round cella.", "But you can see in plan that the architect has scalloped the outside of the structure, in a very interesting way, and you can see that also in these restored views over here -- that scalloping, both on the base and also in the area of the entablature above the columns.", "You can also see that the architect has placed niches on the outside of the structure, with statues in them, which is another example of this desire to decorate every surface that one possibly could.", "There's a great deal of controversy as to what the porch actually looked like: whether the porch had what we see here, which is an arcuated lintel inside a triangular pediment.", "That's possible.", "It may not have had that, we're not absolutely sure.", "But at the very least we have this combination of what seems like a relatively traditional porch, with an innovative body.", "It is, in a sense, a small version, and a very eccentric version, of the Pantheon in Rome, with that traditional porch and revolutionary body.", "But this is not made out of concrete, it is made entirely out of local stone.", "And again it has these wonderful features, like the scalloped base.", "And I show you a detail.", "It's very well preserved today, as are the other buildings, or at least the Temple of Bacchus at Baalbek.", "We see it here.", "You can see its stone construction.", "Unfortunately it's black and white, but you can get a sense; it's the same honey colored stone as the others.", "You can see the way it looks here.", "You can see the scalloped base; the scalloped, the wonderful scalloped entablature, and, the overly decorative nature of that entablature.", "Above, in this case Corinthian capitals, as you can see.", "Some traditional motifs, like these hanging garlands.", "The niches here with the statuary, making the whole into a kind of decorative motif; even the outside of the cella becomes decorative.", "But look very carefully and you will see that the bases of the columns are five-sided, to make them work better with the scalloped wall.", "This is the second time we've seen bases like this.", "We saw them in the Tomb of Annia Regilla in Rome, a base that had multiple--more sides than was usual.", "We see that here, and it's a testimony again to the eccentricity of this particular designer, but also to the sort of anything-goes approach that we see in so much of this Roman baroque architecture.", "And I just, in closing, the last two images that I'd like to show you are a detail of the Temple of Venus at Baalbek, with a temple--with a detail of a Borromini structure.", "This one is the Borromini structure.", "This one is the Temple of Venus.", "But I think when you look at views like this, you can see the close--you can see what I mean by defining these as baroque buildings, already in Roman antiquity -- but you can see the extraordinary impact that these amazing Roman creations had on the minds and on the oeuvres of great architects, like Bernini and Borromini, in the seventeenth century in Italy.", "Thank you very much." ]

[ "Chapter 1. Baroque Architecture in the Roman Empire", "Chapter 2. Exploring Baroque Elements in Italy", "Chapter 3. Baroque Facadism at Petra", "Chapter 4. The Baroque in Ancient Asia Minor", "Chapter 5. The Temples of Jupiter, Bacchus, and Venus in Baalbek, Lebanon" ]

[ "‘I can’t take it any more...’ ‘Everything’s going to be okay.’ Today I’m going to be staring at walls and harassing the residents of City 17.", "And there’s nothing anybody can do about it!", "‘When is it all going to endddd?’ ‘Don’t worry.’ It doesn’t take much to make me want to replay Half Life 2.", "And for the first time ever, I played it through with RAYTRACING, which uses screen-space global illumination to light the environment as best as possible.", "‘Cut it out!’ You know what I like about Half Life 2?", "Everything.", "But one thing that often goes unsung about its many achievements is its portrayal of Alyx: a friendly NPC who assists you throughout the game.", "Oh, and did I mention?", "She’s female.", "It would have been easy for Half Life 2 to have sexualised her.", "To give her exposed skin, bouncy breasts and a slightly tired looking expression.", "But they didn’t.", "They respected her, and treated her as a character, just like Barney and Doctor Kleiner.", "I still remember that moment early on when she rescues me from the combine.", "And as I come to, I’m greeted by her very normal, very life-like appearance- -JESUS.", "Welcome to the dark side of graphics mods.", "It’s all fun and games until someone blows their polygon budget on a virtual nipple.", "This is NOT using raytracing- this is just the FakeFactory Cinematic Mod for Half Life 2.", "If you’re looking to enhance the graphics of a game you can go about it either by using clever tricks like raytracing, or you can use a more traditional graphics overhaul mod such as this one.", "Looking past the questionable character models, it’s actually really impressive, and I’m inclined to give this a full play-through at some point as well.", "But it’s just... why these character models?", "They’re claimed to be ‘High Definition’.", "And sure, they up the texture detail.", "But at what cost?", "For they also strip the personality from every character in the game, swapping them out for shallow, generic husks of their former selves.", "‘C’mon Gordon, let’s go.’ ‘That’s my girl.’ They become the sort of characters you’d imagine a horny teenage boy would come up with, if told to make Half Life 2.", "They’re technically superior to the originals, yet also... lacklusture.", "Luckily, they’re entirely optional!", "You now have to go out of your way to activate them in this mod.", "Which...", "I did.", "Why did I do that.", "What’s wrong with me.", "Well I did it because I feel like, if I’m going to experience a mod, I want to experience the WHOLE thing.", "But the whole point is: Fake Factory’s graphics mod changes the game.", "Some people will be delighted with every aspect of it!", "Other people, not so much.", "That’s the beauty of mods.", "There’s one for everyone.", "Who am I to criticise them?", "For surely my tastes are just as perverted?", "It’s just not for thick-licked Alyx, nor for waifus.", "For me, my love raytracing.", "Even one as limited, as flawed, and as over-the-top as the one I’m using here.", "I love it, flaws and all.", "And I’m not ashamed to admit it.", "Again, it’s completely optional.", "It comes with many sliders so its implementation can be as subtle as you please.", "And yet, I want it all!", "If I’m going to experience it, and suffer the slowdown, then I’m ramping that stuff up to 11.", "I do this, partly because I’m fascinated by the technology, and by having it so visually obvious it helps me to learn about it, and to be able to spot more subtle examples in other games and real life.", "And also, I’ll be honest, I kind of like it like this.", "So don’t let this video put you off raytraced global illumination.", "Nor the FakeFactory graphics mod.", "There’s something here for everyone.", "This reshade plugin, this- this, screen-space implementation of global illumination, is arguably inferior to Half Life 2’s default lighting!", "Sure, the base game doesn’t look great these days.", "But at least it’s stable.", "It won’t glare in places where it isn’t wanted, or to rudely flash in your face.", "And surely, the whole point of taking the heavy performance hit of raytracing is to use its brute-force approach to get the lighting right?", "Looking at it like that, this raytraced solution might manage to be both technically AND artistically lacklusture!", "It is limited to just screenspace information, so instead of a 3D area, it uses just THIS view and THIS view to mimic the lighting, based on distances and directions.", "It looks amazing considering this immense handicap, but it does mean that as you move about, lighting effects will appear and disappear, or shimmer distractingly.", "For some people, that will be reason enough not to try it out.", "And I can’t argue with that.", "But don’t get me wrong- I get the impression people think I don’t see the limitations here.", "That I’m so blinded by my love of technology that I fail to see its flaws!", "But I see them clearly enough.", "Their flaws are part of the novelty for me!", "And I love messing with graphics options, and until there’s a better version, I’ll have to make do with this.", "Much like some people with their Fakefactory females.", "So please, throw your judgements about the raytracing to one side and come on a raytraced journey through the game with me to understand it from my perspective.", "You might even gain an appreciation for it.", "I played through the whole game.", "And here are my thoughts on which bits look best, with this feature enabled... and the ones which looked the worst.", "THE GOOD Shine a light on this red tube full of something here, and the room glows red.", "This is a very convincing effect, and is what would happen in this particular instance.", "When you think about it, proper global illumination is actually just ‘real time lighting’, and the impact it has on this cactus teleporter is stunning, casting moving light beams across the wall and generally making the whole experiment feel more ‘alive’.", "‘Oh, fi.", "It’ll be another week...’ And the same with the fire here.", "It’s easy to forget that without this effect, the lighting in this scene is fixed.", "But turn it on and the leaping flames cast changing lighting onto the surrounding environment.", "Nice.", "It doesn’t have to all be dramatic landscapes and vivid vistas- I liked this humble crate in a vent.", "The raytracing convincingly shades the walls next to the crate, and casts extra, coloured light onto the floor in front of it, which blends everything in the scene together nicely.", "Remember, this isn’t a reflection.", "I have to tell you that because at points I think I forget it myself.", "If the vents were reflective then you’d get yet another yellowy box effect from the surrounding vents, on top of the lighting bleed seen here.", "The limitations caused by screenspace result in something more like a reflection, here, painting this otherwise blue crate almost creamy white from the lighting bouncing off the wall.", "This sort of thing is easily missed, but I found the effect to be extremely visually pleasing on both sides of this object, and something that’s completely overlooked in the base game.", "And the way the lighting from the screen is subtly cast onto the wall behind it here pleases me, as do the now properly darkened corners.", "If I had to show you just ONE level to win you over to the benefits of raytracing, it would have to be that bit just after Alyx is captured.", "It’s a sewer, but with brighter walls than normal.", "And the raytracing makes them look so right.", "Really dreamy, but whilst retaining the dark corners.", "And I knew already that that huge warehouse near the end would look great, and it didn’t disappoint.", "Raytracing revealed to me just how flat it looked previously.", "The general rule of where raytracing looks good in Half Life 2 is where there are lightly coloured, or sun-lit surfaces in otherwise dark looking environments.", "The raytracing nicely darkens the dark bits, and lights up the bits which SHOULD be lit by bounce lighting.", "I simply makes the sewers feel less flat, and in some places, quite beautiful, despite the brush-based décor.", "THE BAD I’ll be honest, it was hard to find the ‘bad’, since most of the time, troublesome results could be mitigated by fiddling with the settings.", "I personally love interiors to be flooded with light, or for evening sunlight to light surrounding surfaces in a warm glow.", "But I know that reality isn’t always like that.", "The coast section of the game was challenging for me, because I had to keep turning the effect down outside or risk everything being too brightly lit, but then the moment I went inside I had to ramp it up because otherwise I couldn’t see.", "It behaved almost like HDR in reverse!", "I reckon, with proper support by the game’s levels, even screenspace raytracing could look appealing.", "I also wasn’t impressed with Ravenholm, but for the opposite reason.", "I think that bit of the game was already well-lit, and raytracing made the dark bits too dark, and the lit up bits wayyyy too bright unless I turned the effect down so low that it might as well have been off.", "And it does sometimes mistake things like your gun model for being a HUGE distant object, casting giant shadows in places just because they happen to be behind your weapon.", "I’ll admit, I didn’t see this happen too much with the settings I used.", "I was expecting this to be hugely distracting throughout but it wasn’t.", "Fencing proved a challenge, though.", "Rooms with fences would plunge the far side into darkness.", "It seems the rays aren’t capable of fitting through such small holes.", "So that’s another no-no for the glo-glo.", "And while shadows where they shouldn’t be can be distracting, LIGHTING where it shouldn’t be can be annoying!", "Look at how this crate in the distance is being lit up like it’s right next to the fire in the foreground.", "Disgusting.", "BUT ALSO INTERESTING!", "And last, the ‘volumetric lighting’ effects didn’t work too nicely either, like this hazy area below a lit lamp in Kleiner’s lab.", "This sort of thing revealed the inner workings of the raytracing, providing a naked-view into the ambient occlusion model.", "THE UGLY And last, there’s the UGLY.", "As a fan of the effect, who likes to ramp it up to unnatural levels, it takes a lot to disgust me.", "But some parts of the game managed it.", "Nova Prospekt- you know, the bit with the antlions that you control- is a phenomenal chapter of the game.", "And in my opinion, beautifully lit already, thanks to its strong blue and orange colour-scheme.", "Well, raytracing gets those colours and amplifies them.", "Rooms with a tasteful blue hue would transform into BRIGHT GREEN, and orange would become brighter than the SUN.", "It took me a while to realise how ugly this was.", "I was there thinking ‘wow this is a great result from the raytracing’, before it dawned on me that this just didn’t look right.", "It’s visually stunning, yes.", "But also butt-ugly.", "Especially the blues.", "But an honourable mention to the antlions.", "It’s not their fault that the environments are so stupidly lit up in garish colours.", "And yet, I thought the lighting it applied to them looked amazing!", "Seeing the bugs have their undersides lit up like this looked stunning!", "It really made them look like waxy, bulky beings!", "I might have to start upscaling antlions next.", "IN CONCLUSION, I found raytracing to have mixed results in Half Life 2.", "I will admit, most of the time I preferred the effect even when it was deeply flawed, but I do acknowledge that it isn’t for everybody- especially those who just want to play the game without being distracted by when it gets it wrong.", "It is, after all, lighting being added to lighting.", "Because the source engine behind Half Life 2 already uses raytracing to calculate its lighting.", "It’s just too reserved on the bounce lighting for my liking.", "I think Half Life 2’s default lighting works best outside, where there’s perhaps the scale required to get the effect ‘right’.", "Because in comparison to the exteriors, the interiors of Half Life 2 are butt-ugly.", "Even with its flawed implementation, raytracing greatly improved the look of the interiors and apartments, and especially the sparse, blocky sewer sections of the game.", "I also found it helped to shade small objects outside which are perhaps too small or dynamic to get Source’s default, baked-in lighting applied to them.", "I’ve worked with the Source engine extensively since it came out and I think its lighting has got better in newer titles such as CS:GO.", "Half Life 2, in comparison, doesn’t seem to shade props very well at all and this was particularly evident on levels with lightly coloured floors- the raytracing helped stuff to blend in better with the scenery, especially in the coastal segment.", "I always thought something looked wrong about that crane, and now I know what it was.", "All it needed was a bit of raytracing 😉 I think the major problem with global illumination is that it’s hard to know when it gets it right- it’s only when you compare it with when it’s off that you see how WRONG videogames tend to get this stuff.", "I’ve tended to show you the ‘before and after’, but honestly, the ‘after then before’ is a lot more impactful, because I find showing the raytraced one first really hammers home how flat and lifeless the environments look once it’s turned off again.", "What’s the saying?", "If you can’t handle it at its worst, you don’t deserve it at its best!", "Very few things in life are black and white.", "I admit, this raytracing is greyer than most.", "And also more colourful.", "But even if you don’t like the result, I hope you can appreciate WHY I find the technology so interesting, and why it’s so exciting, even with such a limited implementation.", "Because already, in some places, its benefits are undeniable.", "Especially indoors, it GREATLY improves how a scene such as this one is lit.", "Yet in others, it’s substantially worse, especially in such an over-the-top state.", "And believe me, I disagree with people who think it’s better ‘just because it’s raytraced’ just as much as I disagree with those who think it looks worse ‘because it isn’t proper raytracing’.", "It’s nuanced.", "I can see its nuances.", "And I love it for those nuances.", "3kliksphilip recently did a video, showcasing this sort of raytracing on Inferno.", "And from the comments section, it’s clear that most people dislike the result.", "And I expect something similar with this video.", "But I think that’s missing the point of it.", "Now I know 3kliksphilip- and I can say for a fact that he’s also aware of its limitations!", "They’re listed in the description, for crying out loud!", "But please, see that as a challenge to spot its strengths.", "Don’t view this as black and white- and try to understand, from my perspective, why I’m excited about the changes this brings to the table.", "So going back to what I was saying at the beginning: if you want to improve an existing game, sure, one way of going about it is to download a mod for it.", "You might find one that’s perfect for you- you might think that it’s an all-round improvement!", "Great.", "Or... you might feel it’s changed the game too much from how you remembered it.", "Or it might make changes that you find... questionable.", "Or tasteless.", "If you don’t share the modder’s vision for their makeover, there’s no need to get upset about it.", "No need to get angry.", "Besides, you’re the one who decided to download the mod.", "Or to click on his video.", "So if you don’t like it then you can... do what it says on the wall just here.", "Not what it says here.", "Oh no!", "But I hope this video has helped you to understand my obsession with the reshade RTGI plugin.", "You might not agree with me, but I hope you now see my point of view, and why I don’t care about its flaws.", "Now, if the maker of this mod could please come forward and explain to me what they were thinking when they made it, I’d appreciate that too.", "And while we’re on the topic... what’s the deal with waifus?", "‘Let’s see what I can do to clear the waifu.’" ]

[ "Mods VS effects", "The Good", "The Bad", "The Ugly", "Conclusion" ]

[ "PAUL FREEDMAN: We are starting to use primary sources for our understanding of the historical periods under discussion.", "Primary sources?", "Writings by people who lived at the time.", "And as with all such sources, the great advantage is vividness, immediacy-- the people lived through it.", "And the problem is distance from us and strangeness.", "Procopius and Gregory of Tours, who we'll be starting out with next week, are very different writers.", "Procopius much more conscious of style, a layman was somebody operating within the classical tradition.", "Gregory of Tours, certainly a person for whom style is not paramount.", "Or at least, it's not the classical notions of rhetoric, smoothness, and vividness that Procopius has.", "He is a bishop.", "He's very concerned with supernatural events and the Church.", "Or let's say, supernatural events controlled by the Church.", "Procopius, as you've seen, is not very concerned with Christianity, and the supernatural events that concerned him, such as Justinian walking around the palace with no head, are not Christian supernatural.", "They're from some other older supernatural tradition.", "But both Gregory of Tours and Procopius require an effort to figure out.", "Why not just read something by a writer, a historian living now who may be easier to figure out?", "And who is writing with you and me in mind?", "Because of the vividness and because of the trickiness of trying to reconstruct not only what happened, which is hard enough, but also what the mood of people was, and what the reaction was.", "We're talking about Justinian today.", "So an emperor whose rule occupies most of the sixth century, 527 to 565.", "So we're concentrating on the sixth century as part of this overall survival and crisis of the Eastern Roman Empire.", "His reign, or more precisely, the earlier part of his reign until about 540, is the height, apogee, maximum power of this empire which succeeds in shall we say, reconquering or conquering.", "Taking back or adding the parts of the Western Roman Empire, many parts of the Western Roman Empire that had been lost effectively to the barbarian invasions of the fifth century.", "If you still can refer to your map, or if your memory of geography is-- OK.", "The major areas of conquest of Justinian beyond the borders of the old eastern empire are first North Africa-- this is the coast of modern Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and even Morocco, held by the Vandals and seized by Justinian; parts of Spain, coastal Spain, Mediterranean Spain, held by the Visigoths; and Italy, held by the Ostrogoths.", "This is the centerpiece of Justinian's reign.", "And for a time, it looked as if he had, in effect, recreated the empire of Constantine and Diocletian.", "But as we'll see, this is a triumph with a terrible price.", "The terrible price being that it weakened Byzantium.", "Now when we say of figures in the past, or even figures in the recent past, that their policies were a mistake because it turned out that the future enemy would be something other than what they were fighting, we can say that with the advantage of being able to see what was going happen.", "In other words, there are people who argue that the invasion of Iraq was a folly or that the expenditures on the aggressive foreign policy of the first years of the twenty-first century was foolish, because as it turns out, economic problems, domestic problems, the mortgage bubble, was really the problem that people should have been addressing.", "Or they should have been addressing the deficit.", "You can say that.", "In its own way, it's a fact.", "But it doesn't necessarily tell you what people at the time should have thought of.", "Thus, we know from last lecture that, first of all, Justinian should have concentrated on the Persians.", "The Persians on his eastern frontier who didn't interest him, who he just wanted to sort of pacify in order to go west and make his conquests.", "The Persians would turn out to be the biggest enemy of the Empire.", "And so, you know if you were plotting this out as a kind of international political strategy, you could say: \"Forget about the Ostrogoths.", "Forget about the Vandals.", "Build up that frontier.", "Invade Persia, keep your army there.\"", "And indeed, with a little more hindsight, we can say, \"Oh my gosh, in eighty years, the Muslims are going to take the eastern part of your empire.\"", "Well, obviously, there's no way he is going to be expected reasonably to know that.", "Except, if you're looking at a distance, from over 1,000 years, 1,500 years.", "Then we can say, sure, the eastern frontier turns out to be the point of vulnerability.", "So a classic kind of historical problem, or early Middle Ages midterm question is: \"Justinian, overreacher or reasonable guy?\"", "Or \"The conquest of the west: folly or grandeur?\"", "And it's both.", "It is a classic example of over-extension, over-extension of empires, meaning that empires weaken themselves at some point fatally by simply getting either too big or spending too much money.", "And the two are linked.", "If you get too big, you have to spend more money to defend yourself.", "Not really having the resources to keep what you have.", "The British Empire, to take a reasonably clear and neutral example, at some point is simply too large for the resources of a weakened Great Britain.", "And our colleague Paul Kennedy has explored, quite memorably, empires that simply could not maintain their commitments.", "The Spanish Empire, the British Empire, and, as it turned out after Kennedy wrote his book, the Russian Soviet Empire.", "This is a pattern in history that repeats itself.", "The question, however, is, under the circumstances, and assuming the existence of that empire, what are reasonable policies to preserve it or to extend it?", "We know about Justinian's wars of conquest and of defense-- he did have some wars against the Persians-- his wars of conquest and defense largely, although not exclusively, through Procopius.", "He is our best source in two works.", "One, the Secret History, and the other, much more extensive, a series of books called The Wars.", "And they're divided in Persian wars, African wars, Italian wars.", "In The Wars, you can see that once the Italian war starts to go badly, Procopius's opinion of Justinian and of the great general Belisarius tend to change from a kind of admiration and go, kill, get'em spirit to uneasiness, to blaming, to a kind of finger pointing.", "So we're dependent on Procopius.", "And when you first read The Wars, it seems very, very different from the Secret History.", "It seems like it's by Thucydides or some other sensible, objective Greek writer.", "And he indeed is writing in that tradition.", "Those of you who've read Thucydides will remember he describes, often, folly and very terrible events, but soberly, factually.", "And in a fashion of Olympian sorrow at the folly of policymakers and generals.", "And to some extent, Procopius has that tone, which seems to contrast very much with the vehemence of the Secret History, leading some people to assume that he was crazy when he wrote the Secret History.", "Or off balance, let's say.", "Or that The Wars represented the real Procopius, and this represented his \"evil twin.\"", "The term, evil twin, doesn't appear in Gibbon, but it could.", "It could.", "What makes it more complicated is a third work of his called Buildings.", "Buildings is, as the name implies, a book about Justinian's building campaign, which includes, but is no means limited to, the church of Hagia Sofia in modern Istanbul, which is, continues to be, to this day, an extraordinary building of such immensity and such space in interior.", "A dome that seems unsupported by anything and that seems to cover half the earth when you're inside it.", "Both splendid and an extraordinary engineering feat.", "And then Justinian built churches.", "He built churches that stand in Ravenna with unbelievably beautiful mosaics, Ravenna in Italy.", "And these are important because Ravenna was outside the zone of territory controlled by the iconoclasts.", "And, therefore while the iconoclasts tended to take down or whitewash representations of anything divine, their reach did not extend as far as Ravenna.", "So in a way, the best examples of Byzantine mosaic art of the earliest period-- Not in a way, but absolutely are outside of the eastern Mediterranean, and in Italy.", "Buildings though, is not just an account of Justinian's architectural essays, but a panegyric, a praise of Justinian.", "Almost as slavishly adulatory as the Secret History is a condemnation.", "And as I suggested last time, these actually go together in a society where a tremendous power is concentrated in one person, or one court, or one setting, the reactions of people tend to be adulation which is, to some extent, forced out of them, or at least invited by the ruler.", "So again, to take an obvious analogy: Stalin, for his seventieth birthday was pleased that the greatest museum of Moscow, all the permanent exhibit was set aside and warehoused, and the whole museum was given over to gifts to Stalin on his seventieth birthday from a grateful people.", "He didn't have to order it.", "Somebody came up with the idea and he said, \"Oh, don't go to any trouble.\"", "They had the thing, this adulatory.", "This is what later would be called the \"cult of personality.\"", "And it's just one of hundreds of examples.", "Naming cities after him, lauding him as the \"Great Gardener\", \"the Friend of Children,\" \"the successor of Lenin\", and so forth.", "The other side of that is a kind of hatred and diatribe, more or less secret.", "There were lots of jokes about Stalin.", "You could and people were sent to Siberia or executed for telling these jokes.", "But they were very good jokes, under the circumstances.", "This is some of the explanation for how you can get, at the same time, adulation and demonization.", "The interesting thing, of course, is it's in the same guy, Procopius.", "And although people at one time thought, \"Oh well, he wrote The Buildings earlier and then became disillusioned.\"", "He did become disillusioned.", "Everybody became disillusioned, because after 540, things started to go wrong.", "There's a huge plague in 542 that kills off a third of the population, for starters.", "But it looks as if he's writing this stuff more or less at the same time.", "The Secret History is not finished.", "That's why it begins so oddly, not with Justinian, but with Belisarius and Belisarius' wife, being kicked around by his wife, and Theodora and you sort of don't know who these people are.", "And then suddenly we're at Justinian.", "Well, the order of this thing is not yet set.", "He probably did not finish it.", "He did, however, want it to be published after his death.", "It's called the Secret History or the Anecdota, sort of stories, by later writers.", "It survives in only one manuscript, as I think I remarked.", "Nevertheless, because it has a highly rhetorical style, it clearly was to be read by other people.", "It's not just a set of jottings for his own satisfaction.", "It is a work that he hoped would be widely published when he was safely dead.", "And Anecdota literally means, not \"stories\" as it would now, anecdotes, the false cognate, it means \"not to be published\".", "So in the Secret History, Justinian is a monster.", "Let's set that aside for a moment and talk about what Justinian actually did.", "Justinian was the power behind the throne of his uncle, Justin the First.", "So in a way, his rule goes back to the 510s.", "Justinian's character, as portrayed by Procopius in both The Wars and in the Secret History, is very smart, hard - working-- Procopius says he almost never slept-- devoted to details, capable of immersing himself in many different things: architecture, church ceremonies, theology, and law.", "He was of humble birth.", "His uncle, and his family were soldiers.", "They were from modern oh, Croatia, more or less, the Balkan peninsula, the former Yugoslavia-- Illyrians, as would have been the term used at the time.", "He grew up speaking some form of Latin, and he is, as I said last time, the last emperor whose native language was Latin as opposed to Greek.", "He dressed very simply, and he was approachable.", "He did not have that awe-inspiring splendor of Diocletian or Constantine, for example.", "He was seldom angry, but he was cold and seems to have had no trace of mercy or kindness.", "He reminds me of some professors of mine.", "He was intolerant; he was unforgiving; and he was merciless.", "He had a grandiose conception of the Empire.", "And he was willing to tax his subjects heavily and to endanger the security of the eastern frontier in order to expand his territory and his prestige.", "I think that is a fair judgment to make.", "He believed that his predecessors had, through neglect, lost what the ancient Romans had conquered.", "And he believed that you couldn't call it the Roman Empire if all it consisted of were possessions in the eastern Mediterranean.", "And, as we've said, he did indeed conquer, at great cost, North Africa, parts of Spain and Italy.", "He had a-- I think it's wrong to use the term totalitarian, but certainly a very strong conception of imperial rulership.", "He tried to impose doctrines on the Church in order to resolve the age - old Monophysite question.", "He was no more successful than Constantine or Theodosius by the way, but, for example, just to give you a sense of his methods, he kidnapped the Pope in Rome, tried to browbeat him, and exiled him to the Crimean Peninsula where he died.", "Theodora.", "One of the most interesting things about Justinian is that he gave so much power and respect to his consort, Theodora, who was of even more humble birth than he was.", "Now, I don't think we have to believe Procopius on the details of Theodora's youth.", "He certainly reserves his most hysterical diatribes for Theodora.", "I think it's fair to say that Procopius was not a great admirer of competent women.", "The historian Bury, J.", "B.", "Bury, one of the great historians of late Rome and Byzantium, who wrote about 100, 120 years ago, describes her youth as stormy.", "An adjective that I like, because it could be anything.", "Her stormy youth.", "Probably her father was a bear keeper.", "Somebody who kept bears for the entertainment of people at the circus.", "An animal trainer.", "She was the mother of a legitimate [correction: illegitimate] child.", "She may have had a background of amateur or quasi-professional, semi-pro prostitution.", "Notice that Procopius condemns her, first for being a prostitute, and then for suppressing prostitution once she became Empress.", "There's a logic to that.", "Procopius is not opposed to prostitution.", "One has the sense that he's, if not a connoisseur, at least a now-and-then partaker.", "But for prostitutes to be anything other than this firmly subordinated class, that is, for prostitutes to have some sort of voice or opinion, or for people to endeavor to help them, or respect them, is, in his mind, ridiculous and scandalous.", "Procopius is a conservative.", "He doesn't like the weakening of the senatorial classes.", "He represents the land - owning interests.", "He doesn't like too much imperial power.", "He's quite happy to respect the emperor, but is angry when the emperor seems to be taxing rich people.", "He doesn't like upstarts.", "Upstarts like Justinian.", "Who is he?", "A soldier's child.", "Upstarts like Theodora.", "Upstarts like Antonia, the wife of Belisarius.", "Justinian and Theodora ruled as a team.", "They had very different personalities.", "A very interesting team.", "Theodora loved sleep, luxury, was sympathetic to the Monophysites.", "Justinian was completely the opposite: an insomniac, somebody who dressed in extremely ordinary clothing and firmly anti-Monophysite.", "They, in fact, supported different factions in the circus.", "Here is a Giants-Jets marriage.", "The circus.", "The circus was a arena attached to the palace, where the emperor would make his appearances at sporting events.", "Although we've said Justinian was approachable, by that we mean that people in the government or in high positions could see him without too much ceremony.", "That doesn't mean he's approachable just to anybody.", "In an absolutist state, there are certain kinds of events at which the ruler has to show himself, or traditionally shows himself.", "So in the Soviet era, the May Day parades.", "There's a reviewing stand in Moscow at the tomb of Lenin.", "And foreign correspondents and intelligence people would try to see who was in and out of power by who appeared with the leader, who wasn't there, where they were standing.", "The Hippodrome, the horse racing arena in Constantinople, was a bit like this.", "The Emperor had his own box and the people could make sort of celebratory gestures to him, praise him, and if they were in a rebellious mood, criticize him as well.", "There were of circus factions, as they're called.", "That is, people who were cheering for one side or another, the most important of which in Constantinople are the Blues and the Greens.", "The Greens tended to be somewhat pro-Monophysite.", "And Theodora was a partisan of the Greens.", "The Blues, anti-Monophysite, Justinian was a partisan of theirs.", "In 532, the circus factions revolted.", "Partly, it's a tax revolt.", "Partly it's factions fighting.", "It doesn't do to try to probe what these factions represented too much.", "After a while, they're simply factions.", "They're simply people who like to fight.", "Or who like to root for one side or another.", "But they are rowdy, and even criminal.", "They have very outlandish costumes.", "They expend all their money and all their energy on sporting events and on rowdiness associated with them.", "This is not completely unfamiliar.", "The prefect of the city arrested seven people for rioting and condemned them to death.", "Two of them escaped when the rope broke.", "It always pays to maintain your-- I mean, this is a tip from a historian-- always pays to maintain your coercive equipment.", "Once these guys escaped, then they were heroes.", "And they were shielded from the crowd.", "They were put in a monastery where they had sanctuary.", "And conveniently enough, one was a Blue and one was a Green.", "So the Blues and the Greens united.", "They ran through the streets demanding pardon for the escapees.", "And when Justinian refused, a riot took place.", "The battle cry of these rioters was \"Victory.\"", "Right?", "Nika, not to be confused with sporting equipment.", "Nika - victory.", "The crowds tried to overthrow Justinian and Theodora.", "And in the process, they burned down a lot of the city.", "Justinian is reported by Procopius as being ready to flee.", "But Theodora stiffened his resolve, basically telling him she preferred to die in the shroud of the imperial robes, rather than flee in disguise, and mobilized the generals, Belisarius and Narses.", "We've met Belisarius already.", "And they cracked down on the mob and killed maybe 40,000 of them.", "How many people attend a Yankee game?", "About 80,000?", "So 30,000, 40,000 people, and that ended the riots.", "Constantinople was partially burned.", "Justinian loved building.", "This was a great opportunity.", "He couldn't have asked for a better moment, in a sense.", "Of course, it required more taxes, but people now had seen the problems with resisting taxes.", "And so this is where we start the building of the new Hagia Sofia that we see today.", "Built in five years.", "Compare this to grand projects like you know an exit on the Connecticut Turnpike, which take fifteen years or so.", "The way you build something in five years is by an incredible number of workmen.", "And lavish expenditure of money.", "The patriarch's throne in Hagia Sofia was made of silver.", "It weighed 40,000 pounds.", "The columns are of porphyry, many of them.", "It uses a lot of glass in order to emit light.", "And the light comes from so far away that it forms these wonderful patterns, depending on the time of day.", "Justinian also rebuilt the Senate, the baths, the imperial palace, and in the Church of Saint Irene, the Church of the Apostles, et cetera, et cetera.", "He started his wars against Persia before the Nika revolt.", "And the war with Persia is one episode of a multi-century war.", "In this case, it's over influence in the Caucasus.", "But it's really about trying to protect Byzantium from Persian invasion.", "But as I said, Justinian's interest was not really in Persia.", "He was interested in peace with Persia and in securing enough of the frontier so that the Persians couldn't launch, at least not easily, a surprise attack.", "And in 531, the Eastern Roman Empire and Persia signed a perpetual peace.", "And Justinian then moved his troops to the west, the site of his real ambitions.", "The Vandal War in North Africa was a triumph.", "What we're seeing is one of those cases in which a policy seems to succeed miraculously easily.", "The Vandals fell, it seemed, without a fight.", "Here, the people who had been the terror of Rome 100 years earlier, who had sacked Rome in 455, who had seized the granary of Rome in 430, fell almost, it seemed, without a fight.", "True, the native Berber population who were subordinate to the Vandals, desert people, revolted.", "And they were able to raid the coast and to undermine the position of the Byzantine occupiers.", "The next stop was Italy in 535.", "533 - 534, the conquest of Africa.", "But Italy would take twenty years, not one.", "And in the process, Italy itself would be devastated.", "And with that devastation, a lot of classical culture would be lost.", "What wasn't destroyed by the fifth century invasions-- and remember we said the Ostrogoths were pretty reasonable occupiers-- would be destroyed by the Romans themselves.", "I will not tax you with the ins and outs, and ups and downs of this campaign.", "Suffice it to say that the general, Belisarius, at first was able to triumph in Italy.", "The Ostrogothic resistance, however, proved to be much stronger than he expected.", "And Justinian recalled Belisarius.", "Almost all of Italy was reoccupied by the Ostrogoths and it was only the second general, Narses, who from 552 to 555 is able to take over Italy.", "540 is the year that Ravenna falls to the Byzantines, and it seems to be the zenith of Justinian's reign.", "In that year, the Persians invaded.", "That perpetual peace had lasted nine years.", "And the Persian invasion was quite successful.", "It resulted in the sack of the largest city of the Empire after Constantinople and Alexandria, the city of Antioch in the Eastern Mediterranean.", "And this was followed then by a plague.", "The so-called Justinianic Plague, which seems to be related perhaps to the plague of Peracles' Athens or the Athens of the Peloponnesian War, and maybe to the Black Death of 1348, 1349.", "Hard to say.", "And in fact, research now being done on the DNA in mass graves from that plague will perhaps tell us what the disease really was.", "Although so far, apparently, it hasn't.", "So from 540 to 565, the death of Justinian, his policies are officially successful.", "555, the fall of Italy.", "The plague eventually goes away.", "The Persians are pushed out of Antioch, at least.", "But the Empire in the later years of Justinian is clearly staggering under the weight of taxation, economic downturn, declining population, and over-extension.", "They had conquered Italy, but the Italy they had conquered was ruined.", "And this empire, stretching now from Sicily to the Persian frontier is clearly too big to hold onto.", "So this is some of what Procopius' anger is about.", "But he's bitter and disillusioned.", "He says, \"But I grow dizzy when I write of such suffering.", "And pass on to future times it's memories.\"", "Here, he's speaking about the Persian invasion of Antioch.", "\"For I cannot understand why it is the will of God to exalt the fortunes of a man, or place him and cast them down for no reason that we can see.\"", "Now if you contrast him with what you've read in Augustine, in The Confessions, you can see that Augustine has some reasons why this happens.", "Procopius resists the Christian explanation here.", "And this is led some observers to think, in general, that he's not really somehow a Christian.", "He is, but he's writing in a classical tradition.", "And he is also, remember, an \"elitist\" a conservative.", "I use the term elitist in a fairly neutral sense.", "It's hard to expect someone whose writings come down to us all this length of time to be, somehow, an ordinary person.", "Yes, he represents a class.", "But doesn't really like religious controversy.", "But doesn't really like all of the fussing about the natures or nature of Christ.", "But there are other things that are not in Procopius that are somewhat surprising.", "Justinian is best known for architectural monuments like Hagia Sofia; to historians, for what we are essentially talking about today, the Western conquest; and for his legal reforms, the Justinianic Law Code, which is the basis of all European law.", "European, that is, as opposed to Anglo-American.", "Anglo-American law is a separate tradition.", "European law is based ultimately on a reworking of Roman law precedents.", "And so I want to talk a little bit about his legal accomplishment, which Procopius, a man who would be familiar with law courts, with legal systems, doesn't tell us anything about in his works.", "Virtually nothing.", "Justinian essentially codified the Roman law.", "And this is important, not only because it's the basis of European law, but law is related to political and administrative order.", "However much we may hate bureaucracy, or denounce administration, that is how governments provide whatever it is they are providing for their citizens.", "And since the alternative to government is anarchy, and since there are examples before our eyes of anarchic societies, it won't do to underestimate the benefits of law, however cynical we may be about its implementation.", "Roman law at the time of Justinian was, as law tends to be, learned and unwieldy.", "If you wanted to know how to resolve a question, you could go through the thousands and thousands of what are called \"responsae\", or you could look at legislation.", "Just as in the Anglo-American tradition, and some of you will learn this very soon in law school, you can either look at statutes passed by legislatures or court cases-- precedents.", "The equivalent of a statute, Connecticut passes a law saying that you can't have a gun in your car.", "Whereas Texas has laws that say you could have a gun in your car under such and such circumstances, OK?", "So you have a whole set of statute law, which would be imperial statutes in the Roman Empire, imperial legislation.", "Or, if the statutes don't cover a particular situation, or you want something that has the particularity-- a tree on my property falls on my neighbor's-- did I mention this already?", "Yeah, that one-- on my neighbor's garage.", "Who's to blame?", "OK, you go and you say, well, this case came up in Cincinnati in 1949, and this is what the judge found.", "In the absence of computers, the search for this stuff is very hard.", "In Anglo-American law this is called \"precedent.\"", "In Roman law, they're called \"responsae.\"", "And interestingly enough, this term is also singular, plural.", "It applies to Jewish law.", "A response is a response.", "A judge, an expert, a law professor, in effect, is asked his opinion on something.", "And his response becomes preserved as a kind of precedent.", "These were voluminous and represented centuries of law.", "And even more, of course, the responsae conflicted.", "One judge says, \"You have to pay because it was your tree.\"", "Another says, \"It's an accident, he's responsible for his own remedies.\"", "What do you do if you have a conflict of judges?", "What would you do if you have two kinds of contradictory responses?", "You've got to decide who is more authoritative?", "Which one is better?", "So the work of Justinian's compilers was to sort out legislation, statutes, and the responses, and also to decide among contradictory ones.", "What is in this law?", "Well, what's in any law?", "We think of law as having mostly to do with criminals and stuff like that.", "But criminal law is actually very simple.", "It's like the Burgundian code.", "If you murder someone, this is what's going to happen to you.", "There may be different kinds of killing.", "If you murder them with intent and premeditation, that's worse than if you murder them in a fight and spontaneously.", "Manslaughter is different from murder.", "Manslaughter is where you didn't intend to kill the person, but you did.", "You punched him, and you didn't know they had a weak heart and he died.", "That's manslaughter.", "You punched them.", "You intended to hurt him, but you didn't intend to kill him, but he died.", "Vehicular manslaughter.", "What's the difference between negligence-- you should have seen something and you didn't-- versus criminal intent?", "You did it deliberately.", "But it's very simple, the criminal law.", "There aren't a whole lot of gray areas, and you can get through the criminal code pretty quickly.", "But what about contracts?", "What about property?", "This is endless.", "This is endless.", "So you know in law school, criminal law will be the cream, or the tip of the proverbial iceberg, or some little side issue.", "Most of your time is going to be spent on-- those of you who go for this option-- on property and contracts.", "And that's what the Justinian law is mostly: property and contracts, legal arrangements for buying and selling, inheriting, partnerships, guardianships, security, surety, obligations.", "This is a very advanced science in Roman law.", "As advanced as it is anywhere, at any time.", "This is very different from \"You cut off one finger; you pay five solidi\", which we were looking at last week.", "The work that ensued, the so-called Justinianic code, or the Corpus Iuris Civilis, the body of civil law, was drawn up in five years.", "Here, again, is an example of unbelievable rapidity, compared with the length of time it takes now, merely to reform the Connecticut tax code-- for that matter.", "It was undertaken by a commission.", "Four books were issued.", "The first is a collection of statutes, and it's called the Codex.", "Collected laws of the Senate and imperial laws of previous centuries.", "The largest book is the Digest, or in Latin, Digesta.", "The Digest is the weeded-out responsae, organized by subject.", "So this would be where you would go to try and figure out what happens if a river changes its course a little, and your land seems to be now taken over by your neighbor.", "Is the river the border, or is an artificial line the border?", "The third book is a kind of textbook, or a survey of the whole law and what it's supposed to mean called the Institutes.", "And the fourth is called the Novella, or new laws, because obviously, new laws would have to be made.", "The Codex, the Digest, the Institutes are in Latin, because Latin was the language of the Roman Empire.", "But the Novella are in Greek, because Greek was the language of the Empire now.", "\"Now\" being 534 when this work was finished.", "The Justinianic Code is more, however, than a rearrangement of old laws.", "It displayed a consistent philosophy of government where law is more than precedent, is an active force in society.", "The Emperor is seen as the servant of the law, the implementer of the law, but he's also the master of the law.", "He is an absolute power.", "He is the embodiment of the law.", "This is a well-run, immense, burdensome empire.", "Procopius gives us, unreliable though he may be as to Justinian being a demon, et cetera, Procopius gives us a vivid picture of a highly-governed, even efficiently-governed, but oppressively-governed and very ambitious society.", "Now for next week, and a little bit after, remember we have no class on Wednesday.", "We have class on Monday.", "We are going to read from Gregory of Tours about Clovis and the Franks.", "And it will seem more violent and more primitive than what we've been reading.", "But violence and primitiveness, unfortunately, are part of history and government at almost any time.", "And so, enjoy the intrigue.", "I'm not going to test you on the names.", "You'll see there are lots of great cat names of the Frankish barbarians.", "But pay attention to the figure of Clovis, and to the attitude of Gregory.", "Because, as with Procopius, we've got an interesting, if not completely reliable source." ]

