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miniFlame	A new cyber espionage tool linked to the Flame virus has been infecting computers in Lebanon, Iran and elsewhere. Kaspersky Lab — credited with revealing the Flame virus earlier this year — dubbed the new malware “miniFlame”, and said it was “a small and highly flexible malicious program designed to steal data and co...	##Question:miniFlame##Answer: A new cyber espionage tool linked to the Flame virus has been infecting computers in Lebanon, Iran and elsewhere. Kaspersky Lab — credited with revealing the Flame virus earlier this year — dubbed the new malware “miniFlame”, and said it was “a small and highly flexible malicious program ...	822
Order of Australia	Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced that the iconic Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar will be conferred the membership of the Order of Australia, an honour “rarely” awarded to non-Australians. Tendulkar is not the first cricketer to be made an Order of Australia AM as in 2009, West Indies legend Brian L...	##Question:Order of Australia##Answer: Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced that the iconic Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar will be conferred the membership of the Order of Australia, an honour “rarely” awarded to non-Australians. Tendulkar is not the first cricketer to be made an Order of Australia AM ...	823
The track child scheme	The track child scheme envisages putting in place a child tracking system which is aimed at maintaining real time data of all children availing rehabilitation services under the Integrated Child Protection Scheme . The software also provides for setting up a national portal containing identification details of th...	##Question:The track child scheme ##Answer: The track child scheme envisages putting in place a child tracking system which is aimed at maintaining real time data of all children availing rehabilitation services under the Integrated Child Protection Scheme . The software also provides for setting up a national por...	824
The government-sponsored schemes have contributed to a significant increase in the population covered by health insurance in the country, scaling up at a pace possibly unseen elsewhere in the world. Comment	A World Bank study on health insurance in India has recommended increasing health insurance coverage for both outpatient and inpatient care to include all poor and near-poor patients. It suggests a balanced approach, building upon infrastructure already available, augmenting it with accessible private capacity and u...	##Question:The government-sponsored schemes have contributed to a significant increase in the population covered by health insurance in the country, scaling up at a pace possibly unseen elsewhere in the world. Comment##Answer: A World Bank study on health insurance in India has recommended increasing health insurance ...	825
The finalised draft of the Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation (LARR) Bill provides for rehabilitation and resettlement of land owners in all private purchases, but the threshold-level on which this will apply has been left to State governments. Discuss	The restriction on amount of irrigated multi-crop land and net sown area available for acquisition has also been left to the discretion of the States. Earlier, the quantity of irrigated multi-cropped land that could be acquired was capped at five per cent. The rehabilitation and resettlement, as is known by now, will...	##Question:The finalised draft of the Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation (LARR) Bill provides for rehabilitation and resettlement of land owners in all private purchases, but the threshold-level on which this will apply has been left to State governments. Discuss ##Answer: The restriction on amount of ir...	826
Concentrated solar power Projects	Concentrated solar power involves systems of mirrors that concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a small area. The concentrated light is converted to heat, with a turbine and electrical power generator — converting the heat into electricity. Since CSP allows for storage of electricity, large-scale CSP presents seve...	##Question:Concentrated solar power Projects##Answer: Concentrated solar power involves systems of mirrors that concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a small area. The concentrated light is converted to heat, with a turbine and electrical power generator — converting the heat into electricity. Since CSP allows for ...	827
Discuss how the Aadhaar-enabled service delivery system can be used as a potent weapon to eliminate corruption and fraud	Reduced leakages Government highlighted the benefits associated with the integration of schemes with Aadhaar for stakeholders, ranging from better compliance management and reduced leakages to better accountability in service delivery and improvement in efficiency. Aadhaar card users can now directly access as many ...	##Question:Discuss how the Aadhaar-enabled service delivery system can be used as a potent weapon to eliminate corruption and fraud##Answer:Reduced leakages Government highlighted the benefits associated with the integration of schemes with Aadhaar for stakeholders, ranging from better compliance management and reduc...	828
What are the key determinants of child marriage in India. Discuss in detail	Key determinants of teenage wedlock Lack of education -The UNFPA report indicates that girls from rural areas in India were twice more likely to be married than urban girls. Rural settings - Those with nil education were thrice more likely to become victims compared to those with secondary or higher education. Po...	##Question:What are the key determinants of child marriage in India. Discuss in detail##Answer:Key determinants of teenage wedlock Lack of education -The UNFPA report indicates that girls from rural areas in India were twice more likely to be married than urban girls. Rural settings - Those with nil education were...	829
