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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing .
why do some clocks have no numbers ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing .
how do you tell seconds ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing .
in the `` fibonacci '' sequence , what would be the 100 number ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing .
why does `` am '' stands for latin phrase and why does `` pm '' stands for post meridiem ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here .
how do you tell the min if there are no lines ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing .
what is bigger the sun or the moon ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 .
what is 2*795674x99-87+75684 '' x2354= ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock .
what is the difference between the long hand and short hand on a clock ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock .
how do u know the exact number ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock .
how can you tell time without the numbers on the clock ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour .
is n't using labled clocks easier ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand .
why does time go clockwise , specifically ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 .
is the top number 1 ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing .
what does a.m and p.m mean ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour .
how did people make up the terms `` midnight '' and `` noon '' to describe 12 a.m. and 12 p.m. , respectively ?
we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hou...
so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock .
does the clock do anything with angles ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
maybe it absorbs three at one moment , four at another moment . but you ca n't absorb anything in between . it ca n't be completely continuous . it has to be a discrete all-or-nothing moment of absorption of energy that , on a macroscopic scale , looks smooth but on a microscopic scale is highlighted by the fact that l...
ca n't we use medium that has extremely high n value to slow speed of light to a level that we can capture , photograph light photons and examine its properties little better ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you get this discrete behavior of light depositing all its energy in a particle-like way , or nothing at all . how much energy ? well , we 've got a formula for that .
'energy can not be created or destroyed ' then where did all the initial energy in the big bang come from ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
there are n't many other numbers in physics that small . times the frequency -- this is regular frequency . so frequency , number of oscillations per second , measured in hertz .
is frequency a measure of the wave ( of light ) frequency ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
but , in the late 1800s and early 1900s , physicists discovered something shocking . they discovered that light , and all electromagnetic radiation , can display particle-like behavior , too . and i do n't just mean localized in some region of space .
if so , how does it fit with the idea that light is a particle ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
there are n't many other numbers in physics that small . times the frequency -- this is regular frequency . so frequency , number of oscillations per second , measured in hertz .
how is a particle supposed to have a frequency ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , there 'd be diffraction , and that 's what waves do . or , if you let it overlap with itself , if you had some wave in some region , and it lined up perfectly with some other electromagn...
em radiation travels at c , but if e = hf and e = mc^2 then there must be a mass there , but then it would not be able to travel at c. what am i missing ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
and that 's what everyone thought . but , in the late 1800s and early 1900s , physicists discovered something shocking . they discovered that light , and all electromagnetic radiation , can display particle-like behavior , too .
there has been something that has been bothering me ever since i entered the realm of physics and chemistry , it 's that how are constants discovered ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
and so what do we call these particles of light ? we call them photons . how do we draw them ?
why is that photons are known to be mass less ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
that 's a little trickier . we know now light can behave like a wave and a particle , so we kind of split the difference sometimes . sometimes you 'll see it like this , where it 's kind of like a wavy particle .
what is the basic difference between a wave and a particle ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
we mean something more dramatic . we mean that light , what physicists discovered , is that light and light particles can only deposit certain amount of energy , only discrete amounts of energy . there 's a certain chunk of energy that light can deposit , no less than that .
why light shows dual nature ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
there 's a certain chunk of energy that light can deposit , no less than that . so this is why it 's called quantum mechanics . you 've heard of a quantum leap .
why , exactly , does quantum mechanics contradict einstein 's theory of general relativity ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
there are n't many other numbers in physics that small . times the frequency -- this is regular frequency . so frequency , number of oscillations per second , measured in hertz .
i know that white light is made up of seven colours ( or 'colors ' in the american spelling ) , so , if each of the colours has its own frequency , is there any specific frequency of white light ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
so now we can try to figure out , why did physicists never discover this before ? and the reason is , planck 's constant is so small that the energy of these photons are extremely small . the graininess of this discrete amount of energy that 's getting deposited is so small that it just looks smooth .
how come plancks constant is sooooo small ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
we mean something more dramatic . we mean that light , what physicists discovered , is that light and light particles can only deposit certain amount of energy , only discrete amounts of energy . there 's a certain chunk of energy that light can deposit , no less than that .