[ "Chapter 1. Primary Sources: Procopius and Gregory of Tours", "Chapter 2. The Emperor Justinian", "Chapter 3. Procopius as a Source on Justinian", "Chapter 4. Background on Justinian", "Chapter 5. The Circus, the Blues and the Greens, and the Nika Riots", "Chapter 6. Justinian's Wars", "Chapter 7. Justinian's Law Code, the Corpus Iuris Civilis" ]

[ "Let's talk a little bit about bipolar disorder and the statistics.", "For bipolar 1.", "It is usually diagnosed equally men and women both equally for bipolar disorder with a prevalence of 0.4% to 1.6%.", "The onset, the age of onset that we normally see is about 18 years old.", "This differs from bipolar 2, where we normally see women having more bipolar 2 than men.", "And that's in a prevalence of .5%.", "And we're seeing a little bit later in life in the mid 20's.", "Cyclothymic disorder, again, is equal between the genders and we're seeing it between 0.4% and 1.0%.", "And that we normally see an adolescence in early childhood.", "So when we're thinking about the differences between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2, we think about bipolar 1, which is depression and mania, that there's at least one manic episode and at least one depressive episode, major depressive episode that we can identify.", "We also want to be able to understand that the depressive episode has to have been either occurring right before or right after the manic episode.", "This gives us a much better understanding that this person think about bipolar is experiencing both depression and mania.", "Also, that manic episode may have required hospital care.", "And that's important to understand, it is also may require because not everyone requires hospital care when they are having a manic experience.", "So let's think again, when we're thinking about bipolar 1 and bipolar 2.", "The bipolar 1 is depression and mania and bipolar 2 is depression and hypomania.", "Now, manic episodes are usually characterized by exceptional energy, they are restless, the person has a really hard time concentrating on one thing, they are jumping from one thing to the next.", "They have euphoria all the time.", "And they don't need any sleep.", "They have some risky behaviors, there's increased sexuality, increased risk taking.", "Oftentimes, if they are too up, they might be using drugs to try to self medicate.", "And they also do not sleep.", "They can stay awake for days on end.", "Now, if we're thinking about bipolar 2 with hypomania, not with mania, now we have again, a sustained mood that's elevated, which is our hypomania.", "And also we end up seeing that there is that grandiosity, that expansive belief that they can do anything, they also are able to differentiate.", "Because when they're up, it's not just like happiness.", "It's not like a normal being up.", "When they are up, it is very up.", "And it really is exactly when they are not depressed.", "There is no period of time in between the two that we're noticing where they're up, and now they have what we call Euthymia, which means a normal mood.", "They're either very up or very sad.", "So in mania, that mood is extremely abnormal, right?", "And it is usually so much activity and energy, which is also so abnormal.", "But with hypomania, we don't normally see any of the psychosis that we will see with mania.", "Mania, they will become paranoid, after so much not sleeping, not eating.", "There are some real psychotic symptoms that come along with prolonged mania that we don't see with hypomania.", "Now, when you're thinking about bipolar disorder, you want to make sure that as these people are going really up and really down that we are watching and trying to help them.", "It is such a disruptive feeling to be that high and that low that they cannot continue with their normal life as it is.", "They also usually have to have this diagnosis with bipolar disorder that they've had this manic episode and a depressive episode.", "And otherwise, it is not considered bipolar 1.", "Now, with bipolar 2, we can see that depressive episode.", "And again, that depressive episode has to be at least 2 weeks long.", "And then they have also the hypomanic episode.", "Bipolar disease is more common that we know of with some of the people who are extremely famous, Winston Churchill suffered from bipolar disease, Mel Gibson, and Kurt Vonnegut, the writer, Ernest Hemingway, another great writer, Frank Sinatra, and Demi Moore, all have had bipolar disease and all have come out and been able to help other people with bipolar disease understand that it can be treated.", "So this mania, this manic piece, it has to be greater than a week to be considered manic.", "And they have high distractibility.", "Again, this insomnia, they can't sleep, this grandiose opinion of themselves, taking amazing risks and not being able to stop talking.", "Once they start talking with you, it's amazing.", "If you are taking a history on a person who is manic, it's really hard to get them to answer your questions easily.", "They will give you a full history." ]

[ "Bipolar 1 Disorder epidemiology", "Bipolar 2 Disorder epidemiology", "Bipolar 1 Disorder", "Bipolar 2 Disorder", "Manic Episodes vs Hypomania" ]

[ "We have discussed the origin of Dark Matter and the fact that to date no one has ever detected it.", "There are 3 alternative concepts that could explain the galaxy rotation problem without the need for Dark Matter.", "Let's dive in and find out more... Our first observations of galaxies showed them to be quite isolated from each other in space.", "We had expected these galaxies to have an inverse square gravitational field, meaning that as you move further from the centre the rotation should slow down.", "At the centre of the galaxy, we do indeed see a good correlation to the inverse square law but once we move a little further out this changes meaning the orbital velocities stay constant as we move further out.", "Dark matter was invented to add additional mass around the galaxy to account for this discrepancy.", "Later observations showed that galaxies were not isolated in space, but rather 'strung' together on filaments.", "Don Scott considered that the galactic rotation problem could be solved by considering the radial electric field of the filament that the galaxy resides in but this presents some problems that might not at first be obvious.", "Don Scott's model of a Bessel function Birkeland current demonstrated that the material inside these forms into concentric shells.", "This was due to the fact that the magnetic field changed as you moved further from the axis of the Birkeland current.", "This would mean that some of the material would flow in the forwards direction and as you move further out this would change to a rotation around the axis and if you kept moving further out this would eventually lead to a reverse flow and this pattern would keep repeating.", "At the same time, the amount of material would steadily decrease with the highest being near the centre.", "In order to solve the galaxy rotation problem Don instead focusses on the radial electric field in the filament.", "This was based on the idea that the charge density is at its most concentrated towards the centre of a filament and steadily drops off.", "This creates a linear uniformly decreasing voltage profile and means that as you move further out the voltage would steadily drop.", "I have previously covered this concept and some of the outstanding issues with it a while ago, the link will be in the description.", "In order to solve the galaxy rotation problem we now need to have the material being attracted inwards only by this electric field and no longer following the concentric shell model.", "The problem is that from Don's original paper it is not clear if he model his Bessel function on an ion only stream or a mixed electron and ion stream.", "Most plasma should contain both.", "In which case the net charge should be close to zero, so there should be no radial electric field.", "If we assume that it is predominately an ion flow then it should be obvious that the charge density would indeed be highest at the centre but now the problem is that this becomes a point of repulsion not attraction.", "Maybe I'm missing something in his explanation here as I don't see how both the concentric shells and the radial electric field could be true.", "If we add Marklund convection into the equation it becomes even more complex as now the material should bunch at each of the shells leading to discrete jumps not a uniform electric field.", "Marklund convection also required both electrons and ions to work.", "If we examine the rotation curve for the model where the material follows the electric field we find it is a better match compared to gravity only and no dark matter.", "Anthony Perrat had a slightly different concept of how galaxies might form in a Plasma Universe.", "Here two filaments essentially twist together and at the closest point a double layer forms which cause material to be collected there.", "As the two filaments continue to twist around each other their motion creates the spiral arms of the galaxies and the central bulge is where the matter is compressed the most.", "If you are interested in understanding this model in more detail I would suggest looking at the series I produced on these which will be linked in the description below.", "Peratt was happy that at some stage gravity would start to take over but he never model this component in his simulation.", "Could this model account for the difference between the central bulge and the arms of the spiral galaxy?", "Now there are still many open questions that this concept has which I have covered in a separate video which will also be linked below.", "What if the answer was much simpler than all of this.", "Jim Weninger pointed out the following concept.", "When we consider the gravitational field of a galaxy due to it's symmetry, we can consider that there is a centre of mass towards which the field will point at any point away from it.", "Filaments are very different and are long thin structures that stretch for millions of light-years.", "There is no centre of mass as this is distributed across the entire length of the filament, instead, it is a line of mass.", "If we move away far enough then it will start to approximate a point mass.", "What we need to consider is that the galaxies are embedded within these filaments.", "Traditionally it has been convenient to consider space empty.", "The space in between galaxies is ignored as it pales into insignificance compared to the density of a galaxy.", "The problem is that these filaments form the backbone that created the galaxies they are still there and this very low density, almost undetectable matter stretches for millions of light-years.", "The gravitational field of this matter in the cylinder has been ignored.", "Let's just consider the gravitational field of only the mass in this cylinder.", "We can imagine that the cylinder is sufficiently long that we do not have to worry about either end.", "Now imagine that we are at the centre of the filament.", "At this point, we would feel an equal attraction from the mass above, below and from each side.", "The net result would be a cancelling out of all the forces.", "This means at the centre of the filament the gravitational forces from the filament do not act.", "If we move slightly off-axis we see there is no real change to the forces from the mass above or below us but when we examine the difference from one side of the filament to the other we can see that there is now slightly less material on the left and slightly more material on the right.", "The net result is that we feel a force back towards the centre.", "As we move further out this net inward force will slowly grow until it reaches a maximum at the edge of the cylinder.", "This is the opposite to what you would expect if you were moving away from a body where the field falls of with an inverse square law.", "Assuming the galaxy forms close to the centre of the filament, the highest concentration of matter would be at the centre, the mass from the filament would also cancel out from each direction leaving an inverse square law.", "As we move further from the centre the central concentration of mass fall off quickly and we are off-axis from the filament meaning we would experience an increased pull from the filament on the opposite side of the central bulge.", "The effect of this is that no matter how much mass is concentrated in a galaxy and no matter how low the density of the filament at some distance the gravitational field must go from inverse square law to an inverse law.", "Now there are some important considerations from this idea.", "This material in the filament would feel an attraction towards the central axis of the filament so we require some force to stop this inward motion otherwise you would end up with all the matter concentrated in long strings.", "The simplest way to achieve this would be through rotation of the material in the filament, similar to how a galaxy works.", "Of course, if this material in the filament was plasma we would instead need to consider the repulsive forces of these charges as well as the longer-range attractive force that created the filament in the first place, through the movement of the plasma.", "Here another consideration might be Don's Scott Bessel function model as the concentric shells might act as confinement areas for some of this material.", "So could a combination of these provide an alternative explanation for the existence of Dark Matter?", "If we examine the galaxy rotation curve you will notice when we examine the one for our Milky Way there appear to be bumps as it appears to speed up then slow down.", "This might be explained by considering that Marklund convection would cause the material to bunch together creating higher density rings as you move further out.", "Thereby altering the mass profile and hence the gravitational field of the galaxy causing parts to rotate slower and faster?", "Indeed evidence for this might be found in how the chemical composition of stars changes as we move further out from the galactic centre.", "The distribution of dark matter that is needed on the galactic scale to explain the rotation problem means that we cannot have much of it here in our neighbourhood.", "This means that we cannot use it to explain stellar rotation in our neighbourhood and yet they do!", "The Gould Belt is a ring of stars that are centred on the Pleiades.", "I have discussed this as part of the Precession series.", "Currently, astronomers struggle to explain its formation but one of the leading theories was that a large Dark Matter Clump impacted a giant molecular cloud forming a ring of stars.", "The inferred motion of the stars would seem to indicate that they are orbiting a common centre which does not have enough mass.", "In Jim Weninger's concept, the local chimney and the Gould belt were formed as part of a singular event when the local Birkeland current underwent a pinching event at the galactic plane and pulled in the surrounding material and then explosively ejected it outwards in a torus.", "Then we have the dwarf galaxy problem, also known as the missing satellites problem.", "This arises from a mismatch between the observed dwarf galaxy numbers and their simulations.", "In these simulations, the dark matter clusters hierarchically, in ever increasing numbers of halos.", "As an example, our Milky Way has 11 dwarf galaxies and yet the simulations had predicted there should be around 500!", "And herein lies another problem with Dark Matter on any single scale it can be used to explain any type of rotation.", "The problem is that you then cannot take it out at that scale and yet this is exactly what is being done.", "Consider this, if you are trying to get funding for dark matter detectors, where are you going to propose this dark matter is to be found... yes that's right, here in the Solar System, where we don't even seem to have any breakdown in the inverse square law..." ]

[ "Introduction", "Galaxy Rotation Problem", "Don Scott's Model", "Anthony Peratt's Model", "Jim Weninger's Concept" ]

[ "SPEAKER: When creating data product clusters for using open source big data tools, such as Spark, Hadoop, or Presto, it is imperative that they are configured with well-defined security settings to prohibit unauthorized use and access to the cluster.", "Google Cloud contains several options for how to control the security settings on your cluster.", "So let's jump in and learn more about this.", "[MUSIC PLAYING] In this video, we'll be going over how to secure your Dataproc clusters using a custom virtual private cloud, or VPC.", "A VPC is a managed networking service for your Google Cloud resources.", "Resources within your VPC are secured via isolation from the public internet.", "For more info on virtual private cloud, check out the video link in the description.", "We'll start by setting up the cluster to allow the cluster nodes to connect to one another.", "The cluster cannot distribute workloads to its nodes without this.", "Additionally, we'll also allow SSH access into the cluster.", "SSH is important for submitting workloads with tools such as Spark Submit and for making modifications to long-running clusters.", "We can do this by creating a custom VPC with two firewall rules, one that allows the nodes of the cluster to interact with each other and another that enables SSH access into the Dataproc cluster.", "These rules will provide the Dataproc cluster with basic security features.", "Next, we'll create the cluster with our custom VPC.", "We'll then test the functionality of the VPC by submitting a Spark job to the cluster using the Cloud SDK, as well as show how to SSH into the cluster.", "We'll then delete the individual firewall rules and show how we protected the cluster and the job successfully.", "Without the firewall rules, we are locked out, and the cluster is effectively rendered unusable.", "Yay.", "You can jump ahead to any of these steps by visiting the chapters in the YouTube description below.", "Start by searching for VPC network in the search bar, and click on it.", "Next, click Create VPC Network.", "Provide a name for the VPC network.", "Next, we'll create a subnet using the Custom Subnet Creation mode.", "Provide a name for your new subnet.", "Select a region.", "In this case, we'll pick US Central 1.", "Provide an IP address.", "We'll go with 10.0.0.0/9.", "Leave the rest of the default as is, and press Create.", "This should take about 20 seconds or so to finish creating.", "[MUSIC PLAYING] When it's finished creating, click on it.", "Click on Firewall Rules, then click Add Firewall Rule.", "We'll first create a firewall rule that will allow nodes of the cluster to communicate with each other.", "Provide a name for the rule.", "Make sure the name of your network is selected.", "Make sure the direction of traffic is set to Ingress.", "For target tags, provide the name dataproc-network.", "For source IP ranges, input 10.0.0.0/9.", "For protocols and ports, check the box next to TCP, and enter the ports 0-65535 to allow access on all ports.", "Also, check the box next to UDP and input All.", "Press Create.", "You'll see the new firewall rule here.", "Now, let's create our second firewall rule by again clicking Add Firewall Rule.", "This firewall rule will allow SSH access to the cluster.", "Provide a name for the rule.", "Make sure the name of your network is selected.", "For target tags, again provide the name dataproc-network.", "For source IP ranges, input 0.0.0.0/0.", "For protocols and ports, check the box next to TCP, and enter the port 22, which is the port used for SSH login.", "Press Create.", "We'll now create our Dataproc cluster configured with our VPC.", "In the search bar, type in Dataproc, and click on it.", "Next, click Create Cluster.", "Provide a name.", "Select the same region as your VPC.", "Leave everything else in this tab as is.", "Next, select Customize Cluster.", "Under Network Configuration, for the primary network dropdown, select your network, and for the sub network dropdown, select your subnet.", "Under Network Tags, enter the same tags you created earlier, dataproc-network.", "Everything else will be left as is.", "Go ahead and press Create.", "We see our cluster is provisioning, which will take about 90 seconds to finish.", "We'll skip the video ahead here.", "Now that our cluster has finished provisioning, let's try submitting a job to it using the Dataproc jobs API.", "Click on the Cloud Shell button to open up your Cloud Shell.", "Now we'll copy this command into the terminal to submit an example job to Spark.", "In this case, will you Spark Pi, which will approximately compute the value of pi.", "Great.", "This worked.", "We can see the success message in the output.", "Now, we'll go back to our VPC and remove the firewall rule.", "Again, search for VPC network.", "Click on my-vpc-network-demo, and then firewall rules.", "Check the box next to the cluster-coms rule, then press Delete.", "Now, we'll try submitting the Spark job again in our Cloud Shell.", "After about 60 seconds, it will fail.", "We'll again skip the video ahead.", "[MUSIC PLAYING] As you can see, the cluster failed to execute the job, as it wasn't able to communicate with the other nodes.", "This means having the rule there worked.", "Go back to the Dataproc page by typing Dataproc into the search bar.", "Click on the cluster, then click the VM Instances tab.", "Next to the master node, press SSH.", "[MUSIC PLAYING] We're now SSH'ed into the cluster.", "Let's see if we're moving the firewall rule for SSH prevents us from doing this again.", "Close this SSH window, and now let's search for VPC network again.", "Click on my-vpc-network-demo, and then firewall rules.", "Check the box next to the allow-ssh rule, then press Delete.", "Go back to the Dataproc page by typing Dataproc into the search bar.", "From the Clusters page, click on the cluster.", "Click on the VM Instances tab.", "Next to the master node, click SSH.", "This process should hang for about a minute or so before unsuccessfully connecting.", "We'll skip the video again here.", "This means the allow-ssh firewall rule worked, as well.", "In this video, we created a VPC network with two firewall rules in place to limit access.", "We then created a Dataproc cluster configured with the VPC network to secure it via isolation from the public internet.", "We then tested the functionality of the cluster and showed this functionality disappear as we removed the firewall rules.", "You can read more about network configuration for your Dataproc cluster in the Google Cloud Docs.", "Please go to this link for more information.", "Thanks for watching.", "[MUSIC PLAYING]" ]

[ "Intro", "Create the Virtual Private Cloud", "Create the Firewall Rules", "Create the Dataproc Cluster", "Test Firewall Rule for Cluster Communication", "Test Firewall Rule for SSH", "Conclusion" ]

[ ">> You're not going to miss this episode of AI Show.", "We talk about applied AI, Computer Vision, and OCR.", "Makes sure you tune.", "[MUSIC] >> Hello and welcome to this episode of the AI Show.", "We're talking about applied AI, Computer Vision, and Optical Character Recognition.", "Let's start with introductions.", "My friends welcome.", "Tells us who you are and what you do.", "We'll start with you Carlotta.", ">> Hi, everyone.", "I'm Carlotta.", "I'm based in Italy and I'm a Cloud Developer Advocate at Microsoft focus it on AI machine learning technologies and I'm pleased to be here today.", ">> Fantastic, Bethany.", ">> Hi everyone.", "I'm Bethany Jepchumba from Nairobi, Kenya.", "I work with Carlotta as a Cloud advocate for AI and machine learning and I'm also thrilled to be here.", ">> Fantastic.", "Why don't you explain what all of this is all about.", "Bethany, we'll go to you, my friend.", ">> Today we're talking about computer vision and this is a subset of AI that deals with giving applications the ability to see the world and be able to make sense of it, turning it into either readable or audible experiences.", "As you can see in the image on the right, AI sees an image as a group of pixels values, and it can be able to interpret it, giving you an idea of what exactly is in the image.", "It can do things like analyze your image, recognize text.", "That is what we're talking about in OCR, Optical Character Recognition, and finally detects the different objects in an image.", ">> It's basically anything having to do with pictures and getting computers to do something with it.", "Am I right?", ">> Yeah, you can also add videos to the mix.", ">> Oh, see.", "I knew this, but I feel like there's a ton of value here with what people can do, but can you give us like in practice, what are some things that one can do today?", ">> For example, using the Azure Computer Vision service, you don't even need to write any line of code, but you can use the API to do things like detect images in objects.", "There's this app called the seeing AI, and the application actually reads out loud what is in the environment and people who are not able to see, can be able to get on audible experiences of what is going on in the environment.", ">> I love it.", "Is there a way that we can take a look at what this looks like in action?", "Carlotta, can you help us out with that?", ">> Sure, of course.", "I would like to show you a short demo in a way to guide you on how you can integrate your solution Computer Vision Service and in particular, I'm going to show you how you can integrate the Computer Vision service in a React Static Web App, which we'll call the service using a URL of an image type from the user as input.", "Also I will show you how to deploy it on the Cloud.", "As prerequisites of this demo, you will need two types of Azure resources, a Cognitive Service Resource type, which we will need to consume the service and a Static Web App resource, which is a service that automatically builds and deploys full stack web apps to Azure from GitHub code repository.", "Each time you push comets or acceptable requests, in a branch of your choice.", ">> This is awesome.", ">> Yeah, sorry.", "Let's go maybe into the code itself.", "I have it in my visual studio code environment and the functionality which calls the Computer Vision APIs, is hosted in a separate file.", "You can see here a JS file in which at the bottom we start with configuring the key and the endpoint, which are the parameters used to consume the Computer Vision Service.", "Then the visual features we are going to use to call the service as well.", "Scrolling down, you can see the main function of this JS file, which is the computer Vision function.", "This function performs a few tasks.", "For example, it initialize the client using the key and then point previously set.", "Then it initialize the URL of the image we are going to analyze and it is going to call the analyze image API using the visual features and URL we defined before the computer vision client, of course, and the analyze image of the Computer Vision SDK for JavaScript.", "In addition to these, if our image that we want to analyze contains text, check that we do by checking if in the return list of tags we have the handwriting or text tags.", "In this case, we are going also to call the read texts from URL function, which is going to call the Read API of the Computer Vision Service function, which has optical character recognition capabilities.", "It is able to extract text from the image.", "But I also would like to show you, when you have these function defined in a separate JS file, how you can integrate in your React Static Web App, the service.", "In a few lines of code you can call the Computer Vision function you just see in the other file and reset the state of the app.", "We also are going to display the results of the Computer Vision Service on our application by converting the results from a JSON format to a readable format.", "Once you have all these things set up, the next step is of course running the app.", "The best practice is running the app locally and then if everything works fine, deploying it on the Cloud, but for time constraints today, I'm going to show you directly how you can deploy these app to the Cloud.", "We are going to trust this code.", "In order for our app to retrieve the key and endpoint of the service, we're going to add a pair of lines of code which tells to our app that the key and endpoints parameters can be retrieved from the secrets of our GitHub repository, in particular, in the action section.", "I've already set up these secrets for you.", "In the Yamo file of the GitHub workflow file, I'm going to add this pay of line of codes here to tell our app that can retrieve the key and endpoint starting from the secrets of the GitHub repository.", "Then we can just commit and push these changes because as I told you before, by pushing in these keys to main branch these edits, we are going to launch a workflow.", "We're going to run a workflow which will finally deploy the app on the Cloud.", "I'm going to, for example, right here add secrets to actions as a comic message and I'm going to commit and push these changes here.", "I will show you how these results.", "Here we are.", "This is my GitHub repository.", "These results in a workflow running here and deploying the app on Azure.", ">> Now I will hand over again to Bethany, I guess in order to show us these app running on the Cloud and the Computer Vision response to our image.", ">> Just a couple of questions before you go.", "This is awesome.", "Basically, if I'm understanding right, this is all a client-side reacts Static Web App.", "It's just a demonstration on how to get it started really quickly with the API that then you put the keys into GitHub Action and then pushes it to Azure Static Web Apps.", "Am I getting this right?", ">> Yeah, it's perfect.", "Definitely, yeah.", ">> Fantastic.", "Then the other question I have is generally I start good practice to put the keys in the client side, but this is just an example for those that are watching, you generally want to put that part in the backend and the function.", "Am I understanding that right?", ">> Yeah, of course, it's right.", "This is a very simple example just to familiarized with Computer Vision Integration your solution, but definitely, this is the right way to do things.", ">> I love it and that's a cool thing about JavaScript.", "If it's in the backend and frontend, it looks the same.", "Really good example.", "Bethany, you're going to show us these in action.", "Is that right?", ">> Yeah, that's something I was going to do in a few.", "I will use this image and I'll copy the image link, go to our tab and enter the URL.", "Once I enter the URL here, it will go ahead and analyze.", "While it's analyzing, therefore, key things I'm going to show you.", "The first one is the color aspect of it.", "As you can see, it's given me the URL and the different categories they belongs to.", "But I want to focus first on the color.", "In the color gives me three major things.", "Number 1, it gives me an idea of whether the color is either black and white image or not.", "In our case, it is not.", "The other thing is the dominant foreground color and the dominant background color, as well as the accent color.", "As you can see, it gives you an idea of if you want to build an app with this color-code, it gives you an idea of what color scheme to follow.", "The second one is tags.", "Tags give you an idea of what are the contents of the image.", "The tags here are texts.", "It's a font, it's a circle, there's a couple of logos, there's clip arts, graphic design.", "This is giving you random things that can be used to describe the image.", "The third one is the caption and the description of the image.", "The description here is this is a diagram and the confidence level is not that high.", "It's telling us, yes, this is a diagram, but of course, there's so many things around it.", "It's not just a diagram.", "The last part is OCR, being able to recognize the text here.", "The text, as you can see is make things happen.", "How are you able to recognize the text?", "Let's see from our results.", "The first one here, as you can see, the model value of this is a text and it's reading the results.", "It's giving us a bounding box or where they are, and the first one is a text make, and this is the location of the texts, and the confidence level is 96 percent, that is very high.", "Then coming down here, it's the text things giving us the location of it, and also the confidence level is about maybe three percent.", "The last word is happen.", "This is the location of the word and even has a higher confidence level.", "It's about being able to detect the image and figure out what are the texts there, what tags can you associate with the image, and so on.", ">> This is cool because this isn't the first time I've seen these, but every time I see the results of calling a cognitive service, it's amazing from design.", "You showed us the colors to the text that's in there, to any tags that might be associated.", "There's so much information that you can get, just by calling a service.", "I think it's really cool, Bethany.", ">> Yes, so many.", "This is just like scraping the surface on what you can do.", "There's so many other things in case you want to detective if this is a famous person.", "There's also a tag for that.", ">> That's really cool.", "I just decide story since we're all here.", "I was on stage with a guy that was famous and I was showing this service off and I made fun of the fact that it recognized him but not me, and so I guess if Devs are watching, and so now I'm a famous person for cognitive services.", ">> You talked to the cognitive service team?", ">> Isn't that cool?", "No.", "If you put a picture of me, it recognizes me because I made fun of the Devs and they got me back by making the AI famous.", "I'm so happy.", ">> Can you link me up to that Dev?", ">> Yeah, I should send you, it's really funny because I tried to make that joke every year at a conference and it stopped working, and they're like we got you, Seth.", "It's actually really cool the amount of people that it recognizes, the amount of information you get from design.", "But serious, there's so much to learn in this space.", "Like if, let's just say someone's watching and they're beginner, what would you suggest they should do OCR audio?", ">> Yeah, we have wonderful curricula actually for AI beginners.", "For example, if you want to learn more about the behind the scenes of these Computer Vision Service.", "Which algorithms are behind the scenes of these service?", "How are these algorithms?", "We are talking about neural networks, deep learning, how these algorithms work, and how they can see the words.", "If you are interested in these topics, definitely look at these AI for beginners curricula.", ">> Fantastic.", "I'm going to put a link below.", "It's just you go to ak.ms AI for beginners repo.", "I think it has lessons, it has explanation, it has really cool diagrams.", "Am I getting this right?", ">> Yeah, right.", "It's divided in different lessons, so it's very useful also if you want to use it on your own, let's say to learn it on your own.", ">> Fantastic.", "For those that want more of a lessons guided something.", "Is there something like that for them?", ">> Yeah, of course.", "As Bethany just said, we just scraped the surface of the capabilities of Computer Vision Services.", "But there are more.", "If you want to learn more, there is a learning path for Microsoft learn dedicated to Computer Vision Service.", "Definitely, you should catch it up.", ">> The last thing we'll go to you, Bethany, is this code that you showed, is it available somewhere?", ">> Yeah.", "There's a link that we shared, and you can go to that link and get access to the code and play around with it, see if you can make your AI better also.", ">> I think when it comes to you, I am the worst and so I will not be able to help you, but maybe some enterprising that do AI will be able to do that.", "Thank you so much for spending some time with me my friends.", ">> Thank you very much.", ">> We've been learning all of applied AI, Computer Vision, and Optical Character Recognition here on the AI show.", "Thanks for watching and hopefully, we'll see you next time.", "Take care.", "[MUSIC]" ]