The Human DNA Profiling Bill	The Human DNA Profiling Bill seeks to establish a DNA Profiling Board that will lay down the standards for laboratories, collection of human body substances and custody trail from collection to reporting. It also has a provision for setting up a National DNA Data Bank	##Question:The Human DNA Profiling Bill ##Answer:The Human DNA Profiling Bill seeks to establish a DNA Profiling Board that will lay down the standards for laboratories, collection of human body substances and custody trail from collection to reporting. It also has a provision for setting up a National DNA Data Bank	830
In order to empower PRIs comment upon the decentralization & operational issues involved.	Decentralisation Issues i) Some states have followed a ‘big bang’ approach to decentralisation. While this may be difficult to emulate, states should be incentivised to fully empower local bodies through linking the volume of both CSS and FC releases in proportion to the extent of decentralisation achieved. ii) Local...	##Question:In order to empower PRIs comment upon the decentralization & operational issues involved.##Answer:Decentralisation Issues i) Some states have followed a ‘big bang’ approach to decentralisation. While this may be difficult to emulate, states should be incentivised to fully empower local bodies through linkin...	883
Establishing synergies of audit by CAG with social audit in case of local governance ensures complete grassroots level accountability. Discuss the statement & substantiate your answer.	Audit is recognized as a fundamental tool for ensuring accountability and in India, the CAG’s audit has been able to provide the necessary degree of assurance to the public at large about the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of funds spent by various governments. However, in view of the size, scale and extent of i...	##Question:Establishing synergies of audit by CAG with social audit in case of local governance ensures complete grassroots level accountability. Discuss the statement & substantiate your answer.##Answer:Audit is recognized as a fundamental tool for ensuring accountability and in India, the CAG’s audit has been able to...	884
Discuss the ‘Municipal Best practices’ recognised by the 13th Finance commission	The report identified a number of best practices which could be usefully emulated by most municipalities. These included: i) Maintenance of municipal finance statistics. ii) Resource mobilisation. iii) Expenditure compression through outsourcing and Public Private Participation(PPP). iv) Adoption of accrual account...	##Question:Discuss the ‘Municipal Best practices’ recognised by the 13th Finance commission##Answer:The report identified a number of best practices which could be usefully emulated by most municipalities. These included: i) Maintenance of municipal finance statistics. ii) Resource mobilisation. iii) Expenditure com...	885
“There can be no difference of opinion in the House that our judiciary must be both independent of the executive and must also be competent in itself. And the question is how these two objects can be secured“. In light of this statement, discuss the provisions provided in our constitution to ensure the independence of...	Many provisions are provided in our constitution to ensure the independence of the judiciary. The constitutional provisions are discussed below: Security of Tenure:The judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts have been given the security of the tenure. Once appointed, they continue to remain in office till they r...	##Question:“There can be no difference of opinion in the House that our judiciary must be both independent of the executive and must also be competent in itself. And the question is how these two objects can be secured“. In light of this statement, discuss the provisions provided in our constitution to ensure the inde...	886
The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. Discuss.	The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to any dispute between the Government of India and one or more States or between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other or between two or more States,...	##Question:The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. Discuss. ##Answer:The Supreme Court has original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction. Its exclusive original jurisdiction extends to any dispute between the Government of India and one or more States or between the Government of India and ...	887
Public Interest Litigation is a good thing when it is used to enforce the rights of the disadvantaged, But it has now been diluted to interfere with the power of the government to take decisions on a range of policy matters. Discuss.	PIL jurisdiction began haltingly with little idea of its potential when the Supreme Court, in 1979, entertained complaints by social activists drawing the attention of the Court to the conditions of certain sections of society or institutions which were deprived of their basic rights. However, over the years, the soci...	##Question:Public Interest Litigation is a good thing when it is used to enforce the rights of the disadvantaged, But it has now been diluted to interfere with the power of the government to take decisions on a range of policy matters. Discuss. ##Answer:PIL jurisdiction began haltingly with little idea of its potential...	888