plank 's quantum theory is based on the particle nature of light or wave nature light ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
there are n't many other numbers in physics that small . times the frequency -- this is regular frequency . so frequency , number of oscillations per second , measured in hertz .
so that equation is sayin to get the energy of a photon particle i need to know the frequency as if it was a wave ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
we mean something more dramatic . we mean that light , what physicists discovered , is that light and light particles can only deposit certain amount of energy , only discrete amounts of energy . there 's a certain chunk of energy that light can deposit , no less than that .
if this light is made up of particles , then they must have mass , therefore also gravity..right ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
we mean something more dramatic . we mean that light , what physicists discovered , is that light and light particles can only deposit certain amount of energy , only discrete amounts of energy . there 's a certain chunk of energy that light can deposit , no less than that .
can someone please help me with the black body radiation experiment and how it proved that light deposits discrete amounts of energy ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
that 's not really what we mean . we mean something more dramatic . we mean that light , what physicists discovered , is that light and light particles can only deposit certain amount of energy , only discrete amounts of energy . there 's a certain chunk of energy that light can deposit , no less than that .
does that mean that the electrons get exited from this energy and then fall back but sending out a different wavelenght of light that is n't on the visible spectrum or does the black body just `` keep '' the energy until it 's hot enough for black body radiation ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
that 's hard to notice , that energy 's coming in this discrete amount . it 's like water . i mean , water from your sink . water flowing out of your sink looks continuous . we know there 's really discrete water molecules in there , and that you can only get one water molecule , no water molecules , 10 water molecules...
i used to think waves , ( be it water 's h20 molecules , or light 's photons ) were particles moving together , to form a wave , am i wrong ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you get this discrete behavior of light depositing all its energy in a particle-like way , or nothing at all . how much energy ? well , we 've got a formula for that .
can photon has exact energy ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
but what i 'm saying is that , microscopically , if you look at this , what 's happening is , you 've absorbed one photon here . you absorbed another one , absorbed another one , absorbed a bunch of them . you keep absorbing a bunch of these photons .
why the photon is all absorbed or not absorbed at all ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you get this discrete behavior of light depositing all its energy in a particle-like way , or nothing at all . how much energy ? well , we 've got a formula for that .
why should photon energy be discrete ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
we mean something more dramatic . we mean that light , what physicists discovered , is that light and light particles can only deposit certain amount of energy , only discrete amounts of energy . there 's a certain chunk of energy that light can deposit , no less than that .
so if light behaves as on or off , not in between , could there be a binary system based on light and whether not it 's there ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
and i do n't just mean localized in some region of space . waves can get localized . if you sent in some wave here that was a wave pulse , well , that wave pulse is pretty much localized .
3 i still do not understand how can waves be localised ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you get this discrete behavior of light depositing all its energy in a particle-like way , or nothing at all . how much energy ? well , we 've got a formula for that .
1 ) what 's the difference between intensity and power of energy ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you get this discrete behavior of light depositing all its energy in a particle-like way , or nothing at all . how much energy ? well , we 've got a formula for that .
the total energy would be intensity , no ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ?
what is the connection between , e = hf and e = mc^2 ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you could n't get in between . if the quantum jump was three units of energy ... i do n't want to give you a specific unit yet , but , say , three units of energy you could absorb , if that was the amount of energy for that photon , if these photons were carrying three units of energy , you could either absorb no energ...
how can you prove the quantum network of molecular energy of protons ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you get this discrete behavior of light depositing all its energy in a particle-like way , or nothing at all . how much energy ? well , we 've got a formula for that .
if so , how can photons ( something without mass ) carry energy ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
and so what do we call these particles of light ? we call them photons . how do we draw them ?
how are photons related with electric and magnetic field ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
sometimes you 'll see it like this , where it 's kind of like a wavy particle . so there 's a photon , here 's another photon . basically , this is the problem .
why a photon can not decay to an electron and positron ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
we mean something more dramatic . we mean that light , what physicists discovered , is that light and light particles can only deposit certain amount of energy , only discrete amounts of energy . there 's a certain chunk of energy that light can deposit , no less than that .
