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"[CLS]",
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"the",
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"of",
"Sir",
"James",
"Light",
"##hill",
"and",
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"the",
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".",
"S",
".",
"Congress",
"to",
"fund",
"more",
"productive",
"projects",
".",
"Minsk",
"##y",
"'",
"s",
"and",
"Paper",
"##t",
"'",
"s",
"book",
"Per",
"##ce",
"##pt",
"##rons",
"was",
"understood",
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"proving",
"that",
"artificial",
"neural",
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"would",
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"-",
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",",
"thus",
"disc",
"##red",
"##iting",
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"altogether",
".",
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"\"",
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"winter",
"\"",
",",
"a",
"period",
"when",
"obtaining",
"funding",
"for",
"AI",
"projects",
"was",
"difficult",
",",
"followed",
".",
"In",
"the",
"early",
"1980s",
",",
"AI",
"research",
"was",
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"by",
"the",
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"success",
"of",
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"a",
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"of",
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"the",
"knowledge",
"and",
"analytical",
"skills",
"of",
"human",
"experts",
".",
"By",
"1985",
",",
"the",
"market",
"for",
"AI",
"had",
"reached",
"over",
"a",
"billion",
"dollars",
".",
"At",
"the",
"same",
"time",
",",
"Japan",
"'",
"s",
"fifth",
"generation",
"computer",
"project",
"inspired",
"the",
"U",
".",
"S",
".",
"and",
"British",
"governments",
"to",
"restore",
"funding",
"for",
"academic",
"research",
".",
"However",
",",
"beginning",
"with",
"the",
"collapse",
"of",
"the",
"Li",
"##sp",
"Machine",
"market",
"in",
"1987",
",",
"AI",
"once",
"again",
"fell",
"into",
"di",
"##s",
"##re",
"##pute",
",",
"and",
"a",
"second",
",",
"longer",
"-",
"lasting",
"winter",
"began",
".",
"Up",
"to",
"this",
"point",
",",
"most",
"of",
"AI",
"'",
"s",
"funding",
"had",
"gone",
"to",
"projects",
"that",
"used",
"high",
"-",
"level",
"symbols",
"to",
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"mental",
"objects",
"like",
"plans",
",",
"goals",
",",
"beliefs",
",",
"and",
"known",
"facts",
".",
"In",
"the",
"1980s",
",",
"some",
"researchers",
"began",
"to",
"doubt",
"that",
"this",
"approach",
"would",
"be",
"able",
"to",
"im",
"##itate",
"all",
"the",
"processes",
"of",
"human",
"co",
"##gnition",
",",
"especially",
"perception",
",",
"robotic",
"##s",
",",
"learning",
"and",
"pattern",
"recognition",
",",
"and",
"began",
"to",
"look",
"into",
"\"",
"sub",
"-",
"symbolic",
"\"",
"approaches",
".",
"Rodney",
"Brooks",
"rejected",
"\"",
"representation",
"\"",
"in",
"general",
"and",
"focus",
"##sed",
"directly",
"on",
"engineering",
"machines",
"that",
"move",
"and",
"survive",
".",
"[",
"w",
"]",
"Jude",
"##a",
"Pearl",
",",
"Lo",
"##ft",
"##i",
"Z",
"##ade",
"##h",
"and",
"others",
"developed",
"methods",
"that",
"handled",
"incomplete",
"and",
"uncertain",
"information",
"by",
"making",
"reasonable",
"guess",
"##es",
"rather",
"than",
"precise",
"logic",
".",
"But",
"the",
"most",
"important",
"development",
"was",
"the",
"revival",
"of",
"\"",
"connection",
"##ism",
"\"",
",",
"including",
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"network",
"research",
",",
"by",
"Geoffrey",
"Hi",
"##nton",
"and",
"others",
".",
"In",
"1990",
",",
"Yan",
"##n",
"Le",
"##C",
"##un",
"successfully",
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"that",
"con",
"##vo",
"##lution",
"##al",
"neural",
"networks",
"can",
"recognize",
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"##written",
"digits",
",",
"the",
"first",
"of",
"many",
"successful",
"applications",
"of",
"neural",
"networks",
".",
"AI",
"gradually",
"restored",
"its",
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"in",
"the",
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"and",
"early",
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"century",
"by",
"exploit",
"##ing",
"formal",
"mathematical",
"methods",
"and",
"by",
"finding",
"specific",
"solutions",
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"specific",
"problems",
".",
"This",
"\"",
"narrow",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"formal",
"\"",
"focus",
"allowed",
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"to",
"produce",
"ve",
"##ri",
"##fia",
"##ble",
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"and",
"collaborate",
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"other",
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"(",
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",",
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"mathematics",
")",
".",
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",",
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"\"",
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"intelligence",
"\"",
".",
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",",
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"academic",
"researchers",
"became",
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"Main",