The constitution gives the states power to frame laws on all the subjects included in the state list. But the central government has the authority to interfere even in these powers of states under special circumstances. Discuss.	At the Resolution of Rajya Sabha - The Union Parliament will be authorized to pass a law on a subject of state list about which the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution with 2/3rds majority of the members present and voting saying that subject has attained national importance. Such a resolution of the Rajya Sabha will give...	##Question:The constitution gives the states power to frame laws on all the subjects included in the state list. But the central government has the authority to interfere even in these powers of states under special circumstances. Discuss. ##Answer:At the Resolution of Rajya Sabha - The Union Parliament will be author...	889
The Punchhi commission’s recommendations regarding governor of the states is worth an appreciation but its implementation seems a challenge. Comment.	Punchhi commission made very pertinent observations regarding the qualifications, appointment and removal of governors. As for qualifications pertaining to governor, the Punchhi Commission was forthright in suggesting that the nominee should not have participated in active politics at even local level for at least a co...	##Question:The Punchhi commission’s recommendations regarding governor of the states is worth an appreciation but its implementation seems a challenge. Comment. ##Answer:Punchhi commission made very pertinent observations regarding the qualifications, appointment and removal of governors. As for qualifications pertain...	890
Comment upon the issues raised by the thirteenth finance commission	- It favoured bringing of GST - Empowered committee of state finance commission should be transformed into statutory council. - Wanted restriction on too many centrally sponsored schemes - Favoured reforms in various central and state public sector undertakings in matters such as disinvestment, accounts & restructur...	##Question:Comment upon the issues raised by the thirteenth finance commission##Answer:- It favoured bringing of GST - Empowered committee of state finance commission should be transformed into statutory council. - Wanted restriction on too many centrally sponsored schemes - Favoured reforms in various central and s...	891
The UPSC is the watchdog of merit in India & thus it is believed to be the most efficient institution but it is not free from functional loopholes. Comment.	UPSC is watchdog of merit system in India. Functional loopholes- - Advisory nature of upsc report- (art 323) undermines the dignity of constitutional authority - No consultation of upsc by parliament with regard to reservation of posts for the backward classes, sc’s & st’s. - UPSC-CVC conflict on disciplinary matte...	##Question:The UPSC is the watchdog of merit in India & thus it is believed to be the most efficient institution but it is not free from functional loopholes. Comment. ##Answer:UPSC is watchdog of merit system in India. Functional loopholes- - Advisory nature of upsc report- (art 323) undermines the dignity of consti...	892
Planning commission role has almost changed since its formation. Evaluate the changing role of planning commission in present economic context.	- - Indicative planning now ( directive before) - Focus on increasing efficiency of utilization of resources available as against increasing plan outlays. - Centralizing tendancy of planning commission diluting, now it acts as coordinating mechanism to make coherent public policy in order to attain spirit of coopera...	##Question:Planning commission role has almost changed since its formation. Evaluate the changing role of planning commission in present economic context. ##Answer:- - Indicative planning now ( directive before) - Focus on increasing efficiency of utilization of resources available as against increasing plan outlays...	893
Discuss the effect of 80th and 88th amendment of constitution in distribution of tax revenues.	m	##Question:Discuss the effect of 80th and 88th amendment of constitution in distribution of tax revenues.##Answer:m	954
Land alienation is now a days a major problem faced by tribal people of India. Comment on this statement	The large development projects undertaken by the government encroaches upon the tribal land. Large scale displacements and unsatisfactory compensation and rehabilitation are common place, leading to further backwardness and seclusion. Because of their diversity they lack a common voice to bargain collectively, this lar...	##Question:Land alienation is now a days a major problem faced by tribal people of India. Comment on this statement ##Answer:The large development projects undertaken by the government encroaches upon the tribal land. Large scale displacements and unsatisfactory compensation and rehabilitation are common place, leading...	977
“The seas are the ultimate receptacle for land-based pollution and it is interesting to assess the stress on coastal seas caused by this pollution.”In light of this statement comment upon the various causes of marine pollution in India.	There are some major sources of marine pollution. 1. Domestic Sewage Domestic sewage is perhaps the major pollutant in coastal areas of India. Some 4.4 km 3 of such wastes are discharged into the seas off India each year. For example, Mumbai discharges 365 million tons of sewage effluent to the sea annually and Kolka...	##Question:“The seas are the ultimate receptacle for land-based pollution and it is interesting to assess the stress on coastal seas caused by this pollution.”In light of this statement comment upon the various causes of marine pollution in India. ##Answer:There are some major sources of marine pollution. 1. Domestic ...	978
What are “biodiversity hotspots”? Name the biodiversity hotspots of of India& give reasons for the biodiversity loss in hotspots	A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans. To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers 2000 edition of the hotspot-map, a region must meet two strict criteria: it must contain at least 0.5% or 1,500 species of vascular plants as end...	##Question:What are “biodiversity hotspots”? Name the biodiversity hotspots of of India& give reasons for the biodiversity loss in hotspots##Answer:A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans. To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myer...	979
