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Dála (TD) for Tipperary South at the 1989 general election, becoming the only female Fine Gael deputy representing a rural constituency in the Dáil. She was re-elected at the 1992 and the 1997 general elections. In Dáil Éireann, she was appointed as a Fine Gael spokesperson on Labour in 1992, and from 1992–1993 on Energy. She was the spokesperson on Women's Affairs and Chairperson of Oireachtas Committee on Women's Rights 1993–1995. She had been the Fine Gael Junior spokesperson on Equality and Disability since September 1997. Ahearn was a member of the Joint Committees on Foreign Affairs and on Justice,
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Theresa Ahearn
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Equality and Women's Rights, and of the Committee on Procedure and Privileges. Ahearn died of cancer on 20 September 2000 at Dublin's Mount Carmel Hospital, after a long illness, and was survived by her husband Liam and four sons. At the time of her death she was both a member of Fine Gael's National Executive Committee, and the first-ever female trustee of the party. In the by-election after death, her Dáil seat in Tipperary South was retained for Fine Gael by Tom Hayes of Kilfeakle. She was the second TD in that constituency to die in 2000, the Labour Party's
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Theresa Ahearn
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Michael Ferris having died on 20 March. Theresa Ahearn Theresa Ahearn (; 1 May 1951 – 20 September 2000) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who was elected three times to Dáil Éireann and died in office. Born Theresa Scott, in Golden, County Tipperary, she was educated at University College Dublin and Maynooth College, training as a Teacher. Ahearn lived with her husband Liam and family on the family farm near Clonmel. Her first elected office was as a member of South Tipperary County Council from 1983 until 1999. Noted as a highly effective orator, she was elected to the
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Theresa Ahearn
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Wolfen, Germany Wolfen is a town in the district Anhalt-Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 July 2007 it is part of the town Bitterfeld-Wolfen. It is situated approximately 6 kilometres northwest of Bitterfeld, and 20 kilometres south of Dessau. The first documentary mention of Wolfen was as "Wulffen" in 1400 in a fee (feudal tenure). The place name was named after a founder whose name began with "Wolf". In 1846 lignite was found in the region which was mined and the current Silver Lake was developed from this mine. Later the area became a center of the German chemical industry. In
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Wolfen, Germany
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the early 1930s an early photographic plate was produced in Wolfen by Agfa, and by 1936 the same company commercialized the more technically advanced Agfacolor Neu color transparency film, which had been developed by in Wolfen. During World War II hundreds of women, children, and men from countries under Nazi domination were forced to work in the IG-Farben factories. After the war, the rights to the Agfa brandname were lost to the West German company, and the Wolfen company's products were rebranded ORWO (ORiginal WOlfen). ORWO was the only worldwide trademark of the GDR. During GDR years, Wolfen became a
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Wolfen, Germany
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dormitory community for people working at the Bitterfeld and Wolfen industrial plants (Filmfabrik Wolfen, Chemiekombinat Bitterfeld (including the former IG Farben factory, Farbenfabrik, Wolfen)), and the lignite mining company, BKK Bitterfeld (today: MIBRAG). As of 31 December, unless otherwise noted After German reunification, the whole area has suffered from disinvestment, deindustrialization, and depopulation. Unemployment became a serious problem. As a result, population decreased by approximately 50%. Since the 1990s industrial employment has rebounded, with investments by Bayer (the headquarters of Viverso is in the town), Hereaus, Q-Cells and Guardian Industries. Significant local concerns include Organica Feinchemie GmbH Wolfen. Wolfen, Germany
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Wolfen, Germany
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Paul Rutherford (trombonist) Paul William Rutherford (29 February 1940 – 5 August 2007) was an English free improvising trombonist. Born in Greenwich, South East London, Rutherford initially played saxophone but switched to trombone. During the 1960s, he taught at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. In 1970, Rutherford, guitarist Derek Bailey and bassist Barry Guy formed the improvising group Iskra 1903, which lasted until 1973. The formation was documented on a double album from Incus, later reissued with much bonus material on the 3-CD set "Chapter One" (Emanem, 2000). A film soundtrack was separately released as "Buzz Soundtrack". Iskra
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Paul Rutherford (trombonist)
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1903 was one of the earliest free improvising groups to omit a drummer/percussionist, permitting the players to explore a range of textures and dynamics which set it apart from such other contemporary improvising ensembles as SME and AMM. The group's unusual name is the Russian word for "spark"; it was the title of the "Iskra" revolutionary newspaper edited by Lenin. The "1903" designation means "20th century music for trio"; occasionally Evan Parker played with the group (Iskra 1904) and Rutherford also at one point assembled a 12-piece ensemble called, inevitably, Iskra 1912. The group was later revived with Philipp Wachsmann
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Paul Rutherford (trombonist)
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replacing Bailey, a phase of the group's life that lasted from roughly 1977 to 1995; its earlier work is documented on "Chapter Two" (Emanem, 2006) and its final recordings were issued on Maya ("Iskra 1903") and Emanem ("Frankfurt 1991"). Rutherford also played with Globe Unity Orchestra, London Jazz Composer's Orchestra, Centipede, the Mike Westbrook Orchestra, and the Orckestra, a merger of avant-rock group Henry Cow, the Mike Westbrook Brass Band and folk singer Frankie Armstrong. He also played a very small number of gigs with Soft Machine. He is perhaps most famous for solo trombone improvisations. His album "The Gentle
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Paul Rutherford (trombonist)
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Harm of the Bourgeoisie" is a landmark recording in solo trombone and his 1983 Trio album "Gheim", recorded at the Bracknell Jazz Festival is another acclaimed work. Rutherford died of cirrhosis of the liver and a ruptured aorta on 5 August 2007, aged 67. In November 2007 a memorial concert was held at the Red Rose Club in North London in memory of Rutherford, which featured musician friends playing free jazz. Rutherford had been devoted to the country of Cuba and its people, after first playing there in 1986 as part of The Siger Band British Council tours of the
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Paul Rutherford (trombonist)
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country. Rutherford's family presented three trombones and a euphonium to the Music Fund for Cuba. Rutherford was a major player in the British free improvisation scene and part of the European free jazz scene. He was one of the first to use unorthodox playing techniques for improvisation. Rutherford was one of the first to use trombone multiphonics, "i.e." he sang into the trombone and blew at the same time. With Barry Guy/The London Jazz Composers' Orchestra Paul Rutherford (trombonist) Paul William Rutherford (29 February 1940 – 5 August 2007) was an English free improvising trombonist. Born in Greenwich, South East
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Paul Rutherford (trombonist)
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Dean Hartgraves Dean Charles Hartgraves (born August 12, 1966) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played in 1995, 1996 and 1998 with the Houston Astros, Atlanta Braves and San Francisco Giants. He threw left-handed but batted right-handed. Hartgraves attended Crater High School in Central Point, Oregon before attending Fresno State University and Portland State University (which has also seen names like Eric Gunderson, Joe Kraemer, Jeff Lahti and Steve Olin). Hartgraves was selected by the New York Mets in the 12th round of the 1986 Major League Baseball Draft. He did not sign that time, but when he
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Dean Hartgraves
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was drafted by the Astros in the 20th round of the 1987 Major League Baseball Draft, he did. Between 1987 and 1995, Hartgraves spent his time in the Astros farm system, mostly with Triple-A Tucson. Perhaps his best minor league season was 1992 with Tucson, where he went 9-6 with a 2.76 ERA. On May 3, , he made his major league debut at the age of 28. His rookie season was his best wherein 40 games he had a 3.22 ERA. Overall in his career, he would appear in 84 games, with a 4.41 ERA and a 3-0 record.
