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D3230293

http://www.toledolionsclub.org/cheesedays.html

This year's theme is "The Legend of Bigfoot"

Toledo Lions Cheese Days Veterans Wall Fundraisers Service The next Toledo Cheese Days will be July 11-15, 2018. This year's theme is "The Legend of Bigfoot"Cheese Days is Toledo's biggest annual summer celebration that includes a parade, classic car and motorcycle show, pancake breakfast, kids carnival, many auctions and raffles, arts and crafts, sports tournaments, wine, beer and cheese tasting and much more. Most of the big Cheese Days events are on Saturday, July 14, 2018. We will be sharing more information about the 2018 Toledo Cheese Days as we get closer to July. Parade Application Vendor Info &Application If you are interested in sponsoring Cheese Days by purchasing an ad in this year's Cheese Days magazine,please review our 2018 Sponsorship Information forms and send your advertisement files to our new designer austin@toledolionsclub.org before May 1, 2018. Here are some examples of past Toledo Cheese Days magazines in PDF format without most of the advertisements.201720162015201420132012Copyright © 2018 Toledo Lions Club. All rights reserved. Contact us at info@toledolionsclub.org. P. O. Box 755, Toledo, WA 98591The Toledo Lions Club is a local branch of Lions Clubs International. Website designed and powered by Morgan Online Media.

D191216

http://www.mckinley.illinois.edu/handouts/tuberculosis.html

Handouts

Mc Kinley Health Center | 1109 S. Lincoln Avenue | Urbana, IL 61801 | 217-333-2701© 2018 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | student affairs AT ILLINOISView our Web Privacy Notice Get our Wellness Guide app!

D922263

http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/manage/ptc-20207963

Diagnosis

Diagnosis Your bone density can be measured by a machine that uses low levels of X-rays to determine the proportion of mineral in your bones. During this painless test, you lie on a padded table as a scanner passes over your body. In most cases, only a few bones are checked — usually in the hip, wrist and spine. Treatment Treatment recommendations are often based on an estimate of your risk of breaking a bone in the next 10 years using information such as the bone density test. If the risk is not high, treatment might not include medication and might focus instead on modifying risk factors for bone loss and falls. For both men and women at increased risk of fracture, the most widely prescribed osteoporosis medications are bisphosphonates. Examples include: Alendronate (Fosamax)Risedronate (Actonel, Atelvia)Ibandronate (Boniva)Zoledronic acid (Reclast)Side effects include nausea, abdominal pain and heartburn-like symptoms. These are less likely to occur if the medicine is taken properly. Intravenous forms of bisphosphonates don't cause stomach upset but can cause fever, headache and muscle aches for up to three days. And it may be easier to schedule a quarterly or yearly injection than to remember to take a weekly or monthly pill, but it can be more costly to do so. Using bisphosphonate therapy for more than five years has been linked to a very rare problem in which the middle of the thighbone cracks and might even break completely. Bisphosphonates also have the potential to affect the jawbone. Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a rare condition that can occur typically after a tooth extraction in which a section of jawbone fails to heal where the tooth was pulled. You should have a recent dental examination before starting bisphosphonates. Hormone-related therapy Estrogen, especially when started soon after menopause, can help maintain bone density. However, estrogen therapy can increase the risk of blood clots, endometrial cancer, breast cancer and possibly heart disease. Therefore, estrogen is typically used for bone health in younger women or in women whose menopausal symptoms also require treatment. Raloxifene (Evista) mimics estrogen's beneficial effects on bone density in postmenopausal women, without some of the risks associated with estrogen. Taking this drug may reduce the risk of some types of breast cancer. Hot flashes are a common side effect. Raloxifene also may increase your risk of blood clots. In men, osteoporosis may be linked with a gradual age-related decline in testosterone levels. Testosterone replacement therapy can help improve symptoms of low testosterone, but osteoporosis medications have been better studied in men to treat osteoporosis and thus are recommended alone or in addition to testosterone. Other osteoporosis medications If you can't tolerate the more common treatments for osteoporosis — or if they don't work well enough — your doctor might suggest trying: Denosumab (Prolia). Compared with bisphosphonates, denosumab produces similar or better bone density results and reduces the chance of all types of fractures. Denosumab is delivered via a shot under the skin every six months. Teriparatide (Forteo). This powerful drug is similar to parathyroid hormone and stimulates new bone growth. It's given by daily injection under the skin. After two years of treatment with teriparatide, another osteoporosis drug is taken to maintain the new bone growth. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic Lifestyle and home remedies These suggestions may help reduce your risk of developing osteoporosis or experiencing broken bones: Don't smoke. Smoking increases rates of bone loss and the chance of experiencing a fracture. Avoid excessive alcohol. Consuming more than two alcoholic drinks a day may decrease bone formation. Being under the influence of alcohol also can increase your risk of falling. Prevent falls. Wear low-heeled shoes with nonslip soles and check your house for electrical cords, area rugs and slippery surfaces that might cause you to trip or fall. Keep rooms brightly lit, install grab bars just inside and outside your shower door, and make sure you can get into and out of your bed easily. Alternative medicine Soy protein appears to have activity similar to estrogen on bone tissue. Some studies indicate that bone fracture risk is lessened in postmenopausal Asian women who consume higher amounts of soy protein. But soy should be used with caution by women who have a family or personal history of breast cancer. Most available soy products have not been shown to reduce the chance of fractures. Ipriflavone is a product made in a laboratory from one of the isoflavones found in soy. When combined with calcium, ipriflavone appears to prevent bone loss and reduce pain associated with compression fractures in the spine. Preparing for your appointment Your family doctor may suggest bone density testing. Screening for osteoporosis is recommended for all women by age 65. Some guidelines also recommend screening men by age 70, especially if they have health issues likely to cause osteoporosis. If the bone density test is very abnormal or you have other complex health issues, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in metabolic disorders (endocrinologist) or a doctor who specializes in diseases of the joints, muscles or bones (rheumatologist). Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor. What you can do Write down any symptoms you've noticed, though it's possible you may not have any. Write down key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes. Make a list of all medications, vitamins and supplements that you're currently taking or have taken in the past. It's especially helpful if you record the type and dose of calcium and vitamin D supplements, because many different preparations are available. If you're not sure what information your doctor might need, take the bottles with you. Write down questions to ask your doctor. Your time with your doctor is limited, so preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out. For osteoporosis, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: Do I need to be screened for osteoporosis? What kinds of tests do I need to confirm the diagnosis? What treatments are available, and which do you recommend? What types of side effects can I expect from treatment? Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you're prescribing me? Are there any alternatives to the primary approach that you're suggesting? I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together? Are there any activity restrictions that I need to follow? Do I need to make changes in my diet? Do I need to take supplements? Is there a physical therapy program that would benefit me? What can I do to prevent falls? In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask questions during your appointment at any time that you don't understand something. What to expect from your doctor Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may reserve time to go over any points you want to spend more time on. Your doctor may ask: Have you experienced any fractures or broken bones? Have you noticed a loss of height? How is your diet, especially dairy intake? Do you think you get enough calcium? Vitamin D? Do you take any vitamins or supplements? How often do you exercise? What type of exercise do you do? How is your balance? Have you experienced any falls? Do you have a family history of osteoporosis? Has anyone in your family had bone fractures, especially hip fractures in your parents? Have you ever had stomach or intestinal surgery? Have you taken corticosteroid medications (prednisone, cortisone) as pills, injections or creams? By Mayo Clinic Staff

D1107910

https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/guide/aids-wasting-syndrome

AIDS Wasting Syndrome

AIDS Wasting Syndrome In this Article Causes Getting a Diagnosis Treatment Build Muscles AIDS wasting syndrome isn't a specific disease. Someone with AIDS is said to have it when they've lost at least 10% of their body weight, especially muscle. They may have also had diarrhea for at least a month, or extreme weakness and fever that's not related to an infection. We don't understand it well, but it doesn't happen as much as it used to, thanks to antiretroviral therapy ( ART ), the drugs that treat HIV. Still, it's a significant threat. It makes opportunistic infections, dementia, and death more likely. Even a weight loss of 5% can raise your chances of trouble. Keep an eye on your weight and eat well, even when you're not hungry. Call your doctor if you lose weight suddenly, have severe diarrhea, or get an infection that affects your tummy and guts. Causes The top of the list is not taking ART medications, so don't miss a dose. You may simply not be eating enough the get the nutrients your body needs to do its best. Continue Reading Belowyou might like When you have HIV, you burn calories fast. This could be because your immune system is working hard, or it may be because HIV has affected the hormones that control your metabolism. Whatever the reason, you'll need more calories to keep up your weight. This can be a challenge because HIV can take away your appetite. Other things that may make you not want to eat and lead to weight loss: Medication side effects like nausea, changes in taste, or mouth tingling Symptoms of opportunistic infections, like a painful throat or feeling full Lack of money or energy Depression Sometimes, your body may not be absorbing the nutrients that you are getting. HIV can damage the lining of your intestines, or you may have an infection that could be interfering. Diarrhea is a side effect of some medicines. People with HIV tend to have high levels of cytokines. These trigger your body to make more fats and sugars, but fewer proteins, the building blocks for your muscles. Getting a Diagnosis Your doctor will ask you questions about your diet, the medications you're taking, and your recent moods.1 2 View All Next Article HIV/AIDS and Lipodystrophy HIV & AIDS Guide Overview & Facts Symptoms & Causes Diagnosis & Tests Treatment & Prevention Complications Living & Managing

D3137150

http://www.co.ontario.ny.us/public_works/GannettHill.html

Facilities

Facilities Feature Overview View all facilities Ontario County Park at Gannett Hill Gannett Hill Park - View of the Bristol Hills Admission Fee Entrance is free. See below for camping & pavilion fees. Other Link Park Brochure & Map Features ADA Accessible Baseball / Softball Basketball Fishing Grill Parking Pavilion Picnic Areas Playground Restrooms Tables Water Gannett Hill Park Online Reservation System Park History Credited for founding and/or expanding newspaper companies such as The Democrat and Chronicle and the USA Today, newspaper mogul Frank Gannett was a prominent figure in the Rochester and portion of the hilltop. The owner of the park site itself was actually Llewlyn C. Watkins. It is important to note that the Gannett family property has never been a part of the park – the park was named after the Gannett family due to its history of farming and Frank Gannett’s distinction. Aside from the Public Square, the Gannett Hill area was a leading candidate for the county’s first park. In 1916 a group of Boy Scouts from the City of Canandaigua hiked Gannett Hill and camped at the top as guests of Irving B. Wilson who owned 300 acres at the stop. This ‘first annual’ hike received a great deal of coverage and soon tourists were being encouraged to drive up the hill. By 1963, Bernice M. Watkins, widow of Llewelyn C. Watkins, was anxious to sell the property to the county. Through the assistance of state aid, the Board of Supervisors approved the acquisition of the land. Initial development included the improvement of access roads, restroom facilities, picnic tables and the first pavilions. In 1967, Supervisors approved the construction of a four-million gallon reservoir pond on the site. The “jump off” site was also improved with a retaining wall. It has been almost fifty years since the purchase of the park site. Today, it serves more than fifty thousand visitors each year. Park Map To view the full Ontario County Park brochure, see the link at the top of the page titled "Park Brochure & Map". You can also click on the image below to view the park map. Park Description Click here to view a photo album of the park through the seasons (2014-2015)! Ten thousand to twenty thousand years ago, during the Glacial Age, ice carved and sculptured the Finger Lakes Region. There's no better place to slip away to than one of the highest points in Ontario County, Gannett Hill Park, in the scenic Bristol Hills. At an elevation of 2,246 feet above sea level, you'll have expansive views to the East; view portions of Ontario County and the hills behind Seneca and Cayuga Lakes. The Northeast is a panorama - changing with each season. Gannett Hill Park is no different. View from the South Recently, a new cabin was added to the park's collection. Take a look at the videos below for a first-hand view of the delivery. Switch to full-screen for the full effect! Positioning Truck Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 2:46Lowering Cabin Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 5:10 This is a "Carry In / Carry Out" Park. Please use the bags provided to carry out your own refuse and recyclables. Yours To Enjoy: Hiking Trails Biking Trails Playground3 Softball Diamonds Fishing Pond Picnic Sites complete with tables, grills, and covering Tremendous Scenery410 Acres of woods and open land View from the East Reservations Recommended - Gannett Hill Park Online Reservation System Fees and Rates Campsites (with electricity)...............................$20/night Campsites (without electricity)..........................$15/night Cabins (1 or 2 Rooms).....................................$30-$40/night Small Pavilions (#1, 4, 6: 15 people)................$10/day #2 Pavilion (25 People)................................... $25/day Large Pavilions (#3, 5, 7: 45 people).......................$30/day Watkins Lodge (Seasonal, 60 people).............$50/day Wilson Lodge (Year-Round, 66 people)...........$75/day Extended & Seasonal Rates.......... Call

D408088

https://www.flashcardsecrets.com/parapro/

ParaPro Assessment Flashcards Study System

Includes Para Pro Practice Test Questions Learn How to Quickly Solve Difficult Para Pro Test Questions Dear Friend,Here's a little secret about the Para Pro Assessment: the Para Pro Assessment is what we in the test preparation field call a content-driven test. While some tests are looking to see what you are ABLE to learn, the purpose of the Para Pro Exam, offered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), is to test your understanding of what you have already learned. The goal of the Para Pro Assessment is to use a standardized testing process to create an objective assessment of a test taker's knowledge and skills. In other words, it's more about what you know than your ability to solve clever puzzles. This is good news for those who are serious about being prepared, because it boils down to a very simple strategy: You can succeed on the Para Pro Assessment by learning critical concepts on the test so that you are prepared for as many questions as possible. Repetition and thorough preparation is a process that rewards those who are serious about being prepared, which means that succeeding on the Para Pro Assessment is within the reach of virtually anyone interested in learning the material. This is great news! It means that if you've been worried about your upcoming Para Pro Assessment, you can rest easy IF you have a good strategy for knowing what to study and how to effectively use repetition to your advantage. But it also creates another set of problems. If you tried to memorize every single possible thing you can for the Para Pro Assessment, the field of possible things to review would be so huge that you could not hope to cover everything in a reasonable time. That's why we created the Para Pro Assessment Flashcards Study System: we have taken all of the possible topics and reduced them down to the hundreds of concepts you must know and provided an easy-to-use learning method to guarantee success on the Para Pro Assessment. We wanted this system to be simple, effective, and fast so that you can succeed on your Para Pro Assessment with a minimum amount of time spent preparing for it. Here Are Some of the Features of Our Para Pro Assessment Flashcards Study System Study after study has shown that repetition is the most effective form of learning, and nothing beats flash cards when it comes to making repetitive learning fun and fast Flash cards engage more of your senses in the learning process; you compete with yourself to see if you understand the topics, and the flipping action gets you actively involved in the learning process Our cards are printed on heavy, bright white 67 lb. cover stock, and are laser printed at 1200 dpi on our industrial printers; these are professional-quality cards that will not smear or wear out with heavy usage We cover all the major content areas on the exam Our Para Pro flash cards include an edge that is micro-perforated, which means that you are much less likely to have a painful papercut on your fingers when moving quickly through the cards Our cards are portable, making it easy for you to grab a few and study while waiting for the bus or the doctor, or anywhere where you have a spare moment that would otherwise be wasted Our cards are written in an easy to understand, straightforward style; we don't include any more technical jargon than what you need to pass the test The cards are a generous size, 3.67 x 4.25 inches, that fits perfectly in your hands and they aren't so small that you have to use a magnifying glass to read tiny type; all questions and answers are in a normal-size print for easy studying Our concept cards include in-depth explanations; you won't see any one-word answers that require you to go get a textbook to figure out what's going on. All of our cards include generous, thorough explanations so if you didn't understand the concept, you will after reading the back of the card!We use a font that's been proven to be very readable; this will enable you to absorb more information painlessly during late night study sessions Our system enables you to study in small, digestible bits of information; unlike using boring textbooks, flash cards turn learning into a game you can play until you've mastered the material It's easy for a friend to help you study. They don't even have to know anything about the Para Pro Assessment; if they can read, then they can quiz you with our Para Pro flash cards!Now, let us explain what the Para Pro Assessment Flashcards Study System is not. It is not a comprehensive review of your education, as there's no way we could fit that onto a single set of flashcards. Don't get us wrong: we're not saying that repetition will automatically result in a passing Para Pro Assessment score- you have to have some innate ability as well. However, without exposure to the question types and concepts, you cannot possibly hope to do well on the test. After all, it's hard to do well on test or prepare for it when you don't know what's going to be on it. Para Pro Assessment Flashcards Study System is a compilation of the hundreds of critical concepts you must understand to pass the Para Pro Assessment. Nothing more, nothing less. Here's Exactly What You Get With the Para Pro Assessment Flashcards Study System When you order the Para Pro Assessment Flashcards Study System, you'll get our set of flashcards specially selected to give you the most Para Pro Assessment performance improvement for the least time. This is just a small sampling of the topics covered: Mathematics Review: Dividing Fractions Equilateral Triangle Real Numbers Order of Operations Corresponding Angles Adding Decimals Exponent Powers Basics of Factors Obtuse triangle Irrational Numbers Area Calculations The Quadratic Formula Percentages Slope Formula Ratios General Polynomial Perimeter Calculations Intercept Multiplying Fractions Complex Numbers Measurement Writing Review: Commas Appositive Semicolon Sentence Fragment Dashes Conjunctive Adverbs Quotation Marks Independent Clause Adjective Phrases Measurement Equal Comparisons Conjunctions Noun phrases Parts of Speech Pronoun Linking verbs Intransitive verbs Auxiliary verbs Capitalization Rules Parallelism Negation Word Usage Reading Review: Vocabulary Drawing Conclusions Comparisons and Contrasts Contextual clues Predictions Remember, this is just a small sampling of the topics covered in our system. 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Repetition is a key to success and using practice test questions allows you to reinforce your strengths and improve your weaknesses. Detailed answer explanations are included for each question. It may sound obvious, but you have to know which questions you missed (and more importantly why you missed them) to be able to avoid making the same mistakes again when you take the real test. That's why our Para Pro practice test questions include answer keys with detailed answer explanations. These in-depth answer explanations will allow you to better understand any questions that were difficult for you or that you needed more help to understand. Bonus Two Special Report: The Leitner Method for Maximizing Flashcard Learning: in the 1970's a German psychologist developed a learning system that turned the humble flashcard into an advanced learning technology. His method teaches you to learn faster by playing a simple game with your flashcards, with the help of a few items you probably have around your home. Simple to learn, but incredibly effective, our free report shows you exactly how to use his method in plain, easy-to-understand language. Bonus Three Study Secrets: The way to get the test score that you deserve is by proper preparation. That includes knowing both what to study and how to study. Our Para Pro Assessment Flashcards Study System will teach you what you need to know, but our Study Secrets bonus will show you HOW to use it to be successful as you prepare for your Para Pro Assessment. Improving your ability to learn and to learn faster will accelerate your progress as you study for your test. Here is some of what is included: Starting off right by having the proper mindset and intensity Designing a plan, schedule, and goals that will help you target success Working through your preparation plan as you study Recognizing the difference between effective and ineffective studying Understanding how to use resources and identifying key information Being prepared for the unexpected and staying focused on exam day Study Secrets teaches you everything you need to know about studying, so that you can maximize the effectiveness of the time you spend in preparation and are guaranteed to get the results you deserve on test day. Study Secrets is an in-depth, comprehensive study manual and is here available completely free along with your regular purchase of a copy of our Para Pro Assessment Flashcards Study System . Bonus Four Overcoming Math Fear- Did you know that some people have an extreme fear of math? This report tells you why this is (you'll be surprised by the reason), and includes numerous tips on what you can do to overcome any latent math fear you may have. Don't let your fear of this subject compromise your test score- if you're an otherwise intelligent person, there's no reason why you should do badly at math. Our report will show you exactly what to do. Bonus Five High-Frequency Geometric Formulas- Do you remember how to calculate the area of a trapezoid? You can review and memorize this list of high-frequency formulas at your leisure to maximize the chance you won't get hit off-guard by something you haven't seen in years. Bonus Six Should You Retake Your Test?- There's a lot of confusion with regards to whether you should retake your test or not. This report shows you how to handle this complex question based on your personal situation. Bonus Seven How to Overcome Test Anxiety: Do you get really nervous before important tests? If so, you could be suffering from a mild form of what's known as test anxiety. This special report on test anxiety gives you important research, including our exclusive tips on how to make your test-taking experience as stress-free as possible while maximizing your score. Bonus Eight Para Pro Quick Reference Guide- Ever heard of the 80/20 rule? Guess what - it applies to studying too. Eighty percent of the stuff that you need to know on the test can be learned in twenty percent of the time. That's why you need our Para Pro Quick Reference Guide!We know that one of the hardest parts of studying is sorting through all of the information. There is so much stuff that you need to know in preparation for your test. However, while you want to go through everything to make sure that you don't miss out on something you've never heard of before, it's equally important that you stay up to date on the basic core knowledge that you will be tested on. Our Para Pro Quick Reference Guide is condensed study material. We've taken the basics of the test and boiled it down to the most important concise facts and need-to-know information. Our goal was to create a set of cheatsheets that you can print out that would allow you to do a quick review in a short amount of time. Unfortunately our cheatsheets don't give away the actual answers to the test, but they do the next best thing. They give you that basic review of the most critical things that you need to know to be successful. By the way, these bonuses are yours to keep even in the unlikely event you decide to take advantage of our ironclad money-back guarantee: You Cannot Lose With Our No-Questions-Asked 1-Year Money-Back Guarantee We stand behind our offer with a no-questions-asked 1-year guarantee on our products. So go ahead and order your copy of the Para Pro Assessment Flashcards Study System from this site today. Read them, study them, and profit from them. If you don't think they are helping you prepare for your Para Pro Assessment, you can return them for a 100% refund of your product price, no questions asked . We think that speaks volumes about our confidence in our products. We are also members of the Better Business Bureau. If you think there's even the smallest chance that these flashcards will help you, you owe it to yourself to try them out. Don't let fear or doubt stand in the way of what could be your best opportunity to achieve the test score you need to fulfill the dream you deserve. What we're saying is, don't decide now if these flashcards are for you. Just get them from this site and try them out. If they don't do everything we say and more, if you don't save money, time and frustration, if they aren't what you thought they were, if they don't work for you, you have nothing to worry about because you can get every dime of your money back under our no-loopholes guarantee. So you have nothing to lose and everything to gain. Our belief is simple: either this product helps you or you don't pay. Period. No gimmicks, no asterisks. Here's How to Order Your Copy of the Para Pro Assessment Flashcards Study System The Para Pro Assessment Flashcards Study System is available at this web page. Your copy will typically ship within one business day from our shipping facility. This package retails for $72.99, but is available today for only $39.99. It's easy to get your flashcards; just click one of the links below: Click here to order Para Pro Assessment Flashcards Study System If you have any problems or questions, please send an email to support@mometrix.com and we will usually get back to you within 24 hours. If you would like to order through the mail, click here to order Para Pro Assessment Flashcards Study System by check or money order . By Peter Rench This Page Last Updated: 01/26/2018

D554032

https://www.names.org/n/pinaka/about

Pinaka

Your Searches: <100 Pinaka Pinaka Family Tree Free Horoscope Add Your Name Add Origin and Meaning Gender: Unknown First Name <100in the U. S. since 1880Last Name <100in the U. S. in 2010First Last Discover your family's story. Enter a grandparent's name to get started. Start Now On This Page Add what Pinaka means to you Related Names Pronunciation Meanings and Origins Fun Facts What Pinakas Have Visited This Page? Name Poster Share: FACEBOOK TWITTER PINTEREST E-MAILRelated Names<100 Ping (More Popular)<100 Pong (More Popular)<100 Pankie (More Popular)227 Peng (More Popular)374 Pinky (More Popular)585 Pinkey (More Popular)626 Pang (More Popular)1k Pink (More Popular)4k Pinkie (More Popular)<100 Pinafa<100 Pinaga How to Pronounce Pinaka Pinaka Pronunciations Play Automated Male (English)Play Automated Female (English)How difficult is it to pronounce Pinaka? Back to Top Meaning and Origin What does the name Pinaka mean? Find out below. Family Tree See your family tree on Ancestry.com Origin and Meaning of Pinaka Submit the origin and/or meaning of Pinaka to us below Origin of Pinaka Pinaka Means Cited Source Submit Alt. Meaning P is for perfection, it's what you seek. I is for impartial, a great arbiter N is for nifty, how neat!A is for advantage, for you are blessed with many. K is for keepsake, you treasure your memories. A is for activities, for you have many. Back to Top Fun Facts about the name Pinaka How unique is the name Pinaka? Out of 5,838,786 records in the U. S. Social Security Administration public data, the first name Pinaka was not present. It is possible the name you are searching has less than five occurrences per year. Weird things about the name Pinaka: Your name in reverse order is Akanip. A random rearrangement of the letters in your name (anagram) will give Apikna. How do you pronounce that? Back to Top What Pinakas Have Visited This Page? Add Your Name Back to Top Past life for Pinakaborn Jul 14, 1994View Another Birthday: I do not know how you feel about it, but you were a male in your last earthly incarnation. You were born somewhere around the territory of Eastern Australia approximately on 1775. Your profession was philosopher and thinker. Psychologically, you were timid, constrained, and quiet. You had creative talents, waited until that life to be liberated. Sometimes environment considered you strange. Your main task - to make the world more beautiful. Physical and spiritual deserts are just waiting for your touch. Keep smiling!Name poster for Pinaka (click to save the high quality version)Back to Top Most Popular Names All Time Trending Now Fastest Rising2010s2000s1990s1980s1970s1960s1950s1940s1930s1920s1910s1900s1890s1880s All Name Lists Sources: U. S. Census Bureau: Frequently Occurring Surnames from the Census 2000 (public domain). Names Searched Right Now<100 Venshi<100 Kashaila<100 Shonu433 Marcin136k Maurice<100 Masterbait<100 Kataieh<100 Micaylin<100 Peetr3k Amethyst5k Cailyn<100 Kojiro<100 Ahnesti559k Douglas<100 Adelman<100 Kosi<100 Sadasivam<100 Fukari<100 Lamoreaux<100 Kerrom

D1831823

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_States

Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing in the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: repetitions and non-encyclopaedic wordiness Please help improve this article if you can. (February 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main articles: Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing and Hydraulic fracturing in the United States Schematic depiction of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas, showing potential environmental effects. Hydraulic fracturing Shale gas drilling rig near Alvarado, Texas By country Canada New Zealand South Africa Ukraine United Kingdom United States Environmental impact Additives United States Regulation United States exemptions Technology Proppants Uses of radioactivity Politics2012-14 Romanian protests Anti-fracking movement Frack Nation Frack Off Gaslandv t e Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing in the United States has been an issue of public concern, and includes the potential contamination of ground and surface water, methane emissions, [1] air pollution, migration of gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals and radionuclides to the surface, the potential mishandling of solid waste, drill cuttings, increased seismicity and associated effects on human and ecosystem health. [2] [3] A number of instances with groundwater contamination have been documented, [4] however opponents of water safety regulation claim hydraulic fracturing has never caused any drinking water contamination. [5]As early as 1987, researchers at the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) expressed concern that hydraulic fracturing might contaminate groundwater. [6] With the growth of hydraulic fracturing in the United States in the following years, concern grew. "Public exposure to the many chemicals involved in energy development is expected to increase over the next few years, with uncertain consequences" wrote science writer Valerie Brown in 2007. [3] It wasn't until 2010 that Congress asked the EPA to conduct a full study of the environmental impact of fracking. [7] The study is ongoing, but the EPA released a progress report in December 2012 and released a final draft assessment report for peer review and comment in June 2015. [8]Contents1 Air quality and methane emissions2 Water issues2.1 2015 EPA Report on Spills2.2 Water usage2.3 Injected fluid2.4 Groundwater contamination2.4.1 Incidents of contamination2.5 Flowback and produced water2.6 Surface water contamination2.7 Radioactivity2.7.1 Naturally occurring radioactive materials2.7.2 Radioactive tracers3 Seismicity3.1 Induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing3.2 Induced seismicity from water disposal wells4 Abandoned wells5 Health effects5.1 Worker health5.1.1 Silica exposure in hydraulic fracturing5.1.2 Other concerns5.2 Research and lobbying6 Built Environment/Infrastructure7 See also8 References9 Further reading10 External links Air quality and methane emissions [ edit]Methane emissions from wells raise global warming concerns. There is a 2,500 square-mile methane plume hovering over the Four Corners area of the western US. [9] The magnitude of the plume was such that NASA researcher Christian Frankenberg reported to the press that, "We couldn’t be sure that the signal was real." [10] According to NASA: "The study's lead author, Eric Kort of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, noted the study period predates the widespread use of hydraulic fracturing, known as fracking, near the hot spot. This indicates the methane emissions should not be attributed to fracking but instead to leaks in natural gas production and processing equipment in New Mexico's San Juan Basin, which is the most active coalbed methane production area in the country." [11]Other concerns are related to emissions from the hydraulic fracturing chemicals and equipment such as volatile organic compound (VOC) and ozone. In 2008, ozone concentrations in ambient air near drilling sites in Sublette County, Wyoming were frequently above the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 75 ppb [12] and have been recorded as high as 125 ppb. [ citation needed] In DISH, Texas, elevated levels of disulfides, benzene, xylenes and naphthalene have been detected in the air, emitted from compressor stations. [13] In Garfield County, Colorado, an area with a high concentration of drilling rigs, VOC emissions increased 30% between 2004 and 2006. [3]Researchers from the University of Michigan analyzed the emissions produced from the hydraulic fracturing equipment at the Marcellus Shale and Eagle Ford Shale plays, and concluded that hydraulic pumps accounted for about 83% of the total emissions in the hydraulic fracturing fleet. NOx emission ranged between 3,600–5,600 lb/job, HC 232–289 lb/job, CO 859–1416 lb/job, and PM 184–310 lb/job. If the fuel efficiencies of the hydraulic fracturing pumps are improved, the emissions can be reduced. [14]On April 17, 2012, the EPA issued cost-effective regulations, required by the Clean Air Act, which include the first federal air standards for natural gas wells that are hydraulically fractured. [15] The final rules are expected to yield a nearly 95% reduction in VOC emissions from more than 11,000 new hydraulically fractured gas wells each year. This reduction would be accomplished primarily through capturing natural gas that escapes into the air, and making it available for sale. The rules also will reduce air toxics, which are known or suspected of causing cancer and other serious health effects, and emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. [15]A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in April 2014 "identified a significant regional flux of methane over a large area of shale gas wells in southwestern Pennsylvania in the Marcellus formation and further identified several pads with high methane emissions. These shale gas pads were identified as in the drilling process, a preproduction stage not previously associated with high methane emissions." [16] The study found that "Large emissions averaging 34 g CH4/s per well were observed from seven well pads determined to be in the drilling phase, 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than US Environmental Protection Agency estimates for this operational phase. The emissions from these well pads, representing ∼1% of the total number of wells, account for 4–30% of the observed regional flux. More work is needed to determine all of the sources of methane emissions from natural gas production, to ascertain why these emissions occur and to evaluate their climate and atmospheric chemistry impacts." [16]A two-day airborne survey of hydraulic fracturing sites in southwest Pennsylvania revealed drilling operations releasing plumes of methane 100 to 1,000 times the rate the EPA expects from that stage of drilling. [17]Water issues [ edit]2015 EPA Report on Spills [ edit]In May 2015, the EPA released a report reviewing the spill data from various state and industry sources for data about spills related to hydraulic fracturing. [18] Of the total reports reviewed in the study 1% (457) were determined to be related to hydraulic fracturing, while 66% were unrelated and 33% had insufficient data reported to determine if the spill was associated to hydraulic fracturing. In 324 incidents the spilled fluids were reported to reach categorized environmental receptors: Surface Water 67%, Soil 64%, and Ground Water 48%. Other key spill figures from the report: Median spill volume 730 gallons The highest number and volume of spills from flowback/produced water Total fluid spilled 2,300,000 gallons Fluid recovered 480,000 gallons Fluid unrecovered 1,600,000 gallons Fluid unknown (recovery not reported) 250,000 gallons The largest numbers of spills were caused by human error 150 (33%); while the largest volume of spilled fluids was from failure of containers 1,500,000 gal (64%). This report was cited in the full hydraulic fracturing water report now open for peer review "Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas on Drinking Water Resources" [19] though not directly addressed in the contents of the EPA spill data report it is interesting to note highlights several times where associations to hydraulic fracturing, causes of spills, and response to spills were unknown or indeterminate because of missing or unreported data. This highlights the need for more complete reporting and standardization of reporting for improved tracking to better guide implementation of environmental safety practices particularly where the impact is likely to impact key health determents like water quality. Water usage [ edit]Hydraulic fracturing uses between 1.2 and 3.5 million US gallons (4,500 and 13,200 m 3) of water per well, with large projects using up to 5 million US gallons (19,000 m 3 ). Additional water is used when wells are refractured. [20] [21] An average well requires 3 to 8 million US gallons (11,000 to 30,000 m 3) of water over its lifetime. [21] [22] [23] [24] Back in 2008 and 2009 at the beginning of the shale boom in Pennsylvania, hydraulic fracturing accounted for 650 million US gallons per year (2,500,000 m 3 /a) (less than 0.8%) of annual water use in the area overlying the Marcellus Shale. [22] [23] [25] The annual number of well permits, however, increased by a factor of five [26] and the number of well starts increased by a factor of over 17 from 2008 to 2011. [27]According to Environment America, a federation of state-based, citizen-funded environmental advocacy organizations, there are concerns for farmers competing with oil and gas for water. [28] A report by Ceres questions whether the growth of hydraulic fracturing is sustainable in Texas and Colorado as 92% of Colorado wells were in extremely high water stress regions (that means regions where more than 80% of the available water is already allocated for agricultural, industrial and municipal water use) and 51% percent of the Texas wells were in high or extremely high water stress regions. [29] In Barnhart, Texas the aquifer supplying the local community ran dry because of intensive water utilization for hydraulic fracturing. [30] In 2013, the Railroad Commission of Texas adopted new hydraulic fracturing water recycling rules intended to encourage Texas hydraulic fracturing operators to conserve water used in the hydraulic fracturing process. [31]Consequences for agriculture have already been observed in North America. In some regions of the US that are vulnerable to droughts, farmers are now competing with fracking industrials for the use of water resources. [32] In the Barnett Shale region, in Texas and New Mexico, drinking water wells have dried up due to fracking's withdrawal of water, and water has been taken from an aquifer used for residential and agricultural use. [32] Farmers have seen their wells go dry in Texas and New Mexico as a result of fracking’s pressure on water resources, for instance in Carlsbad, New Mexico. [32] Agricultural communities have already seen water prices rising because of that problem. In the North Water Conservation District in Colorado was organized an auction to allocate water and the prices rose from $22/acre-foot in 2010 to $28 in the beginning of 2012. [32]Injected fluid [ edit]Hydraulic fracturing fluids include proppants, various chemicals, and sometimes radionuclide tracers. While many are common and generally harmless, some additives used in the United States are known carcinogens. [2] Out of 2,500 hydraulic fracturing products, more than 650 contained known or possible human carcinogens regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act or listed as hazardous air pollutants". [2] Between 2005 and 2009, 279 products had at least one component listed as "proprietary" or "trade secret" on their Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) required safety data sheet (SDS). In many instances, companies who bought products off the shelf did not know the ingredients. [2] Without knowing the identity of the proprietary components, regulators cannot test for their presence. [ clarification needed] This prevents government regulators from establishing baseline levels of the substances prior to hydraulic fracturing and documenting changes in these levels, thereby making it more difficult to prove that hydraulic fracturing is contaminating the environment with these substances. [33]The Ground Water Protection Council launched Frac Focus.org, an online voluntary disclosure database for hydraulic fracturing fluids funded by oil and gas trade groups and the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The site has been met with some scepticism relating to proprietary information that is not included. [34] [35] Some states have mandated fluid disclosure and incorporated Frac Focus as the tool for disclosure. [36] [37]Groundwater contamination [ edit]In-depth research to determine a relation between fracking and groundwater contamination is sparse, but evidence suggests that fracking has contributed to groundwater contamination due to the chemicals used in the procedure of shale drilling; however, since thousands of feet of dirt and rock separate natural gas deposits and groundwater supplies, and other contaminating agents could also contribute, it is difficult to determine an absolute relation between fracking and groundwater contamination. [38]In 2009, state regulators from across the country stated that they had seen no evidence of hydraulic fracturing contaminating water in their respective jurisdictions. [39] In May 2011 the EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson testified in a Senate Hearing Committee stating that the EPA had never made a definitive determination of contamination where the hydraulic fracturing process itself has contaminated water. [40] However, by 2013, Dr. Robin Ikeda, Deputy Director of Noncommunicable Diseases, Injury and Environmental Health at the CDC testified to congress that EPA had documented contamination at several sites. [41]Incidents of contamination [ edit]As early as 1987, an EPA report was published that indicated fracture fluid invasion into James Parson's water well in Jackson County, West Virginia. The well, drilled by Kaiser Exploration and Mining Company, was found to have induced fractures that created a pathway to allow fracture fluid to contaminate the groundwater from which Mr. Parson's well was producing. [6] Directed by Congress, the EPA announced in March 2010 that it would examine claims of water pollution related to hydraulic fracturing. [42] [43] According to former EPA employees, the EPA at that time planned to call for a moratorium on fracking while the study was being conducted, but the government removed that recommendation from the letter sent to officials. [44]In 2006, over 7 million cubic feet (200,000 m 3) of methane were released from a blown gas well in Clark, Wyoming and nearby groundwater was found to be contaminated with hydrocarbon compounds and benzene particularly. [45] [46]An investigation was initiated after a Pennsylvana water well exploded on New Year's Day in 2009. The state investigation revealed that Cabot Oil & Gas Company "had allowed combustible gas to escape into the region's groundwater supplies." [47] [48] Arsenic, barium, DEHP, glycol compounds, manganese, phenol, methane, and sodium were found in unacceptable levels in the wells. [49] In April 2010, the state of Pennsylvania banned Cabot Oil & Gas Corp. from further drilling in the entire state until it plugs wells believed to be the source of contamination of the drinking water of 14 homes in Dimock Township, Pennsylvania. [50] Cabot Oil & Gas was also required to financially compensate residents and provide alternative sources of water until mitigation systems were installed in affected wells. [49] The company denies, however, that any "of the issues in Dimock have anything to do with hydraulic fracturing". [51] [52] [53] In May 2012 the EPA reported that their most recent "set of sampling did not show levels of contaminants that would give the EPA reason to take further action." Methane was found only in one well. [54] Cabot has held that the methane was preexisting, but state regulators have cited chemical fingerprinting as proof that it was from Cabot's hydraulic fracturing activities. [55] The EPA plans to re-sample four wells where previous data by the company and the state showed levels of contaminants. [54]Complaints about water quality from residents near a gas field in Pavillion, Wyoming prompted an EPA groundwater investigation. An EPA draft report dated December 8, 2011 found that contaminants in surface water near pits indicated were a source of contamination, and by the time the report was issued the company had already started to remediate the pits. [56] The report also suggested that the groundwater contained "compounds likely associated with gas production practices, including hydraulic fracturing... Alternative explanations were carefully considered for individual sets of data. However, when considered together with other lines of evidence, the data indicates likely impact to ground water that can be explained by hydraulic fracturing." [56] The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry recommended that owners of tainted wells use alternate sources of water for drinking and cooking, and ventilation when showering. Encana is funding the alternate water supplies. [57] State and industry figures rejected the EPA's findings. [58] In 2012 the U. S. Geological Survey, tasked with further sampling of the EPA wells, tested one of two EPA monitoring wells near Pavilion (the other well the USGS considered unsuitable for collecting water samples) and found evidence of methane, ethane, diesel compounds and phenol, [59] In June 2013, the EPA announced that it was closing its investigation at Pavilion, and would not finish or seek peer review of its preliminary 2011 study. Further investigation will be done by the state of Wyoming. [60]Flowback and produced water [ edit]Parts of this article (those related to NPDES permits and discharges to sewage treatment plants) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2017)Flowback is the portion of the injected fracturing fluid that flows back to the surface, along with oil, gas, and brine, when the well is produced. An estimated 90% of flowback in the United States is disposed of into deep EPA-licensed Class II disposal wells, with the remaining less than 10% reused, evaporated, used for irrigation, or discharged to surface streams under an NPDES permit. Of nine oil and gas-producing states studied in 2012, underground injection disposal was by far the predominant method in all but Pennsylvania where were only six active waste disposal wells. [61] In California, Virginia, and Ohio there have been instances of illegal dumping of flowback, a precursor to possible contamination of local ground and surface water reservoirs. [62] Discharging oil and gas produced water to surface streams without an NPDES permit is a federal crime. [63] Discharges through water treatment works must comply with the federal Clean Water Act and the terms of their NPDES permits, but the EPA noted that most water treatment works are not set up to treat flowback. [64]In Pennsylvania, oil and gas produced water had for many years been accepted by licensed water treatment works for treatment and discharge, but the volume expanded greatly with the proliferation of Marcellus Shale wells after 2000. In 2010 the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) limited surface water discharges from new treatment plants to 250 mg/l chloride; the chloride limitation was designed to also limit other contaminants such as radium. Existing water treatment plants were "grandfathered," and still allowed higher discharge concentrations, but oil and gas operators were prohibited to send wastewater to the grandfathered treatment plants. [65]One Duke University study reported that "Marcellus [Shale] wells produce significantly less wastewater per unit gas recovered (~35%) compared to conventional natural gas wells." [66] In Colorado the volume of wastewater discharged to surface streams increased from 2008 to 2011. [67]Surface water contamination [ edit]Hydraulic fracturing can affect surface water quality either through accidental spills at the wellsite, or by discharge of the flowback through existing water treatment works. Directed by Congress, the EPA announced in March 2010 that it would examine claims of water pollution related to hydraulic fracturing. [42] Christopher Portier, director of the CDC 's National Center for Environmental Health and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, argued that, in addition to the EPA's plans to investigate the impact of hydraulic fracturing on drinking water, additional studies should be carried out to determine whether wastewater from the wells can harm people or animals and vegetables they eat. [68] A group of US doctors called for a moratorium on hydraulic fracturing in populated areas until such studies had been done. [69] [70]However, others point out exclusions and exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law. Exemptions were made in the Clean Water Act, as part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, also known as the "Halliburton Loophole." These exemptions included stormwater runoff from gas and oil construction activities which includes "oil and gas exploration, production, process, or treatment operations and transmission facilities" as part of the definition of construction activities. [71] Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act involved the definition of underground injection. Underground injection related to hydraulic fracturing was exempted from the Clean Water Act, except if it uses diesel fuel. [72]The growing of oil and natural gas drilling employing hydraulic fracturing technology is steady around different regions of the United States, but the maintenance of wastewater gathered after the drilling process containing hydraulic fracturing fluids is lagging behind. [73] In Pennsylvania, the DEP reported that the resources to properly regulate wastewater-handling facilities were unavailable, inspecting facilities every 20 years rather than every 2 years as called for by regulation. [73]The quantity of wastewater and the unpreparedness of sewage plants to treat wastewater, is an issue in Pennsylvania. [74] [75] The Associated Press has reported that starting in 2011, the DEP strongly resisted providing the AP and other news organizations with information about complaints related to drilling. [76] When waste brine is discharged to surface waters through conventional wastewater treatment plants, the bromide in the brine usually is not captured. Although not a health hazard by itself, in western Pennsylvania some downstream drinking water treatment plants using the surface water experienced increases in brominated trihalomethanes in 2009 and 2010. Trihalomethanes, undesirable byproducts of the chlorination process, form when the chlorine combines with dissolved organic matter in the source water, to form the trihalomethane chloroform. Bromine can substitute for some chlorine, forming brominated trihalomethanes. Because bromine has a higher atomic weight than chlorine, the partial conversion to brominated trihalomethanes increases the concentration by weight of total trihalomethanes. [77] [78] [79]Radioactivity [ edit]See also: Radionuclides associated with hydraulic fracturing Radioactivity associated with hydraulically fractured wells comes from two sources: naturally occurring radioactive material and radioactive tracers introduced into the wells. Flowback from oil and gas wells is usually disposed of deep underground in Class II injection wells, but in Pennsylvania, much of the wastewater from hydraulic fracturing operations is processed by public sewage treatment plants. Many sewage plants say that they are incapable of removing the radioactive components of this waste, which is often released into major rivers. Industry officials, though, claim that these levels are diluted enough that public health is not compromised. [74]In 2011, the level of dissolved radium in hydraulic fracturing wastewater released upstream from drinking water intakes had been measured to be up to 18,035 p Ci/L (667.3 Bq/l), [80] and the gross alpha level measured to be up to 40,880 p Ci/L (1,513 Bq/l). [74] [80] The New York Times reported that studies by the EPA and a confidential study by the drilling industry concluded that radioactivity in drilling waste cannot be fully diluted in rivers and other waterways. [81] A recent Duke University study sampled water downstream from a Pennsylvania wastewater treatment facility from 2010 through Fall 2012 and found the creek sediment contained levels of radium 200 times background levels. [82] The surface water had the same chemical signature as rocks in the Marcellus Shale formation. The facility denied processing Marcellus waste since 2011. In May 2013 the facility signed another agreement to not accept or discharge wastewater Marcellus Shale formations until it has installed technology to remove the radiation compounds, metals and salts. [83] [84] According to the Duke researches the 'waste treatment solids/sludge' have exceeded U. S. regulations for radium disposal to soil. [83] The study by Duke University also found that radium has been "absorbed and accumulated on the sediments locally at the discharge". [83]The New York Times noted that in 2011 the Pennsylvania DEP only made a "request — not a regulation" of gas companies to stop sending their flowback and waste water to public water treatment facilities. [85] However, the DEP gave oil and gas operators 30 days to voluntarily comply, and they all did. [65] Former Pennsylvania DEP Secretary John Hanger, who served under Gov. Ed Rendell, affirmed that municipal drinking water throughout the state is safe. "Every single drop that is coming out of the tap in Pennsylvania today meets the safe drinking water standard," Hanger said, but added that the environmentalists were accurate in stating that Pennsylvania water treatment plants were not equipped to treat hydraulic fracturing water. [86] Current Pennsylvania DEP Secretary Michael Krancer serving under Gov. Tom Corbett has said it is "total fiction" that untreated wastewater is being discharged into the state's waterways, [87] though it has been observed that Corbett received over a million dollars in gas industry contributions, [88] more than all his competitors combined, during his election campaign. [89] Unannounced inspections are not made by regulators: the companies report their own spills, and create their own remediation plans. [74] A recent review of the state-approved plans found them to appear to be in violation of the law. [74] Treatment plants are still not equipped to remove radioactive material and are not required to test for it. [74] Despite this, in 2009 the Ridgway Borough's public sewage treatment plant, in Elk County, PA, facility was sent wastewater containing radium and other types of radiation at 275–780 times the drinking-water standard. The water being released from the plant was not tested for radiation levels. [74] Part of the problem is that growth in waste produced by the industry has outpaced regulators and state resources. [74] It should be noted that "safe drinking water standards" have not yet been set for many of the substances known to be in hydrofracturing fluids or their radioactivity levels, [74] [ not in citation given] and their levels are not included in public drinking water quality reports. [90]Tests conducted in Pennsylvania in 2009 found "no evidence of elevated radiation levels" in waterways. [91] At the time radiation concerns were not seen as a pressing issue. [91] In 2011 The New York Times reported radium in wastewater from natural gas wells is released into Pennsylvania rivers, [74] [92] and compiled a map of these wells and their wastewater contamination levels, [80] and stated that some EPA reports were never made public. [81] The Times' reporting on the issue has come under some criticism. [93] [94] A 2012 study examining a number of hydraulic fracturing sites in Pennsylvania and Virginia by Pennsylvania State University, found that water that flows back from gas wells after hydraulic fracturing contains high levels of radium. [95]Before 2011, flowback in Pennsylvania was processed by public wastewater plants, which were not equipped to remove radioactive material and were not required to test for it. Industry officials, though, claim that these levels are diluted enough that public health is not compromised. [74] [75] In 2010 the DEP limited surface water discharges from new treatment plants to 250 mg/l chloride. This limitation was designed to also limit other contaminants such as radium. Existing water treatment plants were allowed higher discharge concentrations. In April 2011, the DEP asked unconventional gas operators to voluntarily stop sending wastewater to the grandfathered treatment plants. The PADEP reported that the operators had complied. [65]A 2013 Duke University study sampled water downstream from a Pennsylvania wastewater treatment facility from 2010 through 2012 and found that creek sediment contained levels of radium 200 times background levels. [82] The surface water had the same chemical signature as rocks in the Marcellus Shale formation along with high levels of chloride. The facility denied processing Marcellus waste after 2011. In May 2013 the facility signed another agreement to not accept or discharge Marcellus wastewater until it installed technology to remove the radioactive materials, metals and salts. [83] [84]A 2012 study by researchers from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, University of Colorado, and Colorado State University reported a reduction in the percentage of flowback treated through surface water discharge in Pennsylvania from 2008 through 2011. [67] By late 2012, bromine concentrations had declined to previous levels in the Monongahela River, but remained high in the Allegheny. [96]Naturally occurring radioactive materials [ edit]The New York Times has reported radiation in hydraulic fracturing wastewater released into rivers in Pennsylvania. [74] It collected data from more than 200 natural gas wells in Pennsylvania and has posted a map entitled Toxic Contamination from Natural Gas Wells in Pennsylvania. The Times stated "never-reported studies" by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and a "confidential study by the drilling industry" concluded that radioactivity in drilling waste cannot be fully diluted in rivers and other waterways. [81] Despite this, as of early 2011 federal and state regulators did not require sewage treatment plants that accept drilling waste (which is mostly water) to test for radioactivity. In Pennsylvania, where the drilling boom began in 2008, most drinking-water intake plants downstream from sewage treatment plants have not tested for radioactivity since before 2006. [74]The New York Times reporting has been criticized [93] and one science writer has taken issue with one instance of the newspaper's presentation and explanation of its calculations regarding dilution, [97] charging that a lack of context made the article's analysis uninformative. [94]According to a Times report in February 2011, wastewater at 116 of 179 deep gas wells in Pennsylvania "contained high levels of radiation," but its effect on public drinking water supplies is unknown because water suppliers are required to conduct tests of radiation "only sporadically". [98] The New York Post stated that the DEP reported that all samples it took from seven rivers in November and December 2010 "showed levels at or below the normal naturally occurring background levels of radioactivity", and "below the federal drinking water standard for Radium 226 and 228." [99] However, samples taken by the state from at least one river, (the Monongahela, a source of drinking water for parts of Pittsburgh ), were taken upstream from the sewage treatment plants accepting drilling waste water. [100]Radioactive tracers [ edit]Radioactive tracer isotopes are sometimes injected with hydraulic fracturing fluid to determine the injection profile and location of created fractures. [101] Sand containing gamma-emitting tracer isotopes is used to trace and measure fractures. [ citation needed] A 1995 study found that radioactive tracers were used in over 15% of stimulated oil and gas wells. [102] In the United States, injection of radionuclides are licensed and regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). [103] According to the NRC, some of the most commonly used tracers include antimony-124, bromine-82, iodine-125, iodine-131, iridium-192, and scandium-46. [103] A 2003 publication by the International Atomic Energy Agency confirms the frequent use of most of the tracers above, and says that manganese-56, sodium-24, technetium-99m, silver-110m, argon-41, and xenon-133 are also used extensively because they are easily identified and measured. [104] According to a 2013 meeting of researchers who examined low (never exceeding drinking water standards) but persistent detections of iodine-131 in a stream used for Philadelphia drinking water: “Workshop participants concluded that the likely source of 131-I in Philadelphia’s source waters is residual 131-I excreted from patients following medical treatments,” but suggested that other potential sources also be studied, including hydraulic fracturing. [105]Seismicity [ edit]Hydraulic fracturing routinely produces microseismic events much too small to be detected except by sensitive instruments. These microseismic events are often used to map the horizontal and vertical extent of the fracturing. [106] However, a 2012 US Geological Survey study reported that a "remarkable" increase in the rate of M ≥ 3 earthquakes in the US midcontinent "is currently in progress", having started in 2001 and culminating in a 6-fold increase over 20th century levels in 2011. The overall increase was tied to earthquake increases in a few specific areas: the Raton Basin of southern Colorado (site of coalbed methane activity), and gas-producing areas in central and southern Oklahoma, and central Arkansas. [107] While analysis suggested that the increase is "almost certainly man-made", the United States Geological Survey (USGS) noted: "USGS's studies suggest that the actual hydraulic fracturing process is only very rarely the direct cause of felt earthquakes." The increased earthquakes were said to be most likely caused by increased injection of gas-well wastewater into disposal wells. [108] The injection of waste water from oil and gas operations, including from hydraulic fracturing, into saltwater disposal wells may cause bigger low-magnitude tremors, being registered up to 3.3 (M w ). [109]Induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing [ edit]Hydraulic fracturing routinely triggers microseismic events too small to be detected except with sensitive instruments. However, according to the US Geological Survey: “Reports of hydraulic fracturing causing earthquakes large enough to be felt at the surface are extremely rare, with only three occurrences reported as of late 2012, in Great Britain, Oklahoma, and Canada.” [110] Bill Ellsworth, a geoscientist with the U. S. Geological Survey, has said, however: "We don't see any connection between fracking and earthquakes of any concern to society." [111] The National Research Council (part of the National Academy of Sciences) has also observed that hydraulic fracturing, when used in shale gas recovery, does not pose a serious risk of causing earthquakes that can be felt. [112]Induced seismicity from water disposal wells [ edit]Of greater concern are earthquakes associated with permitted Class II deep wastewater injection wells, many of which inject frac flowback and produced water from oil and gas wells. The USGS has reported earthquakes induced by disposal of produced water and hydraulic fracturing flowback into waste disposal wells in several location In 2013, Researchers from Columbia University and the University of Oklahoma demonstrated that in the midwestern United States, some areas with increased human-induced seismicity are susceptible to additional earthquakes triggered by the seismic waves from remote earthquakes. They recommended increased seismic monitoring near fluid injection sites to determine which areas are vulnerable to remote triggering and when injection activity should be ceased. [113] [114]Geophysicist Cliff Frohlich researched seismic activity on the Barnett Shale in Texas from 2009 to 2011. Frohlich set up temporary seismographs on a 70 kilometer grid covering the Barnett Shale in Texas. The seismographs sensed and located earthquakes 1.5 magnitude and larger in the area. The seismographs revealed a spatial association between earthquakes and Class II injection wells, most of which were established to dispose of flowback and produced water from Barnett Shale wells, near Dallas-Fort Worth and Cleburne, Texas. Some of the earthquakes were greater than magnitude 3.0, and were felt by people at the surface, and reported in the local news. Earthquakes were reported in areas where there had previously been no recorded earthquakes. [115] The study found that the great majority of Class II injection wells are not associated with earthquakes. Injection-induced earthquakes were strongly associated with wells injecting more than 150,000 barrels of water per month, and particularly after those wells had been injecting for more than a year. The majority of induced earthquakes occurred in Johnson County, which seemed more prone to induced earthquakes than other parts of the Barnett play. [116]Earthquakes large enough to be felt by people have also been linked to some deep disposal wells that receive hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water from hydraulically fractured wells. Flowback and brine from oil and gas wells are injected into EPA-regulated class II disposal wells. According to the EPA, approximately 144,000 such class II disposal wells in the US receive more than 2 billion US gallons (7.6 Gl) of wastewater each day. [117] To date, the strongest earthquakes triggered by underground waste injection were three quakes close to Richter magnitude 5 recorded in 1967 near a Colorado disposal well which received non-oilfield waste. [118]According to the USGS only a small fraction of roughly 40,000 waste fluid disposal wells for oil and gas operations in the United States have induced earthquakes that are large enough to be of concern to the public. [119] Although the magnitudes of these quakes has been small, the USGS says that there is no guarantee that larger quakes will not occur. [120] In addition, the frequency of the quakes has been increasing. In 2009, there were 50 earthquakes greater than magnitude 3.0 in the area spanning Alabama and Montana, and there were 87 quakes in 2010. In 2011 there were 134 earthquakes in the same area, a sixfold increase over 20th century levels. [121] There are also concerns that quakes may damage underground gas, oil, and water lines and wells that were not designed to withstand earthquakes. [120] [122]The 2011 Oklahoma earthquake, the second-largest earthquake in Oklahoma history at magnitude 5.7, has been linked by some researchers to decades-long injection of brine. [123] A 2015 study concluded that recent earthquakes in central Oklahoma, which includes 5.7 magnitude quake, were triggered by injection of produced water from conventional oil reservoirs in the Hunton Group, and are unrelated to hydraulic fracturing. [124]Class II disposal wells receiving brine from Fayetteville Shale gas wells in Central Arkansas triggered hundreds of shallow earthquakes, the largest of which was magnitude 4.7, and caused damage. In April 2011, the Arkansas Oil and Gas Commission halted injection at two of the main disposal wells, and the earthquakes abated. [125]Several earthquakes in 2011, including a 4.0 magnitude tremor on New Year's Eve that hit Youngstown, Ohio, are likely linked to a disposal of hydraulic fracturing wastewater, [113] according to seismologists at Columbia University. [126] By order of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, the well had stopped injecting on December 30, 2011. The following day, after the 4.0 quake, Ohio governor John Kasich ordered an indefinite halt to injection in three additional deep disposal wells in the vicinity. The Department of Natural Resources proposed a number of tightened rules to its Class II injection regulations. The Department noted that there were 177 operational Class II disposal wells in the state, and that the Youngstown well was the first to produce recorded earthquakes since Ohio's Underground Injection Control program began in 1983. [127]Since 2008, more than 50 earthquakes, up to a magnitude of 3.5, have occurred in the area of north Texas home to numerous Barnett Shale gas wells, an area that previously had no earthquakes. No injuries or serious damage from the earthquakes has been reported. A study of quakes near the Dallas-Fort Worth Airport 2008–2009, concluded that the quakes were triggered by disposal wells receiving brine from gas wells. [128]A two-year study 2009–2011 by University of Texas researchers concluded that a number of earthquakes from Richter magnitude 1.5 to 2.5 in the Barnett Shale area of north Texas were linked to oilfield waste disposal into Class II injection wells. No quakes were linked to hydraulic fracturing itself. [129] Researchers noted that there are more than 50,000 Class II disposal wells in Texas receiving oilfield waste, yet only a few dozen are suspected of triggering earthquakes. [128]On May 31, 2014, an earthquake registering at a magnitude of 3.4 occurred in Greeley, Colorado. The earthquake occurred near two hydraulic fracturing wastewater injection wells that are reportedly close to capacity. One waste injection well is 8,700 feet deep and 20 years old, while the other is 10,700 feet and just two years old. A research team from the University of Colorado Boulder have placed seismographs in the area to monitor further activity. [130] [131]Abandoned wells [ edit]Drilling for oil and gas has been going on in Pennsylvania since 1859, and there are an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 wells drilled before the state kept track of the wells, or required them to be properly plugged. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) has a program to locate and plug old wells. A 2014 study examined 19 abandoned wells, 14 of which had never been plugged, and only one of which was known to the state. Methane leakage rates were measured, and extrapolations over all the expected orphaned wells in the state indicated that the old wells made up a significant source of methane. [132] [133] [134]Health effects [ edit]There is worldwide concern over the possible adverse public health implications of hydraulic fracturing activity. [135] Intensive research is underway to ascertain whether there are impacts on a number of health conditions. [135]Potential sources for ground and surface water exposure to toxins and toxicants (including endocrine disrupting hormones, heavy metals, minerals, radioactive substances, and salts) include 1) the drilling and fracturing phase; 2) improper treatment of wastewater, including spills during transport; and 3) failure of cement wall casings. Many of the above contaminants have been associated with poor health outcomes, especially reproductive and developmental. Heavy metal and benzene/toluene exposure during pregnancy has been associated with miscarriage and stillbirths. Benzene and toluene have been associated with menstrual cycle disorders. Cancer, blood disorders, nervous system impairment, and respiratory issues have also been cited as potential complications of hydraulic fracturing fluid exposure. [136] [137] [138]The 2014 EPA Executive summary describes evidence of drinking water contamination due to spills, inadequate casings, and other etiologies. Per this summary, frequency estimates range from one spill for every 100 wells in Colorado to between 0.4–12.2 spills for every 100 wells in Pennsylvania. Furthermore, “at least 3% of the wells (600 out of 23,000 wells) did not have cement across a portion of the casing installed through the protected ground water resource identified by well operators.” [139]While the health effects of water contamination, as well as air pollution and other potential health hazards due to hydraulic fracturing, is not well understood, studies report concerning findings. A 2014 retrospective cohort study of 124,842 births between 1996–2009 in rural Colorado reported statistically significant odds of congenital heart disease, including neural tube defects, with resident exposure to hydraulic fracturing. [137]A 2015 study revealed lower birth weights and a higher incidence of small for gestational age comparing most to least exposed. [140]A 2013 review focusing on Marcellus shale gas hydraulic fracturing and the New York City water supply stated, "Although potential benefits of Marcellus natural gas exploitation are large for transition to a clean energy economy, at present the regulatory framework in New York State is inadequate to prevent potentially irreversible threats to the local environment and New York City water supply. Major investments in state and federal regulatory enforcement will be required to avoid these environmental consequences, and a ban on drilling within the NYC water supply watersheds is appropriate, even if more highly regulated Marcellus gas production is eventually permitted elsewhere in New York State." [141]Early in January 2012, Christopher Portier, director of the US CDC 's National Center for Environmental Health and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, argued that, in addition to the EPA's plans to investigate the impact of fracking on drinking water, additional studies should be carried out to determine whether wastewater from the wells can harm people or animals and vegetables they eat. [68]As of May 2012, the United States Institute of Medicine and United States National Research Council were preparing to review the potential human and environmental risks of hydraulic fracturing. [142] [143]In 2011 in Garfield County, Colorado, the U. S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry collected air samples at 14 sites, including 8 oil and gas sites, 4 urban background sites, and 2 rural background sites. and detected carcinogens such as benzene, tetrachloroethene, and 1–4 dichlorobenzene at all the sites, both oil and gas sites, and background sites. Benzene was detected at 7 out of 8 oil and gas sites, in all 4 urban areas, and one out of the 2 rural background sites. The compound 1,4-dichlorobezene was detected in 3 out of 8 oil and gas sites, 3 out of 4 urban sites, and 1 out of 2 rural background sites. The benzene concentrations at one of the eight oil and gas sites was identified as cause for concern, because although it was within the acceptable range, it was near the upper limit of the range. The report concluded: “With the exception of the Brock site, these risk estimates do not appear to represent a significant theoretical cancer risk at any of the sites, nor does it appear that that the theoretical cancer risk is elevated at oil and gas development sites as compared to urban or rural background sites.” [144] [145]In 2011, the EPA released new emissions guidelines stating that the old standards could have led to an unacceptably high risk of cancers for those living near drilling operations. [145]Worker health [ edit]In 2013 the United States the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) released a hazard alert based on data collected by NIOSH that "workers may be exposed to dust with high levels of respirable crystalline silica ( silicon dioxide) during hydraulic fracturing." [146] NIOSH notified company representatives of these findings and provided reports with recommendations to control exposure to crystalline silica and recommend that all hydraulic fracturing sites evaluate their operations to determine the potential for worker exposure to crystalline silica and implement controls as necessary to protect workers. [147]The EPA states in their Hydraulic Fracturing Study Plan (2011) that the exposure to hydraulic fracturing chemicals in an occupational setting needs to be examined to determine the acute and chronic effects on health. The exposure risks such as “transport, mixing, delivery, and potential accidents” have not been properly assessed (p. 57). [148]Silica exposure in hydraulic fracturing [ edit]Hydraulic fracturing sites have a visible bloom of dust, which causes an occupational health concern of exposure to respirable crystalline silica. [149] [150] Silicosis is an incurable lung disease associated with exposure to respirable crystalline silica or better known as silica dust. [149] [150] In addition to silicosis, exposure to crystalline silica is linked to lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, kidney disease, autoimmune disorders and airway disease such as asthma and bronchitis. [150] [151] Most of these debilitating and potentially fatal diseases are preventable with occupational control measures regarding respirable crystalline exposure. [150]Hydraulic fracturing uses abundant amounts of sand in the process of fracturing as part of the hydraulic fluid. [152] The fracturing fluid consists of a base fluid, proppant and chemical additives. [152] The majority of proppant used in fracturing are made of silica (sand). [152] Truck loads of sand are delivered to the sites, then loaded to sand movers that are then transferred to a blender that mixes the hydraulic fluid. [152] The hydraulic fluid is injected at high pressure into the fracture. The proppant keeps the fracture open to allow more oil and gas to be extracted out. [151]Silicon dioxide (Si O2) is the chemical compound of silica, which is a prevalent component of rock, soil and sand. [150] The most common form of silica is quartz, and it can break apart into dust microparticles that become respirable crystalline silica. [153] The respirable crystalline silica are particles less than 10 microns (micrometers), which are small enough to enter the part of the lungs were oxygen and carbon dioxide gases are exchanged. [153]The preventable disabling disease of silicosis has three main types, chronic, acute and accelerated. [152] Chronic silicosis is the most common occurring after 10–20 years of low to moderate exposure of respirable crystalline silica. [150] Current studies have shown workers exposed to silica at the current recommend exposure limits (REL) during a lifetime of work develop chronic silicosis. [150] A chest x-ray is used to diagnose chronic silicosis, which has similar symptoms as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). [149] General symptoms are shortness of breath, productive or nonproductive cough, fatigue, and occasionally respiratory failure. [149] ccelerated silicosis has similar symptoms as chronic silicosis, however it develops rapidly in 5–10 years of high exposure to respirable crystalline silica. [153] Lastly, acute silicosis is less prevalent than the other types, however it is a more severe disease with a high occurrence of disability and death. [153] Acute silicosis develops between several months to years with extreme levels of silica exposure, and severe symptoms include shortness of breath, weakness, cough, fever and weight loss. [149] Setting effective control levels and monitoring the adherence to those levels will be crucial in preventing silicosis. NIOSH set the recommend exposure limit (REL) for silica at a fixed value of 0.05 milligrams per cubic meter as a time weighted average (TWA) for up to a ten-hour shift during a forty-hour work week. [150] A NIOSH study that obtained 116 air samples at 11 different hydraulic fracturing sites found above REL levels of silica in 79% of samples. [153] In this study, 31% of the samples indicated levels at least ten times the REL. N [153] IOSH studied the levels of exposure at different parts of the fracturing process and found seven primary areas of high respirable crystalline silica exposure with transfer belts and sand movers as the highest . [151] The knowledge obtained from these studies has provided OSHA, NIOSH, and the fracturing industry areas to focus on silica control measures . [153]According to NIOSH and OSHA, a combination of engineering controls, protective personal equipment, safety education, alternative proppant, and work site safety practices are the key to protecting workers from respirable crystalline silica exposure. [153] One particular engineering control that is used in field testing is the mini-baghouse that reduces the silica dust produced by the sand movers. [149] Personal protective equipment is normally used in jobs with silica exposure, however NIOSH discovered that incorrect respirators, a half mask type, was used and did not meet the silica exposure levels. [151] NIOSH and OSHA recommend a full face air purifying respirator (PAPR) for all workers exposed to high levels of silica. [153] Another control measure is using a silica substitute proppant such as sintered bauxite, ceramics, or resin-coated sand, however OSHA notes that the safety testing must be performed on these alternatives. [153] Besides these controls measures, the recommend exposure limits (REL) and permissible exposure levels (PEL) need to be set lower than current levels. By June 2016, new regulations for silica will take effect, which lower the PEL to 50 micrograms per cubic meter of silica in the air. [152]A study by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health concluded that an inhalation health hazard existed for workers exposed to crystalline silica (sand dust) at the evaluated hydraulic fracturing sites. NIOSH notified company representatives of these findings and provided reports with recommendations to control exposure to crystalline silica. NIOSH recommended that all hydraulic fracturing sites evaluate their operations to determine the potential for worker exposure to crystalline silica and implement controls as necessary to protect workers. [147] Hydraulic fracturing also affects individuals nearby, like the case previously discussed about the nurse who became ill after exposure from treating a hydraulic fracturing worker (Frankowski, 2008). [148] [154]Other concerns [ edit]A 2012 OSH article outlined the risk of worker radiation exposure. [155]Research and lobbying [ edit]Illustration of hydraulic fracturing and related activities The New York Times has reported that, since the 1980s, the EPA investigations into the oil and gas industry's environmental impact—including the ongoing one into fracking's potential impact on drinking water—and associated reports had been narrowed in scope and/or had negative findings removed due to industry and government pressure. [44] [156]A 2004 EPA study on hydraulic fracturing in coalbed methane wells concluded that the process was safe, and didn't warrant further study, because there was "no unequivocal evidence" of health risks to groundwater, and the fluids were neither necessarily hazardous nor able to travel far underground. [157] The EPA report did find uncertainties in knowledge of how fracturing fluid migrates through rocks, and recommended that diesel fuel not be used as a component of fracturing fluid in coalbed methane walls due to its potential as a source of benzene contamination; in response, well service companies agreed to stop using diesel fuel in coalbed methane wells. [158] One of the authors of the 2004 EPA report noted that it studied only hydraulic fracturing in coalbed methane wells. [157]The New York Times cited Weston Wilson, the agency whistle-blower, that the results of the 2004 EPA study were influenced by industry and political pressure. [44] An early draft of the study discussed the possibility of dangerous levels of hydraulic fracturing fluid contamination and mentioned "possible evidence" of aquifer contamination. The final report concluded simply that hydraulic fracturing "poses little or no threat to drinking water". [44] The study's scope was narrowed so that it only focused on the injection of hydraulic fracturing fluids, ignoring other aspects of the process such as disposal of fluids and environmental concerns such as water quality, fish kills, and acid burns. The study was concluded before public complaints of contamination started emerging. [159]: 780 The study's conclusion that the injection of hydraulic fracturing fluids into coalbed methane wells posed a minimal threat to underground drinking water sources [160] may have influenced the 2005 Congressional decision that hydraulic fracturing should continue to be regulated by the states and not under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act. A 2011 study by Congressional Democrats and reporting by the New York Times that same year found that hydraulic fracturing had resulted in significant increases of radioactive material including radium and carcinogens including benzene in major rivers and watersheds. [161] At one site the amount of benzene discharged into the Allegheny River after treatment was 28 times accepted levels for drinking water. [161] The congressional representatives called for better regulation and more disclosure. [161]In June 2015, the EPA released a report entitled “Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas on Drinking Water Resources” in which the EPA “did not find evidence that these mechanisms have led to widespread, systemic impacts on drinking water resources in the United States”. [162] However, the EPA also noted that the mechanisms assessed in the report were not considered “widespread” and that evaluation of identified cases rests on limiting factors that include “insufficient pre- and post-fracturing data on the quality of drinking water resources; the paucity of long-term systematic studies; the presence of other sources of contamination precluding a definitive link between hydraulic fracturing activities and an impact; and the inaccessibility of some information on hydraulic fracturing activities and potential impacts.” [162] The report suggested that two types of water withdrawals had potential for water resource contamination, namely ground water withdrawals and surface water withdrawals. [162] Perhaps more controversial is the recent Final Rule that was suspended on September 30, 2015 by US District Judge Scott Skavdahl with the Wyoming District Court. [163] [164] Skavdahl entertained arguments that the regulative authority for hydraulic fracturing should rest with the EPA instead of the Bureau of Land Management. [163] Colorado, Utah (including the Ute Indian Tribe of the northern area of the state), Wyoming, North Dakota, the Independent Petroleum Association of America and the Western Energy Alliance included statements that the new rule would interfere in state regulations and cause redundancies that could take away resources from other programs. [163] [164] Furthermore, Skavdahl considered the argument that the “final rules lack factual or scientific support” and that the opposition is supported by the recent publication of the June 2015 EPA report. [163]Built Environment/Infrastructure [ edit]Hydraulic Fracturing's effects on built infrastructure are often underestimated. The fracking process requires heavy equipment and vast amount of water, chemicals, and other materials, thus transportation of that equipment, liquids, and materials, requires trucks with heavy tankers. This has caused infrastructure damage to local roads and bridges that were not designed and constructed to frequently withstand heavier loads. [165]Each individual fracking well requires a vast amount of truck traffic. Studies estimated that on average, to fracture (build and drill) a single well, between 1,760 and 1,904 truck trips are needed to transport equipment, chemicals, water and other materials; removing fracking wastes and transporting the natural gas require additional truck trips. [166] The infrastructure deterioration caused by this heavy truck traffic has a huge economic impact/burden on local states. In July 2012, according to the Texas Department of Transportation, local fracking activities had cost an estimate of 2 billion dollars in damage to roads that connect drilling sites to storage sites. [167] In Pennsylvania, a study conducted in 2014 based on data on the distribution of fracking well activity and the roadway type in the state estimated that the road reconstruction costs caused by additional heavy truck traffic from Marcellus Shale natural gas development in 2011 were about $13,000–$23,000 per well for all state roadway types. [168]Many similar studies are underway in different states to evaluate the potential infrastructure impact from fracking. However, existing evidence suggests that road and bridge deterioration from overloading infrastructure be taken into consideration when evaluating the environmental and economic cost of the fracking process. See also [ edit]Wikinews has related news: Disposal of fracking wastewater poses potential environmental problems Environmental issues in the United States Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law Pollution in the United States References [ edit]^http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/10/22/3582904/methane-leaks-climate-benefit-fracking/^ a b c d "Chemicals Used in Hydraulic Fracturing" (PDF). Committee on Energy and Commerce U. S. House of Representatives. April 18, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-04.^ a b c Brown, Valerie J. (February 2007). "Industry Issues: Putting the Heat on Gas". Environmental Health Perspectives. US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 115 (2): A76. doi: 10.1289/ehp.115-a76. PMC 1817691. PMID 17384744.^ Fischetti, Mark (August 20, 2013). "Groundwater Contamination May End the Gas-Fracking Boom". Scientific American. 309 (3).^ Mall, Amy (19 December 2011). "Incidents where hydraulic fracturing is a suspected cause of drinking water contamination". Switchboard: NRDC Staff Blog. Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved 23 February 2012.^ a b Urbina, Ian (3 August 2011). "A Tainted Water Well, and Concern There May be More". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 February 2012.^https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/04/us/20110304-gas-documents3.html#document/p442/a10384^ https://www.epa.gov/hydraulicfracturing^ http://www.mintpressnews.com/2500-square-mile-methane-plume-silently-hovering-western-us/200313/^ http://www.commondreams.org/news/2014/12/30/2500-square-mile-methane-plume-silently-hovering-over-western-us^ U. S. METHANE 'HOT SPOT' BIGGER THAN EXPECTED NASA, 9 Oct. 2014.^ "Ozone mitigation efforts continue in Sublette County, Wyoming". Wyoming's Online News Source. March 2011.^ Biello, David (30 March 2010). "Natural gas cracked out of shale deposits may mean the U. S. has a stable supply for a century—but at what cost to the environment and human health?". Scientific American. Retrieved 23 March 2012.^ Rodriguez, Ginna (April 2013). Air Emissions Characterization and Management For Natural Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Operations In the United States (PDF) (Report). University of Michigan School of Natural Resources and Environment. Retrieved 4 May 2014.^ a b "Oil and Natural Gas Air Pollution Standards". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2013-10-02.^ a b Caulton, Dana R. "Toward a better understanding and quantification of methane emissions from shale gas development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 11 (17): 6237–6242. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1316546111.^https://www.washingtonpost.com/apps/g/page/national/unexpected-loose-gas-from-fracking/950/^ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2015). "Review of State and Industry Spill Data: Characterization of Hydraulic Fracturing-Related Spills". Retrieved 2015-10-10.^ U. 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Retrieved 16 September 2012. ...each well requires between 3 and 7 million gallons of water for hydraulic fracturing and the number of wells is expected to grow in the future^ Satterfield, J; Mantell, M; Kathol, D; Hiebert, F; Patterson, K; Lee, R (September 2008). Managing Water Resources Challenges in Select Natural Gas Shale Plays. GWPC Annual Meeting. ALL Consulting.^ "Unconventional well drilling permits". Marcellus Center. Marcellus Center, Pennsylvania State University. 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-11-09. Retrieved 2012-09-16.^ "Horizontal drilling boosts Pennsylvania's natural gas production". EIA. 23 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-16.^ Ridlington, Elizabeth; John Rumpler (October 3, 2013). "Fracking by the numbers". Environment America.^ Lubber, Mindy (28 May 2013). "Escalating Water Strains In Fracking Regions". Forbes. 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"44,000 Barrels of Tainted Water Dumped Into Neshaminy Creek. We're the only state allowing tainted water into our rivers". NBC Philadelphia. Associated Press. Retrieved 2012-04-28. ...the more than 300,000 residents of the 17 municipalities that get water from the creek or use it for recreation were never informed that numerous public pronouncements that the watershed was free of gas waste had been wrong.^ Kevin Begos (5 January 2014). "4 states confirm water pollution from drilling. Associated Press review of complaints casts doubt on industry view that it rarely happens". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved 6 January 2014.^ Bruce Gellerman; Ann Murray (10 August 2012). "Disposal of Fracking Wastewater Polluting PA Rivers". PRI's Environmental News Magazine. Public Radio International. Retrieved 14 January 2013.^ Sun, M.; Lowry, G. V.; Gregory, K. B. (2013). "Selective oxidation of bromide in wastewater brines from hydraulic fracturing". Water research. 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"Consolidated Guidance About Materials Licenses: Program-Specific Guidance About Well Logging, Tracer, and Field Flood Study Licenses (NUREG-1556, Volume 14)". US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved 19 April 2012. labeled Frac Sand... Sc-46, Br-82, Ag-110m, Sb-124, Ir-192^ Radiation Protection and the Management of Radioactive Waste in the Oil and Gas Industry (PDF) (Report). International Atomic Energy Agency. 2003. pp. 39–40. Retrieved 20 May 2012.^ Timothy A. Bartrand; Jeffrey S. Rosen (October 2013). Potential Impacts and Significance of Elevated 131 I on Drinking Water Sources [Project #4486] ORDER NUMBER: 4486 (PDF) (Report). Water Research Foundation. Retrieved 11 November 2013.^ Bennet, Les, et.al.. "The Source for Hydraulic Fracture Characterization" (PDF). Oilfield Review. Schlumberger (Winter 2005/2006): 42–57. Retrieved 2012-09-30.^ Ellsworth, W. L.; Hickman, S. H.; Mc Garr, A.; Michael, A. J.; Rubinstein, J. L. (18 April 2012). Are seismicity rate changes in the midcontinent natural or manmade?. Seismological Society of America 2012 meeting. San Diego, California: Seismological Society of America. Retrieved 2014-02-23.^ US Geological Survey, Man-made earthquakes, accessed 22 Sept. 2013.^ Zoback, Mark; Kitasei, Saya; Copithorne, Brad (July 2010). Addressing the Environmental Risks from Shale Gas Development (PDF) (Report). Worldwatch Institute. p. 9. Retrieved 2012-05-24.^ US Geological Survey, Hydraulic fracturing FAQs, accessed 21 April 2015.^ Soraghan, Mike (13 December 2013). "Disconnects in public discourse around 'fracking' cloud earthquake issue". E&E News. Retrieved 27 March 2013.^ Induced Seismicity Potential in Energy Technologies (Report). National Academies Press. 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2013. The process of hydraulic fracturing a well as presently implemented for shale gas recovery does not pose a high risk for inducing felt seismic events.^ a b Kim, Won-Young 'Induced seismicity associated with fluid injection into a deep well in Youngstown, Ohio', Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth^ van der Elst1, Nicholas J.; Savage, Heather M.; Keranen, Katie M; Abers, Geoffrey A. (12 July 2013). "Enhanced Remote Earthquake Triggering at Fluid-Injection Sites in the Midwestern United States". Science. ACS Publications. 341 (6142): 164–167. doi: 10.1126/science.1238948. PMID 23846900.^ Frohlich, Cliff (2012). "Two-year survey comparing earthquake activity and injection-well locations in the Barnett Shale, Texas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109: 13934–13938. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1207728109. PMC 3435170. PMID 22869701.^ Cliff Frohlich, Induced or triggered Earthquakes in Texas, Final Technical Report, Award no. G12AP20001, US Geological Survey, External Report, n.d.^ [1], Environmental Protection Agency^ USGS, How large are the earthquakes induced by fluid injection?^ "How is hydraulic fracturing related to earthquakes and tremors?". USGS. Retrieved 4 November 2012.^ a b Rachel Maddow, Terrence Henry (7 August 2012). Rachel Maddow Show: Fracking waste messes with Texas (video). MSNBC. Event occurs at 9:24 – 10:35.^ Soraghan, Mike (29 March 2012). " ' Remarkable' spate of man-made quakes linked to drilling, USGS team says". Energy Wire. E&E. Retrieved 2012-11-09.^ Henry, Terrence (6 August 2012). "How Fracking Disposal Wells Are Causing Earthquakes in Dallas-Fort Worth". State Impact Texas. NPR. Retrieved 9 November 2012.^ Katie M. Keranen, "Potentially induced earthquakes in Oklahoma, USA," Geology, 26 March 2013.^ Justin L. Rubenstein, "Myths and facts on wastewater injection, hydraulic fracturing, and induced seismicity,", Seismological Research Letters, 10 June 2015.^ Bill Leith, Induced seismicity Archived 2013-05-09 at the Wayback Machine ., US Geological Survey, June 2012.^ "Ohio Quakes Probably Triggered by Waste Disposal Well, Say Seismologists" (Press release). Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.^ Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Executive Summary, Preliminary Report on the Northstar 1 Class II Injection Well and the Seismic Events in the Youngstown, Ohio, Area Archived 2012-10-23 at the Wayback Machine ., PDF, March 2012.^ a b NPR – State Impact Texas, How oil and gas disposal wells can cause earthquakes.^ University of Texas, Study finds correlation between injection wells and small earthquakes, 6 Aug. 2011.^ Dunn, Sharon (June 5, 2014). "CU research team studying earthquake activity near Greeley". Greeley Tribune. Retrieved 10 June 2014.^ Tomasic, John (June 2, 2014). "Greeley quake adds ammunition to Colorado fracking war". The Colorado Independent. Retrieved 10 June 2014.^ Mary Kang and others, "Direct measurements of methane emissions from abandoned oil and gas wells in Pennsylvania", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 23 Dec. 2014, v.11, n.51, p18173-18177.^ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/abandoned-wells-leak-powerful-greenhouse-gas/^ http://www.climatecentral.org/news/abandoned-oil-wells-methane-emissions-17575^ a b Finkel ML, Hays J; Hays (October 2013). "The implications of unconventional drilling for natural gas: a global public health concern". Public Health (Review). 127 (10): 889–93. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.07.005. PMID 24119661.^ Adgate, John L.; Goldstein, Bernard D.; Mc Kenzie, Lisa M. (2014-08-05). "Potential Public Health Hazards, Exposures and Health Effects from Unconventional Natural Gas Development". Environmental Science & Technology. 48 (15): 8307–8320. doi: 10.1021/es404621d. ISSN 0013-936X.^ a b Mc Kenzie, Lisa M.; Guo, Ruixin; Witter, Roxana Zulauf; Savitz, David A.; Newman, Lee S.; Adgate, John L. (Apr 2014). "Birth Outcomes and Maternal Residential Proximity to Natural Gas Development in Rural Colorado". Environmental Health Perspectives. 122: 412–7. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1306722. PMC 3984231. PMID 24474681.^ Mc Kenzie, Lisa M.; Witter, Roxana Z.; Newman, Lee S.; Adgate, John L. (2012-05-01). "Human health risk assessment of air emissions from development of unconventional natural gas resources". Science of The Total Environment. 424: 79–87. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.018. PMID 22444058.^ (PDF) http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-06/documents/hf_es_erd_jun2015.pdf. Missing or empty |title= ( help)^ Stacy, Shaina L.; Brink, Lu Ann L.; Larkin, Jacob C.; Sadovsky, Yoel; Goldstein, Bernard D.; Pitt, Bruce R.; Talbott, Evelyn O. (2015-06-03). "Perinatal Outcomes and Unconventional Natural Gas Operations in Southwest Pennsylvania". PLo S ONE. 10 (6): e0126425. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126425. PMC 4454655. PMID 26039051.^ Eaton TT. Science-based decision-making on complex issues: Marcellus shale gas hydrofracking and New York City water supply. Sci Total Environ. 2013 Sep 1;461–462:158-69. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.093. Epub 2013 May 28. PMID 23722091^ Mall, Amy (16 May 2012). "Concerns about the health risks of fracking continue to grow". Switchboard: NRDC Staff Blog. Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved 2012-05-19.^ Hopkinson, Jenny; Di Cosmo, Bridget (15 May 2012). "Academies' NRC Seeks Broad Review Of Currently Ignored Fracking Risks". Inside EPA. Inside Washington Publishers. (subscription required). Retrieved 2012-05-19.^ Health Consultation, Garfield County, Colorado, US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 13 March 2015, p.10 and Table 2.^ a b Abrahm Lustgarten; Nicholas Kusnetz (2011-09-16). "Science Lags as Health Problems Emerge Near Gas Fields". Propublica. Retrieved 2013-05-06.^ "Worker Exposure to Silica during Hydraulic Fracturing". OSHA. Retrieved 15 January 2013.^ a b Esswein, Eric; Kiefer, Max; Snawder, John; Breitenstein, Michael (23 May 2012). "Worker Exposure to Crystalline Silica During Hydraulic Fracturing". NIOSH Science Blog. United States Center for Disease Control. Retrieved 2012-09-08.^ a b "Hydraulic Fracturing Study Plan Draft 2011" (PDF). Environmental Protection Agency's Hydraulic Fracturing Study Plan Draft 2011. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved May 3, 2011.^ a b c d e f Barbara M. Alexander PEa*, Eric J. Essweinb, Michael G. Gresselc, Jerry L. Kratzerc, H. Amy Fengc, Bradley Kingd, Arthur L. Millere & Emanuele Caudaf (March 22, 2016). "The Development and Testing of a Prototype Mini-Baghouse to Control the Release of Respirable Crystalline Silica from Sand Movers". ournal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. Check date values in: |access-date= ( help );^ a b c d e f g h US Department of Health and Human Services. (April 2002). "National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Check date values in: |access-date= ( help );^ a b c d Esswein, Eric J.; et al. (2013). "Occupational exposures to respirable crystalline silica during hydraulic fracturing". Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene. Check date values in: |access-date= ( help );^ a b c d e f Occuptional Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). "Crystalline Silica Exposure Health Hazard Information". Retrieved April 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= ( help)^ a b c d e f g h i j Occuptional Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (June 2012). "Worker Exposure to Silica during Hydraulic Fracturing". Retrieved April 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= ( help)^ OSHA/NIOSH (2012). "OSHA/NIOSH Hazard Alert. Worker Exposure to Silica during Hydraulic Fracturing". United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved September 8, 2012.^ Gayle Nicoll (October 1, 2012). "Radiation Sources in Natural Gas Well Activities. More attention and monitoring of occupational radiation exposure in the natural gas industry are warranted". Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved October 6, 2012.^ "The Debate Over the Hydrofracking Study's Scope". The New York Times. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2012. While environmentalists have aggressively lobbied the agency to broaden the scope of the study, industry has lobbied the agency to narrow this focus^ a b "Does Natural-Gas Drilling Endanger Water Supplies?". Business Week. November 11, 2008. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009.^ "Evaluation of Impacts to Underground Sources of Drinking Water by Hydraulic Fracturing of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs; National Study Final Report" (PDF). Retrieved July 13, 2011.^ Dammel, Joseph A. (2011). "Notes From Underground: Hydraulic Fracturing in the Marcellus Shale" (PDF). Minnesota Journal of Law, Science and Technology. University of Minnesota Law School. 12 (2): 773–810. Retrieved 24 February 2012.^ Evaluation of Impacts to Underground Sources of Drinking Water by Hydraulic Fracturing of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs; National Study Final Report (PDF) (Report). EPA. June 2004. Retrieved 23 February 2011.^ a b c Urbina, Ian (April 16, 2011). "Chemicals Were Injected Into Wells, Report Says". New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2011.^ a b c EPA. "Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas on Drinking Water Resources" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA. Retrieved 28 October 2015.^ a b c d Haun, Marjorie (8 October 2015). "Federal judge gives fracking a break from BLM regulations". Watchdog Arena. Retrieved 28 October 2015.^ a b Associated Press (24 June 2015). "At The Last Minute, Judge Delays Federal Fracking Regulations". Colorado Public Radio. Retrieved 28 October 2015.^ Mehany, M. S. H. M.; Guggemos, A. (2015). "A Literature Survey of the Fracking Economic and Environmental Implications in the United States" (PDF). Procedia Engineering (118): 169–176. Retrieved 10/25/15. Check date values in: |access-date= ( help)^ Podulka, S. G.; Podulka, W. J. (6/9/2010). "Comments on the Science Advisory Board's 5/19/2010 Draft Committee Report on the EPA's Research Scoping Document Related to Hydraulic Fracturing ("Report")" (PDF). EPA Science Advisor Board. Retrieved 26 October 2015. Check date values in: |date= ( help)^ Shlachter, B. "Drilling trucks have caused an estimated $2 billion in damage to Texas roads". Star-Telegram. Retrieved 26 October 2015.^ Abramzon, S; Samaras, C; Curtright, A; Litovitz, A; Burger, N (2014). "Estimating the Consumptive Use Costs of Shale Natural Gas Extraction on Pennsylvania Roadways". Journal of Infrastructure Systems. 20 (3): 06014001. doi: 10.1061/ (ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000203. Further reading [ edit]Joseph D. Ayotte; et al. (August 2011). "Trace Elements and Radon in Groundwater Across the United States, 1992–2003". U. S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 25 May 2012. Bamberger, Michelle; Oswald, Robert E. (2012). "Impacts of gas drilling on human and animal health" (PDF). New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy. 22 (1): 51–77. doi: 10.2190/NS.22.1.e. Retrieved 2012-12-21. Colorado Oil & Gas Conservation Commission. "Gasland Correction Document" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013. Colborn, Theo; Kwiatkowski, Carol; Schultz, Kim; Bachran, Mary (2011). "Natural Gas Operations from a Public Health Perspective" (PDF). Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: an International Journal. Taylor & Francis. 17 (5): 1039–1056. doi: 10.1080/10807039.2011.605662. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-26. Di Cosmo, Bridget (15 May 2012). "SAB Pushes To Advise EPA To Conduct Toxicity Tests In Fracking Study". Inside EPA. Inside Washington Publishers. (subscription required). Retrieved 2012-05-19. Mark Drajem (27 September 2012). "Diesel in Water Near Fracking Confirms EPA Tests Wyoming Disputes". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 28 September 2012. Energy Institute (February 2012). Fact-Based Regulation for Environmental Protection in Shale Gas Development (PDF) (Report). University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 29 February 2012. Fontenot, Brian E.; Hunt, Laura R.; Hildenbrand, Zacariah L.; Carlton Jr., Doug D.; Oka, Hyppolite; Walton, Jayme L. (2013). "An Evaluation of Water Quality in Private Drinking Water Wells Near Natural Gas Extraction Sites in the Barnett Shale Formation". Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (17): 10032–10040. doi: 10.1021/es4011724. PMID 23885945. Grant, Alison (4 April 2013). "Frac Tracker monitors shale development in Ohio". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 28 July 2013. Mead Gruver (12 December 2011). "New Data, but Not Much New in Wyo. Fracking Study". EPA. Retrieved 6 May 2013. Christopher Helman (8 December 2011). "What If Fracking Did Pollute Wyoming Water?". Forbes .com. Retrieved 6 February 2012. Jackson, Robert B.; Vengosh, Avner; Darrah, Thomas H.; Warner, Nathaniel R.; Down, Adrian; Poreda, Robert J.; Osborn, Stephen G.; Zhao, Kaiguang; Karr, Jonathan D. (24 June 2013). "Increased Stray Gas Abundance in a Subset of Drinking Water Wells Near Marcellus Shale Gas Extraction" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (28): 11250–11255. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1221635110. PMC 3710833. PMID 23798404. Retrieved 2014-03-30. Mc Kenzie, Lisa; Witter, Roxana; Newman, Lee; Adgate, John (2012). "Human health risk assessment of air emissions from development of unconventional natural gas resources". Science of the Total Environment. 424: 79–87. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.018. PMID 22444058. Molofsky, L. J.; Connor, J. A.; Shahla, K. F.; Wylie, A. S.; Wagner, T. (December 5, 2011). "Methane in Pennsylvania Water Wells Unrelated to Marcellus Shale Fracturing". Oil and Gas Journal. Pennwell Corporation. 109 (49): 54–67. Moniz, Ernest J.; et al. (June 2011). The Future of Natural Gas: An Interdisciplinary MIT Study (PDF) (Report). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 1 June 2012. Munro, Margaret (17 February 2012). "Fracking does not contaminate groundwater: study released in Vancouver". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 3 March 2012. Osborn, Stephen G.; Vengosh, Avner; Warner, Nathaniel R.; Jackson, Robert B. (2011-05-17). "Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (20): 8172–8176. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1100682108. PMC 3100993. PMID 21555547. Retrieved 2011-10-14.phillynowstaff (9 December 2011). "EPA Releases Report on Water Contamination By Fracking, As GA Pushes Fee Bills". Philly Now blog. Philadelphia Weekly. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2012. PEHSU (August 2011). PEHSU Information Concerning Effects on Children of Natural Gas Extraction and Hydraulic Fracturing (Report). Propublica. Retrieved 2013-05-06. Schmidt, Charles W. (August 2011). "Blind Rush? Shale Gas Boom Proceeds Amid Human Health Questions". Environmental Health Perspectives. 119 (119 (1)): A348–53. doi: 10.1289/ehp.119-a348. PMC 3237379. PMID 21807583. Vaughan, Vicki (16 February 2012). "Fracturing 'has no direct' link to water pollution, UT study finds". Retrieved 3 March 2012. Helen Westerman (11 January 2012). "Gas drilling research highlights risk to animals, but more thorough work needed". The Conversation. Retrieved 25 May 2012. External links [ edit]Frac Tracker.org Maps, data, and articles from news, government, industry, and academic sources. "FAQ: Hydraulic Fracturing, SDWA, Fluids, and De Gette/Casey" (PDF). Energy In Depth. Retrieved 27 March 2013. "Groundwater Investigation: Pavillion, WY". EPA. Retrieved 6 February 2012. Natural gas wells leakier than believed: Measurements at Colorado site show methane release higher than previous estimates 24 March 2012, differences between NOAA and United States Environmental Protection Agency estimates Categories: Hydraulic fracturing Hydraulic fracturing by country Environmental issues in the United States Environmental impact in the United States