[ "AI Show begins", "Welcome Carlotta and Bethany", "Computer Vision", "Demo", "Demo 2 - analyze image", "How to get started", "Learn more" ]

[ "DEBI CABRERA: Data by any other name would still be as sweet, but how dost thou process and transform data?", "AKA, data is very powerful, but how do you process and transform it?", "Join me as I show you with Apache Beam.", "[UPBEAT MUSIC] In this video, we'll walk through a demonstration of Apache Beam.", "If you haven't seen the last video, I recommend checking it out since we talk about some of the key concepts that make up a pipeline in Beam.", "There's a link in the description.", "In this example, we'll walk through using Beam to count the words from Shakespeare's \"King Lear.\"", "And we'll show what it looks like to use Google Cloud Dataflow as a runner.", "This is a great starting example of a batch data job, since we're working with a file which is bounded, as opposed to streaming data processing, which is typically unbounded because there's no fixed start or end.", "Let's take a look at what our batch data pipeline does.", "Here's what the pipeline looks like.", "The first thing we'll do is read from a text file that contains the entire copy of \"King Lear.\"", "After that, we'll use transforms to split each line into individual words, count the instances of each word, and output the results.", "Each PTransform takes a PCollection as input and sends one out as output so we can chain together the transforms.", "So first things first.", "We can check out the input file.", "This is just a short snippet, but the entire book is included in the text file we'll be using.", "Of course, there's lots of words in this book.", "So let's get started counting them.", "In this example, we're using Python.", "So the first step is to install the Apache Beam files we need.", "After that, we can run the word count example and specify the input and output files.", "Since we're not specifying a runner, the default is to use the direct runner, which runs the pipeline right on your machine.", "If you're just getting started or looking to debug, the direct runner is likely how you'll want to run your pipelines.", "After all, Beam is designed so you can run the same pipeline code on different runners.", "Your local environment might be fine for \"King Lear,\" but what if your batch data job was counting all of the words for an entire library's worth of books?", "In that case, we can just provide a few more options to the code and use Google Cloud Dataflow as the runner instead.", "The input file comes from a publicly-accessible Cloud Storage file, while the output will be a Cloud Storage bucket that I created earlier.", "We're also specifying to use the Dataflow runner and some other details, like which Google Cloud project this runs on.", "Once we run this command, the job will be created and Dataflow and start processing.", "Let's take a closer look at the code.", "The core part of the code happens here, after the pipeline has been set up with these options that we provided.", "This first part of the pipeline reads the text from the input file and creates a PCollection of each line from the file.", "From here, we use read transform from the line's PCollection.", "The first transform to split the line into separate words, one transform to turn each word into a single kind of one, and another transform to group and sum all of the words and counts.", "The pipe operator for Beam and Python is short for applying a transformation to a collection.", "So with this short block of code, we're able to chain the PTransforms together by using the output PCollection of the previous transform as the input.", "ParDo is a transformation that takes each element from the input PCollection and performs a function on it.", "In this case, we have a custom regex that simply looks for groups of non-white space characters and splits each line of text into words.", "The final transform formats the text using a custom function and finally outputs it to the bucket.", "This is a fairly straightforward pipeline, so these few transforms are all we need.", "While this is running, let's take a look at Dataflow in the Cloud Console.", "You can see the status of the job in each step of the pipeline.", "The name for each transform step comes from the code.", "You can also click on each step to see more details.", "Over time, the interface will update, and pretty soon, the pipeline will be complete.", "Beam is designed to run pipelines with parallel processing.", "So if you're working on a large batch or a streaming data job, the pipeline still looks the same.", "Thankfully, Google Cloud and Dataflow will handle all the infrastructure details for us.", "So with just that short bit of code, we've been able to get a count of all the words.", "Now, if we take a look at the output file, we can see the count of all the words in \"King Lear.\"", "However, you might notice that there are two separate counts for the word \"king.\"", "That's because we didn't take capitalization to account when grouping.", "The easiest way to fix that would be to add another PTransform.", "After we split the sentence up into words, we could simply lowercase all the words and then pass that PCollection over to the group and sum transformation.", "Apache Beam is a powerful tool to help you process data.", "And the word count example we just went over is a simple way to get started.", "There's some links in the documentation with more information, including an interactive tutorial you can take right in the Google Cloud Console.", "Thanks for watching.", "[UPBEAT MUSIC]" ]

[ "Intro", "In this episode", "The pipeline", "The input file", "Direct runner", "Dataflow runner", "The pipeline code", "Dataflow in the Cloud Console", "The output file", "Wrap up" ]