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Dean Hartgraves
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As a batter, he hit .000 in 3 at-bats. He was flawless on the field, committing zero errors. Hartgraves played his final game in the major leagues on July 23, . Afterwards, he played in Japan for the Chiba Lotte Marines in . , or Baseball Reference (Minor and Japanese Leagues), or Retrosheet, or AstroLand.net, or Venezuelan Winter League <br> Dean Hartgraves Dean Charles Hartgraves (born August 12, 1966) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played in 1995, 1996 and 1998 with the Houston Astros, Atlanta Braves and San Francisco Giants. He threw left-handed but batted right-handed. Hartgraves
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Dean Hartgraves
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The Red & the Black The Red & the Black is a rock album by the Poway, California band Agent 51, released by Surfdog Records in 2003. It was the band's third album and was named "best punk album" at the 2003 San Diego Music Awards. With it the band distanced themselves from their previous punk rock sound by incorporating much more of an influence of classic rock and heavy metal bands such as AC/DC, Motörhead and Def Leppard. They also distanced themselves from the secret agent mythos they had created for themselves by ceasing to wear matching black suits
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The Red & the Black
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in concert and by ceasing to write songs dealing with the existence of extraterrestrials and UFOs. The song "Loaded" was originally titled "Fuckin' Loaded" but was changed for printing on the album sleeve. They received airplay on local rock radio station 91X for the song "She's My Heroine." The album was the band's last before their extended hiatus, and they would not reconvene until a reunion show in 2005. Agent 51 have not released any more albums since "The Red & the Black". All songs written by Chris Armes. Production The Red & the Black The Red & the Black
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The Red & the Black
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Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad The Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad is a short-line railroad operating 35 miles of track over the Chartiers Branch in southwest Pennsylvania. It also operated a small portion of the former Panhandle Route until 2015, but Distributor Services, the Panhandle's only customer, decided to stop shipping by train. It is owned by the Ohio Central Railroad System, which is a division of the rail holding company Genesee & Wyoming Inc. The P&OHC was formed after the purchase by Genesse & Wyoming of the former Pittsburgh Industrial Railroad from RailAmerica, Inc. in 2000. The line has
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Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad
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track extending from its office in the McKees Rocks north to Neville Island and south to Arden in South Strabane Township. A short branch line serves Carnegie. Major commodities hauled include chemicals, minerals, plastics, and steel. Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad The Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad is a short-line railroad operating 35 miles of track over the Chartiers Branch in southwest Pennsylvania. It also operated a small portion of the former Panhandle Route until 2015, but Distributor Services, the Panhandle's only customer, decided to stop shipping by train. It is owned by the Ohio Central Railroad System, which is
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Pittsburgh and Ohio Central Railroad
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Igrot Kodesh Igrot Kodesh (literally "Holy Epistles" but more commonly known as "Letters of the Rebbe") is a collection of correspondence and responses of the seventh Rebbe of Chabad-Lubavitch, Menachem Mendel Schneerson. It is modeled after "Igrot Kodesh Maharayatz" which are the letters of the sixth Rebbe of Lubavitch, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn. The topics considered in these letters include many realms of discussion, and numerous disciplines of human pursuit. Its purview encompassing philosophy (be it Talmudic, Halachic, Hasidic, mystical or other), scientific matters, global events, counsel in private issues, schooling, and social/communal proceedings. There is a practice among many Jews,
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Igrot Kodesh
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particularly within members of Chabad-Lubavitch, to use the "Igrot Kodesh" to ask advice from the Rebbe. Igrot Kodesh Igrot Kodesh (literally "Holy Epistles" but more commonly known as "Letters of the Rebbe") is a collection of correspondence and responses of the seventh Rebbe of Chabad-Lubavitch, Menachem Mendel Schneerson. It is modeled after "Igrot Kodesh Maharayatz" which are the letters of the sixth Rebbe of Lubavitch, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn. The topics considered in these letters include many realms of discussion, and numerous disciplines of human pursuit. Its purview encompassing philosophy (be it Talmudic, Halachic, Hasidic, mystical or other), scientific matters, global
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Igrot Kodesh
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Battle of Rignano The Battle of Rignano was the second great defeat of the career of Roger II of Sicily and, like the first, the Battle of Nocera, it too came at the hands of Ranulf II, Count of Alife. The prime difference was the position of the two combatants. At Nocera on 24 July 1132, Ranulf was allied with Robert II of Capua and Sergius VII of Naples and he was a mere rebel, fighting the king of Sicily. On 30 October 1137, Ranulf was the recently appointed duke of Apulia, with a contingent of 800 German troops on
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Battle of Rignano
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loan from the Emperor Lothair II, and his adversaries were not only Roger, but his erstwhile ally Sergius. In 1134, Roger had appointed his eldest legitimate son, Roger, duke of Apulia. Ranulf's creation as such in 1137 by the emperor and Pope Innocent II was in direct opposition to not only King Roger, but the young Duke Roger as well. Ranulf had raised an army of 800 knights of his own to augment his German forces and had infantry in proportion. He did not want a battle, but Roger and his son, with the newly submitted Sergius, marched against him.
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Battle of Rignano
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King Roger decided to attack at Rignano, the "Balcone delle Puglie", where Monte Gargano drops off steeply over the Apulia plain. The armies joined battle with the young Roger attacking successfully. He pushed Ranulf's army back along the road to Siponto. The king joined the fray at that time and his charge was, for reasons unknown, completely repulsed. He fled and soon the royal army was in full retreat. Though both Rogers survived to make it to Salerno, Sergius lay dead on the field and Ranulf's claim to the duchy was vindicated. The battle had, like Nocera, little lasting effect
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Battle of Rignano
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because the cities of Campania did not revolt as expected, but Ranulf was safe in Apulia until his death two years later. The defeat in the Battle of Rignano had one positive effect for Roger: since Duke Sergius died heirless and the Neapolitan aristocracy could not reach agreement as to who to support for the succession, Roger could establish direct control over the Duchy of Naples, nominating his son Alfonso as the new duke. Battle of Rignano The Battle of Rignano was the second great defeat of the career of Roger II of Sicily and, like the first, the Battle
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Battle of Rignano
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Mac Maharaj Sathyandranath Ragunanan "Mac" Maharaj (born 22 April 1935 in Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal) is a South African politician affiliated with the African National Congress, academic and businessman of Indian origin. He is the former official spokesperson of the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma. Maharaj was a political activist and member of the South African Communist Party, who worked in a clandestine manner on anti-apartheid activities with Nelson Mandela. In July 1964, Maharaj was arrested in Johannesburg, charged and convicted with four others on charges of sabotage in the little Rivonia trial, and was imprisoned on Robben Island with Mandela.