D2579896

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Will_Tear_Us_Apart

Love Will Tear Us Apart

For other uses, see Love Will Tear Us Apart (disambiguation). "Love Will Tear Us Apart"7" cover Single by Joy Division B-side "These Days", "Love Will Tear Us Apart (Pennine version)"Released June 1980 [1]Format7" 12"Recorded March 1980, Strawberry Studios, Stockport, England, United Kingdom [2]Genre Post-punk [3] synth-pop [4]Length 3: 18Label Factory Songwriter (s)Ian Curtis Peter Hook Stephen Morris Bernard Sumner Producer (s)Martin Hannett Joy Division Joy Division British singles and EPs singles chronology" Licht und Blindheit " (1980) " Love Will Tear Us Apart " (1980) " Komakino " (1980)Alternative cover12" cover Music video"Love Will Tear Us Apart" on You Tube"Love Will Tear Us Apart (Permanent Mix)"Single by Joy Divisionfrom the album Permanent Released 1995Format7" 12" CDLength 3: 37Label London Records Songwriter (s)Ian Curtis Peter Hook Stephen Morris Bernard Sumner Producer (s)Martin Hannett Joy Division Joy Division singles chronology" Atmosphere " (1988) " Love Will Tear Us Apart (Permanent Mix) " (1995)" Love Will Tear Us Apart " is a song by English post-punk band Joy Division. The song was written in August 1979, and debuted when the band supported Buzzcocks on their UK tour from September to November of that year. It is one of the few songs in which singer Ian Curtis played guitar (albeit somewhat minimally) on live versions. His lyrics ostensibly reflect the problems in his marriage to Deborah Curtis, as well as his general frame of mind in the time leading up to his suicide in May 1980. [5] The title is an ironic reference to Neil Sedaka's " Love Will Keep Us Together ". Following Curtis's suicide, Deborah had the phrase "Love Will Tear Us Apart" inscribed on Ian's memorial stone. The song was first released as a single in June 1980 and became the band's first chart hit, reaching number 13 in the UK Singles Chart. [6] That October, "Love Will Tear Us Apart" peaked at number 42 on the Billboard disco chart. [7] It also reached number 1 in New Zealand in June 1981. [8] In 1980, the track was named NME Single of the Year. [9] The band postponed their US tour after Curtis' death, performed a few short sets as The No-Names, then finally renamed the group as New Order. "Love Will Tear Us Apart" was re-released in 1983 and reached number 19 on the UK charts [10] and re-appeared at number 3 in New Zealand during March 1984. [8] In 1985, the 7" single was released in Poland by Tonpress in different sleeve under license from Factory and sold over 20,000 copies. [11] In November 1988, it made one more Top 40 appearance in New Zealand, peaking at number 39. [8] "Love Will Tear Us Apart" appears on the Substance compilation album. It was first recorded for a John Peel session in November 1979, then re-recorded in January 1980 and March 1980. It is the latter version that appears on Substance. The January 1980 version, which has since become known as the "Pennine version", originally appeared as one of the single's B-sides. In 1995, to publicise the release of Permanent, the track was reissued, complete with a new remix by Arthur Baker and a new radio edit, also known as the "Permanent Mix". On 24 September 2007, the single was again reissued, in its original configuration. This time, it was to publicise the Collector's Edition re-issues of the band's three albums. Although the single was now issued on the Warner label, it retained the classic Factory packaging, including the FAC 23 catalogue number. Contents [ hide ]1 Recording1.1 Pennine and Strawberry studio versions2 Cover photography3 Music video4 Legacy5 Track listing6 Charts7 Cover versions7.1 Charts7.1.1 Chuzpe version7.1.2 Paul Young version7.1.3 Honeyroot version7.2 Swans version7.2.1 EP track listing7.2.2 Musicians7.2.3 Charts8 See also9 References10 External links Recording [ edit]Pennine and Strawberry studio versions [ edit]The song was originally recorded at Pennine Studios, Oldham on 8 January 1980 along with the B-side, "These Days". This version was similar to the version the band played live. Ian Curtis and Martin Hannett, however, disliked this version, which has since become known as the "Pennine version", and, as a consequence, the band reconvened at Strawberry Studios, Stockport in March to re-record it. [2] Whilst Curtis, who generally did not play guitar at all, played guitar on the song live – the band taught him D major specifically – the guitar on the recording was a 12-string Eko guitar played by Sumner. [12] Sumner recalls: Ian didn't really want to play guitar, but for some reason we wanted him to play it. I can't remember the reason now ... I think Ian used to play only on "Love Will Tear Us Apart" ... no I'm wrong, there was another track too. Maybe "Heart and Soul"? I do remember Ian used to play just one chord, which was D. We showed him how to play D and we wrote a song. I wonder if that's why we wrote "Love Will Tear Us Apart", you could drone a D through it. I think he played it live because I was playing keyboards. On the record I played guitar, a twelve string Eko guitar, an Italian guitar that actually sounded pretty good. [12]Stephen Morris disliked the re-recorded version: The version that everyone knows, I actually hate ... Martin Hannett played one of his mind games when we were recording it – it sounds like he was a tyrant, but he wasn't, he was nice. We had this one battle where it was nearly midnight and I said, "Is it all right if I go home, Martin – it's been a long day?" And he said [whispers], "OK ... you go home". So I went back to the flat. Just got to sleep and the phone rings. "Martin wants you to come back and do the snare drum". At four in the morning! I said, "What's wrong with the snare drum!?" So every time I hear "Love Will Tear Us Apart", I grit my teeth and remember myself shouting down the phone, "YOU BASTARD!" [smashes up imaginary phone]. I can feel the anger in it even now. It's a great song and it's a great production, but I do get anguished every time I hear it. [13]While Joy Division were recording "Love Will Tear Us Apart", U2 were in the studio to see Martin Hannett about producing their first album, Boy. Lead singer Bono said of the encounter: Talking to Ian Curtis is ... or was a strange experience because he's very warm ... he talked—it was like two people inside of him—he talked very light, and he talked very well-mannered, and very polite. But when he got behind the microphone he really surged forth; there was another energy. It seemed like he was just two people and, you know, "Love Will Tear Us Apart", it was like [when] that record was released ... it was like, as if, there were the personalities, separate; there they were, torn apart. [14]Bono has since often sung snippets of the song during live performances, often during extended versions of " With or Without You ". Cover photography [ edit]Prior to his suicide, Ian Curtis had explained to his wife the actual process by which the inscription and imagery upon the single sleeve had been achieved. According to Deborah Curtis, he had gone to "great lengths" to explain that the words of the song title had been etched upon a sheet of metal, which had subsequently been treated to a process of ageing with acid before being left exposed to the weather, with the intention being the resulting appearance of this metal slate would be that of a slab of stone. [15]A grieving angel on the Ribaudo family tomb in Genoa 's Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno, sculpted by Onorato Toso also circa 1910, was used as an alternate cover for the 12" version of the single. This photograph was taken by Bernard Pierre Wolff in 1978. [16]Music video [ edit]The video was shot by the band themselves on 25 April 1980 [17] as they rehearsed the song at T. J. Davidson's studio, where the band had previously rehearsed during the early days of their career. At the start of the video, the door that opens and shuts is carved with Ian Curtis' name; reportedly this was the beginning of an abusive message (the rest later erased) carved into the door. Due to poor production, the video's colour is 'browned out' at some points. Also, as the track recorded during the recording of the video was poor, it was replaced with the single-edit recording of the song by the band's record company in Australia, leading to problems with the synchronisation of music and video. This edited version of the music video would later become the official version due to the improvement of sound quality. This was the only promotional video the band ever produced as Ian Curtis committed suicide just three weeks after the video was recorded. [18]Legacy [ edit]Ian Curtis's grave marker, laid in 2008 to replace a similarly inscribed one stolen earlier that year"Love Will Tear Us Apart" has remained popular and was listed by NME as the best single of all time in 2002. In 2004, the song was listed by Rolling Stone magazine at number 179 in its list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". [19] In 2011, it was listed at number 181. [20] In May 2007, NME placed it at number 19 in its list of the 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever, one place ahead of another Joy Division song, "Transmission". The song is also listed as being one of the 5 best indie songs of all time in the "All Time Indie Top 50". [21] The song reached number 1 in the inaugural Triple J Hottest 100 music poll of 1989 and again in 1990. When being interviewed for New Order Story, Neil Tennant of the Pet Shop Boys stated that "Love Will Tear Us Apart" was his favourite pop song of all time. At Christmas 2011, listeners of Dublin's Phantom FM voted "Love Will Tear Us Apart" as their favourite song of all time. Furthermore, in 2012, in celebration of the NME ' s 60th anniversary, a list of the 100 Greatest Songs of NME ' s Lifetime was compiled, and the list was topped by "Love Will Tear Us Apart". Serbian rock musician, journalist and writer Dejan Cukić wrote about "Love Will Tear Us Apart" as one of the 46 songs that changed history of popular music in his 2007 book 45 obrtaja: Priče o pesmama. In 2015, the online magazine Pitchfork listed "Love Will Tear Us Apart" as number 7 upon their "200 best songs of the 1980s" compilation. [22]In June 2013, Mighty Box Games released Will Love Tear Us Apart?, a browser-based video game that adapts every verse of the song into a level. [23]Track listing [ edit]7" vinyl Side ANo. Title Length1. "Love Will Tear Us Apart" 3:18Side BNo. Title Length1. "These Days" 3:212. "Love Will Tear Us Apart (Pennine version) [a] " 3:06 [ show] 1995 cassette edition [ show] 1995 12" edition [ show] 1995 CD 1 edition [ show] 1995 CD 2 edition^ Not listed on original 7" single and not listed as being alternate version where it was; the "Pennine version" label did not come into use until years later. Track 1 recorded at Strawberry Studios, Stockport, early March 1980Tracks 2 and 3 recorded at Pennine Sound Studios, Oldham, 8 January 1980In her biography Touching from a Distance, Deborah Curtis explains that the reason for the two versions of the song, one on each side, was a result of Curtis's slightly different singing in each one; one vocal take was allegedly done when other band members told Curtis to sing "like Frank Sinatra ". Like other Joy Division releases, including Transmission and An Ideal For Living, the 7" and 12" versions share the same tracks, but have different sleeves. Charts [ edit]Chart (1980–1981) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report) [24] 26New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ) [8] 1UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [6] 13US Billboard Disco Top 100 [7] 42Chart (1983–1984) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA) [25] 19New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ) [8] 3UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [10] 19Chart (1988) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ) [8] 39Chart (1995) Peak position UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [26] 19Chart (2007) Peak position UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [27] 46Preceded by " Morning Train (9 To 5) " by Sheena Easton New Zealand number-one single 21 June 1981 (1 week) Succeeded by " Stars on 45 " by Stars on 45Cover versions [ edit]"Love Will Tear Us Apart" was first covered and recorded by Austrian new wave band Chuzpe in 1980 [28] (GIG Records 111 103) and has since been covered by many artists, including Paul Young (1983), [29] José González (2004), [30] Fall Out Boy (2004), [31] Calexico (2005), [32] Nouvelle Vague (2004), [33] Squarepusher (2002), [34] Honeyroot (2005), [35] June Tabor with Oysterband (2012), [36] Absinthe, [37] the Mulhollands (2010) [38] and Susanna and the Magical Orchestra (2006). [39]On 11 November 2009, the song was also performed in the opening scene of Season 5 Episode 7 of the CBS television series Criminal Minds, by the musician character Dante [40] (actual song sung by Gavin Rossdale ). [41]The chorus of "Love Will Tear Us Apart" features heavily on the last third of Sufjan Stevens 's song "Christmas Unicorn" from volume 10 of his second Christmas-themed box set, Silver & Gold (2012). [42]Soul Asylum also covered "Love Will Tear Us Apart" on their EP No Fun Intended, released on 16 July 2013. [43]Charts [ edit]Chuzpe version [ edit]Chart (1981) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40) [28]8Paul Young version [ edit]Chart (1984) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) [29]9Germany ( Official German Charts) [44]40Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40) [45]25Netherlands ( Single Top 100) [46]9Honeyroot version [ edit]Chart (2005) Peak position UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [35]70Swans version [ edit]Love Will Tear Us Apart EP by Swans Released 1988Genre Industrial experimental rock post-punk Length 16: 56Label Product Inc. Producer Michael Gira Swans chronology Children of God (1987) Love Will Tear Us Apart (1988) Feel Good Now (1988)Love Will Tear Us Apart is an EP by the New York band Swans, its ninth release. It features a cover version of the Joy Division song. It was originally released in two different versions with Jarboe (black sleeve) and Gira (red sleeve) providing vocals, along with two semi-acoustic versions of songs from their 1987 LP Children of God. On some versions, a fourth song was appended: A solo acoustic version of "New Mind". [47]EP track listing [ edit]Side ANo. Title Length1. "Love Will Tear Us Apart" 3:402. "Trust Me" 3:07Side BNo. Title Length1. "Our Love Lies" 6:56Musicians [ edit]Michael Gira – guitar, vocals Jarboe – keyboards, vocals Algis Kizys – bass guitar Norman Westberg – guitar Charts [ edit]Chart (1988) Peak position UK Singles (Official Charts Company) [48] 85UK Indie Chart [49] 2See also [ edit]Joy Division discography References [ edit]^ Curtis, Deborah (2014) [1995]. Touching from a Distance: Ian Curtis and Joy Division. London: Faber and Faber. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-571-32241-1.^ a b "Joy Division studio sessions". Joydiv.org. Retrieved 2 June 2013.^ Friskics-Warren, Bill (2005). I'll Take You There: Pop Music and the Urge for Transcendence. Continuum. p. 98. ISBN 0-8264-1700-0. the cascading melody of Joy Division's sublimely gloomy post-punk anthem, 'Love Will Tear Us Apart'^ Floman, Scott. "Joy Division – Substance (Qwest '88)". Retrieved 23 October 2013. "Love Will Tear Us Apart" is simply a lovely synth pop song with affecting lyrics that linger in listener's memories long after the last note.^ "500 Must-Have Music Tracks". The Daily Telegraph. 1 February 2014. p. X8.^ a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 February 2018.^ a b "Joy Division – Awards". All Music. All Media Network. Retrieved 22 June 2013.^ a b c d e f " Charts.org.nz – Joy Division – Love Will Tear Us Apart". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 21 June 2013.^ "1980 Best Albums and Tracks of the Year". NME. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2018.^ a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 February 2018.^ Buda, Andrzej (2006). Historia rocka, popu i hip-hopu – według krytyków: 1974–2000 (in Polish). Wydawn. Niezależne (Independent editors). ISBN 83-915272-8-X.^ a b Graham, Pat (2011). Instrument. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 40. ISBN 1-4521-0895-1.^ Gale, Lee (17 December 2010). "An Ideal for Reliving". GQ. New York City. Retrieved 1 June 2013.^ "Bono on Joy Division, 1980, RTE radio, Ireland." on You Tube^ Curtis, Deborah (2005) [1995]. Touching from a Distance: Ian Curtis and Joy Division. Faber and Faber. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-571-17445-4.^ "Bernard Pierre Wolff: Genova, Italy, 1978: Il Staglieno". Enkiri.com. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2017.^ Curtis, Deborah (2005) [1995]. Touching from a Distance: Ian Curtis and Joy Division. Faber and Faber. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-571-17445-4.^ Hook, Peter (2012). Unknown Pleasures: Inside Joy Division. London: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-06-222258-9.^ "The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time (1-500)". Archived from the original on 20 August 2006.. Rolling Stone.^ "500 Greatest Songs of All Time > 181 – Joy Division, 'Love Will Tear Us Apart ' ". Rolling Stone. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2015.^ "All Time Indie Top 50". 23 Indie Street. Retrieved 11 October 2017.^ Staff (24 August 2015). "The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s". Pitchfork. Retrieved 28 February 2018.^ Farokhmanesh, Megan (3 June 2013). "Will Love Tear Us Apart? transforms Joy Division song into a game". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2013.^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2014.^ " The Irish Charts – Search Results – Love Will Tear Us Apart". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 21 June 2013.^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 February 2018.^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 February 2018.^ a b " Austriancharts.at – Chuzpe – Love Will Tear Us Apart" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 16 July 2013.^ a b " Ultratop.be – Paul Young – Love Will Tear Us Apart" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 16 July 2013.^ Evans, Jonathan. "Cover Songs: Metaphor or Object of Study?" (PDF). Sapienza University of Rome. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2016.^ Loftus, Johnny. "Fall Out Boy – My Heart Will Always Be the B-Side to My Tongue [EP]". All Music. All Media Network. Retrieved 16 July 2013.^ Street, Andrew P. (18 September 2013). "Calexico – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 May 2015.^ Louis (4 August 2007). "Critique de l'album Nouvelle Vague de Nouvelle Vague – Albumrock.net" (in French). Albumrock. Retrieved 16 July 2013.^ Bush, John. "Squarepusher – Do You Know Squarepusher". All Music. All Media Network. Retrieved 16 July 2013.^ a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 February 2018.^ "Love Will Tear Us Apart remix 7 vinyl STOP2012". Topic Records. Retrieved 23 March 2015.^ "Absinthè – 'Love Will Tear Us Apart' Video & Gig Guide". LW Mag. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014.^ "i Tunes – Music – Oh My! by The Mulhollands". i Tunes Store. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2013.^ "Susanna med to låter på "Grey's Anatomy " " (in Norwegian). Ballade.no. Retrieved 4 January 2016.^ Criminal Minds 05X07 – Dante sings "Love Will Tear Us Apart". You Tube. Retrieved 2 June 2013.^ Gavin Rossdale Covering Love Will Tear Us Apart. You Tube. Retrieved 2 June 2013.^ "Christmas Unicorn from Silver & Gold by Sufjan Stevens". Asthmatic Kitty Records. Retrieved 2 June 2013.^ "Soul Asylum". Retrieved 27 March 2014.^ " Offiziellecharts.de – Paul Young – Love Will Tear Us Apart". Gf K Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 16 July 2013.^ " Nederlandse Top 40 – Paul Young - Love Will Tear Us Apart" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 16 July 2013.^ " Dutchcharts.nl – Paul Young – Love Will Tear Us Apart" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 16 July 2013.^ " 'Love Will Tear Us Apart' (Swans version) " at Discogs (list of releases). Retrieved 8 August 2013.^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 15 February 2018.^ Lazell, Barry (1997) "Indie Hits 1980–1989". Archived from the original on 6 June 2011.. Cherry Red Books. External links [ edit]"Love Will Tear Us Apart" official music video on You Tube Lyrics of this song at Metro Lyrics" "Love Will Tear Us Apart" (Joy Division's version) " at Discogs (list of releases)" "Love Will Tear Us Apart" (Swans version) " at Discogs (list of releases)Usage in film and television: see "Joy Division. Soundtrack. 'Love Will Tear Us Apart'" at IMDb Accolades archived at Acclaimed Music [ show]v t e Joy Division [ show]v t e Paul Young [ show]v t e Swans

D2345799

http://www.madeevent.com/ElectricZoo/

Electric Zoo

Electric Zoo New York's Electronic Music Festival FRI, Aug 30 SAT, Aug 31SUN Sept 1 2013Randall's Island Park, NYCWho do you want to see at Electric Zoo 2014? Click to tell us!We're excited to announce Electric Zoo Mexico City on May 4 & 5, 2014! Check out the event website for details Photo credit: Jeff Thibodeau for Electric Zoo Festival.com See more photos in the Gallery Refund Info All refunds for Sunday passes to Electric Zoo 2013 have been issued ... ( Read more). When possible, refunds were issued to the credit card originally used for purchase. All other refunds have been issued via check made out to the name on the order and mailed to the billing address on the order via US mail. If you have moved, make sure your address is updated with USPS or your local post office to ensure the check is forwarded to you. If you haven't received your refund, or you need to report a problem such as a lost or damaged check, please gather the following information: Order Number Full name of original purchaser (cardholder for credit card used)Billing address provided for original purchase Current mailing address Current phone number Including as much of that information as possible will help us locate your original order info quickly. Put it all in the Message field of this contact form and click the Send Email button. Front Gate Tickets customer support will follow up with you. ( Collapse)

D3550479

https://govcon360.com/2013/12/indirect-costs-overhead-or-ga/

Indirect Costs â Overhead or G&A?

Indirect Costs – Overhead or G&A? December 17, 2013 360 News In any company, it is important to differentiate between your direct and indirect costs. The government contracting industry is no exception. While direct costs are more straightforward, it can be difficult to decide how to classify your indirect costs. Unlike direct costs, indirect costs are all costs that are unable to be attributed to a specific business unit (examples being utilities, rent, administrative costs, etc.). Overhead and General & Administrative costs (G&A) are two types of classifications of indirect costs. While the two are similar, there are differences between the two which are important to know. Overhead is ordinarily used for costs incurred that are not direct costs, but that can be attributed to a specific revenue-generating project or job. Any indirect labor or expenses that can be attributed to a certain project can then be distributed across those projects based on the projects’ direct labor hours, direct labor costs, or direct material costs, to name a few methods. General & Administrative costs are any indirect expenses that are incurred in the general operation and management of the business as a whole. The indirect costs of paying company-wide project coordinators or administrative staff, as well as the electric and phone expenses that the company as a whole incurs, would be classified as G&A. More information concerning indirect costs can be found on the DCAA website in Chapter 6 of their Contract Audit Manual under Incurred Cost Audit Procedures. Connect with Us Connect with us via email, RSS or social Related Posts: Quick Contract Closeouts – Beneficial to Both Contractors and the Federal Government Revised Cost Accounting Standards Exemption Contending with The Claw: Breaking Down Changes to Uniform Guidance Issued by the OMBMarch 2018 Government Contracting Lunch & Learn Series Webinar: DCMA and DCAA Updates and Initiatives DCAA, Direct Costs, G&A, General & Administrative Costs, Indirect Costs, Overhead

D1343727

http://www.cpa125.com/FSA-Dependent%20Care.htm

.

Flexible Spending Account - Dependent Care Account It’s not what you earn, it’s what you keep that counts!A Dependent Care Flexible Spending Account will let you set aside a portion of your paycheck tax free to pay for dependent care expenses (IRS regulations allow up to $5,000.00 per calendar year per family). Contributions are deducted from your paycheck prior to federal, state and social security tax. No tax on your contribution saves you money (see example below). Yes No Do you have children in day care, after school care or summer camp so that you and your spouse can work?℞℞Do you spend more than $500 per year for childcare?℞℞If you answered ‘yes’ to any of these questions you should be participating in a Flexible Spending Account. An example of tax rates and estimated savings below, check with your tax advisor for more specifics: Flexible Spending Account Annual Employee Contribution Tax Savings Single Tax Savings Married Dependent Care FSA$5,000.00$1,400.00$2,050.00*Tax Rates: Single Married Federal15%28%State5.30%5.30%FICA6.20%6.20%Medicare1.45%1.45%Total28%41%Section 125 Dependent Care Guidelines IRS form 2441 should be filed with your tax form 1040 when dependent care has been deducted from your pay. The Dependent Care deduction should be shown in box 10 of the W2 form from your employer. Employer provided dependent care assistance is tax-free only if the following conditions are met:1. Each individual for whom you receive dependent care assistance is;a) A dependent under the age of 13 whom you are entitled to claim as a dependent on your tax return, orb) A spouse or other tax dependent that is physically or mentally incapable of caring for him or herself (special rules apply to certain circumstances where non-custodial parents are entitled to claim the individual as a dependent).2. The dependent care assistance is provided for the care of a dependent described above or for the related household service and is incurred to enable you to be gainfully employed.3. If the dependent care services are provided outside your household, they are incurred for the care of a dependent that is described in 1a) above or who regularly spends at least 8 hours per day in your household.4. If the dependent care is provided by a dependent care center (i.e. a facility that provides care for more than 6 individuals not residing at the facility) the center complies with all applicable state and local laws and regulations.5. If the service is a camp provided service, the dependent does not stay overnight at the camp.6. Payment for the services are not made to a child of yours who is under the age of 19 at the end of the year for which the expenses are incurred or to an individual for whom you or your spouse is entitled to a personal tax exemption as a dependent.7. The reimbursement (or fair market value of the dependent care expenses) are provided for the applicable year and may not exceed the least of the following limits:a) $5000 ($2500 if you are married and do not file a joint tax return for the year)b) Your taxable compensation (after any reductions under the 401 (k) plan, dependent care assistance plan and medical/dental plans)c) If you are married, your spouse’s actual deemed earned income. For purposes of 7a) above, if two employees are married to each other and file a joint tax return, a single $5000 limit applies to both spouses together. For purposes of 7c) above, your spouse will be deemed to have earned income of $200 ($400 if you have 2 or more dependents described in paragraph 1) above) for each month in which your spouse is: Physically or mentally incapable of caring for him or herself or a full time student at an educational institution. For all purposes of paragraph 7) above, certain separated spouses are not treated as married.8. You must report to the IRS on your tax return the name, address and social security number (or other tax payer identification number, if required) of any dependent care service provider who provides services to you during the relevant calendar year).