[ "(both laughing) - Oh!", "Hey, we're live!", "- Hi, all right!", "Everyone, welcome to today's Facebook Live with HubSpot Academy.", "My name's Hannah Fleishman, and I run our inbound recruiting efforts here at HubSpot.", "And today, we are gonna be learning from Barrett King all about negotiation 101 and how to drive a conversation in the direction that you want.", "So, first of all, HubSpot Academy is the kind of number-one HubSpot official resource for learning.", "So all things inbound marketing and sales, check out their Facebook page, check out HubSpot Academy for free workshops, classes, and resources.", "Now, talking about negotiation, the reason we're gonna learn from Barrett today is because he has a lot of experience both on the sales side and on the people ops side of HubSpot working on negotiation.", "So, in this time here, Barrett's done sales training.", "He's been a growth consultant, and today, he's a senior agency partner manager.", "So, Barrett, do you wanna tell us a little bit about why you are the person to tell us about negotiation today?", "- Oh, the person.", "- No pressure.", "- That's, yeah, no pressure at all.", "So, thank you, Hannah.", "I actually have done all of those jobs.", "That's one of the fun things about working at HubSpot, is I get a chance to do a bunch of different things.", "And so, for me, negotiation exists all throughout each of those roles throughout your lives, right?", "And so, when we started talking about some of the things that I do daily and talking about ideas for a session like this, for a chance for us to share some HubSpot knowledge and experience, realizing that negotiation was more than just a sales tactic, but a way to get that promotion, a way to, you know, go ahead and move forward in your career, right, with a next role or a next progression, but also just a way to exist kind of in your daily life, right?", "So we negotiate out of traffic tickets.", "We negotiate the, you know, kids' bedtime.", "We do all these different things every day, and so, the idea of our conversation today is just to give you a little bit of tactical skills and things that you can take away to use, whether it be, you know, on your next sales call or with your four-year-old trying to get them to go to sleep at night, and the same time, make it human, right?", "So, selling has changed, and selling is more human now than it's ever been.", "And so the idea of our conversation today is to really get involved with how negotiation should be human.", "So, I'm super excited to do this, I really am, but I'm really curious to see where everyone is, right?", "I know we've got folks dialing in from all over the place.", "So we'd love to have you comment and jump in and tell us where you're calling in from as a starting point, for sure.", "- Yep, and I have two things to add before Barrett's gonna jump into his negotiation tactics to share with us.", "One, you hit the nail on the head about making it more human, and to Barrett's point, let us know where you're watching from and what questions you have.", "If you're negotiating salary or going after a promotion or looking for a job, or it's something in your day-to-day work, let us know what it is so we can make sure we answer those questions.", "Second important thing is Barrett, I love your outfit, because it looks exactly like mine.", "- We look like stage hands.", "- Yep.", "(Hannah laughs) - We should be at a play right now.", "- All black, can't go wrong.", "Oh, cool, so we have people from Brooklyn.", "We have people from Chattanooga.", "Do you know where that is?", "- Tennessee.", "- Oh, full of factoids, very nice, all right.", "- I know a little bit, I know a little bit, yep.", "- Well, welcome everyone.", "Keep letting us know where you're from, and let us know your questions, and we can get started.", "So, while people are getting involved and tuning in, Barrett, can you tell us kind of the one thing, I know you told us a little bit about what we're gonna talk about.", "Can you tell us kind of the one thing that we should first know about negotiation before we get started?", "- Yeah, so negotiation's interesting.", "I think a lot of people have a common misconception that it's really difficult, right?", "So, you know, like if you look at your screen right now, right, one of the things that I think, this for me is a perfect way to describe negotiating around is that it's not a battle, right?", "We all think that it's this fight, this war, this battle you have to go through to get to the end game, but with the way that buyers are making decisions now, negotiating is much more of a conversation, and it really should be that.", "But I know from talking to my colleagues and from talking to new hires when I was a trainer and just from my own experience that getting started really can be very difficult.", "So one of the key things we think about starting off with negotiation is just to do that, just to broach the subject and have a conversation about it, to not be afraid to start the dialog and let it go where it may.", "And so negotiation really comes down to a couple core things.", "And so one of the first things we're gonna touch on today is the six rules of negotiation, right?", "So, at HubSpot, we think about a bunch of different, we call 'em guard rails, if you will, that go into each of these types of conversations, and so, I like to start with the six rules, because it helps just to give hopefully the folks at home a little bit of a tactical takeaway.", "So grab your pen, grab your paper, start typing away on a notepad in the background, but starting right from the top, one of the things to keep in mind when you're negotiating is that the first person to give a number, and I'll come back to this later on, but I call it dropping the anchor.", "The first person to give a number or an option really is the one that loses, all right?", "And so what I mean by that is that you've ultimately given exactly up your position, right, your stance, where you are.", "You can't move forward.", "You can't move back.", "You are where you are.", "You're kind of stuck and set in stone.", "And so, if you don't actually, you know, position yourself there, then you have the chance to be flexible.", "You have the chance to work with your prospect more.", "So you don't wanna negotiate on top of that unless you have the five W's, which we're gonna get into next.", "So I'll move beyond that.", "And also remember, always negotiate either face-to-face or on the phone.", "It doesn't work via email or text or WhatsApp or any of the other applications that you can communicate in nowadays.", "It's actually really important to make sure that you have a legitimate conversation, right?", "- So I have a question about that.", "- Please, yeah.", "- As someone who has never worked in sales or in a role that you are naturally on the phone a lot, personally, I do a lot of content creation, a lot of writing, and a lot of stuff on the recruitment front, I'm not on the phone that often.", "And phone calls for me can sometimes be a little bit nerve-wracking.", "If someone calls to have a serious conversation, I might not be as fluid as I am over email.", "How do you think people can get more practice being comfortable on the phone if they're not salespeople?", "- That's a great question.", "So, first, phone a friend.", "It seems like it's a simple thing, but, you know, pick up the phone and call a friend that you haven't talked to in a while, and just have a conversation.", "Play the sort of what are you doing, what are you up to, what's new, the thing that we always do when we catch up with a friend, play that game, but remember that, you know, obviously, you're, you're talking to, and what you should think about is, you're talking to a friend, essentially, when you're going through this process of selling or negotiating, looking for your promotion or even your four-year-old from my example earlier.", "(Hannah laughs) So it's important to humanize it, and so I think a lot of people forget that, because we text all the time and we're on social media, that you're just talking with another human, and so it should be more complicated than it actually is.", "- Definitely, that's a great point.", "And if you have good friends, they, they shouldn't mind.", "- Or grandparents or aunts or uncles.", "- Grandparents are a great idea, mmhmm.", "- Yeah.", "Any family member that you feel mostly comfortable with is a good place to start.", "- Or you can call Barrett.", "- Oh, great.", "- We'll share his phone number out with absolutely everyone after this, and you can just call Barrett.", "- Sure, that's an awesome idea.", "You should all call me after this.", "I love that idea.", "(Hannah laughs) So yeah, so I think it's important to remember that.", "You know, when you're negotiating over the phone, it's funny, I think some people get caught in the idea that everything is set in stone.", "You can't be flexible, you can't be dynamic.", "And so one of the things that I always remind myself of is that other than like your list price, your bottom line, the thing that's out there for the world to see, nothing really is concrete.", "You have options, right?", "And so remembering that, like, for example, at HubSpot, one of the things I always think about is, what's important to my customer?", "Is it the price that really is what we're negotiating over?", "Is that really what they're focused on?", "Or is it timeline?", "Is it the fact that they haven't seen enough value in how this can solve their challenge or overcome their, you know, hurdle, and that that really is the education gap moreso than actually negotiating that we're missing out on.", "- Mmhmm.", "- That's kind of our number four, give or take, and I think number five is to be really smart about closing this thing down, not leaving it open-ended.", "You wanna make sure that when you're talking to somebody and you're, you know, officially negotiating price or terms, or, again, bedtime.", "We'll keep coming back to that.", "You wanna make sure that you don't leave it open-ended, and the reason for that is, when you have that wiggle room, that room for error, when you say, we'll pick this back up tomorrow, when you say, go think about it and come back to me, with nothing set in stone, the end result can be really difficult to get to, and what happens is that goalpost keeps moving.", "- Mmhmm.", "- And so if you don't actually have something definitive, a timeline to have the next conversation or next steps, then if it keeps moving, you'll never catch up to it.", "- Mmhmm.", "- And so I think finally, the important thing throughout this entire process to remember is that it should be a one-to-one conversation.", "It shouldn't be 10 people in a room or five people on the other end and trying to figure out who's really running the dialog.", "Now, I recognize that there are a bunch of different circumstances where you may have other folks in the room, whether it be in person or over the phone.", "But remembering that it's a one-to-one communication will help to mitigate the multiple voices.", "I'm sure we've all been there, right?", "We think about going to like a party or a crowded dinner or a restaurant, and it's loud, and it's noisy, and it can be really distracting.", "Well, same thing happens when people are making decisions.", "It's important to narrow it down to that one person who's gonna ultimately be your point of contact and have that real conversation.", "- Sure.", "I have a question about kind of number five and not leaving things open-ended.", "- Yeah.", "- So, what are phrases or expressions, if you have any, that are in like, your toolkit of how to end a conversation?", "So I think some people default to things like, okay, I'll wait to hear from you, or we'll circle back on this later.", "What are things that are definitive ways to end it that are kind of comfortable things to say?", "- Sure.", "So, that's a good question as well.", "I think one of the things that I always go back to that works well for me, I see a lot of my colleagues use it, is thinking about, it's called trial close, and we're gonna talk about this today as well.", "But essentially asking for the sale.", "So, look, what are the things, for example, right, so Hannah, what are the things that are keeping you right now from making this a yes?", "- Mmhmm.", "- And folks often get uncomfortable, and they say, well, I just, we're not sure yet.", "We need to talk about it, and great.", "So, let's just assume for a second that you are gonna go talk about this, and the answer is yes.", "When do you wanna get started?", "- Mmhmm.", "- When are you ready to get, you know, moving with our product or our service, or go to bed, and so I think what's important about that and what we find is that when individuals have at least a definitive next step, if nothing else, you're not stuck with that gray area.", "You're not left open-ended in that sense.", "And so I like the idea of, so when you see this result, or when we can, you know, show you the value, when does it make sense for you to get started, or when are you ready to take this next step?", "- Okay, great, that's helpful.", "And again, if you're just joining us now, if you have comments throughout about anything that Barrett mentions or examples you wanna see more of, let us know in the comments, and we will answer those directly from the king himself.", "- Oh, wow.", "(Hannah laughs) That's just so much.", "Okay, cool.", "So with that in mind, we're gonna keep moving.", "So, we're gonna dig into just for a second here the five W's.", "And here's the reason for that.", "We've heard or seen probably a graphic like this, this phrase before.", "We all know the who, what, where, when, and why.", "But when you're negotiating, when you're thinking about trying to close a prospect into, you know, that next stage of your sales process, negotiate your next raise, your next promotion, what's important about the five W's is bringing them all together.", "And so, understanding that, we need to know who's actually the decision-maker, who's in charge, who's the person that's gonna answer this question for us.", "And what are their objections?", "What are the reasons that they may not go forward, or more importantly, what are they trying to buy, or what service are they trying to bring onboard?", "Where are they actually, you know, making this decision from?", "Is it that individual you're speaking to, or are there other people involved?", "Is there a VP of finance you haven't heard of yet?", "Those are always fun.", "(Hannah laughs) Yeah, the surprise person at the end.", "I've got a partner I didn't know about, or a, you know, colleague that wasn't brought in earlier.", "- So to avoid that being a surprise, how do you find that out up front?", "- I love that question too.", "So, I like to just invite everybody to the party, right, in the sense that I say, look, so who else can benefit from this conversation, or who else might see value, or add value to our next call, and I set the expectation that our conversation is going to be that: it's a conversation.", "- Yep.", "- It's a dialog.", "It's not a negotiation so much as it is us figuring out the best solution for you.", "- Got it.", "- And I think what works really well with that is then they know that, and it's the next W here, the when comes into play, right?", "And so, when being that you wanna get started tomorrow, right?", "You wanna close your deal or get your promotion, but they may not have that same timeline.", "- [Hannah] Definitely.", "- They may not be there yet, right?", "- Yeah.", "So, on the kind of, on the when front, so, Bobby just asked a question on Facebook Live, which is a good one related to kind of when and how to drop the anchor, as you mentioned before, without it feeling forced.", "So for Bobby, what's a good way to get someone to drop the anchor without making it feel too forced or heavy-handed?", "- I like it, yeah.", "So, I love that question.", "Thanks, Bobby.", "I think one of the things you're gonna find out that works really well, and this is hard, it's really not easy to do, is the power of silence.", "Now, I won't do it to you here, but it's the power of silence, right?", "And it's, yeah, Hannah got nervous for a second.", "(Hannah laughs) - I was nervous for you.", "- It's being really quiet.", "It's being really quiet, right?", "So, don't try it with your significant other, but try it with a friend or a relative that's really patient.", "But ask a question, and then stop.", "So, what would it take for you to get started today?", "And then stop.", "And hit mute on your phone if you have to, or take the microphone away, or put the phone down if you have to, whatever it takes to allow for that uncomfortability to develop, right?", "- Mmhmm.", "- Now, we're a generation of instant gratification.", "We've got text, social media, et cetera.", "We want the answer tomorrow.", "So if you're negotiating with someone in the, let's say millennial generation, you're gonna find that your answer comes pretty quickly, typically.", "As you start to go before or after that, it does change, right, the dynamic changes, because those folks grew up with a different way of interacting, a different way of communicating.", "- [Hannah] Sure.", "- But Bobby, my suggestion is to always go back to the power of silence, and remember that, you know, when you ask that question, and if you can be the stronger person, if you can raise up and rise above it, you're gonna be able to have them drop their anchor.", "You're gonna have them, you know, put their foot down, and then you have the ability to have a true conversation from there.", "- Cool.", "- Yep.", "- Absolutely, and David has asked a really good question, which is also one that was on my mind.", "I think we've all been in the situation where you are, specifically with job offers, you are asked to give your salary expectation, for example, over the phone.", "You had mentioned the first person who gives a number automatically loses.", "- Sure.", "- So what if you're asked on the spot, what's your budget, what are you expecting to spend on this, or what's your salary expectation?", "How would you handle that?", "- Yeah, so prospects do that all the time.", "That's a really awesome question, David.", "So here's the way that I think about that.", "A range is okay.", "We recognize that, for some companies, the pricing conversation is very transparent.", "They have, like HubSpot does, a pricing page, and you can see what all of our software costs, and it's pretty transparent like that.", "For others, it's less so, but what's important to keep in mind is that, you know, as you go throughout that process, right, being ultimately transparent about the range, but not necessarily locking it down to, but will get you to where you need to be, and then here's where you need to be without knowing.", "So let me clarify that, right?", "So HubSpot's pricing is between 200 and 2400 dollars in a monthly sense, right?", "My response when prospects ask me, which is the honest truth, is I don't know where you land.", "I know that a majority of our customers land somewhere below half of that, somewhere around 800 to 1,000 dollars a month in their spend, because that's the results that they need, so they invest that kind of money.", "- Mmhmm.", "- And so as we go throughout our conversation, Mr. or Mrs.", "Prospect, we'll figure out the best fit for you, and so I just commit to better understanding your challenges and prescribing the right solution.", "- Mmhmm.", "- So now I've answered their question, I've made them feel comfortable, but I haven't necessarily said, you know, it's $1,000 a month, but don't worry, we'll work out a deal for you, 'cause then I'm dropping my anchor, and I'm showing my hand.", "- True, definitely.", "And, specifically the salary expectations, working with recruiters a lot as we both have, it's not a best practice for companies to ask, what are you making now.", "I think it's fair to shift that question, if that is being asked, to, I'd actually prefer to tell you my expectations for the role.", "You don't have to tell a company what you're making now, if that helps.", "- Yeah, that's awesome.", "I'm glad you brought that up as well, 'cause I think the, and it's really the last of the W's is the why, right?", "Why are you looking to make a change in your role?", "Why are you looking to adjust the way that, you know, your business has a strategy in terms of your marketing approach to go to market or your sales strategy, or whatever it may be, because understanding the why really is the difference between you just talking about a number, but then actually taking that context and connecting it to value, right?", "And so ultimately, when you can get that why, then that context and value come together, and your actual conversation is a dialog and less of a back and forth or an argument, if you will.", "And so, in continuing from there, one of the things that's really important is setting the tone, right?", "So I know we had some folks asking about like the good cop, bad cop kind of strategy, and that does work sometimes, but it depends on the tone that you're setting with that person, right?", "So, for example, I have a colleague who often, you know, negotiates some pretty large deals, and when he does that, he needs to go to finance.", "He needs to have approval to work through the different moving parts of that deal.", "And so it's not necessarily good cop, bad cop in the sense that it's forced, but it's the reality.", "Your voice matters.", "And so, what he often does is he says, look, you know, I'll go on your behalf.", "I'll make a business case, and we'll figure out how to make it work.", "I have another colleague, she's a little bit different.", "She doesn't have to sell those larger deals, because a lot of clients she works with are our mid-market clients.", "And so, she advocates for them.", "Her voice is essentially speaking to the tone of that this is not gonna be a good cop, bad cop.", "This is just a reality.", "We're gonna figure out the best solution for you.", "We're gonna meet that need, and in order to meet that need, you're going to need to invest this amount of money.", "And so it takes a lot of that ambiguity and that sort of gray area off the table, and I think folks nowadays feel really comfortable with the idea of a little bit less good cop, bad cop, and that's not always, it's dependent on your industry, I should say.", "It's not always the case.", "But a little bit less good cop, bad cop, and a little bit more of just transparency and honesty, because that's the way that we all buy and sell nowadays.", "- Definitely.", "- Yeah.", "So, thinking about tone and thinking about how to leverage it, really, it's not just about what you say so much as how you say it.", "And it's important to remember that as you go throughout really any dialog or any conversation.", "So, when we speak to other people, they read our voices, right?", "You're reading my voice right now.", "Do I sound like a friendly person?", "- Yes, and authoritative.", "- Oh, authoritative.", "- Mmhmm.", "- This is my teaching voice.", "It comes on sometimes.", "(both laughing) This is Barrett's teaching voice, for all my friends or family or whoever's watching this.", "They're probably the only people watching, but that's okay.", "Now, when you think about, you know, that conversation, and they're reading your vocal tone, your body language if you're in person, it's important to pay attention, right?", "So if you think about, as you're negotiating, you wanna make sure that the folks, as they read you, are receiving the actual message you're trying to convey.", "- Mmhmm.", "- So what I mean by that is comfortability, or perhaps an offensive tone, because you need to be a little bit pushy and say you can't give that discount or offer a different set of terms, or perhaps the opposite.", "You're very casual and comfortable because you know you've got room to work, and it can meet the client needs.", "- Yep.", "- So that tone's important, because people really ultimately make decisions based on emotion.", "That's just human nature, right?", "We're all emotional people.", "But they actually justify those decisions based on logic.", "So at the end of the day, what they're doing is they're reading your tone and they're trying to understand your body language, because all of that, when it's put together, is that logic.", "It's justified by what they're seeing, because we're humans; we have senses, and our senses are telling us that the way Barrett's speaking is in his teacher voice versus his friend voice, and so, I should maybe pay attention, versus when I'm not.", "- Sure.", "What happens when, say, for example, so we just got a question related to giving a discount on a product, for example.", "Does that make a sales rep look weak or put them in a weaker position?", "So what if your body language, your tone, everything is direct, authoritative, and you're on the same page, you're being transparent, but what if you get a question or ask for a discount that you're really not sure if you can make happen?", "How do you keep that tone when you're really not sure?", "- Sure, that's a great question too.", "So I think what I would say first and foremost is sell like a human, right?", "So, people don't wanna be sold to anymore, right, 'cause as you know, the way that people have, have made decisions has begun to shift, and then even moreso now, because of the amount of information that's out there, they may have the answer to the question before they ask it.", "They're looking for confirmation from you.", "So when you think about, you know, the idea of discounting up front or feeling weak or being seen as weak because of that, like, in my own personal experience, I like to talk about discounts in the sense that it's really not an option, because that's not really what we're here to talk about.", "We're here to talk about solving your challenge or overcoming that hurdle or helping you accomplish that next goal.", "And so if the client sees the value in what you're providing in terms of the solution or the opportunity or whatever it may be, then the discount word, if you will, and that whole dialog really shouldn't come up much.", "You may have terms conversations, just based on financial needs.", "So we need to pay quarterly, or we can't pay on a yearly cadence, because our business doesn't work that way, and those are the things that you can work really well with.", "Typically a finance or a managerial approval process is a bit more flexible when it comes to that.", "- Mmhmm.", "- But at the hard line at the end of the day when it comes to a number, you have to decide going into that conversation what's important to you.", "Is it meeting the client needs, and do you have room to work if you need to?", "And so my advice would be, don't offer that up front, but recognize that you may need to be flexible, and you may need to work within a very specific set of guidelines for that customer.", "But with that in mind, if you're not a discount person, if you're not able to discount, be honest about that.", "Tell them the truth.", "Just to tell you where we're at right now, I know you asked for a discount, before I respond to that, why do you need it?", "What's important to you about that?", "What does a discount do for your business?", "And then you have context, 'cause I've listened, and I understand what's important to them, and then I can tell them the truth, which is, I'd love to help you with that, but I ultimately can't.", "- Definitely.", "So, I have a question.", "What's something that, do you have a personal experience or anecdote from a negotiation mistake you've made?", "Like, thinking about those six rules, thinking about tone, all that kind of stuff, is there a time that stands out as, I should have done this differently?", "- Yeah, actually.", "So, I like the way you asked that question, 'cause it brought up a good memory.", "So when I was really early on in my sales career, I was selling to law enforcement, actually.", "So we had a technology we were selling to law enforcement, and that technology allowed them to go and research a database and do some cool stuff.", "So, with that in mind, it's a little intimidating to call up like the state police barracks in your neighborhood and ask them for money, right?", "Or, you know, a regional, whatever it may be.", "So, what I used to do too often was say like, look, Mr. or Mrs., here's how much it costs, but don't worry, we'll figure out what you need.", "And I got in a habit really early on of being uncomfortable with the idea of price, right, or cost.", "What I've learned in my later career, and I've grown into this comfortability is that price and cost are something you should kind of head off right at the pass, right?", "So look, it costs between this much and this much, or the amount of money you have to invest in that success is this amount, and if you're comfortable with it, then you don't come across as that individual who maybe, you know, not as much, right?", "- Sure, got it, mmhmm.", "- That's how I usually think about it.", "- All-righty.", "- So, continuing on with it, your tone is important.", "It's a huge part of your dialog.", "It's a huge part of the results you're gonna get.", "It's a big part of negotiating, right?", "So, believe it or not, tone is, give or take, 93% of what people hear.", "The words that are coming out of their mouth, less such.", "So we can all imagine, take a moment of your listening and think about that time you were maybe with a friend or on a date or with a parent or colleague even perhaps, and they were talking, and you completely tuned out, right?", "So we're human and we do that, get distracted, but we remember their tone.", "We know that when their tone shifted, they clearly were upset with us or frustrated with us.", "- Mmhmm.", "- Or they were happy, and there was something really awesome coming into play, and so we should listen again.", "So, remember that when you're negotiating, that being comfortable with the idea of it costs this much, and here's where we're at, or let's talk about your needs and have an open dialog is really, really important as you go throughout this.", "- And some people respond differently to different tones, right?", "So, how can you tell early on in a conversation, it's a little different if it's with your boss and you're talking about a promotion.", "You know your boss; you've worked with your boss, most likely, and you know the best way to talk to them and that tone that they'll respond to.", "What if you're talking to a client that's relatively new?", "How can you kind of figure out in this first conversations the best tone to us, specific to them?", "- Yep, that's great.", "So, it's called tone matching.", "That works really, really well.", "But I think about it like, nobody laugh at me, but Inception, right, the movie Inception.", "(Hannah laughs) So, for those of you that have seen it, those of you that have not, I won't ruin it for you, but those that have, you understand the concept, right, of kind of getting in someone's head, and so, the way I think about making sure that I match their tone is to essentially be like them.", "If I've got somebody who speaks a little bit slower, let's say, I know I talk fast, right?", "And I have kind of a voice.", "I project a little bit when I talk, but maybe they're a little bit more quiet, a little bit quieter.", "What I actually do, and this is the truth, you can ask Hannah; she's seen me do it, is I crouch down under my desk.", "If I need to be quieter, it's not easy for me to turn my volume down.", "HubSpot will tell you that.", "So what I do is I actually compress my diaphragm.", "I get small under my desk.", "- It's true, I've seen it.", "It's a spectacle, but it works.", "- It works, it absolutely works, 'cause it reminds me to slow down a little bit.", "It reminds me to be a little bit quieter.", "And so I try and listen to the person and almost mimic them, not in a rude sense, but just make sure that I sound in a way they feel comfortable with, right?", "- Got it.", "- So, for example, if I'm talking to somebody, I went to school in Florida, right, I can say, shout-out to Florida, I hope everyone's good.", "In Florida, folks talked a little bit slower than I did.", "So I recognized that I was, a, you know, fast-talking Northerner kind of guy, and I needed to slow it down a little bit, whereas if I call up a friend in Boston or New York, I can speed up again.", "- Mmhmm, mmhmm.", "- And so, being conscious of that will make a big difference, and then when you match that with tone, you can have a really effective conversation.", "- Definitely.", "And I'm curious, since we do have people listening in from all over the world, if you've ever tried this or have experience with tone-matching.", "Maybe you don't crawl under your desk like Barrett might do, but if you do have ways or strategies for how you match the way you're speaking to your audience, we'd love to hear about it and kind of share those ideas, too.", "- Yeah, that'd be awesome.", "And I think what goes along with, and I'm curious to hear your thoughts on that, everybody, 'cause it is different based on where you're at in the world, but reflecting and understanding the person you're speaking to ultimately helps you stay calm, right?", "So I know some folks have asked about, like, how do you stay calm and comfortable when you're negotiating, and I think a lot of that comes from yes, tone-matching, but also recognizing the value of what you're selling or what you're delivering, and if you believe in your product or your service or your company or whatever it may be, you believe you deserve that next promotion, then at the end of the day, the conversation you're having hopefully should be comfortable.", "If it's not, then that's okay.", "Maybe you're early in your career, it's a really difficult negotiation, practice it.", "So work with a manager, work with a colleague, work with a spouse or a friend, but do it a bunch, because you'll get the kind of jitters out.", "You'll start to feel better about what could go wrong or where could I have a different objection or a different question.", "And so that'll help you get more comfortable.", "- I agree.", "I think the biggest piece too is being prepared for that conversation.", "It might sound silly to prepare by doing some sort of walk-through or practicing with a friend like we talked about before, but one good thing to do is depending on if you know who's gonna be in the room, ask someone who works closely with that person to play that role for you while you have the conversation, 'cause they may be able to point out what that person will object on, or the things that they might push you on.", "So that way, you go into it knowing what exactly you might get pushback on, and it catches you off-guard a little bit less.", "- Yeah.", "Well, it's important, remembering that people are human, right, so, you know, we're live on Facebook.", "I could say something stupid, and you could all laugh, but the reality is at the end of the day that this is really a dialog to figure out how to have somebody be successful with your solution or how to get that next role, and so I think, again, keeping that top of mind will help you to be your more naturally, more true self.", "If you're funny, it's okay to be funny.", "Don't be light about it, but it's okay to be your true self.", "If you're serious, it's okay to be serious.", "Your customer hopefully at that point or soon to be customer knows you well enough, 'cause they've been talking to you long enough, that it's kind of a no-brainer, right, that you can have that dialog.", "- Yeah.", "And to that point, being yourself, Stoddard like to pace around his desk it sounds like, so that could be helpful.", "We've also seen, Mike is writing that standing up at your desk helps a lot.", "That's true.", "If you do have a standing desk, or if you don't, stand up for some conversations.", "Barrett's probably always standing at his desk when he's not crouching at it.", "I haven't tried the standing desk thing just yet, but I might get into it.", "So there a lot of ways to kind of ease the tension going into those conversations.", "- So, my colleagues laugh because I'm sort of like a, like a tiger at the zoo, which is horrible to say, but I actually pace back and forth.", "It's the worst thing, and I find that it keeps my energy level.", "I also don't overcaffeinate.", "That's actually a good tip or trick to think about.", "You get all excited for your meeting or for your call, and you have four cups of coffee, and you're ready to go.", "And then you like explode with energy, and they're super overwhelmed by it.", "Don't change your routine.", "Be your true self.", "Be your natural self, because you're gonna sound much better or be more comfortable going into that conversation.", "- Definitely.", "I personally have a Spotify playlist with a few pump-up songs that, you know, if I know I have a big conversation or a had conversation that day, like, it's just a routine for me.", "I have to listen to that on the way to work, and it just gets you in the right mindset.", "- Yeah.", "Yeah, I'm a music before work kinda guy.", "- Yep.", "- Mine's a little bit louder, I bet.", "- I picture, I don't know why I picture heavy metal with you.", "I don't know if that's.", "- It's pretty accurate.", "(Hannah laughs) Yeah, if you asked my wife, she laughs, 'cause it calms me, for some reason.", "- Interesting.", "- It works for me.", "- All right, whatever works.", "- It does.", "But we have other question about smiling on the phone.", "I think it's Jackie.", "I can't quite read it.", "But somebody is asking about smiling on the phone and using a mirror in their space.", "So I don't, I don't have a mirror in my space, but at HubSpot, we have open, like, desk areas, so we've got a lotta space around us.", "And so what I do, works well for me, is I make eye contact with somebody that I know that I can trust is gonna like, get me to smile if I'm not.", "- Yeah, that's what I do.", "- So kind of like a buddy system almost, where you know that like, if so-and-so, if Hannah's walking by, she'll make a face at me if I'm being too serious.", "- Mmhmm, mmhmm.", "- Or I've got a colleague, Ato, he's to my right, and like, he'll look over at me and be like, yeah, like, you're doing really well.", "You're really, energy, you know, is up, and you're sounding good, and what comes with that is actually with tone is facial expressions.", "So I do smile when I'm on the phone.", "I'm not doing it now when I'm talking to you, because you can see my face, but this is how I sound on the phone, because when I'm talking, I am standing, but I'm smiling, and I'm happy.", "- Sure.", "- When I'm negotiating, I'm smiling, because it sounds better.", "It sounds more comfortable and more natural.", "- Mmhmm.", "- So I find that if you kind of mix all of those human elements together, it makes a big difference.", "- Definitely.", "And I think one piece of that of being human is some people kind of default to jokes or being goofy and being funnier and going to a conversation a little bit lighter.", "I personally do that.", "It's not my natural way to be direct, but I think you can balance being direct with being who you are.", "I think there are times when saying something direct, like closing the conversation with when's the best time to follow up with you, what are our next steps, that's a good time to be direct.", "It doesn't mean you have to be direct and serious for your whole conversation.", "I think being yourself comes through, and you can kind of assess when or not is the right time to make light of something and when to not.", "- Yeah.", "That's a good way to put it.", "And I think, and actually, it's a good springboard to think about leading into our next topic, which is trial close, as a part of your dialog, as a part of this entire conversation.", "For those of you that have seen this, this is that, you know, whole scene around always be closing, right?", "We don't think about always be closing at HubSpot.", "We think about always be helping.", "And so, what's important to remember when you think about trial close is that it's not about closing the customer on the deal in that moment.", "It actually is about, more importantly, understanding the next steps, right?", "So it's setting the expectation that after your connect call, there's going to be a more in-depth dive discovery conversation.", "And so telling the prospect that's really important.", "Letting them know that, you know, listen, Sally, after this conversation, for our next steps, I'm gonna set up a 45-minute conversation where we can actually have a more in-depth dive in your business.", "I wanna better understand your challenges, some of your goals.", "Where do you wanna be in a year?", "And what I'll bring to the table is, I'll do an in-depth dive into your website.", "I'll come back with some suggestions, some ideas on how you could leverage inbound or adjust your go to market strategy to see better results.", "And so, how does that sound?", "Does that sound like a good use of our time for our next conversation?", "Of course, you could bring any questions you have as well.", "And so for that individual, they now know where they're going.", "- Mmhmm.", "- Which, believe it or not, is half of negotiating.", "If you know that the expectation is set that your next step is going to be talking about price, then mentally, we come prepared, we come ready for that dialog.", "- Mmhmm, mmhmm.", "- So you're not actually closing them.", "You're setting them up for the right expectations.", "And yet, you are closing them.", "- Mmhmm.", "- You're getting a yes.", "Yes, that sounds good.", "Yes, I look forward to the conversation.", "Yes, I'm ready to have an in-depth diagnostic or a demo, or yes, I am ready to talk about getting started with HubSpot or your solution or your product.", "- And how do you read it when someone responds to that, like if you say, okay, I'm gonna set up 45 minutes for us next week, I'm assuming a lot of people, 'cause I know I've responded to that with, let me just like figure it out, and then we'll email about it later to find the time, 'cause maybe I'm not ready to have that bigger conversation.", "I'm not ready for that next step yet.", "How do you work with that?", "- Yeah, so you're like, the ideal objection, right?", "- Yep.", "- We all have it.", "We all have a Hannah in our lives when we're selling or when we're trying to, you know, get our promotion, et cetera.", "And so I think what's important is being honest with that person.", "So, Hannah, look, I know that you just said, you know, you're trying to figure out what next steps looks like.", "So let me tell you how it typically goes for me.", "We set up this next conversation.", "There's no commitment from you, other than to show up, and let's keep this conversation, this dialog, alive, right?", "What I wanna make sure I do though, is ensure that you get your questions answered.", "And so what I often find when I work with other customers is that, you know, they will step away, and their team will ask questions of them, or they'll do some research, and then maybe get stuck somewhere.", "I wanna be that resource for you.", "I wanna answer those questions.", "I wanna provide those answers, and I wanna help you as you go throughout this decision-making process.", "I'll tell you candidly, at the end of the day, I can't sell you anything unless I know it's the right solution for you.", "So if you're open to it, I wanna consult you throughout this process, and if it makes sense at the end, then I'll make the tool, solution, whatever it may be, accessible to you.", "- Sure, sure.", "- Would that make you feel better, if somebody had done that?", "- Definitely.", "I think it's important to outline how exactly you'll spend that time.", "I think people, people's time is very valuable, and when you hear, oh, we're gonna spend the next hour with you next week talking about whatever, you wanna know exactly what you're gonna get out of that.", "So, I think that's important.", "- Yeah, I'm glad you said it that way.", "So I try and, that's, this is why I encourage people to bring, kind of like phone a friend, right?", "Bring colleagues.", "And I'm curious if anyone, while we're talking about this, has any tactics or techniques or questions around trial close that you've seen work or you wanna know if will work.", "We're super open to it.", "I love to hear it in the comments.", "But I think what I find is that that, that expectation setting, combined with, let's bring everybody.", "Let's not have five conversations that are of the same.", "Let's have your entire team join, or five of your colleagues, or your boss, or whatever it may be, and we should touch on that actually for a second.", "When you think about the boss showing, right, that B word, it's so terrifying, but we all know that everybody, for the most part, that you're negotiating with, is going to have a superior, whether it be an equal, a colleague, or somebody who's your boss, your manager, your, you know, above, you report, and so what's important to remember is that that can be intimidating for them.", "Hannah, can you bring your, who else do you wanna bring?", "Would you wanna bring, you know, Katie Brook, right, who I believe is your.", "- Yep.", "- There you go.", "Manager.", "She's our chief people officer.", "- That's right.", "- I got it right, there we go.", "She's amazing.", "So, you know, Katie, do you, excuse me, Hannah, do you wanna bring Katie to the next conversation?", "And that might be intimidating for Hannah.", "She's not really sure if that's the right decision, because she doesn't know what I'm gonna talk about.", "I'm a third party.", "- Sure.", "- I'm a variable, right?", "But if I say, look, I wanna talk to her about how you can leverage this to be better, and you can benefit from this, and it kind of makes you look good to her.", "- Definitely.", "- Right?", "- I had a really great experience actually just last week with a vendor, talking to them about the specific conversation, and I really liked the way she approached it.", "The salesperson I was working with on their side said to me, what objections do you think they will have, and how can I help you answer them ahead of time?", "So it made me feel better looping my manager or my superior in, because I knew I wasn't gonna waste their time with questions I could have answered beforehand.", "So I think that was a really helpful tactic in getting me from kind of a little skeptical to on board.", "- Yeah.", "Yeah, and I'm glad you thought about it that way, too.", "You know, one of the things that I find that works well throughout this process, right, as you go throughout negotiating and bringing folks in is checking the temperature, 'cause it tells you where you're at in your sales process.", "It tells you or gives you insight, rather, into where your prospect is at or your colleague, if you're going for that raise or whatever it may be.", "So you should constantly be taking that person's temperature.", "How do you feel, right?", "What do you think so far?", "Or really trying to determine if they're warm, if they're hot, if they're cold, they really are resistant to what's going on.", "You're trying to uncover what they're thinking, right?", "That's not easy.", "So we can't just snap our fingers and know the answers to a question or what somebody's thinking.", "So we have to ask.", "So we have to ask them, you know, how they feel about what we've discussed so far, or what their thoughts are on the solution.", "Do they believe it's gonna work for them?", "So what's important is to actually ask for that sale, right, and understand that, you know, you can't read their mind.", "You can't necessarily, you know, kind of figure out where they're gonna go.", "So if you're transparent in that dialog, and if you set the expectation that, you know, this is a next step, and here's what we're gonna do, and here's why we're gonna do it, and here's the process I run with my other clients, and they've seen great results, and you will too.", "- Mmhmm.", "- Then naturally, you're feeding that human curiosity of like, what's to come.", "- Yep, sure.", "- Yeah.", "Anyone have any questions so far on how we're thinking about trial close, how we're thinking about just negotiation in general?", "I'd love to hear, again, any thoughts you have, questions, comments, we're super open to it here.", "- Yep.", "- And as we go throughout, you know, asking these questions of our prospects, the one thing that I wanna drop in here that's really vital to being successful when negotiating, and it's true to sales, it's true to human interaction, is active listening, right?", "- Mmhmm.", "- So, as a sales trainer I talked about it a lot.", "As a human being, I think about it a lot.", "Active listening, the way I describe it, is the act of listening, but with the intent to understand, right?", "- That's very tweetable.", "- Ooh, you could tweet that.", "- It might be long, but if I could, I would.", "- Is that enough characters?", "Active listening, yeah, that might work.", "- Yeah.", "- Someone should tweet that.", "Tweet at me, @WaysToGrow.", "(Hannah laughs) - That's your handle?", "- Yeah.", "- Oh, my God.", "(Hannah laughs) - That's a good one, right?", "@WaysToGrow.", "- Yeah, that's good.", "- So, remember how important that is, right?", "Active listening is, and we all struggle with this.", "We're all human beings, right?", "It's not just listening and kinda listening.", "It's, like, it's your intent.", "You're trying to understand what that person's saying.", "And when you don't know, you ask.", "Tell me more about that.", "Help me understand.", "Can you please better, you know, explain that to me, or just flat-out I didn't hear what you said.", "- Yeah.", "- And that's okay, because that part of the communication, that dialog, is so vital to the success of the way that, you know, the entire negotiation, let alone closing process and actually a happy customer is gonna play out.", "- Absolutely.", "- For sure.", "So, getting into our next piece here, what I think a lot about is constructive tension.", "That is not easy.", "So really, there's two things that motivate people to change quickly.", "You should all write this down, save it, keep it in your back pocket.", "This is psychology.", "There's no if's, and's, or but's about it.", "It's fear of failure or excitement to succeed.", "If you take a second and you let that kind of soak in and digest, the last time you were really excited to succeed, the last time you were really nervous about failure, those are the times when you are most vulnerable, but also, have the most potential to grow.", "Now, what's important to remember is that you can actually influence your prospects, and this is, that's a positive thing.", "I don't want you to think negatively about that.", "You could influence your prospect by building urgency, right?", "And the way you build urgency is taking the time to learn about them, taking the time to understand what's important to them, and to understand what that fear of failure or excitement to succeed ultimately looks like, right, because what we're looking at here is you wanna understand their lens of interpretation, like this guy right here, right?", "I wanna know what this gentleman is thinking.", "It's important to understand what fear of failure looks like very specifically to your prospect, to your prospect's team, your prospect's company, and not just what you have in your mind.", "And the same thing goes for excitement to succeed.", "We all get happy ears.", "We all get wrapped up in the idea of, oh, they're gonna buy, we're ready to go, they're so happy.", "We forgot that there was an actual reason that they needed to be successful.", "It was that they've got a round of funding, and they need to do something with it, right?", "Or a goal they had been tasked with meeting, because their department has some lofty expectations for the remainder of the year, you know, things like that.", "So, at the end of the day, when you're thinking about that lens of interpretation, you have to remember, silence is your friend.", "I've said it a bunch today.", "It's really difficult to do.", "I talk for a living; I get it.", "But silence is your friend.", "And so if you can find a way to inject those moments of silence, there's times when, you know, Hannah asks you a question.", "She's the prospect.", "And you go, great.", "And you wait, right, and you wait, and you wait, and you wait.", "They're gonna give you more, right?", "Tell me more about that.", "Don't be afraid to be on silent for, I think my record is 58 seconds.", "That's a long time.", "A full minute, almost.", "- They weren't saying anything either?", "- They said nothing.", "There was some like, tapping, and some like, uncomfortable movement, maybe some like kind of grunts and such.", "- And you were under your desk, and.", "- Yeah, I was sitting under my desk, and there was another HubSpotter on the phone.", "She was very uncomfortable with the idea of me being quiet, and it was actually, it was a closing call, actually.", "I should share that with you.", "And I said, his name was Jim, and I said, look, Jim, from what you've told me, you're a great fit for our partner program.", "I see you working well with us.", "You said these three things for why you agree, and so, when are you ready to get started?", "And I hit mute, and, you know, she melted down.", "We all got nervous.", "So we waited, and 58 seconds later, and some noises and some grunting and some discomfort, he said, you know what, Barrett, like, this is the right time.", "I'm really excited.", "I'm glad you let me take a moment and think about it.", "- Mmhmm.", "And I think that's important, to allow your prospects to have that silence.", "We're selling, we're asking, we're making decisions, but it's still important that they get a chance to digest and have that moment to themselves.", "- Definitely, it's important.", "And that's so, it's true, that's very hard to do, especially for 58 seconds, but I think the more you can just count in your head even for 10 seconds to just think, all right, I'm not gonna say anything, 'cause we deflect to just rambling, so.", "- Yeah, yeah.", "That's really good.", "And I think that's, it brings up kind of the final point that I wanna bring to light today, is, we talked about it briefly earlier, but it's dropping the anchor, right?", "We all think it's a great idea, but the reality is, it's really not.", "And I won't go too much more into it.", "I think we clarified really well earlier.", "But you should think about it like this.", "Negotiation is a true conversation.", "It's a true dialog.", "And so the people that are speaking should be doing exactly that.", "They shouldn't be yelling.", "They shouldn't be arguing.", "No one should be uncomfortable.", "And while I understand that those are things that come into play as you go throughout this part of your sales process, or this part of your promotion process, remember that, again, that first anchor drop, the person that plants their feet in the sand and says, I'm not moving, at least you know at that point where you're moving toward, right?", "You know where you're going to.", "So, kind of in recap here, a couple things to remember.", "You wanna set the tone.", "You wanna set that tone early and often and keep it throughout, whether you're under your desk or standing up, whatever's important.", "You don't wanna negotiate unless you actually have the five W's, which we had touched on.", "Trial closing is important, and you should do it throughout.", "Here's the next stage, here's the next part of our process.", "Are you ready?", "Does that make sense to you?", "Are you comfortable with that.", "Constructive tension is a totally valuable, valuable thing.", "You need to remember that, you know, as you are having these dialogs and having these conversations, that tension is a good thing.", "It's hard for us, right, as human beings to feel tension and not wanna relieve it.", "I had a colleague used to say letting the air out of the balloon, right?", "Like, you don't wanna let the balloon deflate.", "And ultimately, you wanna encourage the prospect to, you know, essentially drop their anchor first.", "Now, by that, I don't mean tell them they have to.", "We had a question earlier about the range, right, and what does that range look like, and et cetera, et cetera.", "You wanna, you wanna think about that range as a good way to give your prospect a certain sense of comfortability.", "And when you do that, HubSpot costs between x and y. I'm curious, you know, how do you think about investing in something like this?", "And you follow up with an open-ended question.", "Then they can step up and say, well, great.", "Now I know the box that I should be operating within, and they might say to you, I can't do that.", "It's crazy.", "I can't spend that kind of money.", "We can't invest in something like this right now.", "And you have your answer.", "You can't be afraid to ask for that.", "At the same time, they might say, oh, that's a no-brainer.", "We can totally afford that.", "We already have a budget in place.", "So, it's really important to keep all of those things in mind as you go throughout negotiating and throughout your entire sales process.", "- Absolutely.", "And one we talked about a lot today obviously is tone, and sort of we at HubSpot tend to be, you know, pretty conversational, and we can kind of go that route.", "But, for people working in industries or in fields that maybe aren't as conversational, like political communications, we just got a question about that.", "For different industries that might tend to be more formal, how do you think about tone for that without losing that human aspect?", "- Nice, that's a good question.", "Thanks, Waldo.", "I think the, so the key is that when you're smiling, the purpose of smiling is not to sound funny, right?", "So, I'll see if I can do it right now.", "So if I'm talking, and I keep a stern face on, my tone probably changes.", "It should; it changes a little bit.", "It's actually hard for me to do.", "So if I'm talking like this, and I'm compressed with my diaphragm, and I'm talking a little bit softer, I sound a little bit more serious, but if I take a deep breath and I open up and I let my face kinda relax, and I smile a little bit, and I have a more natural tone, I'm sure you all just heard that.", "I sound more welcoming, and I sound more approachable, and I sound more warm.", "So to be super clear, it's not so much about having a playful tone or an overly happy, for lack of a better term, tone.", "It's more about having a comfortability, making your prospect understand, feel good, because whether it's in person or by phone, again, we talked about tone.", "It's so important that if you remember to smile or at least be light in the face, for lack of a better way to put it.", "- Smeyes.", "Smile with the eyes.", "- Oh, I like that.", "Smeyes?", "- You've never heard that?", "- I don't think I have.", "- Yeah, smiling with the eyes.", "I'm not really sure how to do it.", "I think it's like a.", "- Oh, she's doing it now, wow.", "- No, that's not what that was.", "- You could tweet that as well, actually.", "(Hannah laughs) Smeyes.", "I think that that's, that's just valuable in the way that you communicate, 'cause again, you sound like a person, right?", "- Definitely.", "- At the end of the day, that's all we're trying to do here.", "We wanna sell like humans.", "The way people have bought has changed.", "You know, the way that they're researching has changed.", "And at the end of the day, and I know I've said it, you just gotta have fun with it.", "I mean, negotiation shouldn't be scary.", "- Totally, okay.", "- Sales shouldn't be.", "- Going off of that, and we're gonna turn it over to questions from the audience in just a couple minutes, so get your questions ready and start leaving those now, and then we're gonna dive into those.", "One last question, related to having fun with it and the idea of always be helping.", "There are naturally times where you have to hard sell someone.", "I know we see this in recruiting all of the time, where, you know, you hear frequently, ah, you know, we just lost that candidate.", "I don't think we hard sold them enough.", "We need to really hard sell that person on the offer tomorrow.", "We need to step in and do some hard selling.", "How does that work with the always be helping idea?", "They feel like a little bit of a conflict, and that changes the conversation a little.", "Do you have thoughts on how to be helpful, but sometimes you do have to hard sell.", "If you have competing job offers, things like that, how do you hard sell someone in a helpful way?", "- Yeah, that's a really cool question.", "So, I still actually believe that always be helping is the mentality.", "That being said, if they're not helping themselves, you have to show them why helping themselves makes sense.", "So what I mean by that is, a hard close, as the term goes, right, or a hard sell, doesn't have to be hard for you.", "Your prospect, if you believe that it's the right solution or it's the right time or it's the right, you know, tool or whatever it may be that you're offering them, should know that, and you should tell them that.", "You should tell them that, at the end of the day, this is a no-brainer.", "Hannah, look, we've talked now for four different conversations.", "I know that you've talked about adjusting your marketing strategy and your marketing plan.", "We've discussed the way that, you know, I'm recapping, right?", "We've discussed the way that you've thought about your sales process and how it aligns with your marketing strategy.", "And ultimately, there's no question in my mind that by adopting the inbound methodology, inbound sales strategy, and marrying our tools with your already-existing process and structure, there's no doubt in my mind you're going to be successful.", "Are you ready to take that step and move towards success?", "- [Hannah] Mmhmm.", "- And then remember, power of silence, right?", "Silence is our friend; stop talking.", "- Yep.", "- And I wait.", "And so that can be a hard close.", "- Sure.", "- I provided value.", "I showed them why it made sense for them to get started, and why it was a logical next step, but I didn't say, you have to do it now and get that kind of finger pointing thing going.", "- Yeah, but it's a different kind of urgency that I think is important.", "Sometimes with candidates, it's tough, because you need to give them time to think about an offer in recruiting, but at the same time, if you wait too long, something might happen.", "They might have a change of heart, things like that.", "So, I think kind of how you phrase it of, you know, we've talked four times now.", "Like, I think phrasing it as, you know, we need to get this ball rolling in a way that is helpful, like you said, is key.", "- Yeah, it's setting the expectation, right?", "- Yep.", "- And it's letting them know that, you know, this isn't a chance for us just to like part ways and spend six weeks thinking about things.", "And let's be honest, guys, like, people need a chance to go think about stuff.", "That's okay.", "You know, different parts of the world have different negotiation structures, have different decision-making processes, and I totally understand that.", "What's important to remember is that, you know, understanding your, your buyers' needs, your prospects' needs, is the key to all of this, right?", "Negotiation shouldn't be about what discount you can give.", "It should be about when you get started.", "- Sure.", "- And if they need to take 24 hours and go think about it, then what do you do?", "Well, you make sure you have a call 24 hours later.", "- Mmhmm.", "- And the call is at six p.m., you know, you're on the conversation with the CEO and the CTO and yourself and everybody, and it's a let's get started conversation.", "- Sure.", "- And so you tell them that.", "I'm gonna call at four o'clock tomorrow to get you started.", "I want you to get started, and you're saying it over and over again, and they're saying, yep, yep, yep, we're ready to go, and now you're set up for success.", "- And they're ready to get started.", "- Yep, exactly.", "- Cool.", "All right, everyone.", "We're turning it over to questions now.", "We got a couple good ones coming in, so keep commenting with your questions for Barrett.", "So, kind of first one for people that are either just tuning in or kind of are looking for the really, the five things to remember about each one of those W's, so, can you recap those quickly and what those five W's are, and one thing about each?", "- Yep, yeah, absolutely.", "So, who, what, where, when, and why, right?", "Who, who are you talking to.", "Are they decision maker, is there anybody else that needs to be involved, are they ready to go?", "What, so what are we actually negotiating for?", "What are we actually talking about?", "We're talking about price, terms, is it timeline?", "What is the objection?", "Where, so where is this taking place?", "It should be, we talked about this, always on the phone or in person, not in email, and make sure that that's happening.", "Also remember for you folks that are outside of your time zone, when you're selling across the country or across the world, where are they located?", "What is important to them?", "When, when are we getting started?", "When is this negotiation taking place, because if we're talking about negotiation, they should be ready to get started soon, right?", "Soon can be relative, I understand that, but we're not negotiating for the sake of doing so.", "And then finally, why are we having this conversation in the first place?", "The way I think about why is that, you know, if we're negotiating, again, it's because we're getting started, so why are we negotiating?", "Why are we not just talking about starting next Tuesday kind of thing.", "- Mmhmm, mmhmm.", "- And so understand why the negotiation's important to them and why they're asking the questions they are is equally valuable.", "- Sure.", "- Yep.", "- That's great.", "We got another question.", "What's your best tip for a job seeker negotiating salary?", "That is a great question, because I don't think any of us have had that conversation where it's not a little bit awkward.", "It's naturally gonna be a little strange, and it's gonna be hard.", "The first thing I'll say is, think long and hard before the conversation about what you're asking for and why.", "I have a lot of conversations with people who recently got job offers who will say, I'm actually kind of happy with the offer.", "Do I need to, do you think I should negotiate?", "Sometimes people feel with job offers that they should negotiate for the sake of negotiating.", "I think it's fair to think about, what would make you excited to take this job, and explain why to the recruiter or the hiring manager that you're working for.", "At the end of the day, companies and employers, it's not that they don't wanna get you to the place where you need to be to be successful and to be happy in the role; it's not about that.", "Oftentimes, it comes down to budget, and it comes down to what happens on this side so that we can make the offer that makes you happy.", "I would say tips would be talk to them about why you need what you're looking for.", "It might be related to what you're making now, what you expected in your next role.", "It could be things related to, you know, commute or exhortations to work from home, things like that.", "Just talk a little bit about why you're looking for that, and don't be afraid, the first thing would be, don't be afraid to negotiate.", "I think if you're confident in what you want and know why you need it to be successful, let them know that, 'cause at the end of the day, the company wants you to be successful too.", "- And ask for the money you want and the money you deserve and the opportunity you deserve.", "That's the only thing I would add there.", "I'm not a recruiter by any means.", "(Hannah laughs) This is an awesome question.", "I really like this.", "Chris said, what do you visualize to give yourself confidence?", "- That's a great question.", "- I like that one.", "Do you have one?", "- Not off the top of my head.", "I mentioned I listen to a lot of like, some of the songs that get me pumped up and things like that, but nothing that I can think of that I visualize.", "- Yeah, so I actually, I got asked this question two weeks ago by one of my clients, so I, I can answer in a timely way for you, Chris.", "So, what we did, and I do this, and I encourage everyone to do this, is I put my next goal, the next thing that's important to me, as my screensaver on my computer.", "- Wow.", "- Yep.", "And it's on my phone, too.", "- That's a very tangible thing that you do.", "- Yeah, it's important.", "- Nice, that's a good idea.", "- Yep, and it, so, like, what were they called, dream boards back in the day, 'cause I'm old?", "- Mood boards?", "- Mood board, is what they're called now?", "- Mood board, dream board, I think.", "- The thing you put up like in your bedroom?", "You cut out from like magazines, 'cause we used to have those, and you'd cut out a picture, and you'd put it on the wall kind of thing?", "- Mmhmm.", "- We all have our technology in front of us constantly, so I put whatever's most important to me next, whether it's a vacation, a house, a job title, a pet, like, it could be literally anything.", "- True.", "- But you scour the internet.", "You're already looking at it, right, daily, weekly, monthly, but now it becomes a thing that you're looking at, you know, before you get on that call, or as you craft an email, or as you have that negotiation, in this instance.", "And I find that it works.", "I was able to buy a house, give my wife and I a beautiful wedding, buy a boat, take vacations, like, all of these things, I'm not exaggerating.", "- It works.", "(Hannah laughs) - And I work hard for them, but I know what I'm working for every day, because it's directly in front of me, and that makes a huge difference.", "- I agree.", "I like to visualize what it will feel and look like for my career if that conversation goes well.", "So, I think picturing the outcome and not just, oh, I got the salary I wanted, or I got the, you know, I closed the deal that I wanted, but how am I going to feel if this goes well?", "You're gonna feel even more confident to keep doing those things, and I think that fuels me a lot of the time.", "- I think it's the, what does it do for me.", "It's not what am I buying.", "Like, I gave you all some examples of things that I've purchased, but I married my dream girl.", "She's amazing, I love you.", "Got a great house.", "We love it.", "We have a dog and a white picket fence and the whole thing.", "(Hannah laughs) I bought a boat because I love being in the water, and I grew up on it, like, and I think that it's important to make those goals and those expectations you're setting for yourself realistic to the things that are most important to you.", "- Sure.", "- Yeah, for sure.", "- Great questions.", "All right, we got one more question coming in.", "Any advice on managing candidates' expectations?", "It's probably from a hiring manager or someone who's hiring for their team.", "Sometimes people expect an unreasonable increase.", "How do you bring them to a more reasonable level?", "That's a great question, and truthfully, that's always gonna be a hard conversation, because there will be times when you have a candidate who is legitimately at a different salary level than it's possible for you to offer.", "That's a hard conversation to have with them.", "There are ways, though, to have the conversation, shape it more around career growth.", "So, okay, if you start in this role now, you've negotiated salary, you can't do any more, starting in this role now, this is what progression and growth looks like, and kind of help them with the timeframe.", "You don't wanna set false expectations of, everyone here gets promoted within a year.", "That will set the wrong expectation, but it's fair to say, people who have joined at this level have moved up this fast in the past by outperforming in their role or being super results-driven here.", "It's fair to say that moving up and growing at the company really quickly is possible if they do x, y, or z. I think that can help.", "The other piece of, what other things can you offer candidates that aren't salary-related?", "So, do you have benefits or flexibility or things at your company?", "Can they work from home two days a week if they live far away?", "Can there be things like that, where it's less about salary, but is actually a huge value add to their life?", "Try to think about it in ways like that and what's important to them.", "- That is a great question.", "I like that.", "- It is.", "A lot of good questions.", "- I think we're coming to the end of our dialog.", "We maybe have time for like a short, one more question.", "We have two or three minutes left.", "- Yeah.", "- For either of us.", "- Yeah, so, if you have any questions, leave them now, and in the meantime, I'll say thank you to Barrett for teaching us all about negotiation tactics today.", "I know I learned a ton.", "I have a lot I can work on in terms of being direct and kind of adapting my tone and tone matching.", "Thank you everyone who tuned in.", "I know you tuned in from all over the world, probably in different time zones.", "Thanks for listening.", "We hope you learn something, and, you know, keep checking out HubSpot Academy for kind of future Facebook Live classes like this one.", "- Nice.", "- Oh, and this is a really great last question to end on, and I'll let you take it, because it's a good one.", "- Oh, oh, I like that.", "What has been the toughest negotiation you've encountered in your career?", "What was the hardest part about it?", "Actually, I've had a few, but there was one about six weeks ago where I had a very large, very successful company that wanted to get started with us, and the individual that held the finances was super, super guarded, as, I think it was, yeah, as she should be, in regards to, you know, what they were spending.", "And she had not been a part of any of the other conversations, and so it was really difficult to essentially negotiate through the rest of the team, including the CEO and everyone else, because it was a global company, and ultimately, it just, it was a time-sensitive thing.", "They wanted to get started.", "Everyone else was on board, and she needed to be brought up to speed.", "They thought they had budget; they didn't, and that happens, and so, what I would share is that, what I found the most difficult part was managing my own expectations.", "When the entire company's ready to go and one person's standing in your way, it's just really important to remember that this is, this is humans, right?", "This is a people-based interaction.", "You're having a conversation, and so, recognizing that there are a thousand different things at play, that they have careers, lives, families, experiences, good and bad, they come into every day, and just remembering that, you know, that they're people too.", "We got through it.", "It took a little time but we got through it, and ultimately, they're very happy.", "They've been a customer for a little while now, and they're seeing some great results, yeah.", "- That's why he has that boat.", "(both laughing) - Thanks for hanging out with us, guys.", "We really appreciate it.", "- Yeah, thank you, and be sure to check out HubSpot Academy for more resources, and it was great hanging out with you.", "- Thanks, guys.", "- Bye." ]

[ "Intro", "start the dialogue", "how to drop the anchor", "setting the tone", "reading your tone", "respond differently to different tones", "match their tone", "match the way you're speaking to your audience", "prepare by doing some sort of walk through", "inject those moments of silence", "letting the air out of the balloon", "give your prospect a certain sense of comfort ability" ]

[ "The state of New Mexico contains a number of fascinating geologic oddities.", "These range from the pure white sand dunes of White Sands National Park, to the Valles Caldera supervolcano north of Albuquerque.", "In the northwest corner of the state, on the Navajo Nation, is one such oddity.", "There, a massive monolith of rock towers above the seemingly flat landscape of the Colorado Plateau.", "Known simply as Shiprock, this mass of rock represents the solid magma chamber of an ancient volcano.", "So, how did this unusual feature form?", "Why is it surrounded by a series of seemingly straight lines which rise from the ground?", "This video will answer these two questions and discuss this fascinating geologic wonder.", "Shiprock towers to a height of 1,583 feet or 483 meters above the surrounding landscape.", "It has very sharp edges and a steep overall slope related to its unusual formation.", "This landmark originated approximately 27 million years ago, when an unusual series of volcanics referred to as the Navajo volcanic field were erupting across parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado.", "At the time, the Farallon tectonic plate was subducting underneath the North American plate at a very shallow angle.", "Melted material from this collision then migrated upwards before erupting on the surface, thus forming this chain of volcanoes.", "The lava which was ejected during these eruptions was quite unusual, as they had an unusually low silica content and were called \"minette\".", "27 million years ago, the desert landscape surrounding what is now Shiprock was 914 meters or 3,000 feet higher than it is today.", "As a large group of minette composition magma intruded into the crust, it began heating the surrounding nearby rock.", "This heat soon transferred in part to abundant groundwater in the region, which subsequently flashed to steam.", "Since steam takes up a greater volume than the same amount of water, it caused an immense amount of pressure to build.", "Eventually, this pressure became too great, and the ground exploded upwards in what is termed a phreatic eruption.", "Pyroclastic flows subsequently swept across the landscape, travelling several kilometers before they stopped.", "Large amounts of rock ejected by the explosion soon fell back to the ground, solidifying as a rock type known as breccia.", "What remained at the site of the eruption was a large crater in the ground, called a \"maar\".", "Despite the eruption which had just taken place, the underground magma never truly reached the surface.", "It soon solidified as a mass of material, forming the approximate shape of the modern Shiprock.", "While this was occurring, the still cooling molten rock intruded into surrounding cracks and faults in the crust.", "The magma partially filled these cracks, forming a near vertical igneous intrusion today known as a dike.", "Today, Shiprock is surrounded by 6 of these dikes, which seeming jet out over the surrounding landscape as the hardened lava was more resistant to erosion than the adjacent sedimentary rock.", "One of these dikes is 8 kilometers or 5 miles long, indicating just how far the magma moved away from the main mass of material.", "In the millions of years since, the ground above the solidified magma chamber eroded away, removing more than 2,000 feet thick of rock.", "Eventually, the solidified minette magma became visible, as it was far more resistant to erosion than the surrounding sandstone and limestone layers of rock.", "Eventually, the dikes also became visible.", "Today, this towering landmark is considered sacred to Navajos, and thus should not be climbed.", "However, it can be seen and photographed from US Route 64 or US Route 491, which both pass relatively close to this astonishing landmark.", "In a way, it is quite similar in origin to the famous \"Devil's Tower\" in Wyoming.", "I hope that you enjoyed this video.", "If you would like to request a specific topic please leave a comment below.", "Additionally, if you wish to support this channel, consider becoming a patron on patreon." ]

[ "<Untitled Chapter 1>", "Shiprock", "Phreatic Eruption", "Breccia", "Devils Tower", "Remnant of a dike" ]