what makes light travel in a straight line ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
and so , what i 'm really saying here is , if you had a detector sitting over here that could measure the light energy that it receives from some source of light , what i 'm saying is , if that detector was sensitive enough , you 'd either get no light energy or one jump , or no light energy or , whoop , you absorbed a...
in terms of communication , could n't we use the fluctuation of colours that were produced in the college test ( to prove the correlation of atomic particles that are nowhere near each other ) to produce morse in some way ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
but what i 'm saying is that , microscopically , if you look at this , what 's happening is , you 've absorbed one photon here . you absorbed another one , absorbed another one , absorbed a bunch of them . you keep absorbing a bunch of these photons .
is it possible to force the color option on one side , to change the pattern of another machine elsewhere , with another set of machines reading the diamond 's missing molecule to receive the transmuted information ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you get this discrete behavior of light depositing all its energy in a particle-like way , or nothing at all . how much energy ? well , we 've got a formula for that .
planks equation gives you energy for a single photon ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
we 'll graph what this detector 's going to measure , the amount of energy per time that it measures . so we 'll get the amount of energy per time . now , you can absorb huge amounts of energy . and on the detector , on a macroscopic scale , it just might look like this .
does that mean energy of photon remain constant all the time ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
sometimes you 'll see it like this , where it 's kind of like a wavy particle . so there 's a photon , here 's another photon . basically , this is the problem .
why photon has zero/no mass ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
sometimes you 'll see it like this , where it 's kind of like a wavy particle . so there 's a photon , here 's another photon . basically , this is the problem .
can we use ( momentum ) '' p=mv '' for momentum of a photon ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
sometimes you 'll see it like this , where it 's kind of like a wavy particle . so there 's a photon , here 's another photon . basically , this is the problem .
what is the relativistic mass of a photon ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you get this discrete behavior of light depositing all its energy in a particle-like way , or nothing at all . how much energy ? well , we 've got a formula for that .
how much energy ( in j ) is contained in 1.00 mole of 526 nm photons ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you ca n't absorb half of it . you ca n't absorb one unit of energy or two units of energy . you could either absorb the whole thing or nothing . that 's why it 's quantum mechanics .
with the detector thing at around 0 , what if you absorb two photons at once ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you ca n't absorb half of it . you ca n't absorb one unit of energy or two units of energy . you could either absorb the whole thing or nothing .
if the energy of the photon was 3 lets say , then would you get 6 units of energy at once ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
that 's what waves do . why should n't we call electromagnetic radiation a wave ? and that 's what everyone thought .
is n't every other type of electromagnetic radiation on the spectrum a wave ( an oscillating magnetic wave and electronic wave ) , because if so why does light belong on the spectrum ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
if it was out of phase , you 'd get destructive interference . that 's what waves do . why should n't we call electromagnetic radiation a wave ? and that 's what everyone thought .
or does every type of electromagnetic radiation on the spectrum posses particle-wave duality , and if so , how would we know what the waves are made of if we do n't even know what it is ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
and i do n't just mean localized in some region of space . waves can get localized . if you sent in some wave here that was a wave pulse , well , that wave pulse is pretty much localized .
is this true or due electrons appear in one orbital and then in a higher orbital without any trace of traveling waves or particles ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
and so what do we call these particles of light ? we call them photons . how do we draw them ?
how do we know photons exist , if they have no mass ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you get this discrete behavior of light depositing all its energy in a particle-like way , or nothing at all . how much energy ? well , we 've got a formula for that .
how much time passes before an entity absorbs photons again ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
and so , what i 'm really saying here is , if you had a detector sitting over here that could measure the light energy that it receives from some source of light , what i 'm saying is , if that detector was sensitive enough , you 'd either get no light energy or one jump , or no light energy or , whoop , you absorbed a...
when looking at an energy level transition chart that shows emission.. why is the wavelength of the shorter transition ( n=2 to n=1 ) larger than a longer transition ( n=4 to n=1 ) ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
they discovered that light , and all electromagnetic radiation , can display particle-like behavior , too . and i do n't just mean localized in some region of space . waves can get localized .