D3322988

https://quizlet.com/78872251/history-chapter-16-flash-cards/

History Chapter 16

64 terms macchiatomama History Chapter 16Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Sort Christopher Columbus Italian navigator who sailed for Spain and discovered America Ferdinand and Isabella Spanish rulers who financed the voyage of Columbus1) October 12, 1492 2) San Salvador 1) the date Columbus first sighted land in the New World and 2) the place where he landed1) the Arawak 2) the Carib 1) tribe which met Columbus on the island of San Salvador 2) another tribe he met1) The Caribbean Sea was named for the Carib tribe 2) the name means "cannibals" 1) Where does the name "Caribbean Sea" come from? 2) What does it mean?1) Isabela 2) Hispaniola 1) what was the first European city in the Americas and 2) where was it located1) the mouth of the Orinoco River in South America 2) the Isthmus of Panama 1) What did Columbus discover on his third voyage? 2) His fourth voyage?1) Martinique 2) 1902 1) Where is Mount Pelee located? 2) When did it erupt?coral reefs the colorful formations created by millions of tiny animals called polyps which secrete limestone; usually found in shallow tropical waterssugar the main product of the West Indies West Indies an archipelago about 2,500 miles long in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Bahamas Bahamas an archipelago of 700 islands lying east of Florida and northwest of the Greater Antilles, including San Salvador, New Providence, and Nassau Greater Antilles the name for the group of islands including Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico Lesser Antilles the name for the group of islands including the Virgin Islands, the Leeward Islands, the Windward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Netherlands Antilles Bermuda group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean 580 miles southeast of North Carolina; not part of the West Indies although they are often included with them Jamaica the large island south of Cuba where George Liele preached; name means "Island of Springs"; is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Haiti the Dominican Republic the two nations that make up the island of Hispaniola They are free to travel throughout the United States without passports and to move anywhere they wish within the country. As citizens of the United States, what are some of the rights Puerto Ricans enjoy? Vasco Balboa first European to view the Pacific Ocean Magellan explorer who renamed the South Sea the Pacific Ocean because it seemed calm George Liele freed black slave from the United States who went to Jamaica to preach the gospel Robert Boyle English scientist and Christian who left money in his will to spread the gospel to foreign lands Count Zinzendorf leader of the Moravians who encouraged missionaries to go to the West Indies Thomas Coke friend of John Wesley and founder of Methodist missions Fidel Castro leader who brought Communism to Cuba, making it the first Communist dictatorship in the Western Hemisphere Huber Matos former major in Castro's army who was imprisoned for his stand against Communism in Cuba British Virgin Islands United States Virgin Islands the two divisions of the Virgin Islands Cuba 90 miles the largest island in the West Indies and its distance from Key West, Floridabee hummingbird the smallest bird in the worldthe United States Constitution the important document that guarantees certain rights to Americans Raul Castro the man who became president of Cuba in 20081) Communists deny that there is a God to Whom they are responsible 2) because they want to be the highest authority, they do not tolerate those who believe in God reasons why Communists persecute Christians1) people are not financially rewarded according to how hard they work or how well they do their job 2) because of this lack of incentive, people often do not do their best 3) as a result, Communist countries do not produce enough food, clothing, housing, and so forth reasons why Communism is a bad economic systemstrong winds and heavy rains are extremely destructive people are killed crops, homes, and businesses are destroyed devastating effects of hurricanes in the islands of the West Indies1) Pico Duarte 2) Dominican Republic 1) What is the highest peak in the West Indies? 2) Where is it located? Virgin Islands National Park What U. S. national park is located in the West Indies?1) Grenada 2) Isle of Spice 1) Which island is a leading producer of nutmeg and other spices? 2) What nickname has been given to this island?1) Atheists believe there is no God 2) Communism 1) What do atheists believe? 2) What system of government is atheistic?1) Rationing is to give a fixed daily allowance of food. 2) Cuba suffered crop failures and food shortages because Communism takes away a people's incentive to work as a result of personal profit not being allowed 1) What is rationing of food? 2) Why did this happen in Cuba, a country with rich farmland? British Virgin Islands northeastern Virgin Islands U. S. Virgin Islands St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, and about 50 tiny islands Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles, including the Virgin Islands, Anguilla, Antigua, Barbuda, Guadeloupe, Dominica Windward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles, including Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Barbados, Grenada Netherlands Antilles the Dutch West Indies including Aruba, Curagao, and Bonaire Trinidad and Tobago islands located off the coast of Venezuelahorse conch largest shell found in American watersdolphin sea mammal; small whalemarlin fish with a spear-like snout up to two feet long Puerto Rico the island which is the only part of the United States Columbus ever visited; its residents are U. S. citizens Haiti the country which is the second oldest independent nation in the Western Hemisphere Dominican Republic the most mountainous country of the West Indies U. S. Virgin Islands the islands which are the only U. S. possession where people drive on the left San Salvador island of the Bahamas where Columbus probably first landed in the New World Barbados the island which is farthest east of all the West Indies Islands Hispaniola the second largest West Indies island divided into two countries Havana capital of Cuba Kingston capital of Jamaica Nassau capital of Bahamas Port-au-Prince capital of Haiti San Juan capital of Puerto Rico Santo Domingo capital of Dominican Republic San Salvador capital of El Salvador Managua capital of Nicaragua Isabela first European city in the Americas

D561394

https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g60745-d559072-Reviews-Jamaica_Plain-Boston_Massachusetts.html

Jamaica Plain

Jamaica Plain34 Reviews #140 of 410 things to do in Boston Neighborhoods, Sights & Landmarks, Other Green Street, Boston, MA 02130 + Add phone number Website All photos (17)Full view Review Highlights“ Great place to stay. ”So glad we found this spot. We stayed at an Air Bn B easy walk to restaurants, and there is a great... read more Reviewed 4 weeks agodesignbytheyard, Washington“ JP is a great little neighborhood ”Jamaica Plain is a wonderfully diverse neighborhood that runs along part of Boston's Emerald... read more Reviewed September 18, 2017Robert S, Lawrence, Kansas Read all 34 reviews

D2288966

http://www.zumbainstructor.org/

Zumba Instructor Career

Get Your Degree!Find schools and get information on the program that’s right for you. (It’s fast and free! )How will my data be used? Step 1 of 4Choose Area of Study Choose Concentration Zip code Continue Privacy Policy Zumba Instructor Career Those who enjoy helping others become physically fit may want to consider becoming a Zumba instructor. This career field contains many opportunities to meet new and interesting people while staying in peak physical condition. Job Description A Zumba instructor leads workout classes at a gym or fitness center. During the class, this individual will ensure all the students know which exercises they should be doing and how each one should be performed. The instructor will also help students develop the proper technique as well as perform each move in a safe manner. A Zumba instructor might also be responsible for enrolling new students, monitoring their individual progress, and greeting them whenever they arrive at the workout center. Education and Training In order to become a certified Zumba instructor, it is necessary to become certified through the Zumba Academy. The first courses in the series are Zumba Basic Steps Level 1 or Jump Start Gold ™. These classes can be taken at one of the many certified training facilities located throughout the country. After completing one of these courses, instructors can elect to specialize in a particular type of Zumba exercise. A few of the certifications that can be obtained include Aqua Zumba and Zumba Toning. Costs Involved The cost of taking Zumba Basic ranges from $225.00 to $285.00 per person. In addition to the course fee, students must also bear the cost of transportation to and from the host facility. Those who complete this course will be granted a one year license to teach Zumba classes. Once an individual is certified, that person is eligible to join the Zumba Instructor Network in order to keep their license current. This membership costs $30 per month and includes the ability to take continuing education courses. Those who want to specialize in certain types of Zumba exercise can expect to pay between $185 and $215 per course taken. Funding and Scholarships In order to become a Zumba instructor, candidates will have to pay for their initial certification class on their own. They will also have to pay for their own membership in the Zumba Instructor Network or retake the Basic certification course again each year. Zumba does not offer any scholarships or payment plans for the training that’s provided, so each course must be paid in full before it begins. Some students may be fortunate enough to work for an employer who is willing to cover all or part of the certification; however, most Zumba instructors are considered business owners in their own right so they will more than likely have to pay for training themselves. Job Openings and Opportunities Those who are interested in becoming a Zumba instructor can often find employment at fitness centers or the parks and recreation department of larger cities. There may also be openings available at workout facilities that are located on military installations. Many Zumba instructors wind up being self-employed, offering classes to private clubs or religious organizations; some may even rent facilities in which to hold their own group sessions. Click on your state to receive information about Schools near you!Salary The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the median annual wage of a fitness instructor is $31,090 as of May 2010. This amounts to just a little less than $15 per hour. BLS does not distinguish between the salary of a Zumba instructor when compared to that of other fitness professionals. According to Indeed.com, a Zumba fitness instructor makes an average of $45,000 annually in Boston, MA; $38,000 per year in Wilmington, DE; $36,000 each year in Minneapolis, MN; $41,000 annually in Los Angeles, CA; $34,000 each year in Little Rock, Arkansas; and $32,000 per year in San Antonio, TX. Career Outlook The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the overall demand for fitness instructors will increase by 24 percent by the year 2020. This is faster than average when compared to other occupations. Those who have Zumba certification may expect to realize even more job possibilities as this fitness trend continues to increase in popularity. Since Zumba instructors can also work independently, there are plenty of opportunities for these fitness instructors since many areas of the country seem to have a shortage of certified teachers available. Zumba fitness is ever-evolving, so those who become certified instructors are likely to find new and interesting ways to teach this type of exercise. This career can be an excellent way to ensure one’s own physical fitness and health, as instructors must be in better shape than their students if they are going to be successful leaders in the fitness industry. Click On Your City To Get Information of The Best Schools!! !

D487643

http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199707243370417

Delayed Severe Hypertriglyceridemia from Tamoxifen

10 Citing Articles To the Editor: The effects of estrogen-replacement therapy on lipid metabolism — mainly, a reduction in levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and modest increases in triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) — have been well documented. However, estrogens may prove harmful in women with underlying hypertriglyceridemia, leading to profoundly high triglyceride levels and ensuing pancreatitis. 1 What is less widely known is that tamoxifen, used clinically for its antiestrogenic properties, may have a paradoxical estrogenic effect on lipid metabolism, with the same potential complication. We describe a 58-year-old woman who was referred for severe hypertriglyceridemia. In July 1992, she underwent segmental mastectomy for T1N0M0 infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma of the breast. Adjuvant therapy included external-beam radiation and tamoxifen (10 mg by mouth two times a day). Three months after surgery, a multiphasic chemistry panel revealed a triglyceride level of 795 mg per deciliter. She had a known history of familial hypertriglyceridemia, with her most recent recorded triglyceride level (283 mg per deciliter) five years before her surgery. Triglyceride levels were measured at least twice a year while she was taking tamoxifen, and at no time did her triglyceride level exceed 770 mg per deciliter on a low-fat diet. However, in October 1996 a lipid panel obtained in the fasting state revealed a triglyceride level of 4420 mg per deciliter, a cholesterol level of 750 mg per deciliter, and an HDL level of 20 mg per deciliter. She had no signs or symptoms of pancreatitis, but the serum amylase level was elevated at 83 IU per liter. Tamoxifen was immediately discontinued, and she was given gemfibrozil (600 mg by mouth two times a day). Three weeks later her triglyceride level had fallen to 218 mg per deciliter, with a cholesterol level of 279 mg per deciliter, an HDL level of 37 mg per deciliter, an LDL level of 198 mg per deciliter, and an amylase level of 30 IU per liter. Three cases of severe hypertriglyceridemia due to tamoxifen therapy have been reported. Each patient had previously had hypertriglyceridemia. Although two patients recovered with tamoxifen withdrawal, diet, and medication (gemfibrozil and clofibrate), 1,2 the third patient had fulminant pancreatitis and died of multiorgan failure, with a peak triglyceride level of 3673 mg per deciliter. 3 Tamoxifen (and estrogen) induces hypertriglyceridemia by stimulating the endogenous production of triglycerides, which overloads serum clearance by lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase. Substantial triglyceride buildup occurs only when these enzymes are already saturated, as in patients with familial hypertriglyceridemia or familial combined hyperlipidemia. The rarity of these disorders may explain why trials assessing the effect of tamoxifen on lipid metabolism show only modest elevations in serum triglyceride levels. 4,5Tamoxifen should be used cautiously in patients who have hypertriglyceridemia in the fasting state before treatment is begun. Our experience has shown that dangerous lipid abnormalities may occur years into therapy, and therefore vigilance must be maintained until the tamoxifen is discontinued. Keith T. Kanel, M. D. Norman Wolmark, M. D. Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA 15212Paul D. Thompson, M. D. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 152615 References1. Glueck CJ, Lang J, Hamer T, Tracy T. Severe hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis when estrogen replacement therapy is given to hypertriglyceridemic women. J Lab Clin Med 1994 ;123: 59 - 64Medline2. Brun LD, Gagne C, Rousseau C, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ. Severe lipemia induced by tamoxifen. Cancer 1986 ;57: 2123 - 2126Crossref Web of Science Medline3. Noguchi M, Taniya T, Tajiri K, et al. Fatal hyperlipaemia in a case of metastatic breast cancer treated by tamoxifen. Br J Surg1987 ;74: 586 - 587Crossref Web of Science Medline4. Thangaraju M, Kumar K, Gandhirajan R, Sachdanandam P. Effect of tamoxifen on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Cancer 1994 ;73: 659 - 663Crossref Web of Science Medline5. Love RR, Newcomb PA, Wiebe DA, et al. Effects of tamoxifen therapy on lipid and lipoprotein levels in postmenopausal patients with node-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990 ;82: 1327 - 1332Crossref Web of Science Medline Citing Articles (10)Close Citing Articles

D2567486

https://www.bcbsil.com/mmai/plan_details.html

Plan Details

Plan Details Blue Cross Community MMAI (Medicare-Medicaid Plan) SM was created to help you maintain your health and independence. That's why the plan: Provides comprehensive benefits and resources Offers the support you need Is easy to join Explore the many benefits available to you. Plan Details Medical Benefits Behavioral Health Drug Coverage Dental Coverage Vision Coverage Transportation Services Supplemental Benefits MMAI Coverage The Blue Cross Community MMAI plan includes: Medical benefits such as coverage for preventive care services, emergency and urgent care coverage, diagnostic tests and more Behavioral Health benefits Prescription coverage Transportation Services to help you get to and from your appointments Dental care, eye care, and more In addition to these benefits, you do not pay a premium as a member of this plan. Find a Doctor or Hospital Use our Provider Finder® to search for doctors and other health care providers near you. Contact Us1-877-723-7702 (TTY/TDD 711)We are available 24 hours a day, seven (7) days a week. The call is free. Need Assistance?

D1539372

http://www.searchforancestors.com/surnames/origin/w/waters.php

Discover the meaning of your name.Start Now

Family History and Genealogy Resources by Surname Waters Surname Origin (Locality). A name given to one who navigated the waters, or resided near them. Surname Variations: Source: An Etymological Dictionary of Family and Christian Names With an Essay on their Derivation and Import; Arthur, William, M. A.; New York, NY: Sheldon, Blake, Bleeker & CO., 1857. Waters Surname Meaning and Family Facts Waters Last Name Meaning Search the FREE Ancestry.com Name Dictionary. There is more to Waters family history than the origin of your surname: Start your Genealogy to find your personal Waters family ancestry. It's easy to get started. Just begin your family tree with what you already know. Learn More. A Waters Family History Thought:'We relish news of our heroes, forgetting that we are extraordinary to somebody, too.' --Helen Hayes To find additional surnames, choose the first letter of surname: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

D2471971

http://www.seasonproducts.com/

about season products recipesfaq locator contact

Season Brand® Products Wild Caught. Sustainably Harvested. New Product Sardines in Organic Extra Virgin Olive Oil Specialty Vegetables Season Artichoke Hearts. . . More than Canned Fish Unique Recipes A Scrumptuous Fisherman’s Breakfast Previous Next

D252111

https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/RadiationSafety/biological/biological.htm

.

Biological Effects The occurrence of particular health effects from exposure to ionizing radiation is a complicated function of numerous factors including: Type of radiation involved. All kinds of ionizing radiation can produce health effects. The main difference in the ability of alpha and beta particles and Gamma and X-rays to cause health effects is the amount of energy they have. Their energy determines how far they can penetrate into tissue and how much energy they are able to transmit directly or indirectly to tissues. Size of dose received. The higher the dose of radiation received, the higher the likelihood of health effects. Rate the dose is received. Tissue can receive larger dosages over a period of time. If the dosage occurs over a number of days or weeks, the results are often not as serious if a similar dose was received in a matter of minutes. Part of the body exposed. Extremities such as the hands or feet are able to receive a greater amount of radiation with less resulting damage than blood forming organs housed in the torso. See radiosensitivity page for more information. The age of the individual. As a person ages, cell division slows and the body is less sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiation. Once cell division has slowed, the effects of radiation are somewhat less damaging than when cells were rapidly dividing. Biological differences. Some individuals are more sensitive to the effects of radiation than others. Studies have not been able to conclusively determine the differences. The effects of ionizing radiation upon humans are often broadly classified as being either stochastic or nonstochastic. These two terms are discussed more in the next few pages.

D457315

https://www.thereciperebel.com/honey-garlic-salmon-in-foil-oven-or-grill-recipe-video/

Honey Garlic Salmon in Foil (Oven or Grill) + RECIPE VIDEO

Honey Garlic Salmon in Foil (Oven or Grill) + RECIPE VIDEOApril 29, 2017 By Ashley Fehr 7 Comments Pin Share Tweet Stumble This Honey Garlic Salmon in Foil can be made in the oven or on the grill — with just 5 ingredients and no dirty pans! It has a made from scratch honey garlic sauce that’s also great on chicken, pork or beef. Includes how to recipe video. PIN THIS RECIPE FOR LATERIt’s a BIG day here friends: this is the first seafood recipe of any kind on The Recipe Rebel. Have you noticed this gaping hole? I’m curious — how many times per week or month do you all eat seafood? For us, if I’m totally honest, it’s maybe once a month. But we’ve been working on changing that!We don’t mind seafood most of the time, but the way we eat it is pretty boring. It’s hardly even worth writing down. But since one of my goals this year was to eat more seafood, finding new ways to make it and experimenting with other varieties (we eat a lot of white fish!) was a good excuse to experiment. And write it down. I know this isn’t a surprise, but we love honey garlic sauce on anything. I have my go-to version that I used on these Honey Garlic Turkey Sloppy Joes and t his Slow Cooker Honey Garlic Chicken and Vegetables, so I tried it out on a piece of salmon that I bought to try to keep me on track with my resolutions. Next up I definitely want to try recreating a salmon recipe I had in Ottawa last summer — it had the most delicious, savory crisp crust on it and I think it was the best piece of salmon I’ve ever had. If you have a recipe like this, leave it in the comments so I can try it!Note: For this recipe, you can use a fillet with the skin or without — it’s super easy to peel the skin off after its cooked, so it doesn’t really matter either way!If you’re looking for more easy, healthy recipes, check out these Dinner Recipes Under 500 Calories! See how easy it is to make!Honey Garlic Salmon in Foil Recipe Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 0:40Honey Garlic Salmon in Foil (Oven or Grill) + RECIPE VIDEOCourse: Main Course Cuisine: American Prep Time: 10 minutes Cook Time: 15 minutes Total Time: 25 minutes Servings: 6Calories: 171 kcal Author: Ashley Fehr This Honey Garlic Salmon in Foil can be made in the oven or on the grill -- with just 5 ingredients and no dirty pans! It has a made from scratch honey garlic sauce that's also great on chicken, pork or beef. Includes how to recipe video. Print Ingredients1 1-1.5 lb salmon filletwith skin or without1/3 cup liquid honey2 tablespoonsreduced sodium soy sauce2 teaspoons minced garlic1/2 teaspoonminced ginger Instructions Preheat oven to 400 degrees F and cover a baking sheet with a double layer of tin foil (you really want two layers!). Place salmon fillet on foil and pull the edges up around the salmon (don't cover completely). In a small bowl, combine honey, soy sauce, garlic and ginger and pour over salmon. Pull foil up and pinch together at the top so it's completely sealed around the salmon. Bake for 14-15 minutes until salmon is firm and cooked through (you can also grill at the same temperature over indirect heat for about the same amount of time -- right in the foil!). (Optional: you can open and broil for 2-3 minutes, but keep in mind that honey burns quickly). Serve immediately. Recipe Notes Nutrition information is estimated and will vary depending on exact serving size, types and brands of products used. Nutrition Facts Honey Garlic Salmon in Foil (Oven or Grill) + RECIPE VIDEOAmount Per Serving Calories 171 Calories from Fat 18% Daily Value*Total Fat 2g 3%Total Carbohydrates 19g 6%Sugars 17g Protein 21g 42%* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2000 calorie diet. Honey Garlic Salmon in Foil (Oven or Grill) + RECIPE VIDEOPrep time: 10 mins Cook time: 15 mins Total time: 25 mins Serves: 5-6This Honey Garlic Salmon in Foil can be made in the oven or on the grill — with just 5 ingredients and no dirty pans! It has a made from scratch honey garlic sauce that’s also great on chicken, pork or beef. Includes how to recipe video. Ingredients1 1-1.5lb salmon fillet (with skin or without)1/3 cup liquid honey2 tablespoons reduced sodium soy sauce2 teaspoons minced garlic1/2 teaspoon minced ginger Instructions Preheat oven to 400 degrees F and cover a baking sheet with a double layer of tin foil (you really want two layers!). Place salmon fillet on foil and pull the edges up around the salmon (don’t cover completely). In a small bowl, combine honey, soy sauce, garlic and ginger and pour over salmon. Pull foil up and pinch together at the top so it’s completely sealed around the salmon. Bake for 14-15 minutes until salmon is firm and cooked through (you can also grill at the same temperature over indirect heat for about the same amount of time — right in the foil!). (Optional: you can open and broil for 2-3 minutes, but keep in mind that honey burns quickly). Serve immediately. Serving size: 1/5 of recipe made with 1lb fillet Calories: 171 Fat: 2g Carbohydrates: 19g Sugar: 17g Protein: 21g Notes Nutrition information is estimated and will vary depending on exact serving size, types and brands of products used. Pin Share Tweet Stumble Filed Under: 30 Minute Meals, grilling, Mains, On The Lighter Side, Spring/Summer, Under 500 Calories Tagged With: dairy free, easy, gluten-free, light recipes, summer food

D2767890

https://tipjunkie.com/birthday-cake-ideas/

28 Cupcake and Birthday Cake Ideas {recipe}

28 Cupcake and Birthday Cake Ideas {recipe}By Laurie Turk on June 24, 20110 Favorites Pin 21 Share 345 Email Are you hosting a party soon or love to bake? Here are 28 cupcake and birthday cake ideas and recipes. Man, these are making me hungry! {snicker}As always, the Tip Junkie Party blog has HUNDREDS of party themes so you can always search there if youre looking for more cake and cupcake recipes. Ideas For A Birthday Cake1. Colorful Caterpillar Cupcake Recipe – This picture always makes me smile. It’s taken from the book Fun Stuff Cupcakes and it’s completely darling and would make a fun activity for kids or for a birthday party.2. Pirate Party Cake – Enlarge the ship template and make two 13 x 9 cakes, so the ship was almost twice the size of the original recipe and enough cake to serve a large group. 3. A Buzz Lightyear cake from Toy Story – Pictured instructions on how to make this amazing Buzz Lightyear cake which is perfect for a rocket, robot, or Toy Story party. 4. 3d Dinosaur Birthday Cake – Printable pictured instructions are available from Instructables. Two nine-inch round cakes, frosting, decorations, and an unquenchable thirst for adventure are all you need. 5. Barnyard Cake – I can’t get over how cute the chicks and sheep are! They would be fun to make for Easter as well. Birthday Cake Ideas6. Mini-Marshmallow Angel Food Cake Recipe – A fun way to decorate an Angel food cake with marshmallows. {so cute} This would be great for Easter or any birthday party. 7. Number-Themed Birthday Party or Anniversary Cake – Decorate this cake with gradient colored M&M’s, Skittles, or other round candies. 8. Carousel Cake – Use a Wilton carousel topper kit and two cakes to create this darling carousel cake perfect for a princess or Zoo party. 9. The Hungry Caterpillar Cupcake – I just love this cupcake cake idea as well as the fun flag embellishment help by strawberries, too cute.10. Rainbow Doodle Cake – What a fun idea to make a cake and let the birthday kid decorate it with their edible drawings. They used Ameri Color Food Colour Markers to decorate it.11. Super fun Rainbow Birthday Cake Recipe – Don’t be intimidated by the 6 layers or colorful fun, there are fabulous pictured tutorials to walk you through it. Birthday Cake Design12. Donut Cake – This cake is so easy to make. Just stack up your favorite donuts and top with a candle. 13. Cookie Crown Cake – Perfect for almost any party theme, this jewel of a cake will make your little princess feel like a birthday queen. 14. {Party Inspiration} Painter’s Palette Cupcakes – Get inspired by these creative Painter’s Palette Cupcakes perfect for an art party. Check out the paint brush. 15. M&M and Kit Kat Cake – This isn’t a recipe or tutorial but I couldn’t help show this fun cake to you. Perfect for the candy lover. Ideas For Birthday Cake16. How to Make Your Own Cake Stand – Make your own pretty cake stand for an even prettier price! Instead of spending a small fortune on cake stands for each little girl, I created these little stands with a few simple items for only a few dollars each. They are super easy and incredibly versatile…the color possibilities are endless!17. Dollar Tree Vintage Dessert Stand – Taller than others I have seen, making room for larger treats I also left the candlesticks unpainted, giving it a more vintage-inspired look. B Day Cake Ideas18. Easy Birthday Cake Puzzle – A Mrs. Rosey Posey Yum Yummy Birthday Cake Puzzle cut out layers of cake (complete with pink icing) and all the matching ingredients out of paper. 19. Cupcakes in Cones + tutorial on making baking pan – Pictured instructions on how to make cupcakes in cones, the baking pan, and how to ice them. 20. Happy Birthday Cake Made out of Candy bars – A fun cake made of candy bars and assorted candy that are wrapped around Styrofoam rings. Cupcake Recipe How To21. Monkey Cupcakes – Frost the cupcakes with chocolate frosting and used Nilla Wafers for the face and mini Nilla Wafers for the ears. The eyes are made from mini marshmallows. 22. Beach Cupcakes – Fun and easy cupcakes to decorate with your kids this summer. 23. Pizza Cake Recipe – Watch your friends do a double take when you dish up this great pizza cake for dessert. 24. M ake It Simple Cupcakes – How to make decorating birthday cupcakes delicious and simple at our house.30th Cake Designs25. Fran’s Tea Party Cake – This would be an amazing 30th birthday cake! The video shows the carving and an idea on the assembly of this cake so you can do it at home. 26. Dark Chocolate & Raspberry Buttercream Cake with Ganache Drizzle – Holy smokes not only does this cake look amazing but I’m sure it tastes amazing too. I love how it looks when cut as well. 27. Pink Rainbow Cake – A vanilla cake with swiss meringue frosting. {yummy} I just adore the little bunting cake topper too, so cute. 28. 30th Cake Designs – Angel food with whipped topping topped with strawberry, mint, and blueberry,topped with cake sparklers & cupcake flags. Were continuing our 4th Annual Birthday Bash with three more amazing giveaways today as well as lots and lots of amazingly creative birthday parties. If you love these parties – then you’ll find HUNDREDS more just as creative over on the Tip Junkie Party site!Thanks Ladies. I just adore these ideas! Feel free to grab my I was featured on Tip Junkie blog button. You earned it! { {knuckle bumps}} Also, don’t forget to check out the Tip Junkie Facebook page for even more creative ideas and tutorials. Creating Memories that Endure,Laurie Tags: Birthday Party8 comments1Birthday Flowers All such fantastic ideas! The first caterpilla one is so cute! I have made a rainbow cake before with my daughter and she loved it, never thought to get her to decorate with drawings though…great idea! I also love the cake with the kitkats!! That is a serious chocoholics dream!Log in to Reply2Circus Peanuts These are adorable ideas, and you did a great job picking a good range of cakes to fit different age brackets. I am going to try crafting that rainbow cake, it looks awesome. Log in to Reply3Jen ~ Passion-for-Parties.com Thanks so much for including our DIY cake stands!Log in to Reply4how to make a cake Great bday cakes. Thanks for sharing. I shared a [url=http://howtomakeacakenow.com/2012/01/how-to-make-a-unicorn-cake/]unicorn cake [/url] recipe on my blog. [url=http://www.howtomakeacakenow.com]how to make a cake [/url] It’s free if oyu want you can check it out. Log in to Reply5brian Great ideas keep them coming Log in to Reply Older comments →Leave a Reply You must be logged in to post a comment.

D2798863

https://foundationtechnology.com/foundation-repairs-cost/

How Much Does Foundation Repair Costfoundation costs, foundation repair, foundation repair costs, foundation repairs

How Much Does Foundation Repair Costfoundation costs, foundation repair, foundation repair costs, foundation repairs Often times I’m asked, “How much does foundation repair cost?” My general answer is, “a lot more, later, if you don’t fix it now!” You see, the question is ambiguous and unclear. “How much will MY foundation repair cost?” is only determined after a thorough investigation and determination of the causes and the solutions to either stop the movement and/or return your foundation to its original elevation and structural integrity. The typical cost for Foundation Repair ranges from $10,00 to $20,000In many cases, the costs of foundation repair are associated with the type of repair rather than the damage itself. Although they can be on the lower end of costs, the traditional methods of “jacking and replacing” a failed foundation are often repeated more than once. This is because the the actual causes of the damage are rarely addressed. The quick, cheap fix of adding a few “wood blocks and rocks” is like putting a band-aide on a broken leg. It may cover the scratch, but your leg, (foundation) will never be the same. The good news is that Foundation Technology repairs foundations with the most cost effective solution available. So... what does our method, of foundation repair cost? First you need to know what we do to fix your problem before you know the cost associated with the repair. Depending on the cause and repair method, we may install a helical pier or a push pier to support and lift the failed sections of your foundation. Helical Piers Foundation Repair using Helical Piers Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 2:31Push Piers Foundation Repair using Push Piers Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 3:30More on Our Foundation Repair Services We first provide a thorough investigation, which includes measuring your elevation differences, a soils reports, as well as a physical inspection of your foundation. We then provide a guaranteed repair solution which includes the placement of piers pushed or twisted into the ground below your foundation to support and lift the failing sections. Typical installation costs are between $1,100 and $3,000 per pier. One pier can support up to 75,000 pounds, which is more than enough to support one side of your house, but typically 5-7 piers are installed on most repairs to ensure complete structural integrity of your foundation. And with Foundation Technology, this repair procedure is guaranteed for 25 years. It absolutely stops any future movement and cost associated with future foundation repairs. In the past, we've provided other methods of repair which cost only a few hundred dollars to permanently fix the problem. Conversely we have completed repairs for $80,000.00 and higher. It just depends on the cause of the foundation damage and your desired outcome. Get Started Today The question now becomes; “do you want a band-aide on that leg or do you want it fixed correctly?” The choice is all yours. Call (661) 294-1313 tooday for a free, no-obligation inspection. Schedule a Free Inspection12597 View Tweet

D448149

http://www.townofhavana.com/

Welcome to the Town of Havana!

Welcome to the Town of Havana!Cecil G. Trippe Municipal Building The Town of Havana is located 14 miles north of Tallahassee in beautiful Gadsden County, Florida. In 1902, after the completion of a railroad track for the Georgia, Florida and Alabama Railroad, families who had originally settled in nearby Salem; decided to move about a mile east to the present site of Havana. The railroad was very important to the town, as was Havana Community Park,6th Avenue East, Havana Florida tobacco. The Town was incorporated on December 5, 1906. The name "Havana" was proposed by a local schoolteacher, James Mathewson. Shade tobacco, used in fine cigars, was the major crop in the area at that time. Over the years, tobacco crops dwindled and now the Town of Havana is well known for its many Antique Shops, Art Galleries, and Specialty Shops.related link E-mail Contact for Town of Havana - Under Florida law, e-mail addresses are public records. If you do not want your e-mail address released in response to a public-records request, do not send electronic mail to this entity. Instead, contact this office by phone or in writing. Map of Havana, Florida Mapquest map of Havana, FL

D3054712

https://www.linkedin.com/in/tracy-ohlhauser-b32b1b27

Tracy Ohlhauser

Tracy Ohlhauser Production Scheduling Albany, Oregon Food Production Current OFD Foods, LLCPrevious ATI Specialty Alloys and Components,Selmet, Inc., James River Corporation Education Linfield College Recommendations 1 person has recommended Tracy Ohlhauser468 connections Get up to date with Tracy Ohlhauser’s latest activities. Your colleagues, classmates, and 500 million other professionals are on Linked In. View Tracy’s Full Profile Tracy Ohlhauser’s Activity See all activity Tracy Ohlhauser liked this Our senior account reps build long-term relationships with... Tracy Ohlhauser liked this Photo Tracy Ohlhauser liked this Space X is looking for a Mechanical Test Engineer to help... Space X was founded under the belief that a future where humanity is out exploring the stars is... Tracy Ohlhauser shared My boss welcomed me into her office & shut the door. I had... Tracy Ohlhauser shared Remote Workers Are Outperforming Office Workers -- Here's... Research shows that office workers cannot concentrate at their desks. Tracy Ohlhauser liked this Want Loyal Employees? Develop This One Habit!I received this disturbing message from someone: “ Not been able to communicate with my mom in... See more Summary Experienced Production Scheduler with a demonstrated history of working in the food production industry. Skilled in Negotiation, Budgeting, Operations Management, Sales, and Quality Management. Strong operations professional with a BS focused in Business Management from Linfield College. Experience Production Scheduler OFD Foods, LLCNovember 2013 – Present (4 years 6 months)Manages daily production planning and scheduling systems to ensure on-time delivery of customer orders. Plan and create daily production schedules accounting for available on-hand inventory raw material deliveries, necessary QA releases, room/equipment conflicts, and regulatory compliance. Conducts monthly scheduling meetings to review production results, preview upcoming production plans and facilitate resolution of outstanding issues impacting planned runs. Account Manager, Sales ATI Specialty Alloys and Components August 1998 – June 2012 (13 years 11 months)Senior Sales Representative, 2008 – 2012 Direct liaison between customers and internal groups including management, engineering, production, and quality assurance. Provided customer service including sales order management and communicating order status through the shipment of material. Managed product inquiry requests for new contracts including the preparation of cost estimates for bidding and negotiations. • Managed multiple department budgets including preparation and monthly analyses. • Assessed issues and developed resolution to meet productivity, quality, and customer satisfaction goals and objectives. • Responsible for the sales management of new products. • Managed customer owned on-site inventory. • Coordinated the processing of materials from other ATI companies. Program Manager, 2003 - 2008 Ensured contract compliance and served as customer interface with subcontracts administrator and cognizant engineer (s). Facilitated Program Reviews for customer, Government, and Navy personnel. Included preparation and presentation of materials. • Developed and applied management tools to contracts including timelines and financial reports. Included performing financial analyses to determine variances. • Facilitated the reporting associated with cost plus fixed fee contracts including the charging of personnel time and materials. • Managed all personnel associated with the program including union personnel. • Coordinated and conducted customer visits for contract review and witnessing production activities. • Provided inter-company contract requirement coordination including monitoring, tasking, and reporting functions. • Managed Government customer furnished material inventory. Additional positions held include: Outside Conversion Coordinator, Government Customer Service & Logistics Coordinator, Customer Service Coordinator – Casting Sales, Production Planner Engineering Clerk Selmet, Inc.1995 – 1998 (3 years)Updated production and quality process procedures, reviewed new blueprint revisions, created blueprint layouts for first article inspections, and created histograms and x-bar charts with Boeing’s SQC statistical data software. Clerical Assistant James River Corporation1992 – 1995 (3 years)Provided clerical support to the Secondary Fiber Department. Coordinated with vendors to develop weekly shipment calendars and processed quality audits on wastepaper. Maintained records in a specialized Inventory Control Operations Network (ICON) computerized system. Education Linfield College BS, Business Management2002 – 2008Human Resource Management Certificate Marketing Certificate Linn-Benton Community College AAS, Administrative Assistant1993 – 1997Skills Manufacturing Logistics Forecasting Continuous Improvement Sales Engineering New Business Development Lean Manufacturing Customer Service Purchasing Process Improvement Quality Management Supply Chain Supply Chain Management Six Sigma See 11+How's this translation? Great • Has errors Recommendations A preview of what Linked In members have to say about Tracy: During Tracy's tenure at Selmet, she made a significant impact with the Engineering department's internal operations and workflow efficiency. Tracy implemented and expanded the internal technique card system as well as streamlined the department's CAD drawing system. See more Sign up to see who recommended Tracy Groups Aerospace Metals Fasteners Industry Advanced Sales Manager Certification (ASMC)Account Manager Group - Sales Executives and Management Titanium ASM Oregon Chapter View Tracy Ohlhauser’s full profile to... See who you know in common Get introduced Contact Tracy Ohlhauser directly View Tracy’s Full Profile

D3065896

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dip-Pen_Nanolithography

Dip-pen nanolithography

Classic DPN mechanism: Molecular ink diffusing from a nanoscale tip to a surface through a water meniscus. Dip pen nanolithography ( DPN) is a scanning probe lithography technique where an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip is used to create patterns directly on a range of substances with a variety of inks. [1] A common example of this technique is exemplified by the use of alkane thiolates to imprint onto a gold surface. [2] This technique allows surface patterning on scales of under 100 nanometers. DPN is the nanotechnology analog of the dip pen (also called the quill pen ), where the tip of an atomic force microscope cantilever acts as a "pen," which is coated with a chemical compound or mixture acting as an "ink," and put in contact with a substrate, the "paper." [3]DPN enables direct deposition of nanoscale materials onto a substrate in a flexible manner. Recent advances have demonstrated massively parallel patterning using two-dimensional arrays of 55,000 tips. Applications of this technology currently range through chemistry, materials science, and the life sciences, and include such work as ultra high density biological nanoarrays, and additive photomask repair. [4]Contents [ hide ]1 Development2 Deposition materials2.1 Molecular inks2.1.1 Examples2.2 Liquid inks2.2.1 Examples3 Applications3.1 Industrial applications3.2 Emerging applications3.2.1 Cell engineering3.2.2 Rapid prototyping4 DPN properties4.1 Direct write4.2 Unique advantages5 Thermal dip pen lithography6 Beam pen lithography7 Common misconceptions7.1 Direct comparisons to other techniques7.2 Connection to atomic force microscopy8 See also9 References Development [ edit]The uncontrollable transfer of a molecular 'ink' from a coated AFM tip to a substrate was first reported by Jaschke and Butt in 1995, [5] but they erroneously concluded that alkanethiols could not be transferred to gold substrates to form stable nanostructures. A research group at Northwestern University led by Chad Mirkin independently studied the process and determined that under the appropriate conditions, molecules could be transferred to a wide variety of surfaces to create stable chemically-adsorbed monolayers in a high resolution lithographic process they termed "DPN". [6] Mirkin and his coworkers hold the patents on this process, [7] and the patterning technique has expanded to include liquid "inks". It is important to note that "liquid inks" are governed by a very different deposition mechanism when compared to "molecular inks". Deposition materials [ edit]Molecular inks [ edit]Molecular inks are typically composed of small molecules that are coated onto a DPN tip and are delivered to the surface through a water meniscus. [ citation needed] In order to coat the tips, one can either vapor coat the tip or dip the tips into a dilute solution containing the molecular ink. If one dip-coats the tips, the solvent must be removed prior to deposition. The deposition rate of a molecular ink is dependent on the diffusion rate of the molecule, which is different for each molecule. The size of the feature is controlled by the tip/surface dwell-time (ranging from milliseconds to seconds) and the size of the water meniscus, which is determined by the humidity conditions (assuming the tip's radius of curvature is much smaller than the meniscus). Water meniscus mediated (exceptions do exist)Nanoscale feature resolution (50 nm to 2000 nm)No multiplexed depositions Each molecular ink is limited to its corresponding substrate Examples [ edit]Alkane thiols written to gold Silanes (solid phase) written to glass or silicon Liquid inks [ edit]Liquid ink deposition mechanism Liquid inks can be any material that is liquid at deposition conditions. The liquid deposition properties are determined by the interactions between the liquid and the tip, the liquid and the surface, and the viscosity of the liquid itself. These interactions limit the minimum feature size of the liquid ink to about 1 micrometre, depending on the contact angle of the liquid. Higher viscosities offer greater control over feature size and are desirable. Unlike molecular inks, it is possible to perform multiplexed depositions using a carrier liquid. For example, using a viscous buffer, it is possible to directly deposit multiple proteins simultaneously.1-10 micrometre feature resolution Multiplexed depositions Less restrictive ink/surface requirements Direct deposition of high viscosity materials Examples [ edit]Protein, [8] [9] peptide, [10] and DNA [11] patterning Hydrogels Sol gels [12]Conductive inks [13]Lipids [14]Silanes (liquid phase) written to glass or silicon Applications [ edit]In order to define a good DPN application, it is important to understand what DPN can do that other techniques can't. Direct-write techniques, like contact printing, can pattern multiple biological materials but it cannot create features with subcellular resolution. Many high-resolution lithography methods can pattern at sub-micrometre resolution, but these require high-cost equipment that were not designed for biomolecule deposition and cell culture. Microcontact printing can print biomolecules at ambient conditions, but it cannot pattern multiple materials with nanoscale registry. Industrial applications [ edit]The following are some examples of how DPN is being applied to potential products. Cantilever biosensor functionalized with 4 different proteins Biosensor Functionalization - Directly place multiple capture domains on a single biosensor device Nanoscale Sensor Fabrication - Small, high-value sensors that can detect multiple targets [15]Nanoscale Protein Chips - High-density protein arrays with increased sensitivity Emerging applications [ edit]Cell engineering [ edit]DPN is emerging as a powerful research tool for manipulating cells at subcellular resolution [16] [17]Stem cell differentiation Subcellular drug delivery Cell sorting Surface gradients Subcellular ECM protein patterns Cell adhesion Rapid prototyping [ edit]SEM image of DPN fabricated gold metastructure arrays. Plasmonics and Metamaterials Cell and tissue screening DPN properties [ edit]Direct write [ edit]DPN is a direct write technique so it can be used for top-down and bottom-up lithography applications. In top-down work, the tips are used to deliver an etch resist to a surface, which is followed by a standard etching process. [18] In bottom-up applications, the material of interest is delivered directly to the surface via the tips. Gold on silicon metastructure fabricated with top-down DPN methods Unique advantages [ edit]Directed Placement - Directly print various materials onto existing nano and microstructures with nanoscale registry Direct Write - Maskless creation of arbitrary patterns with feature resolutions from as small as 50 nm and as large as 10 micrometres [19]Biocompatible - Subcellular to nanoscale resolution at ambient deposition conditions Scalable - Force independent, allowing for parallel depositions [20]Thermal dip pen lithography [ edit]A heated probe tip version of Dip Pen Lithography has also been demonstrated, thermal Dip Pen Lithography (t DPL), to deposit nanoparticles. [21] Semiconductor, magnetic, metallic, or optically active nanoparticles can be written to a substrate via this method. The particles are suspended in a PMMA or equivalent polymer matrix, and heated by the probe tip until they begin to flow. The probe tip acts as a nano-pen, and can pattern nanoparticles into a programmed structure. Depending on the size of the nanoparticles, resolutions of 78-400 nm were attained. An O 2 plasma etch can be used to remove the PMMA matrix, and in the case of Iron Oxide nanoparticles, further reduce the resolution of lines to 10 nm. [21] Advantages unique to t DPL are that it is a maskless additive process that can achieve very narrow resolutions, it can also easily write many types of nanoparticles without requiring special solution preparation techniques. However there are limitations to this method. The nanoparticles must be smaller than the radius of gyration of the polymer, in the case of PMMA this is about 6 nm. Additionally, as nanoparticles increase in size viscosity increases, slowing the process. For a pure polymer deposition speeds of 200 μm/s are achievable. Adding nanoparticles reduces speeds to 2 μm/s, but is still faster than regular Dip Pen Lithography. [21]Beam pen lithography [ edit]A two dimensional array of ( PDMS) deformable transparent pyramid shaped tips are coated with an opaque layer of metal. The metal is then removed from the very tip of the pyramid, leaving an aperture for light to pass through. The array is then scanned across a surface and light is directed to the base of each pyramid via a micromirror array, which funnels the light toward the tip. Depending on the distance between the tips and the surface, light interacts with the surface in a near-field or far-field fashion, allowing sub-diffraction scale features (100 nm features with 400 nm light) or larger features to be fabricated. [22]Common misconceptions [ edit]Direct comparisons to other techniques [ edit]Streptavidin (4 nm thickness) deposited using microcontact printing The criticism most often directed at DPN is the patterning speed. The reason for this has more to do with how it is compared to other techniques rather than any inherent weaknesses. For example, the soft lithography method, microcontact printing (μCP), is the current standard for low cost, bench-top micro and nanoscale patterning, so it is easy to understand why DPN is compared directly to microcontact printing. The problem is that the comparisons are usually based upon applications that are strongly suited to μCP, instead of comparing them to some neutral application. μCP has the ability to pattern one material over a large area in a single stamping step, just as photolithography can pattern over a large area in a single exposure. Of course DPN is slow when it is compared to the strength of another technique. DPN is a maskless direct write technique that can be used to create multiple patterns of varying size, shape, and feature resolution, all on a single substrate. No one would try to apply microcontact printing to such a project because then it would never be worth the time and money required to fabricate each master stamp for each new pattern. Even if they did, microcontact printing would not be capable of aligning multiple materials from multiple stamps with nanoscale registry. [23] The best way to understand this misconception is to think about the different ways to apply photolithography and e-beam lithography. No one would try to use e-beam to solve a photolithography problem and then claim e-beam to be "too slow". Directly compared to photolithography's large area patterning capabilities, e-beam lithography is slow and yet, e-beam instruments can be found in every lab and nanofab in the world. The reason for this is because e-beam has unique capabilities that cannot be matched by photolithography, just as DPN has unique capabilities that cannot be matched by microcontact printing. Connection to atomic force microscopy [ edit]DPN evolved directly from AFM so it is not a surprise that people often assume that any commercial AFM can perform DPN experiments. In fact, DPN does not require an AFM, and an AFM does not necessarily have real DPN capabilities. There is an excellent analogy with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron beam (E-beam) lithography. E-beam evolved directly from SEM technology and both use a focused electron beam, but no one would ever suggest that one could perform modern E-beam lithography experiments on a SEM that lacks the proper lithography hardware and software requirements. It is also important to consider one of the unique characteristics of DPN, namely its force independence. With virtually all ink/substrate combinations, the same feature size will be patterned no matter how hard the tip is pressing down against the surface. [24] As long as robust Si N tips are used, there is no need for complicated feedback electronics, no need for lasers, no need for quad photo-diodes, and no need for an AFM. See also [ edit]Nanolithography References [ edit]^ Ginger, David S.; Zhang, Hua; Mirkin, Chad A. (2004). "The Evolution of Dip-Pen Nanolithography". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 43 (1): 30–45. doi: 10.1002/anie.200300608. ISSN 1433-7851.^ Piner, R. D. (1999). " " Dip-Pen" Nanolithography". Science. 283 (5402): 661–663. doi: 10.1126/science.283.5402.661. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9924019.^ "DPN - Northwestern - Intro". Northwestern University. Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.^ Solvent-mediated repair and patterning of surfaces by AFM: Elhadj, Chernov, De Yoreo, Nanotechnology, 19, (2008) 105304^ Jaschke, M.; Butt, H.-J. (1995). "Deposition of Organic Material by the Tip of a Scanning Force Microscope". Langmuir. 11: 1061–1064. doi: 10.1021/la00004a004.^ Piner, R. D.; Zhu, J.; Xu, F.; Hong, S.; Mirkin, C. A. (1999). "Dip Pen Nanolithography". Science. 283 (5402): 661–663. doi: 10.1126/science.283.5402.661. PMID 9924019.^ "Dip-Pen Nanolithography". Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.^ Protein nanoarrays generated by DPN: 1 March 2002 Vol 295 Science^ Biologically Active Protein Nanoarrays Generated Using Parallel DPN: Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 1133–1136^ Dip-Pen Nanolithography of Bioactive Peptides on collagen-terminated retinal membrane: Sistiabudi and Ivanisevic, Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 1–4^ Direct Patterning of Modified Oligos on Metals and Insulators by DPN: 7 JUNE 2002 VOL 296 SCIENCE^ Fu; Liu; Zhang; Dravid (2003). "Nanopatterning of "Hard" Magnetic Nanostructures via DPN and a Sol-based Ink". Nano Letters. 3 (6): 757–760. Bibcode: 2003Nano L...3..757F. doi: 10.1021/nl034172g.^ Su; Aslam; Fu; Wu; Dravid (2004). "Dip-pen nanopatterning of photosensitive conducting polymer using a monomer ink". Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 (21): 4200. Bibcode: 2004Ap Ph L..84.4200S. doi: 10.1063/1.1737469.^ Small 2008, 4, No. 10, 1785–1793^ Tang; Shi (2008). "Preparation of gas sensors via DPN". Sensors and Actuators B. 131: 379–383. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2007.11.043.^ Surface Chemistry and Cell Biological Tools for the Analysis of Cell Adhesion and Migration: Pulsipher, Yousaf: Chem Bio Chem 2010, 11, 745 – 753^ Model substrates for studies of cell mobility: Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 2009, 5–6, Pages 697-704^ High-throughput DPN-based fabrication of Si nanostructures: Zhang, Amro, Disawal, Elghanian, Shile, Fragala Small, 2007, 3, No. 1, 81-85^ Maskless lithography^ Nature Chemistry Vol 1, August 2009^ a b c Woo, Dai, King & Sheehan "Maskless Nanoscale Writing of Nanoparticle-Polymer Composites and Nanoparticle Assemblies using Thermal Nanoprobes" Nano Letters (2009)^ "Beam pen lithography". doi: 10.1038/nnano.2010.161.^ Mei, Y., Cannizzaro, C., Park, H., Xu, Q., Bogatyrev, S., Yi, K., Goldman, N., Langer, R. and Anderson, D., Cell-compatible, multicomponent protein arrays with subcellular feature resolution, Small, 4: 1600-1604, 2008^ Exceptions exist when printing to soft materials – Maedler, C.; Chada, S.; Cui, X.; Taylor, M.; Yan, M.; La Rosa, A. (2008). "Creation of nanopatterns by local protonation of P4VP via dip pen nanolithography". Journal of Applied Physics. 104 (1): 014311. Bibcode: 2008JAP...104a4311M. doi: 10.1063/1.2953090. ISSN 0021-8979. [ show]v t e Scanning probe microscopy [ show]v t e Nanolithography

D983774

https://members.nalchbp.org/privacy_policy/

Privacy Policy

Privacy Policy The majority of this website is available only to registered users. To become a registered user, NALC Health Benefit Plan participants and beneficiaries must complete the application form provided on this site. We are providing this notice in order to describe the site's online information collection and use practices. This privacy policy applies only the information collected on this site, and not to any other information that the NALC Health Benefit Plan collects about you in other forums, including e-mail correspondence and via telephone. Using 'Cookies' to Monitor Website Usage In order to make the site as user-friendly and informative as possible, your usage of the site will be monitored and recorded via the use of a 'cookie.' A cookie is a piece of data that a website can send to your computer. A cookie is not a computer program; it cannot read data from your computer or embed any commands in your computer. While cookies can, and are used to, identify repeat visitors to a website, they do not contain any personal identifying information such as your email address, user ID, or password. Cookies cannot gather any personal information about you other than information you provide voluntarily, such as if you choose to register on the site. The NALC Health Benefit Plan uses cookies to ensure security. By examining cookies during a visit, the website can verify that the user requesting an action is still the same user who logged on to the site. Cookies also keep track of aggregate statistics for a website, such as the total number of visitors to the site, the server location from which each visitor accesses the site, and the number of pages each visitor views. The NALC Health Benefit Plan collects this information, but never sells or enters into any arrangement to provide this information to a third party. The NALC Health Benefit Plan uses this information internally as a tool to improve the quality of the information and services offered through the site. Most browser programs can be set to alert you when a website sends a cookie to your computer. Most browsers also provide a way for you to remove cookies from your computer. If you tell your browser to deny cookies while visiting this site, the visit will be terminated for your protection. Information Collection The NALC Health Benefit Plan can only use the information it receives about you and your family for specific purposes, including, but not limited to:making payments to doctors, hospitals, and other health care professionals for the treatment and services that you and/or your dependents receive; andperforming certain operations that the NALC Health Benefit Plan uses to monitor the services the Plan provides to you and your dependents. Privacy of Protected Health Information Personal information that is unique to you, and can be used to identify you, may be considered protected health information under the terms of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ('HIPAA') and is subject to the terms described in the HIPAA Notice of Privacy Practices available on this site. Please refer to that Notice for additional information. Information Transmission All personal information you provide is protected and encrypted before being transmitted to us. Once transmitted to us, information is stored on secure servers. Specific inquiries about the site's privacy policy should be directed in writing to: Privacy Official NALC Health Benefit Plan P O Box 678 Ashburn, VA 20146*Be sure to include the member's name and identification number as it appears on your ID card

D669515

http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/what-is-anastomosis.htm

What is Anastomosis?

An anastomosis is a surgical procedure that is performed to connect two structures together inside the body. Anastomosis is most commonly used to secure upper and lower sections of the large intestine together after a middle section must be removed. Surgeons can also use the procedure following a major operation on the small intestine, esophagus, bladder, or bile duct. A specialized type is performed when a damaged area of an artery or vein must be bypassed or when blood vessels need to be connected to a transplanted organ. Recent advancements in tools and techniques allow the operation to be performed in a minimally-invasive fashion with the aid of an endoscopic camera. In the past, patients who suffered from colon cancer or severe inflammatory bowel disease had few surgical options. When the entire colon had to be removed, the lower section of the small intestine was connected to a surgical opening in the abdomen. A colostomy bag outside of the body was used to collect waste, and the patient was rendered incontinent. Ileoanal anastomosis procedures eliminate the need for external colostomy bags and allow people to have normal, controlled bowel movements. During an ileoanal anastomosis, the rectum is detached from the anal cavity and the colon is cut away from the ileum, the base of the small intestine. The surgeon then connects the ileum to the anal cavity with the aid of sutures and pins. The procedure is often performed endoscopically through several small incisions in the abdomen rather than a large open cut. A surgeon uses the endoscope to view the procedure on a monitor and to direct precision instruments. Similar anastomosis procedures can be used when a part of the urethra, esophagus, or small intestine needs to be removed. Upper and lower sections are either stapled or sutured together to preserve normal functioning. Patients who have severely clogged arteries may be candidates for arterial anastomosis, which involves severing a damaged blood vessel at its base and attaching it to a donor vessel to bypass the blockage. Most arterial procedures take place in the chest and neck, though special operations can be used to correct blood flow problems in the legs, arms, groin, or brain. All types of surgery have inherent risks, although skilled surgeons can minimize the chances of major complications. If the sutured area is not properly secured, it can become infected by bacteria. Excess bleeding or leakage of other body fluids is another common concern. Surgeons typically schedule frequent checkups following procedures to check for signs of complications. Ad You might also Like Recommended Related wise GEEK Articles What Is an Enterotomy? What is Caput Medusae? What are the Risks of Intestinal Surgery? What is Endoscopic Vein Harvesting? What is Perforated Diverticulitis? What is an Ileo-Anal Pouch? What is a Gastrojejunostomy? Ad Discuss this Articledonasmrs Post 3My grandfather had an ileoanal anastomosis last year. He had colon cancer. He was in the hospital for about a week, then he came home but was on bed rest most of the time. He also had an external pouch for stool. He really hated that because the part that was attached to his skin would hurt him a lot. I think doctors can also place internal pouches, I don't know why they didn't do that with him.f Boyle Post 2@burcidi-- Yes, I had a resection anastomosis. The diseased part of my intestine was removed and the two parts were connected back together. It was an emergency operation, so I didn't really know what was going on until after. I did experience a complication, a small leakage where the connection was made. But it wasn't a major problem, it healed on its own in several weeks on antibiotics. Of course, there is some discomfort during recovery. I was on a liquid diet and pain relievers for a while. But the discomfort was nothing compared to the symptoms I was experiencing before surgery. Are you due for a resection soon?burcidi Post 1Has anyone had a gastrointestinal anastomosis because of Crohn's disease? How was the recovery? Post your comments Post Anonymously Loginusernamepasswordforgot password? Registerusernamepasswordconfirmemail

D2276533

https://www.coldwellbankerhomes.com/oh/goshen/

Goshen, OH Real Estate & Homes For Sale

Add For Sale For Sale For Rent Recently Sold Any Price—Any Beds Any1+2+3+4+5+Any Baths Any1+2+3+4+5+More Filters Save this Search Update Results Hide Map Home Ohio Real Estate48 Results Goshen, OH Real Estate & Homes For Sale Order By Newest Newest Price (high to low)Price (low to high)Bedrooms Bathrooms Just Listed1/16853 Clubside Drive Goshen, OH 45140$350,000Single Family Active MLS # 1573502Updated 2 hours ago4Beds3Total Baths3Car Garage Sale Pending1/246712 Shiloh Road Goshen, OH 45122$225,000Single Family Pending MLS # 1573066Updated 1 day ago3Beds2Total Baths2Car Garage Just Listed1/127004 Willow Ridge Court Goshen, OH 45140$189,900Single Family Active MLS # 1572849Updated 5 days ago4Beds2Total Baths1Car Garage Price Reduced1/216483 Gingham Road Goshen, OH 45140$145,900-$4,000 (-2.67%)Single Family Active MLS # 1572448Updated 5 days ago3Beds1Total Bath1Car Garage Sale Pending1/251771 Heritage Woods Drive Goshen, OH 45122$250,000Single Family Pending MLS # 1571949Updated 6 hours ago3Beds3Total Baths2Car Garage1/256476 East Gingham Drive Goshen, OH 45140$159,900Single Family Active MLS # 1572344Updated 1 day ago3Beds3Total Baths1Car Garage1/131515 W Meadowbrook Drive Goshen, OH 45140$99,900Single Family Active MLS # 1572425Updated 11 days ago2Total Baths1Car Garage1/216877 Obannon Bluff Goshen, OH 45140$425,000Single Family Active MLS # 1572159Updated 6 days ago5Beds4Total Baths3Car Garage Sale Pending1/245813 Hall Court Goshen, OH 45140$165,000Single Family Pending MLS # 1571894Updated 7 days ago3Beds3Total Baths2Car Garage1/236980 Greenstone Trace Goshen, OH 45140$239,900Condo / Townhouse Active MLS # 1571742Updated 7 days ago3Beds4Total Baths2Car Garage1/251504 Woodland Drive Goshen, OH 45140$159,900Single Family Active MLS # 1571751Updated 5 days ago4Beds1Total Bath2Car Garage Price Reduced1/185875 Rose Lane Goshen, OH 45150$139,500-$4,400 (-3.06%)Single Family Active MLS # 1571671Updated 1 day ago3Beds2Total Baths2Car Garage Sale Pending1/158114 Sterling Spring Drive Goshen, OH 45140$189,900Single Family Pending MLS # 1570717Updated 12 days ago3Beds2Total Baths2Car Garage Sale Pending1/181753 E Huntley Goshen, OH 45122$235,000Single Family Pending MLS # 15713273Beds2Total Baths2Car Garage Sale Pending1/101922 George Street Goshen, OH 45122$109,900Single Family Pending MLS # 1571225Updated 11 days ago2Beds1Total Bath1Car Garage Price Reduced1/242169 St Rt 132Goshen, OH 45122$140,000-$5,000 (-3.45%)Single Family Active MLS # 1570861Updated 4 days ago3Beds1Total Bath1Car Garage Sale Pending1/232791 Gibbs Road Goshen, OH 45122$279,000Single Family Pending MLS # 15706863Beds3Total Baths2Car Garage Sale Pending1/192186 St Rt 28Goshen, OH 45122$139,900Single Family Pending MLS # 15705794Beds2Total Baths1Car Garage Sale Pending1/256040 Marsh Circle Goshen, OH 45140$155,000Single Family Pending MLS # 15703183Beds3Total Baths2Car Garage Listed by Emilee Deems (513) 709-5559Sale Pending1/136483 Springhouse Avenue Goshen, OH 45140$78,000Single Family Pending MLS # 1570334Updated 12 days ago3Beds1Total Bath1Car Garage Sale Pending1/241221 Silvercreek Circle Goshen, OH 45140$435,000Single Family Pending MLS # 1569989Updated 1 day ago5Beds4Total Baths3Car Garage Price Reduced1/256175 St Rt 132Goshen, OH 45122$859,900-$40,000 (-4.44%)Single Family Active MLS # 1569094Updated 1 day ago5Beds5Total Baths3Car Garage Sale Pending1/251509 Gibson Road Goshen, OH 45122$425,000Single Family Pending MLS # 15691184Beds2Total Baths2Car Garage Sale Pending1/51504 Winwood Drive Goshen, OH 45140$225,000Single Family Pending MLS # 15691205Beds3Total Baths2Car Garage Save this search and receive alerts when new properties are listed. Load More Results Update results when you move the map What’s nearby? Coldwell Banker West Shell can help you find Goshen, OH homes for sale, condos and rentals. Refine your Goshen real estate search results by price, property type, bedrooms, baths and other features. Need more information? View Coldwell Banker West Shell Goshen real estate agents or offices and let us help you find the perfect property. We also have area guides that show more information about properties in Goshen, OH. Cities Near Goshen, OHButlerville Camp Dennison Deerfield Township Hamilton Township Harlan Township Indian Hill Landen Loveland Maineville Miami Township, Clermont County Milford Montgomery Morrow Owensville Pleasant Plain Salem Township South Lebanon Stonelick Township Symmes Township Terrace Park ZIP Codes Near Goshen, OH45039 45103 4510745111 45122 4514045152 45162 4524345249Offices serving Goshen, OHNortheast Regional Sales Office Office

D1776695

http://www.tax-rates.org/iowa/des_moines_sales_tax

2018 Des Moines, Iowa Sales Tax

Iowa Income Tax | Iowa Sales Tax | Iowa Property Tax | Iowa Corporate Tax2018 Des Moines, Iowa Sales Tax Local Sales Tax - Des Moines6.00%2018 Des Moines sales tax Exact tax amount may vary for different items Tax Jurisdiction Sales Tax Iowa State Sales Tax 6.00%County Sales Tax N/ACity Sales Tax N/ASpecial Sales Tax N/ACombined Sales Tax 6.00% [Is this data incorrect? ]Download all Iowa sales tax rates by zip code The Des Moines, Iowa sales tax is 6.00% , the same as the Iowa state sales tax. While many other states allow counties and other localities to collect a local option sales tax, Iowa does not permit local sales taxes to be collected. The Des Moines Sales Tax is collected by the merchant on all qualifying sales made within Des Moines Groceries are exempt from the Des Moines and Iowa state sales taxes Des Moines collects a 0% local sales tax, the maximum local sales tax allowed under Iowa law Des Moines has a lower sales tax than 93.1% of Iowa's other cities and counties Des Moines Iowa Sales Tax Exemptions In most states, essential purchases like medicine and groceries are exempted from the sales tax or eligible for a lower sales tax rate. Des Moines doesn't collect sales tax on purchases of most groceries. Certain purchases, including alcohol, cigarettes, and gasoline, may be subject to additional Iowa state excise taxes in addition to the sales tax. Note that in some areas, items like alcohol and prepared food (including restaurant meals and some premade supermarket items) are charged at a higher sales tax rate than general purchases. Iowa's sales tax rates for commonly exempted categories are listed below. Some rates might be different in Des Moines. Groceries: TAX EXEMPT Clothing: 6% Prepared Food: 6% Prescription Drugs: 0% Non-Prescription Drugs: 0%Des Moines Sales Tax Calculator Purchase Details: $ in zip code Leave the zip code default for purchases made in Des Moines All merchants operating in Des Moines must automatically calculate the sales tax due on each purchase made and include it in separately in the receipt. Goods bought for resale or other business use may be exempted from the sales tax. If you purchase goods online or through the mail and do not pay any sales tax, you are expected to pay use tax to the Iowa Department of Revenue . For more details, see the Iowa sales tax . Des Moines Sales Tax Region ZIP Codes The Des Moines sales tax region partially or fully covers 59 zip codes in Iowa. Remember that ZIP codes do not necessarily match up with municipal and tax region borders, so some of these zip codes may overlap with other nearby tax districts. You can find sales taxes by zip code in Iowa here50301 50302 50303 50304 50305 50306 50307 50308 50309 5031050311 50312 50313 50314 50315 50316 50317 50318 50319 5032050321 50328 50329 50330 50331 50332 50333 50334 50335 5033650339 50340 50347 50359 50360 50361 50362 50363 50364 5036750368 50369 50380 50381 50391 50392 50393 50394 50395 5039650397 50936 50940 50947 50950 50980 50981 50982 50983Additional Resources & Disclaimer - Des Moines Sales Tax While we make every effort to ensure that our information on the Des Moines sales tax is up to date, we can offer no warranty as to the accuracy of the data provided. Please let us know if any of our data is incorrect, and we will update our database as soon as possible. Learn more about the Iowa sales tax View Iowa sales taxes by county Des Moines sales tax rate map (by Sales Tax Handbook)How can we improve this page? We value your comments and suggestions! Send Instant Feedback About This Page Promo

D253299

https://community.cartalk.com/t/nissan-rogue-oil-change/75743

NIssan Rogue Oil Change

NIssan Rogue Oil Change Maintenance/Repairsnissan K9WX 2012-11-26 18:58:04 UTC #1Bought a new 2012 Nissan Rogue in March. It is the first vehicle I have owned in the past 20+ years where the manufacturer does not recommend a 5000 mile oil change interval. Nissan recommends a 3750 mile interval. Additionally, the dealer provides free oil changes for the first year of ownership and has been using Mobil1. Two questions. -First, is there anything unique about the vehicle that would would motivate the manufacturer to recommend the 3750 mile interval as opposed to a 5000 mile interval? -Second, was Mobil1 the factory fill? I plan to put these questions to the dealer but would appreciate advice here before doing so. Tim Uncle Turbo 2012-11-26 19:09:36 UTC #2That is a short oil change interval, especially if a full synthetic oil is used. Possible reason is Nissan has had issues such as sludge build up. Also, if the motor is turbo charged the turbo might run very hot and need good fresh oil to keep from burning out the bearings in the turbo. If the oil changes are free I guess no harm no foul. If I was a dealer giving free oil changes for a year I’d go with less expensive oil than Mobil 1. You need to see if this free oil change using Mobil 1 is a dealer standard policy for all cars, or something unique to the model and motor in your car. If not a dealer SOP then I’d be on top of oil changes in this car once your free year of oil changes is past.dagosa 2012-11-26 19:40:05 UTC #3Is that the severe use or normal use interval ? If the normal interval is 7500, use that. Unless you use your Rogue as a taxi, police vehicle or maintain the Baja run on a regular basis, the normal interval is sufficient. If 3750 is for normal usage, would severe be like 1500 miles ? With synthetic, the cost of maintenance would be hard to justify. VDCdriver 2012-11-26 19:46:26 UTC #4From Nissan’s own website: Schedule Options: SCHEDULE 1 (more severe operating conditions), every 3,750 miles or 3 months, whichever comes first. Use Schedule 1 if you primarily operate your vehicle under any of these conditions:•Repeated short trips of less than 5 miles in normal temperatures or less than 10 miles in freezing temperatures•Stop-and-go traffic in hot weather or low-speed driving for long distances•Driving in dusty conditions or on rough, muddy, or salt-spread roads•Towing a trailer, or using a camper or car-top carrier SCHEDULE 2 ( less severe operating conditions), every 7,500 miles or 6 months, whichever comes first Schedule 2 features 7,500-mile service intervals; with Schedule 2 fewer maintenance items are regularly checked or replaced than Schedule 1. Generally, Schedule 2 applies only to highway driving in temperate conditions. Use Schedule 2 only if you primarily operate your vehicle under conditions other than those listed in Schedule 1. So…if you typically drive in the conditions listed for Schedule 1, then, yes, you do need to do oil changes every 3,750 miles. This type of driving is typical for of the majority of the drivers on the road, IMHO. If you are primarily a highway driver who lives in areas without temperature extremes, you can push the interval to every 7,500 miles. That being said, my own personal philosophy on this topic is that I never go past 4k miles (or 4 months) without an oil change. As one of the other veterans of this board (screen name: the same mountainbike) says, “Oil is relatively cheap, and engines are very expensive”. If you hang around this board for awhile, you will see that the majority of severe engine problems are the result of going too long between oil changes and/or failure to check (and correct) the oil level regularly. Truthfully, I doubt if the Nissan website is the only place listing this info, and I strongly suspect that the OP can find essentially the same info in his Owner’s Manual. (Hint: You REALLY need to open the glove compartment, take out all of the booklets sitting in there, and read them all if you want to be able to operate your vehicle reliably, safely, and economically for the long term. )common_sense_answer 2012-11-26 20:31:10 UTC #5Sounds Right To Me. I’d Always Go With 3,750, Never More Than 4,000 Miles On This Car. What Is The Total Capacity Of This Engine ? How Much Oil Is Required With A Filter Change ? CSAcommon_sense_answer 2012-11-26 20:35:09 UTC #6Many New Cars Specify Synthetic Oil Blends Or Full Synthetic. I’d Go With Mobil-1 Or Mobil-1 Extended Performance. Didn’t You Get An Owner’s Manual With This Car ? CSAtexases 2012-11-26 20:37:17 UTC #7Sounds like you’ve been listening to the service department rather than reading your owner’s manual. Follow the guidelines listed above. While I disagree that most drivers are ‘severe’, I have no problem with a 5k oil change interval on regular oil without an oil life monitor. If my vehicle has an oil life monitor (with tracks the type of driving, not the condition of the oil), I’d be comfortable going to 7,500 miles. Mike In NH 2012-11-26 20:55:35 UTC #8While I disagree that most drivers are 'severe',One Line says that every driver in the North drives in severe conditions.•Driving in dusty conditions or on rough, muddy, or salt-spread roads It’s almost impossible to drive on a road in the north east in the winter without running into salt. While my commute is almost all highway…after work I still have many short drives (to the store, sons practice and games, town meetings…etc…etc). I easily fall into severe here also.texases 2012-11-26 21:00:06 UTC #9How does driving on a salty road place extra wear on the oil?common_sense_answer 2012-11-26 21:13:28 UTC #10Texases, I’m Guessing It’s From The Fine Dust From The Salt. The Best Air Filtration System Won’t Stop All Particles. Oil Is Contaminated Faster. Tons of salt are dumped all over the roads here for sometimes six months of the year. The roads turn white. The cars turn white. I hate it, but I’ve always thought this was tougher on oil. That fine salt dust hangs in the air. CSAtexases 2012-11-26 21:23:11 UTC #11Sounds good, it’s as if I was driving on a dusty road. And I also agree with the cold weather issue, a relative had a older Ford, he drained the oil (was wondering why the oil level had increased) and he was able to light the oil with a match! Between the blowby and the cold weather, he never got the engine hot enough to boil off the gasoling…Mike In NH 2012-11-26 22:33:48 UTC #12How does driving on a salty road place extra wear on the oil? CSA’s explanation sounds plausible. I was just commenting on what VCDdriver listed from Nissan’s website as what they considered severe driving. Joe Mario 2012-11-27 06:57:59 UTC #13VCDdriver posted from Nissan: Use Schedule 1 if you primarily operate your vehicle under any of these conditions: I read that as most drivers falling into the “normal” category rather than “severe”. Mike In NH 2012-11-27 07:47:55 UTC #14Use Schedule 1 if you primarily operate your vehicle What does PRIMARILY mean?? It’s too ambiguous. It could mean anything from most of the time to just 20% of the time. And is it measured by miles or time. While I put most of my miles on while on the highway…most of the time I’m driving I’m NOT on the highway.