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"irrelevant",
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":",
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"Russell",
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"##vi",
"##g",
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"\"",
"[",
"t",
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"in",
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".",
"David",
"Cha",
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".",
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",",
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"controls",
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".",
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",",
"assuming",
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"right",
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"Den",
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")",
".",
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",",
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"experience",
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"difficult",
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".",
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",",
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"easy",
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"a",
"color",
"-",
"blind",
"person",
"who",
"has",
"learned",
"to",
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"which",
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"are",
"red",
",",
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"would",
"be",
"required",
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"Co",
"##mp",
"##uta",
"##tional",
"##ism",
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".",
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"##mp",
"##uta",
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"##ism",
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"F",
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".",
"Phil",
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"Sea",
"##rle",
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"\"",
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"re",
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"an",
"advanced",
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"(",
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"[CLS]",
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".",
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",",
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",",
"for",
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".",
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",",
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"he",
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",",
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",",
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",",
"which",
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".",
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",",
"he",
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"position",
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"Patent",
"Office",
"in",
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".",
"In",
"1905",
",",
"he",
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"a",
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"dissertation",
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"the",
"University",
"of",
"Zurich",
".",
"In",
"1914",
",",
"he",
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".",
"In",
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",",
"he",
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"the",
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",",
"this",
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".",
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",",
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",",
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".",
"Ho",
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"\"",
"war",
"of",
"ex",
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"##mination",
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"fellow",
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",",
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",",
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"1940",
".",
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"II",
",",
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"D",
".",
"Roosevelt",
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"him",
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"the",
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"German",
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"weapons",
"program",
"and",
"recommend",
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"that",
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"similar",
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".",
"Einstein",
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"with",
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".",
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",",
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"his",
"an",
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"mi",
"##rab",
"##ilis",
"(",
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")",
",",
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".",