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Mac Maharaj
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In prison he secretly transcribed Mandela's memoir "Long Walk to Freedom" and smuggled it out of the prison in 1976. During his time in prison, Maharaj completed a B.Admin, an MBA and the second year of a B.Sc degree before his release on 8 December 1976. After being released from the Robben Island prison in 1976, Maharaj was deployed by the ANC to Zambia in 1977. He was elected to the National Executive Committee of the ANC in 1985. From 1988 to 1990 Maharaj worked underground in South Africa as part of the ANC's Operation Vula, which was a project
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Mac Maharaj
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to infiltrate the ANC's top leaders back into South Africa. During this time Maharaj worked with Schabir Shaik's two brothers, Yunis Shaik and Moe Shaik, also members of the ANC. Maharaj reported to the then ANC intelligence chief Jacob Zuma. He was post-1994 South Africa's first Minister of Transport, a post he took on 11 May 1994 and kept until the general election of 1999. After the national elections of 1999, Mac Maharaj stepped down from politics and joined FirstRand Bank and was its highest paid non-executive director. In February 2003 the South African newspaper, The Sunday Times, published allegations
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Mac Maharaj
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that Mac Maharaj and his wife Zarina had received more than R500,000 between May 1998 and February 1999 from a businessman, Schabir Shaik, who had shared in two multi-million rand contracts awarded by the Ministry of Transport whilst Maharaj was Minister. In August 2003 Maharaj resigned from FirstRand Bank following the media furor around the allegations of corruption. In March 2007 the South African newspaper, City Press, published allegations that Maharaj’s wife Zarina opened a Swiss bank account in 1996, and two days after opening it, received over $100,000 into the account from Schabir Shaik. Six months later, in March
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Mac Maharaj
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1997, the same Swiss account received a further $100,000 from Schabir Shaik. On 6 July 2011 he was appointed by President Jacob Zuma as his Spokesperson with immediate effect. In November 2011 the South African newspaper The Mail and Guardian attempted to publish further allegations about both Mac and Zarina Maharaj, in relation to their interviews by prosecutors in 2003, but did not do so after Mac Maharaj laid criminal charges against the newspaper for allegedly infringing the laws protecting the secrecy of the 2003 prosecutor interviews. Maharaj has never been charged by South African prosecutors supposedly because it would
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Mac Maharaj
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have been difficult to prove that Maharaj had corrupt intentions when he and his wife received money from Schabir Shaik. In 2005, he joined the faculty of Bennington College in Vermont, USA. Mac Maharaj Sathyandranath Ragunanan "Mac" Maharaj (born 22 April 1935 in Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal) is a South African politician affiliated with the African National Congress, academic and businessman of Indian origin. He is the former official spokesperson of the President of South Africa, Jacob Zuma. Maharaj was a political activist and member of the South African Communist Party, who worked in a clandestine manner on anti-apartheid activities with Nelson
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Mac Maharaj
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Coffeyville Municipal Airport Coffeyville Municipal Airport is a city-owned airport four miles northeast of Coffeyville, in Montgomery County, Kansas. The airport covers and has two asphalt runways: 17/35 is 5,872 x 100 ft (1,790 x 30 m) and 4/22 is 4,000 x 75 ft (1,219 x 23 m). In the year ending September 19, 2005 the airport had 5,550 aircraft operations, average 15 per day: 99% general aviation and 1% military. 40 aircraft were then based at the airport: 85% single-engine, 10% multi-engine and 5% ultralight. During World War II the facility was Coffeyville Army Airfield and was a United
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Coffeyville Municipal Airport
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States Army Air Forces AAF Flying Training Command training field 1942–1945. Aircraft operated were Vultee BT-13A Valiants, BT-14s and BT-15s. The airfield performed Basic Pilot School instruction, the second phase of the three-phase training program for pilots. The facility was closed and turned over to civil authorities in 1947; Continental DC-3s stopped there in the 1950s. During the 1950s, Continental Can Company leased the hangars at the airport and was a subcontractor for a major defense builder, Boeing Corporation. CCC built bomb doors for B-52 Stratofortresses. This operation ceased in 1958 with the completion of the B-52 defense contract. Up
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Coffeyville Municipal Airport
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to this time period, Coffeyville was a very industrious small city in southeastern Kansas. This plant closing along with the closing of other industries was a severe blow to Coffeyville's financial health in the late '50s and early '60s. But during its heyday, Coffeyville had a dairy, Page Milk Company: an oilfield drilling rig company, Parkersburg; two railroad yards and maintenance operations, ATSF & Katy; a brick company and terra cotta roofing tile company, Ludawece Celadon; a cast iron casting company, and a large oil refinery, Co-Op; and on the northwest outskirts was also a large smelter. With the exception
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Coffeyville Municipal Airport
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of the oil refinery, which only has a small operation today, all other industries are gone. Coffeyville Municipal Airport Coffeyville Municipal Airport is a city-owned airport four miles northeast of Coffeyville, in Montgomery County, Kansas. The airport covers and has two asphalt runways: 17/35 is 5,872 x 100 ft (1,790 x 30 m) and 4/22 is 4,000 x 75 ft (1,219 x 23 m). In the year ending September 19, 2005 the airport had 5,550 aircraft operations, average 15 per day: 99% general aviation and 1% military. 40 aircraft were then based at the airport: 85% single-engine, 10% multi-engine and
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Coffeyville Municipal Airport
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Mount Cragus Mount Cragus or Mount Cragos or Mount Kragos (Greek: ) – also recorded as Hiera Acra – is a mountain in Turkey, in what was formerly ancient Lycia, Asia Minor. Strabo (p. 665), whose description proceeds from west to east, after the promontory Telmissus, mentions Anticragus, on which is Carmylessus, and then Cragus, which has eight summits (or he may mean capes), and a city of the same name. Pinara, in the interior, was at the base of Cragus. There are coins of the town Cragus of the Roman imperial period, with the epigraph "Λυκιων Κρ." or "Κρα."