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http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Babbling%20(babbling%20stage)

Babbling (babbling stage)

Babbling (babbling stage)You have to love it when children begin to speak! The babbling stage is a very early stage of language development, usually occurring around ages 3-4 months, in which children spontaneously produce all sorts of nonsensical, unrelated sounds. No real words are formed at this point, but children are just beginning to put sounds together in order to form words, which happens after the babbling stage. Add flashcard Cite Random

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https://www.mapquest.com/us/ca/shell-beach-283370444

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https://nameberry.com/babyname/Docia

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https://www.theinformationlab.co.uk/2012/01/31/tableau-for-excel-users-part-1-recreating-the-pivot-table/

Tableau for Excel Users â Part 1 â Recreating the pivot table

31 January, 2012 | Tom Brown Tableau for Excel Users – Part 1 – Recreating the pivot table Many people start using Tableau with a great background in Excel. This is not surprising, surely Excel is the most commonly used data analysis tool in the business world today. I intend this to be the first in a series of posts designed to help new Tableau users with a background in Excel. Hopefully, these posts will help you take what you know about pivot tables, formula, conditional formatting and more and apply this knowledge to Tableau. This first post will take us back to the very basics, both with pivot tables, and with Tableau. I will demonstrate how to connect to data, setup the structure of a pivot table, and then introduce data into that table – comparing the differences and similarities between Excel and Tableau as we go. The examples files I use throughout the post are available for download here: Get the EXCEL file Get the TABLEAU workbook Step 1 – connecting to data As always, the first step is to get some data, we’ll connect to the same data in Excel and then in Tableau.in Excel…Firstly, lets get started with a pivot table in Excel by choosing some data. I will use the superstore sales data that ships with Tableau – also in the Excel file above. Once the file is open in Excel, I select the data in the ‘Orders’ tab – from the very bottom right cell of data to the very top left – and then simply choose ‘Insert | Pivot Table’. After instructing Excel to create the pivot table on a new worksheet, my data connection is made and Excel shows me a blank sheet with areas to drop data fields to create columns, rows or data elements – much like the Tableau interface.in Tableau…Tableau makes the data connection in a different way. Since the excel file and tableau files are separate, we need to make a connection between the two. Use the ‘Connect to Data’ button once you have opened Tableau. Then choose ‘Excel’ as your file type, and then browse to the ‘Superstore’ data that shipped with Tableau. This will be located in your ‘My Documents | My Tableau Repository | Datasources’ folder. Choose ‘Orders’ to specify that we are interested in the data held on this sheet. Choose ‘Connect Live’ to tell Tableau you would like updates to the spread sheet to be be reflected in your Tableau visualisations Your data connection is made once you see the column heading appear in the data window – now you are ready to build your table of data and the screen looks remarkably similar to the familiar Excel interface. Step 2 – Building the table structure & adding data To ‘build the table structure’ means to define the rows and columns of the table – in both Excel and Tableau we do this by indicating that certain fields will be responsible for defining the rows, and others the columns. This typically means adding categorical data which ‘breaks down’ the numerical data which is aggregated. To ‘add data’ means to add the numeric fields that we intend to aggregate. We have to define how to aggregate this data – should we SUM data, or AVERAGE it for example?in Excel…To define the rows, drag ‘State’ from the data window on the right into the drop zone on the left hand side of the pivot table – Excel responds by creating one row for each state which appears in the data. Excel also creates a grand total row by default. Do the same with product category to create columns – again Excel adds a grand total by default. Now ‘Add some data’ by dragging the sales field into the centre of the pivot table, your pivot table should look like this.in Tableau…Roughly the same steps in Tableau will create this ‘pivot table’. Drag state to the rows shelf, or to the drop zone in the left hand side of the table, and drag product category to columns. Drag ‘Sales’ to the centre of the table and you should see a view similar to this. However, it’s worth discussing the differences here which make this process somewhat easier to handle in Tableau.1. Tableau split your fields into Dimensions (categorical data) and Measures (numerical data that can be aggregated) when the data connection was made – making the process of finding fields easier.2. Tableau’s has a number of default actions which can be triggered by double clicking – try double clicking ‘Sales’ once the categorical fields are in place – this brings sales into the table without the need to drag it.3. Tableau provides nice formatting by default4. Grand totals are not added by default in Tableau – to add these, go to ‘Analysis | Total – Show…’ from the menu bar. Step 3 – Changing the way the data is aggregated When using pivot tables or data visualisations in Tableau, we are usually AGGREGATING the data. Data may be aggregated by SUM’ing the data or AVERAGE’ing the data. Both Excel and Tableau allow this to be changed easily.in Excel…The default aggregation type in Excel 2010 is to SUM the data. Thus our pivot table displays the sum of sales for the state and product category. To display the AVERAGE value, simply access the menu as shown below:in Tableau…To display the AVERAGE value, in Tableau, simply use the dropdown menu on the GREEN pill which is currently displayed on the TEXT shelf. Step 4 – Introducing a date field Now lets make a change to our tables. Substituting the ‘Product Category’ field for the order year field.in Excel…This seems difficult in Excel. The ‘Order Date’ field is available in the data window, but when this is added to the columns of the pivot table, Excel warns me that there are many different dates contained in this field and asks if I truly want to include them all. The solution to this is as follows: Go back to the data sheet (Orders) and add a new column containing a formula to determine the order year. In the spread sheet provided, I have added a field called ‘Order Year (the formula is ‘ =YEAR (Order Date)’). It is now necessary to instruct Excel to include this additional column in the data set being analysed – do this by changing the data source for the pivot table and then re-selecting the whole data set including the new column. Once this field is available in the data set, the product category field can be removed from the ‘Columns’ area and replaced with the Order Year – creating the pivot table as laid out above.in Tableau…Tableau introduces some excellent date functionality. It is not necessary to create a calculated field to provide the year. Simply drag ‘Order Date’ from the data window to the columns shelf – Tableau responds by displaying the ‘Default date part’ – in this case the year. The default date part is determined automatically by Tableau – if you data spans multiple years, the default part will be years, if it spans multiple months in a single year, Tableau will display months by default. Step 5 – Customising your Tableau view I have been demonstrating how to recreate the pivot table simply to make the transition from Excel to Tableau as simple as possible – but I’m guessing you’re not using Tableau just to create tables of data. Tableau can do WAY more that than. So lets simply start the transition to charting data by making use of the SHOW me functionality. Make sure show me is visible, then start selecting the various options to see Tableau display your data as a Map, bar, heat map, highlight table and many more. Happy Vizzing! !Summary Hopefully this article has helped take your knowledge of Excel pivot tables and convert it into Tableau-speak. This is the very start of your journey towards Tableau mastery, we will be explaining many other Tableau concepts in Excel terms in further posts in this series. Tom Brown London, UKBe a community star, share away!9 thoughts on “ Tableau for Excel Users – Part 1 – Recreating the pivot table ”Nik24 February, 2012 at 9:35 pm Excellent tutorial. Just as a note, there are some options when working with dates and changing data sources in Excel. Regarding the former, you can use "group field", and regarding the latter, it's a good practice to "bind" to tables. Reply Pingback: Tableau for Excel users – Part 2 - Calculated fields - The Information Lab Pingback: Tableau for Excel users – Part 3 – Data Blending - The Information Lab Nick14 June, 2016 at 6:26 am Well demonstrated and a very useful tutorial! You must be a great teacher!Reply Ji Zheng23 August, 2016 at 8:19 pm This is pretty awesome tutorial!!!! Definitely helped me get kickstarted as I started Reply Harsha16 January, 2017 at 12:42 pm Thank You Reply Jon6 March, 2017 at 2:14 am New to Tableau .. Can the Tableau workbook be “published” yet allow other users to change the layout as they see fit ( in Excel Show Field List add or remove row values, report filters, columns, values ) ? Thanks Reply Alex17 June, 2017 at 10:08 am Hi Tom, great tutorial. I took a stab at this and I have further expanded the concept to make the pivot columns dynamic here: https://assemblinganalytics.com/post/tableau-pivot-table-element-build-an-excel-pivot-table-in-tableau/Reply John Kaya20 February, 2018 at 2:25 am Great tutorial! Thank you!Reply Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

D502605

http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/algae/lakes/OtherFreshwaterAlgae.html

Search results now have ads — here's why Ecology home > Water Quality > Aquatic Plants, Algae, and Lakes > Best Management Practices for Lakes Beneficial freshwater algae Algae are a diverse group of organisms that occur in various shapes and sizes and have different ecological roles. Thousands of species of algae occur world-wide in both fresh and marine waters. Many species of freshwater algae float in the water, but others are attached to submerged rocks or aquatic plants. Most freshwater species are inconspicuous and do not create problems for humans. There are only a dozen or so, so-called "bad actors" that are considered problem-causing algae. Algae typically serve as an important and welcome part of a lake or pond ecosystem. They form the base of the food chain and are a vital component of lakes. Algae provide a source of food, energy, and shelter for zooplankton (tiny water animals), fish, and other lake organisms. They can play a crucial role in the ability of a ecosystem to absorb nutrients and heavy metals. The most commonly encountered groups of freshwater algae are green algae, diatoms, and blue-green algae (more correctly known as cyanobacteria). A large and varied group called green algae are the likely ancestors of terrestrial plants. Green algae contain bright, grass-green pigments, and are more abundant than all the other groups. The cells of green algae may occur singly, as spherical colonies, or as filaments. Sometimes filamentous green algae can create problems when it grows in "cotton candy" type clouds in the water. Generally most green algae are highly palatable and a good food source for zooplankton. Diatoms appear as yellow-green or yellow-brown algae that occur singly or more rarely in colonies. The cell wall comprises two separate valves or shells formed of silica (a major component of glass). The two shells fit together as do the two halves of a petri dish. Because of the silica valves, diatoms often occur in beautiful shapes when viewed under the microscope. Diatoms reproduce through cellular division and also sexually. Each time an existing diatom divides, the silica valves get smaller. Over time, individual cells of a diatom population become smaller and smaller. Luckily for diatoms, their sexually produced offspring are able to secrete entirely new cell walls. World-wide, diatoms provide a major food resource for zooplankton and also produce atmospheric oxygen ( http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/diatoms/diatomlh.html ). Some marine diatoms can produce a toxin called domoic acid. Domoic acid can accumulate in shellfish and poison humans http://hjs.geol.uib.no/diatoms/Hazards/index.html-ssi ). Freshwater diatoms do not produce this toxin. In Washington, diatoms are often the first algae to bloom in early spring. Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) contain green, blue, and often red pigments. Blue-greens create problems when their excessive growth produces algae blooms, and few people view them as beneficial organisms in a lake environment. Blue-green algae are discussed elsewhere on Ecology's website. Other types of algae found in lakes include: Euglenoids, dinoflagullates, brown algae, stoneworts/brittleworts, and desmids. This list is not inclusive of all the kinds of algae that are found in freshwater. Most freshwater algae do not cause problems in lakes. Because they provide a food source for zooplankton, they tend to be rapidly consumed and rarely cause the prolonged blooms that can occur with blue-green algae. For more information about freshwater algae see this website References: Primer on Lakes in Washington. Water Supply Bulletin 49. Prepared by the United State Geological Survey. 1978. Freshwater Algae in Australia. Published by Sainty and Associates, Pty Ltd.► Back to the lakes & algae page Copyright © Washington State Department of Ecology Contact Us | Privacy Notice | Site Info | Accessibility

D714224

https://definedterm.com/applicable_law

Applicable Law 26 definitions

WApplicable Lawfrom Comprehensive Development Agreement (2015) by City of San Antonio, Texas, Weston Urban LLC & Cullen/Frost Bankers, Inc."Applicable Law" means any law, statute, ordinance, rule, regulation, order or determination of any Governmental Authority or any board of fire underwriters (or other body exercising similar functions), or any recorded restrictive covenant or deed restriction applicable to the Project, including, the Americans with Disabilities Act and all applicable zoning ordinances and building codes, flood disaster laws, health laws and environmental laws and regulations. FK Reading Ease-40.5FK Grade Level Graduate School Endorse (119)Flag6+Applicable Lawfrom Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (2014) by Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Deutsche Bank AG & 6 more"Applicable Law" means, in respect of any Person, all provisions of constitutions, statutes, rules, regulations and orders of governmental bodies or regulatory agencies applicable to such Person, and all orders and decrees of all courts and arbitrators in proceedings or actions to which the Person in question is a party or by which it or its properties are bound. FK Reading Ease-0.7FK Grade Level Graduate School Endorse (144)Flag Applicable Lawfrom Development and Commercialization Agreement (2014) by Abbott Molecular Inc. & Idera Pharmaceuticals, Inc."Applicable Law" shall mean all applicable provisions of all statutes, laws, rules, regulations, administrative codes, ordinances, decrees, orders, decisions, injunctions, awards judgments, permits and licenses of or from governmental authorities, including those relating to or governing the use or regulation of the subject item and the listing standards or agreements of any national or international securities exchange. FK Reading Ease-29.1FK Grade Level Graduate School Endorse (135)Flag Applicable Lawfrom Information Technology (2014) by The Superior Court of California, County of Ventura"Applicable Law" means any applicable laws, codes, legislative acts, regulations, ordinances, rules, rules of court, and orders. FK Reading Ease20.4FK Grade Level College Endorse (130)Flag Applicable Lawfrom Standards for Suppliers Manual (2014) by Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. The international, national, and locally recognized governmental rules which may be enforced at a particular location or facility. FK Reading Ease19.1FK Grade Level College Endorse (123)Flag Applicable Lawfrom LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY AGREEMENT (2014) by Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP“Applicable Law” means all applicable provisions of (a) constitutions, treaties, statutes, laws (including the common law), rules, regulations, decrees, ordinances, codes, proclamations, declarations or orders of any Governmental Authority; (b) any consents or approvals of any Governmental Authority; and (c) any orders, decisions, advisory or interpretative opinions, injunctions, judgments, awards, decrees of, or agreements with, any Governmental Authority. FK Reading Ease-47.5FK Grade Level Graduate School Endorse (439)Flag Applicable Lawfrom Warrant Agreement (2014) by Alion Science & Technology Corporation & Wilmington Trust, National Association"Applicable Law" means any federal state, local or foreign law, statute, code, ordinance, rule or regulation (including rules and regulations of self-regulatory organizations). FK Reading Ease-19.3FK Grade Level Graduate School Endorse (112)Flag BApplicable Lawfrom Domestic Custody Agreement (2013) by JPMorgan Chase and Company & Bridge Builder Trust“Applicable Law” means any applicable statute, treaty, rule, regulation or common law and any applicable decree, injunction, judgment, order, formal interpretation or ruling issued by a court or governmental entity. FK Reading Ease11.1FK Grade Level College Endorse (151)Flag Applicable Lawfrom Trademark License Agreement (2013) by Murphy Oil Corporation“Applicable Law” means, with respect to any Person, any transnational, domestic or foreign federal, state or local law (statutory, common or otherwise), constitution, treaty, convention, ordinance, code, rule, permit, approval, regulation, order, injunction, judgment, decree, ruling or other similar requirement enacted, adopted or promulgated or applied by a Governmental Authority that is binding upon or applicable to such Person. FK Reading Ease-33.7FK Grade Level Graduate School Endorse (118)Flag Applicable Lawfrom Justice Glossary (2013) by European Commission Applicable law is a specific concept of privat e international lawand refers to the national law that governs a given question of law in an international context. A court hearing an action does not necessarily apply its national law to settle the dispute. The law that is actually applicable is determined by the rules of conflict of laws. FK Reading Ease36.8FK Grade Level College Endorse (125)Flag

D486871

http://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/9295548/100-days-start-college-football-season

Season can't start soon enough

Season can't start soon enough May 20, 2013Mark Schlabach ESPN Senior Writer Facebook Twitter Facebook Messenger Pinterest Emailprintcomment The calendar says there are only 10 days left until the start of June. But if we flip the pages, we count only 100 days until the start of the 2013 college football season. Fourteen weeks and one day until South Carolina and North Carolina kick off the season at Williams-Brice Stadium in Columbia, S. C. If you're a college football fan, Aug. 29 can't get here soon enough. As the summer begins, our Lee Corso/Kirk Herbstreit withdrawal symptoms have reached a crisis stage. We've watched tapes of all of the spring games (twice) and analyzed the film of every incoming freshman. We've polished our résumés to apply for a seat on the future College Football Playoff's selection committee. We've memorized the depth charts of our favorite teams -- and each of their 12 opponents. We've finally learned how to spell Robert Nkemdiche. For fun, we've ranked our teams' redshirt freshmen and sixth-year players in alphabetical order. We've debated whether South Carolina defensive end Jadeveon Clowney or Texas A&M quarterback Johnny Manziel would be the first pick of a college football fantasy draft. We keep checking the mailbox or newsstands for the first college football preview issues. If you look around, there are plenty of signs the 2013 season is near. Michigan coach Brady Hoke called Notre Dame "chicken. "The Fighting Irish pretended they didn't hear him. Alabama coach Nick Saban already has his game face on -- and his opponents say it looks like Satan. The Head Ball Coach is on the homestretch of his offseason golf regimen, probably still cursing a missed putt from April. Oklahoma State quarterback Wes Lunt is changing addresses -- as long as it's not a school in the Big 12, Pac-12, SEC, Southern Miss or Central Michigan (hello, FAU!). New Arkansas coach Bret Bielema has finally mastered how to "call the hogs. "New Western Kentucky coach Bobby Petrino is really starting to regret wrecking his hog. Eastern Michigan coach Ron English is jumping out of airplanes. Alabama is picked to win its third consecutive BCS National Championship, as well as the NFC East. The ghost of Beano Cook is picking Notre Dame to win it all. We're licking Tootsie Roll Pops to count the number of days since a non-SEC team won a BCS national title -- until we realized we'd need a case of them. We've planned our vacations around when our favorite teams are going to report for fall camp. We're looking for BCS collectibles on e Bay, while counting down the days until a four-team playoff is finally here. We've filled out missing persons reports for Gene Chizik, Jeff Tedford and John L. Smith. Maybe Chip Kelly got out of Oregon just in time. Jason O. Watson/US PRESSWIREWe've used flip cards to figure out conference realignment, while dismissing rumors that the new Big East has reached out to Man City. We've identified each of the teams in the new American Athletic Conference (the former Big East). We finally found Ohio State's nonconference opponents on a map. Michigan running backs are already lobbying not to play South Carolina in a bowl game. Former Oregon coach Chip Kelly is breathing a sigh of relief he got out of Eugene when he did. SEC teams can't wait to play Notre Dame in another bowl game. Bowl reps are getting their polyester jackets tailored and laundered. We're stashing away money in case this really is the year our team finally makes it to Pasadena, Calif. There are 100 days until the start of the 2013 season. Do we really have to wait? Sponsored Headlines Comments

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http://www.yourdictionary.com/oftentimes

oftentimes

oftentimesof·ten·timesoften also Old Poet.oft′times·Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citeoftentimesalso oft·timesadverb Frequently; repeatedly. THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, FIFTH EDITION by the Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries. Copyright © 2016, 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citeoftentimes Adverb ( not comparable)Frequently Repeatedly English Wiktionary. Available under CC-BY-SA license. Link/Cite

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https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/eating-disorders/binge-eating-disorder/mental-health-binge-eating-disorder

Binge Eating Disorder

Binge Eating Disorder In this Article What Are the Symptoms of Binge Eating Disorder? What Causes Binge Eating Disorder? How Common Is Binge Eating Disorder? How Is Binge Eating Disorder Treated? What Are the Complications of Binge Eating Disorder? What Is the Outlook for People With Binge Eating Disorder? Can Binge Eating Disorder Be Prevented? Binge eating disorder is a serious condition characterized by uncontrollable eating and resulting weight gain. People with binge eating disorder frequently eat large amounts of food (beyond the point of feeling full) while feeling a loss of control over their eating. Often, these habits are a way of coping with depression, stress, or anxiety. Although the bingeing behavior is similar to what occurs in bulimia nervosa, people with binge eating disorder do not engage in purging by vomiting or using laxatives. Many people who have binge eating disorder use food as a way to cope with uncomfortable feelings and emotions. These are people who may have never learned how to deal effectively with stress, and find it comforting and soothing to eat food. Unfortunately, they often end up feeling sad and guilty about not being able to control their eating, which increases the stress and fuels the cycle. What Are the Symptoms of Binge Eating Disorder? Most people overeat from time to time, and many people say they frequently eat more than they should. Eating large amounts of food, however, does not mean that a person has binge eating disorder. People with binge eating disorder have several of the following symptoms weekly for at least 3 months: Continue Reading Belowyou might like Frequent episodes of eating what others would consider an abnormally large amount of food Frequent feelings of being unable to control what or how much is being eaten Eating much more rapidly than usual Eating until uncomfortably full Eating large amounts of food, even when not physically hungry Eating alone out of embarrassment at the quantity of food being eaten Feelings of disgust, depression, or guilt after overeating People who have binge eating disorder also tend to have: Fluctuations in weight Feelings of low self-esteem Loss of sexual desire Frequent dieting What Causes Binge Eating Disorder? The exact cause of binge eating disorder is still unknown, and researchers are just beginning to understand the consequences of the disorder and the factors affecting its development. Like other eating disorders, binge eating disorder seems to result from a combination of psychological, biological, and environmental factors.1 2 3 View All

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http://www.rapidtables.com/convert/weight/gram-to-mg.htm

Grams to Milligrams conversion

Grams to Milligrams conversion Grams (g) to milligrams (mg) weight (mass) conversion calculator and how to convert. Grams to Milligrams conversion calculator How to convert Grams to Milligrams Grams to Milligrams conversion table Grams to Milligrams conversion calculator Enter the weight (mass) in grams (g) and press the Convert button: Grams:g Milligrams: mg Calculation:mg to grams ►How to convert Grams to Milligrams1 gram (g) is equal to 1000 milligrams (mg).1 g = 1000 mg The mass m in milligrams (mg) is equal to the mass m in grams (g) times 1000:m (mg) = m (g) × 1000Example Convert 5 g to milligrams:m (mg) = 5 g × 1000 = 5000 mg Grams to Milligrams conversion table Grams (g) Milligrams (mg)0 g 0 mg0.1 g 100 mg1 g 1000 mg2 g 2000 mg3 g 3000 mg4 g 4000 mg5 g 5000 mg6 g 6000 mg7 g 7000 mg8 g 8000 mg9 g 9000 mg10 g 10000 mg20 g 20000 mg30 g 30000 mg40 g 40000 mg50 g 50000 mg60 g 60000 mg70 g 70000 mg80 g 80000 mg90 g 90000 mg100 g 100000 mg1000 g 1000000 mg Milligrams to Grams ►See also Milligrams to Grams converter Kilograms to Grams converter Kilograms to Pounds converter Length conversion Temperature conversion Electric conversion Power conversion

D3405588

https://www.commonsensemedia.org/blog/how-to-set-screen-rules-that-stick

How to Set Screen Rules That Stick

How to Set Screen Rules That Stick Easy tips for limiting kids’ computer, TV, game, and movie time. By Caroline Knorr9/17/2012Topics: Early Childhood, Screen Time, Technology Addiction, Violence in the Media Ver en español In many homes, getting kids to turn off their cell phones, shut down the video games, or shut down Snapchat can incite a revolt. And if your kids say they need to be online for schoolwork, you may not know when the research stops and idle activity begins. Every family will have different amounts of time that they think is "enough." What's important is giving it some thought, creating age-appropriate limits (with built-in flexibility for special circumstances), making media choices you're comfortable with, and modeling responsible screen limits for your kids. Try these age-based guidelines to create screen rules that stick. Preschoolers. There are lots of great TV shows, apps, games, and websites geared for this age. But too much time spent in front of a screen interferes with the activities that are essential for growing brains and bodies. Go for quality and age-appropriateness. Not everything for preschoolers needs to be a so-called "brain-builder," but there's a difference between mindless and mind ful entertainment. Our reviews can steer you toward titles that help preschoolers work on developmental skills like sharing, cooperation, and emotional intelligence. Sit with them, and enjoy the discovery process. There will always be moments when you need to rely on the TV or an app to distract your preschooler while you get something done. But as much as you can, enjoy media together. Little hands and developing brains really benefit from your company (and guidance!). Begin setting limits when kids are little. Habits get ingrained early, so make sure you establish clear screen-time rules when your kids are young. For games, apps, and websites, you may need to set a timer. For TV, just say "one show. "Elementary and Middle Schoolers. At this age, kids love TV shows, games, movies, and online videos. They begin to explore more and hear about new shows and games from friends. Because they can access these things by themselves, it's crucial to continue to supervise their activities and help them stick to your rules. Start with an endpoint. Use whatever tools you have -- your DVR, Netflix, On Demand -- to pre-record shows, cue them up, or plan ahead to watch at a specific time. That way, one show won't flow into the other, and you can avoid commercials. If your kids are into You Tube, search for age-appropriate videos, and add them to a playlist to watch later. Because most games don't have built-in endings (and are, in fact, designed to make kids play as long as possible), set a timer or some other cue that says "time to stop. "Help them balance their day. Kids this age need guidance from you on a daily plan that includes a little bit of time for everything. And staying involved works: Kids whose parents make an effort to limit media use spend less time with media than their peers do, according to a 2010 Kaiser Family Foundation study. Practice what you preach. It's tempting to keep reaching for your phone to check email, texts, Facebook, or the news. But your kids will be the first to call you out for not "walking the talk." Plus, they'll pick up habits from you. Model the media behavior that you want your kids to emulate. High Schoolers. You'll have more success with teens if you explain the reasons why too much screen time is harmful. For example, too much exposure to violent video games may raise aggression and lower empathy. Your kids may actually be able to see evidence of this in their peers who spend too much time playing games. Even Facebook is a habit that some teens wish they could break. Help them make quality choices. You still have a say in what they see, hear, and play. Put in your two cents about the importance of quality shows, games, and movies. Crack down on multitasking. High school kids who've discovered texting, IM, Facebook, and music tend to do them all at once -- especially when they're supposed to be doing mundane tasks like homework. But a University of Michigan study found that humans are terrible multitaskers and that the practice actually reduces the ability to concentrate and focus. Find ways to say "yes." Look for movies they can watch. Find games you're OK with. If your teens ask to see something you don't approve of, help them find alternatives. Related Advice & Top Picks Best Preschool Apps Apps for Elementary School Best Tween TV Shows Screen-Time Limits for Parents?5 Tips for Picking Your Preschooler's First TV Shows The New Guide to Managing Media for Tweens and Teens Best Preschool Apps Apps for Elementary School Best Tween TV Shows Screen-Time Limits for Parents?5 Tips for Picking Your Preschooler's First TV Shows The New Guide to Managing Media for Tweens and Teens Previous Next More Stuff You'll like Powered by Pub Exchange About Caroline Knorr As Common Sense Media's parenting editor, Caroline helps parents make sense of what’s going on in their kids' media lives. From games to cell phones to movies and more, if you're wondering "what’s the right age for…?"... Read more Do you enforce any screen-time limits at home? What are your house rules? Add comment Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Comments (17)Kid, 12 years old April 2, 2016If i was a parent, id let them have 2 hours of tv and 1 1/2 hours of wii time. But if they act bad when its time to get off, id cut the time in half the next day. I truly think as a kid that the parents make it seem they are always anti gaming, out to get them and flip games off by reviewing them as bad, even the baby games. But now i know that sometimes its too much. Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Kid, 10 years old November 3, 2013I am NOT getting a new limit on my video game time. I understand that, and i block out content myself. Example: I don't like cursing+profanity and i don't like killing dragons. By the way... this site is quite interesting Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Teen, 17 years oldwritten by High Treason July 30, 2013I heard about this place on TV and thought I'd check it out. I am an aspiring game designer, and occasionally have to defend my position that games aren't as bad as they seem. I come to a place like this expecting anti-game articles and, happily, find well written tips and ideas for monitoring kids. Until I came across this: "For example, too much exposure to violent video games raises aggression and lowers empathy. Again, I want to make games. I play games all the time and enjoy what some of this sites visitors may call "hyper violent." To which I respond, "Yes, they may be. Your point?" They reply "Violent video games cause children to be violent in real life!" I tend to have a knee jerk reaction to this accusation, something I can't post here, and have to take a moment to calm down and think rationally. I won't go into too many details, but I did a research project for high school about violence in video games and the overall negative effect. The results? Rather inconclusive, leaning towards my side. The research against violence has been vague and often performed in a way that skews results, and tend to imply that there is a connection. Most, if not all, children can differentiate between a game and reality. I'm not saying little children in Elementary and Middle School should be playing M rated games, just that the violence may have less of an affect than people think. A major factor you might want to focus on? Online play. The ESRB doesn't rate online play, and things can get pretty nasty. Specifically, the actions and words of other players. Look up on Youtube "Angry Kid on Co D", Co D being Call of Duty, one of the most popular first person shooters and M rated games out there, and you'll find about 200,000 results depicting children younger than 16 screaming obscenities on a game specifically rated and meant for those 18+. Parents, if a game has online play, be wary. The anonymity allows people to say things that they couldn't normally say if they weren't playing a game where nobody knew who they are. The rest of the article is absolute gold, but I would advise anyone reading it to take the "violence" portion with a grain of salt. Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Educator written by Stacey CNovember 14, 2012My daughter is only 21 months and we limit her screen time to 30 minutes a day... and she only ever wants to watch Baby Signing Time! Given that she now signs about 50 words, I don't feel too badly about going outside the AAP recommendations. My concern is when she gets older and goes to school. I teach at a middle school in which every student has their own laptop and uses it throughout the day. They then go home and much of their homework is computer-based, on top of which, they still watch tv, surf the web, use their i Pods, etc. There are currently no guidelines for teenage screen time (that I know of), but this is a big concern for me. Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriatewritten by krakovsky.elena October 9, 2012I find this article very helpful and educational Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriatewritten by monkeys fan October 9, 2012I find this article very educational Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Adult written by Laura G. October 2, 2012My friend gave us "BOB", a lock box that your tv plugs into, that has passcodes for giving power to the device. It's the best invention ever! YOu can find it online, and no, I'm not getting anything for promoting this item! "Bob" has been in control of our tv for some time now, which also effects the Wii, movies, etc, because they all need the TV to be on to work. Took my 3 children awhile to adjust, but now they find so many other things to do. Voluntarily practicing the piano/ cello, painting, crafts, more outside play, calling a friend, baking, talking with me... I love it! I grew up without TV, and saw how much of their childhood they were wasting away. We have one family i Pod that's shared, mostly for car trips, and they don't have access to internet thru phones or other devices, so that helps simplify things, too. And just one TV in the house, so just one "BOB" needed. Bob can be set for however much time you want to allow for each day, and can be customized many ways. Easy set up, too! Best gift I've received in a long time. Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Kid, 12 years old April 2, 2016Do they ever fight over it? Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Parent written by Lin VAOctober 1, 2012I like the self-monitoring idea with the timer. At our house, we have a no-electronic-games rule on school days. We allow some TV, but it is the Wii and DS games that the boys have so much trouble stopping, so this has cut down a lot on daily battles. Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Parent of a 4 year oldwritten by Fumbling Angel September 28, 2012My 4 year old knows that he has 1 hour a day for screen time. He usually chooses 2 shows on Netflix (to avoid all the commercials) & we watch them together. Once they're done, he turns off the TV himself and it stays off the rest of the day & we play - inside or outside. Since he's recently started school, we don't have media on school days but will have it on the weekends or the days he doesn't attend school. Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Adult written by jeneato October 6, 2012I was having the same problem! I started using a pebble jar so they have to earn their game time. (This also helps them understand the balance of media time and other more worthwhile activities). 30 minutes of reading or writing or practicing music, etc. earns 30 minutes of media time. Maximum of 1 hour each day. Seldom on the weekends - that's family time. Each pebble is worth only 5 minutes, so if the timer goes off, but they want more time it costs an extra pebble. They have to have earned 15 minutes more than they intend to play so there is a buffer. Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Educator and Parent of a 13 year oldwritten by Caroline Knorr September 28, 2012That's great that your kids are using a timer to manage themselves. My son does that too. He is so used to timing himself now, that he will set a timer when he takes a shower so he knows when to get out! LOL. About "finding a place to save" my first thought was that the kids might be pulling the wool over your eyes, but then I guess that is true for some games -- and you can't save during a video sequence typically. Our games editor believes it is important that parents understand that because kids really get into the narrative of a game, it's not fair to make them turn it off immediately -- which translates to arbitrarily for kids. So, I think it's OK for you to give them five extra minutes to find the place to save. On the other hand, some games are so immersive and are designed to make kids keep playing, that unless you draw the line somewhere you will get sucked into continuing to play. So, if you're comfortable giving them 5 minutes to find a place to save, offer that to them, or ask them to set the timer for 55 minutes, knowing that it takes them five minutes to save the game and it doesn't "count" toward their whole hour! Good luck. Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Educator written by Victoria Kempf September 28, 2012These are great tips on setting screen rules that stick! In addition, once parents set screen rules, they need to make sure their kids are following these rules. They can do this by checking-in and monitoring their child’s online activity. Kids need to know that their parents are checking-in on their online behavior so that communication about all online issues is encouraged and trust is not sacrificed. According to a June Mc Affee report, seventy percent of kids are hiding what they do online from their parents. Parents need to know how their kids are behaving online so that they can teach them appropriate online behavior. Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Educator and Parent of a 13 year oldwritten by Caroline Knorr September 28, 2012Totally agree that parents need to monitor their kids. The way I do this with my son is I will ask what he's playing, reading, watching, etc. I try to engage with him about the content and I will ask him who he is talking to online (it's just one group of boys on a particular game, so it's pretty contained). I try not to appear suspicious or worried and just try to get a sense of what's going on. Sometimes red flags come up -- like he told me he got "raged at" on the game he was playing by a total stranger. I just asked him how he responded and he said he was like, "whoa dude, chill out." And then he said that the game moderator took that kid out of the game. Now I think that because we had that talk, he will feel more comfortable telling me if stuff like that happens. So, staying involved is a crucial aspect of setting limits!Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Parent of a 14 year oldwritten by bill@cooperativ... September 28, 2012Good tips in this article. The tip I like most is telling parents that instituting limitations early in a child's life creates healthy habits as the child grows. With my own, I discovered that enforced limitations is only a temporary measure if you do it right. Eventually the child begins to self-manage his or her own time. And the best part of limiting digital and social media is that the child will end up spending more quiet time; reading, writing, drawing, dancing, bike riding crafting, and all the other activities that help the child discover the gifts they possess inside. Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Adult written by elroger September 26, 2012We have a policy for vacations which is one hour of TV/Computer a day, this works fast since they have tennis classes in the afternoon so basically it is just a matter of the first hours of the day and how they manage that time, but lately I found a problem my kids actually use their hour on TV or computer/wii games and after that they start using their IPODS so we are begining to adjust the policy to this new gadget, so far still working on it. Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate Parent of a 14 year oldwritten by bill@cooperativ... September 28, 2012Great job @elroger! Keep up the great work and stay encouraged, no matter what other parents are or are not doing!Sign in or sign up to share your thoughts Flag as inappropriate

D380031

https://nuts.com/chocolatessweets/pretzels/dark-chocolate.html

Dark Chocolate Covered Pretzels

Home Chocolates & Sweets Pretzels Dark Chocolate Covered Pretzels Dark Chocolate Covered Pretzels Pin It 19 Share 76 Tweet +1 1Opened package as soon as received (who cares it was right before dinner), I love chocolate covered pretzels. These are just what I would expect from your company. Another plus? The price is great. Julia, Sewell, NJ4.9 out of 5 stars201 customer reviews »Our miniature dark chocolate covered pretzels are a truly decadent treat! If you're looking for a satisfying way to indulge, the combination of crunchy salted pretzels drenched in luscious dark chocolate won't let you down. Enjoy these dark chocolate covered pretzels as a dessert or anytime snack. For a real treat, they pair exceptionally well with a glass of wine. If you dare to share these, don't be surprised when they're all gone!This contains 52% cocoa.$5.991lb bag $5.99/lb$29.055lb bag $5.81/lb$55.3515lb case $3.69/lb Quantity: Show bulk discounts Total:$ 5.99Add To Cart Our Customers Thought Wow, these are great,Anthony, Ocean, NJMarch 30, 2018Great pretzel and dark chocolate flavors. Love these!Joanne, Batavia, ILMarch 10, 2018GOT A FREE SAMPLE FROM MY LAST ORDER TAST STAYED WITH ME HAD TO BUY MOREMARY, Terryville, CTMarch 4, 2018Loved everything. Love your business culture. Will be ordering again, as well as, recommending Nuts.com. Thank you. Jody, New York, NYMarch 2, 2018The dark chocolate on these gets 5 stars. It's very good. However, I wish the pretzels were a bit saltier to give it the perfect salty-sweet balance. So 4 stars as a whole. Chelsea, Saylorsburg, PAFebruary 13, 2018REALLY good, fresh, crunchy pretzels with just the right amount of chocolate ... plus getting to choose dark over milk chocolate made them even better. But where's the salt? A bit more salt would make them perfect!Robert, Anchorage, AKJanuary 30, 2018The Vetere’s RAVED about the Dark Chocolate covered pretzels! The box they shipped in was an added bonus! Very cool! They sent me pictures. Than you for a great quality product! I’ll be back! Karen S. Pasadena MDKaren, Pasadina, MDJanuary 26, 2018tasty kids like them Betty, Marysville, MIJanuary 18, 2018These are my husband's favorite!Julie, Norfolk, VAJanuary 17, 2018Read all 201 reviews Ingredients DARK CHOCOLATE (SUGAR, CHOCOLATE LIQUOR, COCOA BUTTER, CHOCOLATE LIQUOR PROCESSED WITH ALKALI, SOY LECITHIN (AN EMULSIFIER),VANILLA, SALT), PRETZELS (WHEAT FLOUR, CORN SYRUP, SALT, VEGETABLE OIL (MAY CONTAIN ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING: CORN, CANOLA, COTTONSEED,SOYBEAN), SODIUM BICARBONATE, YEAST). Packaged in the same facility as peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, and milk products. Approximately 90 pieces per pound. Nutrition Facts Serving size 40g (~1.4 oz. )Amount per serving Calories 190Calories from Fat 80%DVTotal Fat 9g 14%Saturated Fat 5g 25%Cholesterol 0mg 0%Sodium 200mg 8%Total Carbohydrate 27g 9%Dietary Fiber 2g 8%Sugars 12g Protein 3g Vitamin A 0%Vitamin C 0%Calcium 0%Iron 6%Storage Store at room temperature for up to 1 year. Found In Chocolate (431) Dark Chocolate (140) Pretzels (48)Add to favorites ID: 5200Country of origin: United States

D3269388

https://www.healthline.com/health/bright-yellow-urine

What Causes Bright-Yellow Urine and Other Changes in Color?

What Causes Bright-Yellow Urine and Other Changes in Color? Symptoms Causes: Dehydration and more Risk factors Diagnosis Treatment Outlook Urine color generally ranges from a pale-yellow color to deep amber. This coloring is primarily caused by the pigment urochrome, also known as urobilin. Whether your urine is diluted by water or more concentrated determines how the pigment will appear. The more water you drink, and the more hydrated you become, the lighter the pigment in your urine. The pigments and chemical compounds in the foods you eat and the medications you take also alter the color of your urine. These changes are fairly standard and typically don’t last for long. Certain changes in color may be a sign of an underlying medical condition. Symptoms What color is “normal” urine? Everyone has a different “normal” when it comes to the color of urine. This norm should fall on the yellow spectrum, though. The amount of water you drink influences whether the color is a pale yellow or a dark amber. People who drink more water and stay hydrated typically produce more diluted, pale urine compared to those who are dehydrated or consume less water. If the color of your urine falls outside of this yellow spectrum, you should see a doctor. This includes urine that’s cloudy or brown. You should also see a doctor if your urine is red, blue, or green. Causes: Dehydration and more What causes urine color to change? The color of your urine is primarily determined by how much water you’ve had to drink. When you drink lots of water, your urine can become light. It may even appear to be almost clear. The less water you drink, the darker your urine will become. Diet, vitamins, and minerals Diet can also be a factor. All-natural foods, such as berries and beets, and heavily processed foods can contain high amounts of food dye. This dye can interact with pigment to create a different color. B-vitamins, such as riboflavin (B-2) and cobalamin (B-12), are also known for causing fluorescent yellow-green urine. If you take supplements or multivitamins, they may be the source of your brightly colored urine. Meal replacement shakes, which are also fortified with B-vitamins, can have the same effect. Excess beta carotene or vitamin C may lead to urine that is dark yellow or orange. Beta carotene, which is converted to vitamin A in the body, is found in yellow and orange foods such as carrots and sweet potatoes. In addition to citrus fruits, vitamin C is also found in foods, tomatoes, strawberries, and broccoli. Exercise If you don’t properly hydrate after a workout, it can also lead to dehydration and darker urine. Extreme exercise without proper hydration can cause a serious condition that leads to muscle breakdown. This can cause severe muscle pain along with cola- or tea-colored urine. If this occurs, you should seek immediate medical attention. Medications Over-the-counter and prescription medications can also make your urine bright or more vivid. This includes antibiotics, laxatives, and certain chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer. For example, the medication phenazopyridine (pyridium) is commonly used to treat the discomfort associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs). A common side effect of its usage is orange-colored urine. Other medications such as rifampin may also harmlessly stain the urine a bright orange color. Medical conditions Changes in the color of your urine could be a sign of troubles with your kidney, liver, or bladder function. If your urine becomes cloudy or develops a strong odor, you may have a bladder or kidney infection. This is especially true if you’re having any symptoms of these infections, such as pain when urinating, fever, vomiting, or back pain. Pregnancy Anecdotal evidence suggests that bright-yellow urine may be a sign of early pregnancy. However, there are no studies to support these claims. Risk factors What are the risk factors for abnormal urine color? Your age and your sex may raise your risk for conditions that can affect the color of your urine. For example, tumors in the kidney or bladder are common in older adults. Urinary tract bleeding is commonly associated with problems of the kidney or bladder. More serious conditions such as cancer can also cause bleeding and pink or red urine. Tell your doctor right away if you notice blood in your urine, so they can determine the cause. Up to 60 percent of women will experience a UTI at least once in their lives. This infection may be accompanied by urinary tract bleeding, which can change the color of urine. Men may also experience urinary blood as a result of an enlarged prostate gland. Urinary tract bleeding is much less common in children, though certain rare disorders may cause blood in the urine. These disorders include Henoch-Schonlein purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and Wilms’ tumor. As with adults, any urinary tract bleeding in children is considered abnormal and should prompt immediate medical attention. Diagnosis How is abnormal urine color diagnosed? If you notice any abnormalities in your urine color, you should see your doctor. After scheduling your appointment, you should jot down any details that can help your doctor determine whether there’s a problem. Consider the following:when you first started noticing the changewhat your diet has consisted of latelywhat medications or supplements you’ve takenif you’ve engaged in any strenuous physical activityif there have been any changes to your sleep patternsif your bowel movements have been normalif you have a rash anywhere on your bodyif you’ve had any headaches latelyif you’ve had any problems with your visionif you’ve had any unexplained weight lossif you have a history of smokingif there is any change in your urinary habits When you meet with your doctor, they will discuss your health history and perform a physical exam. Depending on their assessment, your doctor may request a urinalysis or blood test. A urinalysis can check for red blood cells, assess your urine protein levels, and determine what excreted materials are present. Your urine may also be checked for infection-causing bacteria. If there are signs of infection, a urine culture may be ordered. A blood test can measure kidney function and the level of liver enzymes. These results may give a clue as to the cause of the color changes in your urine. Treatment How is abnormal urine color treated? Treatment options can vary, depending upon what your doctor discovers from your tests. If your doctor discovers that your dark-yellow urine color is due to dehydration, they will recommend that you add more fluids to your diet. The color of your urine should return to its normal yellow color within days. If an underlying medical condition is found, your doctor will pursue treatment for that condition. Outlook What’s the outlook for abnormal urine color? If your urine takes on a dark-yellow color, it may be your body’s way of telling you to drink more water. This change in color may be caused by dehydration, so drink up. Whether you’re sitting at the office, working out at the gym, or laying out at the beach, it’s important to stay hydrated. If you’re taking any medication that causes this discoloration, it’s likely harmless. You should continue taking the medication under the supervision of your doctor, unless you’re otherwise advised.

D394344

https://na.pergo.com/hardwood-flooring

Finding your perfect hardwood floor

Finding your perfect hardwood floor Browse our solid, locking engineered and engineered hardwood flooring collections from the latest wood floor colors, finish, styles, species and textures. From solid wood floors to locking engineered hardwood, Pergo floors beautify your home and are easy to install. Order a sample today!FIND YOUR FLOORHardwood Flooring

D3160262

http://metric-calculator.com/converter_cm_to_m.htm

Centimeters to Meters (cm to m) Conversion Calculator

Centimeters to Meters (cm to m) Conversion Calculator This converter provides conversion of centimeters to meters (cm to m) and backwards. Enter centimeters or meters for conversion: Select conversion type: Rounding options: Conversion Chartcentimeters to meters Conversion Table:10 cm = 0.1 m 20 cm = 0.2 m 30 cm = 0.3 m 40 cm = 0.4 m 50 cm = 0.5 m 60 cm = 0.6 m 70 cm = 0.7 m 80 cm = 0.8 m 90 cm = 0.9 m 100 cm = 1 m 110 cm = 1.1 m 120 cm = 1.2 m 130 cm = 1.3 m 140 cm = 1.4 m 150 cm = 1.5 m 160 cm = 1.6 m 170 cm = 1.7 m 180 cm = 1.8 m 190 cm = 1.9 m 200 cm = 2 m 210 cm = 2.1 m 220 cm = 2.2 m 230 cm = 2.3 m 240 cm = 2.4 m 250 cm = 2.5 m 260 cm = 2.6 m 270 cm = 2.7 m 280 cm = 2.8 m 290 cm = 2.9 m 300 cm = 3 m 310 cm = 3.1 m 320 cm = 3.2 m 330 cm = 3.3 m 340 cm = 3.4 m 350 cm = 3.5 m 360 cm = 3.6 m 370 cm = 3.7 m 380 cm = 3.8 m 390 cm = 3.9 m 400 cm = 4 m 410 cm = 4.1 m 420 cm = 4.2 m 430 cm = 4.3 m 440 cm = 4.4 m 450 cm = 4.5 m 460 cm = 4.6 m 470 cm = 4.7 m 480 cm = 4.8 m 490 cm = 4.9 m 500 cm = 5 m510 cm = 5.1 m 520 cm = 5.2 m 530 cm = 5.3 m 540 cm = 5.4 m 550 cm = 5.5 m 560 cm = 5.6 m 570 cm = 5.7 m 580 cm = 5.8 m 590 cm = 5.9 m 600 cm = 6 m 610 cm = 6.1 m 620 cm = 6.2 m 630 cm = 6.3 m 640 cm = 6.4 m 650 cm = 6.5 m 660 cm = 6.6 m 670 cm = 6.7 m 680 cm = 6.8 m 690 cm = 6.9 m 700 cm = 7 m 710 cm = 7.1 m 720 cm = 7.2 m 730 cm = 7.3 m 740 cm = 7.4 m 750 cm = 7.5 m 760 cm = 7.6 m 770 cm = 7.7 m 780 cm = 7.8 m 790 cm = 7.9 m 800 cm = 8 m 810 cm = 8.1 m 820 cm = 8.2 m 830 cm = 8.3 m 840 cm = 8.4 m 850 cm = 8.5 m 860 cm = 8.6 m 870 cm = 8.7 m 880 cm = 8.8 m 890 cm = 8.9 m 900 cm = 9 m 910 cm = 9.1 m 920 cm = 9.2 m 930 cm = 9.3 m 940 cm = 9.4 m 950 cm = 9.5 m 960 cm = 9.6 m 970 cm = 9.7 m 980 cm = 9.8 m 990 cm = 9.9 m 1000 cm = 10 m1 centimeter ( cm) = 0.01 meter ( m ). Centimeter (cm) is a unit of Length used in Metric system. Meter (m) is a unit of Length used in Metric system. Centimeters also can be marked as centimetres. Meter - Unit of Distance / Length Unit Symbol / Abbreviation: m Where the unit used in the World: The meter is used as a unit to measure medium distances or lengths. It's a standard measure for short distances (up to 1 km long), in real estate and construction, supply materials, vehicle and aircraft dimensions, short geographical distances and directions in most countries excluding the USA where foot and yard are still widely used for this purpose. The meter is widely used in most countries and is the official unit for medium lengths and distances (for example, road signs in continental Europe show maximum vehicle hight in meters). Primary exceptions are the United States of America, and some countries where feet and yards are used in limited extent: the United Kingdom and Canada, where the yard remains in limited use as a part of imperial system (for example, yards are used on road signs for shorter distances in the United Kingdom and feet are widely used in construction and real estate in Canada). Definition of the Unit: The meter (metre in UK spelling) is a unit of length/distance in the metric system (SI Unit system) equivalent to the length of the path travelled by light during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second (in vacuum, defined since 1983).1 m is equivalent to 3.28084 ft or 0.000621371 miles. History of the Unit: As a result of the French Revolution in 1789, the old units of measure that were associated with the monarchy were replaced by the new units. The new unit of length was introduced which became known as the meter. In 1795 the meter was defined as 1/10,000,000 part of the quarter of a meridian, passing through Paris. The meter gained popularity in continental Europe during the nineteenth century, particularly in scientific field, and was officially adopted as an international measurement unit in 1875. In 1960 the meter was defined as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of light from a specified transition in krypton-86. In 1983 the final definition of meter was accepted as length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second. Where it's used: The meter is commonly used in different trades and industries (for examle in machinery manufacturing), on road signs to indicate vehicle hight limits, the distance to short travel to a given location (for example in automotive GPS navigation voice prompts), on maps to indicate small scale, for vehicle, vessels and aircragt dimensions in industry and trade. It is also the most popular unit for describing the retail estate distances and measurements (room sizes, floor measurements and so on). Equivalents in other units and scales:1 m = 1000 millimeters (mm)1 m = 100 centimeters (cm)1 m = 10 decimeters (dm)1 m = 0.001 kilometers (km)1 m = 3.28084 feet (ft)1 megameter = 1000000 m1 gigameter = 1000000000 m Units of length in the metric SI system are based on multiples or fractions of a meter. There are measurements of length/distance in the metric SI system greater than a meter that can be expressed in terms of metres.1 m is equivalent to 3.28084 ft or 1.09361 yd. The meter is a unit of length in the metric SI system and is equivalent to the length of the path travelled by light during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second (in vacuum, defined since 1983). Meters also can be marked as metres (in British English spelling).

D866383

http://www.greengablesmininubians.com/MiniNubian%20FAQ.htm

.