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",",
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",",
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"mechanics",
"to",
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"sat",
"##is",
"##fa",
"##ctor",
"##ily",
"for",
"the",
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",",
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"g",
"##ra",
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".",
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".",
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",",
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",",
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"called",
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"##ns",
".",
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"[SEP]"
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"[CLS]",
"of",
"Württemberg",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"avoid",
"con",
"##scription",
"into",
"military",
"service",
".",
"The",
"Mat",
"##ura",
"(",
"graduation",
"for",
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"completion",
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"higher",
"secondary",
"schooling",
")",
"awarded",
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"him",
"in",
"the",
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"of",
"that",
"year",
"acknowledged",
"him",
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"have",
"performed",
"well",
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"most",
"of",
"the",
"curriculum",
",",
"all",
"##ott",
"##ing",
"him",
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"for",
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",",
"physics",
",",
"algebra",
",",
"geometry",
",",
"and",
"descriptive",
"geometry",
".",
"At",
"seventeen",
",",
"he",
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"the",
"four",
"-",
"year",
"mathematics",
"and",
"physics",
"teaching",
"diploma",
"program",
"at",
"the",
"federal",
"p",
"##oly",
"##tech",
"##nic",
"school",
".",
"Marie",
"Win",
"##tel",
"##er",
",",
"a",
"year",
"older",
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"him",
",",
"took",
"up",
"a",
"teaching",
"post",
"in",
"O",
"##ls",
"##berg",
",",
"Switzerland",
".",
"The",
"five",
"other",
"p",
"##oly",
"##tech",
"##nic",
"school",
"fresh",
"##men",
"following",
"the",
"same",
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"as",
"Einstein",
"included",
"just",
"one",
"woman",
",",
"a",
"twenty",
"year",
"old",
"Serbian",
",",
"Mile",
"##va",
"Mari",
"##ć",
".",
"Over",
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"few",
"years",
",",
"the",
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"spent",
"many",
"hours",
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"that",
"the",
"p",
"##oly",
"##tech",
"##nic",
"school",
"'",
"s",
"lectures",
"did",
"not",
"cover",
".",
"In",
"his",
"letters",
"to",
"Mari",
"##ć",
",",
"Einstein",
"confessed",
"that",
"exploring",
"science",
"with",
"her",
"by",
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"side",
"was",
"much",
"more",
"enjoyable",
"than",
"reading",
"a",
"textbook",
"in",
"so",
"##lit",
"##ude",
".",
"Eventually",
"the",
"two",
"students",
"became",
"not",
"only",
"friends",
"but",
"also",
"lovers",
".",
"Historian",
"##s",
"of",
"physics",
"are",
"divided",
"on",
"the",
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"of",
"the",
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"which",
"Mari",
"##ć",
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"'",
"s",
"an",
"##nus",
"mi",
"##rab",
"##ilis",
"publications",
".",
"There",
"is",
"at",
"least",
"some",
"evidence",
"that",
"he",
"was",
"influenced",
"by",
"her",
"scientific",
"ideas",
",",
"but",
"there",
"are",
"scholars",
"who",
"doubt",
"whether",
"her",
"impact",
"on",
"his",
"thought",
"was",
"of",
"any",
"great",
"significance",
"at",
"all",
".",
"Co",
"##rre",
"##sp",
"##ond",
"##ence",
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"Einstein",
"and",
"Mari",
"##ć",
",",
"discovered",
"and",
"published",
"in",
"1987",
",",
"revealed",
"that",
"in",
"early",
"1902",
",",
"while",
"Mari",
"##ć",
"was",
"visiting",
"her",
"parents",
"in",
"Novi",
"Sad",
",",
"she",
"gave",
"birth",
"to",
"a",
"daughter",
",",
"Lies",
"##er",
"##l",
".",
"When",
"Mari",
"##ć",
"returned",
"to",
"Switzerland",
"it",
"was",
"without",
"the",
"child",
",",
"whose",
"fate",
"is",
"uncertain",
".",
"A",
"letter",
"of",
"Einstein",
"'",
"s",
"that",
"he",
"wrote",
"in",
"September",
"1903",
"suggests",
"that",
"the",
"girl",
"was",
"either",
"given",
"up",
"for",
"adoption",
"or",
"died",
"of",
"scarlet",
"fever",
"in",
"infancy",
".",
"Einstein",
"and",
"Mari",
"##ć",
"married",
"in",
"January",
"1903",
".",
"In",
"May",
"1904",
",",
"their",
"son",
"Hans",
"Albert",
"was",
"born",
"in",
"Bern",
",",
"Switzerland",
".",
"Their",
"son",
"Eduard",
"was",
"born",
"in",
"Zürich",
"in",
"July",
"1910",
".",
"In",
"letters",
"that",
"Einstein",
"wrote",
"to",
"Marie",
"Win",
"##tel",
"##er",
"in",
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"months",
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"Eduard",
"'",
"s",
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",",
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"\"",
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"##gu",
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"\"",