Write a note on the biomass sector in India. Its problems & challenges ahead.	Biomass power plants in India are based mostly on agricultural waste. Gasifier-based power plants are providing a great solution for off-grid decentralized power and are lighting homes in Bihar, courtesy Husk Power Systems and DESI Power. While for providing grid-based power 8-15 MW thermal biomass power plants are sui...	##Question:Write a note on the biomass sector in India. Its problems & challenges ahead. ##Answer:Biomass power plants in India are based mostly on agricultural waste. Gasifier-based power plants are providing a great solution for off-grid decentralized power and are lighting homes in Bihar, courtesy Husk Power Systems...	980
Discuss the various causes, regions and effects of Soil erosion in India.	CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION IN INDIA 1)Heavy population pressure on land: - forest cover as low as 20.55% of total area – population continues to rise at a rapid rate – more forests are destroyed – heavy pressure on land. 2)Nature of Rainfall:- receives 80 to 90 per cent of rainfall in the monsoon season. – heavy downpour...	##Question:Discuss the various causes, regions and effects of Soil erosion in India. ##Answer:CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION IN INDIA 1)Heavy population pressure on land: - forest cover as low as 20.55% of total area – population continues to rise at a rapid rate – more forests are destroyed – heavy pressure on land. 2)Natur...	981
Why Tamil Nadu coast receive rainfall during retreating monsoon and not during South Western monsoon?	During SW monsoon, T.N Coast is in rain-shadow region. Around September, with the sun fast retreating south, the northern land mass of the Indian subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly. With this air pressure begins to build over northern India, the Indian Ocean and its surrounding atmosphere still holds its heat. Th...	##Question:Why Tamil Nadu coast receive rainfall during retreating monsoon and not during South Western monsoon? ##Answer:During SW monsoon, T.N Coast is in rain-shadow region. Around September, with the sun fast retreating south, the northern land mass of the Indian subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly. With this ...	982
Explain the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India both of mainland and Indian Union	India lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. i. The main land of India extends between 8° 4' N and 37° 6' N latitudes and between 68° 7' E and 97° 25' E longitudes. ii. Addition of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep, to the main land makes it the Indian Union. Andaman and Nicobar Islands lie to south...	##Question:Explain the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India both of mainland and Indian Union##Answer:India lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. i. The main land of India extends between 8° 4' N and 37° 6' N latitudes and between 68° 7' E and 97° 25' E longitudes. ii. Addition of Andaman and Nicobar Isla...	983
Write a short note on Madden–Julian oscillation.	The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the largest element of the intraseasonal (30–90 days) variability in the tropical atmosphere. It is a large-scale coupling between atmospheric circulation and tropical deep convection. Rather than being a standing pattern (like ENSO) it is a traveling pattern, propagating eastward...	##Question:Write a short note on Madden–Julian oscillation. ##Answer:The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the largest element of the intraseasonal (30–90 days) variability in the tropical atmosphere. It is a large-scale coupling between atmospheric circulation and tropical deep convection. Rather than being a standin...	984
Discuss the bio-energy potential of India	India's renewable energy sources have the potential to generate 68,000MW of green power costing under RS.6 (€0.098) per unit, according to a report by funding agency The World Bank. The study, titled Potential of Renewable Energy in India, states: 'Developing indigenous renewable energy sources, which have low margin...	##Question:Discuss the bio-energy potential of India##Answer:India's renewable energy sources have the potential to generate 68,000MW of green power costing under RS.6 (€0.098) per unit, according to a report by funding agency The World Bank. The study, titled Potential of Renewable Energy in India, states: 'Developi...	985
Why Western Ghats are covered by thick evergreen forests while the Eastern Ghats are covered by deciduous type forests?	The Western Ghats, having more altitude than the Eastern Ghats , are standing on the wind ward side to the monsoon, and consequently gets a considerable amount of rainfall, which causes of the thicker evergreen forests. But the eastern sides does not get the great content of rainfall as it is not having the comparable ...	##Question:Why Western Ghats are covered by thick evergreen forests while the Eastern Ghats are covered by deciduous type forests? ##Answer:The Western Ghats, having more altitude than the Eastern Ghats , are standing on the wind ward side to the monsoon, and consequently gets a considerable amount of rainfall, which c...	986