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Mount Cragus
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or "Κραγ." The range of Anticragus and Cragus is represented in the map in Spratt and Forbes as running south from the neighbourhood of Telmissus, and forming the western boundary of the lower basin of the river Xanthus. The southern part is Cragus. The direction of the range shows that it must abut on the sea in bold headlands. In Francis Beaufort's map of the coast of Karamania, the Anticragus is marked 6000 feet high. Beaufort's examination of this coast began at Yediburun (Yedy-Booroon), which means "the Seven Capes", a knot of high and rugged mountains that appear to have
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Mount Cragus
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been the ancient Mount Cragus of Lycia. The ruins of Pinara are where Strabo describes them, on the east side of this range, about halfway between Telmissus and the termination of the range on the south coast. There is a pass leading between the summits of Cragus and Anticragus. Between the two chief peaks is a plain 4000 feet above the sea; and above it rises the highest peak of Cragus, more than 2500 feet above this elevated plain. The first half of the ascent from the plain is through a thick forest, and the remainder over bare rock. From
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Mount Cragus
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the summit there is a view of the whole plain of Xanthus, and of the gorges of the Massicytus, which lies east of it. The side towards the sea is so steep, that from this lofty summit the waves are seen breaking white against the base of this precipitous mountain mass. It appears that Strabo is right when he describes a valley or depression as separating Anticragus and Cragus; and the highest part, which towers above the sea at the Seven Capes, seems to be the eight summits that Strabo speaks of. There was a promontory Cragus, according to Scylax
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Mount Cragus
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and Pliny the Elder (v. 27), which must be the Seven Capes. The "Hiera Acra" of the Stadiasmus seems also to be the Seven Capes. The position of the Cragus between Xanthus and Telmissus is mentioned by Pomponius Mela (i. 15), and he also probably means the same striking part of the range. The rocks and forests of Cragus were embellished by poetic fictions as the occasional residence of Diana. Here, according to the authority quoted by Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v. ), were the so-called . Mount Cragus Mount Cragus or Mount Cragos or Mount Kragos (Greek: ) –
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Mount Cragus
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Roman military personal equipment Roman military personal equipment was produced in small numbers to established patterns, and it was used in an established manner. These standard patterns and uses were called the "res militaris" or "disciplina". Its regular practice during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire led to military excellence and victory. The equipment gave the Romans a very distinct advantage over their barbarian enemies, especially so in the case of armour. This does not mean that every Roman soldier had better equipment than the richer men among his opponents. According to Edward Luttwak, Roman equipment was not of a
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Roman military personal equipment
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better quality than that used by the majority of Rome's adversaries. Initially, they used weapons based on Greek and Etruscan models. On encountering the Celts, they based new varieties on Celtic equipment. To defeat the Carthaginians, they constructed an entire fleet "de novo" based on the Carthaginian model. Once a weapon was adopted, it became standard. The standard weapons varied somewhat during Rome's long history, but the equipment and its use were never individual. A "pugio" was a dagger used by Roman soldiers, likely as a sidearm. Like other items of legionary equipment, the dagger underwent some changes during the
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Roman military personal equipment
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1st century. Generally, it had a large, leaf-shaped blade 18 to 28 cm long and 5 cm or more in width. A raised midrib ran the length of each side, either simply standing out from the face or defined by grooves on either side. It was changed by making the blade a little thinner, about 3 mm, and the handle was also made out of metal. The tang was wide and flat initially, and the grip was riveted through it, as well as through the shoulders of the blade. Around 50 AD, a rod tang was introduced, and the hilt
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Roman military personal equipment
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was no longer riveted through the shoulders of the blade. This in itself caused no great change to the pugio's appearance, but some of these later blades were narrower (under 3.5 cm wide), and/or had little or no waisting, and/or had reduced or vestigial midribs. Throughout the period, the outline of the hilt remained approximately the same. It was made with two layers of horn, wood or bone sandwiching the tang, each overlaid with a thin metal plate. Often the hilt was decorated with inlaid silver. The hilt was 10–12 cm long overall and the grip was quite narrow; which
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Roman military personal equipment
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produced a very secure grip. An expansion or lump in the middle of the handle made the user's grip even more secure. "Gladius" is the general Latin word for "sword". In the Roman Republic, the term "gladius Hispaniensis" (Spanish sword) referred (and still refers) specifically to the short sword, 50 cm-60 cm (24 inches) long, used by Roman legionaries from the 3rd century BC. Several different better-known designs followed; among collectors and historical reenactors, the two primary kinds of swords are known as the Mainz "gladius", and the Pompeii "gladius" which follows the Mainz type, which had itself followed the
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Roman military personal equipment
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'Hispaniensis' (these names refer to where or how the canonical example was found). More recent archaeological finds have confirmed the appearance of the earlier version, the "gladius Hispaniensis". The legionaries wore their "gladii" on their right hips. A "spatha" could be any sword (in late Latin), but most often one of the longer swords characteristic of the middle and late Roman Empire. In the 1st century, Roman cavalry started using these longer swords, and in the late 2nd or early 3rd century, Roman infantry also switched to longer swords, as well as mostly changing from carrying javelins to carrying spears.
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Roman military personal equipment
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Shorter weapons (short swords and possibly sometimes daggers) were known as "semispathae" or half-swords. A large 3rd-century hoard from Künzing included one triangular-bladed short sword and several narrow-bladed short swords (with 23–39 cm blades). Bishop and Coulston suggest that some or all were made from broken "spathae". "Hasta" is a Latin word meaning a thrusting spear. "Hastae" were carried by early Roman legionaries("camillan"); in particular they were carried by and gave their name to those Roman soldiers known as "hastati". However, during republican times, the "hastati" were re-armed with "pila" and "gladii" and only the "triarii" still used "hastae". A
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Roman military personal equipment
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"hasta" was about 1.8 meters (six feet) in length. The shaft was generally made from ash while the head was usually of iron, although early republican "hastae" also had a tip made of bronze. Although Romans often used the word "pila" to refer to all thrown javelins, the term "pilum" also means specifically the heavy Roman throwing javelin of the legions. Lighter, shorter javelins existed, such as those used by the "velites" and the early legions. The "pilum" (plural "pila") was a heavy javelin commonly used by the Roman army in ancient times. It was generally somewhat less than two
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Roman military personal equipment
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metres long overall, consisting of a wooden shaft from which projected an iron shank about 7 mm in diameter and 60 cm long with a pyramidal head. The iron shank was socketed or, more usually, widened to a flat tang. A "pilum" usually weighed between two and four kilograms, with the versions produced during the empire era being somewhat lighter. "Pila" were designed to penetrate both shield and armour, wounding the wearer; but, if they simply stuck in a shield, they could not easily be removed. The iron shank would bend upon impact, weighing down the enemy's shield and also
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Roman military personal equipment
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preventing the "pilum" from being immediately re-used. The shaft would also fall off on impact, leaving the enemy with a bent shank in their shield. The "sagittarius" was armed with a composite bow ("arcus"), shooting an arrow ("sagitta"), made of horn, wood, and sinew held together with hide glue. However, Vegetius recommended training recruits "arcubus ligneis", with wooden bows. The reinforcing laths for the composite bows were found throughout the empire, even in the western provinces where wooden bows were traditional. The "cheiroballistra", also known as the "manuballista", was a crossbow that was occasionally used by the Romans. The ancient