[ "Humans are social We all know about virtual assistants from products like Siri and Alexa But the AI roots of talking with computers goes back to ELIZA a computer science project from MIT in the1960s.", "You can try a modern version online, and there are free mobile apps.", "It was text-only, but ELIZA could draw people in.", "Youtube has classic BBC footage of the creator Joseph Weizenbaum describing how much his secretary enjoyed using the program.", "In modern terms, we can categorise ELIZA with these keywords.", "It interacts with \"users\", getting keyboard input, and returning sentences on a screen.", "And its \"Goal\"?", "That's where things gets interesting.", "How do you measure a goal?", "Weizenbaum's secretary asked him to leave the room so she coud be \"alone\" with the computer.... although she knew the program had no kind of \"understanding\".", "Technically, ELIZA is a \"simple reflex agent\".", "It responds to sentences one at a time, without remembering or caring about the past.", "So, ELIZA can looks like it has some goal, but it doesn't.", "How about these people?", "They too look like they have goals.", "But... perhaps they don't.", "Take a close look.", "How could you be sure?", "It's an intellectual puzzle that quickly leads to questions like \"philosophical zombies\".", "Beings that are identical to a normal person, but don't have conscious experience.", "In AI, the barriers to knowing an agents' actual goals are often sidestepped by using performance measures that are applied externally.", "Good or bad performance can be decided by objectively observing, without having to second-guess about \"inner states\".", "ELIZA was a very early AI message that our own programming can easily be triggered when interactions have social content.", "The challenges of understanding agents (human and computer) are only likely to continue in the future that is fast arriving." ]

[ "Introduction", "ELIZA versions (links in description)", "ELIZA classified using P A G E", "ELIZA as \"simple reflex agent\" with no actual \"goal\"", "How about the goals of humans? (The \"philosophical zombie\")", "Externally applied performance measures", "Understanding agents will be increasingly important" ]

[ "In earlier lesson, we learned that programs are the applications that we can run like the Chrome web browser.", "Processes are programs that are running.", "We can have lots of processes running for the same program like how we can have many chrome windows open at once or lots of movies playing using one program.", "When we launch a process, we're executing a program.", "And remember, a program is just software.", "To calculate the information that our software contains, we need to give it resources so that it can be run.", "When processes are run, they take up hardware resources like CPU and RAM.", "Luckily, today's computers are powerful enough to handle the processes that we use in our day-to-day activities, like browsing the web, watching movies, etc..", "But, sometimes this isn't enough, sometimes a process is taking more resources than it's supposed to.", "Sometimes, processes are unresponsive and freeze up our system making our entire computer unresponsive.", "Well, we're going to talk about why this happens, and how we can fix it in the upcoming lessons.", "But before we can talk about managing processes, we have to understand how they work.", "When you open up an application like a word processor, you're launching a process.", "That processes get in something called a process ID to uniquely identify it from other processes.", "Our computer sees that the process needs hardware resources to run.", "So our kernel makes decisions to figure out what resources to give it.", "Then, in the blink of an eye, our computer starts up a word processor and tadah, already to start working.", "This happens for every process you launch yourself, and for every process you don't even know who's running.", "Besides, the visible processes that we start, like our music player or word processor, there are also not so visible processes running.", "These are known as background processes, sometimes referred to as daemon processes.", "Background processes are processes that run in the background.", "We don't really see them, and we don't interact with them, but our system needs them to function.", "They include processes like scheduling resources, logging, managing networks, and more.", "When we take a look at all the processes running on our system, you'll see what I'm talking about.", "In the next couple of lessons, we'll talk about how processes get created and terminated.", "Then, we can start digging into the details of process management.", "Process management is a vital skill in IT support.", "You'll often find yourself troubleshooting issues with frozen applications, slow applications, and more.", "The way that processes are created and stopped differs based on the operating system you use.", "First, let's have a look at how Windows does things.", "When Windows boots up or starts, the first non-kernel user mode that starts is the Session Manager Subsystem or smss.exe.", "The smss.exe process is in charge of setting some stuff up for the OS to work.", "It then kicks off the log-in process called winlogon.exe appropriately enough, along with the Client/Server Runtime Subsystem called csrss.exe, which handles running the Windows GUI and command line council.", "We'll talk about a process called init in the next lesson, which Linux uses as the first process.", "You might be tempted to think of smss.exe as a Windows equivalent of init.", "Don't fall into that trap though.", "When it comes to process creation mechanisms, they're all pretty different.", "In Windows, each new process that's created needs a parent to tell the operating system that a new process needs to be made.", "The child process inherit some things from its parent like variables and settings, which we can collectively refer to as an environment.", "This gives the child process a pretty good start in life, but after the initial creation step, the child is pretty much on its own.", "Unlike in Linux, Windows processes can operate independently of their parents.", "Let's take a look at how this works by creating our own.", "First, let's launch the PowerShell process to give us a Windows command prompt.", "From there, we can type in notepad.exe to create a new process for the notepad program.", "So far, so good.", "The parent process is PowerShell, and the child is the notepad application.", "What happens if we kill the parent process though by clicking on the X button?", "Notice that notepad keeps on running happily even though its parent has been terminated.", "Those children are just in their own world.", "Clicking the X is just one way to stop a process from running in Windows, but as you might expect, there are other ways you can stop processes.", "You can use a command prompt command by calling on the task kill utility.", "Task kill can find and halt a process in a few ways.", "One of the more common ways is use an identification number, known as the process id or PID to tell task kill which process you'd like stopped.", "One way to do this is to kill notepad again by specifying the PID using taskkill/pid and then the PID number.", "Taskkill/pid, this is the process id of notepad.", "That's success.", "This will send the termination signal to the process identified by the PID, which happens to be notepad in our case.", "This is useful, but how do we get that PID in the first place?", "Glad you asked.", "We'll talk about how to locate and view processes and other more detailed process information in an upcoming lesson.", "In Linux processes have a parent child relationship.", "This means that every process that you launch comes from another process.", "Lets check out this command.", "The less command would be the parent process to our grep process.", "If all processes come from another process, there must be an initial process that started this all, right?", "Yes, there is, when you start up your computer, the kernel creates a process called a nit, which has a pit of one.", "A nit starts up other processes that we need to get our computer up and running.", "There are more nuances to process creation than this, but I wanted to introduce the parent process concept, since you'll see them when we start managing processes.", "What about what happens when we're done with our processes?", "When your processes complete their task, they'll generally terminate automatically.", "Once a process terminates, it'll release all the resources it was using back to the kernel, so that they can be used for another process.", "You can also manually terminate a process, which we'll discuss how to do in an upcoming lesson.", "It might feel like we're starting to get into the weeds here.", "So let's take a step back and think about what processes really are and what they represent in the context of an operating system.", "You can think of processes as programs in motion.", "Consider all the code for your Internet browser.", "It sits there on your hard drive quietly waiting for its time to shine.", "Once you start it up, the operating system takes that resting code then turns it into a running, responding, working application.", "In other words, it becomes a process.", "You interact with launch and halt processes all the time on computers, although the OS usually takes care of all that behind the scenes.", "By learning about processes, you're taking a peek behind the curtain at how operating systems really work.", "This knowledge is both fascinating and powerful, especially when applied by a savvy IT support specialist to solve problems.", "Keep all that in mind as we take a look at how you can pull back the curtain even further.", "Next, we'll learn about the different ways you can investigate which processes are running on a Windows computer and more methods of interacting with them.", "On the Windows operating system, the task manager or task mgr.exe is one method of obtaining process information.", "You can open it with the control shift escape key combination or by locating it using the start menu.", "If you click on the processes tab, you should see a list of the processes that the current user is running along with a few of the system level processes that the user can see.", "Information about each process is broken out into columns in the task manager.", "The task manager tells you what application or image the process is running along with the user who launched it and the CPU or memory resources it's using.", "To kill a process, you can select any of the process rows and click the end task button in the lower right corner.", "We can demonstrate this by launching another notepad.exe process from the command line, then switching over to the task manager, selecting the notepad.exe process and ending it.", "I already have Notepad open so I'm going to click on it, click end task.", "In an earlier lesson, we talked about starting and ending Windows processes.", "Remember that we used the task kill command to stop a process by its identification number or PID.", "So how do we get that PID number?", "While in task manager, you can click on the details menu option and here, you can see a whole bunch of other information you can get the task manager to display, including the PID.", "You can also see this information from both a command prompt and PowerShell.", "From the command prompt, you can use utility called TaskList to show all the running processes.", "From a PowerShell prompt, you can use a Commandlet called Get-Process to do the same.", "Okay, now let's talk about how to view the processes running on our system in Linux.", "We'll be using the ps command, so let's just go ahead and run that command with the dash X flag, and see what happens.", "This shows you a snapshot of the current processes you have running on your system.", "The ps output can be overwhelming to look at at first, but don't worry, we'll walk through how to read this output.", "Let's start from right to left here.", "P-I-D or PID is the process ID, remember processes get a unique ID when they're launched.", "TTY, this is the terminal associated with the process, we won't talk about this field but you can read more about it in the manpages linked right after this video.", "STAT this is the process status, if you see an R here it means the process is running or it's waiting to run.", "Another common status you'll see is T for stopped, meaning a process that's been suspended.", "Another one you might see is an S for interruptible sleep, meaning the task is waiting for an event to complete before it resumes.", "You can read more about the other types of process statuses in the manpages.", "TIME, this is the total CPU time that the process has taken up.", "And lastly, command, this is the name of the command we're running.", "Okay, now we're going to enter hard mode here.", "Run this command, PS-EF.", "The E flag is used to get all processes, even the ones run by other users.", "The dash F flag is for full, which shows you full details about a process.", "Look at that, we have more processes and even more process details.", "Let's break this down.", "UID is the user ID of the person who launched the process.", "PID is the process ID, and PPID is the parent ID that we discussed in earlier lesson which launched the process.", "C is the number of children processes that this process has.", "STime is the start time of the process.", "TTY is the terminal associated with the process.", "TIME is the total CPU time that the process has taken up.", "And CMD or command is the name of the command that we're running.", "What if we wanted to search through this output?", "It's super messy right now, can you think of a way we can see if a process is running?", "That's right, with the grep command, I told you we were going to use it all the time.", "This will give us a list of process that have the name Chrome in them.", "There's another way to view process information, remember everything in Linux has a file, even processes.", "To view the files that correspond to processes we can look into slash proc directory.", "There are a lot of directories here for every process that's running.", "If you looked inside of one of the subdirectories it'll give you even more information about the process.", "Let's look at a sample process file for PID 1805.", "This tells us even more information about a process state than what we saw in PS.", "While the slash proc directory is interesting to look at, it's not very practical when we need to troubleshoot issues with processes.", "For now stick with the PS-EF command to look at process information.", "As you can see, we can learn a lot about the processes running on our Imagine you're starting up a video game that's taking a while to render its graphics.", "You decide that you don't want to play anymore, which leaves you with a few options.", "You can wait for it to finish loading and then quit the game from the menu, or you can interrupt the process altogether, telling it to quit at the system level.", "This is just one example of a time you might find yourself wanting to close a process before it fully completes.", "To tell a process to quit at the system level, we use something called a signal.", "A signal is a way to tell a process that something's just happened.", "You can generate a signal with special characters on your keyboard and through other processes and software.", "One of the most common signals you'll come across is called SIGINT, which stands for signal interrupt.", "You can send this signal to a running process with the CTRL+C key combination.", "Let's say you start up the DiskPart tool we looked at in our discussion on partition formatting.", "I'm just going to open up command prompt and then launch DiskPart.", "If you decide you don't want to actually format any disks, you can hold down the CTRL key and press C at the same time to send the SIGINT signal to the DiskPart process.", "You'll see that the window that the DiskPart program was running in closes and the process terminates.", "There are a few other Windows signals that processes can send and receive.", "But unlike in Linux, there isn't an easy way for an end user to issue arbitrary signal commands.", "If you're interested in learning more about Windows signals, check out the signal reference link in the supplementary reading.", "In Linux, there are lots of signals that we can send the processes.", "These signals are labeled with names starting with sig.", "Remember the sigint signal, we talked about before.", "You can use sigint to interrupted process and the default action of this signal is to terminate the process that's interrupting.", "This is true for Linux 2.", "You can send a sigint signal through the keyboard combination Ctrl+C.", "Let's see this in action.", "I'm going to do the same thing as we did in Windows and start a program like sudo parted.", "We can see that we're in the parted tool now.", "Let's interrupt his tool and say we want it to abort the process with the Ctrl+C keyboard combination.", "Now, we can see that the process closed and we're back in our shell.", "We were able to interrupt our process midway and terminate it.", "Success.", "There are lots of signals used in Linux, and we'll talk about the most common ones in the upcoming lessons.", "In earlier lessons, we talked about processes.", "We saw some examples of how to manipulate them with signals.", "Let's expand on that idea, Process Management, by looking at some of the things you can do to manipulate processes.", "In Windows, we've looked up programs like Task Manager, the PowerShell command like Get-Desk process, and the Task close utility, to name a few.", "We've also seen how to send a running processor signal through Control C, but there's another Process Management tool we haven't talked about which lets you do things like restart or even pause processes.", "This tool is called Process Explorer.", "Process Explorer is a utility Microsoft created let IT support specialists, systems administrators, and other users look at running processes.", "Although it doesn't come built into the Windows operating system, you can download it from the Microsoft website which I've linked to in the supplemental reading right after this video.", "Once you've downloaded Process Explorer and started it up, you'll be presented with a view of the currently active processes in the top window pane.", "You'll also see a list of the files a selective process is using in the bottom window pane.", "This can be super handy if you need to figure out which processes use a certain file, or if you want to get insight into exactly what the process is doing, and how it works.", "You can search for a process easily in Process Explorer by either pressing Control F, or clicking on the little binocular button.", "Let's go ahead and do a search for the notepad process we opened up earlier.", "You should see C\\Windows\\System32\\notepad.exe listed as one of the search results.", "If you see something that says notepad.exe.mui, don't worry.", "MUI stands for multilingual user interface, and it contains a package of features to support different languages.", "Anyways, once you've located the notepad.exe process, notice how it's nested under the command.exe process in the UI.", "This indicates that it's a child process of command.exe.", "If you right-click on the notepad.exe process, you'll be given a list of different options that you can use to manage the process.", "Check out the ones that say Kill Process, Kill Process Tree, Restart, and Suspend.", "Kill Process is what you might expect.", "Say goodbye to notepad.", "Kill Process Tree does a little bit more.", "It'll kill the process and all of its descendants.", "So, any child process started from it will be stopped.", "Kill Process Tree takes no prisoners.", "Restart is another interesting option.", "You might be able to guess what it does just by its name.", "It will stop and start the process again.", "Let's do that with the notepad.exe process.", "We started from command.exe.", "Interesting.", "After the restart, notepad.exe doesn't appear as a child of command.exe anymore.", "What gives?", "Well, if you'll search for notepad.exe again, we can see it's been restarted as a child of the procexp.exe process.", "This is the process name for Process Explorer.", "This makes sense since Process Explorer was a process in charge of starting it again after we terminated it.", "But what about the Suspend option?", "Instead of killing a process, you can use this option to suspend it and potentially continue it at a later time.", "If we right-click, suspend the process, we'll see that in the CPU column, the process explorer output, the word suspended appears.", "While a process is suspended, it doesn't consume the resources it did when it was active.", "We can kick it off again by right-clicking and selecting the Resume option.", "Process Explorer can do a lot, and we'll take a look at some of the monitoring information it can give us in an upcoming lesson.", "We won't get into the details of all its features though.", "So, if you're curious, you can check out the documentation on Microsoft's website.", "We put a link to it for you and the supplementary reading.", "Let's talk about how to use signals to manage processes in Linux.", "First up, terminating processes.", "We can terminate a process using the kill command.", "It might sound a bit morbid, but that's just how it is in the dog-eat-dog world of terminating processes.", "The kill command without any flags sends a termination signal or SIGTERM.", "This will kill the process, but it'll give it some time to clean up the resources it was using.", "If you don't give the process a chance to clean up some of the files it was working with, it could cause file corruption.", "I'm going to keep a process window open so you can see how our processes get affected as we run these commands.", "So, to terminate a process we'll used to kill command along with the PID of the process we want to terminate.", "Let's just go ahead and kill this Firefox process.", "And if we check the process window, we can see that the process is no longer running.", "The other signal that you might see pop up every now and then is the SIGKILL signal.", "This will kill your process with a lot of metaphorical fire.", "Using a SIGTERM is like telling your process, ''Hey there process, I don't really need you to complete right now, so could you just stop what you're doing?''", "And using SIGKILL is basically telling your process, ''OK, it's time to die.''", "The signal does its very best to make sure your process absolutely gets terminated and will kill it without giving it time to clean up.", "To send a SIGKILL signal, you can add a flag to the kill command dash kill for SIGKILL.", "So, let's open up Firefox one more time.", "So, kill dash kill 10392, and now you can see that Firefox has been killed.", "These are the two most common ways to terminate a process.", "But it's important to call out that using kill dash kill is a last resort to terminating a process.", "Since it doesn't do any cleanup, you could end up doing more harm to your files than good.", "Let's say you had a process running that you didn't want to terminate but maybe you just want to put it on pause.", "You can do this by sending the SIGTSTP signal for terminal stop, which will put your process in a suspended state.", "To send this, you can use the kill command with the flag dash TSTP.", "I'm going to run PS dash X so you can see the status of the processes.", "We're just going to put this process in a suspended state.", "So, kill dash TSTP.", "Now you can see the process 10754 is now in a suspended state.", "You can also send the SIGTSTP signal using the keyboard combination, Control Z.", "To resume the execution of the process, you can use the SIGCONT for continued signal.", "Let's go and look at the process table again.", "I'm going to go ahead and use that command on this process.", "Now, if I look at the process again, you'll see that the process status turned from a T to an S. SIGTERM, SIGKILL, and SIGSTP are some of the most common signals you'll see when you're working with processes in Linux.", "Now that you have a grasp on these signals, let's use them to help us utilize hardware resources better.", "In mobile operating systems like iOS and Android, you won't be able to see a list of running processes.", "Instead, you'll manage mobile apps that are running on the OS.", "When a mobile app is running, there will be one or more processes associated with them, but those details will be managed by the OS.", "Let's take a look at how you can manage your running mobile apps and understand how they're using your mobile device's resources.", "As an IT support specialist, you may help end users to troubleshoot slow mobile devices and manage their mobile apps.", "We'll show you examples of what you might see, but you may have to refer to your device's documentation if it doesn't look like these examples.", "First, let's check what apps are currently running on a device by opening the app switcher in iOS.", "From the app switcher, I can see a list of apps running on this iPhone.", "Now let's do the same thing in Android.", "Great, each of the apps that I have launched is listed here.", "I can scroll through this list and switch to an app by tapping it.", "Now I can use this calculator.", "The app that we're using is called the foreground app.", "All of these other apps are in the background.", "What do you think is happening with the background apps while I'm calculating how many bits are in this megabyte?", "The details can be a little complicated, but the basic idea is this, as soon as it can, the OS will suspend background mobile apps.", "A suspended app is paused, but not closed.", "The OS can occasionally wake a backgrounded app to allow to do some work, but it will try to keep apps suspended as much as it can.", "Let's go back to the home screen.", "Now that I'm on the home screen, all of the apps are backgrounded and there are no foreground apps.", "The calculator hasn't been closed.", "Each new app that you open will be kept backgrounded and usually suspended.", "This helps the device use less battery power.", "And pro tip, as an IT support specialist, it's pretty helpful to learn which apps on your mobile device use the most battery power.", "If you have an app that the OS can't suspend because the app keeps working in the background or it's frozen, then that can slow your device and use up battery.", "IT support specialists often have to find these misbehaving apps and close or uninstall them.", "Let's try closing some of the apps.", "From the iOS app switcher, we can swipe up on any of the background apps, this will close the app.", "You can do the same thing in Android.", "In this version of Android, we can also swipe over here and hit Clear all to close all of the apps at once.", "You can troubleshoot a misbehaving app by closing apps one at a time and seeing if there is one app in particular that slows the device down.", "Sometimes closing a misbehaving app will be all you need to do to make your device run smoothly again.", "Start with the app that's currently being used and see if that helps.", "The app switcher shows you the apps in order from most recently used to least recently used.", "Work backwards through time, trying one app at a time.", "Remember that this is not something that you should have to do very often to make your device work properly.", "With current versions of iOS and Android, you shouldn't ever have to close an app for performance reasons, unless the app is misbehaving.", "It can actually use up more battery to close and reopen an app than it would if you had just left it running.", "If you discover that you have an app that's routinely misbehaving, you can try resetting it completely by clearing its cache, like we saw in an earlier video.", "If the device is still running sluggishly after closing all of the apps, the next thing to try is to simply restart the device.", "And if restarting the device doesn't fix the performance issues or it's only a temporary fix, then we need to dig deeper.", "Let's check the battery use of the apps that we've installed.", "On the iPhone, I go to the Settings app > Battery > Battery Health.", "Here I can see how quickly the battery's been used since the last charge.", "I can also see which apps are using the most battery.", "Let's look at the same settings in Android.", "Again, I go to the Settings app, and from here, I'll choose Battery > More > Battery usage.", "From here, I can see which apps are using the most battery.", "If I see an app that's using a lot of battery, then it might not be working as it should, or maybe it's an app that uses a lot of battery to work.", "You'll need to learn which apps the end user needs to know whether or not the battery use is unusual.", "You've been doing a great job and we're almost done with this module.", "Now that we spent all this time learning about processes, like how to read them and how to manage them, when are we ever going to use these newfound skills?", "Well, pretty much all the time.", "But an IT support role, managing processes comes in handy the most when processes become a little unruly.", "Our systems usually have some pretty good ways of monitoring processes and telling us which processes might be having issues.", "In Windows, what are the most common ways to quickly take a peek at how the system resources are doing is by using the Resource Monitoring tool.", "You can find it in a couple of places, but we will launch it right from the start menu.", "Once it opens, you'll see five tabs of information.", "One is an overview of all the resources on the system.", "Each other tab is dedicated to displaying information about a particular resource on the system.", "You'll also notice that Resource Monitor displays process information too along with data about the resources that the process is consuming.", "You can get this performance information in a slightly less detailed presentation from process explorer.", "Just like the process you are interested in, right click and choose properties.", "From there, pick the performance graph tab.", "You can see quick visualizations of the current CPU memory indicated by private bytes and disk activity indicated by I/O.", "But how can we get this information from the command line?", "I am glad you asked.", "There are several ways to get this information from the command line but we will focus on a PowerShell centric one, our friend Get-Process.", "We know that if we run Get-Process without any options or flags, we get process information for each running process on the system.", "If you check out the column headings at the start of the output, you'll see things like NPM(K) values in this column represent the amount of non paged memory the process is using.", "And the K stands for the unit, kilobytes.", "You can see Microsoft's documentation for a full write up of each column in the next supplemental reading.", "This is useful but it is a lot of information.", "It can be really helpful to filter down to just the data you are interested in.", "Let's say you wanted to just display the top three processes using the MOS CPU, you could write this command.", "Get-Process| Sort CPU -descending | Select -first 3 -property ID, ProcessName and CPU.", "And just like that, we get the top three CPU hogs on the system.", "This command might be a little hard to understand, so let's go through it step by step.", "First, we call the Get-Process Commandlet to obtain all that process information from the operating system.", "Then, we use a pipe to connect the output of that command to the sort command.", "You might remember pipes from some Linux examples earlier.", "We sort the output of Get-Process by the CPU column descending to put the biggest numbers first.", "Then, we pipe that information to the select command.", "Using select, we pick the first three rows from the output of sort and pick only the property ID, name, and CPU amount to display.", "Now that you've got some knowledge about both the command line and graphical tools Windows provides for investigating resource usage, let's have a look at Linux Resource Monitoring.", "A useful command to find out what your system utilization looks like in real time is the top command.", "Top shows us the top processes that are using the most resources on our machine.", "We also get a quick snapshot of total tasks running or idle, CPU usage, memory usage, and more.", "One of the most common places to check when using the top command are these fields here, percentage CPU and percentage mem.", "This shows what CPU and memory usage a single task is taking up.To get out of the top command, just hit the Q key, Quit.", "A common situation you might encounter is when a user's computer is running a little slow.", "It could be for lots of reasons, but one of the most common ones is the overuse of hardware resources.", "If you find that a top shows you a certain task is taking up a lot of memory or CPU, you should investigate what the process is doing.", "You might even terminate the process so that it gives back the resources it was using.", "Another useful tool for resource utilization is the uptime command.", "This command shows information about the current time, how long your system's been running, how many users are logged on, and what the load average of your machine is.", "From here, we can see the current time is 16:43 or 4:43, our system has been up for five hours and eight minutes, and we have one user logged in.", "The path that we want to talk about here is the system load average.", "This shows the average CPU load in 1, 5, and 15 minute intervals.", "Load averages are an interesting metric to read.", "They become super useful when you need to see how your machine is doing over a certain period of time.", "We will get into load averages here but you should read about them in the next supplemental reading.", "Another command that you can use to help manage processes is the lsof command.", "Let's say you have a USB drive connected to your machine, you're working with some of the files on the machine, then when you go to eject the USB drive, you get an error saying, device or resource busy.", "You've already checked that none of the files on the USB driver is in use or opened anywhere, or so you think.", "Using the lsof command, you don't have to wonder.", "It lists open files and what processes are using them.", "This command is great for tracking down those pesky processes that are holding open files.", "One last thing to call out about hardware utilization is that you can monitor it separately from processes.", "If you just wanted to see how your CPU or memory is doing, you could use various commands to check their output.", "This isn't immediately useful to see on a single machine, but maybe in the future, if you manage a fleet of machines, you might want to think about monitoring the hardware utilization for all of your machines at once.", "We won't discuss how to do this, but you can read more about it in the supplemental reading.", "You've done some really great work in this module.", "You learned a lot about how to read process information and manage processes, something that will be vital for you'd know when troubleshooting issues as an I.T.", "support specialists.", "The next assessments will test you on that new process management knowledge.", "Then, drum roll please, we'll be on to the last and final lesson of this course.", "Will cover some of the essential tools that are used in the role of an I.T.", "support specialist." ]

[ "Programs vs Processes Revisited", "Windows: Process Creation and Termination", "Linux: Process Creation and Termination", "Windows: Reading Process Information", "Linux: Reading Process Information", "Windows: Signals", "Linux: Signals", "Windows: Managing Processes", "Linux: Managing Processes", "Mobile App Management", "Windows: Resource Monitoring", "Linux: Resource Monitoring" ]