0 , what does ''localized '' mean ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
that 's hard to see . that 's hard to notice , that energy 's coming in this discrete amount . it 's like water .
discrete amount is like fixed amount ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
for violet light , what 's the energy of one violet photon ? well , the frequency of violet light is 7.5 times 10 to the 14th hertz . so if you take that number times this planck 's constant , 6.626 times 10 to the negative 34th , you 'll get that the energy of one violet photon is about five times 10 to the negative 1...
hello , how is the dimensional analysis working ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
planck was the first one to figure out what this constant was and to propose that light can only deposit its energy in discrete amounts . so planck 's constant is extremely small ; it 's 6.626 times 10 to the negative 34th joule times seconds . 10 to the negative 34th ?
why is herz ( oscillation per sec ) times js equal to just j ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
and so what do we call these particles of light ? we call them photons . how do we draw them ?
is magnetic force ( ie a part of electromagnetic force ) also transmitted by photons ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
we mean something more dramatic . we mean that light , what physicists discovered , is that light and light particles can only deposit certain amount of energy , only discrete amounts of energy . there 's a certain chunk of energy that light can deposit , no less than that .
can we use light as energy because of photons in places like power plants and to operate electric things ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you ca n't absorb half of it . you ca n't absorb one unit of energy or two units of energy . you could either absorb the whole thing or nothing .
is the energy in e=hf means absorb or emitted ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
well , we 've got a formula for that . the amount of energy in one photon is determined by this formula . and the first thing in it is planck 's constant .
or it means the amount of energy can be stored in a photon ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you get this discrete behavior of light depositing all its energy in a particle-like way , or nothing at all . how much energy ? well , we 've got a formula for that .
if it is true that hv > hv ' , where does the energy go ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
there are n't many other numbers in physics that small . times the frequency -- this is regular frequency . so frequency , number of oscillations per second , measured in hertz .
i understand how sound can be described as a frequency of the change in air pressure , but what is light ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
but , in the late 1800s and early 1900s , physicists discovered something shocking . they discovered that light , and all electromagnetic radiation , can display particle-like behavior , too . and i do n't just mean localized in some region of space .
so , does all electromagnetic radiation have this property that it has wave like and particle like behaviour ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
and i do n't just mean localized in some region of space . waves can get localized . if you sent in some wave here that was a wave pulse , well , that wave pulse is pretty much localized .
how can we use e=mc^2 to see the relation between waves and particles ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
light can deposit an enormous amount of energy , but it does so in chunks . so think about it this way ... let 's get rid of all this . think about it this way : let 's say you had a detector that 's going to register how much energy it 's absorbing , and we 'll graph it .
is there any way to predict `` disallowed '' frequencies or wavelengths ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
10 to the negative 34th ? there are n't many other numbers in physics that small . times the frequency -- this is regular frequency . so frequency , number of oscillations per second , measured in hertz .
but frequency is n't discrete , right ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
there are n't many other numbers in physics that small . times the frequency -- this is regular frequency . so frequency , number of oscillations per second , measured in hertz .
what are the different light photon frequency 's ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
that 's what waves do . why should n't we call electromagnetic radiation a wave ? and that 's what everyone thought .
does electromagnetic radiation have specific frequencies ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
if the quantum jump was three units of energy ... i do n't want to give you a specific unit yet , but , say , three units of energy you could absorb , if that was the amount of energy for that photon , if these photons were carrying three units of energy , you could either absorb no energy whatsoever or you could absor...
if we put a really sensitive detector to detect the energy absorbed and we give it 10 photons , is it possible that it will absorb 5 ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
we mean something more dramatic . we mean that light , what physicists discovered , is that light and light particles can only deposit certain amount of energy , only discrete amounts of energy . there 's a certain chunk of energy that light can deposit , no less than that .
if light is made up of particles , why do n't they float in zero gravity ?