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"##ned",
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"\"",
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"\"",
"that",
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"he",
"would",
"have",
"enjoyed",
"if",
"he",
"had",
"married",
"Win",
"##tel",
"##er",
"instead",
":",
"\"",
"I",
"think",
"of",
"you",
"in",
"heart",
"##fe",
"##lt",
"love",
"every",
"spare",
"minute",
"and",
"am",
"so",
"unhappy",
"as",
"only",
"a",
"man",
"can",
"be",
"[SEP]"
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"[CLS]",
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"Elsa",
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",",
"they",
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"Reich",
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"##g",
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"##ling",
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",",
"and",
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".",
"Later",
"on",
",",
"they",
"heard",
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"their",
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"had",
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",",
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",",
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"##no",
"##un",
"##cing",
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".",
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"later",
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"his",
"boat",
"and",
"converted",
"his",
"cottage",
"into",
"a",
"Hitler",
"Youth",
"camp",
".",
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"1933",
",",
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"bar",
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",",
"including",
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"at",
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".",
"Historian",
"Gerald",
"Holt",
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",",
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"being",
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"by",
"their",
"colleagues",
"\"",
",",
"thousands",
"of",
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"scientists",
"were",
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"forced",
"to",
"give",
"up",
"their",
"university",
"positions",
"and",
"their",
"names",
"were",
"removed",
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"where",
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"were",
"employed",
".",
"A",
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"later",
",",
"Einstein",
"'",
"s",
"works",
"were",
"among",
"those",
"targeted",
"by",
"the",
"German",
"Student",
"Union",
"in",
"the",
"Nazi",
"book",
"burning",
"##s",
",",
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"propaganda",
"minister",
"Joseph",
"Go",
"##eb",
"##bel",
"##s",
"pro",
"##claiming",
",",
"\"",
"Jewish",
"intellectual",
"##ism",
"is",
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".",
"\"",
"One",
"German",
"magazine",
"included",
"him",
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"a",
"list",
"of",
"enemies",
"of",
"the",
"German",
"regime",
"with",
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",",
"\"",
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"yet",
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"\"",
",",
"offering",
"a",
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"5",
",",
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".",
"In",
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"and",
"friend",
"Max",
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",",
"who",
"had",
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"from",
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",",
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",",
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".",
".",
".",
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"and",
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".",
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",",
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"\"",
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"en",
"##light",
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"\"",
",",
"and",
"\"",
"more",
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",",
"fear",
"the",
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"of",
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"of",
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",",
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",",
"and",
"equally",
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".",
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",",
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",",
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".",
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"##an",
",",
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",",
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"few",
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".",
"In",
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"1933",
",",
"he",
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"at",
"the",
"invitation",
"of",
"the",
"British",
"Member",
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"Commander",
"Oliver",
"Locke",
"##r",
"-",
"Lam",
"##ps",