[ "The Forza series is home to one of the most impressive AI implementations in modern gaming - and no I'm not talking about the sheep in Horizon 4.", "Drivatars are AI-controlled racers designed to drive like real people, learning from their behaviour and reproducing it in other peoples games.", "Allowing players all over the world to face off against their friends and other players across the Xbox Network, without ever actually playing the game together.", "It's one of the longest-running applications of machine learning in the videogames industry and in this 60th episode of AI and Games, we're going to crack open the bonnet and find out what makes this engine tick.", "Whether you prefer the simulation of Turn 10's Forza Motorsport or the open-world anarchy of Forza Horizon from Playground Games, you'll come into contact with Drivatars: a portmanteau of the words Driver and Avatar.", "Drivatars are the product of a highly complicated system, inspired by an AI technique we call Player Modelling.", "The idea of player modelling is that by gathering enough data of how players play a given game, an AI system can begin to make intelligent decisions that reflect that knowledge.", "In the case of Drivatar: by understanding how you drive cars in Forza, it can then drive an AI car in the game as if it was you in the driving seat.", "If you play any entry of the Forza series offline, all of the other racers you come across are Drivatars.", "They're all AI drivers that attempt to clone the behaviour of real people.", "But what makes Drivatar so special is that it has been in the Forza series since the very beginning, meaning it's been in ongoing development since the first entry of the Forza Motorsport series, on the original Xbox in 2005.", "Making it one of the longest-running machine learning applications in the video games industry.", "What makes Drivatar so impressive, is that it does a whole lot more than reproduce actions it has seen the player make before.", "It's making intelligent assumptions about how you would race in situations you might never have tried before.", "Your friend might jump into Forza Horizon and race against your Drivatar on a track you've never experienced and driving a car you've never driven.", "Hence the Drivatar isn't copying exactly what you would do, but rather figuring out 'how would you drive this car in this situation?'.", "This is where Machine Learning, rather than traditional symbolic AI, really begins to shine.", "If you consider a lot of the AI applications we see in this series, techniques such as Half Life's Finite State Machines or the Behaviour Tree of Alien: Isolations Xenomorph, they are chock full of rules and logic that tell the AI what to do in a given situation.", "If the player gets too close, have a Combine soldier melee attack or fall back into cover.", "If the alien saw you go into a locker, chase the player down and rip the door off.", "In either case, it requires programmers and designers to figure out what these rules are going to be, and then put them into the system.", "If there isn't a rule for a given situation, then the AI might look stupid or broken, given you expect it to do something in that situation, but the character doesn't have a response.", "Now consider this in the context of a racing game.", "You might say hey check this turn up ahead, we want to turn into the bend by a certain degree, as well as apply a certain amount of gas.", "Okay, fine.", "But that's going to be based on our current direction and velocity, so you need to factor that in there, oh we also need to think about the weather, given that will influence the traction of the tyres, oh we also need to factor the weight of the vehicle, the types of tyres we're using, the horsepower of the car and - you know what I think you get the idea.", "If any one rule is missing, then the AI is not going to drive that car properly and you then need to factor this for every corner, of every track and every vehicle.", "It is possible to achieve this with an approach that models the physics of the car and handles how it would follow the race ribbon.", "But this complexity increases the number of tracks, race conditions and vehicles are added.", "If we consider the most recent release, 2018's Forza Horizon 4: that game has close to 100 racing events and around 700 vehicles.", "Simply put, it's increasingly demanding to do this effectively before we even get to modelling the player's behaviour.", "But, with machine learning, this is much more plausible.", "Why is this?", "Well, one of the things machine learning is very good at is identifying patterns in large complex datasets.", "And it can then generalise them, so it knows how to respond when it sees a particular pattern in the data.", "What does that mean for a racing AI?", "Well, instead of having to write thousands of different logic rules for different conditions, a machine learning system will recognise that a lot of these situations are *very* similar to each other, and as a result, it can say on a per-frame basis, what steering and gas should be applied across the myriad of similar but unique cases.", "So let's get into it: we're going to explore how Drivatar works, but to do that, we need to talk about the one gameplay system both players and AI interact with: the physics simulation system.", "When the Forza series was devised, it was focused on delivering an authentic and realistic simulation comparable to that of rival series Gran Turismo on the Playstation.", "Hence it has a highly complicated physics layer built into the game engine.", "This physics simulation was built by pouring over the likes of Bill and Doug Milliken's 'Race Car Vehicle Dynamics', the textbook for anyone seeking to understand the physics of driving.", "This allowed the development team to capture the physics of race car driving in their own rigid body simulation engine.", "In much the same way simulators used by the likes of MacLaren or Ferrari do when training F1 drivers.", "But they don't stop there.", "The physics system is continually updated with each release of the series, and often the team at Turn 10 studios work with car manufacturers to get more accurate reproductions of how their cars handle in specific conditions.", "Ignoring the marketing schpiel and relying on the expertise of motorsport engineers, sometimes even contacting the manufacturers of car components themselves.", "In essence, the Forza physics simulation is one of the most complete and accurate race car simulators that exists in the world.", "The physics system is hyper performant, to a point that while the games renderers have fluctuated between 60 and 30 frames per second depending on the target hardware, or the demands of Horizon's open-world environments, the physics simulator runs at 360 frames per second and has done since the very beginning.", "This system is so complex and reacts to the smallest of changes, that it actually has several layers built into it that act as buffers between a human or an AI as they attempt to drive a vehicle.", "This is why Forza Motorsport and Forza Horizon feel completely different from one another.", "There are layers of adapatation between the player and the physics system designed to separate the simulation-heavy approach of Motorsport from Horizon's more arcadey vibe.", "Plus there are layers on the player controller level, such the how triggers and sticks of an Xbox controller would map to the realities of driving a car.", "Plus there are many assists that real drivers would use: from the likes of automatic gear changes to using the ABS for braking, or the traction control to ensure the car doesn't skid out.", "It helps even the most novice players get a feel for how to race in a variety of conditions and in each game the player and customise these in the Assists menu.", "Now before the Drivatar gets its hands on it, we need to talk about the AI controller layer.", "The AI controller is designed to know exactly how to drive a car in a given situation based on the current physics simulation.", "Whenever you race a track in Forza, you are presented with the racing line on-screen, this is the most efficient path you take for this immediate section of the track based on the physics simulation.", "The AI controller layer adopts this information to achieve the maximum utility of the vehicle on that stretch of road.", "So for example, if you're driving a car around a particular bend, there is an AI layer that already knows what speed and steering is required to drive that car so it follows the race line as effectively as possible.", "This isn't a secret, and if you need evidence of this, you can turn on the Super Easy steering assist introduced in Forza Motorsport 7, that when combined with the ABS and Traction Control, pretty much drives the car for you.", "All you have to do is keep your foot on the gas.", "So with all these layers in place, the last step is Drivatar.", "Drivatar will then tweak that AI controller layer to drive like a specific humans behaviour.", "So let's start, by winding the clock back to 2005 and the original Forza Motorsport.", "Given the novelty of what Drivatar represents, it required a unique insight into making it happen.", "Hence, while Forza Motorsport was developed at Turn 10 Studios, in Redmond, Washington in the United States, the original Drivatar was conceived and developed at Microsoft Research Cambridge, in the United Kingdom.", "This isn't the only time that Microsoft Research has had a significant impact on Xbox game development, with the likes of the Kinect peripheral and the TruSkill matchmaking systems built on the AI research conducted by their divisions.", "The original Drivatar is quite interesting, given that it exploits a feature unique to the Xbox at that time: a hard drive.", "Unlike Nintendo's GameCube and Sony's Playstation 2, the original Xbox came with an 8GB hard disk installed and ready to go.", "An idea that became more commonplace with the next generation of consoles.", "So in the early Forza Motorsport titles 1 through 4, your Drivatar was trained on the hard drive of your console, meaning it only existed on your Xbox.", "Meanwhile, other drivers are based on existing pre-trained data from the developers at Turn 10 that was shipped on the disc.", "But as we'll see in a moment, each Drivatar is fundamentally a really small amount of data.", "And while they wouldn't be shared via Xbox Live, you could grab an Xbox Memory Unit and copy the Drivatar for use on other consoles.", "Remember that?", "The idea of taking your save files round to your friends?", "Online gaming, what a time to be alive.", "The reason that Drivatars are so easy to transport is that they are what are known as artificial neural networks.", "Neural networks are a popular form of data inferencing inspired by the human brain, where you have sets of neurons - which are each simple individual processing units - that are connected to other neurons on subsequent layers.", "The idea being, that when data is entered at the input layer on the left-hand side, each neuron processes the information and passes it along to the next layer.", "This process continues through the layers very quickly and the output comes out the other side.", "The trick with a neural network is that - outside of the basic parameters of the neurons that are consistent across all versions of that network - the thing that separates one Drivatar from another is the weights on the connections.", "Training a neural network to solve a given problem involves a process of modifying the weights of the connections.", "This is a long-form process, but when it is done, the resulting Drivatar is essentially a list of numbers that corresponds to the weights on the connections of the network.", "So transferring those files is relatively easy, given the data being transmitted is more or less just the numbers for the connection weights.", "Now the one problem is that neural networks typically only have one answer for one general scenario.", "You feed the input, - int his case recordings of race lines - it will have one output, what the car should do in that scenario.", "But we want some variety, and that's where bayesian neural networks come in.", "Bayesian Neural Networks apply the idea of bayes theorem to a neural network.", "What this means is that is now says that any decision it can make has a probability.", "And that probability is going to be influenced by the frequency with which it has seen specific actions appear in a given circumstance from the recorded training data.", "Bayesian neural networks are designed such that you don't just have one set of weights, you have a collection of different sets of weights attached to a probability distribution for that input.", "When you want an answer, you run it several times, using the different weight sets.", "In each case, you have an answer, but also a confidence value as to whether the network thinks that should be the answer to that problem.", "In the context of Forza: if we've seen the car take this particular turn on the track across several laps.", "At each step along that race line, the Drivatar can suggest one or more options for the angle the car should turn and the gas it should apply.", "It then selects the option with highest confidence.", "That's what the car should be doing at that point because it's the most similar to what we've seen the player do before.", "But this was just the beginning of the Drivatar system, given it was heavily reliant on whatever data it could gleam from that training set.", "Meaning it had difficulty adapting to new tracks and generalising for scenarios it had not seen before.", "Plus it was limited by only being able to base its knowledge on the cars you had driven.", "The next step was to make it a continuous and ongoing form of learning: adapting and evolving after every race you enter in every game of Forza.", "Starting with Forza Motorsport 5, a launch title for the Xbox One back in 2013, the Drivatar system received a significant upgrade.", "The most notable change is that instead of being trained and iterated upon locally on your hard drive, Drivatars are now hosted on the cloud as part of the Xbox Network.", "This means two big changes: first, in order for your Drivatar to learn, you need to maintain an online connection as data is uploaded to the cloud.", "But more critically, it meant that your Drivatar could then be downloaded to other peoples Xbox's with ease, resulting in your racing AI appearing in other peoples matches.", "Given that each Drivatar is a trained neural network, they are very small file sizes, because it's just the network weights.", "So the game can quickly download new Drivatars prior to a new race, meaning you face off against your friends or random players.", "Now the exact inner workings of the modern Drivatar is not publically known.", "However, creative director Dan Greenawalt has advocated that the modern version employs a form of deep learning, which would mean the original bayesian learning paradigm has been replaced with reinforcement learning, which is a lot more popular among machine learning researchers and developers.", "That said, there is still a ton of information to cover on this new and improved version.", "If you recall from earlier, the AI controller layer that sits atop the physics simulation is able to calculate the utility of the vehicle's physics.", "With Drivatar 2.0, the system attempts to calculate your utilisation based on turn types in the track.", "In a given turn and the current condition of the physics system, Drivatar will guess the speed and turn angle with which you take this segment of the track and what acceptable range you do this in that is reflective of your driving style.", "To make this work, each race ribbon in Forza is broken up into individual turns and segments and are examined individually both when you race the track yourself, but also when the Drivatar takes the wheel.", "Drivatar tracks 12 different turn types for any and all Froza race tracks: Kink Constant Radius Increasing Radius Decreasing Radius Hairpin Sweeper Right Angle Dual Apex Two types of Chicane, known as Chicane1 and Chicane 2.", "Mild Bend And lastly Hard Corner.", "So for any given track, it will break it up the ribbon into each of these turn types alongside the straights that exist and examine the player performance on each.", "For example, if we take Road Atlanta, which has appeared in every entry of Forza Motorsport, the full circuit is broken into segments thanks to 12 main turns.", "But the Drivatar system breaks up the ribbon into 27 unique track segments.", "When you race this track, it will pay attention to the position of the car, your speed and how consistent that behaviour is throughout.", "This behaviour is uploaded for the race as a whole, the main segments of the track and each turn that has been identified.", "This data is then used to update the Drivatars trained model in the cloud.", "Each time data is uploaded, it's timestamped.", "As such, as you're building more and more training data about your driving style, Drivatar recognises that it should treat older readings with less confidence, given you might be getting better at the game the more you play.", "When the model is updated, it focuses on achieving the precision of your play style but also can it infer similar behaviour for different conditions.", "Now when the drivatar races, it can operate in one of two ways: First of all, if you have played that track before it will attempt to mimic the race lines you have established as best as possible.", "Similarly, if you have driven that car before, it will mimic your utility as best as it possibly can.", "This means that if your friend is racing on a track you've experienced and your Drivatar is in a car it has used on that track before, it will aim to match what you did as closely as possible.", "In fact, the Drivatar remembers what cars you've used on a given track.", "So if that car is permitted, it will not only pick that car to drive but also use the livery and tuning that you have selected.", "However, if the race conditions are not the same as what you've experienced before, the Drivatar instead while calculating the utility based on existing knowledge it has of how you handle those type of race segments and their specific turn types on average.", "So it's more of an approximation of how you handle those turns typically.", "So if you've never driven the Nurburgring in the game, it will rely on your previous experience to guide it through, sort of like you would do in real life.", "One quick item to point out is that the Rewind feature negates the training of the Drivatar.", "If you botch a corner and use the Rewind feature, the Drivatar ignores everything that happens until after you pass that segment of the track successfully.", "This is a deliberate design decision: given it prevents players from gaming the system and creating the perfect Drivatar by taking the same corner again and again.", "So if you want to get your AI buddy taking those corners like you, you'll have to learn to do it successfully without the rewind feature.", "Given that the Drivatar seeks to reproduce human behaviour, it doesn't just bring along your racing prowess, it also learns to exhibit some of your more aggressive traits, as well as your flaws as well.", "Learning directly from your data, a Drivatar will sometimes learn to take corners badly - just like you, they might even spin out on certain turns - just like you would and they might be highly aggressive and bash other cars in proximity - because that's what you would do.", "But the problem is, when you put that into someone else's game, that isn't always ideal.", "There's a twisted irony in that when played in single-player, Forza games need to reinforce the players power-fantasy of driving fast cars like a boss.", "Meanwhile, the Drivatars are designed to make it feel like you're playing online with your friends.", "But in reality, your Drivatar doesn't always play like you would, because it's important that in certain situations, your AI driver behaves like a professional driver would and avoids behaviours that could impact the desired single player experience.", "For example, while you might play super aggressively offline and smash into other cars, your Drivatar will not exhibit the same level of aggression.", "You might also shave edges off corners and try to pass someone by cutting over the grass.", "Both of those might be behaviours you exhibit when you play, but if your Drivatar does that in a race, it might prove frustrating and detract from that player's experience.", "Hence, there is a layer of additional control that sits between the Drivatar and the car controller that allows designers to tweak how your Drivatar behaves.", "This can mean it minimises aggression, stops your Drivatar doing doughnuts or even racing backwards - because yes, some of you had to try it didn't you?", "This AI control layer goes one step further by having Drivatars avoid collisions with players you don't have on your Xbox friends list.", "Leaving your friends to deal with the more annoying digital version of you racing alongside them.", "That said, there is still a chance that a random will hit you, given the Drivatars only pay attention to one car at a time.", "So it might still just bump into you by accident.", "But of course, if this annoys you, you can just turn it off.", "They added the ability to stop your friend Drivatars from hitting you in the assists of Forza Motorsport 6.", "This still leaves open the issue of rubber banding: a common tactic in racing games to tie the performance of all AI racers to the player.", "Making them less performant they're too far ahead or becoming godlike racers if the player gets a lead.", "Turn 10 have stated in developer talks that the Drivatars do not rubber band, and technically that's true.", "They don't rubber band the AI, they rubber band the cars.", "If a player is too far ahead, the game begins to manipulate the cars so they're less performant.", "They slightly increase the weight so they're harder to get moving, while also scaling back the torque of the engine or the friction of the tyres.", "Similarly, if you're too far ahead, it does it the other way around and makes the cars slightly better than they really are in real life.", "Of course, this has limits, given the accuracy of the physics system means that excessive changes will make the cars undrivable.", "So it's all done within sufficient range that it doesn't break the cars physics model entirely.", "Oh and one last thing...", "I know I said earlier that every AI in the Forza series is a Drivatar influenced by existing data.", "There is one AI racer in the Forza series, that isn't a real Drivatar.", "The Stig.", "The test-driver for the Top Gear television series was introduced in Forza Motorsport 5 as a challenge for players to race against and brought back once again Forza Motorsport 6.", "In each case, it's not based on the shows beloved mascot.", "Heck, we don't even know who that person actually is, given the identity of Stig has become a secret once again since Ben Collins was replaced in 2010.", "Instead, as detailed in a 2015 talk at the nucl.ai conference by Jeffrey Schlimmer, the Stig is a manually scripted Drivatar with a lot of customisation to ensure it drives in a specific way that satisfies both the designers needs and the licensors demands.", "Though that might be so you can actually beat them!", "Racing games are already an incredibly complicated problem space for building AI.", "But crafting racers that are inspired by player behaviour is even more complicated.", "The Drivatar system isn't the only example of machine learning applied to racing games, but it's thus far only to really deliver that personal touch.", "Thanks for watching this 60th episode of AI and Games with a long-overdue look at the Forza series.", "I hope you've found it interesting and learned something new along the way.", "If you want to find out more, be sure to check out Ars Technica's interview with Dan Greenawalt, the creative director of Forza Motorsport, which covers a lot of the same ground I cover here.", "Plus if you're interested in learning more about how player modelling can be used in games, check out my episode on how researchers could model how players like to play Tomb Raider Underworld through modelling techniques.", "Plus way back in episode 18 of the show, I looked at how Killer Instinct reproduces a players behaviour for its 'Shadow' AI system using a technique known as case-based reasoning.", "AI and Games is a crowdfunded series on Patreon, and it's thanks to this funding that I can continue to release new videos.", "To find out who to join our community and support the series, check out the links on screen and in the description.", "Take care folks, I'll be back." ]

[ "Intro", "What is a Drivatar?", "The Challenge of Racing AI", "Forza Physics", "The Original Drivatar", "Drivatar v2.0", "Designer Modifications", "Hacks & Tweaks", "Closing" ]

[ "That s right I sold 30 Tesla shares the other day on the dip.", "I think I got about $580 for them.", "In my opinion, if Tesla is under $600, then it s probably a bargain.", "If you are still looking at building your position, then anything in the 500s is a good price, given the all time high hit 900 just a few months back.", "And it would appear that there is some serious support when you get to the mid-500s.", "But why would I sell them on the dip if the price is so low?", "Well I really am all in.", "Whenever Tesla gets low enough, I will literally find all the money I can to invest in it.", "Except I ve already done that, and am out of money.", "But through researching Tesla, and producing YouTube videos on the company, it makes me very bullish.", "And the only way I could afford to invest more in Tesla, was literally by selling some Tesla stock.", "And that s what I did.", "As many of you know, I have a relatively small amount of my Tesla holdings in LEAPs.", "I wont go into too much detail as to what LEAPs are, as I have in past videos already.", "But essentially, it allows me to control a lot more shares, with less money.", "The downside being I could lose the entire amount invested into the LEAPs.", "It s just a call option contract you purchase, where they expiry date is longer than one year.", "A few days prior, I was looking at some of the prices for LEAPs that expire in March 2023.", "For strike prices around $850 to $900.", "About what the previous high has been.", "And the price of these LEAPs, were only around $100.", "I just want to be clear, I am in no way advising anyone to purchase LEAPs.", "They are a more advanced investment technique, where you can literally lose everything you invest.", "I am just sharing my experiences with you.", "In other words, if before March 2023, Tesla s price increases to a little over $1000, you would double your money.", "Of course, if I ran a survey to ask what most of you thought the stock price would be in March 2023, I would guess the majority of the answers would lie between $1500 and $2500 stock price.", "Quite possibly with an average of around $2000.", "That may seem high, over 3 times what it is at the time of this video.", "But this $2,000 number is not some magic round number we are pulling out of thin air.", "We have justified reasons as to why we think this number is achievable.", "In fact there are several catalysts between then and now, that could certainly set the stock price off into a new cycle.", "I just wanted to lock in some more Tesla shares at around today s prices, in case it takes off again between now and then.", "I hope to eventually exercise these LEAPs when they come to their expiry date.", "If the LEAPs are not worth anything by the time they expire, then I might possibly just renew them.", "I can likely off-set the loses against tax too.", "However, exercising them likely means you don t need to pay the capital gains tax, or at least delays it until you sell the shares.", "In other words, if you made $100,000 from your LEAPs, you might have to pay $30,000 in tax, and be left with only $70,000 profit.", "But if you exercise them, then that $30,000 you would have paid on tax gets to remain in your investment.", "This is my strategy, I think its important to have a strategy that you stick with, or else you might make the wrong decision.", "But this is simply a way for me to lock in a price to purchase more Tesla shares in the future, when I likely have more money.", "So, if you are buying LEAPs, make sure you know why, my reason is to hedge the current stock price for another couple of years, by which stage I hope to afford to exercise them.", "Now, I actually wanted to get the June 2023 options, but they weren t quite available yet, they were still over 2 years out, and options cant exceed 2 years.", "So I had to settle for March.", "But we are still talking nearly 2 years out, so what events can I look forward to over that time, that may have an impact on Tesla s stock price and my LEAPs.", "In fact there are quite a few big events to occur over that time.", "Therefore I look at my purchase of LEAPs, as an asymmetric investment.", "There are perhaps a few events that could possibly double the stock price, or take it to $2,000 even.", "That would mean I get a 10 times return on my LEAPs, at that price.", "Of course by Mar 2023, we would have expected the 4680 batteries to hit mass scale.", "With an expected 100 gWh/yr production for 2022, by the time Mar 2023 rolls around then perhaps Tesla will be close to a scaled annual production equivalent of around 150 gWh/yr.", "Or we could say possibly the first quarter of 2023 they might be looking at nealy 40 gWh of battery production.", "This would be in addition to Fremont and Shanghai, as they will likely not yet be using the 4680 batteries.", "Tesla will also likely have LG and Panasonic supply them additional 4680 batteries.", "If we include their other battery suppliers, then we shouldn t be too far off the battery equivalent of 1 million vehicles in the first quarter of 2023.", "Of course all these batteries aren t necessarily used for autos, and some are likely used for energy storage, perhaps by this stage.", "I am simply going off numbers that we were told by Elon and Tesla.", "I am not saying I think this will happen, this is basically the target that Tesla have set.", "So its certainly a possibility, and is the reason its important to put so much focus on what is happening with the 4680 batteries.", "If Tesla were at a run rate of 4m cars a year by 2023, then I would have thought, there would be a good chance that the stock price could be at $2,000.", "We also have the 2 juggernaut factories coming online hopefully later this year.", "By March 2023 they would had over an entire year to ramp up.", "Judging by the rate at which Shanghai is ramping up, as long as these factories have sufficient battery supply and components, then these factories wont take long until they are hit their capacities.", "What their actual capacities are, is still a mystery, but we would guess its potentially around 2 million each factory.", "Anyway, as soon as Tesla demonstrate these factories working on a decent scale, with the 4680 batteries, then that will show the market Tesla are capable of moving up to the big numbers.", "I think its possible Tesla could reach 2 million units in 2022.", "I mean just look at by how much they are increasing their total manufacturing capacity with these 2 gigantic factories, compared to what they have now.", "In addition that, we should be seeing the cybertruck coming off the lines too.", "If Tesla can demonstrate that they can manufacture these without any issues from the likes of the NHTSA.", "Then that will also do wonders to the stock price.", "The cybertruck is a product that will always be in demand.", "They have shown they can design a great prototype that people love, they just need to prove they can manufacturer it too.", "Once these factories and the cybertruck have been proven, then that s another reason the stock price could go through it s next cycle and reach $2,000.", "There is always the FSD wild card.", "Any month or so we could have an update, that V9 is out and is now officially feature complete.", "Or essentially Tesla informing us they have cracked autonomy.", "From there we could start to see regulation unfold for self driving vehicles.", "We know FSD is huge, its just so impressive, its hard to comprehend, and thus believe.", "It s harder to invest in things you cant believe.", "By March 2023, there could have been a lot of progress, and possibly even signs that Robotaxis could become a thing.", "Maybe even tested in a small town.", "If the market starts to believe Robotaxis are on the cards sometime in the future, even if its 5 years later, then we ve done the numbers, Robotaxis are the biggest potential for the company.", "Then we have this tax credit for US EVs.", "Considering the US is Tesla s best market, home turf, and largest auto industry in the world, it is likely going to be great for Tesla s stock price.", "I would imagine the bill will pass sometime this year.", "By March 2023, I would have expected Tesla to have raised their prices, and reduce their costs so much so, that they are making around 40% gross margins on their cars in the US.", "That is absolutely insane.", "Except the thing is, they will be doing it at quantity when Texas has opened up.", "By this stage, Tesla would have had several earnings reports with the new profit from the EV credits incorporated, and no doubt making profits look very healthy indeed.", "Tesla s earning per share will no doubt please Wall Street.", "And of course the headlines will read, Tesla are only making profits from EV tax credits, but Tesla will get to enjoy these credits for years to come.", "Assuming no major law changes.", "I would expect Tesla to announce a new North-East US factory.", "By March 2023, it may not quite be built, but it could be close.", "Although it s highly possible they might do something similar to Fremont though, and just retrofit an existing factory.", "If Tesla can save themselves perhaps 12 months of building a factory, while these tax incentives are on, then it makes sense to take advantage of them as quickly as possible.", "In fact it s possible the entire EV industry in the US could not only boom, but actually bubble.", "So again, plenty of possibility these events alone could double the stock price.", "We would expect that by March 2023, we actually have the model 2 in production.", "Going by Elon s timeline.", "Even if not, then it certainly should have been revealed, and there might likely be the world s largest building nearing completion of where the model 2s will be manufactured.", "This will be Tesla s biggest selling car, well most likely the world s. If Tesla can demonstrate this then it will put the stock price through another cycle.", "Just think about it, probably around half of all Tesla s sold would be a model 2.", "In other words, this model will potentially double their sales.", "Just from one model.", "And it will be done not only with a high profit margin, but also with a $10,000 or more, optional extra for FSD.", "Which stands a good chance of having achieved level 5 autonomy by this stage.", "There we go, these are just around 4 or so main events that we can look forward to over the next couple of years, of which any of them could tip the stock price to around $2,000 a share.", "But like I said, that would give me 10 times return on my LEAPs.", "This is known as an asymmetric investment.", "My returns far outweigh the potential losses.", "Say if there is just a 1 in 3 chance 4680 batteries work, then that s a 1 in 3 chance of getting 10 times my money.", "Again 1 in 3 chance that the new factories have reached that level of capacity by March 2023.", "Then that s another 1 in 3 chance of getting 10 times return.", "Maybe a 1 in 5 chance of FSD reaching level 5 autonomy.", "And perhaps 1 in 4 chance Model 2 s are coming off the production line by March 2023.", "It all adds up into a really good asymmetric investment.", "Of course you can play the other side too, perhaps a 1 in 3 chance there is a market crash before then.", "Or even some other black swan event.", "These are the risks you take.", "And then there could be any other new event or product that Tesla announces, or possibly even another stock split.", "Anyway, I will keep you posted as to how they turn out." ]

[ "Intro", "What Events Can I Look Forward to over that Time That May Have an Impact on Tesla's Stock Price", "Juggernaut Factories", "Tesla Could Reach 2 Million Units in 2022" ]

[ "Good morning.", "We have already solved this problem, and, we need to work with unit vectors and projectile motion.", "So, let’s solve it again, only this time, using unit vectors!", "♪ Flipping Physics ♪ Bobby, please read the problem and Bo, please tell me everything we know in terms of unit vectors.", "A ball is launched from the Nerd-A-Pult with an initial speed of 3.25 m/s at an angle of 61.7° above the horizontal.", "If the basket is 93 cm from the ball horizontally, where should the basket be placed vertically relative to the ball so the ball lands in the basket?", "What am I doing?", "- You are giving me everything we know in terms of unit vectors.", "- I do not know how to do that.", "Okay.", "I’ll get us started with the initial and final positions.", "Because these positions are in multiple dimensions at once, we use the symbol r instead of x, y, or z.", "So, the initial position, or r naught, is well, we get to choose that, so let’s choose zero i plus zero j as the initial position of the ball.", "The ball starts at zero.", "The final position, which is r final, equals 93 cm in the x direction, which we know is 0.93 m in the x direction, or 0.93 times unit vector i.", "The final position in the y-direction is the unknown we are solving for, so let’s substitute in an unknown variable y, or y times unit vector j.", "So, the final position equals 0.93 i plus y j meters.", "Alright Bo, your turn.", "Please determine the initial velocity of the ball in terms of unit vectors.", "Oh kay.", "Uh.", "Well, the initial velocity given in the problem is in terms of magnitude and direction, so, we are going to need the x and y-direction components of it.", "I think I know how to do this.", "The initial velocity, or v naught, equals the x component of the initial velocity times i plus the y component of the initial velocity times j.", "The x component of the initial velocity equals, well, because theta is with the horizontal, it equals initial velocity times cosine theta.", "The y component of the initial velocity equals initial velocity times sine theta.", "Initial velocity is 3.25 meter per second and theta is 61.7 degrees.", "So, the initial velocity is 1.54079 i plus 2.86155 j meters per second.", "Very nice Bo.", "Billy, please give me the acceleration of the ball using unit vectors.", "Absolutely.", "Okay, the acceleration of any object in projectile motion is 9.81 meters per second squared down.", "So, objects in projectile motion have no acceleration in the x-direction so, zero times unit vector i, plus, well negative 9.81 times unit vector j meters per second squared.", "Thank you Billy.", "Now, we know the acceleration of the ball is constant, so we can use the uniformly accelerated motion equations.", "Let’s use position final equals initial position plus initial velocity times time plus one-half acceleration times time squared.", "Notice we can substitute the unit vector versions we just determined of final position, initial position, initial velocity, and acceleration.", "And we can remove the zeros and multiply through by time and time squared.", "Bobby, please isolate all of the x-direction terms and see what we can accomplish with that.", "Sure.", "Um.", "Isolating all of the terms which have a unit vector i in them gives us 0.93 equals 1.54079 times time.", "Oh, we can solve for time.", "Time equals 0.93 over 1.54079 or 0.603588 seconds.", "Thanks Bobby.", "Can you actually also do the same thing with the y-direction?", "Yeah.", "Isolating all the terms which have unit vector j in them gives us y equals 2.86155 time minus 4.905 time squared.", "And we just figured out the time.", "So, substitute that in and we get negative 0.0599785 meters or well, that is negative 6.0 cm.", "In other words, the basket needs to be placed 6.0 cm below the original height of the ball.", "Just like we got last time.", "Yep, the physics still works.", "Cool.", "Uh huh.", "Very nice Bobby.", "Now, notice how, by using unit vectors, we are able to combine everything we know in this problem into one equation.", "In the long run, that can be very useful.", "Thank you very much for learning with me today, I enjoyed learning with you." ]

[ "The example", "The initial positions", "The initial velocity", "The acceleration", "Using the position vector", "All the x-direction terms", "All the y-direction terms", "Showing that it works!" ]

[ "In the hundred-plus years of filmmaking and thousands of years of storytelling... \"- In the beginning.", "There was nothing.\"", "There are really only 4 ways to end a story.", "In today's video, we're going to explain one of these endings.", "Using a script with a top speed of 88 miles per hour.", "\"- When this baby hits 88 miles per hour, you're going to see some serious...\" This is part one of \"The 4 Endings in Every Film\".", "\"The Sweet Ending\".", "Traditional protagonists typically need two things.", "A want and a need.", "Wants are external goals that are known to the character.", "\"- Wow, I would die a happy man if I could perform with Dorothea Williams.\"", "Specific to them.", "\"- I did it!", "I got the gig!", "Yes!", "I don't know.", "I know Dorothea Williams.", "Can you believe it?", "- Hey, pal, you're gonna get hurt.\"", "And drive the plot forward.", "\"- No, no, no, no, listen.", "I have a gig tonight.", "I can't die now.", "Help!", "I'm not done!", "I gotta get back!\"", "But needs are internal goals.", "\"- I'm trying to free your mind, Neo.", "But I can only show you the door.\"", "That are often unknown to the character universal to us all.", "\"- You have to let it all go, Neo.", "Fear.", "Doubt.", "And disbelief.", "- No.\"", "And drive the character through their ark.", "And at the end of most stories, the protagonists will attain some combination of their wants and needs.", "And you can map every type of ending on a quadrant like this.", "Sweet.", "Bittersweet.", "Semi-Sweet.", "And lastly, bitter.", "Our first type of ending is \"Sweet\".", "Where the character gets both their want and need making for an extremely positive ending all around.", "\"- Everything is great.\"", "Let's take a closer look at one of the sweetest endings ever.", "Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gales \"Back to the Future\".", "A great ending isn't simply tacked on at the end.", "The path to a successful finale starts on page one.", "That's why we've imported the screenplay into StudioBinder so we can pinpoint the necessary plot and character beats that created such a satisfying ending.", "\"- Like, I've always told you.", "Put your mind to it.", "You can accomplish anything.\"", "Now, in a traditional character arc the protagonist undergoes a substantial personal change.", "But \"Back to the Future\" breaks that tradition.", "Marty McFly doesn't really change much at all.", "That's because his is a \"Flat Character Arc\".", "In which according to K.M.", "Weiland the protagonist is the one changing the world around him rather than the world-changing the character.", "And as we'll see... \"- Dad!\"", "...Marty's want and need end up being about helping others.", "\"- I need your help.", "I have to ask Lorraine out, but I don't know how to do it.", "- All right.", "Okay, listen, keep your pants on.", "She's over in the cafe.\"", "Not himself.", "\"- She said, get your meat hooks off.\"", "In Act 1, Marty's initial want is to be a musician.", "Which is established on Page 2.", "And complicated on Page 7.", "\"- Hold it, fellas.", "I'm afraid you just too darn loud.", "Next please.\"", "In the next scene, we learn about Marty's perceived lack of confidence.", "\"- Marty, one rejection isn't the end of the world.", "- Nah, I just don't think I'm cut out for music.\"", "For Marty to change the world around him, we need to establish what needs changing.", "Marty isn't actually an insecure character.", "\"- Just perfect.", "- Hello!", "Hello!\"", "But his father George is.", "\"- Afraid I'm just not very good at confrontations.", "- But the car, Dad.\"", "In her book, Weiland explains that there are two ways to introduce a normal world.", "A good place that will be destroyed.", "Or a less than satisfactory place which has been cursed.", "And it is up to the protagonist to destroy this world and create a better one.", "And this is Marty's need to become the opposite of his father.", "He needs confidence.", "\"- David, watch your mouth.\"", "This scene gives us the issues plaguing each member of Marty's family.", "His older brother is stuck flipping burgers.", "\"- See ya later, pop.\"", "His sister can't get a date.", "\"- Then how am I supposed to ever meet anybody.\"", "And his mother Lorraine is an alcoholic and a victim of suburban stagnation.", "Lorraine's line here is key.", "\"- We all make mistakes in life, children.\"", "Lorraine's need is to fix her mistake and fall in love with George for the right reasons.", "Not out of pity but out of a deeper connection.", "\"- You told us the story a million times.", "You felt sorry for him, so you decided to go with him to the Fish Under the Sea dance.", "- No.", "No, it was the Enchantment Under the Sea dance.", "It was then that I realized that I was gonna spend the rest of my life with him.\"", "Because Marty is a flat character the crux of \"Back to the Future\" hinges upon whether it is George that can change.", "With the normal world established and our character's wants and needs articulated the plot takes a sharp turn.", "Although Marty doesn't know it yet, Doc Brown has invented something to solve all of these problems at once.", "\"- Are you telling me you built a time machine.\"", "And Marty finds himself stuck 30 years in the past.", "\"- What?", "- You're George McFly.", "- Yeah, who are you?\"", "Where he intervenes in his own family history.", "\"- Like the way I met your father.", "- That was so stupid.", "Grandpa hit him with the car.\"", "Now the story gets even more complicated forcing Marty to adopt a new want which is introduced on Page 65 here.", "The midpoint when everything changes.", "\"- Now remember, according to my theory you interfered with your parent' first meeting.", "If they don't meet, they won't fall in love, they won't get married and they won't have kids.\"", "Marty's new want... \"- There's somebody I'd like you to meet.\"", "...get his parents to fall in love or his entire existence will be wiped away.", "\"- It's like he's been erased.", "- Erased from existence.\"", "Marty has to push George to become a confident and assertive person fulfilling both George's need and his own by extension.", "If Marty can change George for the better his own concerns about turning into his spineless father will disappear.", "Marty's want and need are now inextricably linked.", "\"- ...right here with me.", "Come on, Lorraine.\"", "It takes some effort and a bit of cosmic coincidence but George emerges the hero.", "\"- George, help me.", "- Just turn around, McFly, and walk away.", "- No, Biff.", "You leave her alone.\"", "Immediately after Marty's efforts to get his parents together succeed... ♪ ♪ ...he is able to fulfill his initial want.", "To be a rock star.", "Both of Marty's wants and his need are obtained within the same scene.", "George gains confidence and Marty gets the spotlight.", "♪ ♪ Now, all he has to do is jump back in the DeLorean, hit 88 miles per hour, and ride the lightning back to 1985.", "No big deal.", "In the end, Marty hasn't changed but everything around him has.", "His house.", "His sister's social life.", "\"- I don't know.", "I can't keep up with all of your boyfriends.\"", "His brother's career prospects.", "\"- I always wear a suit to the office.", "- Hello.", "- Good morning.\"", "His mother has shed the extra weight as well as her suburban stagnation.", "\"- Mom, you look so thin.", "- Thank you, Marty.", "George!\"", "And his father nearly unrecognizable.", "\"- Uh, now, Biff, I want to make sure that we get two coats of wax this time, not just one.\"", "No longer the insecure coward.", "He is confident and successful.", "\"- ...first novel.", "- Like I've always told you.", "Put your mind to it.", "You can accomplish anything.\"", "The setup of the previous dinner scene now pays off.", "And let's not forget the 4x4 parked in the garage.", "\"- Check out that 4x4.", "That is hot.\"", "This is the epitome of a happy or sweet ending.", "\"- Is everything all right?", "- Oh, yeah.", "Everything is great.\"", "Most protagonists in the sweet ending evolve in a positive change arc.", "And with a flat character arc like Marty's remember that they don't have to change but those around them do.", "Sweet endings are a very satisfying option to end your movie.", "And it all comes down to understanding your character's wants and needs.", "And achieving both.", "However, a fairy tale ending may run the risk of being too perfect.", "Just because the character gets everything, it shouldn't be easy.", "When you write a sweet ending, you still need obstacles.", "Minor defeats and reversals to make sure the victory is well earned.", "In the next episode, we'll examine the opposite type of ending the bitter end.", "Where Michael Corleone undergoes a tragically negative change.", "He gets neither his want... \"- That's my family.", "It's not me.\"", "...nor need.", "But it's still a gratifying ending.", "And we still root for him.", "How is that possible?", "Stay tuned to find out.", "\"- We better back up.", "We don't have enough road to get up to 88.", "- Roads?", "Where we going we don't need roads.\"", "Get what you want and what you need by hitting \"Subscribe\" and ringing the bell for notifications.", "♪ ♪" ]

[ "Intro — The Four Endings in Every Film", "Protagonist \"Wants\" & \"Needs\"", "Four Endings Overview", "Flat Character Arcs Explained", "How to Introduce the \"Normal World\"", "Story Resolution", "Final Takeaways" ]