- we 've been treating light as a wave , and we 've been drawing it with this continuous wave pattern of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are traveling in some direction . and why should n't we treat it as a wave ? if you sent it through a small opening , this electromagnetic radiation would spread out , t...
you could n't get in between . if the quantum jump was three units of energy ... i do n't want to give you a specific unit yet , but , say , three units of energy you could absorb , if that was the amount of energy for that photon , if these photons were carrying three units of energy , you could either absorb no energ...
what is three units of energy ?
let 's talk about some of the differences between how translation happens in prokaryotic cells and how it happens in eukaryotic cells . and i want to focus mainly on the mrna just before it 's ready to be translated . so let 's start with our prokaryotic mrna and let 's look at our five prime side first . so we have t...
this is where the prokaryotic ribosome is going to bind . and then after the shine-delgarno sequence , we have another noncoding region . just gon na abbreviate it ncr .
what is the function of the shine-delgarno region and why is it only in prokaryotic cells ?
let 's talk about some of the differences between how translation happens in prokaryotic cells and how it happens in eukaryotic cells . and i want to focus mainly on the mrna just before it 's ready to be translated . so let 's start with our prokaryotic mrna and let 's look at our five prime side first . so we have t...
but , in eukaryotic cells , things are a little bit different . so transcription ... happens in the nucleus , and translation happens in the cytoplasm where there are ribosomes . and so the mrna , after it 's made , has to travel , from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to where the ribosomes are .
can translation also occur in the rough endoplasmic reticulum because does n't it also contain ribosomes ?
let 's talk about some of the differences between how translation happens in prokaryotic cells and how it happens in eukaryotic cells . and i want to focus mainly on the mrna just before it 's ready to be translated . so let 's start with our prokaryotic mrna and let 's look at our five prime side first . so we have t...
and the shine-delgarno sequence is the site that the ribosome 's going to recognize and bind to . so let 's just throw a ribosome right over here . this is where the prokaryotic ribosome is going to bind . and then after the shine-delgarno sequence , we have another noncoding region .
but then how come ribosome attach to 5 ' end and continue towards 3 ' end ?
let 's talk about some of the differences between how translation happens in prokaryotic cells and how it happens in eukaryotic cells . and i want to focus mainly on the mrna just before it 's ready to be translated . so let 's start with our prokaryotic mrna and let 's look at our five prime side first . so we have t...
so in prokaryotic cells , the first amino acid in the chain is always formylmethionine . and formylmethionine is simply the amino acid methionine , but with a formyl group attached . and in case you do n't remember what a formyl group looks like , it looks like that .
why is formylmethionine used in prokaryotes instead of just methionine ?
let 's talk about some of the differences between how translation happens in prokaryotic cells and how it happens in eukaryotic cells . and i want to focus mainly on the mrna just before it 's ready to be translated . so let 's start with our prokaryotic mrna and let 's look at our five prime side first . so we have t...
and the bond between this guanine and the nucleotide right near it is a bond that 's different than the bond that you 'd typically find between two nucleotides . and so that 's really all the five prime cap is . and the five prime cap is actually the ribosomal binding site in eukaryotes .
when she says the ribosome binds to the 5'-cap , does that really mean the small subunit binds ?
let 's talk about some of the differences between how translation happens in prokaryotic cells and how it happens in eukaryotic cells . and i want to focus mainly on the mrna just before it 's ready to be translated . so let 's start with our prokaryotic mrna and let 's look at our five prime side first . so we have t...
and it 's called the noncoding region because the ribosome is not actually going to read that part . so that particular sequence of amino acid is not that important . and then after the noncoding region we have the shine-dalgarno sequence .
is the kozak sequence important ?
let 's talk about some of the differences between how translation happens in prokaryotic cells and how it happens in eukaryotic cells . and i want to focus mainly on the mrna just before it 's ready to be translated . so let 's start with our prokaryotic mrna and let 's look at our five prime side first . so we have t...
and it 's called the noncoding region because the ribosome is not actually going to read that part . so that particular sequence of amino acid is not that important . and then after the noncoding region we have the shine-dalgarno sequence . and the shine-delgarno sequence is the site that the ribosome 's going to recog...
so if the prokaryotes have the shine-dalgarno sequence on their mrna , where would the kozak sequence be on the eukaryote 's mrna ?
let 's talk about some of the differences between how translation happens in prokaryotic cells and how it happens in eukaryotic cells . and i want to focus mainly on the mrna just before it 's ready to be translated . so let 's start with our prokaryotic mrna and let 's look at our five prime side first . so we have t...
this is where the prokaryotic ribosome is going to bind . and then after the shine-delgarno sequence , we have another noncoding region . just gon na abbreviate it ncr .