The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great significance. Why?	The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great significance because - a) It has given India a strategic advantage due to the Trans Indian ocean routes which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia. b) This helps India to establish close contact ...	##Question:The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great significance. Why? ##Answer:The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great significance because - a) It has given India a strategic advantage due to the Trans Indian ocean routes which ...	987
Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular plateau.	The major physiographic divisions of India are the following – 1. The Himalayan Mountain Wall of the north. 2. The Northern Plains. 3. The Peninsular Plateau. 4. The Indian Dessert. 5. The Coastal Plains. 6. The Islands. The following table compares and contrasts between the relief of the Himalayan region with t...	##Question:Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular plateau. ##Answer:The major physiographic divisions of India are the following – 1. The Himalayan Mountain Wall of the north. 2. The Northern Plains. 3. The Peninsular Plateau. 4....	988
‘Proper farming techniques can help in soil conservation.’ Explain by giving three examples	* Terracing of hill slopes is effective in controlling soil erosion. Terracing is cutting into the hill slopes in a series of large steps made up of flat fields. * Constructing bunds across hill slopes and filed boundaries is effective in reducing soil erosion. Bunds are low mud walls or embankments that help to obstr...	##Question:‘Proper farming techniques can help in soil conservation.’ Explain by giving three examples##Answer:* Terracing of hill slopes is effective in controlling soil erosion. Terracing is cutting into the hill slopes in a series of large steps made up of flat fields. * Constructing bunds across hill slopes and fi...	989
How decentralization of industries helps in lowering regional disparities	• Employment opportunities are created in every region of the country. • Equitable distribution of national income is made possible. • it removes regional disparities in the industrialization of the country. • There is a check upon the concentration of population in certain parts of the country.	##Question:How decentralization of industries helps in lowering regional disparities##Answer:• Employment opportunities are created in every region of the country. • Equitable distribution of national income is made possible. • it removes regional disparities in the industrialization of the country. • There is a che...	990
Write a short note on energy crops	An energy crop is a plant grown as a low-cost and low-maintenance harvest used to make biofuels, such as bioethanol, or combusted for its energy content to generate electricity or heat. Energy crops are generally categorized as woody or herbaceous plants; many of the latter are grasses. Commercial energy crops are typ...	##Question:Write a short note on energy crops##Answer:An energy crop is a plant grown as a low-cost and low-maintenance harvest used to make biofuels, such as bioethanol, or combusted for its energy content to generate electricity or heat. Energy crops are generally categorized as woody or herbaceous plants; many of th...	991
Why do we need a standard meridian for India? Explain	India is situated from west to east in about 30 longitudes. It takes 4 minutes to cross a longitude (24 hours -r 360 longitudes). India is situated between 67° E to 97° E (approximately). Hence, there is a two hours' difference in the timings of the westernmost extremity and the easternmost extremity. If there is no s...	##Question:Why do we need a standard meridian for India? Explain##Answer:India is situated from west to east in about 30 longitudes. It takes 4 minutes to cross a longitude (24 hours -r 360 longitudes). India is situated between 67° E to 97° E (approximately). Hence, there is a two hours' difference in the timings of t...	992
Write a short note on Aquifer	An aquifer is a body of saturated rock through which water can easily move. Aquifers must be both permeable and porous and include such rock types as sandstone, conglomerate, fractured limestone and unconsolidated sand and gravel. Fractured volcanic rocks such as columnar basalts also make good aquifers. The rubble zon...	##Question:Write a short note on Aquifer##Answer:An aquifer is a body of saturated rock through which water can easily move. Aquifers must be both permeable and porous and include such rock types as sandstone, conglomerate, fractured limestone and unconsolidated sand and gravel. Fractured volcanic rocks such as columna...	993
Comment on Polluter pays principle	The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is an environmental policy principle which requires that the costs of pollution be borne by those who cause it. In its original emergence the Polluter Pays Principle aims at determining how the costs of pollution prevention and control must be allocated: the polluter must pay. Its imm...	##Question:Comment on Polluter pays principle##Answer:The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is an environmental policy principle which requires that the costs of pollution be borne by those who cause it. In its original emergence the Polluter Pays Principle aims at determining how the costs of pollution prevention and cont...	994
Write a short note on- Eco-Innovation?	Eco-innovation is defined as any form of innovation aiming at significantly and demonstrable progress towards the goal of sustainable development, through reducing impacts on the environment or achieving a more efficient and responsible use of resources. Environmentally friendly innovations are expected for example to...	##Question:Write a short note on- Eco-Innovation? ##Answer:Eco-innovation is defined as any form of innovation aiming at significantly and demonstrable progress towards the goal of sustainable development, through reducing impacts on the environment or achieving a more efficient and responsible use of resources. Envir...	995