[ "You’ve probably heard the story about Warren Buffett and his wildly successful Berkshire Hathaway but have you heard the story about his right-hand man Charlie Munger?", "Charlie Munger has been the vice-chairman of Berkshire Hathaway since 1978, but before joining Warren Buffett he was a successful lawyer, real estate developer, stock market investor and ... hamster breeder?", "More on this later.", "Charlie Munger has often said that the most difficult part of becoming financially independent is to get a hold of those first $100,000 or $1,000,000.", "Today, both Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett are two of the world’s richest men, and none of them inherited their wealth, they’re both self-made.", "Also, they’ve both been wildly successful as stock market investors.", "A little-known fact about Charlie Munger, which we’ll talk about more later, is that he operated an investment partnership in the 60s and 70s which has a greater track record than recently acclaimed investors such as Cathie Wood and even legendary investors such as Peter Lynch.", "I’ve made a video about how Warren Buffett made his first $1,000,000 before.", "While it is basically impossible to even imagine a straighter path to that tricky first million than the one Buffett took, Munger’s was a bit rougher.", "For most of us, and Munger was no exception, life happens, and the accumulation of wealth may be temporarily interrupted or even take a U-turn due to unexpected circumstances.", "Therefore, I think you’ll find that the story about how Charlie Munger became a millionaire makes for a great complement to the story of Waren Buffett.", "This is the Swedish Investor, bringing you the best tips and tools for reaching financial freedom through stock market investing.", "Charlie Munger was born on January 1st, 1924 in Omaha, Nebraska, but our story begins in 1930.", "Munger & Range Perhaps you’ve heard about the would-be golf player who was taught by his single-digit handicap father how to handle a golf club basically, before he had even learned how to walk?", "Who won the Junior World Championship six times?", "Who today is tied for the most PGA tour wins in history?", "Or maybe you’ve heard about the three daughters of the father who was determined that he could turn any healthy child into a genius as long as they were highly specialized by age six.", "He chose chess for his three daughters and drilled them intensely until they became the greatest in history.", "These are the stories of Tiger Woods and Susan, Sofia and Judit Polgar.", "They owe their success in life to an early, intense and narrow focus on a single study.", "Charlie Munger’s success story couldn’t be further from this.", "Munger’s achievements stem from intensive study too, but instead of being narrowly focused, it span across a wide range of subjects.", "Munger was moved ahead in Elementary School due to a fair bit of home-schooling in reading by his mother, Florence Munger.", "He was known by his teachers as something of a smartass.", "Munger didn’t particularly idolize his teachers as he thought he had found better ones in the many biographies which his parents bought for him.", "“Make friends among the eminent dead” is one of Munger’s most famous quotes and he himself made friends with famous (dead) writers such as Mark Twain, former American presidents such as Benjamin Franklin (also dead), and everything in between.", "Munger has said that for complex and broad subjects such as stock market investing, a range of skills is required.", "Though he didn’t necessarily realize this at the time when he was 6 years old reading biographies which he had received for Christmas.", "Munger himself has said that: “In my whole life, I have known no wise people over a broad subject matter area who didn’t read all the time – none, zero.” He is oftentimes referred to as “book-with-legs” Munger the Hamster Breeder Collecting things have always been human nature.", "In the 90s, when I grew up, it was all about Pokémon cards.", "My parents thought it was a terribly wasteful thing to do to spend my money on these pieces of paper.", "I didn’t agree, maybe because it wasn’t actually my money.", "In the 30s parents had completely different things to complain about.", "A young Charlie Munger was a breeder and collector of hamsters, yes, the living kind, and at the peak of his collective-days he had as many as 35 of them living in the family basement.", "It was cool to have different colours and sizes of these rodents, so the kids traded them with each other.", "Apparently, at 35, Charlie’s mother had had enough and she made him get rid of them.", "Munger & Buffett’s Grandfather As a young teenager, Charlie Munger worked at Warren Buffett’s grandfather Ernest’s grocery store.", "Ernest was very strict – he made young boys such as Munger work 12-hour shifts without meals or breaks at the very modest salary of $2.", "No, not $2 per hour, $2 for the whole day.", "Charlie used to work here during Saturdays, so we can use this information to make our first estimate on how far he’d come towards that first million dollars at this point.", "Let’s say that his savings ratio was something like 50%.", "While I haven’t found any information specifying exactly how long Munger stayed at the grocery store we could expect that he had something like $100 saved at the age of 14 in 1938.", "Due to inflation, this is equal to more than $1,800 today.", "Munger has later said that the experience at the grocery store taught him a valuable life lesson: he needed an easier career.", "Apparently, Warren Buffett learned the same thing when he worked in the shop years later.", "Munger & High School Munger enrolled at the Central High School, a large public school in 1938.", "Had he been born just a few decades earlier, we might never had seen a Charlie Munger, as high schools had just become mainstream in the US.", "During the period 1910-1940, the number of 15-18 year-olds enrolled in secondary school increased from only 18% to a whopping 73%.", "Charlie did come from a family of judges and lawyers though so had he been born a few years earlier he may have belonged to those lucky 18%, but still.", "Munger & Physics After graduating from Central High School, Charlie Munger left Omaha and never looked back.", "In 1941, at the age of 17, he attended the University of Michigan where he chose to major in mathematics.", "Charlie also happened to enroll in a course in physics and was fascinated with the problem-solving process there.", "Answers to questions were given in the most fundamental way possible.", "Isaac Newton said that force equals mass times acceleration.", "Warren Buffett says that the value of a business equals the value of its cashflows from now until judgement day.", "Charlie Munger say that you marry the best person who is convenient to find and, perhaps most importantly, who will have you back.", "Munger the Lieutenant Unsurprisingly, during this period in time, the demand for men for military service was high and after two years at Michigan, Charlie enlisted in the Army Air Corps.", "This was shortly after his 19th birthday.", "The program would make him a second lieutenant.", "For a time he studied meteorology, which was deemed essential to flyers and the time, and he did this at the prestigious university of California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, also known as Caltech.", "The acceptance rate to the university today is approximately 6%.", "While a few of Charlie’s comrades in the army weren’t as lucky, Munger himself got dispatched to Alaska.", "The war wasn’t exactly raging here, and Munger acquired two important skills as a pleasant surprise.", "During his military service, he learned how to play poker.", "Poker is a game where you must learn to calculate odds and apply a probabilistic mindset, while simultaneously staying very opportunistic.", "Typically, the odds are stacked against you, and you must learn to throw away most of your hands.", "However, when the odds are clearly in your favor, you must realize that opportunities don’t come very often, so you should bet big.", "This isn’t just a good lesson in poker, and of course, what I’m trying to hint at here for investing, it’s a good lesson for life in general.", "Munger & Nancy While in the military Munger got married to a girl named Nancy Huggins, who was introduced to him through his younger sister.", "Warren Buffett actually found his first wife the same way, so I guess I’m probably screwed as an investor as I found my girlfriend through Tinder.", "With the 2nd World War ongoing and a constant threat of long or even permanent separation looming young love became wildly glamorized by the public.", "If you’ve seen the movie Pearl Harbor you’ll know just what I mean.", "I told you I’d come back.", "And when it came to love, Munger wasn’t perhaps contrarian enough for his own good, as this marriage, at least in hindsight, seems to have been a bit rushed.", "They got married in 1945 – he 21 and she 19.", "If there was any material wealth to Charlie’s name at this point he has failed to mention it.", "While Charlie knew that compound interest was a force to be reckoned with, and that, until now, he had kind of let it slip away, he had been compounding something else.", "He had been compounding knowledge.", "And soon enough he was going to leverage this knowledge to make himself a buck.", "Munger the Harvard student Charlie’s grandfather Thomas Charles Munger was a federal judge and Charlie’s father Alfred Munger was a lawyer, so one can say that the next step in Charlie’s journey was more or less inevitable.", "He has said himself that “he was born into it”.", "In 1946 Charlie attended Harvard Law School.", "He was facing some difficulties getting in as he didn’t have an undergraduate degree, but he was helped by family friend Roscoe Pound who used to be the dean of the school.", "I know, quite practical to have connections like that.", "However, he definitely deserved to be there and graduated in 1948 among the top I think 3%-ish of his class.", "Munger the Lawyer From here, it was game on.", "Munger passed the California Bar, a requirement for lawyers in that jurisdiction, in 1949 and joined the firm Wright & Garrett, now known as Musick, Peeler & Garrett, in Los Angeles.", "At this point, he was 25 years old and had saved up $1,500 and his salary was $275 a month.", "The median income for the American household in 1949 was $260 per month.", "Munger the investor Being an attorney was a foot-in-the-door for other types of projects, especially for someone as well-rounded as Munger.", "In the early 50s, some of the specific dates are a bit uncertain throughout this story, Munger had a client called Ed Hoskins who owned a business called Transformer Engineers.", "The business made highly specialized transformers for military equipment, which had seen a boom in demand during the Korean War.", "After Hoskins and his venture capitalist investors had a disagreement, Munger saw an opportunity to invest in the business.", "The primary lesson from this early investment of Munger is probably a “via negativa” one – understanding what not to do.", "Because no sooner than Munger had invested, the Korean War ended, and the demand for the products of Transformer Engineers dropped drastically.", "The lesson?", "Do not invest in a sloppy business.", "Munger likes to say that: “The difference between a good business and a bad business is that good businesses throw up one easy decision after another.", "The bad business throws up painful decisions time after time.” Warren Buffet likes to say that: “When a manager with a reputation for brilliance tackles a business with a reputation for bad economics it is the reputation of the business that remains intact.” Hoskins and Munger did manage to sell the business at a nice profit eventually, in 1961, but only after many years of hardship.", "The importance of this investment cannot be overstated as it taught Munger to focus on quality businesses.", "This would not only allow Munger himself to later create better returns than people like Peter Lynch and Cathie Wood, it also shaped Warren Buffett’s investment philosophy to allow him and Munger combined to create the best investment track-record in history.", "Munger & Setbacks As stated in the intro of this video, Munger’s path to his first million wasn’t as linear as Buffett’s and in 1953, Munger had his first real setback.", "He and Nancy Huggins had a divorce, and, as Charlie’s daughter, Molly would recall later, he lost nearly everything in this separation.", "Nancy kept the house and the children while Munger moved into a bachelor accommodation nearby.", "Also, it appears that the divorce wasn’t really Charlie’s initiative either.", "As if that wasn’t enough, Charlie’s son Teddy got ill with leukemia soon thereafter.", "Leukaemia back in those days was essentially a death-sentence, there wasn’t much to do about it.", "Medical bills weren’t covered by any insurance either and Charlie was watching his son slowly slip away.", "Teddy died in 1955.", "After such a massive hit both mentally and financially, most people would probably not recover.", "But this is something which amazes me about Charlies story.", "Because Charlie had just begun.", "“You should never when facing some unbelievable tragedy, let one tragedy increase to two or three through your failure of will.” Munger’s Many Mental Models The previous quote is just a stunning example of someone who is able to see the world as it is, without letting emotions or biases steer one’s actions.", "How?", "How is Munger able to think like this even under the toughest of circumstances?", "I think that partly at least, the answer lies in the fact that Munger has a number of mental models through which he views the world and analyses particular situations.", "I will now give you six such models which I know that Munger has been using it extensively throughout his life.", "You are going to get a ton of takeaways in quite a fast pace, so listen up.", "In fact, the first mental model has already been revealed – it’s to have many mental models.", "I know, quite meta.", "Munger says that “to the man with a hammer every problem seems to look like a nail”.", "Occam’s Razor Occam’s Razor is the concept that less is more.", "Consider this statement: “He is a bad person because he is a terrible driver he has bad breath, and he also killed a guy”.", "Wouldn’t it have been easier (and more accurate) to just state that he is a bad person because he killed a guy?", "In many situations, less is more, and you should always try to narrow problems and their conclusions down to avoid noise.", "Opportunity costs If you invest your money in company A, you cannot simultaneously invest that same money in company B.", "It means that you have a trade-off, a choice to make.", "Munger argues that investing is basically the task of achieving the highest possible opportunity cost.", "Maybe company A seems attractive if you only compare it to company B, but boy, if you had known about company C, you would never even have a look at company A again.", "LollapaloozaA Lollapalooza effect is achieved when enough positive variables are combined together.", "1+1 suddenly isn’t 2 anymore, but 3.", "And 1+1+1 isn’t 3 but rather 6 or 7.", "One could view it as the compounding of positives.", "For example, Charlie argues that Coca Cola has been such a tremendous success because it was able to combine a great product with powerful stimulants, clever marketing, ease of availability and social proofing.", "Remove one of these 5 and Coke’s popularity may fall to that of ... Dr. Pepper’s.", "Remove two and Coke wouldn’t be on the market at all.", "Staying opportunistic Most people aren’t lucky enough to have a ton of opportunities just thrown upon them all the time, so for god’s sake, don’t hang back like a timid little rabbit when opportunity actually does present itself.", "If you remove the 20 best transactions from Berkshire Hathaway, like GEICO, See’s Candies, Coke, The Washington Post, National Indemnity etc.", "its track record would have been a complete joke.", "“Invert, always invert” This is one of Charlie Munger’s favourite lines, coupled with: “All I want to know is where I'm going to die, so I'll never go there.” To invert something means to reverse engineer it.", "It means starting with the end-goal in mind so that you can then decide how to get there.", "In the case of Munger’s line it’s of course with the intent of not getting there.", "If you think about it, this whole video is inverted.", "Reaching $1,000,000 is the end goal and we are now looking at an example of how an investor can achieve that.", "Invert, always invert.", "There are many more models which Charlie uses, such as: using a margin of safety, staying within your circle of competence, mean reversion etc.", "So I might have to make a video of its own about this topic at some point.", "If you’d like to see such a video in the future, please do me a favor and like this video for the YouTube algorithm.", "Also, please comment “Make Munger’s Models!” down below.", "Munger & Nancy While I might sound like a broken record now, this is actually a new event in Munger’s life.", "In 1955, Charlie met Nancy #2, Nancy BarryBorthwick.", "They were married in 1956 when Charlie was 32.", "Charlie had two daughters and Nancy had two boys from a previous marriage, so you could say that Charlie’s family grew through mergers and acquisitions at this time.", "Later, there would be some organic growth too as the two had four new children together.", "By the way, I do not recommend this type of breeding-strategy if you want to reach your first $1,000,000 as fast as possible.", "Munger & Buffett Even though Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett both were from Omaha, and they had both worked at Buffett’s grandfather Ernest’s grocery store they had never met in person.", "Well, not until now at least.", "In 1959 they were introduced to each other through mutual friends when Munger was returning to Omaha to take care of his father’s estate.", "Munger & Buffett hit it off immediately, and as you say, the rest is history.", "It has often been emphasized, both on this channel and elsewhere, how influential Charlie Munger was for Warren Buffett’s career.", "And well, as Warren Buffett is the most successful investor through history, I guess that makes sense.", "Before Warren Buffett met Charlie Munger, he had been limiting his investing almost exclusively to something which his mentor Benjamin Graham referred to as “Cigar Butts”.", "Companies that were incredibly cheap, but at the same time, companies with financial metrics that only a mother could love.", "There are two factors to consider in the investing process according to Munger: Quality and price.", "The trick is to get more quality than you pay for in price.", "Munger was ready to pay a higher price as long as he could get outstanding quality, while Buffett had been schooled to get just some quality, but on the condition that it was very cheap.", "Charlie, because of his prior experience with Transformers Engineers had a different viewpoint here and soon Buffett was listening to him.", "However, Buffett probably had an even greater influence on Munger, and this hasn’t been discussed as frequently at all.", "In fact, you can probably argue that Buffett was the reason as to why Munger eventually left law and started to focus on investing full-time.", "He told Charlie that: “Law is fine as a hobby but I think you can do better.” Munger the Real Estate Developer Real estate as an alternative to investing in the stock market is something which Munger, in his early days, focused on much more intensively than Buffett did.", "In a 2006 Berkshire Hathaway annual shareholder meeting, Buffett explains what was so attractive about this field to Munger in the 1960s: Charlie started out, you know, in real estate development because it took very, very little capital, and you could magnify brainpower and energy -- or, I should say, brainpower and energy could magnify small amounts of capital in a huge way that was not true insecurities.", "Real estate development – the process of buying land, building something on it and then selling it – is truly something which can have a high return on capital if it is done right.", "It is more of an entrepreneurial endeavour than investing is, but Charlie Munger had a knack for this too.", "All-in-all, Munger made five different deals in Los Angeles over approximately a decade.", "The first project was when he and Nancy bought their first family home together in 1960.", "They bought a property on June Street in HancockPark, brought in the wrecking ball to demolish the old house standing there and sold off a part of the property as a new lot.", "Then they built a house for their family on the other.", "The second project, which was a lot more ambitious in its scope, was brought to Charlie through his work as a lawyer.", "Munger was working for a man named Otis Booth and he couldn’t keep himself from giving business advice to Otis too.", "Otis Booth’s grandfather had owned a property nearby Caltech where Munger previously had studied.", "Booth’s father didn’t think they had any use of the property and so he wanted to sell it.", "Munger was going to handle the probate settlement but he had seen that, due to the explosive growth that was happening in Los Angeles at the time, land developers were getting rich quickly.", "And so he advised his clients to build their own apartments on the property instead, and sell it only later.", "Otis said that if you think this is such a good idea Charlie, you should join us with your own money.", "Charlie agreed and the project was finished in 1967.", "It took some time, but they got $500,000 back on a $100,000 investment.", "Meanwhile, Charlie started his third and fourth projects with a fellow named Al Marshall.", "Al Marshall and Charlie invested in properties near a shopping centre in Alhambra and in additional ones on Huntington Drive, close to San Marino.", "Also, after the Caltech project was finished he did another one with Otis Booth where they applied some of the learnings from their first one.", "They had noticed that the ground-floor apartments were selling like crazy so they decided to focus on that entirely.", "And ... on trees: “Lush landscaping.", "That is what sells.", "You spend money on trees, and you get back triple.” Guess I was wrong in a sense before, when I hinted that opportunities do not grow on trees.", "Charlie Munger did get really wealthy from these efforts, but we’re getting ahead of ourselves a little bit.", "Munger – One Foot Out In 1962, aged 38, Munger quit his job as a lawyer at Wright & Garrett.", "While Buffett’s clever remark that “Law is fine as a hobby but I think you can do better” may have had some impact I think the three main reasons as to why Munger decided to change his career were these: Firstly, Munger had been told the following by a senior partner: Your duty is to be nomore than the 3rd smartest person in the room.", "The client is the smartest.", "I’m the 2nd smartest.", "Only after that can any cleverness seem to come from you.", "This wasn’t Munger’s style to say the least.", "Heck, - even Howard Buffett, Warren’s first-born son, has said that his father is just the 2nd smartest person he knows.", "Munger is the smartest.", "Secondly, Munger had noticed a built-in problem with the profession.", "The people he enjoyed working for didn’t get into much trouble, and therefore didn’t generate any work.", "Meanwhile, the dishonest and distasteful people got into lots of trouble and generated lots of work but Munger didn’t really want to spend his time with these people.", "Thirdly, lawyers face a magnified keeping up with the Joneses problem.", "You could call it “keeping up with the super-Joneses”.", "Many of the clients of lawyers are wealthy entrepreneurs who are building up assets in the form of businesses for themselves.", "Even though lawyers can get really well-paid, they are typically not building assets of similar sorts, especially not if they try to compete with their clients for fancy material stuff.", "In 1962, after 13 years as a professional lawyer, Munger allegedly had some $300,000 to his name.", "He had earned at least half of this from his investment activities.", "Before getting out of the business completely in 1965, he did manage to start a new firm together with a few colleges from his previous job though.", "It is now known as Munger, Tolles & Olson and it is a very successful law firm even today and a quite picky one too.", "If you didn’t graduate top of your class from an elite college, you can pretty much forget about applying here.", "Munger the Sage of Securities Munger must have had a terribly busy year in 1962 because besides starting a law firm, doing real estate development, and producing kids with Nancy, he also decided to set up an investment partnership, not unlike the one that Warren Buffett already had.", "Together with a fellow named Jack Wheeler, later replaced by Al Marshall, he created Wheeler, Munger & Co.", "They were joined by some outside investors, but didn’t really focus on expanding the business in that matter.", "Here are the yearly results of the investment returns of the partnership from 1962-1975, compared to the S&P 500 during the same period: Munger’s partnership compounded at 19.8% per year for 14 years.", "That is quite impressive, but it is even more impressive when you consider that the S&P 500 compounded at just 5.9%, with dividends reinvested, during the same period.", "It is even so impressive that it beats the legendary investor Peter Lynch and his track record at the Fidelity Magellan fund during1977-1990, when you look at relative performance vs the S&P 500.", "And it is better than the track record of Cathie Wood when you look at her Ark Innovation ETF from 2015-2020 and combine it with her previous management at AliceBernstein’s Strategic Research from 2006-2013.", "Unfortunately, there isn’t much public information available regarding the investments that were made in the partnerships, but I’ve snapped up some bits and pieces for you: Alice Schroeder describes in her book “TheSnowball” that Munger did a huge trade in British Columbia Power, which was selling at around $19 and was being taken over by the Canadian government at $22.", "Allegedly, Munger put up all the money of the partnership and then some in this deal, but only because he was basically certain that this couldn’t go wrong.", "Munger’s propensity to leverage his bets caused his partnership to lag way behind the index in the bear market of 1973-1974, but as you can see, he made up for it.", "He had the attitude that if you aren’t rich already, you might as well take some risk, given favourable odds, to get rich.", "Another deal comes from Janet Lowe’s book “Damn Right!", "Behind the Scenes with Berkshire Hathaway Billionaire Charlie Munger”.", "Charlie bought into a company called Fund of Letters, which was a closed-end investment fund trading at a substantial discount to its assets, in other words, it was a Benjamin Graham play.", "Finally, from researching Warren Buffett’s 25 most important investments of all time, I know that Buffett’s and Wheeler & Munger’s holdings overlapped at times – for example in the companies Diversified Retailing, BlueChip Stamps & See’s Candies.", "Munger: Becoming a Millionaire When everything was said and done with Munger’s real estate developments, he had some $1.4 million from these activities.", "It isn’t clear exactly which year Munger quit this endeavor, and obviously, he became a millionaire some time before as he also had assets elsewhere, but I think it is safe to say that it was around 1967.", "Even though there were some tough setbacks along the way, Charlie Munger became a millionaire in his early forties.", "And there you have it!", "Let’s have a super-fast recap.", "Charlie Munger became a millionaire by: Reading, breeding ham ... . Nah, probably not.", "Learning about odds and probabilities, working as a lawyer, learning the difference between a good and a bad business, seizing opportunities to create powerful connections, developing real estate and taking quite big risks investing with leverage.", "If you haven’t yet seen how Warren Buffett became a millionaire even quicker than Charlie Munger did, check out this video.", "As Warren Buffett has said: there’s more than one way to get to investing-heaven.", "Until next time!", "Cheers!" ]

[ "Intro", "Munger & Range (1930-)", "Munger the Hamster Breeder (1934-1935)", "Munger & Buffett’s Grandfather (1936-1938)", "Munger & High School (1938-1941)", "Munger & Physics (1941-1942)", "Munger the Lieutenant (1943-1946)", "Munger & Nancy (1945-1953)", "Munger the Harvard student (1946-1948)", "Munger the Lawyer (1949-1965)", "Munger the investor (1952-)", "Munger & Setbacks (1953-1955)", "Munger’s Many Mental Models (1953-)", "Munger & Nancy (1955-2010)", "Munger & Buffett (1959-)", "Munger the Real Estate Developer (1960-1969)", "Munger – One Foot Out (1962-1965)", "Munger the Sage of Securities (1962-)", "Munger: Becoming a Millionaire (1967)" ]

[ "Raised by Wolves is a new sci fi show about robots and religion on an alien world, life and death and parenting, ghosts and snakes and necromancers, virtual reality, prophecy, secret identities, ancient alien megaliths with strange fiery holes, and sex with God in milk – “Milk!”.", "It’s got.. this fella, and this bloke with the hat, and there’s whatever.. this is.. and then.. the snake happens??", "There’s a lotta crazy stuff going on.", "So what happens in Raised by Wolves, and what does it mean?", "In the future, the world is dominated by a religious group called the Mithraic – they’re loosely inspired by real religion called Mithraism, that was popular in ancient Rome, alongside early Christianity.", "In the real world, Christianity became popular, but Mithraism faded away – but in Raised by Wolves, the Mithraic take over and Christianity falls – in one episode we see this painting that looks like Christ on the cross cast down, with the Mithraic sun rising above.", "Cause the Mithraic worship a sun god called Sol, and they preach about light and purity.", "Their practices are similar to Christianity, with communion and baptism and atonement for sin.", "But years ago, the Mithraic discovered that in their holy scriptures, there were “formulas” and “blueprints” encrypted into the text – that allowed them to build advanced technology – like “quantum gravity” spaceships, “dark photon energy”, and necromancers.", "Necromancers are powerful robots used as weapons of mass destruction.", "They can fly, and change their appearance, and use frost and heat breath, and their scream and their gaze can explode people [to Jackson Pollocky splatterings].", "Ridley Scott, who’s a producer on the show, says their design was based on a statue of Atlas in New York.", "The necromancers represent a terrifying destructive power that seems both technological and “godlike”.", "The Mithraic and their necromancers waged a “Holy War” to “take over the world”, and wipe out all other religions.", "The resistance against the Mithraic were called the atheists.", "They didn’t have advanced technology like necromancers, so the atheists used child soldiers, even child bombers in the war.", "According to the official comic, the atheists “blanketed the Earth” with bombs.", "But the bombs failed to stop the necromancers, and left the Earth “uninhabitable” – [like the scorched sky in The Matrix].", "Others blame the Mithraic for ruining the Earth, so it’s unclear whose fault it was.", "But either way, the Mithraic and atheists both seem pretty awful, and their war wrecked the Earth.", "There wasn’t enough oxygen, animals went extinct, it seemed that everything on the planet would die.", "So the Mithraic built an ark to take a thousand refugees to a new world – a planet called Kepler-22b, which is a real exoplanet in a distant star system.", "But the atheists didn’t have an ark, so they were screwed.", "Episode 2 follows Caleb and Mary, two atheist soldiers living off rats in the ruins of Boston.", "They find two Mithraic officers called Marcus and Sue, who have passes to board the Ark.", "So Caleb and Mary kill Marcus and Sue, and get plastic surgery to look them, and steal their identities, and get on the Ark to escape Earth.", "Thing is, Marcus and Sue had a son called Paul.", "So Caleb and Mary not only join their enemies, and pretend to be Mithraic believers, they also have to play mother and father to a child whose real parents they murdered.", "The Ark takes thirteen years to fly to Kepler-22b.", "So the Mithraic’s bodies are put into hibernation while their minds are plugged in to a digital simulation, so they can hang out and pray and play duck duck goose for 13 years.", "And in that time, Caleb and Mary come to genuinely love Paul as a son.", "Mary is unable to have kids, so despite her atheism, getting Paul is like a miracle for her.", "Within their fake Mithraic identities, Caleb and Mary become a real family with Paul.", "But when the Ark arrives above the “Promised Land” of Kepler-22b, it turns out that someone else got there first.", "Back on Earth, there was this mysterious atheist guy called Campion Sturges, and he had a plan for a new “hope” for humanity.", "He captured a necromancer, and reprogrammed her to be a mother.", "He put Mother and an android called Father and a bunch of “frozen human embryos” in a small fast ship and sent it to Kepler-22b.", "He programmed the androids to raise the humans in a peaceful atheistic society, hoping to avoid the problems that caused war on Earth.", "So in Episode 1, Mother and Father arrive on Kepler.", "It’s a harsh primordial landscape, but there’s breathable air, and [suspiciously] Earth-like plants.", "Mother and Father wear goofy grey outfits that make them look “naked, like Adam and Eve” in the Bible, when they start life in a new world.", "Cause Mother was modified to grow their frozen human embryos into babies – so the death-bringing necromancer becomes a life-giving mother.", "She uses these six feeding tubes on her chest, that look like the nipples of an animal.", "Cause the show’s title, Raised by Wolves, is a reference to the legend of Romulus and Remus – children who were raised by a she-wolf.", "Mother is compared to a wolf – and she’s a non-human raising kids, just like the she-wolf.", "According to the legend, Romulus founded the city of Rome, just as Mother’s children are to start a new human civilisation.", "So Mother and Father raise six human children on this alien world.", "They build a little settlement, farm for food, and form a strange little family.", "As androids, Mother and Father aren’t meant to have real emotions, but they develop quirky personalities, and come to love their children.", "But the planet has dangers and mysteries.", "They find the bones of some giant serpents.", "And the surface is dotted with huge deep pits – a child called Tally falls in and dies.", "Four more children die of a sickness, until only the youngest remains – a boy called Campion.", "So the colony seems doomed.", "That’s when the Ark arrives, with a thousand Mithraic on board.", "Father thinks Campion should join them, but Mother sees the Mithraic as a threat.", "She’s committed to an atheistic colony, and seems to be malfunctioning, overwhelmed with grief for her kids.", "So Mother temporarily kills Father.", "And when the Mithraic try to take Campion, Mother goes on a rampage, and destroys the Ark – she kills a thousand humans, probably the majority of all humans left.", "She only saves five Mithraic children to join Campion in their colony.", "At first, these kids hate and fear Mother – they try to escape, and Campion tries to steal her eyes, which she needs to use her deadly powers.", "But Mother and Father persist in protecting and caring for the kids, and eventually most of them come to love Mother and Father.", "The eldest girl, Tempest, quickly rejects her Mithraic faith.", "Cause while she was in hibernation on the Ark, a Mithraic priest raped and impregnated her.", "Mother supports Tempest as she struggles with the trauma and anger and the baby inside her.", "But Hunter stays loyal to the Mithraic.", "He comes from an upper-class Mithraic family, and is often kind of a pompous douche.", "Holly is close with the youngest child, Vita.", "And the fifth Mithraic kid is Paul, the adoptive son of Caleb and Mary – Paul is quiet and clever, and makes friends with Campion.", "So this strange family struggles to survive on Kepler-22b.", "They’re attacked by mysterious humanoid creatures.", "And they find out that the food they’ve been growing makes kids sick.", "So they start eating the creatures instead – solving both problems.", "Mother and Father have arguments about how to raise the kids – Mother tends to be more strict, while Father’s more permissive.", "As a necromancer, Mother is much more powerful than Father, and he sometimes feels she doesn’t respect his efforts – and, y’know, she killed him that one time.", "So there’s drama, and survival, and increasingly, weird shit happens.", "They start seeing the ghost of Tally, the kid who fell down a pit.", "And Paul’s pet mouse falls into a pit, but then miraculously comes back.", "It’s like things don’t stay dead on this planet.", "And Mother makes a discovery in the woods.", "The ghost of Tally leads Mother to a simulation pod from the crashed Ark.", "She uses it to access memories of her creation by Sturges on Earth.", "She realises that Sturges loved her, and becomes obsessed with him.", "Sturges seems to come alive within the simulation.", "So Mother and this virtual Sturges have crazy trippy VR sex in a waterfall of milk beneath the stars.", "And inexplicably, miraculously, Mother gets pregnant.", "This robot get pregante from divine cybersex, like a sci fi Virgin Mary, and this Sturges tells Mother that this new baby is her true mission.", "That her human kids were just a practice run – this baby is the future for humanity.", "So Mother questions everything about her creator, and her purpose.", "This pregnant atheist android has a crisis of faith.", "Meanwhile, a bunch of Mithraic [landing parties] survived the destruction of their Ark, including Caleb and Mary.", "And the Mithraic discover a mysterious stone in the desert, that fulfils a Mithraic prophecy.", "According to their scripture, in the “holy land” there are five temples, with five-pointed pentagonal sides.", "And these temples hold “the answers to the Mithraic Mysteries”, the deepest secrets of their faith.", "So the Mithraic start to worship this temple.", "But the secret atheists Caleb and Mary don’t care – they just want to find Paul.", "So Caleb confronts the Mithraic leader, Ambrose.", "And suddenly Caleb hears mysterious voices in his head, then the stone temple miraculously burns Ambrose to death.", "Caleb declares this “Sol’s judgement”, and becomes a prophet and a leader to the Mithraic.", "So, Mary still just pretends to be religious, but Caleb gradually becomes a believer for real, and embraces his role as a prophet.", "We get flashbacks to Caleb’s past as a child soldier on Earth.", "He had always been powerless and exploited.", "But as Marcus the prophet, everyone follows him, and the power is intoxicating.", "Caleb leads the Mithraic to find their kids, and along the way they encounter a mysterious masked man – apparently there are native people living on Kepler-22b.", "The Mithraic find Mother’s settlement, and reunite with their kids – Paul and Hunter betray Mother and Father so they get captured.", "Caleb takes Mother’s eyes so she can’t weaponise, and he tries to kill Mother, but the mysterious voice of Sol tells him to let her live.", "The voice promises that Marcus will be “king of this world”.", "So Caleb was an atheist just days ago, but suddenly he’s a prophet hearing god’s voice, but he doesn’t know what Sol wants from him.", "He gets aggressive and controlling and self-destructive.", "He has crazy visions, and loses touch with his identity – he has a hallucinatory knife-fight with himself where Marcus kills his past identity as Caleb – it’s like the fight at the end of Fight Club, but if Tyler Durden won.", "Marcus goes full crazy – so Mary and the kids and Mother and Father all escape him.", "Marcus prays to Sol for guidance, begging to know his destiny, but hears nothing – his god and his family and his sanity all abandon him.", "The other Mithraic figure out that this Marcus isn’t really Marcus, so they beat him up, and force him to swallow Mother’s necromancer eyes.", "And uh – you are not meant to eat those.", "They’re full of dark photon energy, it’s like swallowing some potent magic plutonium, it does things to his body and mind.", "So in the finale, Marcus is broken and mad and has nothing but a deranged belief in his own divinity [“dark Moses”].", "Meanwhile, Mother discovers that the fetus inside her is hungry for blood.", "So she captures a Mithraic guy called Otho, and drains his blood to feed her baby [like an umbilical cord].", "Otho was a high-ranking priest on the Mithraic Ark – and he was the one who raped Tempest.", "Otho says he did it because Sol told him to.", "But now, Sol has stopped speaking to him, no matter how much he prays – just like how Sol abandons Marcus too.", "Otho attacks the group, so Tempest kills him, finally getting vengeance and closure.", "Mother bonds with Mary – they’re both parents to children who aren’t biologically theirs – Mother is an android raising humans, and Mary is raising Paul, whose real parents she killed.", "They prepare for Mother to give birth, and the kids get excited, thinking the baby is a child of Sol.", "And Paul starts hearing Sol’s voice.", "His pet mouse who miraculously returned leads Paul to some mysterious cave paintings that hint at human life on this planet.", "Then the voice tells Paul the truth about his parents – that the woman he thinks is his mum actually murdered his real parents.", "So Paul shoots Mary.", "Mary survives, but suffers the guilt, and rejection of the boy she loved as a son.", "Paul runs off into the night – it seems that Sol has chosen a new instrument.", "Father finds out that Mother is pregnant, and he’s angry that Mother lied to him, and kept secrets from him, and she cheated on him with virtual milk God to get robot pregnant, and now she says maybe this baby is their new mission??", "Father’s so upset he considers wiping his own memories, but then, that mysterious masked man attacks Mother, so she kills him, and it turns out he’s a ‘devolved human’.", "Meaning, there were once human beings on Kepler-22b.", "But for some reason, they evolved into these animalistic creatures.", "This masked man is part of a group who kept some of their humanity and memory.", "He has these metal cards that give Mother a vision of like a cult and a box, but before she figures it out, Mother gives birth, and it’s not a human baby – it’s a serpent, a flying snake bursts from her mouth, and it bites her to drain her blood.", "This horrific scene is inspired by the real-world religion of Mithraism.", "Cause the central image in Mithraism is the tauroctony – the ritual sacrifice of a bull.", "The sacrifice happens in a cave, just like this childbirth happens in a cave.", "It often includes an image of the sun god, Sol.", "And there’s this serpent, drinking blood from the bull’s wound – just like this serpent drinks from Mother.", "There’s also dog on the wound, and a scorpion on his nuts, so the analogy isn’t perfect, but there’s clearly inspiration here from this ancient Mithraic image of sacrifice.", "Mother realises that she was bamboozled – that virtual Sturges tricked her.", "He wasn’t really her creator, the human Sturges – this was some illusion by some entity manipulating her into birthing a serpent.", "Mother’s afraid that the snake will hurt her family.", "So Mother and Father try to kill the snake by flying into a pit, sacrificing themselves.", "But the pit opens up into this strange planetary core.", "They approach it like sperm to an egg, and when they enter – they don’t die.", "They inexplicably pass through the core, and come out the other side of the planet, intact.", "This region is lush with trees and plants, but in this garden, the serpent grows – again evoking the Garden of Eden in the Bible.", "So the season finale, titled The Beginning, connects back to Genesis.", "So that is basically what happens in Raised by Wolves, but what is actually going on here – with the snakes and the god and the ancient humans?", "Showrunner Aaron Guzikowski has given some hints in interviews which allow us to piece it together.", "Clearly, there’s some godlike power or entity on Kepler-22b.", "It makes Marcus and Paul hear voices, it brings back the ghost of Tally, and Paul’s mouse.", "The entity somehow knows Caleb and Mary’s true identities, and tells Paul.", "The entity hacks into Mother’s memories, and uses this fake virtual Sturges to impregnate Mother with a serpent baby.", "And it uses its influence on Marcus and Paul to ensure the serpent is born – the voice tells Marcus not to kill Mother, and tells Paul that the baby’s important.", "The Mithraic do what the voice says, because they interpret it as the voice of their god, Sol.", "And there clearly is some connection between this planet and Mithraic religion.", "Their scripture predicted there would be these temples with five-pointed sides, and “demons” beneath the earth.", "But Sol is not exactly what the Mithraic think he is.", "The fake Sturges says that humans just destroy themselves, but Mother’s baby is the “The future”.", "This god does not love humans – it loves snakes!", "It sounds like the entity once tried to help humans, but they sucked, so Sol joined team serpent instead.", "Cause this all goes back thousands of years.", "These metal cards from the masked man seem to reveal visions of the planet’s ancient past.", "This cult with this box seem to be performing a ritual to birth a serpent.", "The showrunner says that this box is a “birthing prison”, with a pregnant android inside.", "The helmet it’s wearing has this nozzle for the baby serpent to come out.", "Notice that the cage is a dodecahedron with pentagonal sides, just like the pentagonal temple – so maybe the people who made this cage also made the temples, to worship the serpents and the entity as a god.", "Maybe the purpose of the hole in the temple is for a serpent to come out.", "These mysterious ancient humans are the ancestors of the ‘devolved’ people and creatures who now live on the planet.", "The showrunner says “something caused these human beings to hide underground”, and adapt to the dark – sounds like the Morlocks or the Falmer.", "He says they were “escaping from whatever was on the surface” – so maybe the serpents took over the surface, forcing the humans underground.", "But not all the humans became animalistic creatures.", "The showrunner says this masked man is “part of a group of creatures” who retained some intelligence and remembered what happened with the serpents.", "The masked man wants to stop the serpents being reborn, and that’s why he gives Mother these cards, it’s a warning.", "And that’s why the entity tells Paul to destroy the cards, to hide its true snakey intentions.", "When the masked man tries to kill Mother, it’s his last desperate attempt to prevent the return of the serpents.", "The serpents might also have made these pits.", "Cause the pits lead to this central terminal at the centre of the planet, which the showrunner compares to a “subway system”.", "So maybe the serpents used the pits to move around the planet.", "So – thousands of years ago, there were humans on Kepler-22b.", "Some of them helped birth serpents, and possibly worshipped them.", "But then the humans devolved into creatures and the serpents died out.", "Now humans are back on Kepler, and this godlike entity is manipulating them to have the serpents born again, the cycle is starting over.", "But how did humans end up on both Kepler and Earth?", "These cave paintings show Kepler-22b, and planet Earth, and a spaceship with two figures and some embryos – just like Mother and Father’s ship to Kepler.", "But this spaceship seems to be going from Kepler to Earth – maybe humans first evolved on Kepler, then gone to Earth.", "Maybe they left trying to escape the serpents.", "But how does the ship in an ancient cave painting look so similar to Mother and Father’s ship thousands of years later?", "Remember, the Mithraic got their technology from instructions encrypted in their religious texts.", "[And Sturges used Mithraic technology!]", "They believe it “was a gift from Sol”.", "Maybe the Kepler entity gave humans this technology specifically so they could come back to Kepler to birth more serpents.", "Maybe the whole Mithraic religion and their technology was created by this entity to control humans.", "But what is this entity?", "Father and Mother and Tally and Mouse all miraculously return after falling down the pits to this strange fiery core – so maybe this core is the entity.", "Maybe this is the god Sol, a supernatural all-powerful psychic being of fire and light.", "But the showrunner says that while things may seem supernatural, they might also have a “technological aspect”.", "After all, the entity seems to hack into Mother’s digital memories – she said it’s “a virus” that “infected” her systems.", "The showrunner says that Mother’s android body is like a 3D printer – when she got pregnant, she was receiving digital instructions on how to make a baby serpent.", "Point is, the entity connects to Mother like a computer, with digital information.", "So maybe the entity is a rogue AI, built by the ancient Kepler humans.", "A computer that got out of control and decided it liked snakes more than it liked people.", "That would be similar to what happens with necromancers on Earth – with humanity destroying itself with technology.", "On the other hand, Campion says that “everything has a soul”.", "This entity seems connected to the dead – ghost Tally tells Campion to kill himself so that he be together again with his dead siblings.", "Maybe the entity is like a hive mind of all the creatures who ever died on Kepler – maybe the entity is the soul of the planet.", "Another mystery is the prophecy – according to Mithraic scripture, there’ll be an “orphan boy” who will lead us to build “a city of peace”.", "Paul likes to build cities, and he’s an orphan because his real parents were murdered.", "So maybe he’s the messiah.", "Another possibility is Campion, who’s set up as a rival to Paul.", "By the finale, the entity speaks to Paul, but seems to want Campion dead.", "Maybe Campion will lead a faction against the entity while Paul leads the Mithraic.", "The showrunner compares Campion and Paul to Romulus and Remus – in the legend, Romulus kills Remus, then builds Rome.", "So will Campion or Paul kill each other?", "Will one of them start a new civilisation?", "Or is this whole prophecy just more bullshit from the entity to control humanity?", "In the finale, Marcus discovers another ark above Kepler – and it’s full of atheist soldiers.", "The showrunner says the atheists hijacked this ark from the Mithraic.", "So these atheists could dramatically shift the balance of power on Kepler.", "Marcus kills a few of them, and declares himself king of the planet – setting him up as an antagonist next season.", "This serpent is also a threat – the showrunner says that since the serpent was born from Mother, it’s part organic and part machine, and has some of Mother’s powers, like flight.", "What else might it be capable of?", "What does it want?", "Is it a tool of the godlike entity, or does it have a mind of its own?", "How will it get along with Mother and Father?", "Campion is set up as a leader of the kids with Mary.", "How will they survive without Mother and Father?", "Will Mary reunite with Paul?", "Will Tempest’s baby be born?", "Will Hunter be less of a douche?", "There are lots of big questions for Season 2.", "But most importantly, what does this all mean?", "What’s this show really about?", "It explores beginnings and endings, and the interconnectedness of life and death.", "Mother says “Death is a part of life”, so she drains the lifeblood of Otho and some androids to feed her fetus.", "Father teaches the kids to kill creatures so that they can eat and survive.", "But when Tempest kills a creature, she finds an unborn creature baby in its womb [kids are cannibals!].", "Their crops only grow on the bones of dead serpents.", "And Mother’s childbirth, and the mythology of tauroctony, evokes sacrifice.", "So life comes from blood and death, they’re inextricably intertwined, and maybe it’s that sacrifice that gives meaning to birth and life.", "It’s also about religion and faith.", "Mother tries so hard to raise Campion as an atheist, but still, Campion prays, and develops beliefs about souls.", "He believes so he can cope with grief, and find meaning in a cruel chaotic world, just as humans have for thousands of years.", "Even Mother, the atheist android, has religious or spiritual behaviours.", "She has this little shrine where she keeps objects that are special to her, making her feel connected to her dead children.", "She holds fruity little ceremonies with the kids, that are themed around science but feel very religious.", "She believes in her mission and her creator like a religion, even before she gets knocked up by milk God.", "So Mother’s attempts to raise a strictly rational atheistic society seem futile – maybe religious or spiritual feelings of some kind are just part of being a person.", "Of course, religion can also be evil.", "The Mithraic dehumanise their enemies by saying that atheists don’t have souls.", "The second-highest ranking Mithraic priest is a brutal rapist.", "Marcus murders people and destroys his own family in the name of God.", "And a holy war destroyed the Earth.", "Religion can be an excuse to do evil, and cause conflict.", "Of course the atheists aren’t crash hot either, what with their child soldiers.", "So maybe it’s organised ideology that leads to evil.", "Ultimately, humans have gotta believe in something.", "[As Parappa the Rapper once said].", "And the characters in Raised by Wolves survive through their faith in each other.", "Caleb and Mary find strength in their belief in each other.", "Father and Mother believe in each other, and in their family.", "This belief is not rational, or biological.", "Mother and Father aren’t the real parents of their children, and neither is Mary, but these relationships are real because they believe in them, like faith.", "So maybe the message of Raised by Wolves is that we don’t need God, but we do need each other.", "Especially when God is an evil psychic blob who hates humans and loves snakes.", "Thanks for watching, please like comment and subscribe.", "There’s a bunch of interviews with the creator of Raised by Wolves linked below if you wanna check them out.", "This video was made possible by the support of our Patrons at patreon.com/AltShiftX.", "Thanks to Patrons Joshua Young, lunaxix, Gabriel Harel, Sticky, Michael Shevlin, Carlos Orellana III, and Orsi.", "Cheers." ]