Home | Sr. Does | First Fresheners | Jr. Does | Bucks | Kids | Breeding Plan | For Sale | Reference Goats About Us | News | Mini Nubian FAQ | Goat Keeping Articles | Photos | LGDs | Search | Goat Links | Contact Us Have questions about the Mini Nubian breed? Look below for answers to some of the most commonly asked questions... Why Mini Nubians? Everyone loves the floppy ears of the Nubian but standard Nubians get SOOOOO big! (many get well over 200 lbs while most Mini Nubians are close to 100# or less)The Mini Nubians are smaller than the Nubian but larger than the Nigerian Dwarf. Our does average around 24-26 inches at the withers (shoulder). Their smaller size makes them a lot easier to handle than their larger relatives, so hoof trimming, clipping, showing and milking become much easier. They are just the right size for young, elderly or disabled persons. The Mini Nubian is bred to look like the Nubian with those adorable floppy ears and roman noses, but to stay small. Another advantage of the Mini Nubian (especially for those with limited acreage) is that the Mini Nubian can produce 2/3rds the amount of milk as a Nubian on about half the feed. Talk about efficient! The Mini Nubian makes the perfect home milker as they give lots of rich milk that is excellent for cheese-making, yogurt, butter etc as well as using in every way other milk is used. The Mini Nubian also has a wonderful personality. They are very friendly, love attention and are very good with children. They also come in just about every imaginable color and color combination which makes them extra fun!What is a Mini Nubian? The Mini Nubian is a mid-sized dairy goat that is a blend of Nigerian Dwarf and standard size Nubian dairy goat bloodlines. The goal in breeding Mini Nubians is to produce a mid-size dairy goat with good conformation, high milk production, and the pendulous ears and roman nose of the Nubian. Check out my ' How to Breed Mini Nubians ' page for more details. * Pictured are ARMCH Goodwood Tom Thumb +*S 'E' a famous Nigerian Dwarf buck (photo courtesy of Rosasharn) and SGCH Hoanbu Status Misty Moonlight 2*M EX91, a beautiful Nubian doe (photo courtesy of Hoanbu). What do those Percentages and Generations Mean? This question is best answered in my article ' How to Understand the Percentages and Generations of Your Miniature Dairy Goat 'How Big are Mini Nubians? I like my does to be around 24-26 inches and my bucks around 26-28. Most of my does weigh around 90-100 pounds at maturity - much easier to handle than a 150-200+ lb standard size Nubian! Mini Nubians vary in height from almost as small as a Nigerian to nearly as large as a Nubian. The ideal range is somewhere between that. Each breeder will have their own preferred height. I find that I can more consistently get correct breed character without getting too tall with does that stay around 25-26 inches. This is a great height for milking - their udders are high enough off the ground to comfortably get a milk bucket and my hands under them. They are also easy to handle at this size. How Much Milk Does a Mini Nubian produce? This also depends a lot on the doe. A taller Mini Nubian will likely give more than a smaller doe. My does average around 5-6 lbs of milk per day (1 pound = 1 pint, or half a quart) First time milkers will give less than experienced does. My first fresheners usually milk 3-5 lbs a day. My best milkers give about 7-8 lbs (1 gallon) each day. The most milk I have had one doe give me in a single day was nearly 11 lbs!!! You can see our herd's milk records on the Milk Records page Here are two more pictures to show the size difference between full size Nubians and the Mini Nubians... It is especially helpful to have the bucks smaller! Both of these bucks are about 2 years old and will probably grow a little more before they are mature. Standard Nubian buck vs. Mini Nubian buck

D3025277

http://www.newzealand.com/int/paihia/

Paihia

If you want to discover the coves and beaches of the Bay of Islands, Paihia is the perfect place to start. Cruises of all types leave from the wharf daily. Paihia town centre, Northland & Bay of Islands By Ulrich Lange Paihia is an excellent base from which to explore the Bay of Islands. It has an extensive choice of accommodation, delicious dining options and a good-sized town centre. From the wharf you can arrange a trip to the outer islands, hook into a fishing expedition or catch ferry to Russell. Top local adventures include cruising to the ‘hole in the rock’ at the tip of Cape Brett, finding dolphins (and even swimming with them) and sea kayak tours. Paihia is also just down the road from the historic Treaty House at Waitangi Treaty Grounds, which marks the beginning of New Zealand as a nation. Just west of Paihia is Haruru, where you’ll find an impressive waterfall and a boardwalk. Find & book flights Share this page Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Google+ Share on Pinterest Share by email Where to next? Must-do experiences in Northland & the Bay of Islands →Northland & Bay of Islands →Russell →

D1659967

https://coachparker.org/2008/05/21/defensive-alignment-techniques-and-gaps/

Defensive Alignment Techniques and Gaps

May 21, 2008 · 12:13 pm ↓ Jump to Comments Defensive Alignment Techniques and Gaps Below is a diagram of the standard defensive alignment techniques and gaps for football. Defensive gaps refer to the space between the adjacent offensive lineman. Defensive alignments for the defensive fronts are identified by the in, over or outside shading of the defensive lineman to the offensive lineman. The diagram above refers to one of the best standards of naming defensive front alignments. In this defensive technique numbering system, even numbers refer to headup & inside techniques and odd numbers for outside techniques, except for 7. The 7 technique is the only inside technique identified by an odd number. The letter “i” is used to specify an inside technique, 2i, 4i. To identify gap alignment you add gap at the end, 3 gap, 4 gap or 7 gap, and the center guard gap is a 1 gap technique. Source: Coaching Offensive Lineman by Dave Christensen and James A. Peterson You can by this book and more at Go to the Store – Books & More . Have a great season. Advertisements Rate this: Share this: Tweet More Loading... Leave a comment Filed under Defense Tagged as Defense, football

D469933

https://www.cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Health-Conditions/Degenerative-Disc-Disease.aspx

Degenerative Disc Disease

Degenerative Disc Disease Not what you're looking for? Start New Search ABOUT CAUSES DIAGNOSIS TREATMENTWhat is degenerative disc disease? Nearly everyone's spinal discs show signs of wear as they age. Not everyone, however, will have degenerative disc disease. Not actually a disease, this is a condition in which a damaged disc causes pain. A wide range of symptoms and severity is associated with this condition. Spinal Discs The discs are like shock absorbers between the bones of the spine and are designed to help the back stay flexible while resisting terrific forces in many different planes of motion. Each disc has two parts: A firm, tough outer layer, the anulus fibrosus. The outer portion of this layer contains nerves. If the disc tears in this area, it can become quite painful. A soft, jellylike core, the nucleus pulposus. This part of the disc contains proteins that can cause the tissues they touch to become swollen and tender. If these proteins leak out to the nerves of the outer layer of the disc, they can cause a great deal of pain. Unlike other tissues of the body, the disc has very low blood supply. Once a disc is injured, it cannot repair itself, and a spiral of degeneration can set in with three stages that appear to occur over 20 to 30 years: Acute pain makes normal movement of the back difficult The bone where the injury occurred becomes relatively unstable. Over a long period of time, the patient will have back pain that comes and goes. The body restabilizes the injured segment of the back. The patient experiences fewer bouts of back pain. What causes degenerative disc disease? Several factors can cause discs to degenerate, including age. Specific factors include: The drying out of the disc. When we are born, the disc is about 80 percent water. As we age, the disc dries out and doesn't absorb shocks as well. Daily activities and sports, which cause tears in the outer core of the disc. By age 60, most people have some degree of disc degeneration. Not everyone at that age has back pain, however. Injuries, which can cause swelling, soreness and instability. This can result in low back pain. What are the symptoms of degenerative disc disease? Degenerative disc disease refers to a condition in which pain is caused from a damaged disc. The X-ray shows degenerated discs on the left before surgery. On the right is an X-ray of the discs after traditional spinal fusion surgery. The typical person with degenerative disc disease is active, otherwise healthy and in his or her 30s or 40s. Common symptoms of this condition include: Pain that is worse when sitting. While seated, the discs of the lower back have three times more load on them than when standing. Pain that gets worse when bending, lifting or twisting. Feeling better while walking or even running than while sitting or standing for long periods of time. Feeling better changing positions often or lying down. Periods of severe pain that come and go. These last from a few days to a few months before getting better. They can range from nagging pain to disabling pain. Pain can affect the low back, buttocks and thighs or the neck, depending on where the affected disc is, radiating to the arms and hands. Numbness and tingling in the extremities. Weakness in the leg muscles or foot drop, a possible sign of damage to the nerve root. How is degenerative disc disease diagnosed? A diagnosis is based on a medical history and a physical examination, as well as the symptoms and the circumstances where the pain started. Magnetic resonance imaging can show damage to discs, but it alone cannot confirm degenerative disc disease. How is degenerative disc disease treated? Treatment options include: Artificial disc replacement Surgical intervention Nonoperative treatment of symptoms, including acupuncture, back braces and pain management Key points Degenerative disc disease isn't actually a disease, but rather a condition in which a damaged disc causes pain. This pain can range from nagging to disabling. The condition can be caused by the drying out of the disc over time, daily activities, sports and injuries. Treatment options include disc replacement, other surgical interventions, and nonsurgical options such as acupuncture, back graces and pain management. Next steps Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider: Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen. Before your visit, write down questions you want answered. Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your provider tells you. At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider gives you. Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are. Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways. Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean. Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure. If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit. Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions. Not what you're looking for? Start New Search

D3382064

https://www.statista.com/statistics/239454/total-number-of-fighters-and-bombers-in-the-us-air-force-by-type/

Total number of fighters and bombers in the U.S. Air Force 2015, by type

Society › Politics & Government ›Total number of fighters and bombers in the U. S. Air Force 2015, by type Premium Total number of fighters and bombers in the active inventory of the U. S. Air Force for fiscal year 2015, by type Exclusive content Exclusive Premium statistic Get a Premium Account for unrestrained access. Benefits of our Premium membership: Access to all Premium statistics Download as XLS, PNG and PDFDetailed source and background information Premium Account$49 per month* (billed annually)Register now*Single license Records: Search: Type of aircraft Number of aircraft- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -Showing entries 1 to 11 (11 entries in total)Data visualized by© Statista 2018About this statistic Show source Download Settings Share PNGPDFXLS+PPT+Description Source More information This graph shows the total number of fighters and bombers in the active inventory of the U. S. Air Force for fiscal year 2015, by type. In fiscal year 2015, the U. S. Air Force had total 187 Raptor (F-22A) in their active inventory. Show more

D87464

https://quizlet.com/65581520/spanish-american-war-flash-cards/

Spanish-American War

41 terms drwolf21344Spanish-American War Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Isolationism A foreign policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs Imperialism When a stronger nation conquers a weaker nation for economic and political control Expansionism A foreign policy of EXtending a nation's boundaries; when a larger nation takes an area under its control Annexation To add Internationalism When nations work together to make decisions for the good of all nations Yellow journalism Writing that exaggerates sensational, dramatic, and gruesome events to attract readers (during the late 1800s) It was often biased, and false-"Remember the Maine" became a battle cry to enter the war. Big stick diplomacy President Teddy Roosevelt's international policy when he said the U. S. should "Speak softly and carry a big stick." Which means if negotiations fail , if needed, we will use military intervention Dollar diplomacy President Taft's international policy of joining the business interests of the United States with diplomatic interests abroad. Encouraged the U. S. to invest in other countries and this would bring positive economic effects Moral diplomacy President Woodrow Wilson's international policy to teach South American countries to elect good, MORAL men. Rough Riders Members of a volunteer cavalry regiment commanded by Teddy Roosevelt made up of: lawyers, college students, cowhands, polo players, etc. a cavalry formed by Teddy Roosevelt that conquered San Juan Hill, Puerto Rico Protectorate (Cuba) a country that is technically independent but under the control of another country. Iraq is another example. List the three countries that became U. S. possessions as a result of the Spanish-American War Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines What did Cuba become as a result of the Spanish-American War? Cuba became independent from Spain. It's an American protectorate and we have a base there (Guantanamo Bay)Reasons America entered the war to protect American business interests in Cuba, the U. S. S. Maine blew up and we blamed it in Spain, Yellow Journalism Results of the Spanish-American War The U. S. emerged a world power, Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines became U. S. territories, and Cuba was freed from Spain's rule What is imperialism? A policy by which an industrialized nation takes control of a colony and uses it for raw materials and new markets What often influences the United States' involvement in international affairs? Economic interests and Public opinion1) Protection of American business interests (such as sugar) in Cuba; 2) American support of Cuban rebels to gain independence from Spain 3) Rising tensions between Spain and the United States as a result of the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor on Feb. 15th, 1898. 4) Exaggerated news reports of events, also known as "yellow journalism" (Exciting and exaggerated stories printed by a newspaper to gain more readers and get Americans to support the war) What were the causes for the Spanish American War?1) The United States emerged as a world power 2) Cuba gained independence from Spain 3) The United States gained possession of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico What were the results/effects of the Spanish American War? (Treaty of Paris, 1898)Who were the Rough Riders during the Spanish American War? A group of athletes, miners, cowboys, etc. who fought in Cuba at San Juan Hill Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Teddy Roosevelt (this was before he was President!) Who was the leader of the "Rough Riders" during the Battle of San Juan Hill? "Big Stick" Diplomacy What was the name of Teddy Roosevelt's foreign policy when he was President? It was presented by President James Monroe in 1823; it stated that Europe should stay out of the Americas and America would stay out of Europe. What was the Monroe Doctrine? It was a way to prevent European involvement in the affairs of Latin American countries Why did Roosevelt expand the Monroe Doctrine? It was called the "Roosevelt Corollary" What is Roosevelt's expansion of Monroe Doctrine the called?1) Asserted the United States' right to interfere in the economic matters of other nations in the Americas (North America and Latin America-Central and South America) 2) Claimed the United States' right to exercise international police power 3) Advocated "Big Stick" Diplomacy. Big Stick was used to free Panama from Columbia, so the U. S. could build the Panama Canal. What did the Roosevelt Corollary do? Panama What country did the United States help to gain its independence so a canal could be built?1) The U. S. took over construction from France; it took ten years to build and cost $380 million 2) It provided a shortcut from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean for military and commercial ships 3) It saved travel time and increased trade for the United States and other nations What were the results of the Panama canal being built?$380 million How much did it cost to build the Panama canal?1) Hawaii 2) Alaska 3) Cuba (as a protectorate) 4) Philippines 5) Guam 6) Puerto Rico 7) Panama 8) China What countries, territories, or regions did the United States take control of during the era of imperialism? Eight How many countries, territories, or regions did the United States take control of during the era of imperialism? Panama Canal This connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across Central America William Randolph Hearst Yellow journalist and publisher-owned New York Morning Journal (Joseph Pulitzer was his rival-he owned NY World)U. S. S. Maine A battleship what was anchored in Havana, Cuba that blew up. We thought the Spanish did it so we declared war and it started the Spanish-American War in 1898. "Remember the Maine" became a battle cry for war. Open-Door Policy A policy that allowed each foreign nation in China trade freely in other nation's spheres of influence Protectorate (Cuba) A country that is technically independent, but under the control of another country. Iraq is another example. Joseph Pulitzer A yellow journalist and publisher-owned the NY World ( he was William Randolph Hearst's rival)Spanish-American War A war between Spain & the U. S. (1898) fought mainly in Cuba & the Philippines Spheres of Influence sections of a country where one foreign nation enjoys special rights and powers World Power A nation having military or other power and is able to exert an influence on the course of world affairs William Mc Kinley President of U. S. during the Spanish-American War

D797942

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/history/tudors_stuarts/oliver_cromwell/revision/2/

.

This page has been archived and is no longer updated. Find out more about page archiving. KS3 Bitesize Home Subjects English Geography History ICTMaths Science Games More Bitesize Home > History > The Tudors and Stuarts > Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell Print Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Back Next Overview Cromwell was a Puritan, who opposed the king in the Long Parliament of 1640. During the Civil War he fought for Parliament. He thought that Parliamentary leaders did not do enough to try to defeat Charles. Cromwell became the most powerful man in England, as the leader of the 'New Model Army'. It consisted mainly of radical, Puritan soldiers. After the Civil War At the end of the first Civil War in 1646, Cromwell and the Army tried to negotiate peace with Charles I. In 1648 he betrayed them and started the Second Civil War and they resolved to 'bring him to account'. Cromwell was one of those who tried Charles in 1649 and sentenced him to death. Parliament asked Cromwell to put down the remaining Royalist rebellions. He did this brutally, especially in Ireland and in particular at the siege of Drogheda in 1649. The Protectorate When Cromwell returned to Parliament, he found the 'Rump', the last few remaining MPs, of the Long Parliament still sitting. He closed Parliament by force. He attempted to create a 'Parliament of Saints' (1653), also known as 'Barebones Parliament', which failed. The army declared Cromwell 'Lord Protector' and he ruled England almost like a king, but he refused an offer to actually be made king. As Protector, Cromwell could not agree with his Parliaments and he dismissed them both. Instead, he ruled the country through his major-generals, which meant that England virtually became a military dictatorship. He allowed greater religious freedom for Protestants, but introduced a string of 'moral' laws which banned the theatre and bear-baiting, and forbade people to drink or celebrate Christmas, among other things. Cromwell increased the navy, which defeated the Dutch and captured Jamaica from the Spanish. When Cromwell died, the Protectorate collapsed and Charles II was restored as king. Page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Back Next More from Oliver Cromwell : Video Test More from The Tudors and Stuarts

D2267739

https://www.wikihow.com/Use-an-Axe

How to Use an Axe

Edit Article How to Use an Axe Two Methods: Use a Forest Axe or Range Axe Use a Hatchet or Hand Axe Community Q&AAn axe is a tool used for chopping or splitting objects, such as tree limbs or logs. Axes come in multiple sizes, and are used for different purposes. A forest axe (also known as a range axe) is used to cut or split large pieces of wood. Both hands are required to use a forest axe. A hatchet (also known as a hand axe) is appropriate for cutting dead branches, twigs and firewood, and can be operated with 1 hand. You can buy an axe at a home improvement, hardware or camping store. Use these tips to learn how to use an axe.

D1431614

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-salary-of-a-mechanical-engineering-technician-in-Toronto-Canada

What is the salary of a mechanical engineering technician in Toronto, Canada?

For salary comparisons, you can use Pay Scale - Salary Comparison, Salary Survey, Search Wages. It will compare based on common factors such as the job/position/company and your own worth in the employment pool (skills, experience). In addition, you can use the World Cost of Living Calculator to your own cost of living items. Items include in this calculation are accommodation, transportation, groceries, recreation, apparel and utilities to get the best estimate according to your own spending pattern not a stranger spending pattern. Strictly speaking, the most expensive thing about Toronto is the rents. Once you have that accounted for most other things are pretty decent value. That said, rental rates comparison as below from World Cost of Living Calculator spreadsheet (crowdsourced data). If you can spend only HALF of your salary for rental, and save other HALF for transportation, groceries, recreation, apparel and utilities then it’s likely you can live comfortably. Reference / download : World Cost of Living Calculator spreadsheet (crowdsourced data)487 Views

D284449

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvestre

Silvestre

Silvestre is a Spanish and Portuguese given name or surname, or a French surname. Notable people with the name include: Surname [ edit]Franck Silvestre (born 1967), a retired French footballer Israel Silvestre (1621–1691), called the Younger to distinguish him from his father, was a prolific French draftsman José Plaridel Silvestre Louis de Silvestre (1675–1760), a French portrait and history painter, (son of Israel Silvestre)Manuel Silvestre (born 1965), a former Spanish water polo player Matías Silvestre (born 1984), Argentine football (soccer) player Mikaël Silvestre (born 1977), French football (soccer) player Paul Armand Silvestre (1837–1901), French poet and conteur Silvestre de Sacy (1758–1838), a French linguist and orientalist Part of combined surname Manuel Fernández Silvestre (1871–1921), was a Spanish military general Paulo Sérgio Silvestre do Nascimento (born 1969), a former Brazilian footballer Fictional José Silvestre in H. Rider Haggard's adventure novel King Solomon's Mines (1885)Given name [ edit]Silvestre S. Herrera Silvestre Igoa Silvestre Selva Silvestre Pinheiro (born 1984), Portuguese football player Silvestre Rasuk Silvestre Reyes Silvestre Dangond Silvestre Vélez de Escalante Silvestre Siale Bileka See also [ edit]Silvestre, Rio de Janeiro, a neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro Encina de San Silvestre San Silvestre School San Silvestre Vallecana This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.

D1368539

http://www.wikihow.com/Tolerate-Getting-Wisdom-Teeth-Pulled

How to Tolerate Getting Wisdom Teeth Pulled

1 Stock up on soft foods. After the surgery, you won’t be able to eat anything crunchy or chewy. You’ll also probably not be in the mood to go grocery shopping. Prepare by purchasing plenty of soft food before your surgery. You'll need to have enough to last you for at least 24 hours. However, you'll probably want enough for several days while the swelling goes down. You can begin to introduce other foods when you feel that you can tolerate them. Avoid anything that could get caught in the wound until the wound is healed. Puree things like smoothies or soups in a blender. Strain through a filter before consuming to make sure there are no seeds or herbs that will get caught in the wound. Stay away from spicy foods. They can irritate the wound. Choose plenty of cold foods. They'll feel soothing after the surgery. Some foods that are great for after oral surgery are: Yogurt (frozen or non-frozen)Apple sauce Brothy soups (without any chunks)Mashed potatoes Scrambled eggs Hummus Congee Pudding Ice cream2 Arrange transportation. You should not plan to drive after the surgery. Plan for a friend to take you home when the surgery is finished. Even if you don’t undergo general anesthesia, you will likely feel too woozy from the surgery to drive. [1]If you usually take public transportation, you may not need someone to accompany you. However, you may still want a buddy. They can make sure you’re comfortable on the trip home. Don’t plan to walk or bike home yourself. If you live a short distance from the dentist’s office, arrange for a cab or a friend to pick you up.3 Arrange for time off. You’ll need about 48 hours for the swelling to go down. However, the entire recovery can take several weeks. Plan for at least two days that you’ll be able to stay home from work. Let your boss know that you’re having surgery and you may need to take off a few additional days if your recovery is slower than average. [2]Avoid all strenuous physical activity for a few days after the surgery. This may mean arranging for childcare or a pet sitter during your recovery. You may need friends or family to take care of chores for a day or two. Consider whether you’ll need someone to do things like take the garbage out, water the garden, or shovel snow from your sidewalk.4 Purchase gauze and pain relievers. Both of these things can be purchased at your local pharmacy. Your dentist may give you a supply of gauze and a prescription for pain relievers. However, it’s always good to be prepared with your own. [3]Buy sterilized gauze pads that are safe to put in your mouth. Ask your pharmacist for a recommendation. Choose a pain reliever that doesn’t contain caffeine. Caffeine should be avoided while recovering from surgery. You can also keep teabags on hand. They can help control bleeding. Soak one in warm water and then squeeze it dry. Hold it on the wound for 20-30 minutes.5 Prepare for down time. You may be resting for a while after the surgery. Create a cozy space in your home where you'll be able to rest comfortably. You should have plenty of pillows and blankets, as well as entertainment. Take out books from the library, or download some books on tape to listen to while you recover. Choose movies or TV shows that you'll want to watch while you're resting. Have them ready to go so you won't have to worry after the surgery.6 Ask friends to come over. Recovering at home can feel boring and even lonely sometimes. Before the surgery, line up visiting times with friends and family. Let them know you'll want visitors, and schedule times when they can come by. Let your friends know you may be a little bit out of it, but that you'll still be grateful for their company. Don't plan to do too much with your visitors. Simply watching a movie or listening to music together are relaxing ways to enjoy each others company.

D496463

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/

Free Online Dictionary

English Thesaurus Grammar French German Spanish Italian Chinese Portuguese Hindi Word Lists Word of the Year Scrabble COBUILD Anniversary Free Online Dictionary Ideal dictionaries for English or bilingual word reference, plus thesauruses for expanding your word power. Collins has been publishing educational and informative books for almost 200 years and is a major publisher of Educational, Language and Geographic content. Translator English Trending Words English Dictionary23.7% bf1.1% pros and cons94.9% science8.0% next22.2% democracy13.9% stereotype14.5% love-7.9% in due course-4.5% to bear in mind-16.4% tbc Latest Word Submissions Kyi Apr 08, 2018rendang Apr 08, 2018Incontinuity Apr 08, 2018Kyiv Apr 07, 2018odia Apr 07, 2018Submit View More Scrabble score for 'keirin': 10Word of the day:keirina cycling race originating in Japan , in which groups of cyclists follow a pacesetter and then sprint for the last part of the race See full definition Apr 10, 2018The language of love: 5 ways to express your love on Valentine’s Day In the market for some new terms of endearment? Here’s the etymology behind some of the most popular. Read more Part One: Unlocking Mandarin with Paul Noble We sent one of the Collins team for a one-to-one learning experience with the man himself, and here’s how they found part one of the course. Read more Fat Cat Thursday, Super Blue Moon, and jackpotting: January’s Words in the News Catch up on the latest words in the news this January with Robert Groves. Read more

D3224347

https://www.dailystrength.org/group/anxiety/discussion/anxiety-and-blood-pressure

Anxiety Support Group

Ltb3105 04/27/2012OMG! I am going through the same thing! Been on BP meds for a year but have developed a phobia of white coat syndrome! Just last week, had a simple eye exam but when they took my BP reading, the eye doc wanted to send me to the ER!!! Once I explained that I was being monitored by my primary doc and was taking BP meds and have white coat syndrome, he felt ok with it. But damn it, ever since that visit, I am experiencing panic and anxiety that I've never had before and I've been a sufferer over half my life. I keep thinking I'm gonna drop dead any moment.....this is already a week! I think I would have already keeled over, don't you? Anxiety can do all sorts of things to your body, mimicking physical problems and it doesn't help when you obsess over every bodily sensation. I just take my Xanax and try to calm down. This truly sucks a big one.deleted_user 04/27/2012Yes, I have blood pressure problems with my anxiety. it is never addressed in any of the books that I have read on anxiety and for me it has slowed down my recovery. My blood pressure can spike very high and at dangerous levels when my anxiety is out of control. The only advice I have is that if you find that blood pressure runs in the family like mine does the anxiety over a period of time can make it to where you will develop high blood pressure. That will need to be treated otherwise you could go into a hypertensive crisis like I did because your high blood pressure was not being treated. You do not have to have high numbers all the time to have high blood pressure. I am a spiker. Ltb3105 04/28/2012Do you take meds for the BP? I do but I have such a phobia about having my BP taken, that I go into panic mode. I know, they always say symptoms are heart racing, palpitations, heart pounding, but never elevated BP....it would make sense though if you are suffering from anxiety, that BP would also elevate. I think I wouldn't have a problem with it if I didn't have this panic disorder.deleted_user 04/28/2012I'm curious - how high is your blood pressure rising to? High blood pressure (BP) can be caused by a variety of stimuli, and anxiety is certainly one of them. That said, you also need to consider other factors such as age, weight, lifestyle and family history. White coat syndrome (where your blood pressure spikes whenever someone tries to measure it) is very real and can cause more anxiety as well as create a lot of difficulty in assessing your BP over a period of time (which is necessary to determine if you have "high blood pressure" which needs meds to control it. If you are experiencing symptoms such as headaches, vision problems or nausea when you have high BP then you definitely need to do something longer term about it. If it is episodic, you could try bio-feedback techniques, distraction, or look into some neuro-linguistic programming patterns that can help with something like this. BTW, your BP is likely to spike during periods of anxiety due to a rise in your heart rate. This is the most common cause associated with anxiety and that's good news because you have more control over your heart rate then other things like an internal chemical reaction. Sorry of this is a bit long - it's a complex subject!Ltb3105 04/28/2012Been suffering a long time with depression and panic disorder. Blood pressure goes to 170 or 180 or higher....been like that for years and I take Benicar, work out, eat right, blah, blah, blah. My psych says to relax. Yeah, right. I guess if I had serious BP issues, I'd be dead by now from these high readings! I do notice I calm down considerably after I take Xanax. I don't take it all the time, just when needed, and lately, it's a lot.deleted_user 04/28/2012Ltb3105; 170 to 180 is pretty high, if it was for a prolonged period. The number you have mentioned is what is called the systolic BP; there is a second number which is the systolic BP - both are important as the first one describes the pressure exerted on the artery walls when your heart contracts, and the second number is the pressure exerted when your heart is relaxed. If you get white-coat-syndrome, you could try this. You need an automatic home BP monitor. Get yourself comfortable and put the BP cuff on your arm (in the right place etc...) and rest one hand on the "start" button - but don't press it yet. Now do something relaxing and distracting like read a book or have a pleasant conversation with someone. Don't drink any coffee or alcohol while doing his, and don't eat either. When you are feeling quite relaxed, press "start" and go back to what you were doing - ignore the BP machine and don't even bother to look at the reading. Do this several times. Now check the reading and write it down, remembering that it has no significance right now. Repeat the exercise every day, at the same time of day, for 1 week. After the week, go back and look at your readings - you should notice that they will come down to a level and stay there. This actually works for white-coat-syndrome!Ltb3105 04/28/2012My doctor that manages my BP knows that I have intense fear at ANY doctor's office, clinic or hospital setting. It was 195/90 when I went for my appt in January but I was waiting for results about a cancer recurrence, which was negative...yay! He upped my Benicar to 40 mg. from 20 mg. But now I have such a phobia built up about it, that I can no longer take them at home either....full panic mode just thinking about taking it!!! I have friends that have HBP and they don't even keep a monitor at home because they know they would freak out if a reading were high. I don't want one of those monitors strapped to me, that would be like TNT strapped to me! I guess I should just trust my doctor, take my meds, and continue with my fitness program I started in March.deleted_user 04/28/2012My blood pressure before has gotten up to 190/160 and it was all due to anxiety and a family history of blood pressure. Even if you cannot get your blood pressure that high, it sounds like you can clamp down your blood vessels and that causes all kinds of symptoms. Thank you ozpara for the information, it will come in handy. Skye Ltb3105 04/28/2012Do you take meds for your BP or was it anxiety related? It's a vicious cycle because nobody can get a "true" reading if I'm always freaked out when it's taken! So, even though I was stressed out worrying about a test, the dr. still put me on it anyway. I never felt sick or anything, it's just the anxiety that gives me symptoms!!! And the more I worry about it, the worse it gets. I do know that it has to be high anxiety because once I take my Xanax, in about 30 min. or so I start to feel better....if it was truly HBP, I would still be having symptoms because symptoms for these 2 illnesses mimic each other so it's hard to tell!!!! It that made any sense...lol. Ltb3105 04/28/2012I meant had I not had the Xanax to take, no one would truly know if it was a panic attack or HBP. I guess maybe when the anxiety lessens a bit, I can get an EKG or a stress test, then I won't have this vicious cycle and know that it will always be a higher reading in the doctor's office and not worry anymore about it.deleted_user 04/28/2012Thank you all for your replies and feedback! I don't take any meds for it, but over the last year my wife went through cancer, now my dad has stage 4 lung cancer, and this all kind of came to a head when he got pneumonia on top of it and I was in the hospital with him trying to sort out home health care, meals, etc.... I ended up having what I think was a panic attack, where my BP hit 185/105...a few days later I saw my doc, and it was reading in the 140/95 range. Over the last year or so it has been elevated, but I also have been drinking more alcohol and experiencing more anxiety. In the last few weeks I have slowed down alcohol consumption and am feeling much less anxiety, and now I am getting readings like 126/83 almost every day. I don't want to take meds for it, and it seems like I can directly relate the anxiety and alcohol to higher BP readings, but docs never want to admit to anxiety as a cause for some reason. Hopefully being in the doctors office next week when they take it will not be so nerve-racking that it comes in high, because at home when I monitor it, the levels have been much lower, and things are looking better.deleted_user 04/28/2012kuzuzangpola, I am sorry to hear about all you have been through recently. I imagine you did have a panic attack. Sounds like you have a good plan for your anxiety related blood pressure problems. I am glad you are keeping tabs on your blood pressure and doing things to help it return to normal. When I used to spike when I was in my twenties, they did give me blood presuure meds and it caused my blood pressure to go extremely low and I had to quit taking them. But now that I am older blood pressure meds help to control the spikes some and for the most part keep my blood pressure at a very healthy level. You are in my thoughts and I pray that you able to get through this time. Skyedeleted_user 04/28/2012Skye, Thank you very much. I truly appreciate your thoughts...do you have any limitations on BP medicine? I tell you, I never want to experience a panic attack like that again!! The funny thing is that I have travelled the world, been in uncomfortable and scary situations, and felt alone at times, but anxiety never hits me as hard as it does when it is relative to a loved one or someone that I am in a relationship with. Anyone else have that same experience? You could drop me from a plane into a foreign place anywhere in the world, and I wouldn't be as anxious as I get when an interpersonal relationship is upset in some way. I have always struggled with that....any thoughts? I know I got off on a tangent there...deleted_user 04/28/2012My anxiety stems mainly from losing family or friends or dealing with serious illness in others that I love. I don't want to face my grief so I turn it into anxiety and panic attacks. Also, when I am facing loss or are having a fear of loss I tend to breath shallowly and I hold my breath alot without realizing it. This can go on for weeks and months if I do not catch myself doing it. Yoga and deep belly breathing will help you to overcome at least some of this shallow breathing and holding your breath that you could be doing unconsciously. Also, give yourself small breaks where you talk to people even in the grocery store lines about pleasant things. In losing my sister to cancer last month I realized that I needed to go on zoloft and to go into counseling immediatedly. I could not stop having panic attacks because of the terrible grief. Five weeks later and I am doing so much better. The zoloft keeps me from becoming a hermit who never comes out of her house with hair growing underneath her toe nails. The counselor is incredible, she helps me to talk about my guilt and my sorrow without having to overburden my friends and family with it. She reminds about the basics like eating right, socializing and not hole up in the house. Proper sleep and things like that which get left behind when you are dealing with the kinds of things you and I are dealing with right now. Panic attacks when you have such a tender and loving heart toward your family and all the worries you have been through sounds about right. It is not unusual to have panic attacks with what you are going through. You just need to get help for the panic attacks before it becomes a part of your daily life. Do not let yourself develop GAD.rubyd 04/28/2012I am new to this anxiety thing my husband is dealing with anxiety and have tried numerous drugs but they all make him dizzy and sleepy. He's on five different blood pressures that I know is contributing to this dizziness. He has an appointment Monday to see the cardiologist. He is trying natural herbs and have to take half dosages of them too they make him feel doped up. I don't know what brings on this situation. This has been going on for three months. Join the Conversation

D2294557

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor,_Texas

Manor, Texas

Manor, Texas From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Manor, Texas City Manor City Hall Location of Manor, Texas Coordinates: 30°20′35″N 97°33′24″WCoordinates: 30°20′35″N 97°33′24″WCountry United States State Texas County Travis Founded 1872Incorporated 1913Government• Mayor Rita G Jonse• City Manager Thomas Bolt Area• Total 7.35 sq mi (18.48 km 2)• Land 7.35 sq mi (18.48 km 2)• Water 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km 2)Elevation 531 ft (162 m)Population (2014 Estimate)• Total 7,452• Density 1,013.9/sq mi (403.3/km 2)Time zone Central (CST) ( UTC-6)• Summer ( DST) CDT ( UTC-5)ZIP code 78653Area code (s) 512 & 737FIPS code 48-46440 [1]GNIS feature ID 1340895 [2]Website Official Website Manor ( / ˈ m eɪ n ər / MAY -nər) is a city in Travis County, Texas, United States. Manor is located 12 miles northeast of Austin and is part of the Austin-Round Rock metropolitan area. The population was 5,037 at the 2010 census. Manor is one of the faster-growing suburbs of Austin. [3]Contents [ hide ]1 Geography2 Economy and transportation3 Education4 Technology5 Parks and recreation6 History7 Demographics8 In popular culture9 References10 External links Geography [ edit]Manor is located along US Hwy. 290 [4] at 30°20′35″N 97°33′24″W (30.343071, -97.556710), [5] 12 miles (19 km) east of downtown Austin. [6] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.35 square miles (18.48 km 2 ), all of it land. Economy and transportation [ edit]In 2006, the first parts of a central Texas tollway system opened, [7] which included State Highway 130, State Highway 45, and State Route 212. These roads increased accessibility to Manor. [4] A Walmart was built on the east side of town near the junction of U. S. Highway 290 and FM 973. [8] Manor Medical Center broke ground in 2013. [9]Manor has also been the location for a number of movies, notably What's Eating Gilbert Grape starring Johnny Depp. The story centered on a developmentally disabled boy, played by Leonardo Di Caprio, who regularly disrupted the town’s tranquility by climbing Manor’s old water tower. The tank, although no longer used, remains a landmark in the downtown district. Manor was initially considered as the site for a new international airport to replace the overcrowded Robert Mueller Municipal Airport; however, several environmental lawsuits were brought by the Sierra Club and others, slowing development until an alternative was presented by the closing of Bergstrom Air Force Base further south. This facility was rebuilt into Austin-Bergstrom International Airport which opened in 1999. Education [ edit]Manor High School The Manor Independent School District serves the City of Manor. [10]Technology [ edit]The City of Manor was the first government agency in the United States to deploy a QR Code program to disseminate information to residents and tourists. There are currently 24 fixed mounted QR Code signs placed throughout Manor on various city landmarks and structures. Manor has agreements with more than a dozen other small companies for various high-tech services. [11]Parks and recreation [ edit]The Manor area offers abundant opportunities to enjoy the outdoors. Jennie Lane Park in downtown Manor is the center of most community-oriented events such as the Manor Farmers Market, Summertime Movie Series, and Christmas in the Park. The park is a "Smart Park" with Wi Fi access and coded signage accessible by smartphones for retrieving historical and other information. The park consists of a gazebo, pavilion, and outdoor exercise equipment provided by a grant from the Austin/Travis County Health and Human Services Department’s Steps to a Healthier Austin Program. East Metro Park is a multiple-use recreational area with ball fields, soccer fields, basketball court, playscapes, hiking trails, stock ponds, and both free and fee reserved pavilions. The park also includes a swimming pool managed by the YMCA of Austin and is five minutes southeast of Manor. Wildhorse Creek & Shadow Glen & Stonewater subdivisions include parks, playscapes, and multi-use fields. Shadow Glen amenities include a 4-acre (16,000 m 2) water park and junior Olympic-size pool. Adjacent to Shadow Glen subdivision is one of Golf Digest’s America’s Best New Courses of 2004. [12]History [ edit]Manor was named for James B. Manor, who settled on Gilleland Creek west of present-day downtown Manor. A school for boys began operation northwest of the present Manor High School complex in 1854 and was followed in 1858 by a school for girls near the present Manor Elementary School. A post office was reestablished in the Manor home in 1859 under the name of Grassdale with James Manor serving as Post Master. A mercantile store was built in 1868 the present cemetery and was followed by a second store in 1869. In late 1871 as the Houston and Texas Central Railway constructed the first railroad link to the Texas capital, James Manor made a donation of right-of-way which brought the line through what is now the town. The inaugural train arrived in Austin on Christmas Day 1871. The following year the community of Manor was laid out and named. It was incorporated as a town in March 1913 and converted to a general law city in 1921 with expectations of continued growth. Following two devastating fires that destroyed most of the business district, coupled with the decline of cotton production after the arrival of the boll weevil, Manor remained a small city throughout most of the twentieth century. Demographics [ edit]Historical population Census Pop. %±1880 120 —1890 405 237.5%1920 827 —1930 654 −20.9%1940 688 5.2%1950 820 19.2%1960 766 −6.6%1970 940 22.7%1980 1,044 11.1%1990 1,041 −0.3%2000 1,204 15.7%2010 5,037 318.4%Est. 2016 8,423 [13] 67.2%U. S. Decennial Census [14]As of the census [1] of 2010, there were 5,204 people, 405 households, and 289 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,051.7 people per square mile (407.8/km 2 ). There were 436 housing units at an average density of 380.8/sq mi (147.7/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 53.16% White, 16.94% African American, 1.50% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.58% Pacific Islander, 25.66% from other races, and 2.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 48.75% of the population. There were 405 households out of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. 23.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.54. In the city, the population was spread out with 30.4% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $37,500, and the median income for a family was $40,455. Males had a median income of $32,857 versus $22,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,607. About 8.9% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.1% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over. In popular culture [ edit]The film What's Eating Gilbert Grape, starring actors Johnny Depp and Leonardo Di Caprio, was filmed briefly in and around Manor, Texas as well as Austin, Texas and Pflugerville, Texas. [15]References [ edit]^ a b "American Fact Finder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.^ Manor is poised to grow, developers and city officials agree - b | www.statesman.com^ a b Economic tide rises in Manor - Austin Business Journal^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.^ Manor – Travis : Alpha List & Contact Directory : Community Profiles : Site Selection : The Greater Austin Chamber of Commerce^https://www.bluebonnetelectric.coop/Community/News/articles/2014/Riding-the-growth-wave^ Walmart creating 400 new jobs in Central Texas | www.statesman.com^ Ground Breaking News-Manor Medical Center | The Blackland Reporter Archived 2014-02-21 at the Wayback Machine.^ http://kxan.com/2014/09/05/central-texas-school-districts-see-enrollement-growth/^ Why the High-Tech Industry Loves Manor, Texas | Inc.com^ The Complete History Of Best New Courses : Golf Digest Archived 2014-01-15 at the Wayback Machine.^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.^ What's Eating Gilbert Grape External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manor, Texas. Austin portal Manor Chamber of Commerce Manor Independent School District City of Manor's Homepage Manor Library Manor Newspaper The Arthur J. Higgins Texas Films Collection, no. 13 - Manor, 1937, from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image [ show]v t e Municipalities and communities of Travis County, Texas, United States [ show]v t e Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos [ show]v t e State of Texas Categories: Cities in Texas Cities in Travis County, Texas Cities in Greater Austin

D469412

http://www.victoriacountytx.org/index.php/en/county-departments?id=97

.

OEM Victoria Prepares News City County Contact 2018 Victoria Emergency Operations Plan - Public Bios Command Staff The Victoria Office of Emergency Management will: Build and maintain the framework upon which our community prepares for, responds to, and recovers from natural, or man-made disasters or significant emergencies through;Mitigation...setting the standard by actively exploring new ways to prevent or reduce the impact or disaster, all the while integrating the lessons learned by our experience and best practices. Preparedness...understanding to the best of our ability the hazards that our community may face, and striving to plan and coordinate effectively, focusing on effective employment of all governmental efforts, and the integration of private sector and volunteer organizations seamlessly into the planning process. Response...actively coordinating the efforts made immediately before, during and immediately after an emergency in order to save lives, minimize property damage and increase the effectiveness of recovery operations. Recovery...developing and implementing short-term actions which are taken to assess the damage and reestablish vital life-support systems; and long term actions to restore our community to a normal state. June 1st marks the first day of Hurricane Season. Be safe be prepared.

D3368221

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/SIGMET

SIGMET

SIGMETnoun SIG·METvariants: or less commonly sigmet play \ ˈsig-ˌmet \Popularity: Bottom 10% of words Trending Now:oligarch glib depose omnibus acrimony ALLTime Traveler! Explore the year a word first appeared Definition of SIGMETplural SIGMETs also sigmets: a notice of significant hazardous weather conditions (such as extreme turbulence, icing, or poor visibility) in a large area that is provided to the pilot of an aircraft before takeoff — compare airmet There's more!Love words? You must — there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes Advanced search features Ad free!Join Our Free Trial Now!Already a subscriber? Log in. Origin and Etymology of sigmetsig nificant met eorological information Seen and Heard What made you want to look up SIGMET? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).show

D2817863

https://www.voanews.com/a/russian-activist-says-russia-is-a-badly-managed-state-in-which-people-are-suffering/3099300.html

Activist: Russia Is 'Badly Managed State in Which People Are Suffering'

Europe Activist: Russia Is 'Badly Managed State in Which People Are Suffering'December 11, 2015 2:30 PMDanila Galperovich FILE - A police officer talks to leading opposition figure Boris Nemtsov (2nd L) and human rights activist and Moscow Helsinki group chairperson Lyudmila Alekseyeva (2nd R) during a rally in central Moscow January 31, 2010. Share See comments Print

D359319

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000532.htm

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is cancer of a type of white blood cells called lymphocytes. These cells are found in the bone marrow and other parts of the body. Bone marrow is the soft tissue in the center of bones that helps form all blood cells. CLL causes a slow increase in a certain type of white blood cells called B lymphocytes, or B cells. Cancer cells spread through the blood and bone marrow. CLL can also affect the lymph nodes or other organs such as the liver and spleen. CLL eventually can cause the bone marrow to lose its function. Causes The cause of CLL is unknown. There is no link to radiation. It is unclear if certain chemicals can cause CLL. Exposure to Agent Orange during the Vietnam War has been linked to a slight increased risk of developing CLL. CLL usually affects older adults, especially those over age 60. People under age 45 rarely develop CLL. CLL is more common in whites than in other ethnic groups. It is more common in men than in women. Some people with CLL have family members with the disease. Click to Keep Reading Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Read more NIH Medline Plus Magazine Read more Health Topics A-ZRead more

D100053

https://csewi.org/mass-of-mars-compared-to-earth/

Mass of Mars Compared to Earth

Mass of Mars Compared to Earth0By CSEWI on January 21, 2014 · Mars Quick Facts about Mars Mars derived its name from the Roman God of War and recognized as the Red Planet because of the reddish appearance it displays. The land area of The Red Planet is almost similar to the Earth. The rust and bright color of this planet is due to the iron-rich minerals on its regolith-the rock and loose dust covering on its surface. Here are more other quick and interesting facts about Mars that individuals ought to know: Size The size or equatorial diameter of Mars is 4220 miles or 6792 kilometers. This is just about half the size of the earth which is 7926 miles or 12756 kilometers. Mass The Earth’s mass is greater than the mass of Mars. Earth is about 5972 sextillion kg while Mars is 642 sextillion kg. Volume Mars got 15% of the Earth’s volume. In order to completely fill the volume of the Earth, it would require more than six Mars volumes. Density Mars is 71% as dense as the planet Earth. Structure Scientists do not have definite explanation that would determine if the structure of Mar is liquid, solid or two separate sub-layers. However, further studies and measurements can help and tell individuals more about the planet’s composition. The structures of this planet are crust, mantle, liquid external core and solid core. Distance When talking about the distance, Mars is 142,000,000 miles far from the sun and this is about 229,000,000 kilometers or1.5 in Astronomical Units or AU. On the other hand, Earth’s distance from the sun is 93,000,000 miles or 150,000,000 in kilometers and 1 Astronomical Units or AU. Speed The speed or velocity of Mars relative to the sun is 53,858 mph or 86,676 kilometers per hour while the Earth got a speed of 66,622 mph or 107,218 kilometers per hour. Year and Day It takes 365 days here on Earth to complete a year while in Mars; it requires 687 Earth ays to complete a year. In this planet one day is equivalent to 24 hours while in Mars; it is 24 hours and 40 minutes. Seasons/Tilts Similar tilts simply means that Mars got seasons that are almost similar to the Earth. But since a single year in Mars is longer as compared to Earth, the seasons are expected to be longer. Due to the elliptical orbit of Mars, some of its seasons are longer as compared to the seasons felt on Earth. Northern Hemisphere got longer summer and spring while the southern one got longer winter and autumn. Atmosphere The approximate composition and characteristics of Mars were studied and was compared to the atmospheric compositions and descriptions of the Earth. It was found out that the Earth’s atmosphere is more than a hundred times denser as compared to Mars atmosphere. The Earth’s atmosphere is made up of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other elements while Mars atmosphere is made up of 96% dioxide and certain percentages of elements like argon, nitrogen and others. Weight Weight is defined as measurement of the effect of gravity on mass. This varies depending on factors like gravity of the planet, individual mass and distance between the individual and the center of the planet. If you weighed about 100 lbs on planet Earth, your weight in Mars would only be 38 lbs. Gravity In Mars, you will certainly experience 62.5% gravity, which is lesser when you are on Earth.

D1525109

https://www.palottery.state.pa.us/Games/Day-Drawings.aspx

Watch PA Lottery Draw Games Day Drawing

Watch PA Lottery Draw Games Day Drawing PICK 2, PICK 3, PICK 4, PICK 5, Wild Ball and Treasure Hunt!The PA Lottery games day drawing animation will be posted on the Pennsylvania Lottery website after 1:35 p.m. Before then, you'll see an animated depiction of the previous day's PA Lottery day drawing. PA Lottery day drawings for PICK 2, PICK 3, PICK 4, PICK 5, Wild Ball and Treasure Hunt are conducted seven days a week. How the PA Lottery Games Day Drawing Works At approximately 1:10 p.m. daily, the PA Lottery games day drawing process begins. A Random Number Generator (RNG), consisting of secure computerized systems, selects at random the numbers for the day drawings of PICK 2, PICK 3, PICK 4, PICK 5, Wild Ball and Treasure Hunt. The selected number combinations then are placed in animation – computerized renderings produced by an Animated Digital Draw System – so that you can see them here on the Pennsylvania Lottery website. For more PA Lottery results and winning lottery numbers, visit PA Lottery games. View PA Lottery Past Winning Lottery Numbers

D1313032

http://www.livestrong.com/article/27693-causes-nocturnal-seizures/

Causes of Nocturnal Seizures

Causes of Nocturnal Seizuresby LYSIS Aug. 14, 2017Nocturnal seizures are sleep-related seizures that occur at night. A person with this condition has a burst of movement that jerks the body awake. These types of seizures can happen several times a night, or they may be limited to rare occurrences. Nocturnal seizures are a form of epilepsy, so many of the symptoms, signs and causes are similar to epileptic seizures. Video of the Day Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to load Fever and Vaccination Fever is the body's way of destroying invading microbes. The body temperature rises above the sustainable environment for the bacteria or virus and occasionally kills it. Unfortunately, fever is also the cause of seizures (called fibrile seizures), especially in children. These types of episodes can occur several times a day and at night, causing nocturnal seizures. A child who has nocturnal seizures due to fever is not in danger of developing epilepsy later in life. Some debate was brought up several years ago that caused scientists to look into the possibility that the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine caused seizures in children. It was found, though, that these seizures were triggered by a preexisting condition that led to day and nocturnal seizures in children after they received the vaccine. Injuries The skull protects the brain from trauma like bumping the head or getting hit with an object. However, strong forces can crack the skull or cause damage to the brain even with the hard exterior protection. This damage can lead to swelling and ultimately seizures. Nocturnal seizures may happen several years after the trauma incident. Children can also have nocturnal seizures after severe head trauma. Tumors and stroke that permanently damage the brain also cause seizures. Hydrocephalus is a condition in which the cerebral spinal fluid builds up in the brain, causing pressure. These conditions don't normally cause nocturnal seizures, but the use of a shunt to drain the fluid from the head can lead to the condition. Alcohol and Drug Abuse Alcohol and drugs can also lead to seizures. There is a high chance of seizures in alcoholics who drank heavily and detox from substance abuse. Patients detoxing from severe alcohol abuse are encouraged to do so in a clinic where the patient's health can be observed. The first nocturnal seizure can occur from several hours to two days after cessation from alcohol and some drugs. Lose Weight. Feel Great!Change your life with My Plate by LIVE STRONG . COMGOALGENDER AGEWEIGHT HEIGHTGET MY CALORIE GOALYOU MIGHT ALSO LIKENocturnal Seizure Signs & Symptoms Early Warning Signs of a Seizure Symptoms of a Panic Attack During Sleep About Seizures During Sleep What Causes Breakthrough Seizures? After Seizure Symptoms About Pseudo Seizures Causes of Seizures in Babies How to Tell if a Toddler Is Having Seizures Caffeine & Epilepsy How to Recognize Absence Seizures in Children With Autism Side Effects of Seizures Infant Seizures Signs & Symptoms What Drugs Can Cause Seizures? Can Exercise Cause Seizures? 4 Ways to Tell Whether You're Having Complex Partial Seizures Alcohol Related Seizure Symptoms What Are the Long-Term Effects of Epilepsy? Side Effects of Low Dilantin Levels Complications of Seizures

D31096

https://www.care.com/homepay/resource-center/requirements-by-state/kentucky

Kentucky Tax & Labor Law Summary

Kentucky Tax & Labor Law Summary Basics and Requiremens WORKER CLASSIFICATIONWhen a family hires someone to perform duties in or around their home, they are considered a “household employer.” The IRS views the worker — whether a nanny, health aide, housekeeper, senior caregiver, gardener, chef, personal assistant, estate manager, etc. — as an employee of the family in nearly every case. Misclassifying an employee as an “independent contractor” (using Form 1099) is considered tax evasion, so please call us if you're not sure how to classify your worker. TAX RESPONSIBILITIESHousehold employers have four primary tax responsibilities. These are sometimes referred to as the Kentucky “nanny tax” obligations:1. Withhold Social Security and Medicare taxes from their employee’s paycheck each pay period. Federal and state income taxes should be withheld based on the employee’s selections on Form W-4 and Form K-4. * It is not legally required that income taxes be withheld. However, we strongly advise it so that the employee does not have a large tax burden at the end of the year and is not subjected to underpayment penalties.2. Pay the employer’s portion of Social Security and Medicare, as well as federal and Kentucky unemployment insurance taxes (FUTA and SUTA). Good news! There are some tax breaks for dependent care that can help offset these employer taxes. For an estimate of your employer costs and your tax breaks – as well as your employee’s take-home pay – give us a call. Note: In addition to the tax breaks mentioned above, household employers in Kentucky may be entitled to additional state tax credits for childcare-related expenses. Please call for details.3. File tax forms with the Kentucky Department of Revenue and the Kentucky Division of Unemployment Insurance, typically on a quarterly basis, and with the IRS in April, June, September and January. With these filings, employers remit (pay) the employee taxes withheld and the employer taxes accrued.4. At the end of the year, prepare Form W-2 and distribute to each employee, file Form W-2 Copy A and Form W-3 with the Social Security Administration and file Schedule H with your personal income tax return. LABOR LAW REQUIREMENTSThe Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) provides the framework for federal and state wage and hour law. Household employees are classified under the FLSA as non-exempt workers. Non-exempt workers in all 50 states are covered by the rules and protections of the FLSA. Kentucky may supplement the federal law with additional state and municipal labor law. Minimum Wage Minimum wage in Kentucky is currently $7.25 per hour. Overtime Overtime requirements are not determined by the amount of hours or by the type of pay (hourly or salary); they are determined by the type of work. The FLSA requires domestic workers be protected by overtime laws. The requirements for Kentucky household employers are as follows: The standard workweek is defined as 40 hours in a 7-day period. Kentucky employees should be paid at least 1.5 times the regular hourly rate (time-and-a-half) for all hours worked over 40 in a workweek. Overtime compensation is not required for live-in employees. Overtime is not required to be paid when work is performed on a holiday. Mileage Reimbursement The current federal mileage reimbursement rate is 54.5 cents per mile . This rate, which covers the cost of gasoline as well as general wear and tear on the car, should be used to calculate reimbursement payments to an employee who drives her own vehicle while “on the job.” Mileage reimbursement is not considered taxable compensation, so neither the employee nor the employer is required to pay any taxes on that portion of the compensation. Note: Miles driven while commuting to and from the jobsite are not considered “on the job.” If the employer reimburses the employee for commuter mileage, it is considered taxable compensation. INSURANCEWorkers’ Compensation Insurance: Household employers in Kentucky are not required to carry a workers’ compensation insurance policy unless they have 2 or more employees working more than 40 hours per week. However, we recommend obtaining coverage because it assists with medical expenses and lost wages if an employee has a work-related injury or illness. It also provides protection to the employer since workers who accept benefits generally forfeit their right to sue the employer – regardless of fault. As part of the Home Pay setup process, we can guide you to a convenient, affordable solution. Unemployment Insurance: Kentucky unemployment insurance is a state-managed program that provides financial assistance to help laid-off workers make ends meet until they can find another job. This “insurance” is funded through taxes that employers are required to pay on wages paid to employees. These taxes flow into a general fund, and unemployment benefits are distributed from the fund to employees who are “let go” from their job due to no fault of their own. The Kentucky Division of Unemployment Insurance (DUI) determines whether or not an applicant qualifies for benefits after reviewing their online or paper application and/or by conducting a telephone interview. Benefits paid to a former employee by the DUI may trigger a future tax rate increase for the employer. Health Insurance: Household employers in Kentucky are NOT required to pay for their employee’s health insurance. However, there is a tax incentive to do so. Families with only 1 employee can make contributions toward their employee’s health insurance premiums and treat the amount as non-taxable compensation. In this scenario, neither the employee nor the employer are required to pay any taxes on that portion of the compensation. Note: Employers with 2 or more employees must purchase a policy through SHOP (Small Business Health Options Program) to gain this benefit. Families can direct their employees to www.care.com/benefits where they can search for health insurance policies and purchase coverage for themselves. The information herein is general in nature and may not be applicable to or suitable for your specific circumstances. Accordingly, the information is not intended to be providing legal or tax advice, and should not be relied upon without the advice and guidance of a professional tax or legal advisor.

D1065725

https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-play-basketball-4132840

Playing and Coaching Basketball

Arts, Music, and Recreation ›Sports Playing and Coaching Basketball Whether you're a coach or a player, these basketball resources will teach you rules, regulations, and basic moves for different skill levels, from learning how to dribble or teach dribbling drills, to playing when you're short or getting everyone to play their best game. Baseball Basketball Basics How to Play & Coach Bicycling Billiards Bodybuilding Bowling Boxing Car Racing Cheerleading Climbing Cricket Diving Extreme Sports Football Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Martial Arts Professional Wrestling Skateboarding Skating Skiing Snowboarding Soccer Surfing Swimming Table Tennis Tennis Track & Field Volleyball Other Sports & Activities Article How to Play Fantasy Basketball List Chase Press: An unconventional, chaotic half-court pressing defense List The Combination Man to Man Zone: A Man Defense Dressed Up as a Zone List When Is a Good Age for Children to Start Playing Basketball? Article Basketball Practice Planning Article Why Man to Man Is Best in Youth Leagues Article How to Improve Your Basketball Game Article6 Pre-Game Warmup Exercises for Your Youth Basketball Team Article How to Become an Expert Dribbler List How to Play Basketball If You're Short List How to Practice Basketball Using Imagination and an Imaginary Ball Article How to Beat Zone Presses the Simple Way Article Team Dribbling Games for Basketball Skills Article Fantasy Basketball 101Article How to Learn to Shoot, Dribble, and Pass with Both Hands List How To Play Good Individual Defense in Basketball Learn more about Sports Baseball Basketball Bicycling Billiards Bodybuilding Bowling Boxing Car Racing Cheerleading Climbing Cricket Diving Extreme Sports Football Golf Gymnastics Ice Hockey Martial Arts Professional Wrestling Skateboarding Skating Skiing Snowboarding Soccer Surfing Swimming Table Tennis Tennis Track & Field Volleyball Other Sports & Activities

D2680340

https://www.newyorkpass.com/En/new-york-attractions/tickets/American-Museum-of-Natural-History/?aid=98

American Museum of Natural History

American Museum of Natural History New York Pass Benefits: Free entry with the New York Pass Normal Entry Price: Adult: $23.00 Child: $13.001 2 3 4 5Overview Opening Times Address & Map Attractions Nearby The American Museum of Natural History is one of the largest and most innovative natural history museums in the world. The museum has a massive collection of artifacts that are relative to numerous species on the planet as well as some species that have been extinct for many many years. You can also find intriguing exhibitions that change througout the year and focus on differing animals, plants and time periods. Journey through the universe in the spectacular Rose Center for Earth and Space. Walk through a re-creation of an African rain forest in the Hall of Biodiversity. Highlights The Titanosaur A recent addition to the Museum of Natural History's collection is the 122 foot long titanosaur. The fossils were just added in 2016 and are believed to be the remains of a 70 ton herbivore. (who knew you could gain so much weight eating plants?). The Titanosaur can be viewed any time that you visit the museum. Hall of Biodiversity One of the great aspects of the Museum of Natural History is the Hall of Biodiversity which features a few exhibits that focus on particular species. Be careful as you stroll down the hall, you can expect to encounter a few wild Siberian Tigers. Human Origins and Cultural Halls While the museum showcases a great deal of animals and plants from around the world, there are also quite a few exhibits that focus on the origin of human beings. In the Human Origins and Cultural Halls, you will find beautiful displays that tell a story about who we are as people. Did You Know The museum actually uses authentic skin, teeth and bones for their animal statues. Lucy, the skeleton exhibited within the Hall of Human Origins, was actually named after a Beatles song. The Glen Rose Trackway shows real dinosaur footprints from over 107 million years ago. How To Get There B, C to 81st Street M7, M10, M11, M79, M86, M104Make The Most Of Your New York Pass- Tickets to the American Museum of Natural History normally cost $23.00 - The New York Pass grants you free entry to the museum plus over 100 attractions in New York City! - See the world’s largest collection of dinosaur and other vertebrate fossils, with more than 600 specimens on display.see the: full list of attractions included »ONLINE SALE SAVE UP TO 25%Offer Ends Tuesday, April 17th TOP 10 ATTRACTIONS You can visit for free with The New York Pass!1 Empire State Building FREE ENTRY – SAVE $392 Big Bus Hop-on Hop-off Tours3 Top of the Rock Observatory4 9/11 Memorial & Museum5 Museum of Modern Art (Mo Ma)6 Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises7 Central Park Sightseeing Bike Tours & Rentals8 Madame Tussauds9 NFL Experience, Times Square10 Statue of Liberty COMMENTS & REVIEWSTrustpilot READ MORE »

D945708

https://www.extendoffice.com/documents/excel/771-excel-fill-blank-cells-with-value-above.html

How to fill blank cells with value above in Excel?

How to fill blank cells with value above in Excel? When we set up data in Excel, we always leave a blank cell if the data for that cell is the same as the cell above. For example, I have a worksheet such as the left screenshot shown: This form looks neater and nicer if there is just one header row instead of lots of repeated rows. But this also can cause some problems, we can’t use such features as Excel SUBTOTLES or Excel Pivot Tables. In this case, we need to fill the blank cells. Here are some tricks to fill blank cells with value above in Excel. Fill blank cells with value above with formula Fill blank cells with value above with Kutools for Excel Fill blank cells with specific value or 0 with Kutools for Excel Fill Blank Cells with value above, specific value or linear values: With Kutools for Excel ’s Fill Blank Cells feature, you can quickly fill blank cells with value above, linear value or fixed value as you need. Kutools for Excel: with more than 200 handy Excel add-ins, free to try with no limitation in 60 days. Download and free trial Now!Using a formula to fill blank cells with value above Amazing! Using Tabs in Excel like Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explore 10!With this method, please do as the following steps:1. Select the range that contains blank cells you need to fill.2. Click Home > Find & Select > Go To Special…, and a Go To Special dialog box will appear, then check Blanks option. See screenshot:3. Click OK, and all of the blank cells have been selected. Then input the formula “ =A2 ” into active cell A3 without changing the selection. This cell reference can be changed as you need. See screenshot:4. Press Ctrl + Enter, Excel will copy the respective formula to all blank cells. See screenshot:5. At this point, the filled contents are formulas, and we need to convert the formals to values. Then select the whole range, copy it, and then press Ctrl + Alt + V to active the Paste Special … dialog box. Then select Values option from Paste, and select None option from Operation. See screenshot:6. Then click OK. And all of the formulas have been converted to values. Fill blank cells with value above with Kutools for Excel With the help of Kutools for Excel, you can fill the blank cells with value above quickly and conveniently. Kutools for Excel: with more than 120 handy Excel add-ins, free to try with no limitation in 60 days. Go to Download Free Trial 60 days Purchase Pay Pal / My Commerce After installing Kutools for Excel, please do as follows:1. Select the range that you want to fill the blank cells. And click Kutools > Insert Tools > Fill Blank Cells. See screenshot:2. In the Fill Blank Cells dialog box, Click Based on values from Fill with, and check Down from Options. See screenshot:3. Then click OK or Apply. And all of the blank cells have been filled with the value above. See screenshots: Free Download Kutools for Excel Now!Fill blank cells with specific value or 0 with Kutools for Excel The Fill Blank Cells is a multifunctional tool not only can fill blank cells with value above, but also can fill blank cells with specific value or 0 as you need.1. Select the range that you want to fill the blank cells with a specific value.2. Apply this feature by clicking Kutools > Insert > Fill Blank Cells, in the Fill Blank Cells dialog box, select Fixed value under the Fill with section, and then enter the value that you want to fill the blanks into the Filled value text box, see screenshot:3. And then click Ok or Apply button, the specific value will be filled into the blank cells at once. See screenshots: Note : This utility also can fill blank cells based on linear values, from top to bottom, or left to right. Free Download Kutools for Excel Now!Fill blank cells with value above / linear values / specific value Kutools for Excel: with more than 200 handy Excel add-ins, free to try with no limitation in 60 days. Download and free trial Now!Related articles: How to fill blank cells with linear values in Excel? How to fill blank cells with 0 or other specific value in Excel? Recommended Productivity Tools Office Tab Bring handy tabs to Excel and other Office software, just like Chrome, Firefox and new Internet Explorer. Kutools for Excel Amazing! Increase your productivity in 5 minutes. Don't need any special skills, save two hours every day!200 New Features for Excel, Make Excel Much Easy and Powerful: Merge Cell/Rows/Columns without Losing Data. Combine and Consolidate Multiple Sheets and Workbooks. Compare Ranges, Copy Multiple Ranges, Convert Text to Date, Unit and Currency Conversion. Count by Colors, Paging Subtotals, Advanced Sort and Super Filter,More Select/Insert/Delete/Text/Format/Link/Comment/Workbooks/Worksheets Tools...