"##on",
",",
"who",
"had",
"become",
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"[SEP]"
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"[CLS]",
"not",
"intend",
"to",
"be",
"quiet",
"about",
"it",
".",
"\"",
"A",
"resident",
"of",
"Princeton",
"recalls",
"that",
"Einstein",
"had",
"once",
"paid",
"the",
"college",
"tuition",
"for",
"a",
"black",
"student",
".",
"Einstein",
"has",
"said",
",",
"\"",
"Being",
"a",
"Jew",
"myself",
",",
"perhaps",
"I",
"can",
"understand",
"and",
"em",
"##path",
"##ize",
"with",
"how",
"black",
"people",
"feel",
"as",
"victims",
"of",
"discrimination",
"\"",
".",
"In",
"1918",
",",
"Einstein",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"sign",
"##ator",
"##ies",
"of",
"the",
"founding",
"proclamation",
"of",
"the",
"German",
"Democratic",
"Party",
",",
"a",
"liberal",
"party",
".",
"Later",
"in",
"his",
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",",
"Einstein",
"'",
"s",
"political",
"view",
"was",
"in",
"favor",
"of",
"socialism",
"and",
"critical",
"of",
"capitalism",
",",
"which",
"he",
"detailed",
"in",
"his",
"essays",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"Why",
"Social",
"##ism",
"?",
"\"",
".",
"His",
"opinions",
"on",
"the",
"Bolshevik",
"##s",
"also",
"changed",
"with",
"time",
".",
"In",
"1925",
",",
"he",
"criticized",
"them",
"for",
"not",
"having",
"a",
"\"",
"well",
"-",
"regulated",
"system",
"of",
"government",
"\"",
"and",
"called",
"their",
"rule",
"a",
"\"",
"regime",
"of",
"terror",
"and",
"a",
"tragedy",
"in",
"human",
"history",
"\"",
".",
"He",
"later",
"adopted",
"a",
"more",
"moderate",
"##d",
"view",
",",
"criticizing",
"their",
"methods",
"but",
"praising",
"them",
",",
"which",
"is",
"shown",
"by",
"his",
"1929",
"remark",
"on",
"Vladimir",
"Lenin",
":",
"In",
"Lenin",
"I",
"honor",
"a",
"man",
",",
"who",
"in",
"total",
"sacrifice",
"of",
"his",
"own",
"person",
"has",
"committed",
"his",
"entire",
"energy",
"to",
"realizing",
"social",
"justice",
".",
"I",
"do",
"not",
"find",
"his",
"methods",
"ad",
"##vis",
"##able",
".",
"One",
"thing",
"is",
"certain",
",",
"however",
":",
"men",
"like",
"him",
"are",
"the",
"guardian",
"##s",
"and",
"renew",
"##ers",
"of",
"mankind",
"'",
"s",
"conscience",
".",
"Einstein",
"offered",
"and",
"was",
"called",
"on",
"to",
"give",
"judgment",
"##s",
"and",
"opinions",
"on",
"matters",
"often",
"unrelated",
"to",
"theoretical",
"physics",
"or",
"mathematics",
".",
"He",
"strongly",
"advocated",
"the",
"idea",
"of",
"a",
"democratic",
"global",
"government",
"that",
"would",
"check",
"the",
"power",
"of",
"nation",
"-",
"states",
"in",
"the",
"framework",
"of",
"a",
"world",
"federation",
".",
"He",
"wrote",
"\"",
"I",
"advocate",
"world",
"government",
"because",
"I",
"am",
"convinced",
"that",
"there",
"is",
"no",
"other",
"possible",
"way",
"of",
"eliminating",
"the",
"most",
"terrible",
"danger",
"in",
"which",
"man",
"has",
"ever",
"found",
"himself",
".",
"\"",
"The",
"FBI",
"created",
"a",
"secret",
"dos",
"##sie",
"##r",
"on",
"Einstein",
"in",
"1932",
";",
"by",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"his",
"death",
",",
"it",
"was",
"1",
",",
"42",
"##7",
"pages",
"long",
".",
"Einstein",
"was",
"deeply",
"impressed",
"by",
"Ma",
"##hat",
"##ma",
"Gandhi",
",",
"with",
"whom",
"he",
"correspond",
"##ed",
".",
"He",
"described",
"Gandhi",
"as",
"\"",
"a",
"role",
"model",
"for",
"the",
"generations",
"to",
"come",
"\"",
".",
"The",
"initial",
"connection",
"was",
"established",
"on",
"27",
"September",
"1931",
",",
"when",
"W",
"##il",
"##f",
"##rid",
"Israel",
"took",
"his",
"Indian",
"guest",
"V",
".",
"A",
".",
"Sun",
"##dar",
"##am",
"to",
"meet",
"his",
"friend",
"Einstein",
"at",
"his",
"summer",
"home",
"in",
"the",
"town",
"of",
"Cap",
"##uth",
".",
"Sun",
"##dar",
"##am",
"was",
"Gandhi",
"'",
"s",
"disciple",
"and",
"special",
"en",
"##voy",
",",
"whom",
"W",
"##il",
"##f",
"##rid",
"Israel",
"met",
"while",
"visiting",
"India",
"and",
"visiting",
"the",
"Indian",
"leader",
"'",
"s",
"home",
"in",
"1925",
".",
"During",
"the",
"visit",
",",
"Einstein",
"wrote",
"a",
"short",
"letter",
"to",
"Gandhi",
"that",
"was",
"delivered",
"to",
"him",
"through",
"his",
"en",
"##voy",
",",
"and",
"Gandhi",
"responded",
"quickly",
"with",
"his",
"own",
"letter",
".",
"Although",
"in",
"the",
"end",
"[SEP]"
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",",
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"Cha",
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"Wei",
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"##n",
",",
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"creation",
"of",
"an",
"Institute",
"of",
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",",
"a",
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"an",
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",",
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"under",
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"##ng",
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"s",
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".",
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"Studies",
"Institute",
",",
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",",
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",",
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"-",
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"”",
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".",