why is there another ncr after the shine delgarno sequence ?
let 's talk about some of the differences between how translation happens in prokaryotic cells and how it happens in eukaryotic cells . and i want to focus mainly on the mrna just before it 's ready to be translated . so let 's start with our prokaryotic mrna and let 's look at our five prime side first . so we have t...
so that means that in eukaryotes , the ribosome 's going to recognize this particular part and bind to it . so after the five prime cap , we have this other noncoding region which the ribosome 's not going to translate . and then the ribosome is going to hit the start codon again .
why you said non-coding region after 5'cap and after stop codon ?
we hold these truths to be self-evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights , that among these are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . this is an excerpt of the us declaration of independence , and the united states goes on with its cons...
the chinese are particularly hit . over 15 million died during the japanese occupation of china . this idea of genocide comes about , first with the armenian genocide in the declining ottoman empire where over a million people are believed to have been killed , and then in world war ii , you have the holocaust , where ...
who was representing china when the charter was signed ?
we hold these truths to be self-evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights , that among these are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . this is an excerpt of the us declaration of independence , and the united states goes on with its cons...
who abstained , they just decided not to vote for the declaration , those are the countries in orange , and then you have a few that voted against it . in gray are the countries that were n't part of the united nations at the time . an interesting question looking at this map is to think about why certain countries wer...
for example , why do the politicians do n't have to pay tax while we have to ?
so say you just moved from england to the us and you 've got your old school supplies from england and your new school supplies from the us and it 's your first day of school and you get to class and find that your new american paper does n't fit in your old english binder . the paper is too wide , and hangs out . so y...
and by you , i mean arthur h. stone in 1939 . anyway , there 's lots of cool things you do with a strip of paper . you can fold it into shapes and more shapes .
is there any relationship between a hexaflexagon and a mobius strip ?
so say you just moved from england to the us and you 've got your old school supplies from england and your new school supplies from the us and it 's your first day of school and you get to class and find that your new american paper does n't fit in your old english binder . the paper is too wide , and hangs out . so y...
maybe spiral it around snugly like this . maybe make it into a square . maybe wrap it into a hexagon with a nice symmetric sort of cycle to the flappy parts .
can you please show me how to make a hexaflexagon in slow motion ?
so say you just moved from england to the us and you 've got your old school supplies from england and your new school supplies from the us and it 's your first day of school and you get to class and find that your new american paper does n't fit in your old english binder . the paper is too wide , and hangs out . so y...
yellow , pink , huh . with the old flexagon , you could only flex it one way , flappy way up . but now there 's more flaps .
is the hexaflexagon concept currently being incorporated in technology as a way to store satellite dishes , and solar panels , when not in use ?
so say you just moved from england to the us and you 've got your old school supplies from england and your new school supplies from the us and it 's your first day of school and you get to class and find that your new american paper does n't fit in your old english binder . the paper is too wide , and hangs out . so y...
in fact , there 's enough space here to keep wrapping the strip , and the your hexagon is pretty stable . and you 're like . `` i do n't know , hexagons are n't too exciting , but i guess it has symmetry or something . ''
would it be possible to implement an umbrella-like collapsing method ( triangles within a circular shape ) for satellites , too ?
so say you just moved from england to the us and you 've got your old school supplies from england and your new school supplies from the us and it 's your first day of school and you get to class and find that your new american paper does n't fit in your old english binder . the paper is too wide , and hangs out . so y...
and you want to make one that 's a little less messy , so you try with another strip and tape it nicely into a twisty-foldy loop . you decide that it would be cool to colour the sides , so you get out a highlighter and make one yellow . now you can flip from yellow side to white side .
is it possible to make a hexaflexagon that has more than six sides ?
so say you just moved from england to the us and you 've got your old school supplies from england and your new school supplies from the us and it 's your first day of school and you get to class and find that your new american paper does n't fit in your old english binder . the paper is too wide , and hangs out . so y...
maybe spiral it around snugly like this . maybe make it into a square . maybe wrap it into a hexagon with a nice symmetric sort of cycle to the flappy parts .
how in the world do you make a hexaflexagon ?