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Roman military personal equipment
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world knew a variety of mechanical hand-held weapons similar to the later medieval crossbow. The exact terminology is a subject of continuing scholarly debate. Roman authors like Vegetius (fl. 4th century) note repeatedly the use of arrow shooting weapons such as "arcuballista" and "manuballista" respectively "cheiroballista". While most scholars agree that one or more of these terms refer to handheld mechanical weapons, there is disagreement whether these were flexion bows or torsion powered like the recent Xanten find. The Roman commander Arrian (c. 86 – after 146) records in his "Tactica" Roman cavalry training for shooting some mechanical handheld weapon
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from horseback. Sculptural reliefs from Roman Gaul depict the use of crossbows in hunting scenes. These are remarkably similar to the later medieval crossbow. The "dolabra" was an Italian pickaxe used as an entrenching tool. The "falx" was a curved blade that was sharp on the inside edge such as a sickle or a scythe. Late infantrymen often carried half-dozen lead-weighted throwing-darts called "plumbatae" (from "plumbum", meaning "lead"), with an effective range of c. 30 m, well beyond that of a javelin. The darts were carried clipped to the back of the shield. Ancient writers, including Julius Caesar, documented the
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Roman military personal equipment
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use of spades and other digging implements as important tools of war. A Roman legion when on the march would dig a ditch and rampart around their camps every night where established camps were not available. They were also useful as improvised weapons. Not all troops wore torso armour. Light infantry, especially in the early republic, wore little or no armour. This was both to allow swifter movement for light troops and also as a matter of cost. Legionary soldiers of the 1st and 2nd centuries used a variety of armour types. Some wore mail shirts, while others wore scale
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armour or "lorica segmentata" or laminated-strip cuirass. This last type was a complex piece of armour which in certain circumstances provided superior protection to the other types of Roman armour, mail armour ("lorica hamata") and scale armour ("lorica squamata"). The testing of modern replicas has demonstrated that this kind of armour was impenetrable to most direct hits and missile strikes. It was, however, uncomfortable without padding: re-enactors have confirmed that wearing a padded undergarment known as a "subarmalis" relieves the wearer from bruising both from prolonged wear and from shock produced by weapon blows against the armour. It was also
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expensive to produce and difficult to maintain. In the 3rd century, the "segmentata" appears to have been dropped and troops are depicted wearing mail armour (mainly) or scale, the standard armour of the 2nd-century "auxilia". The artistic record shows that most late soldiers wore metal armour, despite Vegetius' statement to the contrary. For example, illustrations in the "Notitia" show that the army's "fabricae" (arms factories) were producing mail armour at the end of the 4th century. Actual examples of both scale armour and quite large sections of mail have been recovered, at Trier and Weiler-La-Tour respectively, within 4th-century contexts. Officers
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Roman military personal equipment
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generally seem to have worn bronze or iron cuirasses, as in the days of the "principate", together with traditional "pteruges". "Lorica segmentata" was a type of body armour primarily used in the early Roman Empire, but the Latin name was first used in the 16th century (the ancient form is unknown). The armour itself consisted of broad ferrous strips ('girth hoops') fastened to internal leather straps. The strips were arranged horizontally on the body, overlapping downwards, and they surrounded the torso in two halves, being fastened at the front and back by means of brass hooks, which were joined by
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Roman military personal equipment
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leather laces. The upper body and shoulders were protected by additional strips ('shoulder guards') and breast- and backplates. The form of the armour allowed it to be stored very compactly, since it was possible to separate it into four sections. During the time of its use, it was modified several times, the currently recognised types being the Kalkriese (c. 20 BC to 50), Corbridge (c. 40 to 120), and Newstead (c. 120 to possibly the early 4th century) types. There is also a little-known fourth type, known only from a statue found at Alba Julia in Romania, where there appears
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Roman military personal equipment
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to have been a hybrid form, the shoulders being protected by scale armour and the torso hoops being fewer in number and deeper. The earliest evidence of the "lorica segmentata" being worn is around 9 BC (Dangstetten), and the armour was evidently quite common in service until the 2nd century AD, judging from the number of finds throughout this period (over 100 sites are known, many of them in Britain). However, even during the 2nd century AD, the "segmentata" never replaced the "lorica hamata" - thus the "hamata" mail was still standard issue for both heavy infantry and auxiliaries alike.
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Roman military personal equipment
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The last recorded use of this armour seems to have been for the last quarter of the 3rd century AD (Leon, Spain). There are two opinions as to who used this form of armour. One is that only legionaries (heavy infantry of the Roman legions) and "praetorians" were issued "lorica segmentata". Auxiliary forces would more commonly wear the "lorica hamata", or "lorica squamata". The second viewpoint is that both legionaries and auxiliary soldiers used the "segmentata" armour and this latter view is supported, to some degree, by archaeological findings. The "lorica segmentata" offered greater protection than the "lorica hamata" for
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Roman military personal equipment
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about half of the weight, but was also more difficult to produce and repair. The expenses attributed to the "segmentata" may account for the reversion to ring-mail after the 3rd to 4th century. Alternatively, all forms of armour may have fallen into disuse as the need for heavy infantry waned in favour of the speed of mounted troops. "Lorica hamata" was a type of mail armour used during the Roman Republic continuing throughout the Roman Empire as a standard-issue armour for the primary heavy infantry legionaries and secondary troops ("auxilia"). They were mostly manufactured out of iron, though sometimes bronze
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Roman military personal equipment
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was used instead. The rings were linked together, alternating closed washer-like rings with riveted rings. This produced a very flexible, reliable and strong armour. Each ring had an inside diameter of between 5 and 7 mm, and an outside diameter of 7 to 9 mm. The shoulders of the "lorica hamata" had flaps that were similar to those of the Greek "linothorax"; they ran from about mid-back to the front of the torso, and were connected by brass or iron hooks which connected to studs riveted through the ends of the flaps. Several thousand rings would have gone into one
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Roman military personal equipment
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"lorica hamata". Although labour-intensive to manufacture, it is thought that, with good maintenance, they could be continually used for several decades. Its utility was such that the later appearance of the famous "lorica segmentata"—which afforded greater protection for a third of the weight—never led to the disappearance of the ubiquitous mail, and, in fact, the army of the late empire reverted to the "lorica hamata" once the "segmentata" had fallen out of fashion. "Lorica squamata" was a type of scale armour used during the Roman Republic and at later periods. It was made from small metal scales sewn to a
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Roman military personal equipment
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fabric backing. It is typically seen on depictions of standard bearers, musicians, centurions, cavalry troops, and even auxiliary infantry, but could be worn by regular legionaries as well. A shirt of scale armour was shaped in the same way as a "lorica hamata", mid-thigh length with the shoulder doublings or cape. The individual scales ("squamae") were either iron or bronze, or even alternating metals on the same shirt. They could be tinned as well, one surviving fragment showing bronze scales that were alternately tinned and plain. The metal was generally not very thick, 0.5 mm to 0.8 mm (0.02 to
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Roman military personal equipment
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0.032 in) perhaps being a common range. Since the scales overlapped in every direction, however, the multiple layers gave good protection. The size ranged from as small as 6 mm (0.25 in) wide by 1.2 cm tall up to about 5 cm (2 in) wide by 8 cm (3 in) tall, with the most common sizes being roughly 1.25 by 2.5 cm (0.5 by 1 in). Many had rounded bottoms, while others were pointed or had flat bottoms with the corners clipped off at an angle. The scales could be flat, slightly domed, or have a raised midrib or edge.