D1650585

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960s

1960s

1960s From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search"'60s" redirects here. For decades comprising years 60–69 of other centuries, see List of decades. For the CNN documentary miniseries, see The Sixties (miniseries). Millennium: 2nd millennium Centuries:19th century 20th century 21st century Decades:1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s Years:1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969Categories: Births Deaths By country By topic Establishments Disestablishments The 1960s (pronounced "nineteen-sixties") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on 1 January 1960, and ended on 31 December 1969. [1] The term "1960s" also refers to an era more often called the Sixties, denoting the complex of inter-related cultural and political trends around the globe. This "cultural decade" is more loosely defined than the actual decade, beginning around 1963 with the Kennedy assassination and ending around 1974 with the Watergate scandal. [2] [3]Contents [ hide ]1 Overview2 Politics and wars2.1 Wars2.2 Internal conflicts2.3 Coups2.4 Nuclear threats2.5 Decolonization and independence2.6 Prominent political events2.7 Notable world leaders3 U. S. economics4 Assassinations5 Disasters6 Social and political movements6.1 Counterculture and social revolution6.2 Anti-war movement6.3 Civil rights movement6.4 Hispanic and Chicano movement6.5 Second-wave feminism6.6 Gay rights movement6.7 New Left6.8 Crime7 Science and technology7.1 Science7.2 Technology8 Popular culture8.1 Music8.2 Film8.3 Television8.4 Fashion8.5 Literature8.6 U. S. publication of previously banned works8.7 Sports9 Additional notable world-wide events10 See also10.1 Timelines11 References12 Further reading12.1 Historiography13 External links Overview [ edit]Top, L-R: 2 U. S. soldiers crawl on the ground during the Vietnam War; The Beatles who were part of the British Invasion that changed music in the United States and around the world. Centre, left to right: John F. Kennedy is assassinated in 1963, after serving as President for three years; Martin Luther King Jr. makes his famous I Have a Dream speech to a crowd of over a million; millions participate in the Woodstock Festival of 1969. Bottom, left to right: China's Mao Zedong initiates the Great Leap Forward plan; the Stonewall Inn, site of major demonstrations for gay and lesbian rights; for the first time in history, a human being sets foot on the Moon, during the Cold War -era Space Race, July 1969. "The Sixties", as they are known in both scholarship and popular culture, is a term used by historians, journalists, and other objective academics; in some cases nostalgically to describe the counterculture and revolution in social norms about clothing, music, drugs, dress, sexuality, formalities, and schooling; and in others pejoratively to denounce the decade as one of irresponsible excess, flamboyance, and decay of social order. The decade was also labeled the Swinging Sixties because of the fall or relaxation of social taboos especially relating to racism and sexism that occurred during this time. Commentator Christopher Booker [4] described this era as a classical Jungian nightmare cycle, where a rigid culture, unable to contain the demands for greater individual freedom, broke free of the social constraints of the previous age through extreme deviation from the norm. He charts the rise, success, fall/nightmare and explosion in the London scene of the 1960s. Several Western nations such as the United States, United Kingdom, France, and West Germany turned to the political left in the early and mid-1960s. By the end of the 1950s, war-ravaged Europe had largely finished reconstruction and began a tremendous economic boom. World War II had brought about a huge leveling of social classes in which the remnants of the old feudal gentry disappeared. There was a major expansion of the middle class in western European countries and by the 1960s, many working-class people in Western Europe could afford a radio, television, refrigerator, and motor vehicle. Meanwhile, the East such as the Soviet union and other Warsaw Pact countries were improving quickly after rebuilding from WWII. The United States, after sluggish economic growth during the 1950s, also experienced a major '60s boom. Real GDP growth averaged 6% a year during the second half of the decade. Thus, the overall worldwide economic trend in the 1960s was one of prosperity, expansion of the middle class, and the proliferation of new domestic technology. The confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union dominated geopolitics during the '60s, with the struggle expanding into developing nations in Latin America, Africa, and Asia as the Soviet Union moved from being a regional to a truly global superpower and began vying for influence in the developing world. After President Kennedy's assassination, direct tensions between the US and Soviet Union cooled and the superpower confrontation moved into a contest for control of the Third World, a battle characterized by proxy wars, funding of insurgencies, and puppet governments. In response to civil disobedience campaigns from groups like the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), U. S. President John F. Kennedy, a Keynesian [5] and staunch anti-communist, pushed for social reforms. Kennedy's assassination in 1963 was a shock. Liberal reforms were finally passed under Lyndon B. Johnson including civil rights for African Americans · and healthcare for the elderly and the poor. Despite his large-scale Great Society programs, Johnson was increasingly reviled by the New Left at home and abroad. The heavy-handed American role in the Vietnam War outraged student protestors around the globe. The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. upon working with underpaid Tennessee garbage collectors and the anti-Vietnam War movement, and the police response towards protesters of the 1968 Democratic National Convention, defined politics of violence in the United States. In Western Europe and Japan, organizations such as those present at May 1968, the Red Army Faction, and the Zengakuren tested liberal democracy's ability to satisfy its marginalized or alienated citizenry amidst post-industrial age hybrid capitalist economies. In Britain, the Labour Party gained power in 1964. [6] In France, the protests of 1968 led to President Charles de Gaulle temporarily fleeing the country. [7] For some, May 1968 meant the end of traditional collective action and the beginning of a new era to be dominated mainly by the so-called new social movements. [8] Italy formed its first left-of-center government in March 1962 with a coalition of Christian Democrats, Social Democrats, and moderate Republicans. Socialists joined the ruling block in December 1963. In Brazil, João Goulart became president after Jânio Quadros resigned. In Africa the 1960s was a period of radical political change as 32 countries gained independence from their European colonial rulers. Politics and wars [ edit]Wars [ edit]The Vietnam War (1955–1975)The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet influence, after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino-Soviet split of 1961The Cold War (1947-1991)The Vietnam War (1955–1975)1961 – Substantial (approximately 700) American advisory forces first arrive in Vietnam.1962 – By mid-1962, the number of U. S. military advisers in South Vietnam had risen from 900 to 12,000.1963 – By the time of U. S. President John F. Kennedy 's death there were 16,000 American military personnel in South Vietnam, up from Eisenhower's 900 advisors to cope with rising guerrilla activity in Vietnam. [9]1964 – In direct response to the minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin incident which occurred on 2 August 1964, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, a joint resolution of the U. S. Congress, was passed on 10 August 1964. The resolution gave U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia. The Johnson administration subsequently cited the resolution as legal authority for its rapid escalation of U. S. military involvement in the Vietnam War. [10]1966 – After 1966 with the draft in place more than 500,000 troops were sent to Vietnam by the Johnson administration and college attendance soars. The Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) – an unsuccessful attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from U. S. government armed forces, to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974) – the war was fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies. It was a decisive ideological struggle and armed conflict of the cold war in African (Portuguese Africa and surrounding nations) and European (mainland Portugal) scenarios. Unlike other European nations, the Portuguese regime did not leave its African colonies, or the overseas provinces, during the 1950s and 1960s. During the 1960s, various armed independence movements, most prominently led by communist -led parties who cooperated under the CONCP umbrella and pro-U. S. groups, became active in these areas, most notably in Angola, Mozambique, and Portuguese Guinea. During the war, several atrocities were committed by all forces involved in the conflict. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 began in September. Arab–Israeli conflict (early-20th century-present)Six Days War (June 1967) – a war between Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The Arab states of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria also contributed troops and arms. [11] At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. The results of the war affect the geopolitics of the region to this day. A child suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition during the Nigerian blockade of Biafra 1967–1970. The Algerian War came to a close in 1962. The Nigeria Civil War began in 1967. Civil wars in Laos and Sudan rage on throughout the decade. The Al-Wadiah War was a military conflict which broke out on 27 November 1969 between Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of South Yemen. Internal conflicts [ edit]Cultural Revolution in China (1966–1976) – a period of widespread social and political upheaval in the People's Republic of China which was launched by Mao Zedong, the chairman of the Communist Party of China. Mao alleged that "liberal bourgeois" elements were permeating the party and society at large and that they wanted to restore capitalism. Mao insisted that these elements be removed through post-revolutionary class struggle by mobilizing the thoughts and actions of China's youth, who formed Red Guards groups around the country. The movement subsequently spread into the military, urban workers, and the party leadership itself. Although Mao himself officially declared the Cultural Revolution to have ended in 1969, the power struggles and political instability between 1969 and the arrest of the Gang of Four in 1976 are now also widely regarded as part of the Revolution. The Troubles in Northern Ireland began with the rise of the Northern Ireland civil rights movement in the mid-1960s, the conflict continued into the later 1990s. The Compton's Cafeteria Riot occurred in August 1966 in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco. This incident was one of the first recorded transgender riots in United States history, preceding the more famous 1969 Stonewall Riots in New York City by three years. The Stonewall riots occurred in June 1969 in New York City. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in the Stonewall Inn, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City. They are frequently cited as the first instance in American history when people in the homosexual community fought back against a government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities, and they have become the defining event that marked the start of the gay rights movement in the United States and around the world. The May 1968 student and worker uprisings in France. Mass socialist or Communist movement in most European countries (particularly France and Italy), with which the student-based new left was able to forge a connection. The most spectacular manifestation of this was the May student revolt of 1968 in Paris that linked up with a general strike of ten million workers called by the trade unions; and for a few days seemed capable of overthrowing the government of Charles de Gaulle. De Gaulle went off to visit French troops in Germany to check on their loyalty. Major concessions were won for trade union rights, higher minimum wages and better working conditions. University students protested in the hundreds of thousands against the Vietnam War in London, Paris, Berlin and Rome. In Eastern Europe students also drew inspiration from the protests in the West. In Poland and Yugoslavia they protested against restrictions on free speech by communist regimes. The Tlatelolco massacre – was a government massacre of student and civilian protesters and bystanders that took place during the afternoon and night of 2 October 1968, in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in the Tlatelolco section of Mexico City. Coups [ edit]Main article: List of coups d'état and coup attempts § 1960–1969Prominent coups d'état of the decade included: On 16 May 1961, a coup in South Korea led by army officer Park Chung-hee made the establishment of temporary military rule. In 1963, a coup in South Viet Nam leads to the death of President Ngô Đình Diệm and the establishment of temporary military rule. On 21 April 1967, in Greece a group of colonels established a military dictatorship for seven years. In 1968, a coup in Iraq led to the overthrow of Abdul Rahman Arif by the Arab Socialist Baath Party. On 1 September 1969, a small group of military officers led by the army officer Muammar Gaddafi overthrows monarchy in Libya. Nuclear threats [ edit]Pictures of Soviet missile silos in Cuba, taken by United States spy planes on 1 November 1962. The Cuban Missile Crisis (16–28 October 1962) – a near-military confrontation between the U. S. and the Soviet Union about the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba. After an American Naval (quarantine) blockade of Cuba the Soviet Union under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for the U. S. removing its missiles from Turkey. On 13 February 1960, France detonated its first atomic bomb. France possessed a hydrogen bomb by 1968. On 16 October 1964, China detonated its first atomic bomb. China possessed a hydrogen bomb by 1967. Decolonization and independence [ edit]The transformation of Africa from colonialism to independence in what is known as the decolonisation of Africa dramatically accelerated during the decade, with 32 countries gaining independence between 1960 and 1968, marking the end of the European empires that once dominated the African continent. However, the noble aspirations of these new nations quickly faded, [ citation needed] and many states descended into anarchy, kleptocracy, dictatorships, and/or civil war. The road to prosperity has been difficult: As of 2011, by many measures Africa continues to possess the poorest population [12] in the world as well as the lowest life expectancy. Prominent political events [ edit]Martin Luther King Jr. 's " I Have a Dream " speech in Washington, D. C., 28 August 1963North America [ edit]United States [ edit]1960 – United States presidential election, 1960 – The very close campaign was the series of four Kennedy–Nixon debates; they were the first presidential debates held on television. Kennedy won a close election.1961 – President John F. Kennedy promised some more aggressive confrontation with the Soviet Union; he also established the Peace Corps.1963 - Betty Friedan published the book The Feminine Mystique, reawakening the feminist movement and being largely responsible for it's second wave.1963 – Civil rights becomes a central issue, as the Birmingham campaign and Birmingham riot lead to President Kennedy's Civil Rights Address, Martin Luther King Jr. 's " I Have a Dream " speech at the March on Washington, and the 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing1963 – Kennedy was assassinated and replaced by Vice President Lyndon Johnson. The nation was in shock. For the next half-century, conspiracy theorists concocted numerous alternative explanations to the official report that a lone gunman killed Kennedy.1964 – Johnson pressed for civil rights legislation. Civil Rights Act of 1964 signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. This landmark piece of legislation in the United States outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, and employment. The first black riots erupt in major cities.1964 – Johnson was reelected over Conservative spokesman Senator Barry Goldwater by wide landslide; Liberals gained full control of Congress.1964 – Wilderness Act signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on 3 September.1965 – After the events of the Selma to Montgomery marches the National Voting Rights Act of 1965 was lobbied for, and then signed into law, by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The Voting Rights Act outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had caused the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States.1968 – U. S. President Richard M. Nixon was elected defeating Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey in November.1969 – U. S. President Richard Nixon was inaugurated in January 1969; promised "peace with honor" to end the Vietnam War . Canada [ edit]The Quiet Revolution in Quebec altered the province-city-state into a more secular society. The Jean Lesage Liberal government created a welfare state État-Providence and fomented the rise of active nationalism among Francophone French-speaking Quebecer|Québécois. On 15 February 1965, the new Flag of Canada was adopted in Canada, after much anticipated debate known as the Great Canadian Flag Debate. In 1960, the Canadian Bill of Rights becomes law, and suffrage, and the right for any Canadian citizen to vote, was finally adopted by John Diefenbaker's Progressive Conservative government. The new election act allowed First Nations people to vote for the first time. Mexico [ edit]The peak of the student and New Left protests in 1968 coincided with political upheavals in a number of other countries. Although these events often sprung from completely different causes, they were influenced by reports and images of what was happening in the United States and France. [13]By the late 1960s, Argentine revolutionary Che Guevara 's famous image had become a popular symbol of rebellion for the New Left Europe [ edit]East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961. British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan delivered his Wind of Change (speech) in 1960. Construction of the Berlin Wall 1961 to prevent East Germans from escaping to the West. [14]Pope John XXIII calls the Second Vatican Council of the Catholic Church, continued by Pope Paul VI, which met from 11 October 1962, until 8 December 1965. [15]In October 1964, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was expelled from office due to his increasingly erratic and authoritarian behavior. Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin then became the new leaders of the Soviet Union. [16]In Czechoslovakia, 1968 was the year of Alexander Dubček 's Prague Spring, a source of inspiration to many Western leftists who admired Dubček's "socialism with a human face". The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August ended these hopes and also fatally damaged the chances of the orthodox communist parties drawing many recruits from the student protest movement. [17]Asia [ edit]China [ edit]Relations with the United States remained hostile during the 1960s, although representatives from both countries held periodic meetings in Warsaw, Poland (since there was no U. S. embassy in China). President Kennedy had plans to restore Sino-US relations, but his assassination, the war in Vietnam, and the Cultural Revolution put an end to that. Not until Richard Nixon took office in 1969 was there another opportunity. Following Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's expulsion in 1964, Sino-Soviet relations devolved into open hostility. The Chinese were deeply disturbed by the Soviet suppression of the Prague Spring in 1968, as the latter now claimed the right to intervene in any country it saw as deviating from the correct path of socialism. Finally, in March 1969, armed clashes took place along the Sino-Soviet border in Manchuria. This drove the Chinese to restore relations with the U. S., as Mao Zedong decided that the Soviet Union was a much greater threat. India [ edit]In India a literary and cultural movement started in Calcutta, Patna, and other cities by a group of writers and painters who called themselves "Hungryalists", or members of the Hungry generation. The band of writers wanted to change virtually everything and were arrested with several cases filed against them on various charges. They ultimately won these cases. [18]Africa [ edit]On 1 September 1969, the Libyan monarchy was overthrown, and a radical, revolutionary, government headed by Col. Muammar al-Gadaffi took power. South America [ edit]In 1964, a successful coup against the democratically elected government of Brazilian president João Goulart, initiated a military dictatorship that caused over 20 years of oppression. The Argentine revolutionary Ernesto "Che" Guevara travelled to Africa and then Bolivia in his campaigning to spread worldwide revolution. He was captured and executed in 1967 by the Bolivian army, and afterwards became an iconic figure for the left wing around the world. Juan Velasco Alvarado took power by a coup in Peru in 1968. Notable world leaders [ edit]Note: Names of world leaders shown below in bold remained in power continuously throughout the decade. This list needs to be alphabetized. See Help: Sorting. John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Nikita Khrushchev Mao Zedong Konrad Adenauer Charles de Gaulle Harold Macmillan Aldo Moro David Ben-Gurion Robert Menzies Harold Holt Lester B. Pearson Eduardo Frei Montalva Chiang Kai-shek Fidel Castro Gamal Abdel Nasser Kurt Georg Kiesinger Indira Gandhi Sukarno Suharto Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Levi Eshkol Amintore Fanfani Eisaku SatōHayato Ikeda Jan de Quay Piet de Jong Keith Holyoake Leonid Brezhnev Francisco Franco Harold Wilson Josip Broz Tito U. S. economics [ edit]The decade began with a recession from 1960–61, at that time unemployment was considered high at around 7%. In his campaign, John F. Kennedy promised to "get America moving again." His goal was economic growth of 4–6% per year and unemployment below 4%. To do this, he instituted a 7% tax credit for businesses that invest in new plants and equipment. By the end of the decade, median family income had risen from $8,540 in 1963 to $10,770 by 1969. [19]Although the first half of the decade had low inflation, by 1966 Kennedy's tax credit had reduced unemployment to 3.7% and inflation remained below 2%. With the economy booming Johnson began his "Great Society" which vastly expanded social programs. By the end of the decade under Nixon, the combined inflation and unemployment rate known as the misery index (economics) had exploded to nearly 10% with inflation at 6.2% and unemployment at 3.5% and by 1975 the misery index was almost 20%. [20]Assassinations [ edit]John F. Kennedy assassination – President Kennedy with his wife, Jacqueline, and Texas Governor John Connally in the presidential limousine, minutes before his assassination. The 1960s were marked by several notable assassinations:12 October 1960 – Inejiro Asanuma, leader of the Japan Socialist Party17 January 1961 – Patrice Lumumba, the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Maurice Mpolo, Minister of Youth and Sports; Joseph Okito, Vice-President of the Senate. Assassinated by a Belgian and Congolese firing squad outside Lubumbashi.20 February 1961 Alphonse Songolo, former Minister of Communications of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Gilbert Pongo, intelligence officer and communications official. Shot in Kisangani.30 May 1961 – Rafael Trujillo Dictator of Dominican Republic for 31 years, by a number of plotters including a general in his army.13 January 1963 – Sylvanus Olympio, the Prime Minister of Togo, is killed during the 1963 Togolese coup d'état. His body is dumped in front of the U. S. embassy in Lomé.27 May 1963 – Grigoris Lambrakis, Greek left-wing MP by far-right extremists with connections to the police and the army in Thessaloniki.12 June 1963 – Medgar Evers, an NAACP field secretary. Assassinated by Byron de la Beckwith, a member of the Ku Klux Klan in Jackson, Mississippi.2 November 1963 – Ngô Đình Diệm, President of South Vietnam, along with his brother and chief political adviser, Ngô Đình Nhu. Assassinated by Dương Hiếu Nghĩa and Nguyễn Văn Nhung in the back of an armoured personnel carrier.22 November 1963 – John F. Kennedy, President of the United States. Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald while riding in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas.19 July 1964 – Jason Sendwe, President of North Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Executed by Simba rebels in Albertville.13 February 1965 – Humberto Delgado. Assassinated by Portuguese dictator Salazar's political police PIDE in Spain, near the Portuguese border.21 February 1965 – Malcolm X. Assassinated by members of the Nation of Islam in New York City. There is a dispute about which members killed Malcolm X.6 September 1966 – Hendrik Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa and architect of apartheid was stabbed to death by Dimitri Tsafendas, a parliamentary messenger. He survived a previous attempt on his life in 1960.25 August 1967 – George Lincoln Rockwell, leader of the American Nazi Party. Assassinated by John Patler in Arlington, Virginia.9 October 1967 – Che Guevara, assassinated by the CIA and Bolivian army. [21]4 April 1968 – Martin Luther King, Jr., civil rights leader. Assassinated by James Earl Ray in Memphis, Tennessee.5 June 1968 – Robert F. Kennedy, United States Senator. Assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles, after taking California in the presidential national primaries. Disasters [ edit]Natural: The 1960 Valdivia earthquake, also known as the Great Chilean earthquake, is to date the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, rating 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale. It caused localized tsunamis that severely battered the Chilean coast, with waves up to 25 meters (82 ft). The main tsunami raced across the Pacific Ocean and devastated Hilo, Hawaii.1963 Skopje earthquake was a 6.1 moment magnitude earthquake which occurred in Skopje, SR Macedonia (present-day Republic of Macedonia) on 26 July 1963 which killed over 1,070 people, injured between 3,000 and 4,000 and left more than 200,000 people homeless. About 80% of the city was destroyed.1963 – Vajont dam disaster – The Vajont dam flood in Italy was caused by a mountain sliding in the dam, and causing a flood wave that killed approximately 2,000 people in the towns in its path.1964 – The Good Friday earthquake, the most powerful earthquake recorded in the U. S. and North America, struck Alaska and killed 143 people.1965 – Hurricane Betsy caused severe damage to the U. S. Gulf Coast, especially in the state of Louisiana.1969 – The Cuyahoga River caught fire in Ohio. Fires had erupted on the river many times, including 22 June 1969, when a river fire captured the attention of Time magazine, which described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays." This helped spur legislative action on water pollution control resulting in the Clean Water Act, Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, and the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency.1969 – Hurricane Camille hit the U. S. Gulf Coast at Category 5 Status. To date it is the strongest hurricane ever recorded at landfall in means of sustained windspeed in the Atlantic Basin, reaching sustained winds of 190 mph and a low pressure of 905 mbs. It is one of only three hurricanes in the Atlantic to ever make landfall at Category 5 Status and one of only four hurricanes worldwide to reach a maximum sustained windspeed of 190 mph. Non-natural: On 16 December 1960, a United Airlines DC-8 and a Trans World Airlines Lockheed Constellation collided over New York City and crashed, killing 134 people. On 16 March 1962, Flying Tiger Line Flight 739, a Lockheed Super Constellation, inexplicably disappeared over the Western Pacific, leaving all 107 on board presumed dead. Since the wreckage of the aircraft is lost to this day, the cause of the crash remains a mystery to this day. On 3 June 1962, Air France Flight 007, a Boeing 707, crashed on takeoff from Paris. 130 people were killed in the crash while 2 survived. On 20 May 1965, PIA Flight 705 crashed on approach to Cairo, Egypt. 121 died while 6 survived. On 4 February 1966, All Nippon Airways Flight 60, a Boeing 727, plunged into Tokyo Bay for reasons unknown. All 133 people on board perished. On 5 March 1966, BOAC Flight 911 broke up in mid-air and crashed on the slopes of Mount Fuji. All 124 aboard died. On 8 December 1966, the car ferry SS Heraklion sank in the Aegean Sea during a storm, killing 217 people. On 16 March 1969, a DC-9 operating Viasa Flight 742 crashed in the Venezuelan city of Maracaibo. A total of 155 people died in the crash. Social and political movements [ edit]Counterculture and social revolution [ edit]See also: Counterculture of the 1960s and Timeline of 1960s counterculture Flower Power Bus In the second half of the decade, young people began to revolt against the conservative norms of the time, as well as remove themselves from mainstream liberalism, in particular the high level of materialism which was so common during the era. This created a "counterculture" that sparked a social revolution throughout much of the Western world. It began in the United States as a reaction against the conservatism and social conformity of the 1950s, and the U. S. government's extensive military intervention in Vietnam. The youth involved in the popular social aspects of the movement became known as hippies. These groups created a movement toward liberation in society, including the sexual revolution, questioning authority and government, and demanding more freedoms and rights for women and minorities. The Underground Press, a widespread, eclectic collection of newspapers served as a unifying medium for the counterculture. The movement was also marked by the first widespread, socially accepted drug use (including LSD and marijuana) and psychedelic music. Anti-war movement [ edit]Main article: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War A female demonstrator offers a flower to military police on guard at the Pentagon during an anti-Vietnam War protest. Arlington, Virginia, U. S., 1967The war in Vietnam would eventually lead to a commitment of over half a million American troops, resulting in over 58,500 American deaths and producing a large-scale antiwar movement in the United States. As late as the end of 1965, few Americans protested the American involvement in Vietnam, but as the war dragged on and the body count continued to climb, civil unrest escalated. Students became a powerful and disruptive force and university campuses sparked a national debate over the war. As the movement's ideals spread beyond college campuses, doubts about the war also began to appear within the administration itself. A mass movement began rising in opposition to the Vietnam War, ending in the massive Moratorium protests in 1969, as well as the movement of resistance to conscription ("the Draft") for the war. [ citation needed]The antiwar movement was initially based on the older 1950s Peace movement, heavily influenced by the American Communist Party, but by the mid-1960s it outgrew this and became a broad-based mass movement centered in universities and churches: one kind of protest was called a " sit-in ". Other terms heard in the United States included " the Draft ", " draft dodger ", " conscientious objector ", and " Vietnam vet ". Voter age-limits were challenged by the phrase: "If you're old enough to die for your country, you're old enough to vote. "Civil rights movement [ edit]Main article: Civil rights movement Leaders of the civil rights movement in front of the statue of Abraham Lincoln, 28 August 1963Beginning in the mid-1950s and continuing into the late 1960s, African-Americans in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against black Americans and voting rights to them. This article covers the phase of the movement between 1955 and 1968, particularly in the South. The emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted roughly from 1966 to 1975, enlarged the aims of the civil rights movement to include racial dignity, economic and political self-sufficiency, and anti-imperialism. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of civil disobedience and nonviolent protest produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Federal, state, and local governments, businesses, and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations that highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans. Forms of protest and/or civil disobedience included boycotts such as the successful Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–1956) in Alabama; " sit-ins " such as the influential Greensboro sit-ins (1960) in North Carolina; marches, such as the Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) in Alabama; and a wide range of other nonviolent activities. Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the civil rights movement were passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964, [22] that banned discrimination based on "race, color, religion, or national origin" in employment practices and public accommodations; the Voting Rights Act of 1965, that restored and protected voting rights; the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965, that dramatically opened entry to the U. S. to immigrants other than traditional European groups; and the Fair Housing Act of 1968, that banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing. Hispanic and Chicano movement [ edit]Another large ethnic minority group, the Mexican-Americans, are among other Hispanics in the U. S. who fought to end racial discrimination and socioeconomic disparity. The largest Mexican-American populations was in the Southwestern United States, such as California with over 1 million Chicanos in Los Angeles alone, and Texas where Jim Crow laws included Mexican-Americans as "non-white" in some instances to be legally segregated. Socially, the Chicano Movement addressed what it perceived to be negative ethnic stereotypes of Mexicans in mass media and the American consciousness. It did so through the creation of works of literary and visual art that validated Mexican-American ethnicity and culture. Chicanos fought to end social stigmas such as the usage of the Spanish language and advocated official bilingualism in federal and state governments. The Chicano Movement also addressed discrimination in public and private institutions. Early in the twentieth century, Mexican Americans formed organizations to protect themselves from discrimination. One of those organizations, the League of United Latin American Citizens, was formed in 1929 and remains active today. [23]The movement gained momentum after World War II when groups such as the American G. I. Forum, which was formed by returning Mexican American veterans, joined in the efforts by other civil rights organizations. [24]Mexican-American civil-rights activists achieved several major legal victories including the 1947 Mendez v. Westminster U. S. Supreme Court ruling which declared that segregating children of "Mexican and Latin descent" was unconstitutional and the 1954 Hernandez v. Texas ruling which declared that Mexican Americans and other racial groups in the United States were entitled to equal protection under the 14th Amendment of the U. S. Constitution. [25] [26]The most prominent civil-rights organization in the Mexican-American community, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF), was founded in 1968. [27] Although modeled after the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, MALDEF has also taken on many of the functions of other organizations, including political advocacy and training of local leaders. Meanwhile, Puerto Ricans in the U. S. mainland fought against racism, police brutality and socioeconomic problems affecting the three million Puerto Ricans residing in 50 states, the main concentration was in New York City. In the 1960s and the following 1970s, Hispanic-American culture was on the rebound like ethnic music, foods, culture and identity both became popular and assimilated into the American mainstream. Spanish-language television networks, radio stations and newspapers increased in presence across the country, especially in U. S.–Mexican border towns and East Coast cities like New York City, and the growth of the Cuban American community in Miami, Florida. The multitude of discrimination at this time represented an inhuman side to a society that in the 1960s was upheld as a world and industry leader. The issues of civil rights and warfare became major points of reflection of virtue and democracy, what once was viewed as traditional and inconsequential was now becoming the significance in the turning point of a culture. A document known as the Port Huron Statement exemplifies these two conditions perfectly in its first hand depiction, "while these and other problems either directly oppressed us or rankled our consciences and became our own subjective concerns, we began to see complicated and disturbing paradoxes in our surrounding America. The declaration "all men are created equal..." rang hollow before the facts of Negro life in the South and the big cities of the North. The proclaimed peaceful intentions of the United States contradicted its economic and military investments in the Cold War status quo." These intolerable issues became too visible to ignore therefore its repercussions were feared greatly, the realization that we as individuals take the responsibility for encounter and resolution in our lives issues was an emerging idealism of the 1960s. Second-wave feminism [ edit]Main article: Second-wave feminism A second wave of feminism in the United States and around the world gained momentum in the early 1960s. While the first wave of the early 20th century was centered on gaining suffrage and overturning de jure inequalities, the second wave was focused on changing cultural and social norms and de facto inequalities associated with women. At the time, a woman's place was generally seen as being in the home, and they were excluded from many jobs and professions. In the U. S., a Presidential Commission on the Status of Women found discrimination against women in the workplace and every other aspect of life, a revelation which launched two decades of prominent women-centered legal reforms (i.e., the Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title IX, etc.) which broke down the last remaining legal barriers to women's personal freedom and professional success. Feminists took to the streets, marching and protesting, writing books and debating to change social and political views that limited women. In 1963, with Betty Friedan 's revolutionary book, The Feminine Mystique, the role of women in society, and in public and private life was questioned. By 1966, the movement was beginning to grow in size and power as women's group spread across the country and Friedan, along with other feminists, founded the National Organization for Women. In 1968, " Women's Liberation " became a household term as, for the first time, the new women's movement eclipsed the civil rights movement when New York Radical Women, led by Robin Morgan, protested the annual Miss America pageant in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The movement continued throughout the next decades. Gloria Steinem was a key feminist. Gay rights movement [ edit]Main articles: Gay Liberation and LGBT social movements The United States, in the middle of a social revolution, led the world in LGBT rights in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Inspired by the civil-rights movement and the women's movement, early gay-rights pioneers had begun, by the 1960s, to build a movement. These groups were rather conservative in their practices, emphasizing that gay men and women are no different from those who are straight and deserve full equality. This philosophy would be dominant again after AIDS, but by the very end of the 1960s, the movement's goals would change and become more radical, demanding a right to be different, and encouraging gay pride. The symbolic birth of the gay rights movement would not come until the decade had almost come to a close. Gays were not allowed by law to congregate. Gay establishments such as the Stonewall Inn in New York City were routinely raided by the police to arrest gay people. On a night in late June 1969, LGBT people resisted, for the first time, a police raid, and rebelled openly in the streets. This uprising called the Stonewall Riots began a new period of the LGBT rights movement that in the next decade would cause dramatic change both inside the LGBT community and in the mainstream American culture. New Left [ edit]The rapid rise of a " New Left " applied the class perspective of Marxism to postwar America, but had little organizational connection with older Marxist organizations such as the Communist Party, and even went as far as to reject organized labor as the basis of a unified left-wing movement. Sympathetic to the ideology of C. Wright Mills, the New Left differed from the traditional left in its resistance to dogma and its emphasis on personal as well as societal change. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) became the organizational focus of the New Left and was the prime mover behind the opposition to the War in Vietnam. The 1960s left also consisted of ephemeral campus-based Trotskyist, Maoist and anarchist groups, some of which by the end of the 1960s had turned to militancy. Crime [ edit]The 1960s was also associated with a large increase in crime and urban unrest of all types. Between 1960 and 1969 reported incidences of violent crime per 100,000 people in the United States nearly doubled and have yet to return to the levels of the early 1960s. [28] Large riots broke out in many cities like Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York City, Newark, New Jersey, Oakland, California and Washington, D. C. By the end of the decade, politicians like George Wallace and Richard Nixon campaigned on restoring law and order to a nation troubled with the new unrest. Science and technology [ edit]Science [ edit]Space exploration [ edit]The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon in July 1969. The Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union dominated the 1960s. The Soviets sent the first man, Yuri Gagarin, into outer space during the Vostok 1 mission on 12 April 1961 and scored a host of other successes, but by the middle of the decade the U. S. was taking the lead. In May 1961, President Kennedy set for the U. S. the goal of a manned spacecraft landing on the Moon by the end of the decade. In June 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space. In 1965, Soviets launched the first probe to hit another planet of the Solar system ( Venus ), Venera 3, and the first probe to make a soft landing on and transmit from the surface of the moon, Luna 9. In March 1966, the Soviet Union launched Luna 10, which became the first space probe to enter orbit around the Moon. The deaths of astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger B. Chaffee in the Apollo 1 fire on 27 January 1967 put a temporary hold on the U. S. space program, but afterward progress was steady, with the Apollo 8 crew ( Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, William Anders) being the first manned mission to orbit another celestial body (the moon) during Christmas of 1968. On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11, the first human spaceflight landed on the Moon. Launched on 16 July 1969, it carried mission Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and the Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin. Apollo 11 fulfilled President John F. Kennedy 's goal of reaching the moon by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a speech given before a joint session of Congress on 25 May 1961: "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. "The Soviet program lost its sense of direction with the death of chief designer Sergey Korolyov in 1966. Political pressure, conflicts between different design bureaus, and engineering problems caused by an inadequate budget would doom the Soviet attempt to land men on the moon. A succession of unmanned American and Soviet probes traveled to the Moon, Venus, and Mars during the 1960s, and commercial satellites also came into use. Other scientific developments [ edit]The birth control pill was introduced in 1960.1960 – The female birth-control contraceptive, the pill, was released in the United States after Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval.1965 – Astro Turf introduced.1967 – First heart transplantation operation by Professor Christiaan Barnard in South Africa. Technology [ edit]Automobiles [ edit]As the 1960s began, American cars showed a rapid rejection of 1950s styling excess, and would remain relatively clean and boxy for the entire decade. The horsepower race reached its climax in the late 1960s, with muscle cars sold by most makes. The compact Ford Mustang, launched in 1964, was one of the decade's greatest successes. The " Big Three " American automakers enjoyed their highest ever sales and profitability in the 1960s, but the demise of Studebaker in 1966 left American Motors Corporation as the last significant independent. The decade would see the car market split into different size classes for the first time, and model lineups now included compact and mid-sized cars in addition to full-sized ones. The popular modern hatchback, with front-wheel-drive and a two-box configuration, was born in 1965 with the introduction of the Renault 16 ，many of this car's design principles live on in its modern counterparts: a large rear opening incorporating the rear window, foldable rear seats to extend boot space. The Mini, released in 1959, had first popularised the front wheel drive two-box configuration, but technically was not a hatchback as it had a fold-down bootlid. Japanese cars also began to gain acceptance in the Western market, and popular economy models such as the Toyota Corolla, Datsun 510, and the first popular Japanese sports car, the Datsun 240Z, were released in the mid- to late-1960s. Electronics and communications [ edit]Examples of 1960s technology, including two rotary-dial telephones and a Kodak camera.1960 – The first working laser was demonstrated in May by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories.1960 – Tony Hoare announces the Quicksort algorithm, the most common sorter on computers.1961 – Unimate, the first industrial robot, was introduced.1962 – First transatlantic satellite broadcast via the Telstar satellite.1962 – The first computer video game, Spacewar!, was invented.1962 – Red LEDs were developed.1963 – The first geosynchronous communications satellite, Syncom 2 is launched.1963 – First transpacific satellite broadcast via the Relay 1 satellite.1963 – Touch-Tone telephones introduced.1963 – Sketchpad was the first touch interactive computer graphics program.1963 – The Nottingham Electronic Valve company produced the first home video recorder called the "Telcan".1964 – 8-track tape audio format was developed.1964 – The Compact Cassette was introduced.1964 – The first successful Minicomputer, Digital Equipment Corporation 's 12-bit PDP-8, was marketed.1964 – The programming language BASIC was created.1964 – The world's first supercomputer, the CDC 6600, was introduced.1964 – Fairchild Semiconductor released ICs with dual in-line packaging.1967 – PAL and SECAM broadcast color television systems started publicly transmitting in Europe.1967 – The first Automatic Teller Machine was opened in Barclays Bank, London.1968 – Ralph Baer developed his Brown Box (a working prototype of the Magnavox Odyssey).1968 – The first public demonstration of the computer mouse, the paper paradigm Graphical user interface, video conferencing, teleconferencing, email, and hypertext.1969 – Arpanet, the research-oriented prototype of the Internet, was introduced.1969 – CCD invented at AT&T Bell Labs, used as the electronic imager in still and video cameras. Popular culture [ edit]The counterculture movement dominated the second half of the 1960s, its most famous moments being the Summer of Love in San Francisco in 1967, and the Woodstock Festival in upstate New York in 1969. Psychedelic drugs, especially LSD, were widely used medicinally, spiritually and recreationally throughout the late 1960s, and were popularized by Timothy Leary with his slogan " Turn on, tune in, drop out ". Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters also played a part in the role of "turning heads on". Psychedelic influenced the music, artwork and films of the decade, and a number of prominent musicians died of drug overdoses (see 27 Club ). There was a growing interest in Eastern religions and philosophy, and many attempts were made to found communes, which varied from supporting free love to religious puritanism. Music [ edit]British Invasion: The Beatles arrive at John F. Kennedy International Airport, 7 February 1964"The 60's [ sic] were a leap in human consciousness. Mahatma Gandhi, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Che Guevara, Mother Teresa, they led a revolution of conscience. The Beatles, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix created revolution and evolution themes. The music was like Dalí, with many colors and revolutionary ways. The youth of today must go there to find themselves. "– Carlos Santana [29]The rock-and-roll movement of the 1950s quickly came to an end in 1959 as explained in the song Day The Music Died, the revelation that Jerry Lee Lewis had married his 13 year old cousin, and the induction of Elvis Presley into the US Army. As the 1960s began, the major rock-and-roll stars of the '50s such as Chuck Berry and Little Richard had dropped off the charts and popular music in the US came to be dominated by Motown girl groups and novelty pop songs. Another important change in music during the early 1960s was the American folk music revival which introduced Joan Baez, Pete Seeger, The Kingston Trio, Harry Belafonte, Bob Dylan, Odetta, and many other Singer-songwriters to the public. Girl groups and female singers, such as the Shirelles, Betty Everett, Little Eva, the Dixie Cups, the Ronettes, and the Supremes dominated the charts in the early 1960s. This style consisted typically of light pop themes about teenage romance, backed by vocal harmonies and a strong rhythm. Most girl groups were African-American, but white girl groups and singers, such as Lesley Gore, the Angels, and the Shangri-Las emerged by 1963. Around the same time, record producer Phil Spector began producing girl groups and created a new kind of pop music production that came to be known as the Wall of Sound. This style emphasized higher budgets and more elaborate arrangements, and more melodramatic musical themes in place of a simple, light-hearted pop sound. Spector's innovations became integral to the growing sophistication of popular music from 1965 onward. Also during the early '60s, surf rock emerged, a rock subgenre that was centered in Southern California and based on beach and surfing themes, in addition to the usual songs about teenage romance and innocence. The Beach Boys quickly became the premier surf rock band and almost completely overshadowed the many lesser artists in the genre. Surf rock reached its peak in 1963–65, then gradually gave way to bands influenced by the counterculture movement. The car song also emerged as a rock subgenre in the early 60s, which coupled with the surf rock subgenre. Such notable songs include " Little Deuce Coupe ," " 409 ," and " Shut Down ," all by the Beach Boys; Jan and Dean 's " Little Old Lady from Pasadena " and " Drag City ," among many others. The early 60s also saw the golden age of another rock subgenre, the teen tragedy song, with such songs as Ray Peterson 's " Tell Laura I Love Her ," Jan and Dean 's " Dead Man's Curve ," the Shangri-Las' " Leader of the Pack ," and J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers' " Last Kiss . "While rock 'n' roll had 'disappeared' from the US charts in the early '60s, it never died out in Europe and Britain in particular was a hotbed of rock-and-roll activity during this time. In late 1963, the Beatles embarked on their first US tour. A few months later, rock-and-roll founding father Chuck Berry emerged from a 2-1/2 year prison stint and resumed recording and touring. The stage was set for the spectacular revival of rock music. In the UK, the Beatles played raucous rock 'n' roll – as well as doo wop, girl-group songs, show tunes – and wore leather jackets. Their manager Brian Epstein encouraged the group to wear suits. Beatlemania abruptly exploded after the group's appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1964. Late in 1965, the Beatles released the album Rubber Soul which marked the beginning of their transition to a sophisticated power pop group with elaborate studio arrangements and production, and a year after that, they gave up touring entirely to focus only on albums. A host of imitators followed the Beatles in the so-called British Invasion, including groups like the Rolling Stones and the Kinks who would become legends in their own right. As the counterculture movement developed, artists began making new kinds of music influenced by the use of psychedelic drugs. Guitarist Jimi Hendrix emerged onto the scene in 1967 with a radically new approach to electric guitar that replaced Chuck Berry, previously seen as the gold standard of rock guitar. Rock artists began to take on serious themes and social commentary/protest instead of simplistic pop themes. A major development in popular music during the mid-1960s was the movement away from singles and towards albums. Previously, popular music was based around the 45 single (or even earlier, the 78 single) and albums such as they existed were little more than a hit single or two backed with filler tracks, instrumentals, and covers. The development of the AOR (album oriented rock) format was complicated and involved several concurrent events such as Phil Spector's Wall of Sound, the introduction by Bob Dylan of "serious" lyrics to rock music, and the Beatles' new studio-based approach. In any case, after 1965 the vinyl LP had definitively taken over as the primary format for all popular music styles. Blues also continued to develop strongly during the '60s, but after 1965, it increasingly shifted to the young white rock audience and away from its traditional black audience, which moved on to other styles such as soul and funk. Jazz music during the first half of the '60s was largely a continuation of '50s styles, retaining its core audience of young, urban, college-educated whites. By 1967, the death of several important jazz figures such as John Coltrane and Nat King Cole precipitated a decline in the genre. The takeover of rock in the late '60s largely spelled the end of jazz as a mainstream form of music, after it had dominated much of the first half of the 20th century. Country music gained popularity on the West Coast, due in large part to the Bakersfield sound, led by Buck Owens and Merle Haggard. Female country artists were also becoming more mainstream (in a genre dominated by men in prior decades), with such acts as Patsy Cline, Loretta Lynn, and Tammy Wynette. Significant events in music in the 1960s: Elvis Presley returned to civilian life in the U. S. after two years away in the U. S. Army. He resumes his musical career by recording " It's Now or Never " and " Are You Lonesome Tonight? " in March 1960. [30]Country music stars Patsy Cline, Cowboy Copas, and Hawkshaw Hawkins were killed when their plane crashed in Camden, TN while returning home from a Kansas City benefit show in March 1963. In July 1964, a plane crash claimed the life of another country music legend, Jim Reeves, when the plane he was piloting crashed in a turbulent thunderstorm while on final approach to Nashville International Airport. Sam Cooke was shot and killed at a motel in Los Angeles, California [11 December 1964] at age 33 under suspicious circumstances. Motown Record Corporation was founded in 1960. Its first Top Ten hit was " Shop Around " by the Miracles in 1960. "Shop Around" peaked at number-two on the Billboard Hot 100, and was Motown's first million-selling record. Newcastle born Eric Burdon and his Band " The Animals " hit the No. 1 in charts in the U. S. with their hit single, " House Of The Rising Sun " in 1964. Folksinger and activist Joan Baez released her debut album on Vanguard Records in December 1960. The Marvelettes scored Motown Record Corporation's first US No. 1 pop hit, " Please Mr. Postman " in 1961. Motown would score 110 Billboard Top-Ten hits during its run. The Four Seasons released three straight number one hits In a widely anticipated and publicized event, The Beatles arrive in America in February 1964, spearheading the British Invasion. The Mary Poppins Original Soundtrack tops record charts. Sherman Brothers receive Grammys and double Oscars. Lesley Gore at age 17 hits number one on Billboard with "It's My Party" and number two with "You Don't Own Me" behind the Beatles " I Want To Hold Your Hand ". The Supremes scored twelve number-one hit singles between 1964 and 1969, beginning with " Where Did Our Love Go ". The Kinks release " You Really Got Me " in August 1964, which tops the British charts; it is regarded as the first hard rock hit and a blueprint for related genres, such as heavy metal. [31]John Coltrane released A Love Supreme in late 1964, considered among the most acclaimed jazz albums of the era. The Grateful Dead was formed in 1965 (originally The Warlocks) thus paving the way for the emergence of acid rock. Bob Dylan went electric at the 1965 Newport Folk Festival. Cilla Black 's number-one hit " Anyone Who had a Heart " still remains the top-selling single by a female artist in the UK from 1964. The Rolling Stones had a huge No. 1 hit with their song " (I Can't Get No) Satisfaction " in the summer of 1965. The Byrds released a cover of Bob Dylan's " Mr. Tambourine Man ", which reached No. 1 on the U. S. charts and repeated the feat in the U. K. shortly thereafter. The extremely influential track effectively creates the musical subgenre of folk rock. Bob Dylan's " Like a Rolling Stone " is a top-five hit on both sides of the Atlantic during the summer of 1965. Bob Dylan's 1965 albums Bringing It All Back Home and Highway 61 Revisited ushered in album-focused rock and the " folk rock " genre. Simon and Garfunkel released " The Sound of Silence " single in 1965. The Beach Boys released Pet Sounds in 1966, which significantly influenced the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album released the following year. Bob Dylan was called "Judas" by an audience member during the Manchester Free Trade Hall concert, the start of the bootleg recording industry follows, with recordings of this concert circulating for 30 years – wrongly labeled as – The Royal Albert Hall Concert before a legitimate release in 1998 as The Bootleg Series Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live 1966, The "Royal Albert Hall" Concert. In February 1966, Nancy Sinatra's song "These Boots Are Made for Walkin' " became very popular. In 1966, The Supremes A' Go-Go was the first album by a female group to reach the top position of the Billboard magazine pop albums chart in the United States. The Seekers were the first Australian Group to have a number one with " Georgy Girl " in 1966. Jefferson Airplane released the influential Surrealistic Pillow in 1967. The Velvet Underground released its self-titled debut album The Velvet Underground & Nico in 1967. The Doors released its self-titled debut album The Doors in January 1967. Love released Forever Changes in 1967. The Procol Harum released A Whiter Shade Of Pale in 1967. Cream released " Disraeli Gears " in 1967. The Jimi Hendrix Experience The Jimi Hendrix Experience released two successful albums during 1967, Are You Experienced and Axis: Bold as Love, that innovate both guitar, trio and recording techniques. The Moody Blues released the album Days of Future Passed in November 1967. R & B legend Otis Redding has his first No. 1 hit with the legendary Sitting on the Dock of the Bay. He also played at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967 just before he died in a plane crash. Pink Floyd released its debut record The Piper at the Gates of Dawn. Bob Dylan released the Country rock album John Wesley Harding in December 1967. The Bee Gees released their international debut album Bee Gees 1st in July 1967 which included the pop standard " To Love Somebody ". The Monterey Pop Festival in 1967 was the beginning of the so-called " Summer of Love ". The Beatles released Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band in 1967. It was nicknamed "The Soundtrack of the Summer of Love". Johnny Cash released At Folsom Prison in 1968.1968: after The Yardbirds fold, Led Zeppelin was formed by Jimmy Page and manager Peter Grant, with Robert Plant, John Bonham and John Paul Jones; and, released their debut album Led Zeppelin. Big Brother and the Holding Company, with Janis Joplin as lead singer, became an overnight sensation after their performance at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967 and released their second album Cheap Thrills in 1968. Gram Parsons with The Byrds released the extremely influential LP Sweetheart of the Rodeo in late 1968, forming the basis for country rock. The Jimi Hendrix Experience released the highly influential double LP Electric Ladyland in 1968 that furthered the guitar and studio innovations of his previous two albums. Simon and Garfunkel released the single " Mrs. Robinson " in 1968; featured in the film " The Graduate ". Country music newcomer Jeannie C. Riley released the country and pop hit " Harper Valley PTA " in 1968, which is about a miniskirt -wearing mother of a teenage girl who was criticized by the local PTA for supposedly setting a bad example for her daughter, but turns the tables by exposing some of the PTA members' wrongdoings. The song, along with Riley's mod persona in connection with it, apparently gave country music a sexual revolution of its own, as hemlines of other female country artists' stage attire began rising in the years that followed. Woodstock Festival, 1969Sly & the Family Stone revolutionized black music with their massive 1968 hit single " Dance to the Music " and by 1969 became international sensations with the release of their hit record Stand!. The band cemented their position as a vital counterculture band when they performed at the Woodstock Festival. The Gun released "Race with the Devil" in October 1968. After a long performance drought, Elvis Presley made a successful return to TV and live performances after spending most of the decade starring in movies, beginning with his '68 Comeback Special in December 1968 on NBC, followed in 1969 by a summer engagement in Las Vegas, setting the stage for Presley's many concert tours and continued Vegas engagements throughout the 1970s until his death in 1977. The Rolling Stones filmed the TV special The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus in December 1968 but the film was not released for transmission. Considered for decades as a fabled "lost" performance until released in North America on Laserdisc and VHS in 1996. Features performances from The Who; The Dirty Mac featuring John Lennon, Eric Clapton and Mitch Mitchell; Jethro Tull and Taj Mahal. Spooky Tooth released their second album Spooky Two in March 1969. The album was an important hard rock milestone. The Woodstock Festival, and four months later, the Altamont Free Concert in 1969. The Who released and toured the first rock opera Tommy in 1969. Proto-punk band MC5 released the live album Kick Out the Jams in 1969. Captain Beefheart and his Magic Band released the avant garde Trout Mask Replica in 1969. Creedence Clearwater Revival released " Fortunate Son " in 1969. The song amassed popularity with the Anti-War movement at the time and would later be used in films, TV shows, and video games depicting the Vietnam War or the U. S during the late 1960s and early 1970s The Stooges released their debut album in 1969. The Beatles released Abbey Road in 1969. King Crimson released their debut album In the Court of the Crimson King in 1969. Film [ edit]See also: History of film § 1960s, and 1960s in film The highest-grossing film of the decade was 20th Century Fox's The Sound of Music (1965). [32]Some of Hollywood's most notable blockbuster films of the 1960s include:2001: A Space Odyssey The Apartment The Birds I Am Curious (Yellow)Bonnie and Clyde Breakfast at Tiffany's Bullitt Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Carnival of Souls Cleopatra Cool Hand Luke The Dirty Dozen Doctor Zhivago Dr. Strangelove Easy Rider Exodus Faces Funny Girl Goldfinger The Graduate Guess Who's Coming to Dinner Head How the West Was Won The Hustler Ice Station Zebra In the Heat of the Night The Italian Job It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World Jason and the Argonauts Judgment at Nuremberg The Jungle Book Lawrence of Arabia The Lion in Winter The Longest Day The Love Bug A Man for All Seasons The Manchurian Candidate Mary Poppins Medium Cool Midnight Cowboy My Fair Lady Night of the Living Dead The Pink Panther The Odd Couple Oliver!One Hundred and One Dalmatians One Million Years B. C. Planet of the Apes Psycho Romeo and Juliet Rosemary's Baby The Sound of Music Spartacus Swiss Family Robinson To Kill a Mockingbird Valley of the Dolls West Side Story Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? The Wild Bunch The counterculture movement had a significant effect on cinema. Movies began to break social taboos such as sex and violence causing both controversy and fascination. They turned increasingly dramatic, unbalanced, and hectic as the cultural revolution was starting. This was the beginning of the New Hollywood era that dominated the next decade in theatres and revolutionized the film industry. Films of this time also focused on the changes happening in the world. Dennis Hopper 's Easy Rider (1969) focused on the drug culture of the time. Movies also became more sexually explicit, such as Roger Vadim 's Barbarella (1968) as the counterculture progressed. In Europe, Art Cinema gains wider distribution and sees movements like la Nouvelle Vague (The French New Wave) featuring French filmmakers such as Roger Vadim, François Truffaut, Alain Resnais, and Jean-Luc Godard; Cinéma vérité documentary movement in Canada, France and the United States; Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman, Chilean filmmaker Alexandro Jodorowsky and Polish filmmakers Roman Polanski and Wojciech Jerzy Has produced original and offbeat masterpieces and the high-point of Italian filmmaking with Michelangelo Antonioni and Federico Fellini making some of their most known films during this period. Notable films from this period include: La Dolce Vita, 8½; La Notte; L'Eclisse, The Red Desert; Blowup; Fellini Satyricon; Accattone; The Gospel According to St. Matthew; Theorem; Winter Light; The Silence; Persona; Shame; A Passion; Au Hasard Balthazar; Mouchette; Last Year at Marienbad; Chronique d'un été; Titicut Follies; High School; Salesman; La jetée; Warrendale; Knife in the Water; Repulsion; The Saragossa Manuscript; El Topo; A Hard Day's Night; and the cinema verite Dont Look Back. In Japan, a film version of the story of the forty-seven ronin entitled Chushingura: Hana no Maki, Yuki no Maki directed by Hiroshi Inagaki was released in 1962, the legendary story was also remade as a television series in Japan. Academy Award-winning Japanese director Akira Kurosawa produced Yojimbo (1961), and Sanjuro (1962), which both starred Toshiro Mifune as a mysterious Samurai swordsman for hire. Like his previous films both had a profound influence around the world. The Spaghetti Western genre was a direct outgrowth of the Kurosawa films. The influence of these films is most apparent in Sergio Leone 's A Fistful of Dollars (1964) starring Clint Eastwood and Walter Hill 's Last Man Standing (1996). Yojimbo was also the origin of the " Man with No Name " trend which included Sergio Leone's For a Few Dollars More, and The Good, The Bad and The Ugly both also starring Clint Eastwood, and arguably continued through his 1968 opus Once Upon a Time in the West, starring Henry Fonda, Charles Bronson, Claudia Cardinale, and Jason Robards. The Magnificent Seven a 1960 American western film directed by John Sturges was a remake of Akira Kurosawa 's 1954 film, Seven Samurai. The 1960s were also about experimentation. With the explosion of light-weight and affordable cameras, the underground avant-garde film movement thrived. Canada's Michael Snow, Americans Kenneth Anger, Stan Brakhage, Andy Warhol, and Jack Smith. Notable films in this genre are: Dog Star Man; Scorpio Rising; Wavelength; Chelsea Girls; Blow Job; Vinyl; Flaming Creatures. Significant events in the film industry in the 1960s: Removal of the Motion Picture Association of America 's Production Code in 1967. The decline and end of the Studio System. The rise of ' art house ' films and theaters. The end of the classical hollywood cinema era. The beginning of the New Hollywood Era due to the counterculture. The rise of independent producers that worked outside the Studio System. Move to all-color production in Hollywood films. The invention of the Nagra 1/4", sync-sound, portable open-reel tape deck. Expo 67 where new film formats like Imax were invented and new ways of displaying film were tested. Flat-bed film editing tables appear, like the Steenbeck, they eventually replace the Moviola editing platform. The French New Wave. Direct Cinema and Cinéma vérité documentaries. Television [ edit]Main article: 1960s in television The most prominent American TV series of the 1960s include: The Ed Sullivan Show, Star Trek, Peyton Place, The Twilight Zone, The Outer Limits, The Andy Williams Show, The Dean Martin Show, The Wonderful World of Disney, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Beverly Hillbillies, Bonanza, Batman, Mc Hale's Navy, Laugh-In, The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Fugitive, The Tonight Show, Gunsmoke, The Andy Griffith Show, Gilligan's Island, Mission: Impossible, The Flintstones, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, Lassie, The Danny Thomas Show, The Lucy Show, My Three Sons, The Red Skelton Show, Bewitched and I Dream of Jeannie. The Flintstones was a favoured show, receiving 40 million views an episode with an average of 3 views a day. Some programming such as The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour became controversial by challenging the foundations of America's corporate and governmental controls; making fun of world leaders, and questioning U. S. involvement in and escalation of the Vietnam War. Walt Disney, the founder of the Walt Disney Co. died on 15 December 1966, from a major tumor in his left lung. Fashion [ edit]Main article: 1960s in fashion Significant fashion trends of the 1960s include: The Beatles exerted an enormous influence on young men's fashions and hairstyles in the 1960s which included most notably the mop-top haircut, the Beatle boots and the Nehru jacket. The hippie movement late in the decade also had a strong influence on clothing styles, including bell-bottom jeans, tie-dye and batik fabrics, as well as paisley prints. The bikini came into fashion in 1963 after being featured in the film Beach Party. Mary Quant invented the miniskirt, which became one of the most popular fashion rages in the late 1960s among young women and teenage girls. Its popularity continued throughout the first half of the 1970s and then disappeared temporarily from mainstream fashion before making a comeback in the mid-1980s. Men's mainstream hairstyles ranged from the pompadour, the crew cut, the flattop hairstyle, the tapered hairstyle, and short, parted hair in the early part of the decade, to longer parted hairstyles with sideburns towards the latter half of the decade. Women's mainstream hairstyles ranged from beehive hairdos, the bird's nest hairstyle, and the chignon hairstyle in the early part of the decade, to very short styles popularized by Twiggy and Mia Farrow in Rosemary's Baby towards the latter half of the decade. African-American hairstyles for men and women included the afro. Literature [ edit]See also: List of years in literature § 1960s U. S. publication of previously banned works [ edit]The publication of Henry Miller 's Tropic of Cancer in the United States in 1961 by Grove Press led to a series of obscenity trials that tested American laws on pornography. The U. S. Supreme Court, in Grove Press, Inc., v. Gerstein, citing Jacobellis v. Ohio (which was decided the same day in 1964), overruled the state court findings of obscenity and declared the book a work of literature; it was one of the notable events in what has come to be known as the sexual revolution. Elmer Gertz, the lawyer who successfully argued the initial case for the novel's publication in Illinois, became a lifelong friend of Miller's; a volume of their correspondence has been published. [33] Following the trial, in 1964–65, other books of Miller's which had also been banned in the US were published by Grove Press: Black Spring, Tropic of Capricorn, Quiet Days in Clichy, Sexus, Plexus and Nexus. [34]Sports [ edit]Olympics [ edit]There were six Olympic Games held during the decade. These were:1960 Summer Olympics – 25 August to 11 September 1960, in Rome, Italy1960 Winter Olympics – 18 to 28 February 1960, in Squaw Valley, California, United States1964 Summer Olympics – 10 to 24 October 1964, in Tokyo, Japan1964 Winter Olympics – 29 January to 9 February 1964, in Innsbruck, Austria1968 Summer Olympics – 12 to 27 October 1968, in Mexico City, Mexico1968 Winter Olympics – 6 to 18 February 1968, in Grenoble, France Association football [ edit]There were two FIFA World Cups during the decade:1962 FIFA World Cup – hosted in Chile, won by Brazil1966 FIFA World Cup – hosted and won by England Baseball [ edit]Major League Baseball expansion in 1961 included the formation of the Los Angeles Angels, the move to Minnesota to become the Minnesota Twins by the former Washington Senators and the formation of a new franchise called the Washington Senators. Major League Baseball sanctioned both the Houston Colt .45s and the New York Mets as new National League franchises in 1962. In 1969, the American League expanded when the Kansas City Royals and Seattle Pilots, were admitted to the league prompting the expansion of the post-season for the first time since the creation of the World Series. The Pilots stayed just one season in Seattle before moving and becoming the Milwaukee Brewers in 1970. The National League also added two teams in 1969, the Montreal Expos and San Diego Padres. By 1969, at the end of the 1960s the New York Mets won the World Series in only the 8th year of the team's existence. Basketball [ edit]The NBA tournaments during the 1960s were dominated by the Boston Celtics, who won eight straight titles from 1959 to 1966 and added two more consecutive championships in 1968 and 1969, aided by such players as Bob Cousy, Bill Russell and John Havlicek. Other notable NBA players included Wilt Chamberlain, Elgin Baylor, Jerry West and Oscar Robertson. At the NCAA level, the UCLA Bruins also proved dominant. Coached by John Wooden, they were helped by Lew Alcindor and by Bill Walton to win championships and dominate the American college basketball landscape during the decade. Disc sports (Frisbee) [ edit]Main article: Ken Westerfield Ken Westerfield helped to popularize Frisbee as an alternative disc sport in the 1960s and 1970s Alternative sports, using the flying disc, began in the mid-sixties. As numbers of young people became alienated from social norms, they resisted and looked for alternatives. They would form what would become known as the counterculture. The forms of escape and resistance would manifest in many ways including social activism, alternative lifestyles, experimental living through foods, dress, music and alternative recreational activities, including that of throwing a Frisbee. [35] Starting with promotional efforts from Wham-O and Irwin Toy (Canada), a few tournaments and professionals using Frisbee show tours to perform at universities, fairs and sporting events, disc sports such as freestyle, double disc court, guts, disc ultimate and disc golf became this sports first events. [36] [37] Two sports, the team sport of disc ultimate and disc golf are very popular worldwide and are now being played semi professionally. [38] [39] The World Flying Disc Federation, Professional Disc Golf Association and the Freestyle Players Association are the official rules and sanctioning organizations for flying disc sports worldwide. Major League Ultimate (MLU) and the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL) are the first semi professional ultimate leagues Racing [ edit]In motorsports, the Can-Am and Trans-Am series were both established in 1966. The Ford GT40 won outright in the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Graham Hill edged out Jackie Stewart and Denny Hulme for the World Championship in Formula One. Additional notable world-wide events [ edit]Manson Murders – took place between 8 and 10 August 1969, which was the deaths of Sharon Tate, Abigail Folger, along with several others in the Tate house. Killed on 9 August, Rosemary La Bianca & Leno La Bianca. Canada celebrated its 100th anniversary of Confederation in 1967 by hosting Expo 67, the World's Fair, in Montreal, Quebec. During the anniversary celebrations, French president Charles De Gaulle visited Canada, and caused a considerable uproar by declaring his support for Québécois independence. See also [ edit]1960s portal1960s decor The Sixties Unplugged (book)Timelines [ edit]The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:1960 • 1961 • 1962 • 1963 • 1964 • 1965 • 1966 • 1967 • 1968 • 1969 • Timeline of 1960s counterculture References [ edit]^ Joshua Zeitz Archived 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. "1964: The Year the Sixties Began", American Heritage, Oct. 2006.^ John Barth (1984) intro to The Literature of Exhaustion, in The Friday Book.^ Maslin, Janet (5 November 2007). "Brokaw Explores Another Turning Point, the '60s". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 August 2011.^ Christopher Booker: The Neophiliacs: A Study of the Revolution in English Life In The Fifties and Sixties, Gambit Incorporated, London, 1970^ "The Economy: We Are All Keynesians Now". Time. 31 December 1965. Retrieved 1 January 2011. Keynesianism made its biggest breakthrough under John Kennedy, who, as Arthur Schlesinger reports in A Thousand Days, "was unquestionably the first Keynesian President. "^ Arthur Marwick, The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c.1958-c.1974 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-19-210022-1 ), 247–248.^ Erlanger, Steven (29 April 2008). "May 1968 – a watershed in French life". New York Times. Retrieved 31 August 2012.^ Staricco, Juan Ignacio (2012) https://www.scribd.com/doc/112409042/The-French-May-and-the-Roots-of-Postmodern-Politics^ "Brief Overview of Vietnam War". Swarthmore College Peace Collection. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 2014-02-08.^ "Gulf of Tonkin Measure Voted in Haste and Confusion in 1964". The New York Times. 25 June 1970.^ Krauthammer, Charles (18 May 2007). "Prelude to the Six Days". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 April 2010.^ [1].^ Jaime Pensado, "The (forgotten) Sixties in Mexico." The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics and Culture (2008) 1#1: 83–90.^ Curtis Cate, The Ides of August: The Berlin Wall Crisis–1961 (1978).^ Giuseppe Alberigo, and Matthew Sherry, A Brief History of Vatican II (2006)^ William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (2003),^ Günter, et al. eds. Bischof, The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 (Lexington Books, 2010)^ Krishna Dutta (2008). Calcutta: A Cultural History. Interlink Books. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-56656-721-3.^ "U. S. History – 1960s".^ "Inflation and CPI Consumer Price Index 1960–1969".^ "CIA man recounts Che Guevara's death". BBC. 2007-10-08. Retrieved 2016-06-24.^ "Civil Rights Act of 1964 - CRA - Title VII - Equal Employment Opportunities - 42 US Code Chapter 21".^ History | LULAC-League of United Latin American Citizens^ "americangiforum.org". americangiforum.org. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015.^ "Latino LA – Hollywood :: Mendez v. Westminster". Latino LA.^ "Hernandez v. Texas – The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law". oyez.org.^ MALDEF – About Us Archived 22 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine.^ U. S. Census Bureau Data https://www.census.gov/statab/hist/HS-23.pdf Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.^ Carlos Santana: I'm Immortal interview by Punto Digital, 13 October 2010^ Jorgensen, Ernst (1998). Elvis Presley: A life in music. The complete recording sessions, p.120. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-18572-3^ Sullivan, Denise. "You Really Got Me". All Music. Retrieved 25 November 2009.^ [2]. Box Office Mojo.^ Gertz, Elmer, and Felice Flanery Lewis, eds. (1978). Henry Miller: Years of Trial & Triumph, 1962–1964: The Correspondence of Henry Miller and Elmer Gertz. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-8093-0860-6.^ Henry Miller, Preface to Big Sur and the Oranges of Hieronymus Bosch, New York: New Directions, 1957, p. ix.^ Jordan Holtzman-Conston (2010). Countercultural Sports in America: The History and Meaning of Ultimate Frisbee. Waltham, Mass. ISBN 978-3838311951.^ "World Flying Disc Federation". WFDF Official Website. Retrieved 19 October 2013.^ "World Flying Disc Federation". History of the Flying Disc. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.^ "Professional Disc Golf Association". PDGA Official Website. Retrieved 19 October 2013.^ "American Ultimate Disc League". AUDL Official Website. Retrieved 20 October 2013. Further reading [ edit]Anastakis, Dimitry, ed. The Sixties: passion, politics, and style (Mc Gill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2008.) Canadian emphasis Baugess, James S., and Abbe Debolt, eds. Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture (2 vol, 2012; also E-book) 871pp; 500 entries by scholars excerpt and text search; online review Berton, Pierre. 1967: the Last Good Year (Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1997). Canadian events Brooks, Victor. Last Season of Innocence: The Teen Experience in the 1960s (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012) 207 pp. Brown, Timothy Scott. West Germany and the Global Sixties (2013)Farber, David, ed. The Sixties: From Memory to History (1994), Scholarly essays on the United States Flamm, Michael W. and David Steigerwald. Debating the 1960s: Liberal, Conservative, and Radical Perspectives (2007) on USAMarwick, Arthur. The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c.1958-c.1974 (Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-19-210022-1)Padva, Gilad. Animated Nostalgia and Invented Authenticity in Arte's Summer of the Sixties. In Padva, Gilad, Queer Nostalgia in Cinema and Pop Culture, pp. 13–34 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, ISBN 978-1-137-26633-0 ). Palmer, Bryan D. Canada's 1960s: The Ironies of Identity in a Rebellious Era. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009. Sandbrook, Dominic. Never Had It So Good: A History of Britain from Suez to the Beatles (2006) 928pp; excerpt and text search Sandbrook, Dominic. White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties (2 vol 2007)Strain, Christopher B. The Long Sixties: America, 1955–1973 (Wiley, 2017). xii, 204 pp. Unger, Debi, and Irwin Unger, eds. The Times Were a Changin': The Sixties Reader (1998) excerpt and text search Historiography [ edit]De Koven, Marianne. The Sixties and the Emergence of the Postmodern (Duke University Press, 2004)Farber, David R. The Sixties: From Memory to History (1994) excerpt and text search Heale, Michael J. (March 2005). "The Sixties as History: A Review of the Political Historiography". Reviews in American History. 33 (1): 133–152. JSTOR 30031497. Hunt, Andrew. "When Did the Sixties Happen? Searching for New Directions", Journal of Social History (1999) 33#1 pp 147–161. Pensado, Jaime. "The (forgotten) Sixties in Mexico." The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics and Culture (2008) 1#1: 83–90. Rising, George Goodwin. "Stuck in the sixties: Conservatives and the legacies of the 1960s." (Ph D U. of Arizona, 2003). online Ira Chernus, "When Did "the '60s" Begin? A Cautionary Tale for Historians" 4 Feb 2014, History News Network"1964" (PBS documentary, 2013)Zurawik, David (20 January 1991). "On PBS, Six Hours Of The '60s". The Baltimore Sun Times. Retrieved 22 September 2015. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1960s. Wikiquote has quotations related to: 1960s The 1960s: A Bibliography CBC Digital Archives – 1960s a Go Go The Sixties Project Heroes of the 1960s – slideshow by Life magazine The 60s: Literary Tradition and Social Change, exhibit at the University of Virginia, Library, Special Collections.1960s protest movements in America The 1960s in Europe (Online Teaching and Research Guide)"1960s Fashion Feature, including biographies, interviews, clothing and resources". Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. The 1960s – articles, video, pictures, and facts A 1960s photographic archive [ show]v t e Events by month [ show]v t e History of the 20th century Categories:1960s 20th century Counterculture of the 1960s