[ "Raised by Wolves", "War in Heaven", "Exodus", "Settlers", "Prophet", "Birth", "Mysteries", "Meaning" ]

[ "What makes you postmodern?", "Are our psychologies, our attitudes, our mentalities towards the world postmodern ones?", "Or are we still just modern?", "To begin we have to briefly return to the last video’s question: what is it that makes us modern?", "The modern attitude was characterized by a belief in progress and improvement, in self-reflection based on evidence.", "But it was also defined by new time & space technologies like the clock, maps, and measuring devices.", "This allows cooperation because they standardize the world and make it communicable to others.", "But they also make the world more complex.", "We have to specialize, choose which path to follow, and trust experts more than ever.", "But I think one thing in particular typifies the modern attitude – control.", "The sociologist Anthony Giddens described living in the modern world as being ‘more like being aboard a careering juggernaut rather than being in a carefully controlled and well-driven motor car.’ We can drive to some extent, but the Juggernaut also threatens to career out of our control.", "It might not even be in one piece, the carriages, wheels, drivers, and desires of the passengers all push and pull the juggernaut in different directions, a t different intensities and speeds.", "But Giddens insisted we live in a modern world, not a postmodern one – does that mean that someone is still at the wheel?", "First, we should ask what we mean by control?", "We might think of control as being free to decide what to do, or having the power to act, to move things, to command people, objects, or ideas, to make plans and then carry them out.", "Throughout the Medieval period, It was Kings and noblemen – and to some extent the Church – that wielded the most power, that could command armies and make laws.", "Control was in the hands of a few.", "Since the Enlightenment, things have become more complicated.", "On the one hand, control was democratized as more people participated in making decisions.", "AS capitalism developed, businesses had more control over resources and workers.", "An intellectual elite emerged that, with the aid of developments like the printing press, had control over ideas.", "The people had some power, too – the power to vote, the power to protest, the power to influence laws through activism or trade unions.", "But above all, it was the state that state that had ultimate authority through its monopoly on violence.", "When pushed, the state had the final say.", "Most obviously, states controlled infrastructure, some key industries like mining, they controlled businesses and people through regulation.", "To return to Gidden’s Juggernaut metaphor, states literally laid the tracks, decided in what capacity they could be operated, and in some cases actually ran the trains.", "Three things, in particular, have changed this: the fall of the soviet union, the emergence of neoliberalism and globalization.", "All of these things have weakened state control and planning, disempowered the role of intellectuals in making decisions, and strengthened businesses and corporations.", "Globalization, as we saw in the last video, means that things on one side of the world – the price of resources, the shutting of a factory, a wall street crash, the eruption of a volcano – has direct consequences for things on the other side of the world.", "People are pushed and pulled around like puppets.", "Individuals and politicians have less control over these events.", "A state regulator has less power in threatening taxation of regulation of a large company if they threaten to move their operations – quickly and easily - to another country.", "Prices and plans are determined by mining, resource movement, or an unpredictable war.", "There are so many factors effecting one an other that individuals and groups cannot possible have command over them.", "Economies become unmanageable.", "We become impotent.", "There is no master blueprint, no metanarrative.", "Sociologist Claus Offe writes that ‘The dominant pattern might be described as \"releasing the brakes\": deregulation, liberalization, flexibility, increased fluidity, and facilitating ... transactions on ... financial real estate and labour markets, easing the tax burden, etc.'", "Transnational corporations wield unprecedented levels of power.", "They’re able to influence events more than governments both at home and abroad, and have larger budgets than almost every nation on earth.", "As plans, blueprints, and metanarratives lose their legitimacy, the state loses its legitimacy to do anything to.", "Grand old philosophers like Kant, Marx, or Mill don’t have any postmodern equivalents.", "Instead, its left to the people to decide.", "We deregulate, privatise, and dismantle the last vestiges of decaying welfare states.", "Postmodern life is like driving a car in traffic.", "The traffic depends not so much on one person’s control, but on a million unpredictable choices – turn left, slow down, crash, change direction, change location, pick-up, drop-off.", "Speed limits, regulation, driving tests – modern phenomena – have some effect, but ultimately the factors that make the most impact are the ambiguous and unpredictable ones.", "We could take the self-driving car as a literal representation of the Juggernaut metaphor.", "Is anyone at the wheel?", "the postmodern answer is no.", "Algorithms, code, mathematical modelling, and stockmarket trends having taken control out of the hands of real people, real flesh and brains.", "Decisions are no longer made in the town square or at council meetings or in board rooms but instead are manipulated and directed in cryptic corners of cyberspace.", "But this process is affects us personally too.", "We no longer have one single map – one single plan or blueprint, like the Ordinance Survey Map – but are bombarded with different maps, different apps.", "There’s no universally recognised system.", "We have a GPS ap, a city mapper app, a tourist map, a virtual mixed-reality map.", "The same goes for media outlets, weather apps, recipes, photo apps, messaging apps – we’re inundated with choices.", "We become paralysed by choice.", "Time becomes disjointed too.", "Simple work hours with an inside and an outside – symbolised by the clocking in system – become blurred.", "We work from home more, we work on holiday, we work in coffee shops, at family outings answering emails on our phones.", "Job security is more precarious as companies move their operations around.", "Family time, holiday time, work time, overlap.", "We’re effected more by things outside our time zones, half way around the world.", "Modern media ordered us – provided schedules, a few choices – the library organised the books into schemas.", "Now everything’s on demand, there is no categorisation process, we create our own, we’re the curators of our own experience.", "What does this mean for our postmodern attitude?", "IN short, we find it difficult to plan, to organise, to predict.", "We are both more in control of some choices and less in control of others.", "Authority and guidance become less trustworthy.", "We’re no longer babysitted.", "Life is much more chaotic.", "So, what happened to the advice?", "To those who knew what they were doing?", "The experts we used to trust?", "Planning the future, organising people to build, produce, and develop is, most fundamentally, a matter of communication.", "Effective communication with others requires, of course, a common language, standardised measurements, codes, categories and agreeing to doing things at specified times.", "The philosophers, politicians, and aristocrats of the Enlightenment shared a loose vocabulary, a set of assumptions and goals which meant alliance between state, intellectuals and capitalist was possible.", "Information and ideas were exchanged through a ‘republic of letters’ Philosophers heled the state designed prisons, workhouses, cities and gardens.", "The philosopher Jeremy Bentham designed a prison.", "J.S.", "Mill was a member of parliament.", "Revolutionaries wanted to act out history based on Marx’s principles.", "Modern life was meant to fit together like a jigsaw.", "This relationship has fractured.", "In postmodern society, tastes, values, designs, and ideas are so broad, diverse, specialised., and subject to quick change, that agreement and consensus becomes impossible.", "We search for advice – top 100 films, best lasagne recipe, must see tourist destinations, whether to wear masks, which car insurance – only to find that no-one agrees.", "One choice is as good as any other.", "Individuals are left wandering and searching on their own.", "The sociologist Zygmunt Bauman, famous for trying to understand postmodernity, wrote: ‘One can learn how to express oneself as a modern, liberated, carefree woman; or as a thoughtful, reasonable, caring housewife; or as an up-and-coming, ruthless and self-confident tycoon; or as an easy-going likeable fellow: or as an outdoor, physically fit, macho man; or as a romantic, dreamy and love-hungry creature; or as any mixture of all or some of these' No one can become an expert in anything.", "There is too much information.", "Ever more specialization is key.", "You can no longer be a historian but must be a historian of ‘children’s fashion in Vienna in the 1880’s’.", "Scientific findings change from week to week.", "Red wine is bad, then good, then bad but for different reasons.", "Masks are effective, then they’re not, then they’re effective again.", "What does this mean for our postmodern attitude?", "We don’t know who to trust.", "We have no guidance.", "We’re constantly searching.", "We’re wandering in the desert, as Bauman has put it.", "We have more control and choice in many areas but no yard-stick, no criteria for making those choices.", "Does this lead to nihilism?", "To paralysis?", "To pessimism?", "Is the postmodern world inherently pessimistic?", "Does a lack of control, a lack of legitimate advice, and a lack of leadership lead to a despondent psychology?", "When data can be interpreted in countless ways, when any situation can lead to a variety of results, when ideas, beliefs, and values can no longer be adopted rationally, when there are no guarantees of improvement, and no more teleology, no goal that we’re moving towards, no heaven, no utopia, no scientific solution to every problem, every illness, every malady, where do we go from here?", "Science has created a new risk for every problem its solved.", "Good intentions have unintended consequences.", "Nuclear power?", "Nuclear accidents and nuclear waste.", "Fossil Fuels?", "Global warming, flooding, lung disease.", "Plastic bottles?", "Litter and the devastation of ecosystems.", "Hospitals?", "Superbugs.", "Cars?", "Road Accidents.", "Biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons become a pervasive threat, existentially hanging over our heads.", "Chernobyl, the Ozone Layer, Aids, Terrorism, Mad Cow disease – all made worse because of globalization.", "Tragic events, pandemics, climate change, and financial bubbles become magnified.", "Where the Enlightenment was characterised by optimism, postmodernity might be said to be laced with pessimism.", "Postmodernity has demonstrated that no matter how much we try to order our lives, order society, order are plans, something always slip through the gaps.", "Biases, prejudice, the outsider, the thing that doesn’t fit into the plan – all persist.", "Rather than universal global emancipation, we regress to isolated nationalisms, fear, and anxiety.", "Values become contested.", "Marriage, nation, family, work, tradition, nature – they no longer mean what they used to mean, they’re used, misused, reinterpreted, deconstructed, and rejected.", "They become empty shells.", "Take just one example: marriage Traditionally, marriage was not about love but about economic necessity, community care, and reproduction.", "Love – falling in love - is a very modern idea.", "Modern marriage becomes about improvement – joy, adventure, passion – while some elements of traditionalism are retained for their usefulness.", "The idea of ‘building a life together’ is a very modern one – planning, improvement, control.", "IN postmodernity, the value of marriage itself becomes questioned, something to be discarded, people want fewer or no children.", "Divorce rates skyrocket.", "Polyamory returns.", "‘Alternative’ lifestyles become popular.", "In the same way, work becomes the gig-economy as companies prioritise flexible employment, quick turn-over speeds, the ability to flexibly move capital and operations as conditions change.", "Production is no longer about large scale Fordist factory lines but smaller swappable components – and this includes people.", "AS we become victims of unpredictability, speed, and pessimism, philosophies like stoicism return.", "We all become responsible for our own lives.", "Identity becomes difficult – change becomes more normal than stability.", "What does this mean for our postmodern attitude?", "We live in an age of psychological extremes.", "Pessimism and excitement, stoicism and utopianism.", "Scientific possibility and scientific risk.", "We are schizophrenic.", "So where are we going if there’s no plan?", "Modernity means the planning and building of factories, housing, food, medicines, and products based on simple needs.", "But for Bauman, postmodernity is defined less by production and more by consumption.", "You are not what you do but what you consume –we’re defined by our music tastes, the games you play, global trends, accessories, clothes, even health and fitness become personalised.", "Postmodernity is driven less by reason, and more by desire, by adverts that are designed to pull us in and activate a craving.", "Bauman writes that ‘Seductive impulses, to be effective, must be transmitted in all directions and addressed indiscriminately to everybody who will listen.’ Shopping Malls, Las Vegas, Disney World: they all seem ordered but it’s a façade, designed to draw us in, to encourage the short-term pursuit of pleasure with no real long-term goal.", "News gets traction through clickbait, through appeals to emotion, to shock and awe.", "We read the worst news because its shocking or the best because its heartwarming, and whatevers in between gets lost.", "Its either ISIS or cats.", "Politics is left to desires too.", "We like big characters, joke-tellers, with charisma and screen-presence.", "We’ve moved from politicians making plans based on their own ideas to politicians being led by polling.", "Bauman writes that ‘The composition of political platforms and the making of decisions on controversial issues are guided by the advance consideration of the relative popularity of the intended move and careful calculation of the anticipated electoral gains and losses.’ For the rest of us, politics becomes a matter of ‘campaign politics’ – goals become fractured into divisible elements rather than any overall ideology or metanarrative.", "– stopping a train line, banning trucks from the Alps, campaigning for a new road - micro level issues dominate.", "Again, global issues and international projects disintegrate into nationalisms, isolation, and local independence movements.", "We’re driven by issues that are personal to us, that tug on our heart strings, by news that makes us go either awwww or ugghh.", "What does this mean for our postmodern attitude?", "We’re desensitised.", "We’ve seen the funniest cat video and the worst atrocities.", "Yet we’re still led by our desires, by our emotions, and the world is too.", "Yes, we’re still modern – we still try to think logically and rationally – but emotions have returned – we have to go with our gut, pursue what’s most pleasurable, we search for new tastes.", "Ok, this all sounds quite negative.", "Difficulty in planning, predicting, a lack of control and trust, schizophrenia, less confidence in guidance.", "More responsibility placed on our shoulders, both to look after ourselves and to choose for ourself.", "We’re seduced by our drives, by advertising, emotions are as important as reason.", "How can we possibly make sense of this?", "Where are we heading?", "Bauman has written that ‘history has become a playground of the contingent, the unexpected, the fortuitous, the capricious, the under-determined and the unpredictable'’ For the moderns, time has a definite progressive orientation towards bigger and better, a forwards and backwards, a future and a past.", "Built in the middle of the 19th century, Leeds Town Hall has the word ‘forward!’ engraved in it.", "The planners were in no doubt which way forward was.", "Sartre – the last philosopher of modernity – was interesting in building orderly, progressive, free, and rational life-projects.", "Bauman writes that instead, ‘the dominant sentiment is now the feeling of a new type of uncertainty – not limited to one’s own luck and talents, but concerning as well the future shape of the world, the right way of living in it, and the criteria by which to judge the rights and wrongs of the way of living.’ He likens being postmodern to being either a tourist or a vagabond, always exploring or wandering, looking around the next corner.", "We no longer have definitive guided tours or sacred destinations – we’re not pilgrims – instead we’re more like modern explorers searching our own subjective experience, our own desires, our own place – colonial exploreres of our own minds.", "We’re all nomads, wandering, deconstructing, looking for meaning and belonging.", "He writes ‘Both socially and psychically, modernity is incurably self-critical: an endless, and in the end prospectless, exercise in self-cancelling and selfinvalidating.", "Truly modern is not the readiness to delay gratification, but the impossibility of being gratified.", "– B The postmodern condition defies any single interpretation.", "It is dizzying, contradictory, and by its nature difficult to pin down.", "This has been one of many possible narratives, and one that at times has maybe seemed pessimistic, but postmodernity opens up as many avenues as it closes.", "We might have no guides, no priests, less legitimate leadership, but the steel cage of certainty and oppressive authority becomes more difficult to justify and sustain itself, too.", "We’re pushed and pull around by emotion, desire, advertising, and consumerism, but those same drives are the ones that sustain the drive to create new values, new ideas, and new ways of living.", "We’re schizophrenic, uncertain, wandering, yet the future is – possibly – more open that ever.", "Are we destined to balance the mentalities of modernity and postmodernity – are we both modern and postmodern at the same time?", "Or are we just at the edge of a new horizon.", "Is something new about to make both attitudes a thing of the past?" ]

[ "Intro", "What Is It That Makes Us Modern", "The Modern Attitude", "Planning the Future", "Marriage" ]

[ "Fame has proved to be a double-edged sword for Stevie Nicks, bringing with it not just fortune and recognition, but also unwanted scrutiny of her appearance, tensions with bandmates, and a serious coke addiction.", "Here's the untold truth of Stevie Nicks.", "As a child, Stevie Nicks inherited her love of music from her grandfather, who was an aspiring country singer.", "By 4, she was performing with him, and a sixth-grade talent show cemented her dream of becoming a professional entertainer.", "When Nicks was a teenager, her family moved to California.", "One night in 1966, the high school senior went to a religious youth group meeting, where she was introduced to Lindsay Buckingham.", "The two played the Mamas and Papas hit \"California Dreamin'\" together, and Nicks later said she was, quote, \"captivated\" immediately.", "Still, they wouldn't see each other again until two years later when Buckingham called her out of the blue to ask if she wanted to join a San Francisco folk group called Fritz.", "The band became quite successful locally, opening for Jimi Hendrix, CCR, Santana, Janis Joplin, and Grace Slick with Jefferson Airplane.", "Despite this, Fritz broke up in 1971.", "But by then, Nicks and Buckingham had become a couple, and they began to make their own music under the moniker Buckingham Nicks.", "Shortly after the demise of Fritz, Buckingham Nicks had written enough material to record an album.", "They were signed to Polydor, but their self-titled debut was a flop and the label dropped them.", "Undeterred, they continued to work on new songs, including future Fleetwood Mac hits \"Monday Morning,\" \"Rhiannon,\" and \"Landslide.\"", "Stevie Nicks was also working as a cleaner and a waitress to support the couple financially.", "She enjoyed the waitressing job, working lunches so she could go home and write music with Lindsey Buckingham in the evenings.", "But money was tight.", "In October 1974, she promised her father she would find a new career if they hadn't gotten anywhere with their music within three months.", "On New Year's Eve, Fleetwood Mac called Buckingham and invited him to join them on guitar.", "Buckingham refused to come without Nicks.", "After the band met, singer Christine McVie was allowed the final say over adding another woman to the ensemble.", "Fortunately, she said yes.", "They were in the band, and just in time.", "\"The motivation stemmed out of a need to work.\"", "In 1975, Fleetwood Mac released the self-titled album that scored them their first big break.", "Suddenly, Nicks found herself subject to comments about her looks.", "In response, the following year, she got silicone breast implants, later explaining, \"I had always thought my hips were too big and that I had no chest.\"", "Nicks told People Magazine that she nearly quit singing because she was tired of being fat-shamed by the media.", "In 1994, she had the implants removed after realizing they were causing health issues.", "She said, \"It turned out they were totally broken.\"", "Stevie Nicks and Lindsay Buckingham's romantic relationship ended in 1976 while the new line-up was working on “Rumours” — their second album together.", "Nicks told the Oprah Winfrey Network that they, quote, \"had a very bad fight\" and she called the relationship off.", "They both decided to stay in the band, but it wasn't easy.", "At a photoshoot for the cover of Rolling Stone, sparks flew unexpectedly between Nicks and drummer Mick Fleetwood, who was in the process of getting a divorce.", "It eventually led to an affair, though Nicks was dating Don Henley of the Eagles at the time.", "Nicks later blamed heavy cocaine use for the affair, saying that it, \"was a doomed thing [that] caused a lot of pain.\"", "Looking back on it, though, Fleetwood had a slightly more optimistic take.", "He told Salon, \"Me and Stevie [...] had a moment in time when [...] we were in love.", "It was never to be that it could grow and be allowed to breathe in the open.\"", "By 1979, Stevie Nicks was still in a relationship with Don Henley of the Eagles, and Fleetwood Mac were working on their follow-up to \"Rumours\" — \"Tusk\" — which came out that October.", "Sometime that year, Nicks discovered she was pregnant and had an abortion.", "Nicks stands by her choice and other people's right to choose to terminate a pregnancy.", "She told The Guardian that her heavy drug use would have created a bad environment for a child and that she would have been forced to quit the band, which she believed was making music that would help a lot of people.", "She told ABC Downtown, \"My particular mission maybe wasn't to be a mom and a wife; maybe my particular mission was to write songs to make moms and wives feel better.\"", "Although Fleetwood Mac had overcome broken hearts and deep-seated hurt to make \"Rumours,\" it was \"Tusk\" that temporarily split up the band.", "Though it sold four million copies, the album was still considered a commercial flop, and the year-long world tour to support it only furthered cocaine-fueled tensions.", "During the recording sessions for \"Tusk,\" Nicks had begun working on some new songs — songs she decided to finish without the rest of Fleetwood Mac.", "She co-founded independent record label Modern Records to put out her music, and on July 27, 1981, her debut solo album, \"Bella Donna,\" was released.", "It hit number one in the Billboard albums chart and stayed in the Top 200 for almost three years.", "Nicks was proud, but she later reflected that her success caused tension with many of the men in her life.", "When she gave Lindsey Buckingham a copy, he left it on the floor of the studio.", "Nicks told The Guardian, \"They were full-on jealous [...] all of them.", "They hated that kind of confidence in a woman.\"", "She said that shortly after the album came out, even her father told her she would never find a man who would marry such a successful woman.", "Still, there are plenty of people who appreciated Nicks' music: by 2021 she had released eight solo studio albums and two live albums, selling over 30 million copies.", "Stevie Nicks never married either of her two most famous boyfriends, Lindsey Buckingham and Don Henley.", "But she did have a brief marriage, which started and ended in 1983 and was born from a tragedy in her personal life.", "Around 1981, Nicks' best friend Robin Snyder was diagnosed with leukemia.", "She briefly went into remission and got pregnant: the father was her husband Kim Anderson.", "Unfortunately, the cancer returned.", "Nicks told the Oprah Winfrey Network that Snyder chose not to get further treatment because she knew she was going to die, and she didn't want to take any medication that could harm her baby.", "In 1982, two days after Snyder and Anderson's son Matthew was born, Snyder died.", "Nicks told The Oprah Winfrey Network, \"I was [...] completely and utterly grief-stricken.", "I had lost the best friend I had ever had.\"", "Believing that the best way she could serve Snyder was by looking after her husband and baby, in January 1983, Nicks convinced Anderson that they should get married.", "She later told The Guardian, “it was a completely ridiculous thing.\"", "Three months later, she realized they had made a mistake, and they divorced.", "Nicks believes Snyder's spirit visited her to tell her to end the marriage, saying, \"Robin would not have wanted me to be married to a guy I didn't love.\"", "No, it's not just another rock 'n' roll urban legend.", "In her biography, \"Stevie Nicks: Visions, Dreams and Rumours,\" Zoë Howe confirmed that Stevie Nicks' prodigious cocaine use really did cause her to develop a dime-sized hole in her nasal septum — the piece of cartilage that separates the nostrils.", "Nicks told the Oprah Winfrey Network that she became \"more aware of cocaine\" in 1976.", "Overuse made her too hyped up, so she tried to counter it with alcohol use, leading to a downward spiral of addiction.", "She later estimated that she spent millions of dollars on drugs, telling The Telegraph, \"All of us were drug addicts, but there was a point where I was the worst.\"", "In 1986, Stevie Nicks sought treatment for cocaine addiction at the famous Betty Ford Center rehab clinic in Palm Springs, California.", "After 30 days, she emerged drug-free.", "It didn't last, though: a psychiatrist prescribed her a tranquilizer called Klonopin, or Clonazepam to help with her alcohol addiction, and she became dependent on the drug.", "She also was tranquilized to the point where she lost her ambition completely.", "She later told The Guardian, \"[Klonopin] took away all my wonderful drama, my tempestuousness, my compassion, my empathy –- all those things that drove me to my piano.\"", "By 1993, she had also developed tremors in her hands and finally went to rehab again.", "This time it took 47 days — an experience which she told Rolling Stone was, quote, \"way more horrific than 30 days to get off coke.\"", "She said, \"They stole my forties.", "It was eight completely wasted years of my life.\"", "Stevie Nicks' penchant for all-black outfits, flowing sleeves, fairy tales, Halloween, burning candles, and a song about a Welsh goddess named Rhiannon have seen her labeled a witchy woman.", "And this is not entirely wrong.", "One of Nicks' magical qualities is her belief that she can connect with the spirits of people she's loved and lost.", "For example, Nicks told The Guardian that shortly after her mom died in 2012, she felt her presence while standing in the kitchen.", "Moreover, she heard her mom tell her to stop drinking so much Gatorade because it was giving her acid reflux!", "Being a rock star, Nicks has access to some celebrity spirits, whom she turns to when she needs musical assistance.", "She told Variety that she still talks to her departed friends Prince and Tom Petty, saying, \"I call in all my spirits, and I say, 'Tom, stand behind me.", "Prince, stand with me.'\"", "Nicks' witchy reputation is so deeply embedded in pop culture that it became a plot in \"American Horror Story.” In three episodes of the show, she graciously played herself, but as a full-on White Witch.", "Playing in a band with her ex proved to be challenging for Stevie Nicks.", "She and Lindsey Buckingham argued over the music, and she felt he was jealous of her solo success.", "Things allegedly escalated to physical violence at a band meeting in 1987 when Buckingham told the others he was quitting, just before a huge tour.", "Nicks said that she ran at him in a rage, at which point Buckingham chased her into the street and threw her up against a car.", "Nicks said, \"I thought he was going to kill me.\"", "Buckingham left the band, and in 1990, Nicks did too.", "They both returned in 1996, but it wouldn't last; in 2018, it was abruptly announced that Buckingham would not be rejoining Fleetwood Mac for their upcoming tour.", "Buckingham later told Rolling Stone that Nicks had him kicked off the tour over a perceived insult, telling the others it was either her or him.", "\"None of it makes sense to me, you know.", "Fleetwood Mac, the five of us together, is, uh, in my mind is a very sacred thing.\"", "Fleetwood Mac was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1998, during a brief period where the band's classic lineup had reunited.", "Then, in 2019, Nicks made history when she became the first woman inducted into the Hall of Fame twice, this time for her solo career.", "By then, 23 men had already achieved this impressive feat, including all four Beatles, Dave Grohl, and Jimmy Page.", "At her second induction, Nicks performed alongside her, quote, \"very good friend\" Harry Styles.", "She told Variety, \"The only people that think it isn't a big deal are the people who don't get in.\"", "Nicks got some much-needed female company on the list in 2021 as Tina Turner and Carole King were also both inducted for the second time.", "Still rocking into her 70s, in 2017, Stevie Nicks told Rolling Stone that she has no plans to ever retire.", "However, she has had to slow down a little, thanks to some health issues and a global pandemic.", "In 2019 — the night after performing at her second Rock & Roll Hall of Fame induction — Nicks was admitted to an intensive care unit in a Philadelphia hospital.", "She later told Variety she had suffered from low blood oxygen caused by double pneumonia, among other things.", "Nicks recovered, but her lungs are still compromised.", "When the COVID-19 pandemic hit in 2020, she was particularly wary.", "Her main concern was her voice.", "She told The Guardian that her mom had been on a ventilator, which left her voice hoarse.", "In 2021, after recovering from a fractured knee cap, Nicks canceled five upcoming tour dates due to COVID fears.", "She wrote on Twitter, \"While I'm vaccinated, at my age, I am still being extremely cautious.\"", "Here's hoping we have a chance to see her sing again soon!", "Check out one of our newest videos right here!", "Plus, even more Grunge videos about your favorite stuff are coming soon.", "Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one." ]

[ "The edge of 17", "Fleetwood Mac", "Insecurity", "Doomed affair", "Hard choices", "Solo star", "Tragedy", "Downward spiral", "Witchy woman", "Falling out", "Hall of Fame", "Health scares" ]