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All the scales in a shirt were generally of the same size; however, scales from different shirts varied significantly. The scales were wired together in horizontal rows that were then laced or sewn to the backing. Therefore, each scale had from four to 12 holes: two or more at each side for wiring to the next in the row, one or two at the top for fastening to the backing, and sometimes one or two at the bottom to secure the scales to the backing or to each other. It is possible that the shirt could be opened either at
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Roman military personal equipment
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the back or down one side so that it was easier to put on, the opening being closed by ties. Much has been written about scale armour’s supposed vulnerability to an upward thrust, but this is probably exaggerated. No examples of an entire "lorica squamata" have been found, but there have been several archaeological finds of fragments of such shirts and individual scales are quite common finds—even in non-military contexts. The "parma" was a circular shield, three Roman feet across. It was smaller than most shields, but was strongly made and regarded as effective protection. This may have been due
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Roman military personal equipment
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to the use of iron in its frame. It had a handle and a shield boss ("umbo"). The "parma" was used in the Roman army of the mid-Republic, by the lowest class division of the army — the "velites". The "velites"' equipment consisted of a "parma", javelin, sword and helmet. Later, the "parma" was replaced by the "scutum". A light shield of wood and leather, the name from Greek (καίτρεα, Hesych.). Used by tribesmen from Hispania, Mauretania, and Britannia. Roman helmets, "galea" or "cassis", varied greatly in form. One of the earliest types was the Montefortino helmet used by the
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Roman military personal equipment
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Republic armies up to the 1st century BC. This was replaced directly by the Coolus helmet, which "raised the neck peak to eye level and set a sturdy frontal peak to the brow of the helmet". From early imperial times to after the fall of the Western Empire, some troops wore segmented armour on one or both arms. Greaves, sheet metal protecting the legs, were widely used in the late republic, and by some troops in the imperial army. A military pack carried by legionaries. The pack included a number of items suspended from a "furca" or carrying pole. Items
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carried in the pack included: The ballista was a powerful crossbow, powered by torsion in bundles of sinew, rather than torsion in the arms. Early versions projected heavy darts called bolts, or spherical stone projectiles of various sizes. The scorpio was a torsion-powered catapult-type weapon used for precision fire and also for parabolic shooting. It fired bolts capable of piercing enemy shields and armour. The Roman army supplied 60 to each legion. A catapult is a siege engine which used an arm to hurl a projectile. The Roman version was called an "onager". Projectiles included both arrows and (later) stones.
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Roman military personal equipment
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A brass instrument used in the ancient Roman army. It was originally designed as a tube measuring some 11 to 12 feet in length, of narrow cylindrical bore, and played by means of a cup-shaped mouthpiece. The tube was bent around upon itself from the mouthpiece to the bell in the shape of a broad "C" and was strengthened by means of a bar across the curve, which the performer grasped while playing, in order to steady the instrument; the curves over his head or shoulder. The "buccina" was used for the announcement of night watches and various other announcements
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Roman military personal equipment
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in the camp. The instrument is the ancestor of both the trumpet and the trombone. The German word for trombone, "Posaune", is derived from "buccina". A "tribulus" (caltrop) was a weapon made up of four sharp nails or spines arranged in such a manner that one of them always pointed upward from a stable base (for example, a tetrahedron). Caltrops served to slow down the advance of horses, war elephants, and human troops. It was said to be particularly effective against the soft feet of camels. The late-Roman writer Vegetius, in his work "De Re Militari", wrote: Roman military personal
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Roman military personal equipment
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Tibet national football team The Tibet national football team is a football team representing the cultural region of Tibet and is organised by the Tibetan National Football Association (TNFA), an organization of exiled Tibetans. Its current team manager is Kelsang Dhondup. Many of the players are in exile and are represented by the Tibetan Government in Exile. The team is part of neither FIFA nor the AFC and does not participate in international tournaments. The TNFA was founded in 2001 and its goal is to gain an official status. The first international game the team played was against Greenland, which
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Tibet national football team
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took place in Denmark. The team was followed by a documentary film crew, during the process of forming the team, practices, the match, and everything in between. The documentary was named 'The Forbidden Team'. To form the team, a selective tournament was held in Dehradun, India. It featured all the various Tibetan football teams around India. After the team was selected, Team Tibet headed to Dharamsala to begin their practice sessions where Jens Espense was hired by the Tibetan Football Association to coach the team for the match. He had only a month to get them conditioned and ready to
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Tibet national football team
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play and the players were not even at a minor league level. Moreover, the pitch was in horrible condition and only half of it could be used as it was located on a public road. During practice, Karma Nyodup was working to get all documentation done for the flight to Greenland. Numbers of players were soon dropped due to improper travel documents. After a month had passed, the team flew to Denmark for their first international game, which was organized by Michael Nybrandt. He was also advocating Tibet when the Chinese government raised their cause for concern. China did not
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Tibet national football team
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want this match to happen as they believed Tibet belonged to China. It threatened to cut off all its trade with Denmark if the match went on as planned. Denmark however, did not back down and allowed the game to take place. On 30 June 2001 the Tibetan National Football Team played its first international match where it lost 1–4 against Greenland. The 2006 FIFI Wild Cup took place in Hamburg, Germany. The first match they played was against St. Pauli on 30 May 2006. They lost this game 7–0. The second and final match of Tibet in this tournament
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Tibet national football team
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was against Gibraltar on 31 May 2006. They lost this game 5-0. During the "ELF Cup" Tibet did not win any games and they suffered their biggest defeat. The first game was against Tajikistan on 19 November 2006 where they lost 3–0. On 20 November, Tibet played the Crimean Tatars, which they lost 1–0. Finally on 21 November the biggest loss came when Tibet played Northern Cyprus, who beat them 10–0. The Tibetan National Football Association was founded in 2001, soon after the authorization was delivered by the Kashag (the Tibet Cabinet), and registration under Indian law. Jetsun Pema, the
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Tibet national football team