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https://www.thespruce.com/tips-for-growing-fern-plants-1402823

Tips for Growing Fern Plants

Houseplant Basics Houseplants Tips for Growing Fern Plants Ferns - In the Garden and Indoors By Marie Iannotti Updated 02/17/17Share Pin Email Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images The term "fern" refers to any of about 12,000 species of plants that do not produce flowers or seeds, instead reproducing by spores. Ferns have been in existence for over 300 million years. Many ferns are easily recognizable because of their fronds, or lace-like leaves. However there are many different species of ferns growing around the world, in a variety of habitats and fronds can range in size from less than an inch to well over 12 feet. To be successful growing ferns, whether in your garden or in your home, you will need to know something about the variety of fern you have and its preferences. Here are tips for growing and caring for some of the more popularly grown fern varieties. Exposure While most ferns prefer a shady location, they don't do well in deep shade, The dabbled shade provided by tree branches makes a better choice. Ferns can handle some direct sunlight, however, the more sun they get, the more moisture they will need. Few ferns will tolerate dry, hot, sunny locations. Growing Ferns from Spores Ferns do not produce seeds, they are grown from spores. Spores look like small dots on the undersides of the fronds. Fern plants can drop millions of spores onto the ground, but only the few that find ideal conditions will grow. If you would like to try growing ferns from spores, you can collect them and plant them just as you would seeds. To collect fern spores, wait until they darken and fall off the fronds, signaling they are ripe. An easy way to do this is to cut off a frond when its spores are starting to darken in color. Leave the frond in an open paper bag or on top of a piece of paper (indoors, where the spores won't get blown away) and wait for the spores to fall. Planting Fern Spores The spores are quite small and can be difficult to work with. Shaking them off the paper or out of the bag in which you collected them is the easiest method. Fill a flat or other container with sterile, moistened potting mix. Shake the spores on top of the mix and press gently, so the spores make good contact with the soil. Mist the surface of the potting mix, to moisten the spores and keep them in place. Cover the container with plastic and place it in a tray filled with 1-2 inches of water. Move to a warm spot, with indirect sunlight. Keep replacing the water in the tray until you see signs of growth. This can take 6-12 weeks, so be patient and don't let the soil dry out. The first thing you will see will be small heart-shaped shoots called prothalli. These can be gently lifted out of the container and moved into individual pots filled with sterile potting mix. Leave the transplants uncovered, but keep them moist. Once the prothalli begin developing fronds, they can be slowly hardened off and transplanted outdoors. Planting Ferns from Stolens You may notice long, fuzzy string-like things growing from your fern. These are stolens, or runners, and you can propagate more ferns by layering them on the soil. Pin the stolen to the nearby soil with a U-shaped landscape staple or a small rock. Keep moist and in a few weeks the stolen should root and send up new growth. When that happens, cut the stolen from the mother plant. The new plant can be transplanted at this point. Growing Ferns Indoors Ferns make lovely houseplants, but the humidity in homes is often too low for some ferns to thrive. This is especially true in the winter when the heat is on. Misting the plants will help improve humidity levels as will sitting their containers on a tray filled with pebbles and just enough water to reach the bottom of the fern's pot. Some ferns that can better handle low humidity include: Bird's Nest Fern ( Asplenium)Boston Fern ( Nephrolepis)Button Fern ( Pellaea)Rabbit's Foot Fern ( Davallia)Holly Fern ( Cyrtomium)Staghorn Fern ( Platycerium)Sword Fern ( Polystichum munitum) (More tips for growing and caring for indoor ferns . )Dividing Ferns Ferns divide much like other perennial plants. The best time to divide them is in early spring when they are just resuming growth. Make sure the plant has been well watered either the day before or at least several hours before dividing. Lift the plant and pull or slice into 2-3 pieces, depending on the size of the existing plant. Each piece should have a least 1 growing tip where the fronds are sprouting. Transplant as soon as possible and water well. Be sure to keep the new transplants moist, until new growth is seen. Caring for Ferns Watering: Ferns prefer a moist location, but they can handle a short dry period. They will slow in growth and may turn a bit brown, but they should come back when the dry spell ends. Mulching: The best mulch for ferns is leaf mold or finely shredded leaves. This mimics the conditions they would have grown in on a forest floor and helps to retain the moisture they need. Add a new layer of mulch each spring. Weeding: Ferns tend to be shallow rooted. Be careful cultivating around them, especially in the spring, when the tiny fiddleheads are first emerging. Feeding: Most ferns do not need supplemental fertilizer. Adding some compost to the original planting hole and following up with side dressings of leaf mold mulch should be enough for them. Winter Care: Don't cut back ferns in the fall. Leave the fronds as protection for the crowns of the plants. You can clean up old, dead fronds in the early spring when the fiddleheads appear.

D1452308

https://www.mortgageloan.com/

Mortgage Loans, Mortgage Rates & Beyond

Mortgage Loans, Mortgage Rates & Beyond Mortgage Loan.com is a groundbreaking news and information service for consumers seeking information about home mortgages and related financial matters. With our unique combination of mortgage advice and news, financial tools and updated home loan rate information, Mortgage Loan.com provides a comprehensive resource for borrowers seeking to arm themselves with the information they need to make the best mortgage financing decisions for themselves and their families. Our comprehensive network of local mortgage brokers, lenders and other financial professionals in all 50 states means you can find someone who is close, convenient and competitive providing the best home mortgage loan rates and terms available. Or get mortgage loans online! While we are not a mortgage lender or broker ourselves, we provide a conduit between consumers and lenders and serve as an independent source of information. For more information, please browse our web site, contact us to ask a question or find us on Google+.

D618313

http://www.blaineschools.org/

BLAINE COUNTY

District News Preschool and Kindergarten Registration Wednesday, April 11Attention All Parents Returning Student Registration and Annual Update Begins April 11Parent-Teacher Conferences Tips for Parents STUDENT SPOTLIGHTMeet Trail Gralenski in The Weekly Sun Draft Budget Goes to Board Superintendent Proposes Budget That Continues to Focus on Equity School Lunch Fees Proposed Increase First of Its Kind Students Launch Google Expedition Real-World Language Learning Students Meet the King of Spain View All

D2377697

http://www.travelmath.com/nearest-airport/Saint+Cloud,+MN

Nearest major airport to Saint Cloud, Minnesota:

Nearest major airport to Saint Cloud, Minnesota: The closest major airport to Saint Cloud, Minnesota is St. Cloud Regional Airport (STC / KSTC). This airport is 6 miles from the center of Saint Cloud, MN. If you're looking for domestic flights to STC, check the airlines that fly to STC. Search for direct flights from your hometown and find hotels near Saint Cloud, MN, or scroll down for more international airports or domestic airports. You can also browse local airports if you're a pilot. City: Check-in: Check-out: Rooms: Travelers: Get: Get:near/in: International airports near Saint Cloud, MN79 miles: Minneapolis, MN (MSP / KMSP) Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport149 miles: Duluth, MN (DLH / KDLH) Duluth International Airport175 miles: Fargo, ND (FAR / KFAR) Hector International Airport Domestic airports near Saint Cloud, MN6 miles: Saint Cloud, MN (STC / KSTC) St. Cloud Regional Airport70 miles: Brainerd, MN (BRD / KBRD) Brainerd Lakes Regional Airport79 miles: Minneapolis, MN (MSP / KMSP) Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport149 miles: Duluth, MN (DLH / KDLH) Duluth International Airport159 miles: Eau Claire, WI (EAU / KEAU) Chippewa Valley Regional Airport161 miles: Bemidji, MN (BJI / KBJI) Bemidji Regional Airport162 miles: Rochester, MN (RST / KRST) Rochester International Airport191 miles: Hibbing, MN (HIB / KHIB) Range Regional Airport Local airports near Saint Cloud, MN3 miles: Saint Cloud, MN (JSK) Crossroads Heliport

D3340791

https://www.newsday.com/opinion/misinformation-did-hitler-say-one-must-first-disarm-citizens-to-control-a-nation-1.3864911

Misinformation: Did Hitler say âone must first disarm citizensâ to control a nation?

Opinion Misinformation: Did Hitler say “one must first disarm citizens” to control a nation? Hitler Youth salute during review by their feuhrer at a mass Nazi rally at 10th annual congress of the National Socialist Party in Nuremberg, Germany. Photo Credit: AP, 1938By Anne Michaud July 27, 2012 1:48 PMPrint See Comments Share MISINFORMATION: SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHTUPDATE, 1/28: Click here to read a follow-up post with additonal research. The Aurora, Colo., shootings have set many gun supporters on edge. They fear that it is just this kind of tragedy that will lead to new gun control laws. SEE PHOTOS Cartoons: Shooting on Las Vegas strip One man wrote to Newsday to suggest that if the United States cracks down on gun ownership, it will be following in the footsteps of Adolf Hitler. He wrote, "Adolf Hitler said in 1933, 'to conquer a nation, one must first disarm its citizens.' “This quote is easy to find on gun rights websites, but nowhere else. It struck me as the kind of thing people could keep repeating until they believed it was accurate. So, I tried the Nexis archive to search newspaper and magazine articles. Nothing. Famous quotation websites produced many Hitler quotes, but not this one. A search of Google Books also turned up no matches. It’s hard to prove a negative. Hitler may have said this. He may also have said he likes cornflakes for breakfast, but then we say a lot of things that aren’t recorded. Sign up for The Point Go inside New York politics. Sign up By clicking Sign up, you agree to our privacy policy. Do you think you can authenticate this quote? Or do you have a different public policy questions for Misinformation? Send Newsday an email at letters@newsday.com. UPDATE, 1/28 : Click here to read a follow-up post with additonal research. Ever submitted a letter to the editor and wondered why it wasn’t published? Sometimes – not always – it’s because Newsday’s research revealed that the information in the letter wasn’t quite accurate. So, the letter disappears into a void, which may leave writers wondering what happened. That's why we're introducing this regular feature, “Misinformation,” on our blog -- to try to set the record straight about a wrong fact or impression. Pictured above: Hitler Youth salute during review by their feuhrer at a mass Nazi rally at 10th annual congress of the National Socialist Party in Nuremberg, Germany. By Anne Michaud Share on Facebook Share on Twitter View comments

D1528194

https://www.chowhound.com/post/long-store-raw-steaks-fridge-471036?_escaped_fragment_=

How long can I store raw steaks in the fridge?

Home Cooking Rib Eye Food Safety Shelf Life 35How long can I store raw steaks in the fridge? Philly Ray Dec 19, 2007 10:53 AMI want to try to get some good bone-in ribeyes for Christmas dinner, but I don't really want to go to the butcher on Christmas Eve. If I can get them on Saturday or Sunday (if they are open), can I safely store them in the fridge until Tuesday? Thanks! !Reply Want to stay up to date with this post? Sign Up Now ›Follow 1Log In or Sign Up to comment Posting Guidelines | FAQs Log In or Sign Up to Comment ›35 Comments Latest Feb 25, 2014 by Frediedanhole Dec 19, 2007 11:06 AMI would think that would work as long as you wrap them very well, and keep them in a very cold spot. If you have a deli/meat drawer that would be best. Reply Clicking the will recommend this comment to others. Sign Up to Share the Love ›b bakerboyz Dec 19, 2007 11:30 AMI asked my butcher the same about when to buy my rack of lamb and he told me because it came cry-o-vacked it wouldn't matter so if you can get your steaks cry-o-vacked that would be even better; in any event, from Sunday til Tuesday should be fine as danhole said. Reply Join the conversation! Sign up to comment on posts and users' comments Sign Up Now ›t Tay Dec 19, 2007 11:43 AMPhilly Ray You refer to going to the Butcher. If they are being fresh cut for you, they will be fine. If you are picking them up at a supermarket, they should be ok, but it's a crap shoot as to when they were cut. I'd 'zip loc them' and, as danhole suggested, store them in the meatkeeper drawer. If you are in doubt, pick up a "cryo vac'd" Filet Mignon. That's always a good alternative. Replyscubadoo97 Dec 19, 2007 12:19 PMI often let steaks sit uncovered and salted in the fridge for a couple of days before using. Kind of like a mini dry aging. You get a good crust on the meat since it's not wet before cooking.8 Replies Replyj 1re: scubadoo97t Tay Dec 19, 2007 12:23 PMUncovered? Interesting.... I would think the meat would dry out, but not in the aging sort of way.... Also, don't you find the meat picks up odors from other foods? Replyre: Tayn nothingman Dec 20, 2007 09:53 AMThat's exactly how beef should be aged. depending on how long you let it go you will probably want to trim up the leathery bits. AB has used tupperware with holes drilled in it to cover on his show to prevent contamination. Replyre: scubadoo97Shane Greenwood Dec 23, 2007 06:44 AMThat method can be dangerous though unless you can maintain a specific humidity level and temperature. Typically in the 35-38 degree range and about 50% humidity. Just the simple act of opening the fridge door is enough to throw that off. Also, dry aging properly takes longer than a couple of days, more like one to three weeks. So I'd say that you are not really dry aging, but rather dry marinating with salt. That's a good thing to do too, but I'd cover it and be careful about cross contamination with uncovered meat in there, also I'd make sure your temp is below 41. Replyre: Shane Greenwoodalanbarnes Dec 23, 2007 07:00 AMOut of curiosity, what's the danger involved? Dangerous as in you may end up pitching an expensive steak, or dangerous as in you may end up connected to an IV? Seems to me that as long as the temperature stays below 40 degrees, pathogens such as e. coli shouldn't be much of a problem. But if there are risks involved, I'd like to know, because, as noted below, I regularly age my own beef. The meat stays in a spot that is somewhat protected from temperature fluctations: it isn't exposed to room air very often because it's in the spare fridge, and it's protected drafts when the door is open because it's in the meat drawer. I've noticed no problems at all after a week, but at two weeks the leatheriness on the surface is getting pronounced. So presumably any longer than that creates a risk that the the steak is going to be dogfood. But are there other risks, too? TIA for any info. Replyre: alanbarnes Shane Greenwood Dec 23, 2007 07:50 AMFood born pathogens are the first concern. You're right about keeping it below 40 for that. I've read that most home refrigerators are not set at the proper temp. Plus, opening the door is problematic in temp control. So when someone says they are keeping a raw piece of beef in a home fridge, uncovered for a couple of days, that's cause for concern. Consider that 4 hours in the danger zone is all it takes to render food too risky to eat. And that 4 hours is cumulative. Separately, if the humidity isn't right you run the dogfood risk too. I'm not sure how long it would take to destroy a steak. I suppose it would depend on the cut, thickness, original moisture content, humidity level, temp, etc. I'd say spend the extra few bucks to buy a properly aged steak and don't risk it, unless you have the proper equipment and know exactly what you're doing. Replyre: Shane Greenwoodscubadoo97 Dec 23, 2007 09:52 AMNot likely that the temperature will be above 40 in the fridge for more than a few seconds at most if the door is opened. The humidity in your average fridge is usually below 50% and commercial dry aging is done between 50-75% RH. I'm not looking to do a 6-7 week dry age. Just want to dry the meat up a little to concentrate the flavors and get a good crust. I have done this many times with no rotting or ill effects. In commercial aging they use primal cuts because the meat will get moldy and this needs to be cut off before cutting steaks or subprimals. An interesting article on dry aging from the University of Minnesotahttp://www.extension.umn.edu/distribu... Do you think the meat in the open meat cases stays below 40 degrees in the supermarket at all times with people picking a steak up to inspect then putting back or they may even put it in their cart and walk around the store before deciding that they don't want it and put it back. Most pathogens on a steak are on the surface and that's going to be exposed to high heat which will kill them anyway. Replyre: scubadoo97Shane Greenwood Dec 24, 2007 06:57 AMThanks for the link scubadoo. As long as you're temping the air in your fridge you'll be able to guarantee it's under 40. I've heard that most are not that cold because we over fill them and don't turn down the cool dial to compensate. Anyway, good luck with your steak. Sounds more like dry marinating to me if you're just doing it for a couple of days. You're getting more of the "drying" effect from the salt leaching the liquid out of the meat than anything else. That's an excellent technique for flavor too. Also a great technique for poultry. Replyj 1re: Shane Greenwoodscubadoo97 Dec 24, 2007 09:36 AMI use my outside fridge that doesn't see too much traffic. As I mentioned before I am not really dry aging but just drying the meat which if anything concentrates the flavors and the dryer surface results in a better crust. When drying for a short time like a day or two I will salt but when drying for an extended time I will not season the meat. Last year I did a large 5 bone prime rib and left it in the fridge for over a week. Just had to trim the exterior before cooking but the meat had a nice beefy flavor. I had actually did two roast last year, one after drying and then did a fresh one because I didn't think the first one would be enough due to a lot of last minute guest added to our festive meal. There was a noticeable difference between the two. The aged one beat out the fresh one in flavor and texture. I usually dry a chicken the same way with salt and leave in the fridge for a day or two. The skin get very crisp and I would equate it to dry brining but you get very little penetration of salt into the meat. I do this with whole chickens for roasting and parts for grilling. Reply

D1655526

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/wide+spectrum

spectrum

spectrum (redirected from Wide Spectrum) Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms, Encyclopedia .spec·trum (spĕk′trəm)n. pl. spec·tra (-trə) or spec·trums1. Physicsa. The entire range over which some measurable property of a physical system or phenomenon can vary, such as the frequency of sound, the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation, or the mass of specific kinds of particles.b. A specific portion of such a range: the infrared spectrum.c. A characteristic distribution of phenomena manifested over such a range: theemission spectrum for sodium vapor.d. A graphic representation of such a distribution; a spectrogram.e. A band of colors produced when the wavelengths making up white light areseparated, as when light passes through a prism or strikes drops of water.2. A range of radio frequencies assigned by a regulatory agency for use by a given group or organization.3.a. A range of values of a quantity or set of related quantities: the income spectrum.b. A sequence or range of related qualities, ideas, activities, entities, or phenomena:the whole spectrum of 20th-century thought; the spectrum of genes involved in theimmune response. Idiom:on the spectrum Having a form of autism spectrum disorder: students who are on the spectrum. [Latin, appearance, from specere, to look at; see spek- in Indo-European roots . ]American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.spectrum ( ˈspɛktrəm) n, pl -tra ( -trə) 1. (General Physics) the distribution of colours produced when white light is dispersed by a prism or diffraction grating. There is a continuous change in wavelength from red, the longestwavelength, to violet, the shortest. Seven colours are usually distinguished: violet, indigo,blue, green, yellow, orange, and red2. (General Physics) the whole range of electromagnetic radiation with respect to itswavelength or frequency3. (General Physics) any particular distribution of electromagnetic radiation often showinglines or bands characteristic of the substance emitting the radiation or absorbing it. See alsoabsorption spectrum, emission spectrum4. (General Physics) any similar distribution or record of the energies, velocities, masses,etc, of atoms, ions, electrons, etc: a mass spectrum.5. any range or scale, as of capabilities, emotions, or moods6. (Physiology) another name for an afterimage [C17: from Latin: appearance, image, from spectāre to observe, from specere to look at]Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © Harper Collins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014spec•trum (ˈspɛk trəm)n., pl. -tra (-trə), -trums.1.a. an array of entities, as light waves or particles, ordered in accordance with themagnitudes of a common physical property, as wavelength or mass.b. the band or series of colors, together with invisible extensions, produced by dispersion of radiant energy, as by a prism.2. a broad range of varied but related ideas, objects, etc., that form a continuous series or sequence: the spectrum of political beliefs. [1605–15; < Latin: appearance, form < spec (ere) to look, regard]Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.spec·trum (spĕk′trəm)Plural spectra (spĕk′trə) or spectrums1. An arrangement of electromagnetic radiation by frequency and wavelength. As a whole, theelectromagnetic spectrum ranges from radio waves to gamma rays. The visible spectrum is a band of colors seen when white light is broken up according to wavelengths, as when passingthrough a prism or striking water drops and producing a rainbow.2. A distribution of charged atomic or subatomic particles arranged in order of masses,especially when arranged by a mass spectroscope. The American Heritage® Student Science Dictionary, Second Edition. Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.spectrum A band of electromagnetic radiation with components separated into their relativewavelengths. Dictionary of Unfamiliar Words by Diagram Group Copyright © 2008 by Diagram Visual Information Limited Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Noun 1. spectrum - an ordered array of the components of an emission or wavespectrum line - an isolated component of a spectrum formed by radiation at a uniform frequencyarray - an orderly arrangement; "an array of troops in battle order"absorption spectrum - the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that has passedthrough a medium that absorbed radiation of certain wavelengthsaction spectrum - the efficiency with which electromagnetic radiation produces a photochemical reaction plotted as a function of the wavelength of the radiationatomic spectrum - (physics) a spectrum of radiation caused by electron transitionswithin an atom; the series of spectrum lines is characteristic of the elementelectromagnetic spectrum - the entire frequency range of electromagnetic wavesemission spectrum - spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a self-luminous sourceinfrared spectrum - the spectrum of infrared radiationline spectrum - a spectrum in which energy is concentrated at particularwavelengths; produced by excited atoms and ions as they fall back to a lower energylevelmass spectrum - a distribution of ions as shown by a mass spectrograph or a massspectrometermicrowave spectrum - the part of the electromagnetic spectrum corresponding to microwavesradio spectrum, radio-frequency spectrum - the entire spectrum of electromagnetic frequencies used for communications; includes frequencies used forradio and radar and televisionacoustic spectrum, sound spectrum - the distribution of energy as a function of frequency for a particular sound sourceultraviolet spectrum - the spectrum of ultraviolet radiationcolor spectrum, visible spectrum - the distribution of colors produced when light is dispersed by a prism2. spectrum - a broad range of related objects or values or qualities or ideas or activitiesambit, range, scope, reach, compass, orbit - an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet"; "a piano has a greaterrange than the human voice"; "the ambit of municipal legislation"; "within the compass of this article"; "within the scope of an investigation"; "outside the reach of the law"; "in thepolitical orbit of a world power"Based on Word Net 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.spectrumnoun range, variety, assortment, series, selection, gamut a wide spectrum of problems Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © Harper Collins Publishers 1995, 2002Translations Select a language:espectro gamaspectrum [ˈspektrəm]A. N ( spectra ( pl)) [ˈspektrə]1. (= range) → espectro m, gama fwe went through the whole spectrum of emotions → experimentamos todo el espectro or toda la gama de emociones posiblesa wide spectrum of opinions → un amplio espectro or abanico de opiniones, una amplia gama de opinionesthe political spectrum → el espectro político2. ( Phys) → espectro m B. CPD spectrum analysis N → análisis m inv espectral Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © Harper Collins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005spectrum ( ˈspektrəm) – plurals ˈspectrums ~ˈspectra (-trə) – noun1. the visible spectrum. espectro2. the full range (of something). The actress's voice was capable of expressing the whole spectrum of emotion. espectro, gama3. the entire range of radiation of different wavelengths, part of which (the visible spectrum) is normally visible to the naked eye. espectro4. a similar range of frequencies of sound (the sound spectrum ). espectro Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2013 K Dictionaries Ltd.spec·trumn. espectro.1. amplitud en la actividad de un antibiótico contra variedades de microorganismos;2. serie de imágenes que resultan de la refracción de radiación electromagnética;3. banda matizada de rayos solares discernibles a simple vista o con un instrumento sensitivo. English-Spanish Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012spectrumn ( pl -tra) espectro English-Spanish/Spanish-English Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2006 by The Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Facebook Twitter

D2324989

https://integroscrm.com/first-glance-at-talend-6-1-as-compared-to-talend-5-6-1/

First Glance at Talend 6.1 As Compared to Talend 5.6.1

First Glance at Talend 6.1 As Compared to Talend 5.6.1Posted by admin | January 21, 2016Author: Igor Petelin, Software Engineer We’ve already told you about the powerful capabilities of using Talend for data migration to Sugar CRM. On 30 October, a new version of our favorite app appeared on talend.com. Let’s see, what interesting stuff this novelty can offer us. Starting from version 6, Talend changed beyond recognition in terms of its look. The studio interface design and components’ icons were changed. You can see that after the installation: The changes concerned not only the interface, but Talend in general, since now it supports only Java 8. The components were updated and new ones were added, but that’s not the matter of this article. You can find all information on the website. So, let’s move on to the overview and we’re going to start with the project manager. We’ll compare it to the one of the version 5.6.1: The manager of connections was added here. As you can see the delete projects button moved there: Honestly, I haven’t understood yet in what way we can create another repository or to edit the existing one. Most likely, it can be done only in the commercial version. After the first run of Talend you will be offered to take a Quick Tutorial, which, step by step will demonstrate the main functional blocks of the studio. You may want to take the tour one more time later in future; you will be able to call it from the «Help» menue, by clicking at «Studio Quick Tour». Thus, the general look of the studio now is as follows: Let’s have a deeper look (in all screenshots on the left or below is Talend 6.1, on the right and above is Talend 5.6.1): As we can see, not all pictures underwent the changes, but only “root” ones. Now let’s have a look on the palette: If you’ve paid your attention, all catalogue’s components are unhidden in Talend of the 6th version, while in version 5.6.1 only a part of them is unhidden with the possibility to scroll up or down. The palette has become more user friendly, if you ask me. Now let’s consider the component’s parameters: As we can see, only the view of tabs changed, the look of parameters hasn’t changed. There are some changes introduced to working environment, let’s have a look at them: Boring dots were replaced by squares that resemble a chessboard a lot. As we have mentioned before, components’ icons were changed. Also new stamps appeared near each component: I – input О – ouput М – most likely indicates main flow (main) L – lookup T – trigger. These indicators improve the support of bulky utilities. Moreover, they provide new possibilities: Clicking the left button on the letter «О» or the right button on the component and by dragging it to the side, you get the possibility to insert the name of the output component, with which we want to connect. Another new peculiarity of Talend 6.1 is Memory Run which was added to the Run tab. Here we have a monitor which shows the graph of JVM memory consumption and CPU usage in the process of the utility run. So, we have got acquainted with a new version of Talend. It’s worth mentioning that Talend Open Studio for Data Integration project is evolving and trying to simplify development in this product. It has been vividly demonstrated in this article. Other articles about Talend: Data Correctness Verification During Talend-based Migration to Sugar CRMHow to Upload Talend-based Classifiers to Sugar CRM

D1709168

https://answers.acrobatusers.com/Where-typewriter-tool-Adobe-XI-q55369.aspx

Where is the typewriter tool in Adobe XI?

Where is the typewriter tool in Adobe XI? Where is the typewriter tool in Adobe XI? Michael F. Tkacik3 Answers Voted Best Answer Hi In adobe reader XI, the typewriter tool is now found under comment (on the right hand side) then open up the the annotations tab, and its the 3rd one in called add text comment. It is exactly the same and is the typewriter tool. For more information check out this llink http://acrobatusers.com/tutorials/where-has-the-typewriter-tool-gone-infographi chope this helps? By Sean Mitchell Hi In my opinion the Tools => Content Editing => Add text is the same functionality what a Typewriter tool would provide in the earlier versions Hope it helps Rgds PMPravin Mandlik Adobe's David Kastendick has a video on this topic available at:. http://forums.adobe.com/docs/DOC-2692. Be well... David Austin

D3315884

https://www.wikihow.com/Cook-a-Chuck-Roast

How to Cook a Chuck Roast

Reader Approved How to Cook a Chuck Roast Three Methods: Browning the Roast and Vegetables Cooking the Roast Using a Slow Cooker Community Q&AChuck roast is a thick cut of meat from the shoulder of the cow. It's an inexpensive cut, with a rich, delicious flavor that makes it a classic main dish for a big home-cooked meal. For tender, pull-apart meat, it should be slow cooked to allow time for the meat to soften and become juicy. Read on to learn how to make a chuck roast. Prep time: 30-45 minutes Cook time: 3-4 hours Total time: 4-5 hours

D1935984

http://www.webmd.com/vaccines/news/20101014/flu-shots-ok-for-people-with-egg-allergy

Flu Shots OK for People With Egg Allergy

Flu Shots OK for People With Egg Allergy American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Says Few People Get Reactions to Vaccine By Denise Mann From the Web MD Archives Oct 14, 2010 -- For years, people with egg allergy were told to avoid the flu vaccine because it contains egg protein and could trigger a reaction, but this advice no longer stands. People with egg allergies can -- and should -- get the flu shot this year, according to a new report by the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. About 1.5% of young children have an egg allergy, but most will outgrow it over time, according to the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network in Fairfax, Va. Why the change? "We now know with confidence that most people with egg allergy can receive the flu shot without reaction," says the report’s author, James T. Li, MD, Ph D, an allergist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn. There is a "detectable, but very low" amount of egg protein in the H1N1 and seasonal flu vaccines, and studies have shown that the majority of people with egg allergy do not have an allergic reaction to the flu shot, he says. "The number of reactions wasn't zero, but it was low, and most reactions were not serious," Li tells Web MD. Continue Reading Belowyou might like Skin testing is not necessary either unless the person with egg allergy has had a reaction to the flu vaccine in the past, Li says. The flu vaccine can be given in two doses or as a single dose if someone has an egg allergy. Caution is still advised in certain scenarios. For example, there is still some question on whether people with severe egg allergy can receive the flu shot, he says. See an Allergist for Proper Evaluation"If you have egg allergy or suspected egg allergy, see your doctor, and there is a very high probability that you can receive the influenza vaccine without reaction and derive the benefits," Li says. Elizabeth Loewy, MD, an allergist in private practice in New York City, says that she feels very comfortable giving the flu vaccine to individuals with mild egg allergy. "An egg allergy in a child is a huge predictor for asthma, and children and adults with asthma are at greater risk for complications from the flu ," she says. The new report "makes it easier for pediatricians to give kids with egg allergy their annual flu shots because it eliminates some of their concerns about reactions," she says. Loewy currently uses a skin test, and if the person does not react, she will give the vaccine as one shot. If there is a reaction, she will break it up into two doses. She may decide to skip the skin tests in the future based on this new report, she says. Web MD Health News Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD on October 14, 2010Sources© 2010 Web MD, LLC. All rights reserved.

D1346732

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=e498

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Back to Previous Page Be the first to comment on this plant More Images Common Name: pride of barbados Type: Broadleaf evergreen Family: Fabaceae Native Range: Tropical Americas Zone: 9 to 11Height: 10.00 to 20.00 feet Spread: 6.00 to 12.00 feet Bloom Time: Seasonal bloomer Bloom Description: Orange-yellow with red stamens Sun: Full sun Water: Medium Maintenance: Low Suggested Use: Hedge, Flowering Tree Flower: Showy Leaf: Evergreen Fruit: Showy Other: Winter Interest, Thorns Tolerate: Drought Garden locations Culture Winter hardy to USDA Zones 9-11 where it is easily grown in medium moisture, fertile, well drained soils in full sun. Tolerates some light shade, but best flowers occur in full sun. Established plants have good drought tolerance. Prune to shape as needed. Generally survives temperatures to 30 degrees F. (sometimes with brief dips into the high 20s). Noteworthy Characteristics Caesalpinia pulcherrima, commonly called peacock flower or Barbados Pride, is a fast-growing upright shrub or small tree which typically matures to 10' tall (in shrub form) or to as much as 20' tall (in tree form). It is native to tropical America (probably the West Indies), but is now widely grown in tropical areas around the world for its long bloom of colorful flowers in upright racemes on prickly branches clad with twice pinnate green leaves. Bowl-shaped 5-petaled flowers (to 2" wide) bloom spring to fall (year-round in tropical climates) in 4-8" long terminal racemes (to 40 flowers per raceme) located at the branch ends. Flowers feature bright orange-yellow petals with contrasting elongated dark red stamens. Another common name for this shrub is dwarf poinciana in recognition of the similarity (although of smaller size) of the flowers of this shrub to the flowers of royal poinciana ( Delonix regia ). Feathery, twice pinnate green leaves are usually evergreen, but sometimes deciduous in areas near the edge of its growing range. Each leaf has 5-8 pairs of pinnae and 6-10 pairs of leaflets per pinna. Flowers are followed by oblong, flat fruits (seed pods to 2.5-4" long), with each pod containing 8-10 dark brown to black seeds which are ejected as the pod splits open at maturity. This shrub has sharp prickles along its stems, leading to the sometimes used common name of Barbados flower fence because of its use in the West Indies as a flowering barrier fence. Green seed pods are cooked and eaten in Mexico. Genus name honors Andrea Cesalpini (1524/25-1603), Italian botanist, philosopher, and physician to Pope Clement VIII. Specific epithet comes from the Latin word pulcher meaning beauty. Problems No serious insect or disease problems. Garden Uses Hedge, screen background. In Hawaii, flowers are sometimes used in leis.var. flava Back to Previous Page

D978314

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science

Natural science

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For other uses, see Natural science (disambiguation). For a topical guide to this subject, see Outline of natural science. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)The natural sciences seek to understand how the world and universe around us works. There are five major branches (top left to bottom right): Chemistry, astronomy, earth science, physics, and biology. Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances. Natural science can be divided into two main branches: life science (or biological science) and physical science. Physical science is subdivided into branches, including physics, space science, chemistry, and Earth science. These branches of natural science may be further divided into more specialized branches (also known as fields). In Western society's analytic tradition, the empirical sciences and especially natural sciences use tools from formal sciences, such as mathematics and logic, converting information about nature into measurements which can be explained as clear statements of the " laws of nature ". The social sciences also use such methods, but rely more on qualitative research, so that they are sometimes called " soft science ", whereas natural sciences, insofar as they emphasize quantifiable data produced, tested, and confirmed through the scientific method, are sometimes called " hard science ". [1]Modern natural science succeeded more classical approaches to natural philosophy, usually traced to ancient Greece. Galileo, Descartes, Bacon, and Newton debated the benefits of using approaches which were more mathematical and more experimental in a methodical way. Still, philosophical perspectives, conjectures, and presuppositions, often overlooked, remain necessary in natural science. [2] Systematic data collection, including discovery science, succeeded natural history, which emerged in the 16th century by describing and classifying plants, animals, minerals, and so on. [3] Today, "natural history" suggests observational descriptions aimed at popular audiences. [4]Contents1 Criteria2 Branches of natural science2.1 Biology2.2 Chemistry2.3 Physics2.3.1 Astronomy2.4 Earth science2.4.1 Atmospheric sciences2.4.2 Oceanography3 Interdisciplinary studies3.1 Materials science4 History4.1 Aristotelian natural philosophy (400 BC–1100 AD)4.2 Medieval natural philosophy (1100–1600)4.3 Newton and the scientific revolution (1600–1800)4.4 19th-century developments (1800–1900)4.5 Modern natural science (1900–present)5 See also6 References6.1 Bibliography7 Further reading8 External links Criteria [ edit]Main article: Philosophy of science Philosophers of science have suggested a number of criteria, including Karl Popper 's controversial falsifiability criterion, to help them differentiate scientific endeavors from non-scientific ones. Validity, accuracy, and quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are amongst the most respected criteria in the present-day global scientific community. Branches of natural science [ edit]For a topical guide to this subject, see Outline of natural science. Biology [ edit]Main articles: Biology and Outline of biology § Branches of biology A fragment of DNA, the chemical sequence that contains instructions for life This field encompasses a set of disciplines that examines phenomena related to living organisms. The scale of study can range from sub-component biophysics up to complex ecologies. Biology is concerned with the characteristics, classification and behaviors of organisms, as well as how species were formed and their interactions with each other and the environment. The biological fields of botany, zoology, and medicine date back to early periods of civilization, while microbiology was introduced in the 17th century with the invention of the microscope. However, it was not until the 19th century that biology became a unified science. Once scientists discovered commonalities between all living things, it was decided they were best studied as a whole. Some key developments in biology were the discovery of genetics; evolution through natural selection; the germ theory of disease and the application of the techniques of chemistry and physics at the level of the cell or organic molecule. Modern biology is divided into subdisciplines by the type of organism and by the scale being studied. Molecular biology is the study of the fundamental chemistry of life, while cellular biology is the examination of the cell; the basic building block of all life. At a higher level, anatomy and physiology looks at the internal structures, and their functions, of an organism, while ecology looks at how various organisms interrelate. Chemistry [ edit]Main articles: Chemistry and Outline of chemistry § Branches of chemistry This structural formula for molecule caffeine shows a graphical representation of how the atoms are arranged. Constituting the scientific study of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, chemistry deals primarily with collections of atoms, such as gases, molecules, crystals, and metals. The composition, statistical properties, transformations and reactions of these materials are studied. Chemistry also involves understanding the properties and interactions of individual atoms and molecules for use in larger-scale applications. Most chemical processes can be studied directly in a laboratory, using a series of (often well-tested) techniques for manipulating materials, as well as an understanding of the underlying processes. Chemistry is often called " the central science " because of its role in connecting the other natural sciences. Early experiments in chemistry had their roots in the system of Alchemy, a set of beliefs combining mysticism with physical experiments. The science of chemistry began to develop with the work of Robert Boyle, the discoverer of gas, and Antoine Lavoisier, who developed the theory of the Conservation of mass. The discovery of the chemical elements and atomic theory began to systematize this science, and researchers developed a fundamental understanding of states of matter, ions, chemical bonds and chemical reactions. The success of this science led to a complementary chemical industry that now plays a significant role in the world economy. Physics [ edit]Main articles: Physics and Outline of physics § Branches of physics The orbitals of the hydrogen atom are descriptions of the probability distributions of an electron bound to a proton. Their mathematical descriptions are standard problems in quantum mechanics, an important branch of physics. Physics embodies the study of the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces and interactions they exert on one another, and the results produced by these interactions. In general, physics is regarded as the fundamental science, because all other natural sciences use and obey the principles and laws set down by the field. Physics relies heavily on mathematics as the logical framework for formulation and quantification of principles. The study of the principles of the universe has a long history and largely derives from direct observation and experimentation. The formulation of theories about the governing laws of the universe has been central to the study of physics from very early on, with philosophy gradually yielding to systematic, quantitative experimental testing and observation as the source of verification. Key historical developments in physics include Isaac Newton 's theory of universal gravitation and classical mechanics, an understanding of electricity and its relation to magnetism, Einstein 's theories of special and general relativity, the development of thermodynamics, and the quantum mechanical model of atomic and subatomic physics. The field of physics is extremely broad, and can include such diverse studies as quantum mechanics and theoretical physics, applied physics and optics. Modern physics is becoming increasingly specialized, where researchers tend to focus on a particular area rather than being "universalists" like Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Lev Landau, who worked in multiple areas. Astronomy [ edit]Main articles: Astronomy and Outline of astronomy § Branches of astronomy Unmanned and manned spacecraft missions have been used to image distant locations within the Solar System, such as this Apollo 11 view of Daedalus crater on the far side of the Moon. This discipline is the science of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere. It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the formation and development of the universe. Astronomy includes the examination, study and modeling of stars, planets, comets, galaxies and the cosmos. Most of the information used by astronomers is gathered by remote observation, although some laboratory reproduction of celestial phenomena has been performed (such as the molecular chemistry of the interstellar medium ). While the origins of the study of celestial features and phenomena can be traced back to antiquity, the scientific methodology of this field began to develop in the middle of the 17th century. A key factor was Galileo 's introduction of the telescope to examine the night sky in more detail. The mathematical treatment of astronomy began with Newton 's development of celestial mechanics and the laws of gravitation, although it was triggered by earlier work of astronomers such as Kepler. By the 19th century, astronomy had developed into a formal science, with the introduction of instruments such as the spectroscope and photography, along with much-improved telescopes and the creation of professional observatories. Earth science [ edit]Main articles: Earth science and Outline of Earth sciences § Branches of Earth science Earth science (also known as geoscience), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth, including geology, geophysics, hydrology, meteorology, physical geography, oceanography, and soil science. Although mining and precious stones have been human interests throughout the history of civilization, the development of the related sciences of economic geology and mineralogy did not occur until the 18th century. The study of the earth, particularly palaeontology, blossomed in the 19th century. The growth of other disciplines, such as geophysics, in the 20th century led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics in the 1960s, which has had a similar effect on the Earth sciences as the theory of evolution had on biology. Earth sciences today are closely linked to petroleum and mineral resources, climate research and to environmental assessment and remediation. Atmospheric sciences [ edit]Main article: Atmospheric sciences Though sometimes considered in conjunction with the earth sciences, due to the independent development of its concepts, techniques and practices and also the fact of it having a wide range of sub disciplines under its wing, the atmospheric sciences is also considered a separate branch of natural science. This field studies the characteristics of different layers of the atmosphere from ground level to the edge of the time. The timescale of study also varies from days to centuries. Sometimes the field also includes the study of climatic patterns on planets other than earth. Oceanography [ edit]Main article: Oceanography The serious study of oceans began in the early to mid-20th century. As a field of natural science, it is relatively young but stand-alone programs offer specializations in the subject. Though some controversies remain as to the categorization of the field under earth sciences, interdisciplinary sciences or as a separate field in its own right, most modern workers in the field agree that it has matured to a state that it has its own paradigms and practices. As such a big family of related studies spanning every aspect of the oceans is now classified under this field. Interdisciplinary studies [ edit]The distinctions between the natural science disciplines are not always sharp, and they share a number of cross-discipline fields. Physics plays a significant role in the other natural sciences, as represented by astrophysics, geophysics, chemical physics and biophysics. Likewise chemistry is represented by such fields as biochemistry, chemical biology, geochemistry and astrochemistry. A particular example of a scientific discipline that draws upon multiple natural sciences is environmental science. This field studies the interactions of physical, chemical, geological, and biological components of the environment, with a particular regard to the effect of human activities and the impact on biodiversity and sustainability. This science also draws upon expertise from other fields such as economics, law and social sciences. A comparable discipline is oceanography, as it draws upon a similar breadth of scientific disciplines. Oceanography is sub-categorized into more specialized cross-disciplines, such as physical oceanography and marine biology. As the marine ecosystem is very large and diverse, marine biology is further divided into many subfields, including specializations in particular species. There are also a subset of cross-disciplinary fields which, by the nature of the problems that they address, have strong currents that run counter to specialization. Put another way: In some fields of integrative application, specialists in more than one field are a key part of most dialog. Such integrative fields, for example, include nanoscience, astrobiology, and complex system informatics. Materials science [ edit]Main article: Materials science The materials paradigm represented as a tetrahedron Materials science is a relatively new, interdisciplinary field which deals with the study of matter and its properties; as well as the discovery and design of new materials. Originally developed through the field of metallurgy, the study of the properties of materials and solids has now expanded into all materials. The field covers the chemistry, physics and engineering applications of materials including metals, ceramics, artificial polymers, and many others. The core of the field deals with relating structure of material with it properties. It is at the forefront of research in science and engineering. It is an important part of forensic engineering (the investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended, causing personal injury or damage to property) and failure analysis, the latter being the key to understanding, for example, the cause of various aviation accidents. Many of the most pressing scientific problems that are faced today are due to the limitations of the materials that are available and, as a result, breakthroughs in this field are likely to have a significant impact on the future of technology. The basis of materials science involves studying the structure of materials, and relating them to their properties. Once a materials scientist knows about this structure-property correlation, they can then go on to study the relative performance of a material in a certain application. The major determinants of the structure of a material and thus of its properties are its constituent chemical elements and the way in which it has been processed into its final form. These characteristics, taken together and related through the laws of thermodynamics and kinetics, govern a material's microstructure, and thus its properties. History [ edit]See also: Natural philosophy and History of science Some scholars trace the origins of natural science as far back as pre-literate human societies, where understanding the natural world was necessary for survival. [5] People observed and built up knowledge about the behavior of animals and the usefulness of plants as food and medicine, which was passed down from generation to generation. [5] These primitive understandings gave way to more formalized inquiry around 3500 to 3000 BC in the Mesopotamian and Ancient Egyptian cultures, which produced the first known written evidence of natural philosophy, the precursor of natural science. [6] While the writings show an interest in astronomy, mathematics and other aspects of the physical world, the ultimate aim of inquiry about nature's workings was in all cases religious or mythological, not scientific. [7]A tradition of scientific inquiry also emerged in Ancient China, where Taoist alchemists and philosophers experimented with elixirs to extend life and cure ailments. [8] They focused on the yin and yang, or contrasting elements in nature; the yin was associated with femininity and coldness, while yang was associated with masculinity and warmth. [9] The five phases – fire, earth, metal, wood and water – described a cycle of transformations in nature. Water turned into wood, which turned into fire when it burned. The ashes left by fire were earth. [10] Using these principles, Chinese philosophers and doctors explored human anatomy, characterizing organs as predominantly yin or yang and understood the relationship between the pulse, the heart and the flow of blood in the body centuries before it became accepted in the West. [11]Little evidence survives of how Ancient Indian cultures around the Indus River understood nature, but some of their perspectives may be reflected in the Vedas, a set of sacred Hindu texts. [11] They reveal a conception of the universe as ever-expanding and constantly being recycled and reformed. [11] Surgeons in the Ayurvedic tradition saw health and illness as a combination of three humors: wind, bile and phlegm. [11] A healthy life was the result of a balance among these humors. [11] In Ayurvedic thought, the body consisted of five elements: earth, water, fire, wind and empty space. [11] Ayurvedic surgeons performed complex surgeries and developed a detailed understanding of human anatomy. [11]Pre-Socratic philosophers in Ancient Greek culture brought natural philosophy a step closer to direct inquiry about cause and effect in nature between 600 and 400 BC, although an element of magic and mythology remained. [12] Natural phenomena such as earthquakes and eclipses were explained increasingly in the context of nature itself instead of being attributed to angry gods. [12] Thales of Miletus, an early philosopher who lived from 625 to 546 BC, explained earthquakes by theorizing that the world floated on water and that water was the fundamental element in nature. [13] In the 5th century BC, Leucippus was an early exponent of atomism, the idea that the world is made up of fundamental indivisible particles. [14]Pythagoras applied Greek innovations in mathematics to astronomy, and suggested that the earth was spherical. [14]Aristotelian natural philosophy (400 BC–1100 AD) [ edit]Aristotle's view of inheritance, as a model of the transmission of patterns of movement of the body fluids from parents to child, and of Aristotelian form from the father. Further information: Aristotle's biology Later Socratic and Platonic thought focused on ethics, morals and art and did not attempt an investigation of the physical world; Plato criticized pre-Socratic thinkers as materialists and anti-religionists. [15] Aristotle, however, a student of Plato who lived from 384 to 322 BC, paid closer attention to the natural world in his philosophy. [16] In his History of Animals, he described the inner workings of 110 species, including the stingray, catfish and bee. [17] He investigated chick embryos by breaking open eggs and observing them at various stages of development. [18] Aristotle's works were influential through the 16th century, and he is considered to be the father of biology for his pioneering work in that science. [19] He also presented philosophies about physics, nature and astronomy using inductive reasoning in his works Physics and Meteorology. [20]Plato (left) and Aristotle in a 1509 painting by Raphael. Plato rejected inquiry into natural philosophy as against religion, while his student, Aristotle, created a body of work on the natural world that influenced generations of scholars. While Aristotle considered natural philosophy more seriously than his predecessors, he approached it as a theoretical branch of science. [21] Still, inspired by his work, Ancient Roman philosophers of the early 1st century AD, including Lucretius, Seneca and Pliny the Elder, wrote treatises that dealt with the rules of the natural world in varying degrees of depth. [22] Many Ancient Roman Neoplatonists of the 3rd to the 6th centuries also adapted Aristotle's teachings on the physical world to a philosophy that emphasized spiritualism. [23] Early medieval philosophers including Macrobius, Calcidius and Martianus Capella also examined the physical world, largely from a cosmological and cosmographical perspective, putting forth theories on the arrangement of celestial bodies and the heavens, which were posited as being composed of aether. [24]Aristotle's works on natural philosophy continued to be translated and studied amid the rise of the Byzantine Empire and Islam in the Middle East. [25] A revival in mathematics and science took place during the time of the Abbasid Caliphate from the 9th century onward, when Muslim scholars expanded upon Greek and Indian natural philosophy. [26] The words alcohol, algebra and zenith all have Arabic roots. [27]Medieval natural philosophy (1100–1600) [ edit]Aristotle's works and other Greek natural philosophy did not reach the West until about the middle of the 12th century, when works were translated from Greek and Arabic into Latin. [28] The development of European civilization later in the Middle Ages brought with it further advances in natural philosophy. [29] European inventions such as the horseshoe, horse collar and crop rotation allowed for rapid population growth, eventually giving way to urbanization and the foundation of schools connected to monasteries and cathedrals in modern-day France and England. [30] Aided by the schools, an approach to Christian theology developed that sought to answer questions about nature and other subjects using logic. [31] This approach, however, was seen by some detractors as heresy. [31] By the 12th century, Western European scholars and philosophers came into contact with a body of knowledge of which they had previously been ignorant: a large corpus of works in Greek and Arabic that were preserved by Islamic scholars. [32] Through translation into Latin, Western Europe was introduced to Aristotle and his natural philosophy. [32] These works were taught at new universities in Paris and Oxford by the early 13th century, although the practice was frowned upon by the Catholic church. [33] A 1210 decree from the Synod of Paris ordered that "no lectures are to be held in Paris either publicly or privately using Aristotle's books on natural philosophy or the commentaries, and we forbid all this under pain of excommunication." [33]In the late Middle Ages, Spanish philosopher Dominicus Gundissalinus translated a treatise by the earlier Arab scholar Al-Farabi called On the Sciences into Latin, calling the study of the mechanics of nature scientia naturalis, or natural science. [34] Gundissalinus also proposed his own classification of the natural sciences in his 1150 work On the Division of Philosophy. [34] This was the first detailed classification of the sciences based on Greek and Arab philosophy to reach Western Europe. [34] Gundissalinus defined natural science as "the science considering only things unabstracted and with motion," as opposed to mathematics and sciences that rely on mathematics. [35] Following Al-Farabi, he then separated the sciences into eight parts, including physics, cosmology, meteorology, minerals science and plant and animal science. [35]Later philosophers made their own classifications of the natural sciences. Robert Kilwardby wrote On the Order of the Sciences in the 13th century that classed medicine as a mechanical science, along with agriculture, hunting and theater while defining natural science as the science that deals with bodies in motion. [36] Roger Bacon, an English friar and philosopher, wrote that natural science dealt with "a principle of motion and rest, as in the parts of the elements of fire, air, earth and water, and in all inanimate things made from them." [37] These sciences also covered plants, animals and celestial bodies. [37] Later in the 13th century, Catholic priest and theologian Thomas Aquinas defined natural science as dealing with "mobile beings" and "things which depend on matter not only for their existence, but also for their definition." [38] There was wide agreement among scholars in medieval times that natural science was about bodies in motion, although there was division about the inclusion of fields including medicine, music and perspective. [39] Philosophers pondered questions including the existence of a vacuum, whether motion could produce heat, the colors of rainbows, the motion of the earth, whether elemental chemicals exist and where in the atmosphere rain is formed. [40]In the centuries up through the end of the Middle Ages, natural science was often mingled with philosophies about magic and the occult. [41] Natural philosophy appeared in a wide range of forms, from treatises to encyclopedias to commentaries on Aristotle. [42] The interaction between natural philosophy and Christianity was complex during this period; some early theologians, including Tatian and Eusebius, considered natural philosophy an outcropping of pagan Greek science and were suspicious of it. [43] Although some later Christian philosophers, including Aquinas, came to see natural science as a means of interpreting scripture, this suspicion persisted until the 12th and 13th centuries. [44] The Condemnation of 1277, which forbade setting philosophy on a level equal with theology and the debate of religious constructs in a scientific context, showed the persistence with which Catholic leaders resisted the development of natural philosophy even from a theological perspective. [45] Aquinas and Albertus Magnus, another Catholic theologian of the era, sought to distance theology from science in their works. [46] "I don't see what one's interpretation of Aristotle has to do with the teaching of the faith," he wrote in 1271. [47]Newton and the scientific revolution (1600–1800) [ edit]By the 16th and 17th centuries, natural philosophy underwent an evolution beyond commentary on Aristotle as more early Greek philosophy was uncovered and translated. [48] The invention of the printing press in the 15th century, the invention of the microscope and telescope, and the Protestant Reformation fundamentally altered the social context in which scientific inquiry evolved in the West. [48] Christopher Columbus 's discovery of a new world changed perceptions about the physical makeup of the world, while observations by Copernicus, Tyco Brahe and Galileo brought a more accurate picture of the solar system as heliocentric and proved many of Aristotle's theories about the heavenly bodies false. [49] A number of 17th-century philosophers, including Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Francis Bacon made a break from the past by rejecting Aristotle and his medieval followers outright, calling their approach to natural philosophy as superficial. [50]The titles of Galileo's work Two New Sciences and Johannes Kepler 's New Astronomy underscored the atmosphere of change that took hold in the 17th century as Aristotle was dismissed in favor of novel methods of inquiry into the natural world. [51] Bacon was instrumental in popularizing this change; he argued that people should use the arts and sciences to gain dominion over nature. [52] To achieve this, he wrote that "human life [must] be endowed with new discoveries and powers." [53] He defined natural philosophy as "the knowledge of Causes and secret motions of things; and enlarging the bounds of Human Empire, to the effecting of all things possible." [51] Bacon proposed scientific inquiry supported by the state and fed by the collaborative research of scientists, a vision that was unprecedented in its scope, ambition and form at the time. [53] Natural philosophers came to view nature increasingly as a mechanism that could be taken apart and understood, much like a complex clock. [54] Natural philosophers including Isaac Newton, Evangelista Torricelli and Francesco Redi conducted experiments focusing on the flow of water, measuring atmospheric pressure using a barometer and disproving spontaneous generation. [55] Scientific societies and scientific journals emerged and were spread widely through the printing press, touching off the scientific revolution. [56] Newton in 1687 published his The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, or Principia Mathematica, which set the groundwork for physical laws that remained current until the 19th century. [57]Some modern scholars, including Andrew Cunningham, Perry Williams and Floris Cohen, argue that natural philosophy is not properly called a science, and that genuine scientific inquiry began only with the scientific revolution. [58] According to Cohen, "the emancipation of science from an overarching entity called 'natural philosophy' is one defining characteristic of the Scientific Revolution." [58] Other historians of science, including Edward Grant, contend that the scientific revolution that blossomed in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries occurred when principles learned in the exact sciences of optics, mechanics and astronomy began to be applied to questions raised by natural philosophy. [58] Grant argues that Newton attempted to expose the mathematical basis of nature – the immutable rules it obeyed – and in doing so joined natural philosophy and mathematics for the first time, producing an early work of modern physics. [59]Isaac Newton is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time. The scientific revolution, which began to take hold in the 17th century, represented a sharp break from Aristotelian modes of inquiry. [60] One of its principal advances was the use of the scientific method to investigate nature. Data was collected and repeatable measurements made in experiments. [61] Scientists then formed hypotheses to explain the results of these experiments. [62] The hypothesis was then tested using the principle of falsifiability to prove or disprove its accuracy. [62] The natural sciences continued to be called natural philosophy, but the adoption of the scientific method took science beyond the realm of philosophical conjecture and introduced a more structured way of examining nature. [60]Newton, an English mathematician and physicist, was the seminal figure in the scientific revolution. [63] Drawing on advances made in astronomy by Copernicus, Brahe and Kepler, Newton derived the universal law of gravitation and laws of motion. [64] These laws applied both on earth and in outer space, uniting two spheres of the physical world previously thought to function independently of each other, according to separate physical rules. [65] Newton, for example, showed that the tides were caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. [66] Another of Newton's advances was to make mathematics a powerful explanatory tool for natural phenomena. [67] While natural philosophers had long used mathematics as a means of measurement and analysis, its principles were not used as a means of understanding cause and effect in nature until Newton. [67]In the 18th century and 19th century, scientists including Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, Alessandro Volta, and Michael Faraday built upon Newtonian mechanics by exploring electromagnetism, or the interplay of forces with positive and negative charges on electrically charged particles. [68] Faraday proposed that forces in nature operated in " fields " that filled space. [69] The idea of fields contrasted with the Newtonian construct of gravitation as simply "action at a distance", or the attraction of objects with nothing in the space between them to intervene. [69] James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century unified these discoveries in a coherent theory of electrodynamics. [68] Using mathematical equations and experimentation, Maxwell discovered that space was filled with charged particles that could act upon themselves and each other, and that they were a medium for the transmission of charged waves. [68]Significant advances in chemistry also took place during the scientific revolution. Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist, refuted the phlogiston theory, which posited that things burned by releasing "phlogiston" into the air. [69] Joseph Priestley had discovered oxygen in the 18th century, but Lavoisier discovered that combustion was the result of oxidation. [69] He also constructed a table of 33 elements and invented modern chemical nomenclature. [69] Formal biological science remained in its infancy in the 18th century, when the focus lay upon the classification and categorization of natural life. This growth in natural history was led by Carl Linnaeus, whose 1735 taxonomy of the natural world is still in use. Linnaeus in the 1750s introduced scientific names for all his species. [70]19th-century developments (1800–1900) [ edit]The Michelson–Morley experiment was used to disprove that light propagated through a luminiferous aether. This 19th-century concept was then superseded by Albert Einstein 's special theory of relativity. By the 19th century, the study of science had come into the purview of professionals and institutions. In so doing, it gradually acquired the more modern name of natural science. The term scientist was coined by William Whewell in an 1834 review of Mary Somerville 's On the Connexion of the Sciences. [71] But the word did not enter general use until nearly the end of the same century. Modern natural science (1900–present) [ edit]According to a famous 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances by the American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis and the American physical chemist Merle Randall, [72] the natural sciences contain three great branches: Aside from the logical and mathematical sciences, there are three great branches of natural science which stand apart by reason of the variety of far reaching deductions drawn from a small number of primary postulates — they are mechanics, electrodynamics, and thermodynamics. [73]Today, natural sciences are more commonly divided into life sciences, such as botany and zoology; and physical sciences, which include physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy and materials science. See also [ edit]Book: Natural science Ecology portal Environment portal Earth sciences portal Science portal Empiricism Branches of science List of academic disciplines and sub-disciplines Natural Sciences (Cambridge), for the Tripos at the University of Cambridge References [ edit]^ Lagemaat 2006, p. 283.^ Hugh G Gauch Jr, Scientific Method in Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp 71–73 Archived 2015-09-06 at the Wayback Machine.^ Oglivie 2008, pp. 1–2.^ "Natural History". Princeton University Word Net. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2012.^ a b Grant 2007, p. 1.^ Grant 2007, p. 2.^ Grant 2007, pp. 2–3.^ Magner 2002, p. 3.^ Magner 2002, pp. 3–4.^ Magner 2002, p. 4.^ a b c d e f g Magner 2002, p. 5.^ a b Grant 2007, p. 8.^ Barr 2006, p. 2.^ a b Barr 2006, p. 3.^ Grant 2007, pp. 21–22.^ Grant 2007, pp. 27–28.^ Grant 2007, pp. 33–34.^ Grant 2007, p. 34.^ Grant 2007, pp. 34–35.^ Grant 2007, pp. 37–39, 53.^ Grant 2007, p. 52.^ Grant 2007, p. 95.^ Grant 2007, pp. 54, 59.^ Grant 2007, p. 103.^ Grant 2007, pp. 61–66.^ Barr 2006, p. 11.^ Barr 2006, pp. 11–12.^ Grant 2007, pp. 95, 130.^ Grant 2007, p. 106.^ Grant 2007, pp. 106–107.^ a b Grant 2007, p. 115.^ a b Grant 2007, p. 130.^ a b Grant 2007, p. 143.^ a b c Grant 2007, p. 155.^ a b Grant 2007, p. 156.^ Grant 2007, pp. 156–157.^ a b Grant 2007, p. 158.^ Grant 2007, pp. 159–163.^ Grant 2007, p. 234.^ Grant 2007, pp. 236–237.^ Grant 2007, pp. 170–178.^ Grant 2007, pp. 189–190.^ Grant 2007, pp. 239–240.^ Grant 2007, pp. 241–243.^ Grant 2007, pp. 246–247.^ Grant 2007, p. 251.^ Grant 2007, p. 252.^ a b Grant 2007, p. 274.^ Grant 2007, p. 274–275.^ Grant 2007, pp. 276–277.^ a b Grant 2007, p. 278.^ Grant 2007, pp. 278–279.^ a b Grant 2007, p. 279.^ Grant 2007, pp. 280–285.^ Grant 2007, pp. 280–290.^ Grant 2007, pp. 280–295.^ Grant 2007, pp. 304–306.^ a b c Grant 2007, p. 307.^ Grant 2007, pp. 317–318.^ a b Barr 2006, p. 26.^ Barr 2006, pp. 26–27.^ a b Barr 2006, p. 27.^ Barr 2006, p. 33.^ Barr 2006, pp. 33–35.^ Barr 2006, p. 35.^ Barr 2006, p. 36.^ a b Barr 2006, p. 37.^ a b c Barr 2006, p. 48.^ a b c d e Barr 2006, p. 49.^ Mayr 1982, pp. 171–179.^ Holmes, R (2008). The age of wonder: How the romantic generation discovered the beauty and terror of science. London: Harper Press. p. 449. ISBN 978-0-00-714953-7.^ Lewis, Gilbert N.; Randall, Merle (1923). Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances. later Printing edition (First ed.). Mc Graw-Hill Book Company. ASIN B000GSLHZS.^ Huggins, Robert A. (2010). Energy storage (Online-Ausg. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4419-1023-3. Bibliography [ edit]Barr, Stephen M. (2006). A Students Guide to Natural Science. Wilmington, DE: Intercollegiate Studies Institute. ISBN 978-1-932236-92-7. Grant, Edward (2007). A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the 19th century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68957-1. Lagemaat, Richard van de (2006). Theory of Knowledge for the IB Diploma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54298-2. Ledoux, Stephen F. (2002). "Defining Natural Sciences" (PDF). Behaviorology Today. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 5 (1): 34. ISBN 978-0-8247-0824-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-25. Fundamentally, natural sciences are defined as disciplines that deal only with natural events (i.e., independent and dependent variables in of the Life Sciences Mayr, Ernst (1982). The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36445-5. Oglivie, Brian W. (2008). The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-62088-6. Further reading [ edit]Defining Natural Sciences Ledoux, S. F., 2002: Defining Natural Sciences, Behaviorology Today, 5 (1), 34–36. Gohau, Gabriel (1990). A History of Geology. Revised and translated by Albert V. Carozzi and Marguerite Carozzi. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1666-0. Prpic, Katarina (2009). Beyond the Myths about the Natural and Social Sciences: A Sociological View. Zagreb: Institute for Social Research. ISBN 978-953-6218-40-0. Nicholas Maxwell (2017), In Praise of Natural Philosophy: A Revolution for Thought and Life . Mc Gill-Queen’s University Press. Simhony, M. (2006). Invitation to the Natural Physics of Matter, Space, and Radiation. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc. ISBN 978-981-02-1649-8. Smith, C. H. Llewellyn (1997). "The use of basic science". CERN. Retrieved October 20, 2012. Stokes, Donald E. (1997). Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation. Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-8177-6. The UNESCO Science Report. Towards 2030External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Natural science. Look up natural science in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The History of Recent Science and Technology Natural Sciences Contains updated information on research in the Natural Sciences including biology, geography and the applied life and earth sciences. Reviews of Books About Natural Science This site contains over 50 previously published reviews of books about natural science, plus selected essays on timely topics in natural science. Scientific Grant Awards Database Contains details of over 2,000,000 scientific research projects conducted over the past 25 years. E!Science Up-to-date science news aggregator from major sources including universities.v t e Natural science Physical science Space science Earth science Life sciencesv t e History of science Background Theories and sociology Historiography Pseudoscience By era Early cultures Classical Antiquity The Golden Age of Islam Renaissance Scientific Revolution Romanticism By culture African Byzantine Medieval European Chinese Indian Medieval Islamic Natural sciences Astronomy Biology Botany Chemistry Ecology Evolution Geology Geophysics Paleontology Physics Mathematics Algebra Calculus Combinatorics Geometry Logic Probability Statistics Trigonometry Social sciences Anthropology Economics Geography Linguistics Political science Psychology Sociology Sustainability Technology Agricultural science Computer science Materials science Engineering Medicine Human medicine Veterinary medicine Anatomy Neuroscience Neurology Nutrition Pathology Pharmacy Timelines Portal Category Authority control GND: 4041421-8Categories: Natural sciences Scientific disciplines