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"…",
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"all",
"the",
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"hard",
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".",
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",",
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",",
"“",
"I",
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"—",
"even",
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".",
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"is",
"forced",
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"by",
"a",
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",",
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".",
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",",
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"-",
"G",
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"E",
"##ban",
",",
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".",
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"##al",
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"##the",
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"##a",
"'",
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"philosophy",
".",
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"did",
"not",
"believe",
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"[CLS]",
":",
"the",
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"could",
"be",
"made",
"to",
"van",
"##ish",
"by",
"a",
"choice",
"of",
"coordinates",
".",
"He",
"maintained",
"that",
"the",
"non",
"-",
"co",
"##var",
"##iant",
"energy",
"momentum",
"pseudo",
"##tens",
"##or",
"was",
",",
"in",
"fact",
",",
"the",
"best",
"description",
"of",
"the",
"energy",
"momentum",
"distribution",
"in",
"a",
"gravitational",
"field",
".",
"While",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"non",
"-",
"co",
"##var",
"##iant",
"objects",
"like",
"pseudo",
"##tens",
"##ors",
"was",
"criticized",
"by",
"Erwin",
"Sc",
"##hr",
"##ö",
"##ding",
"##er",
"and",
"others",
",",
"Einstein",
"'",
"s",
"approach",
"has",
"been",
"echoed",
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"##s",
"including",
"Lev",
"Land",
"##au",
"and",
"E",
"##v",
"##geny",
"Li",
"##fs",
"##hit",
"##z",
".",
"In",
"1935",
",",
"Einstein",
"collaborated",
"with",
"Nathan",
"Rosen",
"to",
"produce",
"a",
"model",
"of",
"a",
"worm",
"##hole",
",",
"often",
"called",
"Einstein",
"–",
"Rosen",
"bridges",
".",
"His",
"motivation",
"was",
"to",
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"elementary",
"particles",
"with",
"charge",
"as",
"a",
"solution",
"of",
"gravitational",
"field",
"equations",
",",
"in",
"line",
"with",
"the",
"program",
"outlined",
"in",
"the",
"paper",
"\"",
"Do",
"G",
"##ra",
"##vitation",
"##al",
"Fields",
"play",
"an",
"Important",
"Role",
"in",
"the",
"Constitution",
"of",
"the",
"Elementary",
"Part",
"##icles",
"?",
"\"",
".",
"These",
"solutions",
"cut",
"and",
"paste",
"##d",
"Sc",
"##hwa",
"##rz",
"##sch",
"##il",
"##d",
"black",
"holes",
"to",
"make",
"a",
"bridge",
"between",
"two",
"patches",
".",
"Because",
"these",
"solutions",
"included",
"space",
"##time",
"cu",
"##rva",
"##ture",
"without",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"a",
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"body",
",",
"Einstein",
"and",
"Rosen",
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"that",
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"of",
"a",
"theory",
"that",
"avoided",
"the",
"notion",
"of",
"point",
"particles",
".",
"However",
",",
"it",
"was",
"later",
"found",
"that",
"Einstein",
"–",
"Rosen",
"bridges",
"are",
"not",
"stable",
".",
"In",
"order",
"to",
"incorporate",
"spinning",
"point",
"particles",
"into",
"general",
"relativity",
",",
"the",
"a",
"##ffin",
"##e",
"connection",
"needed",
"to",
"be",
"generalized",
"to",
"include",
"an",
"anti",
"##sy",
"##mme",
"##tric",
"part",
",",
"called",
"the",
"to",
"##rs",
"##ion",
".",
"This",
"modification",
"was",
"made",
"by",
"Einstein",
"and",
"Car",
"##tan",
"in",
"the",
"1920s",
".",
"In",
"general",
"relativity",
",",
"gravitational",
"force",
"is",
"re",
"##ima",
"##gin",
"##ed",
"as",
"cu",
"##rva",
"##ture",
"of",
"space",
"##time",
".",
"A",
"curved",
"path",
"like",
"an",
"orbit",
"is",
"not",
"the",
"result",
"of",
"a",
"force",
"def",
"##lect",
"##ing",
"a",
"body",
"from",
"an",
"ideal",
"straight",
"-",
"line",
"path",
",",
"but",
"rather",
"the",
"body",
"'",
"s",
"attempt",
"to",
"fall",
"freely",
"through",
"a",
"background",
"that",
"is",
"itself",
"curved",
"by",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"other",
"masses",
".",
"A",
"remark",
"by",
"John",
"Archibald",
"Wheeler",
"that",
"has",
"become",
"prove",
"##rb",
"##ial",
"among",
"physicist",
"##s",
"sum",
"##mar",
"##izes",
"the",
"theory",
":",
"\"",
"Space",
"##time",
"tells",
"matter",
"how",
"to",
"move",
";",
"matter",
"tells",
"space",
"##time",
"how",
"to",
"curve",
".",
"\"",
"The",
"Einstein",
"field",
"equations",
"cover",
"the",
"latter",
"aspect",
"of",
"the",
"theory",
",",
"relating",
"the",
"cu",
"##rva",
"##ture",
"of",
"space",
"##time",
"to",
"the",
"distribution",
"of",
"matter",
"and",
"energy",
".",
"The",
"g",
"##eo",
"##des",
"##ic",
"equation",
"covers",
"the",
"former",
"aspect",
",",
"stating",
"that",
"freely",
"falling",
"bodies",
"follow",
"lines",
"that",
"are",
"as",
"straight",
"as",
"possible",
"in",
"a",
"curved",
"space",
"##time",
".",