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sister of the 14th Dalai Lama is the president of the association, Thupten Dorjee the secretary, and Kalsang Dhondup the executive secretary. The association is now organizing the "Gyalyum Chenmo Memorial Gold Cup" GCMGC football tournament which existed already in the 80's. In 2003, the 17th Karmapa was the chief guest on the first day of the tournament which took place at the Tibetan Children's Village in Dharamsala. Mr. Shrikant Baldi, Deputy Commissioner of Kangra, was the chief guest in 2004 for the tournament. The 13th GCMGC, took place in 2007, and the chief guest was Khenchen Menling Tri Rinpoche
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Tibet national football team
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of Mendroling Monastery. The 14th took place in 2008, and the chief guest was Khyabje Ling Rinpoche From 22 to 29 June 2013, Tibet was invited to Marseille in France to participate in the first edition of the International Tournament of Peoples, Cultures and Tribes. The Tibetan selection will finish the competition in fifth place. For the first time in its history the Tibetan selection participates in the 2018 ConIFA World Football Cup by qualifying with the wild card. The following players were called up to the squad for the 2018 ConIFA World Football Cup in London. Head Coach: Penpa
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Tibet national football team
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Tsering Tibet national football team The Tibet national football team is a football team representing the cultural region of Tibet and is organised by the Tibetan National Football Association (TNFA), an organization of exiled Tibetans. Its current team manager is Kelsang Dhondup. Many of the players are in exile and are represented by the Tibetan Government in Exile. The team is part of neither FIFA nor the AFC and does not participate in international tournaments. The TNFA was founded in 2001 and its goal is to gain an official status. The first international game the team played was against Greenland,
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Tibet national football team
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7,719,779
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Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki (born 11 June 1929) is a British occult author, third generation psychic, and esoteric practitioner. As an associate of Walter Ernest Butler, she succeeded him as Director of Studies of the Servants of the Light on October 31st, 1976. Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki was born and raised in Jersey Island. Ashcroft-Nowicki's grandmother was a full-blooded gypsy and her parents were both third-degree initiates. She grew up in a family tradition dedicated to the occult sciences. When she was a child she had "the Sight". During the World War II she left with her family to live in Wirral
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Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki
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Peninsula in the northwest of England. There she spent her spare time visiting the Gypsies who used to camp there. She learned there about the natural world, Tarot cards and fortune telling. After the war the family returned to Jersey and her parents formed an occult discussion group in silence due to restrictions imposed by Jersey's law. During the 1960s, Ashcroft-Nowicki entered the Fraternity of the Inner Light, an esoteric order founded by occultist Dion Fortune. There it was where she became associated with Walter Ernest Butler, and with Gareth Knight and the Helios Course in Practical Qabalah which, in
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Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki
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1971, became the foundation of Servants of the Light. In 1976, when Butler retired, Ashcroft-Nowicki became the Director of Studies of the SOL, a position she handed on in June 2018 to Steven Critchley. Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki has founded a "Solar Light Video Club" starting with her first video shown in January 2018. She is still continuing until today. Ashcroft-Nowicki went to London to study Royal Academy of Dramatic Art later on she studied Opera at Trinity College of Music in Cambridge. She shortly interrupted her studies to get married but she got divorced three years later, at this time she
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Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki
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took up her studies again and finished it. Ashcroft-Nowicki was also very interested in Fencing and even represented the Islands against France and England in competition. She won several cups and trophies and even met her later husband Michael Nowicki at a fencing club. They married in 1957 and have two children, Tamara and Carl. The family moved back to the Channel Island of Jersey, off the coast of France and Ashcroft-Nowicki still lives in there. To date Ashcroft-Nowicki has written several books and designed two tarot decks, the SOL Tarot Deck with Jo Gill and Anthony Clark, and the
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Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki
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Shakespearean Tarot with Paul Hardy. Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki (born 11 June 1929) is a British occult author, third generation psychic, and esoteric practitioner. As an associate of Walter Ernest Butler, she succeeded him as Director of Studies of the Servants of the Light on October 31st, 1976. Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki was born and raised in Jersey Island. Ashcroft-Nowicki's grandmother was a full-blooded gypsy and her parents were both third-degree initiates. She grew up in a family tradition dedicated to the occult sciences. When she was a child she had "the Sight". During the World War II she left with her
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Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki
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7,719,784
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Guanethidine Guanethidine is an antihypertensive drug that reduces the release of catecholamines, such as norepinephrine. Guanethidine is transported across the sympathetic nerve membrane by the same mechanism that transports norepinephrine itself (NET, uptake 1), and uptake is essential for the drug's action. Once guanethidine has entered the nerve, it is concentrated in transmitter vesicles, where it replaces norepinephrine. It may also inhibit the release of granules by decreasing norepinephrine. Side effects include postural and exercise hypotension, sexual dysfunction (delayed or retrograde ejaculation), and diarrhea. Guanethidine is transported by uptake 1 into the presynaptic terminal transported by norepinephrine transporter (NET). (In
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Guanethidine
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this it competes with norepinephrine so can potentiate exogenously applied norepinephrine.) It becomes concentrated in norepinephrine transmitter vesicles, replacing norepinephrine in these vesicles. This leads to a gradual depletion of norepinephrine stores in the nerve endings. Once inside the terminal it blocks the release of norepinephrine in response to arrival of an action potential. Spontaneous release is not affected. Guanethidine was once a mainstay for hypertension resistant to other agents, and was often used safely during pregnancy, but it is no longer used in the US due to lack of availability. It is still licensed in some countries, e.g., UK,
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Guanethidine
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for the rapid control of blood pressure in a hypertensive emergency. Intravenous nerve block (Bier block) using guanethidine has been used to treat chronic pain caused by complex regional pain syndrome. Guanethidine Guanethidine is an antihypertensive drug that reduces the release of catecholamines, such as norepinephrine. Guanethidine is transported across the sympathetic nerve membrane by the same mechanism that transports norepinephrine itself (NET, uptake 1), and uptake is essential for the drug's action. Once guanethidine has entered the nerve, it is concentrated in transmitter vesicles, where it replaces norepinephrine. It may also inhibit the release of granules by decreasing norepinephrine.