D2906320

https://www.putnambank.com/locations

Locations

Disclaimer: Please note that this map is a product of Google, Inc and we are not endorsing or guaranteeing the products, information or recommendations provided by this organization. We are not liable for any failure of products or services advertised on those sites. We are not responsible for the validity, collection, use or security of information by organizations that may be linked to our website. We encourage you to read the privacy policies of websites reached through the use of links from our website.

D3066785

http://www.vetbook.org/wiki/dog/index.php/Infectious_canine_hepatitis

Infectious canine hepatitis

Canine adenovirus 1Infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) is a contagious viral disease of dogs worldwide. ICH is caused by canine adenovirus type 1, which is antigenically related only to CAV-2 (one of the causes of infectious canine tracheobronchitis, Infectious Tracheobronchitis of Dogs). CAV-1 is resistant to lipid solvents and survives outside the host for weeks or months, but a 1-3% solution of sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) is an effective disinfectant. Ingestion of urine, feces, or saliva of infected dogs is the main route of infection. Recovered dogs shed virus in their urine for ≥6 mo. Initial infection occurs in the tonsillar crypts and Peyer’s patches, followed by viremia and infection of endothelial cells in many tissues. Liver, kidneys, spleen, and lungs are the main target organs. Chronic kidney lesions and corneal clouding (“blue eye”) result from immune-complex reactions after recovery from acute or subclinical disease. Clinical signs Signs vary from a slight fever to death. The mortality rate is highest in very young dogs. The incubation period is 4-9 days. The first sign is a fever of >104°F (40°C), which lasts 1-6 days and is usually biphasic. If the fever is of short duration, leukopenia may be the only other sign, but if it persists for >1 day, acute illness develops. Tachycardia out of proportion to the fever may occur. On the day after the initial temperature rise, leukopenia develops and persists throughout the febrile period. The degree of leukopenia varies and seems to be correlated with the severity of illness. Signs are apathy, anorexia, thirst, conjunctivitis, serous discharge from the eyes and nose, and occasionally abdominal pain and vomiting. Intense hyperemia or petechiae of the oral mucosa, as well as enlarged tonsils, may be seen. There may be subcutaneous edema of the head, neck, and trunk. Clotting time is directly correlated with the severity of illness. It may be difficult to control hemorrhage, which is manifest by bleeding around deciduous teeth and by spontaneous hematomas, because of underlying disseminated intravascular coagulation. Respiratory signs usually are not seen in dogs with ICH; however, CAV-1 has been recovered from dogs with signs of infectious tracheobronchitis and from dogs with respiratory signs induced by exposure to the nebulated virus. Although CNS involvement is unusual, severely infected dogs may develop convulsions from forebrain damage; brain stem hemorrhages, resulting in paresis, are common. Foxes more consistently have CNS signs and intermittent convulsions during the course of illness, and paralysis may involve one or more limbs or the entire body. On recovery, dogs eat well but regain weight slowly. Bilateral corneal opacity develops 7-10 days after the acute signs disappear in ~25% of recovered dogs and usually disappears spontaneously. In mild cases, transient corneal opacity may be the only sign of disease. Chronic hepatitis may develop in dogs having low levels of passive antibody when exposed. Simultaneous infection with CAV-1 and distemper virus is sometimes seen. Lesions: Endothelial damage results in “paint brush” hemorrhages on the gastric serosa, lymph nodes, thymus, pancreas, and subcutaneous tissues. Hepatic cell necrosis produces a variegated color change in the liver, which may be normal in size or swollen. The gallbladder wall may be edematous and thickened; edema of the thymus may be found. Grayish white foci may be seen in the kidney cortex. Diagnosis Usually, the abrupt onset and bleeding suggest ICH. Clinical evidence is not always sufficient to differentiate ICH from distemper, although the gross changes in the liver and gallbladder are more conclusive. Diagnosis is confirmed by virus isolation, immunofluorescence, or characteristic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the liver. Treatment Blood transfusions may be necessary in severely ill dogs. In addition, 5% dextrose in isotonic saline should be given, preferably IV. In dogs with prolonged clotting time, SC administration of fluids may be dangerous. A broad-spectrum antibiotic should be given. Because tetracyclines may cause discoloration of the teeth during tooth development, they should not be used in puppies before their permanent teeth erupt. Although the transient corneal opacity (that may be seen during the course of ICH or be associated with vaccination with attenuated CAV-1 vaccines) usually requires no treatment, atropine ophthalmic ointment may alleviate the painful ciliary spasm that is sometimes associated with it. Dogs with corneal clouding should be protected against bright light. Systemic corticosteroids are generally contraindicated for treatment of corneal opacity associated with ICH. Modified-live virus vaccines are available and are often combined with other vaccines. Vaccination against ICH is recommended at the time of canine distemper vaccinations. Attenuated CAV-1 vaccines have produced transient unilateral or bilateral opacities of the cornea, and the virus may be shed in urine. CAV-2 attenuated live virus strains, which provide cross protection against CAV-1, are preferentially used because they have very little tendency to produce corneal opacities or uveitis, and the virus is not shed in urine. Annual revaccination against ICH is often practiced. Maternal antibody from immune bitches interferes with active immunization in puppies until they are 9-12 wk old. References

D2868310

http://www.holiday-weather.com/fort_walton_beach_us/averages/

Fort Walton Beach: Annual Weather Averages

Fort Walton Beach: Annual Weather Averages July is the hottest month in Fort Walton Beach with an average temperature of 82 °F ( 28 °C) and the coldest is January at 55 °F ( 13 °C). The wettest month is July with an average of 160mm of rain . Average Temperature: Fort Walton Beach Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec°C 13 13 17 19 24 27 28 27 26 20 17 14°F 55 55 63 66 75 81 82 81 79 68 63 57Average High/Low Temperature: Fort Walton Beach High C High F Low C Low FJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec High °C 18 18 21 23 28 30 32 31 30 25 22 19High °F 64 64 70 73 82 86 90 88 86 77 72 66Low °C 7 8 12 15 19 24 24 23 21 15 11 9Low °F 45 46 54 59 66 75 75 73 70 59 52 48Average Rainfall: Fort Walton Beach Rainy days Average rainfall Average rain days Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Decmm 110 110 120 100 120 130 160 140 140 130 120 110Days 11 13 14 9 7 15 17 16 13 10 10 10

D2731153

http://www.hollywoodmemoir.com/john-f-kennedy-jr-biography

John F. Kennedy, Jr â Biography, Cause of Death

July 16, 1999 by John John F. Kennedy, Jr – Biography, Cause of Death Buy from Amazon.com: John F. Kennedy Jr Books and Memorabilia John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Jr. (November 25, 1960 – July 16, 1999), often referred to as John F. Kennedy, Jr., JFK Jr., John Jr. or John-John, was an American lawyer, journalist, socialite and publisher. He was the son of President John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, and the younger brother of Caroline Kennedy (as well as of the deceased Arabella Kennedy and older brother of the deceased Patrick Bouvier Kennedy). Early life Born 17 days after his father was elected to the presidency, John F. Kennedy, Jr., was in the public spotlight from infancy. He had lived for most of the first three years of his life in the White House and under the eye of the media who adored his antics. The nickname "John-John" came from a reporter mishearing his father calling him ("John" spoken twice in quick succession), and the name stuck. His father was assassinated on November 22, 1963, three days before Kennedy, Jr.’s third birthday. The funeral procession actually took place on his birthday, November 25, 1963. While his father’s flag-draped casket was being carried out from St. Matthew’s Cathedral, young JFK, Jr. stepped forward, and in one of the most heartbreaking and iconic images of the 1960s gave his father a final salute. John, Jr. grew up primarily on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. Even as a boy, he was often photographed and still referred to publicly as "John-John", although Kennedy family members themselves did not use the nickname. After his father’s death, his mother was married to Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis from 1968 until the latter’s death in 1975, when John was 14 years old. Education John F. Kennedy, Jr. attended The Collegiate School in New York City for the first through tenth grades, and later graduated from the Phillips Academy. Despite a less-than-average academic record, John F. Kennedy, Jr. was accepted into Harvard University, where his father and sister graduated; however, John Jr. turned down the offer, wanting to avoid that degree of special treatment, especially because it would have been regarded as undeserved by the public and his peers. Subsequently, Kennedy matriculated at Brown University, graduating in 1983 with a bachelor’s degree in history. At Brown, Kennedy was a member of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity. In 1989, he earned a J. D. degree from the New York University School of Law. He failed the New York bar exam twice before passing on the third try. Career He spoke at the 1988 Democratic National Convention in Atlanta. He was an assistant district attorney in Manhattan from 1989 to 1993. In 1995, he founded George, a glossy politics-as-lifestyle monthly which sometimes took editorial aim even at members of his own family. The magazine ceased publication shortly after Kennedy’s death. Marriage Through the 1980s until his death, Kennedy was an often-seen and much-photographed personality in Manhattan. He married Carolyn Bessette on September 21, 1996 on Cumberland Island in Georgia, and had dated Madonna, Sarah Jessica Parker, Cindy Crawford and Daryl Hannah prior to his marriage. Death On July 16, 1999, at the age of 38, John F. Kennedy Jr. was killed along with his wife and his sister-in-law, Lauren Bessette, when the aircraft he was piloting, N9253N, a Piper Saratoga II HP, crashed on a hazy night into the Atlantic Ocean en route from Essex County Airport in Fairfield Township, Essex County, New Jersey, to Martha’s Vineyard, where the Kennedy family has a vacation house. Kennedy and his wife were traveling to the wedding of cousin Rory Kennedy, which was then postponed. Lauren was to have been dropped off at Martha’s Vineyard. Kennedy was a relatively inexperienced pilot, with 310 hours of flight experience, including 55 hours of night flying and 36 hours in the high-performance Piper Saratoga, but some conspiracy style doubts exist over pilot error being the cause of the crash. He had completed about half of an instrument training course, but was not yet rated for flying in low-visibility conditions. The National Transportation Safety Board investigation found no evidence of mechanical malfunction and determined that the probable cause was "the pilot’s failure to maintain control of the airplane during a descent over water at night, which was a result of spatial disorientation. Factors in the accident were haze, and the dark night." The report noted that spatial disorientation as a result of continued VFR flight into adverse weather conditions is a common cause of fatal airplane accidents. (To prevent spatial disorientation, instrument-training courses use a mask that allows the pilot to see only the instruments and not the sky.) According to literature found in most FAA-approved flight training books, a pilot’s inability to see the horizon leads to spatial disorientation. The inner ear may give the pilot the impression that the plane is turning when it isn’t. It takes many hours of instrument training for a pilot to be able to fly in IFR conditions, conditions that most likely existed when Kennedy was flying on his route to Martha’s Vineyard. Over the water at night there are few lights, and those lights that existed were most likely obscured by the haze, resulting in the boundary between sky and water on the horizon becoming difficult to determine. Kyle Bailey, 25 and a pilot believed to have been the last person to see Kennedy alive at Essex County Airport, subsequently stated that he had cancelled his own flight to Martha’s Vineyard because the enroute weather was "a little too hazy." It also emerged that while Kennedy had flown from Essex County Airport to the Vineyard several times before, he had never done it without an instructor pilot aboard or at night — factors which can make a night flight challenging, especially for a relatively inexperienced, non-instrument-rated pilot. During the memorial service on July 23, 1999, Kennedy’s uncle, Massachusetts Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy, said that, "We dared to think that this John Kennedy would live to comb grey hair, with his beloved Carolyn by his side. But, like his father, he had every gift but length of years." And of his nephew’s marriage, he invoked what had been said of his brother’s Presidency: both lasted 1,000 days. Then U. S. President Bill Clinton attended the service and ordered that the flag at the White House be lowered to half-staff in honor of John F. Kennedy, Jr. At President Clinton’s orders, warships of the United States Navy earlier assisted in the search for the downed plane. With the permission of Secretary of Defense William Cohen, a memorial service for the three victims was held aboard the Navy ship USS Briscoe. The cremated remains of Kennedy, his wife and sister-in-law were then scattered from the ship off the coast of Martha’s Vineyard. A wrongful death lawsuit by the Bessette family against the Kennedy estate concluded with an out of court settlement. This avoided the publicity of a public trial, as the accident was ultimately caused by pilot error. Share your memory, write your comment from this page Buy from Amazon.com: John F. Kennedy Jr Books and Memorabilia Uncategorized

D1357884

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/chloroplast

Definition of 'chloroplast'

Definition of 'chloroplast'English: chloroplast American: chloroplast Trendschloroplastin British ( ˈklɔːrəʊˌplæst)nouna plastid containing chlorophyll and other pigments, occurring in plants and algae that carry out photosynthesis Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © Harper Collins Publishers Derived formschloroplastic ( ˌchloroˈplastic) adjectivechloroplastin American ( ˈklɔrəˌplæst; klôrˈəplastˌ)nouna green, oval plastid containing chlorophyll and carotenoids and found in the cytoplasm of green plants and blue-green algaesee also chromoplast, photosynthesis Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition. Copyright © 2010 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Word origin of 'chloroplast'chloro- + -plast Word Lists Botany terms Trends of 'chloroplast'Used Rarely. chloroplast is in the lower 50% of commonly used words in the Collins dictionary View usage for: Years Frequency:1883 018841885188618871888188918901891 0.011892 0189318941895 0.031896 01897 0.011898 01899 0.011900 0.011901 01902 0.011903 01904 0.081905 0.011906 019071908 0.011909 0.041910 0.031911 0.011912 0.031913 0.031914 0.041915 0.081916 0.051917 0.091918 0.041919 0.391920 0.21921 0.051922 0.051923 0.021924 0.021925 0.031926 0.011927 0.011928 0.031929 0.021930 0.041931 0.021932 0.011933 0.011934 0.011935 0.031936 0.021937 01938 0.011939 0.02194019411942 0.031943 0.021944 0.011945 0.021946 0.0219471948 0.011949 0.051950 0.011951 0.061952 0.021953 0.021954 0.071955 0.031956 0.011957 0.021958 0.051959 0.051960 0.041961 0.011962 01963 0.021964 0.091965 0.021966 0.081967 0.171968 0.091969 0.041970 0.031971 0.061972 0.081973 0.051974 0.11975 0.061976 0.051977 0.081978 0.171979 0.261980 0.121981 0.321982 0.021983 0.071984 0.061985 0.111986 0.031987 0.161988 0.061989 0.021990 0.041991 0.041992 0.021993 0.011994 0.011995 0.051996 0.071997 0.071998 0.061999 0.052000 0.272001 0.072002 0.112003 0.062004 0.052005 0.042006 0.032007 0.042008 0.47Nearby words of 'chloroplast'chlorophyllchlorophytumchloropicrinchloroplastchloroplastalchloroprenechloroquin All ENGLISH words that begin with 'C'Source Definition of chloroplast from the Collins English Dictionary

D1869147

http://www.stop-anxiety-attack-symptoms.com/breathing.html

Breathing - the Proper Technique

Breathing - the Proper Technique Breathing techniques and exercises are becoming an important part of almost all healing disciplines. Studies show that a proper inhale and exhale technique, if exercised at proper intervals, has measurable medical benefits to include stress reduction. Dr. Andrew Weil received his MD from Harvard Medical School and has become an internationally recognized expert on mind-body interactions and is the author of nine books. Dr. Weil says: "If I had to limit my advice on healthier living to just one tip, it would be simply to learn how to breathe correctly. "Those are powerful words from a recognized expert in the field. Notice that he says "breathe correctly." Practitioners of Yoga have known for centuries about the importance of guided breathing, and Western cultures are now embracing the benefits of "breathing correctly. "An article by Carol Krucoff, "Better living through belly breathing" ran in The Seattle Times, May 10, 2000, section C3: Slow, deep breathing is a powerful anti-stress technique. When you bring air down into the lower portion of the lungs, where the oxygen exchange is most efficient, heart rate slows, blood pressure decreases, muscles relax, anxiety eases and the mind calms. Experts in the field of mind-body medicine say that few people in Western, industrialized society know how to breathe correctly. We are taught to suck in our guts and puff out our chests, which causes the muscles to tense and respiration rate to increase. As a result, we are a nation of shallow "chest breathers," who primarily use the middle and upper portions of the lungs. Babies breathe from the belly, but with age, most people shift from this healthy abdominal breathing to shallow chest breathing. Breathing is the only bodily function you can do either consciously or unconsciously. Studies have linked focused breathing with reducing hot flashes in menopausal women, relieving chronic pain and reducing symptoms of PMS. Some hospitals have begun teaching relaxation breathing to patients treated for a wide range of conditions. It is important to breathe in a sufficient volume of air and to hold it long enough for the lungs to take in Oxygen and to expel Carbon Dioxide. This O2/CO2 gas exchange is discussed in detail elsewhere on this site. OK, it is good for you, but how do you breathe correctly? How often should you take a deep breath? What if breathing makes you dizzy? How do you remember to breathe at the right times? All good questions. Let's take them one at a time: How do you breathe correctly? As mentioned in the newspaper article above, the best oxygen exchanges take place in the lower lobes of the lungs. That's where the "belly breathing" comes from - breathing deep around the navel instead of the upper chest. Standing up straight, sucking in your gut, and sticking your chest out may be great for soldiers, but that is not what you want to accomplish when practicing correct breathing. The specific steps are on the next page, but for now, think about filling up your belly when you take in a deep breath. How often should you take a deep breath as described? Too often and you actually can induce stress. Too seldom, and you fail to benefit from it. At this point, you want to learn how to breathe correctly so it becomes natural and automatic to you. You will need to practice "doing it right" and most therapists agree that each breath should be performed correctly to achieve maximum benefit. I use a small device that I wear under my clothes that has a silent alarm that reminds me to breathe. It took a little "getting used to," but works as my breathing coach throughout the day. It is important to breathe correctly, but not too much. As mentioned above, too much can make you dizzy. That is one of the big problems in a panic attack, the rapid, shallow breathing causes an oxygen overload, which actually gets you light-headed, and then fearful of that sensation (it feeds itself. )Right now (and if you try this, please sit safely in a chair) if you take a full, deep breath and hold it a few seconds, and exhale slowly - and repeat this a few times - you will start to feel different and quite possibly dizzy. You can see how powerful a new breathing technique can be. If done correctly and at the proper intervals, instead of dizzy, you should begin to feel relaxed. How do you remember to breathe at the right intervals? We mentioned this earlier, but remember that, with practice, you will learn how to breathe "correctly" all the time. It is important to learn how to inhale deep into your diaphragm, to learn how long to hold that breath, and then, how to slowly measure your exhale. This takes practice for it to become a natural part of your respiration. And, if done correctly and regularly, you will begin to receive positive health benefits such as lowered blood pressure, less stress, and a general relaxed state. With a timing device (such as a kitchen timer, the Breath Minder, etc.) you will remember to practice at correct intervals and soon, proper breathing will come naturally to you. Helpful tools. . . . In Dr. Andrew Weil's self-healing series, proper breathing is considered the most important practice for healthy living. Dr. Weil not only teaches eight fundamental breathing exercises, but also keeps listeners entertained with anecdotes from his own medical practice. The entire production has the warm quality of listening to an interview, so it helps you to be more receptive to the methods he shares. Search Amazon or Booksa Million for his 2-CD set and other books he has published on the many benefits of proper breathing. Remembering to breathe was one of my problems - I would get involved or focused on something or get busy at work and I'd forget to practice good breathing technique. I couldn't find a reminder that was small, uncomplicated, or silent, so I found a factory that would make one for me specifically for use as a breathing reminder. It is called The Breath Minder. Breath Minder is silent and worn under your clothing to help you remember to practice proper breathing techniques without attracting the attention of bystanders.>>>>> Click thumbnail for larger image For more information. There are several web sites that describe proper breathing techniques where you can learn different types of breathwork. (Examples of programs with 100% money back are Tai Chi Breathing books and The Power of Breathing audio course.) Learning how to breathe properly is part of the picture - you also need to remember to do it. That's why I had to invent a breathing reminder for myself that I named The Breath Minder. Page last updated October 7, 2012Home What is Anxiety? What Causes Attacks? Symptoms Treatment Breath Minder Quotes Start a Group Coping Skills FAQ Breathing Books Articles Disclaimer Feedback Links Contact Us

D2385329

https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/02/14/first-lady-melania-trump-announces-reopening-white-house-visitors-office

First Lady Melania Trump Announces the Reopening of the White House Visitors Office

Statements & Releases First Lady Melania Trump Announces the Reopening of the White House Visitors Office Issued on: February 14, 2017Share: All News First Lady Melania Trump is pleased to announce the White House Visitors Office will resume public tours on Tuesday, March 7th.“I am excited to reopen the White House to the hundreds of thousands of visitors who come each year. The White House is a remarkable and historic site and we are excited to share its beauty and history. I am committed to the restoration and preservation of our Nation’s most recognizable landmark. ”Public tour requests must be submitted through a Member of Congress. These self-guided tours are available from 7:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. Tuesday through Thursday, 7:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. Fridays and Saturdays (excluding Federal holidays or unless otherwise noted). Tour hours will be extended when possible based on the official White House schedule. Tours are scheduled on a first come, first served basis. Requests can be submitted up to three months in advance and must be submitted no less than 21 days in advance. You are encouraged to submit your request as early as possible, as a limited number of spaces are available. All White House tours are free of charge. For more information, please visit https://www.whitehouse.gov/participate/tours-and-events.

D2197916

https://www.visitscotland.com/info/towns-villages/dunblane-p235621

Dunblane

Add to trip planner Dunblane Towns & Villages Dunblane is a small, attractive town which has been an important centre since the 7th century. Situated a few miles north of Stirling, the town is believed to have been founded in 602 by the Celtic missionary, St Blane at a ford in the Allan Water. The town developed into a major stronghold of the pre-Reformation Church whose power was symbolised in the magnificent 13th century cathedral. Post-Reformation, the builidng fell into disrepair although restoration work carried out a century ago has now returned it to its Gothic splendour. The cathedral stands serenely amid a clutch of old-world buildings, among them the 17th century Dean's House, which houses the tiny cathedral museum with exhibits on local history. Close by, the oldest private library in Scotland, Leighton Library houses 4,500 books in 90 languages printed between 1500 and 1840. Visitors can browse through some of the country's rarest books, including a first edition of Sir Walter Scott's Lady of the Lake. The Allan Water is spanned by a 16th century single arch bridge as it flows through the town and there are a number of good riverside walks. Accommodation, supermarket, shops and golf course are all available in Dunblane, making it an excellent place to take a short break. The town is easily accessible by train with services to all cities across Scotland, and by road. The city of Stirling lies only six miles south of the town. Show More

D92232

http://www.judicialselection.us/judicial_selection/methods/selection_of_judges.cfm?state=MO

Methods of Judicial Selection: Missouri

Methods of Judicial Selection: Missouri Selection of Judges Number of Judgeships Supreme Court: 7Court of Appeals: 32Circuit Court: 141**Circuit Court (Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis)*: -Number of Districts/Circuits Supreme Court: 1Court of Appeals: 3Circuit Court: 45Circuit Court (Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis)*: -Geographic Basis for Selection Supreme Court: statewide Court of Appeals: district Circuit Court: circuit Circuit Court (Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis)*: "Method of Selection (full term)Supreme Court: gubernatorial appointment from nominating commission Court of Appeals: gubernatorial appointment from nominating commission Circuit Court: partisan election Circuit Court (Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis)*: gubernatorial appointment from nominating commission Length of Term Supreme Court: 1-3 yrs Court of Appeals: 1-3 yrs Circuit Court: 6 yrs Circuit Court (Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis)*: "Method of Retention Supreme Court: retention election Court of Appeals: retention election Circuit Court: reelection Circuit Court (Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis)*: retention election Length of Subsequent Terms Supreme Court: 12 yrs Court of Appeals: 12 yrs Circuit Court: 6 yrs Circuit Court (Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis)*: "Method of Filling Interim Vacancies Supreme Court: gubernatorial appointment from nominating commission Court of Appeals: gubernatorial appointment from nominating commission Circuit Court: gubernatorial appointment Circuit Court (Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis)*: gubernatorial appointment from nominating commission When Interim Judges Stand for Election/Appointment Supreme Court: next general election after 1 yr in office Court of Appeals: next general election after 1 yr in office Circuit Court: next general election Circuit Court (Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis)*: next general election after 1 yr in office Selection of Chief Judge/Justice Supreme Court: rotation with peer vote***Court of Appeals: rotation with peer vote Circuit Court: elected by circuit and associate judges from among circuit judges Circuit Court (Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis)*: "Term of Office for Chief Judge/Justice Supreme Court: 2 yrs Court of Appeals: 2 yrs Circuit Court: 2 yrs Circuit Court (Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis)*: "Qualifications Supreme Court: U. S. citizen 15 yrs; qualified state voter 9 yrs; licensed to practice in state; minimum age of 30; mandatory retirement age of 70Court of Appeals: U. S. citizen 15 yrs; district resident; qualified state voter 9 yrs; licensed to practice in state; minimum age of 30; mandatory retirement age of 70Circuit Court: U. S. citizen 10 yrs; qualified state voter 3 yrs; circuit resident 1 yr; licensed to practice in state; minimum age of 30; mandatory retirement age of 70Circuit Court (Kansas City, Springfield, St. Louis)*: "Selection and retention methods and term lengths are prescribed by Article V of the Missouri Constitution. *The constitution establishes a merit selection process for circuit and associate circuit judges in the city of St. Louis and in Jackson County (Kansas City). The constitution also provides that, in other circuits, merit selection may be adopted with the approval of a majority of circuit voters. The question is submitted to the voters of a judicial circuit at the next general election upon the filing of a petition signed by 10% of the voters of each county in the circuit who voted in the last gubernatorial election. The question may not be submitted to voters more often than every four years. Merit selection has been adopted in this way in Clay, Platte, St. Louis, and Greene Counties. In circuits that have already moved to merit selection, it may be discontinued through the same process. **The circuit court consists of six divisions: a circuit division, an associate division, a probate division, a municipal division, a juvenile division, and a family court division. The circuit division exercises jurisdiction over all civil and criminal cases and is served by 135 circuit judges. The remaining divisions are served by circuit judges in conjunction with 175 associate circuit judges, 331 municipal judges, and various commissioners. Associate circuit judges are appointed in the same manner as circuit judges and serve four-year terms. Municipal judges are elected or appointed according to city ordinance or charter and serve terms of at least two years. Commissioners are appointed by circuit judges, usually to four-year terms. ***By tradition, the court elects the most senior justice who has not yet held the position.

D757062

http://www.medpagetoday.com/gastroenterology/hepatitis/647

For How Long is the Hepatitis B Vaccine Effective?

For How Long is the Hepatitis B Vaccine Effective?save savedby Angelo De Palma Ph DMarch 01, 2005Action Points Understand that hepatitis B vaccination-induced protective antibodies can last for up to 15 years, but appear to fall off over time. Patients who were vaccinated 10 to 15 years ago, especially those who were vaccinated as children, may not be adequately protected. For patients with this history who are at moderate to high risk of hepatitis B infection consider quantitative hepatitis B antibody measurement to determine protective immunity. Booster shots may be recommended at some point to reinforce immunity lost over time. However, there is not yet a federal hepatitis B booster vaccination policy. The duration of immunity to hepatitis B virus (HBV) from plasma-derived vaccine was generally believed to be around 10 years. However, rigorous determination of the upper time limit for immunity has not been carried out. Such information could be useful in devising vaccination schedules and possibly for developing public health policy with respect to the rationale for and timing of booster vaccinations. Mc Mahon and colleagues at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studied 1578 Alaska Natives vaccinated at age 6 months or older between 1981 and 1982. Subjects received three doses of plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine appropriate for their age, and were tested annually for antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and HBV infection markers for the first 11 years. Anti-HBs levels decreased in the study population from a mean concentration of 822 m IU/m L after vaccination to 27 m IU/m L at 15 years. Higher levels of anti-HBs were noted in males, individuals with higher initial anti-HB levels, and those who were older at the time of vaccination. After adjusting for initial anti-HBs level and sex, the lowest HBs levels at 15 years post-vaccination were observed in those vaccinated between 6 months and 4 years of age. Researchers detected asymptomatic breakthrough infections in 16 participants. Infection occurred more frequently in vaccine non-responders than in responders (P=.01). The authors concluded that hepatitis B vaccination protects strongly against infection for at least 15 years. One limitation of the study was that only slightly more than half of the original cohort had the 15-year follow-up testing. Commenting in the same issue of Annals of Internal Medicine, Ding-Shinn Chen, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, wrote that before the Mc Mahon study, the duration of protection conferred by hepatitis B vaccine was unknown. Chen noted Mc Mahon's observation of a precipitous decline in antibodies at 15 years in individuals vaccinated at a very young age. "Therefore, children vaccinated in early childhood may be more likely to have undetectable levels of anti-HBs in late adolescence or early adulthood, when the risks of HBV infection increase because of sexual activity or other social behaviors," Chen wrote. Loss of anti-HBs does not necessarily mean loss of immunity, as the immunologic memory induced by the HBV vaccine persists even as anti-HBs decline. Further follow-up is therefore needed to determine if and when booster vaccinations are necessary in the general population. Reviewed by Ethan A. Halm, MD, MPH Associate Professor in the Departments of Medicine and Health Policy at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York Primary Source Annals of Internal Medicine Source Reference: Mc Mahon BJ et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccination: Results of a 15-year follow-up. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:333-341. Secondary Source Annals of Internal Medicine Source Reference: Chen D-S. Long-term protection of hepatitis B vaccine: lessons from Alaskan experience after 15 years. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:384-85.2 Comments More in Gastroenterology Pro Rugby Players Prove Athletes’ Guts are Different Duodenum May Help Fight Metabolic Disease Female GI Docs Earn Less: Gastro and Endo News Report H. Pylori Linked to Atherosclerosis in Healthy People

D742642

http://www.dietdoctor.com/gallstones-and-low-carb

Gallstones and low carb

Gallstones and low carb April 18 2012 by Dr. Andreas Eenfeldt, MD in Gallbladder disease, Potential LCHF problems Gallbladder in pink Do gallstones improve or worsen on a low carb / high fat diet? It’s a common question with an interesting answer. The gallbladder stores bile, a yellow-green fluid manufactured in the liver. The bile is used to digest the fat you eat. The question is: Is it good or bad for the gall bladder to eat fat? The conventional fat phobic answer The usual medical belief today is that fatty food can result in gall stones. This is because what happens if you already have gallstones in the gallbladder and eat fat: A gallstone can get stuck on the way to the intestines and give you a gallstone attack (pain in the top right part of your stomach). The conventional advice is thus to eat low fat – and take pain killers if you get a gallstone attack. If the attacks continue the gallbladder is removed by routine surgery and the problem usually goes away. Probably with the side effect of slightly decreased ability to absorb fat and nutrients from what you eat (there is a reason we have gallbladders). The conventional low fat advice rarely makes gallstone disease go away. Instead it often gets worse with time, until surgery is necessary. That is hardly a coincidence. How to get gallstones If you eat low fat less bile is needed to digest your food. More bile thus stays in the gallbladder. Long enough, perhaps, for stones to form. It’s been shown that people who (instead of fat) eat more carbohydrates are at increased risk of gallstones. It all sounds logical. And there is even better evidence. The risk of low fat diets have been tested at least three times: Studies of extreme low fat diets In a study of 51 obese people using an extremely low fat low calorie diet (just one gram of fat a day!) the gallbladder was examined by ultrasound before the diet and after one and two months. After one month four of the 51 participants had developed new gallstones. After two months more than one in four (13 people) had new gallstones! This on an almost fat free diet. Three participants needed to have their gallbladder removed during the study. A similar study examined 19 people eating an extremely low fat low calorie diet over 16 weeks. At the ultrasound examination at the end of the study five people (again about one in four) had new gallstones. A third study compared an extremely low fat diet with a diet slightly higher in fat during 3 months. More than one in two (6 of 11 people) in the group eating extremely low fat developed new gallstones. Nobody in the group eating more fat did. Conclusion: Do you want gallstones? Avoid fat. What happens if you do the opposite? What if you were to do the opposite of the usual advice? Regularly eat food with fat in it? Then more bile will be used to digest the food. The bile ducts and the gallbladder will be flushed through regularly. Probably no stones will have time to form, and pre-existing stones might (if you are lucky) be flushed out into the small intestine. The risk is that you will get gallstone pain in the short term – if you already have gallstones. The question is: Do you want to think short-term (low fat) or long-term (higher fat)? Does high fat food work? It’s logical to think that food higher in fat can result in a gall bladder free from gallstones. But as far as I know no study has tested high fat food to people with gallstones. On the other hand I know quite a few people who have experienced that their gallstone disease disappeared on a LCHF diet. Sometimes at the expense of initial gallstone attacks though. A Swedish low carb site conducted a survey of its members. 145 people who used to have gallstones answered what happened since they started eating LCHF. Take the result with a huge pinch of salt as this kind of survey gives very unreliable answers: This survey gives some support to the theory that high fat food can cure gallstone disease. Gallstones and kidney stones Patients with kidney stones get better advice. They are told to drink a lot of fluid, increasing the production of urine, so that stones do not have time to develop. If you already have kidney stones this advice could give you a painful kidney stone attack initially – but you are still advised to drink a lot. The reason why we give the opposite advice when it comes to gallstones might be the obsolete fear of fat. If we were afraid of water instead patients with kidney stones might have been advised to avoid drinking to avoid kidney stone attacks. If they did not improve their kidneys would be surgically removed. What do you say? Have you had gallbladder problems? Have you tested a LCHF diet? What happened? Mer Other health problems LCHF for beginners PSAnother common question is if you can eat LCHF if your gallbladder is already removed. The answer is that this seems to work fine. Some people without a gallbladder might have to increase their intake of fat gradually to allow their body time to adapt. Otherwise the body might not have time to digest the fat which could result in loose fatty stools initially. However this rarely seems to be a problem.

D1342772

http://www.geneseo.edu/hr/military_leave

Military Leave

Military Leave UNDER CONSTRUCTION**Military Leave In anticipation of mobilization, this is a brief summary of the laws, rules and regulations in place to protect and support state employees who leave jobs to serve in active duty for the Military Reserves and the National Guard in connection with the events of September 11, 2001. Paid Leave New York Military Law Section 242 of the New York State Military Law provides 30 calendar days or 22 workdays (whichever provides the greater benefit to the employee) of paid leave per calendar year for employees activated for military service. Supplemental Military Leave The State will provide an additional 30 calendar days or 22 workdays (whichever provides the greater benefit to the employee) of paid leave, called Supplemental Military Leave, for employees who are federally activated or activated by the Governor for military service in connection with the events of September 11, 2001. Military Leave at Reduced Pay After an eligible employee exhausts the 30 days or 22 workdays of leave provided under the Military Law, and the 30 days or 22 workdays of Supplemental Military Leave, employees are entitled to be placed on Leave at Reduced Pay. Employees may request the use of leave credits, other than sick leave, before being placed on Leave at Reduced Pay. Employees in reduced pay status will be paid their regular State salary reduced by their military pay. The reduced State salary is calculated as of the employees last day in full pay status, and the military pay is calculated as of the first day of activation, and will remain unchanged during the entire period of activation. If you receive a request from an employee for Leave at Reduced Pay, please contact Victoria Phipps at 585.245.5616 or phipps@geneseo.edu further information. NOTE: Employees who were already off work due to training or professional development with the Military Reserves or National Guard do not receive the Supplemental Military Leave or Leave at Reduced Pay unless activated in connection with the emergency stemming from the events of September 11, 2001. Training Leave at Reduced Pay An employee has one window per year to charge leave credits before being placed on Training Leave at Reduced Pay. This opportunity exists when all of the following conditions are met: Th employee has exhausted his/her total entitlement to paid leave under section 242 of the New York State Military Law in the current calendar year;In the current calendar year the employee has previously performed active duty related to the war on terror; and The employee has not previously been placd on Training Leave at Reduced Pay in the current calendar year. Employees who meet all of these conditions may elect to charge leave credits (except sick leave) for military absences unrelated to the war on terror. Once they stop charging credits and use Training Leave at Reduced Pay for the first time in the calendar year, however, they are not allowed to charge leave credits for military absences to which Training Leave at Reduced Pay would apply for the remainder of the calendar year. Continuous Service Under the New York State Military Law, time in active duty does not constitute an interruption of continuous service. Leave Accruals (Complete time and attendance reports)Section 242 of the New York Military Law and Supplemental Military Leave: Employees do not charge accruals and continue to earn vacation, sick and personal leave accruals while in full pay status. They do not earn credit for holidays except for designated floating holidays. Leave at Reduced Pay: Employees do not charge or earn accruals while on Leave at Reduced Pay. However, any balances standing to the employees credit at the time his/her Leave at Reduced Pay began are restored upon his/her return from leave, except for credits that otherwise would have expired. Benefits Questions and Answers Will my State health insurance continue while on military leave? Your State health insurance will continue as an active employee (deductions will continue) while on paid Military Leave, and the Federal Government provides individual coverage for those on active duty. So, while you are on paid Military Leave, you will have both State and Federal coverage. While you are on unpaid Military Leave, you will have coverage through the Federal Government only. Will my State health insurance continue for my dependents? Coverage for dependents of state employees enrolled for family coverage in NYSHIP, for at least 30 days prior to activation, will be continued at no cost while on unpaid Military Leave, for a maximum period of 27 1/2 months from the date of activation, or until December 31, 2008, whichever occurs first. This means that your dependent coverage will continue as an active employee (deductions will continue) while you are on paid Military Leave, and then will continue at no cost once you are on unpaid Military Leave, until 12 months from the date of activation. Available dependent benefits include health, dental, and vision coverage as provided to active employees' families until the employee returns to State employment or is no longer on military duty, whichever occurs first. Below is a SUMMARY of information on Dependent Benefit continuation: Benefit Time Period Cost Health, Dental, Vision Coverage Activation date to 12 months Deductions continue while paid, no cost while unpaid. Health, Dental. Vision Coverage 13 months and beyond Cost determined by union membership. Un paid Leave and Reemployment In addition to benefits accorded by the State, the federal Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) requires that employers provide up to five years of unpaid leave to eligible employees who are in active service. The Act also provides broad reemployment rights to employees who are called or who volunteer for active duty. As long as an employee applies for reemployment within the time limits specified in the USERRA, the employee is entitled to the job they would have had if they had not taken military leave. Under escalator provisions, if an employee would have received a promotion or a salary increase, he or she must be given those benefits upon return. The full reemployment and escalator entitlements are complex, and will be described in greater detail as events dictate. Required Documentation Employees are expected to notify their department as soon as possible regarding their need for military leave. A copy of the employee's military orders is generally required. Employees receiving military leave with pay using the Leave at Reduced Pay benefit will be required to provide a copy of their Leave and Earnings Statement or other evidence confirming the actual military pay. Procedures

D1527787

https://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-g154981-Belleville_Ontario-Vacations.html

Belleville, Canada

10,365 reviews and opinions Belleville, Canada (Linda M, Mar 2014)Lodging (22)2,134 Reviews Vacation Rentals (6)7 Reviews Flightsfrom $278Things to Do (34)747 Reviews Restaurants (150)7,452 Reviews Forum23 Posts Overview Places to Stay Location Things to Do Want to save up to 30% on your Belleville hotel? We check up to 200 sites for the latest and lowest prices. Shop Hotels See all 2,076 traveler photos Travelers are talking about these hotels Best Value Towne Place Suites Belleville199 Reviews#1 of 8 in Belleville"Outstanding Experience in..."Dan T March 21, 2018Business Best Western Belleville542 Reviews#2 of 8 in Belleville"WARM WELCOME! ENJOYED OUR..."Gloria E March 21, 2018Vacation Rental Roslin Hall5 Reviewsfrom $103/night"Amazing Girls Weekend! "Marcie O August 22, 2017Family Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Belleville259 Reviews#3 of 8 in Belleville"Felt like home. "Agnar K March 18, 2018

D2246629

http://www.tangeroutlet.com/commerce/directory

Stores

Careers Company Info Investor Relations Locations Deals Gift Cards Brands Tangerclub Commerce, Georgia Map Stores Location & Hours Deals Events Services Area Info Careers Stores Tanger Commerce, Georgia Stores PLAN YOUR VISITVisit Shopper Services to equip yourself for a great shopping experience. VIEW MAPAccessories & Jewelry Aeropostale 111 (706) 423-9773American Eagle l Aerie 206 (706) 335-6002Ann Taylor Factory Store 1010 (706) 335-2470Bass Factory Outlet 500 (706) 335-2206Chico's Outlet 506 (706) 335-3331Christopher & Banks 112 (706) 336-8016Claire's 510 (706) 336-5953Clarks Outlet 411 (706) 335-0714Coach 1200 (706) 335-3003Dressbarn 408 (706) 335-2508Fossil 109 (706) 405-4764GUESS Factory Store 1202 (706) 395-9786H&M 306 (855) 466-7467J. Crew | Crewcuts Factory 203 (706) 335-0666Justice 105A (706) 335-0017Kay Jewelers Outlet 410 (706) 423-9833Lane Bryant Outlet 1100 (706) 335-7417Lee l Wrangler Clearance 609 (706) 335-3098Levi's Outlet 402 (706) 335-0144Lids 200 (706) 335-2853Michael Kors 909 Coming Soon Old Navy Outlet 701 (706) 335-2047Polo Ralph Lauren Factory Store 900 (706) 335-4803Roosters Sunglass 205 (706) 335-2325Samsonite Factory Outlet 307 (706) 336-6537Sunglass Hut 1225 (706) 335-0031Talbots Outlet 313 (706) 247-7620Timberland Factory Store 602 (706) 336-6961Torrid 102 (706) 335-2626Wilsons Leather 1000 (706) 335-3830Zales The Diamond Store Outlet 911 (706) 336-8564Apparel Aeropostale 111 (706) 423-9773American Eagle l Aerie 206 (706) 335-6002Ann Taylor Factory Store 1010 (706) 335-2470Banana Republic Factory 1005 (706) 336-8588Bass Factory Outlet 500 (706) 335-2206Bon Worth 308 (706) 335-4350Brooks Brothers Factory Store 404 (706) 336-6947Casual Male XL Outlet 310 (706) 335-0883Charlotte Russe Outlet 101A (706) 336-6571Chico's Outlet 506 (706) 335-3331Christopher & Banks 112 (706) 336-8016Coach 1200 (706) 335-3003Dressbarn 408 (706) 335-2508Eddie Bauer Outlet 809 (706) 335-3281Express Factory Outlet 104 (706) 225-5653Feathers & Antlers Outdoors 106 (706) 335-0034Finish Line 400 (706) 335-5433Gap Factory Store 209 (706) 335-0977GUESS Factory Store 1202 (706) 395-9786H&M 306 (855) 466-7467Haggar 203B (706) 335-1928Hollister 302 (706) 423-9316J. Crew | Crewcuts Factory 203 (706) 335-0666Lane Bryant Outlet 1100 (706) 335-7417Lee l Wrangler Clearance 609 (706) 335-3098L'eggs Hanes Bali Playtex 110 (706) 335-3657Levi's Outlet 402 (706) 335-0144LOFT Outlet 1215 (706) 336-0077Michael Kors 909 Coming Soon Nautica Factory Store 100 (706) 335-4488Nike Factory Store 810 (706) 335-5502Old Navy Outlet 701 (706) 335-2047Polo Ralph Lauren Factory Store 900 (706) 335-4803Rue21 107 (706) 335-9639Talbots Outlet 313 (706) 247-7620Timberland Factory Store 602 (706) 336-6961Tommy Hilfiger 908 (706) 335-8144Torrid 102 (706) 335-2626Under Armour 406 (706) 335-7078Van Heusen 309 (706) 336-5845Wilsons Leather 1000 (706) 335-3830Children's Apparel Carter's Babies and Kids 503 (706) 335-9535Gap Factory Store 209 (706) 335-0977Gymboree Outlet 1205 (706) 335-3061H&M 306 (855) 466-7467J. Crew | Crewcuts Factory 203 (706) 335-0666Justice 105A (706) 335-0017Nautica Factory Store 100 (706) 335-4488Nike Factory Store 810 (706) 335-5502Old Navy Outlet 701 (706) 335-2047Osh Kosh B'gosh 505 (706) 336-8474Polo Ralph Lauren Factory Store 900 (706) 335-4803The Children's Place 803 (706) 335-6679Under Armour 406 (706) 335-7078Food Great American Cookies/Pretzelmaker202 (706) 335-0918Footwear Bass Factory Outlet 500 (706) 335-2206Charlotte Russe Outlet 101A (706) 336-6571Clarks Outlet 411 (706) 335-0714Coach 1200 (706) 335-3003Crocs Outlet 710 (706) 423-9325Famous Footwear Outlet 204 (706) 335-4469Finish Line 400 (706) 335-5433GUESS Factory Store 1202 (706) 395-9786Journeys 105B (706) 335-0151Nike Factory Store 810 (706) 335-5502Old Navy Outlet 701 (706) 335-2047Rack Room Shoes 1110 (706) 335-9330SAS Shoes 311 (706) 335-9576Skechers 1210 (706) 336-8471Talbots Outlet 313 (706) 247-7620The Children's Place 803 (706) 335-6679Timberland Factory Store 602 (706) 336-6961Torrid 102 (706) 335-2626Under Armour 406 (706) 335-7078Housewares & Home Furnishings Kirkland's 1103 (706) 423-9720Kitchen Collection 801 (706) 335-9165Services Tanger Shopper Services 201 (706) 335-3354Specialty Bath & Body Works New 304 (706) 336-5901Direct Tools 805 (706) 335-7304Feathers & Antlers Outdoors 106 (706) 335-0034Perfumania 1106 (706) 335-4826Samsonite Factory Outlet 307 (706) 336-6537Toys"R"Us Express 210 (706) 335-8108Vitamin World 409 (706) 335-3871PRINTABLE STORE DIRECTORY & MAPBACK TO TOPBe the first to know. Sign up for tips, trends and exclusive offers Locations Deals Gift Cards Brands Tanger Club Careers Company Info Investor Relations Contact Us Digital Coupon Book Follow Tanger Life Personal Shopper Best Price Promise Bus & Groups Partners FAQDigital Deals My Tanger Preferences Stay Connected Privacy Policy Terms of Use

D1160271

https://treato.com/Groin+Pain,Prostate+Cancer/?a=s

Groin Pain and Prostate Cancer

Groin Pain and Prostate Cancer Treato found 29 discussions about Prostate Cancer and Groin Pain on the web. Symptoms and conditions also mentioned with Groin Pain in patients' discussions Pain Back Pain Worried Swelling Discomfort Hernia Tiredness Hip Pain Cramping Lower Back Pain ... Prostate Cancer About Groin Pain34,086 discussions About Prostate Cancer188,400 discussions The prostate is the gland below a man's bladder that produces fluid for semen. Prostate cancer is common among older men. It is rare in men younger than 40. Risk factors for developing prostate cancer include being over 65 years of age, family history, and being African-American. Read more on Medline Plus.gov. See more about Groin Pain Prostate Cancer Discussions around the web Filter by Gender M FRole Patient Caregiver Age All Add topic We found 29 discussions Share your experience Mark as question I have already posted in the prostate cancer forum. February 27, 2016 | healingwell.com" He has had prostate cancer for 10 years. ... Our oncologist says that the pain is most likely from surgery, radiation and years of Lupron injections. He also has had 4 nerve blocks.....those did not work. Lyrica and every opioid.....nothing works and nobody has any answers. He does not have to use a donut to sit down. His pain is worse when standing and walking so he is on the couch 24/7. He's... "Comment Helpful? Save My husband has a similar sounding groin pain. February 27, 2016 | healingwell.com" My husband has a similar sounding groin pain. He can hardly walk and cannot stand for more that 5 minutes. ... He's had this pain for 2 years. He has been treated with every type of opioid , nerve blocks, ... He has had prostate cancer for 10 years and our oncologist says that this pain is from years of hormone drugs. He cannot live like this.....it's not living. I have no idea of... "Comment Helpful? Save He has prostate cancer that's spread to nearby lymph nodes ... September 27, 2012 | cancer.org" He has prostate cancer that's spread to nearby lymph nodes and to the hip. Just a small spot on the hip but that's bone. What a shock at 48. No symptoms at all. He had his first lupron shot yesterday and here we stand. He's back at work this week and I'm at home just watching the dust settle, feeling like we've just been in a train wreck but the train is still going. Not to be dramatic.... "Comment Helpful? Save Some men do have groin pain with their back issues, but the ... December 7, 2006 | healthboards.com" Some men do have groin pain with their back issues, but the fact you have/had prostate cancer is a natural identifier with your pain there. My son was kicked in the the testicles as a young child by another child. As a teenager, he found a lump on one of his testicles because he was having pain there. The doctor said it was due to some trauma he had endured and that for him,... "Comment Helpful? Save Has anyone had any experience with groin pain. July 24, 2006 | remedyspot.com" Groin Pain and Prostate Cancer Has anyone had any experience with groin pain. My husband seeked medical attention after having discomfort ...tests, some prostate cancer was diagnosed. We are dealing with the cancer issue, but... "Comment Helpful? Save I'm experiencing groin pain during my daily walks and ... March 12, 2015 | cancerforums.net" Groin pain one year after prostate cancer surgery ... It is really painful. My surgery was in Feb 2014 and the pain didn't start until Oct-Nov 2014. It seems to be getting worse. Have been taking Advil and it seems to help. "Comment Helpful? Save Ive had this groin pain for 9 months now and its go ... September 19, 2014 | cancerforums.net" Does this mean that if its prostate cancer it has spread out of the prostate. Ive had this groin pain for 9 months now and its go progressively worse so is not a recent infection and could mean it could have gone anywhere and may be the reason why i have low back pain and my distil humerus bone is painful to touch now. i need to ring... "Comment Helpful? Save I have had groin pain moving from the left groin to left ... April 14, 2017 | medhelp.org" I have had groin pain moving from the left groin to left testicle for about two months. ... Through stretching, I have managed to reduce the pain and it is starting to go away. Yesterday, I had rust ... My urologist said that this is probably unrelated but is sending me for a PSA test but highly doubts its prostate cancer. I am 35, planning on having kids, and in good health. No urinary symptoms at all. "Comment Helpful? Save My right testicle kept pulling up and down and I was having ... February 26, 2014 | sherdog.net" My right testicle kept pulling up and down and I was having extreme pain in my groin and stomach. The doctor thought it was a hernia. The ultra sound showed there wasn't a hernia, so they thought it might have something to do with my prostate. I got it checked and I had a healthy ... I feel somewhat humiliated, but felt relief knowing I wasn't suffering from prostate cancer. "Comment Helpful? Save Ive had this groin pain for around 12 months now and its ... September 19, 2014 | healingwell.com" Hi Ok ive just got back from an ultrasound on my groin area and she says my chain of lymph nodes are swollen in my left hip joint area. ... If it is prostate cancer does this mean that its gone beyond the prostate. Ive had this groin pain for around 12 months now and its recently got worse so now im worried that its had all this time to spread. Could my lower back... "Comment Helpful? Save1 2 3 Next