"Einstein",
"regarded",
"this",
"as",
"an",
"\"",
"independent",
"fundamental",
"assumption",
"\"",
"that",
"had",
"to",
"be",
"post",
"##ulated",
"in",
"addition",
"to",
"the",
"field",
"equations",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"complete",
"the",
"theory",
".",
"Bel",
"##ieving",
"this",
"to",
"be",
"a",
"short",
"##coming",
"in",
"how",
"general",
"relativity",
"was",
"[SEP]"
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"[CLS]",
".",
"Indeed",
",",
"he",
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",",
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",",
"and",
"such",
"instant",
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"would",
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".",
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"the",
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"\"",
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"\"",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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"an",
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".",
"A",
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",",
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"Po",
"##do",
"##ls",
"##ky",
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"out",
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"would",
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"as",
"the",
"EP",
"##R",
"para",
"##dox",
".",
"In",
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",",
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"a",
"way",
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"the",
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"en",
"##tan",
"##gled",
".",
"Then",
",",
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",",
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".",
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",",
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".",
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".",
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"\"",
",",
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",",
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",",
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".",
"e",
".",
",",
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")",
"the",
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",",
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".",
"\"",
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",",
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"the",
"second",
"particle",
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"definite",
"value",
"of",
"both",
"position",
"and",
"of",
"momentum",
"prior",
"to",
"either",
"quantity",
"being",
"measured",
".",
"But",
"quantum",
"mechanics",
"considers",
"these",
"two",
"o",
"##bs",
"##er",
"##vable",
"##s",
"in",
"##com",
"##pa",
"##tible",
"and",
"thus",
"does",
"not",
"associate",
"simultaneous",
"values",
"for",
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"to",
"any",
"system",
".",
"Einstein",
",",
"Po",
"##do",
"##ls",
"##ky",
",",
"and",
"Rosen",
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"theory",
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"not",
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"a",
"complete",
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"of",
"reality",
".",
"In",
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",",
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"en",
"##tan",
"##gle",
"##ment",
"much",
"further",
".",
"He",
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"##duced",
"that",
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"the",
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"en",
"##tan",
"##gled",
"pair",
",",
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".",
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".",
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"physics",
"predict",
"##s",
"correlation",
"##s",
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".",
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",",
"51",
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"2000",
",",
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"97",
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"te",
"##le",
"##com",
"##mu",
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",",
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",",
"commerce",
",",
"entertainment",
",",
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".",
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".",
"C",
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".",
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"B",
"##B",
"##N",
",",
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",",
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"one",
"another",
"by",
"wide",
"-",
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"lines",
"[",
".",
".",
".",
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"the",
"functions",
"of",
"present",
"-",
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"together",
"with",
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"in",
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"storage",
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"re",
"##tri",
"##eval",
"and",
"s",
"##ym",
"##biotic",
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"1962",