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Guanethidine
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7,719,787
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Paul Buchheit Paul T. Buchheit is an American computer engineer and entrepreneur. He was the creator and lead developer of Gmail. He developed the original prototype of Google AdSense as part of his work on Gmail. He also suggested Google's former company motto "Don't be evil" in a 2000 meeting on company values. That motto was initially coined in 1999 by engineer Amit Patel. Buchheit grew up in New York. He attended Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio where he rowed crew. Buchheit worked at Intel and later became the 23rd employee at Google. At Google he began developing
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Paul Buchheit
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Gmail in 2001, with its innovations in search and storage. He also prompted what would become AdSense. Leaving Google in 2006, Buchheit started FriendFeed, which was launched in 2007 and was acquired by Facebook in 2009 in a private transaction. In 2010, Buchheit left Facebook to become a partner at the investment firm Y Combinator. From 2006 (when he started investing) until 2008, Buchheit invested about $1.21 million in 32 different companies. He also continues to oversee angel investments of his own in "about 40" startups (by his own estimate). He won the 2011 The Economist Innovation Awards for the
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Paul Buchheit
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"Computing and telecommunications" field. Buchheit has stated that he believes society has the technology and resources to provide adequate food, housing, education, and healthcare for everyone, using only a fraction of available labor and resources. In his view, this implies it is possible to put an end to wage slavery. Buchheit further stated: Paul Buchheit Paul T. Buchheit is an American computer engineer and entrepreneur. He was the creator and lead developer of Gmail. He developed the original prototype of Google AdSense as part of his work on Gmail. He also suggested Google's former company motto "Don't be evil" in
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Paul Buchheit
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7,719,790
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Chinese monal The Chinese monal ("Lophophorus lhuysii") is a pheasant. This monal is restricted to mountains of central China. The plumage is highly iridescent. The male has a large drooping purple crest, a metallic green head, blue bare skin around the eyes, a reddish gold mantle, bluish green feathers and black underparts. The female is dark brown with white on its throat. This is the largest of the three monals and, by mass, is one of the largest pheasants (after the turkeys and the green and Indian peafowls). Males measure in length while females measure . The mean weight is
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Chinese monal
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reportedly . The scientific name, "lhuysii", commemorates the French statesman Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys. Due to ongoing habitat loss and degradation, limited range and illegal hunting, the Chinese monal is evaluated as vulnerable on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I of CITES. London Zoo and Beijing Zoo have kept Chinese monal but all attempts to establish a captive breeding population failed. Chinese monal The Chinese monal ("Lophophorus lhuysii") is a pheasant. This monal is restricted to mountains of central China. The plumage is highly iridescent. The male has a large drooping purple crest, a
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Chinese monal
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7,719,792
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Globe Unity Orchestra The Globe Unity Orchestra is a free jazz ensemble. Globe Unity was formed in autumn 1966 with a commission received by Alexander von Schlippenbach from the Berlin Jazz Festival. It had its debut at the Berliner Philharmonie on 3 November combining Gunter Hampel's quartet with Manfred Schoof' s quintet and Peter Brötzmann's trio: Hampel (bcl,fl); Willem Breuker (bs,ss); Schoof (tp) with Gerd Dudek (ts); Alexander von Schlippenbach (p); Buschi Niebergall (b) and Jaki Liebezeit (d) on one side, Brötzmann (saxophones), Peter Kowald (b, tuba), Sven-Åke Johansson (d) on the other. During the next years this core group
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Globe Unity Orchestra
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was completed by other European and American musicians: Johannes Bauer (tb), Anthony Braxton (as, cl), Willem Breuker (ts), Rüdiger Carl (as, ts), Günter Christmann (tb), Gunter Hampel (bcl), Toshinori Kondo (tp), Steve Lacy (ss), Paul Lovens (drums), Paul Lytton (drums), Albert Mangelsdorff (tb), Evan Parker (ss, ts), Michel Pilz (bcl, cl, bars), Ernst-Ludwig Petrowsky (as, cl, fl), Enrico Rava (tp), Paul Rutherford (tb), Heinz Sauer (ss, ts), Bob Stewart (tuba), Tomasz Stańko (tp), and Kenny Wheeler (tp). The Orchestra has been described as providing "the most remarkable assemblies of outside jazz talent since the AACM big bands". They performed in
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Globe Unity Orchestra
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New Delhi, India for the Jazz Yatra in late 1970s. They performed at the Ashoka Hotel, New Delhi in 1978. The final concert in the group's main lifetime was at the Chicago Jazz Festival in 1987. The 40th anniversary line-up for the 2006 concerts and recordings were the saxophone players Evan Parker, Ernst-Ludwig Petrowsky, Gerd Dudek, Rudi Mahall (bcl), the trumpets Kenny Wheeler, Manfred Schoof, Axel Dörner, Jean-Luc Cappozzo and trombonists Paul Rutherford, George Lewis, Jeb Bishop, J. Bauer) with Alexander von Schlippenbach (p), and drummers Paul Lovens and Paul Lytton. Globe Unity Orchestra The Globe Unity Orchestra is a
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Globe Unity Orchestra
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7,719,795
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Gate to Languages Gate to Languages (, ) is a project of lifelong education of teachers, organized in the Czech Republic by National Institute for Further Education (NIFE) since 17 October 2005. It is aimed at the development of foreign language skills and methodological competence of Czech teachers. The name of the project was inspired by the book "Janua linguarum reserata" (Gate to Languages Unlocked) by Jan Amos Comenius. NIFE organizes the methodology and language courses for three target groups of teachers at Czech elementary and secondary schools and higher education institutions: 7,173 teachers from the Czech Republic take part
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Gate to Languages
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7,719,796
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in the project, among them 6,340 in the English courses, 700 in the German courses and 133 in the French courses. 75 per cent of the expenses are financed from the European Structural Funds and the rest by the Czech Republic Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. The courses for qualified language teachers were finished in June 2006, the whole project is planned to finish in the end of June 2007. Gate to Languages Gate to Languages (, ) is a project of lifelong education of teachers, organized in the Czech Republic by National Institute for Further Education (NIFE) since
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Gate to Languages
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7,719,797
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William Lipscomb (clergyman) William Lipscomb (July 20, 1829 – 1908) was a leading figure of the American Restoration Movement. Lipscomb was born in Franklin County, Tennessee and is buried in Mt. Olivet Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee. The "Gospel Advocate" was founded by Nashville-area Restoration Movement preacher Tolbert Fanning in 1855. William Lipscomb, who was a student of Fanning, served as co-editor until the American Civil War forced them to suspend publication in 1861. After the end of the Civil War, publication resumed in 1866 under the editorship of Fanning and William Lipscomb's younger brother David Lipscomb; Fanning soon retired and
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William Lipscomb (clergyman)
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David Lipscomb became the sole editor. William Lipscomb (clergyman) William Lipscomb (July 20, 1829 – 1908) was a leading figure of the American Restoration Movement. Lipscomb was born in Franklin County, Tennessee and is buried in Mt. Olivet Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee. The "Gospel Advocate" was founded by Nashville-area Restoration Movement preacher Tolbert Fanning in 1855. William Lipscomb, who was a student of Fanning, served as co-editor until the American Civil War forced them to suspend publication in 1861. After the end of the Civil War, publication resumed in 1866 under the editorship of Fanning and William Lipscomb's younger brother
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William Lipscomb (clergyman)
|
7,719,799
|
Watchful Watchful (1997) is an album by the American experimental pop music group Amoeba. This is the first Amoeba album to feature the classic lineup of Robert Rich and Rick Davies. The style of this album consists of subtle and largely acoustic pop compositions with heavy ambient textures. Work on this album began in 1994. It was completed in 1995. Over the next two years they searched for a label to distribute the album. It was finally released in 1997 on the Lektronic Soundscapes label. When distribution problems arose with Lektronic Soundscapes, they moved to Release Records, who had also
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Watchful
|
7,719,800
|
released Rich’s solo album "Trances/Drones". Watchful Watchful (1997) is an album by the American experimental pop music group Amoeba. This is the first Amoeba album to feature the classic lineup of Robert Rich and Rick Davies. The style of this album consists of subtle and largely acoustic pop compositions with heavy ambient textures. Work on this album began in 1994. It was completed in 1995. Over the next two years they searched for a label to distribute the album. It was finally released in 1997 on the Lektronic Soundscapes label. When distribution problems arose with Lektronic Soundscapes, they moved to
|
Watchful
|
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