",",
"Li",
"##ck",
"##lide",
"##r",
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"##n",
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".",
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",",
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"##ck",
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"R",
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"##ni",
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"##TO",
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"##PA",
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"##nect",
"the",
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",",
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",",
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"##C",
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".",
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"##AR",
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".",
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"##ilia",
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".",
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"##ck",
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"[CLS]",
"##bury",
"presented",
"Donald",
"Davies",
"'",
"work",
"on",
"a",
"hi",
"##era",
"##rch",
"##ical",
"digital",
"communications",
"network",
"using",
"packet",
"switching",
"and",
"referenced",
"the",
"work",
"of",
"Paul",
"Bar",
"##an",
"at",
"RA",
"##ND",
".",
"Roberts",
"incorporated",
"the",
"packet",
"switching",
"and",
"routing",
"concepts",
"of",
"Davies",
"and",
"Bar",
"##an",
"into",
"the",
"AR",
"##PA",
"##NE",
"##T",
"design",
"and",
"upgraded",
"the",
"proposed",
"communications",
"speed",
"from",
"2",
".",
"4",
"k",
"##bit",
"/",
"s",
"to",
"50",
"k",
"##bit",
"/",
"s",
".",
"AR",
"##PA",
"awarded",
"the",
"contract",
"to",
"build",
"the",
"network",
"to",
"Bo",
"##lt",
"Be",
"##rane",
"##k",
"&",
"am",
"##p",
";",
"Newman",
".",
"The",
"\"",
"I",
"##MP",
"guys",
"\"",
",",
"led",
"by",
"Frank",
"Heart",
"and",
"Bob",
"Kahn",
",",
"developed",
"the",
"routing",
",",
"flow",
"control",
",",
"software",
"design",
"and",
"network",
"control",
".",
"The",
"first",
"AR",
"##PA",
"##NE",
"##T",
"link",
"was",
"established",
"between",
"the",
"Network",
"Me",
"##as",
"##ure",
"##ment",
"Center",
"at",
"the",
"University",
"of",
"California",
",",
"Los",
"Angeles",
"(",
"UCLA",
")",
"Henry",
"Samuel",
"##i",
"School",
"of",
"Engineering",
"and",
"Applied",
"Science",
"directed",
"by",
"Leonard",
"Klein",
"##rock",
",",
"and",
"the",
"NL",
"##S",
"system",
"at",
"Stanford",
"Research",
"Institute",
"(",
"SR",
"##I",
")",
"directed",
"by",
"Douglas",
"En",
"##gel",
"##bar",
"##t",
"in",
"Men",
"##lo",
"Park",
",",
"California",
"at",
"22",
":",
"30",
"hours",
"on",
"October",
"29",
",",
"1969",
".",
"\"",
"We",
"set",
"up",
"a",
"telephone",
"connection",
"between",
"us",
"and",
"the",
"guys",
"at",
"SR",
"##I",
".",
".",
".",
"\"",
",",
"Klein",
"##rock",
".",
".",
".",
"said",
"in",
"an",
"interview",
":",
"\"",
"We",
"typed",
"the",
"L",
"and",
"we",
"asked",
"on",
"the",
"phone",
",",
"Yet",
"a",
"revolution",
"had",
"begun",
"\"",
".",
".",
".",
".",
"By",
"December",
"1969",
",",
"a",
"four",
"-",
"node",
"network",
"was",
"connected",
"by",
"adding",
"the",
"C",
"##ull",
"##er",
"-",
"Fr",
"##ied",
"Interactive",
"Mathematics",
"Center",
"at",
"the",
"University",
"of",
"California",
",",
"Santa",
"Barbara",
"followed",
"by",
"the",
"University",
"of",
"Utah",
"Graphic",
"##s",
"Department",
".",
"In",
"the",
"same",
"year",
",",
"Taylor",
"helped",
"fund",
"AL",
"##OH",
"##A",
"##net",
",",
"a",
"system",
"designed",
"by",
"professor",
"Norman",
"Abrams",
"##on",
"and",
"others",
"at",
"the",
"University",
"of",
"Ha",
"##wai",
"##ʻ",
"##i",
"at",
"M",
"##ān",
"##oa",
"that",
"transmitted",
"data",
"by",
"radio",
"between",
"seven",
"computers",
"on",
"four",
"islands",
"on",
"Hawaii",
".",
"Steve",
"C",
"##rock",
"##er",
"formed",
"the",
"\"",
"Network",
"Working",
"Group",
"\"",
"in",
"1969",
"at",
"UCLA",
".",
"Working",
"with",
"Jon",
"Post",
"##el",
"and",
"Vin",
"##t",
"Ce",
"##rf",
",",
"he",
"initiated",
"and",
"managed",
"the",
"Re",
"##quest",
"for",
"Co",
"##mme",
"##nts",
"(",
"RFC",
")",
"process",
",",
"which",
"is",
"still",
"used",
"today",
"for",
"proposing",
"and",
"distributing",
"contributions",
".",
"RFC",
"1",
",",
"entitled",
"\"",
"Host",
"Software",
"\"",
",",
"was",
"written",
"by",
"Steve",
"C",
"##rock",
"##er",
"and",
"published",
"on",
"April",
"7",
",",
"1969",
".",
"The",
"protocol",
"for",
"establishing",
"links",
"between",
"network",
"sites",
"in",
"the",
"AR",
"##PA",
"##NE",
"##T",
",",
"the",
"Network",
"Control",
"Program",
"(",
"NC",
"##P",
")",
",",
"was",
"completed",
"in",
"1970",
".",
"These",
"early",
"years",
"were",
"documented",
"in",
"the",
"1972",
"film",
"Computer",
"Networks",
":",
"The",
"Herald",
"##s",
"of",
"Resource",
"S",
"##hari",
"##ng",
".",
"Roberts",
"presented",
"the",
"idea",
"of",
"packet",
"switching",
"to",
"the",
"communication",
"professionals",
",",
"and",
"faced",
"anger",
"and",
"hostility",
".",
"Before",
"AR",
"##PA",
"##NE",
"##T",
"was",
"operating",
",",
"they",
"argued",
"that",
"the",
"[SEP]"
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",",
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"##P",
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"B",
"##IT",
"##NE",
"##T",
".",
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